text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 23, 2002
|Filing date
|Jun 7, 1999
|Priority date
|Oct 24, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joseph V. Fecko, Paul L. Packer
|Original Assignee
|American Composite Materials Engineering, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (44), Referenced by (38), Classifications (21), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of Applicants' U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/736,255, which was filed on Oct. 24, 1996, is entitled FIBERGLASS RAILCAR ROOF, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,093, and the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a roof for a railcar, and more particularly to a composite fiberglass roof for use on standard, high cube, refrigerated and cryogenic railcars.
Today, the four most common types of railcars being used commercially for the transportation of cargo are standard, high cube, refrigerated and cryogenic railcars. A standard railcar, which is approximately 51 feet long, has a storage compartment that is approximately 9 feet high and 9 feet wide, with a storage area of over 4,000 ft3. High cube railcars are similar in construction, except they are approximately 17 feet longer and 4� feet higher than standard railcars. This added size provides a storage area of over 8,200 ft3, but also includes a height that requires a shallow roof that only extends above the railcar by a few inches. The exteriors of refrigerated and cryogenic railcars closely resemble standard or high cube railcars, but their interiors are insulated. A refrigerated railcar also contains a mechanical refrigeration system, while a cryogenic railcar includes a false ceiling above which a load of cryogenic material is stored to provide the necessary cooling of the railcar and its cargo.
Each of these railcars has a roof, which is formed of galvanized steel and includes numerous individual panels that extend transverse to the railcar and are riveted, welded or otherwise bolted to each other and to the railcar's sidewalls. Steel roofs have been the industry standard for years, yet they have many disadvantages, as discussed below.
Conventional steel roofs are difficult to install on a railcar. Typically, the roof is formed from numerous individual panels that each have a 3 foot length and a width that is sized to span the distance between the railcar's sidewalls. Furthermore, each panel has an upwardly extending flange extending along both of the panel's lateral edges. Two panels are joined by placing their lateral edges next to each other and welding or riveting the flanges together. The joined flanges form a rib-like support between the panels, which must be subsequently sealed to prevent it from leaking. The roof is formed by repeating this process until enough panels have been interconnected to cover the upper surface of a railcar. This entire structure is next placed on top of a railcar, where it is welded to the railcar. The seam formed between the roof and the railcar must also be sealed. Furthermore, because the installation process can loosen or damage the seals between the individual panels, the roof must be tested to ensure it does not leak after it is installed on the railcar. Typically, the entire installation process is time-consuming and tedious, taking at least 20 man-hours to complete.
The disadvantages of using a conventional steel roof do not end once the roof is installed. An additional problem with steel roofs is that steel is expensive and extremely heavy. A conventional steel roof typically weighs more than 2,000 pounds. When mounted on a railcar, this weight raises the center of gravity of the railcar by approximately 4 or 5 inches. As a result, the railcar is less balanced and more prone to tipping. This added weight also increases the power and fuel necessary to transport the railcar, as well as the time necessary to stop the railcar.
Additional problems with steel roofs arise during their use on a railcar. As discussed, the steel roof panels typically are joined to each other and the railcar through a combination of rivets, bolts and welds, which must be sealed to prevent leakage. Even if the roof is completely sealed when first installed, the extreme vibration and torsion that the railcar and roof undergo during normal use can cause these seals, bolts and/or rivets to loosen and leak. When this occurs, water and other materials can pass through the roof, thereby exposing the railcar's cargo to possible contamination and damage.
A further disadvantage can occur when cargo is loaded into or removed from a railcar with a steel roof. During this process, the railcar's roof can be struck by cargo being loaded or removed, or struck by the mast of a forklift, which is commonly used to load and unload the railcar. Impact from this contact can deform the roof upward. Because the steel roof is inelastic, it does not return to its original position after the impact, but remains permanently deformed. In addition, when the roof is pushed or deformed upward, it may cause the sides of the railcar to collapse inward, thereby distorting the entire railcar. The entire railcar must then be removed from service for repair. Furthermore, contact to the roof of the railcar can also cause the roof to tear or puncture. A tear or puncture is difficult to patch because the roof is formed of galvanized steel. Therefore it is often necessary to remove and replace any punctured or torn roof panels.
Still another problem with conventional steel roofs is that they readily absorb heat from outside the railcar and do not allow light to enter the railcar. When the railcar is used on warm days, the steel construction of the roof quickly heats up and conducts this heat to the railcar's interior. On hot days, it is possible for the interior of a railcar to reach temperatures in excess of 100� F. Furthermore, because no light passes through the rooft external light sources must be brought into the railcar whenever the it is to be loaded or unloaded. Installing external light sources not only increases the time to load or unload the railcar, but also increases the number of obstacles that must, be avoided by workers when loading or unloading the railcar.
When a conventional steel roof is mounted on a refrigerated or cryogenic railcar, an insulating layer must be added beneath an existing steel roof. Installing this layer requires retrofitting a liner beneath the railcar's steel roof. Next, the entire roof assembly must be rigidly braced from beneath the newly installed liner. Finally, holes are drilled through the liner, and insulating material is injected though these holes. Unless the bracing and liner are very thoroughly and carefully installed, the pressure exerted by the injected insulating material is likely to cause the entire subassembly to collapse inward, thereby requiring the railcar to be cleaned and the installation process to be repeated.
In addition to this installation process, cryogenic railcars further require a false ceiling and a cryogenic supply system to be installed beneath this insulating layer. Conventional supply systems are mounted to the steel roof above the false ceiling. The ceiling typically includes individual sections that extend across the width of the railcar and are placed end-to-end beneath the supply system. If it is necessary to repair or otherwise maintain the supply system, these sections must each be removed to gain access to the supply system.
The fiberglass roof of a preferred embodiment of the invention features a composite fiberglass surface, which has a central portion and a peripheral region extending beyond the central portion. The central portion has a cross-sectional configuration that defines a first arc along the length of its cross-section. The roof also includes a plurality of spaced-apart, broad fiberglass ribs that are integrally formed in the central portion and extend both transverse to the longitudinal axis of the fiberglass surface as well as above the central portion. The ribs define a second arc that intersects the first arc. This unique, dual-arc structure, which includes broad elongate ribs, provides a fiberglass roof that is lightweight and simple, yet extremely durable and resilient. Preferably, the ribs form a unitary, seamless expanse with the fiberglass surface, and the entire roof is molded from a single sheet of composite fiberglass material.
In another embodiment of the invention, the fiberglass surface has a central portion with a lower face and a peripheral region extending beyond the central region. In this embodiment, a plurality of spaced-apart ribs are mounted on the lower face of the central portion and extend transverse to the longitudinal axis of the fiberglass surface. The ribs preferably have arcuate cross-sections, providing a fiberglass roof especially adapted for use on high cube railcars, whose height requires a roof that only extends above the railcar's sidewalls by a few inches.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is a fiberglass roof for use on cryogenic railcars. The roof includes a bunker that defines a recess for supporting cryogenic snow. A composite fiberglass surface is mounted on the bunker to enclose the recess, and an insulating layer is disposed between the bunker and the fiberglass surface. The roof further includes a manifold for delivering cryogenic material to the bunker. The manifold has a supply tube disposed below the lower surface of the bunker and a plurality of nozzles that extend from the supply tube through the bunker's lower surface and into the recess for forming cryogenic snow from the cryogenic material and for distributing the cryogenic snow within the recess.
These and other advantages are obtained by the invention, which is described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments are disclosed that may satisfy one or more of the above problems of conventional roofs.
FIG. 1 shows a side view of the railcar roof mounted on a standard railcar. The roof includes a fiberglass surface and plural elongate fiberglass ribs that extend above the fiberglass surface.
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the roof of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the roof of FIG. 1 taken generally along the line 3—3 in FIG. 1 and showing the roof with a peripheral region that is mounted on a railcar.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary side sectional view of the roof of FIG. 1 taken along the line 4—4 in FIG. 2 and showing the peripheral region of the roof mounted on a railcar.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged detail taken generally along the curved line 5 in FIG. 4, showing the peripheral region of the fiberglass surface mounted on the railcar with a structural adhesive.
FIG. 6 shows an alternate embodiment of the peripheral region shown in FIG. 5. As shown, the peripheral region includes a fiberglass portion that is integrally formed with the fiberglass surface and a clip that is coupled to the fiberglass portion and welded to the railcar.
FIG. 7 shows an alternate embodiment of the peripheral region shown in FIG. 5. As shown, the peripheral region includes a fiberglass portion that is integrally formed with the fiberglass surface and a weldable portion that is at least partially laminated within the fiberglass portion and is welded on the railcar.
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary top plan detail of the peripheral region of FIG. 7 with a region of the fiberglass portion removed to show details of internal construction.
FIG. 9 shows the roof of FIG. 1, as shown in FIG. 4 and including an insulating layer having a ceiling liner and volume of insulating material disposed between the liner and the fiberglass surface and ribs.
FIG. 10 shows an alternate embodiment of the insulating layer shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 is a side environmental view of an alternate embodiment of the railcar roof, showing the roof mounted on a high cube railcar. The roof includes a fiberglass surface and plural broad fiberglass ribs that extend below the fiberglass surface.
FIG. 12 is a top plan view of the roof of FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the roof of FIG. 11 taken generally along the line 13—13 in FIG. 11.
FIG. 14 is an enlarged fragmentary side sectional view of the roof of FIG. 11 taken generally along line 14—14 in FIG. 12.
FIG. 15 is an enlarged cross-sectional detail taken along the curved line 15 in FIG. 14 and showing the details of internal construction of the ribs and fiberglass surface.
FIG. 16 is an enlarged detail taken along the line 16—16 in FIG. 12 and showing a lap joint that connects two halves of the roof of FIG. 11.
FIG. 17 shows the roof of FIG. 11, as shown in FIG. 14 and including an insulating layer having a ceiling liner and a volume of insulating material disposed between the liner and the fiberglass surface and ribs.
FIG. 18 shows an alternate embodiment of the insulating layer of FIG. 17.
FIG. 19 is a fragmentary isometric view of an alternate embodiment of the railcar roof of FIG. 1 positioned above the upper surface of a railcar. As shown, the roof is configured for use on a cryogenic railcar and includes a fiberglass surface with elongate ribs, a bunker and an insulating layer disposed between the fiberglass surface and the bunker.
FIG. 20 is a fragmentary top plan view of the roof of FIG. 14.
FIG. 21 is a side sectional view of the roof of FIG. 19 taken along line 21—21 in FIG. 20.
A fiberglass railcar roof constructed according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and is generally indicated at 10. As shown, roof 10 is mounted on the upper surface of a standard railcar, which is generally indicated at 20 and includes opposed sidewalls and end walls and a door. The sidewalls and end walls have upper edges that are collectively referred to as the railcar's upper surface. This upper surface is indicated generally at 21 in FIG. 1. Details of railcar 20 and upper surface 21 will differ depending upon the particular manufacturer and intended use of the railcar, and form no part of the invention.
Roof 10 includes a fiberglass surface 12 that covers and extends across the entire upper surface of railcar 20. Fiberglass surface 12 has a generally rectangular central portion 14 and a peripheral region 16 that extends beyond the central portion. Specifically, peripheral region 16 has a generally planar configuration and extends outward from the entire perimeter of central portion 14 to engage the railcar's upper surface 21. When used on a standard railcar, central portion 14 is approximately 9 feet wide and over 50 feet long. Peripheral region 16 extends beyond the central portion's entire perimeter by approximately 3 inches.
Roof 10 further includes a plurality of spaced-apart, broad fiberglass ribs 18. The ribs are elongate and extend transverse to the longitudinal axis of the fiberglass surface, which is generally indicated at 22 in FIG. 2. The ribs further extend above central portion 14. Preferably, ribs 18 are integrally formed, or molded, in central portion 14, thereby producing a roof having a unitary, seamless expanse. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, ribs 18 are spaced along the entire central portion of fiberglass surface 12 and define intermediate regions 24 of central portion 14 between adjacent ribs. Ribs 18 have inclined sidewalls 23 and flat tops 25.
As mentioned above, the ribs have relatively broad widths. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, each rib 18 spans central portion 14 and has a width, measured parallel to the longitudinal axis 22 of the fiberglass surface, that is approximately 22% of rib's length. Furthermore, each intermediate region 24 has a width that is approximately 54% of the width of each rib. Preferably, ribs 18 are approximately 9 feet long and two feet wide, and define intermediate regions that are approximately 9 feet wide and 16� inches wide. It should be understood, however, that other configurations are possible and are within the scope of the invention. Each rib should have a width that is at least 10% of the rib's length. Additionally, the width of each intermediate region is preferably less than 75% of the width of each rib. This configuration of broad, elongate ribs provides an configuration that can be molded in a single, completely fiberglass unit.
A cross-sectional view of roof 10 is illustrated in FIG. 3. As shown, central portion 14 has a generally arched or bowed cross-sectional configuration that extends above the peripheral region to define a first arc, which is indicated at 26 and preferably extends along the entire width of the central portion. Ribs 18 each extend above the central portion and define a second arc, which intersects the first arc and is generally indicated at 28. Preferably, each rib 18 defines a second arc along the entire length of the rib. In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the first and second arcs have radii of approximately 122 feet, 1 inch and 24 feet, 7 inches, respectively. It should be understood that the degree of curvature on the arcs shown in FIG. 3 have been exaggerated for purposes of illustration. The arcs intersect proximate the points where peripheral region 16 joins the central portion. This dual-arc configuration provides a roof that is capable of supporting significant loads. Specifically, roof 10 is capable of supporting a 15 lb/ft2 snow load and a 300 lb point load anywhere across its surface. Furthermore, roof 10 will only deflect downward a maximum of one inch, as mandated in the standards established by the American Association of Railroads.
Preferably, roof 10 includes at least one layer of woven roving fiberglass, forming a generally planar framework of strands extending generally perpendicular to each other. This provides additional strength to the roof in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Even more preferably, the woven roving layer is laminated between additional layers of fiberglass material. One convenient and relatively inexpensive way to provide this construction is to begin with a layer of "Combomat," which is manufactured by Johnston Materials, Inc. and which contains a layer of woven roving fiberglass material stitched to a layer of chop strand, or randomly oriented, fiberglass material. A second layer of chop strand fiberglass material is then laminated to the exposed woven roving side.
Besides providing significant strength and resilience to the previously described root, the composite fiberglass construction of the roof also significantly reduces the roof's weight when compared to conventional steel roofs. Specifically, the composite fiberglass roof shown in FIGS. 1-4 weighs approximately 60% to 70% less than a comparable steel roof. In addition, the upper face of roof 10 is preferably covered with a translucent UV-resistant coating, which not only allows external light to pass through the roof to illuminate the interior of an attached railcar, but also reflects heat away from the roof.
A further advantage of the roof's composite fiberglass construction, and especially the roof's woven roving fiberglass construction, is that the roof is extremely resistant to puncturing or tearing. Unlike steel roofs that are prone to tearing or permanent deformation, the unique configuration and woven construction of roof 10 provides a resilient surface capable of deflecting upwards at least 4 or 5 inches without tearing or causing the sides of the railcar to collapse inward. When the impact force that deformed the roof is removed, roof 10 resiliently returns to its prior, unstressed configuration. If the applied force is strong enough and localized enough to pierce the roof, its woven fiberglass construction constrains the tear to a minimal area. Furthermore, unlike galvanized steel roofs, roof 10 may be readily patched with another piece of fiberglass, even while the attached railcar is still in service.
The preferred method of mounting the peripheral region 16 of the roof on the upper surface 21 of the railcar is to use a structural adhesive, such as Lord Adhesives' Lord No. 410/#19 acrylic adhesive or a suitable equivalent. As shown in FIG. 5, a layer of adhesive, which is generally indicated at 30 and is enlarged for purposes of illustration, is disposed between the railcar's upper surface 21 and the peripheral region 16 of roof 10. This adhesive bond between roof 10 and the railcar's upper surface 21 has proven to be extremely strong and reliable. Furthermore, by using a structural adhesive to mount the roof on the railcar, the entire installation procedure can be completed in a just 3 or 4 man-hours, a fraction of the time it would take to install an equivalent steel roof. Another advantage of this method of attachment is that it does not require any additional holes to be drilled into the roof or the railcar. This is preferable because any hole or aperture in the railcar increases the possibility that water or other material can enter the railcar and contaminate the railcar's cargo.
Alternate embodiments of peripheral region 16 are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 and are indicated generally at 16 a and 16 b. respectively. In these embodiments, the peripheral region includes a fiberglass portion 34, which is preferably integrally formed with fiberglass surface 12, and a metallic, or weldable, portion 36 that is coupled to and extends beyond the fiberglass portion. In FIG. 6, weldable portion 36 includes a clip 38, which is preferably constructed of galvanized steel. As shown, clip 38 has a first portion 40 that is welded to the railcar's upper surface 21. Clip 38 also has a second portion 42 that jackets at least a portion of fiberglass portion 34 and is coupled to this fiberglass portion by a structural adhesive 30, such as the previously described adhesive from Lord Adhesives.
In FIG. 7, another embodiment of weldable portion 36 is shown, as is generally indicated at 36 a. In this embodiment, weldable portion 36 a has a generally planar configuration and is constructed of galvanized steel. Weldable portion 36 a has a first portion 40 a which is welded to upper surface 21, and a second portion 42 a that is at least partially laminated within fiberglass portion 34. As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, second portion 42 a includes a plurality of spaced through-holes 44 along its length. Fiberglass portion 34 includes an upper layer 34 a and a lower layer 34 b which collectively define a slot 45 for receiving portion 36 a. During the forming process for fiberglass portion 34, the second portion of weldable portion 36 a is inserted between layers 34 a and 34 b, where it is subsequently laminated and sealed between these layers. As shown, layers 34 a and 36 b each at least partially extrudes into through-hole 44. Once fully cured, the weldable portion is firmly and permanently united with roof 10.
It should be understood that weldable portions 36 and 36 a could be attached to the railcar by methods other than welding. For example, the previously described structural adhesive could be used to bond these pieces together. Additionally, other suitable forums of mechanical attachment, such as rivets or bolts, could be used. Gluing is preferred, however, because it does not introduce additional holes into the roof or railcar and also does not require an additional sealing step.
When roof 10 is to be used on a refrigerated railcar, it is preferable for the roof to include an insulating layer. As shown in FIG. 9, insulating layer 46 is positioned beneath the bottom surface formed by ribs 18 and fiberglass surface 12 and is specifically configured to mate with this bottom surface. The layer includes a ceiling liner 48 which is coupled to the peripheral region of roof 10. The ceiling liner is substantially coextensive with roof 10 and is preferably formed of a fiberglass material. Ceiling layer 48 and the lower surfaces of ribs 18 and central portion 14 define a cavity 50 that is filled with an insulating material 52. Preferably, insulating material is formed of a closed-cell foam, which resists moisture absorption.
An alternate embodiment of insulating layer 46 is shown in FIG. 10 and generally indicated at 46 a. In this embodiment, ceiling liner 48 a extends below upper surface 21 and into the railcar's storage area. As shown, this results in a thicker insulating layer 46 a. Similar to the first embodiment, insulating material 52 a completely fills the cavity 50 a defined between ceiling liner 48 a and the lower surfaces of ribs 18 and central portion 14.
The previously described fiberglass roof, with its dual-arc cross-sectional configuration and broad elongate ribs, offers all of the features and advantages discussed above, and throughout this description, while avoiding essentially all manners of drawbacks that characterized conventional steel railcar roofs. Roof 10 is well suited to be used on all standard and intermediate height railcars, and its molded fiberglass construction makes the roof readily adaptable to specific railcar configurations. Nonetheless, when a fiberglass roof is to be used on a high cube railcar, it is often necessary to use an alternate embodiment of the invention because a roof that extends more than a few inches above the railcar would result in the railcar being unable to pass through many existing tunnels. Therefore, an alternate embodiment of roof 10 is needed for use on these high cube railcars.
Indicated at 110 in FIG. 11 is a fiberglass roof constructed in accordance with the present invention, and particularly suited for use on a high cube railcar. The upper portion of a high cube railcar is indicated at 120 and has an upper surface 121 on which roof 110 is mounted. It should be understood that railcar 120 forms no part of the invention.
As shown in FIGS. 11-12, roof 110 includes a composite fiberglass surface 112 with a central portion 114 that extends above a peripheral region 116 and has a lower face 118. The central portion preferably has a cross-section that defines an arc along its length, as shown in FIG. 13. Peripheral region 116 extends beyond central portion 114 and preferably has a generally planar configuration that extends outward from the entire perimeter of central portion 114. As shown, fiberglass surface 112 is very similar in size and materials of construction as the previously described fiberglass surface of roof 10, except surface 112 is usually longer than fiberglass surface 12 because high cube railcars are typically approximately 17 feet longer than standard railcars. The fiberglass surface is constructed of the same composite fiberglass material as surface 12 and may be formed in one large, unitary expanse. It should be understood that roof 110 is specifically designed for use on high cube railcars, but it may also be used on standard or intermediate sized railcars.
As discussed, roof 110 contains a peripheral region 116 that extends beyond the roof's central portion 114. Preferably, peripheral region 116 is integrally formed with the central portion of the roof and is mounted on the upper surface of railcar 120 using a structural adhesive, as shown at 123 in FIG. 14. This method of mounting the roof on a railcar was described in detail with respect to roof 10 and is equally applicable to roof 110. Additionally, the alternate embodiments of the peripheral region described with respect to roof 10 are also equally applicable to roof 110.
Roof 110 further includes plural elongate ribs 122 that are mounted on the lower face of central portion 114 and extend transverse to the longitudinal axis of the fiberglass surface, which is indicated generally at 124 in FIG. 20. Preferably, ribs 122 extend downward from lower face 118 no further than peripheral region 116 and have arcuate cross-sections, as shown in FIG. 14. On a conventional high cube railcar with a length of approximately 68 feet and a width of approximately 9� feet, ribs 122 are preferably 9 feet long, approximately 5 inches wide and spaced approximately 4 feet apart from each other. Furthermore, ribs 122 are preferably formed of a composite fiberglass material, such as the woven roving fiberglass construction discussed previously.
This unique configuration provides a durable and resilient roof that is capable of withstanding extreme forces and loads. Roof 110 preferably extends above the upper surface of railcar 120 no further than 3 inches. The unique arcuate composite fiberglass construction of ribs 122, in conjunction with the resilient nature of fiberglass surface 112, produces a roof that is resistant to ripping or tearing. When the lower face of the roof is struck by the mast of a forklift or by cargo being loaded into and removed from the railcar, the roof 110 will temporarily deform upward until the force is gone. After this, the resilient nature of roof 110 returns the roof to its original position. Additionally, the resilient, arcuate configuration of ribs 122 causes the mast or cargo that impact the ribs to glance off the ribs rather than firmly engaging the ribs and possibly tearing or otherwise deforming the roof.
Ribs 122 may be integrally formed on the lower face 118 of the roof's central portion 114. The preferred method of manufacturing roof 110, however, is to begin with independent, pre-formed ribs are formed of a composite fiberglass material such as the material described previously with respect to roof 10. Next, fiberglass surface 112 is molded from a similar composite fiberglass material. Before the fiberglass surface completely cures, the pre-formed ribs are positioned in a spaced relationship on the lower face of the fiberglass surface. Because the fiberglass surface is still tacky, the ribs and fiberglass surface adhere to each other and are firmly united once the fiberglass surface completely cures. After bonding the ribs to the fiberglass surface, it is preferred that an additional layer of fiberglass material is placed over at least the regions at which the ribs and fiberglass surface are in contact with each other. This configuration is illustrated in FIG. 15, where fiberglass layer 126 overlays and protects ribs 122 and lower face 118. Other methods of attaching ribs 122 to fiberglass surface 112 are possible and are within the scope of the invention. For example, the ribs could be attached to fiberglass surface 122 using a structural adhesive, such as the previously described adhesive manufactured by Lord Adhesives.
While the fiberglass surface has been described as being formed in one broad unitary expanse, it is often desirable to form this surface in two or more sections that are joined by a lap joint or other suitable form of interconnection. A lap joint is preferred, however, because it does not introduce additional holes to the roof structure. By referring briefly back to FIGS. 11 and 12, one can see that roof 110 includes a first section 134 and a second section 136, which are joined by lap joint 138. Lap joint 138 is illustrated in greater detail FIG. 16. As shown, the first section 134 terminates and rests on portion 140 of the second section. Sections 134 and 136 are preferably overlap by approximately 6 inches and are joined by a structural adhesive, which is indicated at 142 in FIG. 16. It should be understood that the roof shown in FIGS. 1-10 could incorporate a similar sectional configuration. Nonetheless, the preferred form of roofs 10 and 110 is a single, unitary fiberglass surface. This construction provides the greatest possible strength to the roofs and results in the minimum number of seams or seals in the roofs.
When used on a refrigerated, high cube railcar, roof 110 includes an insulating layer similar to layer 46 described with respect to roof 10. As shown in FIG. 17, the insulating layer is indicated at 146 and includes a ceiling liner 148 disposed beneath ribs 122 and fiberglass surface 112. The liner is coupled to fiberglass surface 112 adjacent or at the surface's peripheral region 116 and defines a cavity into which insulating material is placed. Preferably, the insulating material is a foamed closed-cell material that is injected into cavity 150, where is subsequently hardens. As shown in FIG. 17, insulating material 152 completely fills cavity 150, which is bounded by ceiling liner 148 and the surface formed by ribs 122 and fiberglass surface 112. When a roof is desired that has greater insulating properties than the roof shown in FIG. 17, the ceiling liner should extend below the upper surface 121 of railcar 120 and into the railcar's storage area. As illustrated in FIG. 18, insulating layer 146 a includes a ceiling liner 148 a that extends into the storage area of railcar 120. This results in a cavity 150 a with a much greater volume than the cavity shown in FIG. 17. Cavity 150 a is preferably completely filled with insulating material 152 a.
A further application of the previously described fiberglass roof is for use on a cryogenic railcar. Cryogenic railcars differ from refrigerated railcars in that they do not include a mechanical refrigeration system. Instead, these railcars have a false ceiling, which defines a bunker into which cryogenic material is stored. Typically, the bunker receives an initial charge of cryogenic material from an external source. This initial charge provides the necessary cooling of the railcar's contents and typically lasts for many days or even weeks.
In this embodiment of the invention, the roof includes either of the previously described roofs 10 and 110 with their respective insulating layers 46 and 146. For purposes of illustration, the roof is generally indicated at 210 in FIGS. 19-21 and includes the previously described roof 10. In addition, to increase the life of the charged cryogenic material, roof 210 is shown incorporating the previously described insulating layer 46 a. It should be understood, however, that any of the previously described embodiments or their suitable equivalents could be used.
As shown in FIG. 19, roof 210 is positioned above the upper surface of a railcar, which is indicated generally at 232 as forms no part of the invention. As shown, the roof includes a composite fiberglass surface 212 and an insulating layer 214. As discussed, fiberglass surface 212 is shown as being the previously described roof 10, and insulating layer 214 is the previously described layer 46 a. In this embodiment, the interconnection and construction of surface 212 and layer 214 are unchanged, and for brevity's sake, will not be repeated. Roof 210 further includes a bunker 216 for supporting cryogenic snow (not shown). Bunker 216 has a lower surface 218 and walls 220 that collectively define a recess 222 within the bunker. Preferably the bunker is generally comprised of a composite fiberglass material, such as the material described with respect to roof 10. In the preferred embodiment, the lower surface of bunker 216 includes a balsa layer laminated between layers of stitch mat and is arched or bowed upward by approximately 1 inch to have a generally arcuate cross-sectional configuration. This arched, laminated-balsa construction of the bunker's lower surface enables it to support large quantities of cryogenic snow. For example, a cryogenic railcar is typically charged with approximately 16,000 to 18,000 pounds of cryogenic snow. The degree of curvature of lower surface may vary depending on the amount of cryogenic snow the bunker is designed to support.
As shown in FIG. 19, the bunker's walls 220 extend upward from lower surface 218 and terminate with a flange-like peripheral region 226. Preferably, walls 220 are approximately 10 inches high. Peripheral region 226 has an upper surface 228, which is coupled to insulating layer 214 and fiberglass surface 212, and a lower surface 230 that is mounted on the upper surface of a railcar. Preferably peripheral region 226 is mounted on this upper surface 232 with a structural adhesive. It should be understood, however, that peripheral region 226 could encompass any of the embodiments described with respect to roofs 10 and 110. The railcar's upper surface often includes an inwardly extending shoulder 233 on which the bunker's lower surface 218 is seated and supported, as shown in FIG. 21.
Roof 210 also includes a manifold for delivering cryogenic material to bunker 216. As shown in FIGS. 19-21 and indicated generally at 234, the manifold includes a supply tube 236, which is disposed below the bunker's lower surface 218. Preferably, supply tube 236 extends generally parallel to the bunker's longitudinal axis, and nozzles 238 are spaced approximately 2� to 3 feet-apart along the entire length of supply tube 236. Additionally, the lower surface of bunker 216 preferably defines a channel 242 that extends upwardly into recess 222 and into which supply tube 236 is received. A generally planar mounting plate 234 is coupled to the bottom face of lower surface 218 to enclose the supply tube within channel 242. Plate 244 not only supports the supply tube within channel 242, but it also protects the tube from being struck and/or damaged by cargo or other objects within the railcar. Furthermore, by receiving the supply tube into an upwardly extending channel, the bottom face of the bunker's lower surface retains a generally smooth, continuous configuration. This is preferable because it increases the storage capacity of the railcar and reduces the possibility of the supply tube being damaged while the railcar is in use.
Manifold 234 also includes a plurality of nozzles 238 that are connected to and extend upward from the supply tube through the lower surface of the bunker. Nozzles 238 further extend into recess 222 for forming cryogenic snow from cryogenic material and for distributing the cryogenic snow within the recess. It is preferred that the nozzles may be easily removed from and reattached to the supply tube to allow the nozzles to be cleaned, repaired or replaced, as needed. One suitable way to accomplish this is to use nozzles that have threaded lower portions, which are screwed into the supply tube. Additionally, each nozzle 238 often includes a fastening mechanism, such as a threaded washer or bolt, that is retained on the threaded portion of the nozzle and is used to draw the supply tube into firm engagement with the lower surface of the bunker.
Also seen in FIGS. 19-21 are a plurality of spaced ports that extend through the bunker's lower surface 218. Ports 246 further extend upwardly into recess 222 and are each covered with a fine mesh or screen 248. Each screen 248 is pivotably mounted on its associated port to provide access to nozzles 238 and the inside of bunker 216 from the interior of the railcar. As shown, the ports are selectively spaced along the bunker's lower surface on alternating sides of channel 242. Preferably, ports 246 are selectively sized and spaced to enable a user to reach through a port to access the nozzles. As shown, ports 246 have generally square configurations, with each side having a length of approximately 12 inches, thereby defining a port with a cross-sectional area of 144 square inches. Furthermore, the ports are spaced so that every nozzle is approximately 18 inches from at least one port. This selective sizing and spacing enables a user to access the nozzles without having to disassemble the roof
To charge bunker 216 with cryogenic snow, supply tube 236 is connected to an external supply, which delivers cryogenic material under pressure to the supply tube. Preferably, at least one end of supply tube 236 extends through one of the railcar's walls, where it can be connected to an external supply of cryogenic material. The other end of supply tube 236 is sealed, as shown in FIG. 19. Generally, this cryogenic material is liquid carbon dioxide. For purposes of illustration, this charging process is described using carbon dioxide, although it should be understood that other cryogenic material may be used and is within the scope of the invention. The supplied liquid carbon dioxide is transported through supply tube 236 to nozzles 238, where it is expelled into recess 222. It should be understood that the pressure external nozzles 238 is significantly less than the pressure at which the cryogenic material is delivered. Therefore, once the liquid carbon dioxide is expelled from nozzles 238, it "flashes" and instantaneously forms cryogenic snow, namely, solid carbon dioxide (commonly known as dry ice) and carbon dioxide gas. The gaseous carbon dioxide immediately passes through ports 246 into the railcar, where it is vented out of the railcar. The solid carbon dioxide is retained within and fills bunker 216. Typically, between approximately 50% and 60% of the supplied liquid carbon dioxide is immediately converted to gaseous carbon dioxide and vented from the railcar. The remaining material, now solid carbon dioxide, is retained within the bunker and slowly sublimates (changes directly to gas) over a period of many days or even weeks. During this sublimation process, the solid and gaseous carbon dioxide maintains the railcar's storage area at a cryogenic temperature.
While the invention has been disclosed in its preferred form, the specific embodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. Applicants regard the subject matter of the invention to include all novel and non-obvious combinations and subcombinations of the various elements, features, functions and/or properties disclosed herein. No single feature, function, element or property of the disclosed embodiments is essential. The following claims define certain combinations and subcombinations that are regarded as novel and non-obvious. Other combinations and subcombinations of features, functions, elements and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such claims, whether they are broader, narrower or equal in scope to the original claims, are also regarded as included within the subject matter of Applicants' invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 28, 1935
|Mar 17, 1936
|P H Murphy Co
|Car roof
|Mar 21, 1947
|Jul 4, 1950
|Standard Railway Equipment Mfg
|Railway freight car roof
|Dec 22, 1945
|Nov 14, 1950
|Torburn Gustav P
|Prefabricated railway refrigerator car
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|Refrigerating apparatus for transport vehicles and the like
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|Plaster panel with metal edges
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|Apr 10, 1962
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|May 3, 1977
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|Jan 25, 1983
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|Panel for automobile
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|Lewis Tyree Jr
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|Citing Patent
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|Feb 28, 2006
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|Feb 19, 2004
|Apr 14, 2005
|Trn Business Trust
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|Oct 7, 2004
|Apr 28, 2005
|Barry Robert J.
|Universal boxcar
|Oct 7, 2004
|Apr 28, 2005
|Creighton George S.
|Universal boxcar with exterior metal surfaces
|Mar 7, 2005
|Sep 8, 2005
|Martin Marietta Materials, Inc.
|Insulated cargo containers
|Jun 13, 2005
|Nov 17, 2005
|Zupancich Ronald J
|Insulated cargo containers
|Apr 12, 2005
|Nov 17, 2005
|Zupancich Ronald J
|Insulated cargo container doors
|Aug 4, 2005
|Dec 8, 2005
|Trn Business Trust
|Boxcar with load restraint system
|Jul 15, 2005
|Feb 16, 2006
|Trn Business Trust
|Safety latch lock indicator for railcar door operation mechanism
|Oct 5, 2004
|Apr 6, 2006
|Joseph Seiter
|Cargo container with insulated floor
|Oct 11, 2005
|May 25, 2006
|Seiter Joseph A
|Insulated cargo container doors
|May 4, 2006
|Aug 24, 2006
|Herzog John C
|Railcar with Discharge Control System
|Mar 9, 2006
|Sep 21, 2006
|Trn Business Trust
|Railway cars with combined material structures and method
|Feb 13, 2004
|Feb 15, 2007
|Zupancich Ronald J
|Insulated cargo containers
|Oct 11, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Creighton George S
|Over Center Lock Indicator For Railway Car Door Operation Mechanism
|Oct 17, 2006
|Apr 19, 2007
|Creighton George S
|Hopper Cars With One Or More Discharge Control Systems
|Oct 25, 2006
|Jun 21, 2007
|Creighton George S
|Railway Cars Manufactured With Self Piercing Rivets
|Mar 7, 2007
|Dec 13, 2007
|Fcs Industries Inc.
|Trailer assembly
|Oct 30, 2007
|May 1, 2008
|Schmidt George A
|Trailer roof having improved support structure
|Jun 12, 2008
|Oct 2, 2008
|Herzog John C
|Railcar with discharge control system
|Nov 4, 2010
|Trinity Industries, Inc.
|Hopper cars with one or more discharge control systems
|Jul 14, 2011
|Schmidt George A
|Trailer roof having improved support structure
|Dec 10, 2013
|Jul 3, 2014
|Hyundai Motor Company
|Fiber-reinforced plastic vehicle body structure and manufacturing method thereof
|U.S. Classification
|52/17, 105/355, 52/53, 52/51, 52/46, 105/404, 52/45, 52/630
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 7, 1999
Owner name: AMERICAN COMPOSITE MATERIAL ENGINEERING, INC., CAL
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FECKO, JOSEPH V.;PACKER, PAUL L.;REEL/FRAME:010220/0916;SIGNING DATES FROM 19990824 TO 19990826
|Jul 16, 2002
|Certificate of correction
|Nov 9, 2005
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 24, 2006
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 20, 2006
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20060423


text:
- Tuesday June 5th, 2012 :: 05:53 a.m. PDT
Shooting Investigation, La Puente (Log 143)
TITLE: Shooting Investigation, La Puente (Log 143)
DATE: Monday, June 4, 2012
TIME: 9:19 p.m.
The intersection of Beckner Street and Sunkist Avenue, La Puente
VICTIM: male Hispanic adult
SUSPECT: unknown
UNIT: Homicide
Sheriff's Homicide Bureau detectives responded to the intersection of Beckner Street and Sunkist Avenue, La Puente, to investigate the circumstances surrounding the shooting of a man.
Detectives learned that deputies responded to an Assault With A Deadly Weapon call and found a man sitting in his car suffering from an apparent gunshot wound to the upper torso.
He was transported to a local hospital where his condition is extremely critical.
There is no suspect information and the motive is unknown.
Anyone with information about this incident is encouraged to contact the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department's Homicide Bureau at (323) 890-5500.
If you prefer to provide information anonymously, you may call "Crime Stoppers" by dialing (800) 222-TIPS (8477), or texting the letters TIPLA plus your tip to CRIMES (274637), or by using the website http://lacrimestoppers.org.
Guillermina Saldana, Deputy
Peter Gomez, Deputy
Sheriff's Headquarters Bureau - Newsroom
Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
4700 Ramona Blvd., Monterey Park CA 91754
Office: 323-267-4800
Twitter @LASD_News http://twitter.com/#!/LASD_News
LASD - Los Angeles County Sheriffs Dept Information Bureau (SIB)
211 West Temple Street, Hall of Justice - First floor
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Emergency: 9-1-1
Non-emergencies: 213-229-1700

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sharon fire chief: 'Stop lighting up houses'
The Sharon Fire Department responded to 26 fires so far this year. The latest happened early Tuesday morning.
The Sharon Fire Department responded to 26 fires so far this year. The latest happened early Tuesday morning.
The Akron Zoo said it trains its workers for a variety of circumstances and emergency situations.
If you're riding two wheels this summer instead of four, emergency officials have a few tips on how you can keep yourself safe.
The driver was headed south on N. Market Street when colliding with the Jeep, which was turning left onto Highland Avenue.
Monday marked Memorial Day, which was recognized with a variety of events and services throughout the Valley.
Dianne Carman said her love of genealogy led her to start researching local cemeteries to see who is buried there.
People in Niles gathered Monday at the city's cemetery to pay tribute to fallen soldiers in true Memorial Day fashion.
The latest weather forecast for Youngstown, Warren, Austintown, Boardman, Sharon, Lisbon and East Liverpool.
Mars will appear bigger and brighter in the sky until June 3, and the planet will be visible to the naked eye.
Several residents in Struthers said they heard what sounded like an explosion just after 9 p.m. Monday night.
Police said Lydia Ann Johnson, 15, was last seen Friday night at her home.
Police in New Castle are investigating a shooting in which a man was shot in the stomach.
Swimming pool schedules for community pools in Mahoning, Trumbull, Columbiana and Mercer Counties.
Wastewater Superintendent Andy Catanzarite walked WKBN through the City of Niles Wastewater Treatment Plant.
A freak accident at a McDonald's in the Pittsburgh area occurred over the weekend.
For the fourth year in a row, the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts in Mercer County paid tribute to fallen heroes with a fitting tribute.
Youngstown's growing success in music entertainment has helped it compete with larger nearby cities like Pittsburgh and Cleveland.
Relay for Life cancer fundraising events have been taking place across the Valley, but the month of May recognizes a lesser-known cancer.
An 8-year-old girl remained in critical condition Monday after she was shocked while swimming in a backyard pool.
A man used his mountaineering skills to rescue a dog that fell 65 feet down a cliff in Adams, Tennessee.
Check Point, one of Israel's leading cyber security companies, showed CNN how quickly they can hack an iPhone.
On Sunday, a server providing Internet service had problems at about 4 p.m.
The Mahoning County OVI Task Force will be conducting a sobriety checkpoint the weekend of June 3-5.
Crews in Youngstown worked early Monday morning to control a fire on the south side of the city.


text:
Written on: 28/11/2012 by blueavocet (1 review written)
This jigsaw was delivered very quickly indeed, well packaged and exactly as advertised.The communication was courteous as always (I took order of a jigsaw and board in a previous year). Highly recommended!Visit alljigsawpuzzles.co.uk
As rated by our community of reviewers
" POOR " Read More
" Testing Website using Apple product " Read More
" Fantastic choice of jigsaws and related products. Speedy delivery. ... " Read More
" This is poo " Read More
" Giant Tower - Garden Jenga " Read More
Written by JulieNeimantas


text:
North Dakota rules target oilfield waste dumping
BISMARCK, N.D. (AP) — North Dakota's oil industry is backing new rules intended to crack down on the illegal dumping of radioactive oil filter socks, the tubular nets that strain liquids during the oil production process.
"Our members have committed to protecting our resources," said Kari Cutting, vice president of the North Dakota Petroleum Council, which represents more than 500 companies working in the state's oil patch. "The industry wants to see an end to illegal dumping, too."
Beginning June 1, drillers will be required to dispose of filter socks in covered, leak-proof containers on site, according to the state Department of Mineral Resources. The containers must then be collected by a licensed waste hauler and disposed of at an authorized facility out of state.
Filter socks can become contaminated with naturally occurring radiation and are banned for disposal in North Dakota. Oil companies are supposed to haul them to approved waste facilities in other states, such as Montana, Colorado and Idaho, which allow a higher level of radioactivity in their landfills.
North Dakota has faced increased problems with illegal oil waste dumping in recent years as it has risen to become the nation's No. 2 oil producer, behind Texas. Last month, hundreds of illegal dumped filter socks were discovered in an abandoned building in Noonan, a tiny town in the northwest corner of the state. Officials said it was the state's biggest incident to date of illegal dumping of radioactive oil filter socks and will cost more than $12,000 to clean up.
North Dakota doesn't have a special fund aimed at cleaning up oil field waste. Instead, the state is tapping into another fund meant for plugging and reclaiming abandoned oil wells. That fund is paid for with oil company fees.
Alison Ritter, a spokeswoman for the state Department of Mineral Resources, said existing state law requires well operators to properly dispose of any oil field waste produced at the well site. The new permit requirements are designed to strengthen compliance by requiring companies to place containers for on-site collection of filter socks, she said.
"We think this encourages proper disposal," Ritter said. "The vast majority already are."
The new permit requirements will affect all wells drilled after June 1 and about 1,500 wells that have not been drilled but already have a permit, Ritter said.
Failure to follow the new rules may result in fines of up to $12,500 a day, she said.
The size and construction of the disposal containers are not specified, under the new requirement. The state delayed the rules until June 1 to give companies time to get disposal containers on site, Ritter said.
"They don't have to be any particular size but they must be leak-proof, covered and protected from the elements," she said.
Cutting said she did not know what the additional measures would add to the expense of oil drilling.
"There will be some additional cost, but I'm not sure of the magnitude," she said.


text:
Unrivaled Music 100th Release
- Artists Funk Forward, Helder Teixeira, Beboo, Wez Saunders, Previous Experts, House Of Virus, Groove Syndicate, City Soul Project, DZeta N' Basile, Echofusion, Terry Farley, Oki Noki, Francesco De Argentis, Simon Bryant, Simon Bryant feat. Emily Lane, Danny eM, Source Of Soul, Lee Daines, Paul Najera, Jr. Quijada, Georgeous, Peter O, Dave James, Federico, Tony S, Helder Teixeira, Luis Mollinedo, Andrew McDonnell, Beboo, Pao Calderon, Beatsworkin, Wez Saunders, James Silk, 3Deep, Rosie Romero, SanFran D!5co, Virus J, Dirty Orkestra feat Tom, Virus J, Andy Lau, Dirty Orkestra, Chris Vega, Etienne Copse, Martin Virgin, Leo Perez, A.Rodriguez, Bedford Falls Players, Dexter Ford, Lee Pennington, Smak (aka Steve McCready), Fabian Jakopetz, Dub Way, Terry Farley and Rocky pres. The Cobra, Jay Kaufman, Soulight, Raffa FL, Ill Cows
- Release Date 2013-01-21
- Labels Unrivaled Music
- Catalog UR100
Unrivaled Music reaches a milestone 100 releases with a compilation with 21 unreleased tracks and some of the best releases from its catalogue, get stuck into this as it is full up with some real gems.
Distributed by TLM Distribution.


text:
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Dowd, A.
A research agenda for the study of the effects of borrowing and the prospects of indebtedness on students' college-going choices
The New England Resource Center for Higher Education
Short Description:
Examines the effects of loans and the prospect of indebtedness on students' college-going choices.
This report examines the effects of loans and the prospect of indebtedness on students' college-going choices. A broad-based, multi-disciplinary research agenda is proposed to inform financial aid policies and student advising.
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Orphan Foundation of America
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Do support services at community colleges encourage success or reproduce disadvantage?
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2003 Status report on the federal education loan programs
First generation college students: A literature review
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Network news: Focus on finance policy, access, and affordability
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Taxing matters
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Funding education beyond high school
The challenges of financial aid awareness and college access
Debt burden: A comparison of 1992-93 and 1999-2000 bachelor's degree recipients a year after graduating
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Economic diversity of colleges: College-level data for researchers and the public
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Doors of opportunity opening or closing: We are using tax credits and tuition discounts to appease middle-class voters instead of expanding educational opportunity
Measuring up 2006
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The money manual: A personal finance guide from the Hispanic Scholarship Fund
College scholarships for Latino students: Are opportunities being missed?
Alliance Bernstein College Savings Crunch
Promising practices: School to career and postsecondary education for foster care youth
Moving on: State policies to address academic brain drain in the South
Life after high school: Young people talk about their hopes and prospects
State higher education finance: FY 2004
Postsecondary education opportunity
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Convergence: Trends threatening to narrow college opportunity in America
Financial access: What it is, what it isn't, and how to educate people about it
Student financing of undergraduate education 2003-04, with a special analysis of the net price of attendance and federal education tax benefits
Contending with financial inequality
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Access for all? Debating in-state tuition for undocumented alien students
Lumina Foundation focus: Restricted access: The doors to higher education remain closed to many deserving students
Missed opportunities: A new look at disadvantaged college aspirants
College affordability: Overlooked long-term trends and recent 50 state patterns
Increasing the preparedness of at-risk students
Empty promises: The myth of college access in America
Socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and selective college admissions
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Private scholarships count: Access to higher education and the critical role of the private sector
A closer look at the President's proposal for changes in student assistance
Transitions to college: From theory to practice
Student financing of undergraduate education: 1999-2000
Student financing of graduate and first professional education: 1999-2000
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Paying for college: Changes between 1990 and 2000 for full-time dependent undergraduates
The affordability of university education: A perspective from both sides of the 49th parallel
Educational programs and projects that address the needs of low-income students
Achievement trap: How America is failing millions of high-achieving students from lower-income families
Helping families finance college: Improved student loan disclosures and counseling
The study of economic, informational, and cultural barriers to community college student transfer access at selective institutions: National estimates of transfer access and baccalaureate degree attainment at four-year colleges and universities
Cashing in or cashing out: Tools for measuring the effectiveness and outcomes of financial aid events
Indiana Chafee Education and Training Voucher (ETV) Program
Colleges and universities expand efforts to improve access and affordability
Transition matters: Community college to bachelor's degree
Reaching higher with accountability (working paper)
Education Finance Council (EFC)'s financial literacy homepage
Reaching higher college completion (working paper)
Course-taking patterns and preparation for postsecondary education in California's public university systems among minority youth
Overcoming obstacles, optimizing opportunities: State policies to increase postsecondary attainment for low-skilled adults
Federal Aid First
Economic mobility: Is the American Dream alive and well?
2008-09 EFC (Expected Family Contribution) Formula Guide
Low-income students and college success: More than money
Demography is not destiny: Increasing the graduation rates of low-income college students at large public universities
Realizing the college dream (English and Spanish versions)
A report on the status of Hispanics in education: Overcoming a history of neglect
College access and tax credits
Post-secondary education options for low-income students
Adult learners in higher education: Barriers to success and strategies to improve results
Opening doors to earning credentials: Impressions of community college access and retention from low-wage workers
FAFSA: Free Application for Federal Student Aid
Institutional Student Profiles Fall 2006 for the State of Alabama
College grants on a postcard: A proposal for simple and predictable federal student aid
Federal student aid need analysis: Background and selected simplification issues
Consolidation loans: Redesign options and considerations
Undergraduate students and credit cards 2004: An analysis of usage rates and trends
Costs, prices, and affordability
The economic promise of investing in high-quality preschool: Using early education to improve economic growth and the fiscal sustainability of states and the nation
Opening the door to the American Dream: Increasing higher education access and success for immigrants
Profile of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary education institutions: 2003-04, With a special analysis of community college students
Strategic directions in Indiana education
A study of the Talent Search program: Analysis and highlights
What is Known About the Impact of Financial Aid? Implications for Policy
The impacts of regular Upward Bound: Results from the third follow-up data collection
Economic state of young America
The connection strategy: Preparing young people to succeed in college and beyond
The status of Latinos/as in engineering: Confronting the "new" American dilemma
Center for Law and Social Policy
The learning communities demonstration: Rationale, sites, and research design
Beyond access: Explaining socioeconomic differences in college transfer
Opportunity adrift: Our flagship universities are straying from their public mission
Stronger department of education oversight needed to help ensure only eligible students receive federal student aid
IDA pays: A missing piece of the access puzzle
How much are college students borrowing?
An Overview of Tax Benefits for Higher Education Expenses
Tuition equity legislation: Investing in Colorado high school graduates through equal opportunity to postsecondary education
Promise lost: College-qualified students who don't enroll in college
Completing College: Assessing Graduation Rates at Four Year Colleges
Putting money on the table: Information, financial aid, and access to college
Student Aid Simplification: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
States in the Driver's Seat
Student Debt and the Class of 2010, November 2011
The challenge to the states: Preserving college access and affordability in a time of crisis
Campus commons? What faculty, financial officers, and other think about controlling college costs
Financial aid in theory and practice
SREB Factbook on higher education
A profile of successful Pell Grant recipients: Time to Bachelor's degree and early graduate school enrollment
Hopes & hurdles: California foster youth and college financial aid
2010 Tuition Fees and Financial Aid Report
Early and often: Designing a comprehensive system of financial aid information
What are they and how do I use them? Strategies and tools to increase and improve filing of the federal Hope and Lifetime Learning education tax credits by low-income filers
Education and training for TANF recipients: Opportunities and challenges under the final rule
Opportunity matters: A journal of research informing educational opportunity, practice and programs
Given half a chance: The Schott 50 state report on public education and black males
Willing and Able, But Not Eligible
Best practices in recruiting and retaining minority graduate students
Transitions to adulthood for homeless adolescents: Education and public policy
A profile of the Ronald McNair postbaccalaureate achievement program: 1999-2000
New England Journal of Higher Education
Modeling Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs): Campus practices that work for Latino students
The status of African Americans in engineering: Confronting the "new" American dilemma
National study of student support services. Third-year longitudinal study results and program implementation study update
Out before the game begins: Hispanic leaders talk about what's needed to bring more Hispanic youngsters into science, technology and math professions
National Indian Education Study 2007 Part II: The educational experiences of American Indian and Alaska Native students in grades 4 and 8
Access to college: The role of tuition, financial aid, scholastic preparation and college supply in public college enrollments
Teaching and learning across the class divide
Improving educational opportunties for students who work
Early childhood investment yields big payoff
Qualified teachers for at-risk schools: A national imperative
Improving academic achievement in urban districts: What state policymakers can do
Successful bilingual schools: Six effective programs in California
Who's left behind? Immigrant children in high and low LEP schools
Promoting a systematic focus on learning supports to address barriers to learning and teaching
Looking to the future: Volunatary K-12 school integration
Career development in context: Selected trends in education, economics, labor, and society
Inventing Hispanic serving institutions (HSIs): The basics
Education watch Alabama: Key education facts and figures 2004
Return on investment: Educational choices and demographic change in California's future
Texas public universities' data and performance report: Part A
Preparing all Indiana youth for life in the global human capital economy
The College and Financial Aid Guide for Undocumented AB540 Immigrant Students
Financing graduate education: A guide for prospective students
PERSIST: A comprehensive guide for student success in higher education
State of college opportunity in Ohio 2005
Fact book bulletin: Latest data confirms a college affordability gap for students from middle- and lower-income families
Lumina Foundation for Education: Adult learners
Opening Doors project publications
Reaching Higher: Strategic Directions for Higher Education in Indiana
Indiana's adult education and workforce skills performance report: Preparing adults for a brighter future
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The credit crunch and student loans: Don't react before getting the facts
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Graduation rate watch: Making minority student success a priority
How the borrowing process works
Adult learning in focus: National and state-by-state data
Adult learning in focus: Individual state profiles and downloadable data
State policies to bring adult learning into focus
Annotated bibliography: Adult learning in focus: National and state data report
Achivement and attainment in Chicago charter schools
Reaching higher with affordability (working paper)
Delta project on postsecondary education costs, productivity, and accountability
StateVoucher.org (Education and Training Vouchers)
Academic competitiveness grant
College Board scholarship search
College readiness: Helping all students access and succeed in higher education
Enhancing student services at Owens Community College: Early results from the Opening Doors demonstration in Ohio
Frequently asked questions about college access and success
Fifty states of achieving the dream: State policies to enhance access to community colleges across the United States
Postsecondary success begins with high school preparation
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Student debt and the class of 2006
Beyond myths: The growth and diversity of Asian American college freshmen: 1971-2005
Access to success initiative
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Opportunity in America: The role of education
What colleges contribute: Institutional aid to full-time undergraduates attending four-year colleges and universities
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Student aid and postsecondary tax preferences: Limited research exists on the effectiveness of tools to assist students and families through Title IV student aid and tax preferences
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Workforce contingent financial aid: How states link financial aid to employment
Improving lives through higher education: Campus programs and policies for low-income adults
An overview of higher education in the United States: Diversity, access, and the role of the marketplace
No merit in these scholarships
Education as crime prevention: Reinstating Pell Grant eligibility for the incarcerated
Global higher education rankings: Affordability and accessibility in comparative perspective
Raising the graduation rates of low-income college students
A matter of degrees: Improving graduation rates in four-year colleges and universities
Who should we help? The negative social consequences of merit aid scholarships
Hope works: Student use of education tax credits.
2003 status report on the Pell grant program
Held back: How student aid programs fail working adults
Policy for progress: Reaffirming California higher education accessibility, affordability, and accountability into the 21st century
The access challenge: Rethinking the causes of the new inequality
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In a slimming solid that can be dressed up or down, these pants have a flat elastic waistband for a smooth, comfortable fit. The Liquid Knit(R) fabric ensures they hang nicely, rather than clinging to your curves. From Susan Graver.
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A212850 — Susan Graver Liquid Knit Elastic Waist Regular Pants
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Susan Graver
Susan Graver Liquid Knit Cardigan and Tank Set with Embellishments
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Susan Graver Liquid Knit Elastic Waist Regular Pants
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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Permanent Hair Colorant with Vegetable Ingredients Naturtint Permanent Hair Colorant with Vegetable Ingredients The leading alternative hair colour in the UK health market and fastest growing colorant in Spain. 29 colours can be mixed easily & economically to create an infinite range - Colour Guide No ammonia, parabens or resorcinol - dermatologically tested. Covers 100% grey and can lighten up to 2 shades at a time. Enriched with Soya, Corn, Coconut and Wheat Extracts. Adds wonderful shine and vitality to the hair. Naturtint hair color products are manufactured to the very highest international standards using ecofriendly, biodegradable packaging. They are also suitable for vegans and against animal testing. To view our complete colour guide
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Obadeyi was at Home Park earlier in the season and scored one goal, in a 1-1 draw at York, during 10 appearances for the Pilgrims.
The 24-year-old will spend a further 33 days with John Sheridan's team, ensuring he spends the maximum 93 days with the club.
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Face Tags
Back from PRCC and vacation. Now back to work. But before that, here's a sketch cover that I went nuts with.
Here's what Galafrieze and his Herald Force looks like in color.
Here's some finished Avatar Stir Fry.
This is the most fun I've had drawing in a long time. Someone's planet is deep #$$#%!!! XD
And once the chicks are there the bad boys come. NOW it's a party! By the way, DONE! Now off to @DageTheEvil
Exclusive first look at @Bladehaven3D big bad Apophis. He's so gigantic this is as much as you'll probably see.
Finally got something I can post! Designing a level 2 Galanoth armor for @Bladehaven3D. Guess where level 2 is? :P
Still storyboarding. But since I've been posting fan art as of late, why stop now?
Here's Kempachi vs. Vegeta.
Still doing storyboards, so nothing I can show without spoiling the fun, so here's Broly beating up some kids.
Doing some storyboards for the boss battle this week, so to keep you busy here's another boss battle I did. :P
I love the outlines! Makes it look like a comic or anime, which is the idea. @bladehaven3D #wewantbladehaven3D
You got a dragon? We got a Galanoth! @bladehaven3D #wewantbladehaven3D
From 2D to 3D... Urion Souflame Form. @Bladehaven3D #wewantbladehaven3D
From 2D to 3D... Urion. @Bladehaven3D #wewantbladehaven3D
That, plus if you really make him angry he'll absorb his soul flames and achieve his ultimate form. @Bladehaven3D
Urion has to be one of my favorite bosses. He's like the Akuma of the game. A complete bad @$$. @Bladehaven3D
If you manage to survive the first 2 bosses things will get real once you get to Urion, Boss #3. @Bladehaven3D
Meet Alatroth, Galanoth's Beast Hunter master. What? You think he just knew how to slay dragons? @Bladehaven3D
Because sometimes you just gotta DANCE!! @Bladehaven3D #wewantbladehaven3D
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For many years' stress supplements have been little more than herbal sedatives. While such products help us calm down' they do not address the imbalances that cause us to experience extreme reactions to stressful events in the first place. Unless these imbalances are resolved' they can lead to many severe health challenges.
Holistic medical systems teach that extreme stress grows out of congestion in the liver. This congestion causes excess heat to accumulate in this organ. Eventually' this heat erupts upwards' affecting the gall bladder and inhibiting digestion. As the heat moves through what Traditional Chinese Medicine calls the "Heart System'" it leads to agitation' which causes extreme reactions to stressful events.
With its extracts of Magnolia and Zizyphus seeds' 4 Way Stress Support System™ works very quickly to restore a sense of calm. But' it also provides factors that strengthen the Heart and Liver Systems' and that clear liver congestion. Because of this' it helps you make "molehills out of mountains'" so that every stressful event passes more easily.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are not meant to diagnose' treat or cure any disease or medical condition. Please consult your doctor before starting any exercise or nutritional supplement program or before using these or any product during pregnancy or if you have a serious medical condition.
Serving Size 2 Tablets
Amount Per Serving / %DV
Zizyphus Seed (18:1 full spectrum extract) 300 mg / *
Magnolia Bark (12:1 full spectrum extract) 300 mg / *
Organic Spirulina 300 mg / *
Hydrolyzed Pearl 120 mg / *
Ashwaganda (12:1 full spectrum extract) 80 mg / *
Rhodiola Rosea (6:1 full spectrum extract) 65 mg / *
L-Leucine 40 mg / *
Bupleurum Root (12:1 full spectrum extract) 36 mg / *
Polygala Tenuifolia Root (12:1 full spectrum extract) 36 mg / *
Organic Barley Grass Juice (30:1 Concentrate) 30 mg / *
Organic Oat Grass Juice (30:1 Concentrate) 30 mg / *
Dong Quai Root (12:1 full spectrum extract) 24 mg / *
Scutellaria Root (12:1 Full Spectrum extract) 24 mg / *
White Peony Root (12:1 full spectrum extract) 24 mg / *
Bai-Zhu Atractylodes Root (12:1 full spectrum extract) 18 mg / *
Poria Cocos Herb (12:1 full spectrum extract) 18 mg / *
Fresh Ginger Root (12:1 full spectrum extract) 18 mg / *
Jujube Date (12:1 full spectrum extract) 18 mg / *
Rehmannia Root (12:1 full spectrum extract) 18 mg / *
Schizandra Fruit (12:1 full spectrum extract) 18 mg / *
Gynostemma Herb (12:1 full spectrum extract) 18 mg / *
Condonopsis (12:1 full spectrum extract) 18 mg / *
Eleuthero Root (12:1 full spectrum extract) 18 mg / *
Phellodendron Bark (12:1 full spectrum extract) 12 mg / *
Rhubarb Root (12:1 full spectrum extract) 12 mg / *
BioPerine (Piper nigrum extract 50:1) 3 mg / *
*Daily value not established
Estimated Whole Food / Herbal Value 17'000 mg
Other Ingredients: Cellulose' Steartic Acid' Croscarmellose Sodium' Silicone Dioxide.
One tablet 15 minutes before breakfast' and one tablet 15 minutes before dinner.
Not intended for use during pregnacy.
Please keep all supplements out of children's reach.
Keep tightly closed at room temperature.
Allergy / Dietary Needs
- Artificial Color Free
- Artificial Flavor Free
- Dairy Free
- Gluten Free
- GMO Free
- Soy Free
- Sugar Free
- Vegetarian Product
- Wheat Free
- Yeast Free
Ratings & ReviewsReview This Item
Overall Rating for Stress - 4 Way Support System - 60 Tablets
Displaying reviews 1-1 of 1
By Eileen
from United States
helps to make the day smooth & helps
I am a home health RN the driving over dirt roads and challenging elders can make the day very difficult. Stress 4 way taken late morning will last all day and it allows me not to be angry in traffic and find something to laugh about. It has been very difficult to obtain a friend and I depend upon this wonderful product and feel as though i purchased the last bottles on Earth! Why is there a shortage or is it just out here in outer Hooterville?
long term effectiveness
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
Displaying reviews 1-1 of 1
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