text:
|CATERPILLAR GLOBAL MINING EUROPE GMBH Patent applications
|Patent application number
|MODULAR CUTTING HEAD - A cutting head for hard rock mining applications is disclosed. The cutting head may have a base member. The base member may have a rotational axis and may include a center bore extending along the rotational axis. The cutting head may also have a drive bushing disposed within the center bore. The drive bushing may be configured to transmit torque from a driving device to the base member. The cutting may further have a plurality of annular tool supports. Each of the plurality of annular tool supports may be concentrically disposed about the rotational axis in a releasable manner. In addition, the cutting head may have a plurality of cutting bit carriers attached to each of the plurality of annular tool supports. Each of the plurality of cutting bit carriers may be configured to rotatably support a cutting bit.
|CONTROL METHOD FOR LONGWALL SHEARER - A method of controlling a shearer is disclosed. The shearer may be configured to travel along a longwall face to extract material with a first cutting drum and a second cutting drum. The method may include setting a first cutting profile including a plurality of desired positions (Di) to be approached by the first cutting drum in a first travel direction (E). Further, the method may include determining a plurality of actual advancing vectors (vi) indicating a change of a position of the shearer resulting from advancing the shearer towards the longwall face. The method may also include determining a plurality of shearer orientations (Oi) along the longwall face. In addition, the method may include generating a second cutting profile to be approached by at least one of the first cutting drum and the second cutting drum in a second travel direction (F) of the shearer.
|MILLING DEVICE - A milling device is disclosed. The milling device may have a shaft. The shaft may have a shaft axis (A). The milling device may also have a spindle drum rotatably mounted relative to the shaft axis (A) and rotatable about a spindle drum axis (B) coaxial to the shaft axis (A). Further, the milling device may have a plurality of tool spindles rotatably mounted in the spindle drum and rotatable about tool spindle axes (D). Each tool spindle axis (D) may be parallely arranged and spaced apart from the shaft axis (A) and may have a same distance to the shaft axis (A). The milling machine may also have a plurality of machining tools carried by the tool spindles. At least two of the plurality of machining tools may be positioned displaced from one another in a direction of the shaft axis (A).
|DRIVE CONNECTION WITH INTEGRATED CHAIN TENSIONING APPARATUS FOR FACE CONVEYORS - A drive connection is disclosed. The drive connection may be configured to be interconnected between a main driving unit and a main gear unit of a driving device configured to drive a chain of a conveyor of a longwall device. The drive connection may have a housing configured to be connected to the main driving unit and to the main gear unit. The drive connection may also have a drive shaft disposed within the housing and configured to transmit torque from the main driving unit to the main gear unit. In addition, the drive connection may have a chain tensioning apparatus disposed within the housing. The chain tensioning apparatus may have a worm drive interacting with the drive shaft. The chain tensioning apparatus may be configured to drive the drive shaft for tensioning the chain of the conveyor when the main driving unit is in a non-operative state.
|ENSURING WORKING CONDITIONS ALONG A LONGWALL FACE - A longwall installation unit is disclosed. The longwall installation unit may form a longwall installation assembly together with other longwall installation units of the same kind. The longwall installation assembly may extend along the longwall face in a longwall mine. The longwall mine may have a compressor device. The longwall installation unit may have a dilution gas nozzle configured to be fluidly connected to the compressor device.
|LUMP CRUSHER FOR A SCRAPER CHAIN CONVEYOR - A coarse crusher for use at both face ends of a face conveyor in an underground mine is disclosed. The coarse crusher may have a pan module with a strand segment for guiding an endless conveying means. The strand segment may be delimited by a first pan outer longitudinal side and a second pan outer longitudinal side which lies opposite the first pan outer longitudinal side. The first pan outer longitudinal side and the second pan outer longitudinal side may have a plurality of first pan fastening apparatuses. The coarse crusher may further have a base-frame module fastened releasably via the corresponding first pan fastening apparatuses to one of the first pan outer longitudinal side and the second pan outer longitudinal side. The coarse crusher may also have a support-arm module fastened releasably to the base-frame module.
|CHAIN WHEEL FOR APRON CONVEYOR - A chain wheel for driving or diverting a conveyor of an apron conveyor including transport plates is disclosed. The transport plates may be releasably connectable via a chain connecting parts to the conveyor chain. The chain wheel may have a chain wheel body including a lateral face. The chain wheel may also have teeth arranged peripherally offset over the lateral face. In addition, the chain wheel may have bearing faces. The bearing faces may be arranged peripherally offset over the lateral face between two adjacently situated teeth. The bearing faces may also be configured to support the chain connecting parts.
|EXTRACTION INSTALLATION FOR MINERAL EXTRACTION - An extraction machine for an extraction installation is disclosed. The extraction installation may have a chain having a first chain strand section with a first end and a second chain strand section with a second end. The first and second chain ends may be connectable to the extraction machine for moving the extraction machine. The extraction machine may have a first chain mount configured to be connected to the first chain strand section. The extraction machine may also have a second chain mount configured to be connected to the second chain strand section. In addition, the extraction machine may have a first pre-tensioning device for building up a pre-tensioning force acting on the first chain mount such that a pulling force acts on the first chain strand section in the direction of the second chain mount.
|GUIDE PIECE FOR AN EXTRACTION OR COAL PLOUGH - A replaceable guide piece (
|MOBILE MINING - The present disclosure relates to a mobile mining machine which may comprise a movable machine base frame, a rotatable tool drum and including excavating tools. The mobile mining machine may further comprise a cantilever unit including a front support arm part and a base part, and a pivotal device to pivot the cantilever unit. The mobile mining machine may further comprise a tilt device to tilt the cantilever unit and a rotary mechanism to rotate the support arm part and the tool drum. Thus, a mobile mining machine with which tunnels, galleries or shafts may be continuously driven in even in hard rock with a high mining output and low tool wear may be provided.
|TRANSMISSION, IN PARTICULAR FOR DRIVE SYSTEMS OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINES AND MINING MACHINES - The present disclosure generally refers to a transmission comprising a transmission housing and at least one transmission stage arranged in the transmission housing. The transmission stage may include, coaxially with respect to an axis, a sun gear, a planet carrier with at least two planet gears rotatably mounted on the planet carrier; and an internal gear as transmission parts. At least one stop means may be provided for limiting the axial movement of two transmission parts which are movable relative to one another. The stop means may comprise a ball pair with a first ball assigned to a first transmission part and a second ball assigned to a second transmission part. The two balls may be arranged so as to be rotatable about their ball centre on the axis.
|VALVE ASSEMBLY - A valve is provided for a hydraulic tank. The valve includes a main body and an end cap. The main body includes a first section, a second section and a window. The first section has a solid configuration. The first section has a shoulder configured to contact with a spring. The second section extends from the first section. The second section has a hollow configuration. The window defined on a surface of the second section is positioned towards an end of the second section proximate to the first section. The window is configured to selectively receive a fluid flow from the hydraulic tank into the main body based on a position of the valve with respect to the hydraulic tank. The end cap has a hollow configuration. The end cap is coupled to another end of the second section of the main body.
|PLUG-IN CONNECTION WITH RETAINING ELEMENT AND RETAINING ELEMENT FOR THIS PURPOSE - A plug-in connection for hydraulic hose lines includes a first plug connector having a circumferential groove on a plug-in nipple, a plug-in sleeve having two transverse bores, and a fork-shaped coupling bracket. The coupling bracket has two bracket portions and one bracket curve, which may be being inserted into the transverse bores for locking the plug-in connection to the bracket portions and penetrate the groove transversely with respect to the plug-in axis. A retaining element for retaining the coupling bracket is also provided and includes an accommodating portion for the bracket curve, two holding arms which are spaced apart from each other and connected by a base at rear ends of the holding arms facing the accommodating portion, and which define at front ends a mounting mouth which can be slipped onto the plug-in nipple and/or the plug-in sleeve in a transverse manner with respect to the plug-in axis.
|PROP HEAD BEARING DEVICE FOR SHIELD SUPPORTS - A prop head bearing device used for a shield support and to receive a prop head includes a prop head bearing main body with a prop head receiving portion, a flange adjacent to the prop head receiving portion and a flange bore, and a receiving portion adjacent to the flange and remote from the prop head receiving portion. The prop head bearing device may also include a securing element including a securing element bore adapted in shape to the receiving portion, such that in the mounted state the securing element is locked with respect to the bore direction of the flange bore and that the securing element bore is aligned to the flange bore.
|METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR INCREASING THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF MOBILE MACHINES IN ABOVEGROUND OR UNDERGROUND MINING OPERATIONS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF MINERALS BY UTILIZING THE RFID TECHNOLOGY - A system and method for increasing the operational safety of mobile machines in mining operations by utilizing RFID technology includes a transmitting unit at the mobile machine, a receiving unit, and a non-machine-related RFID transponder which can be activated by the transmitting unit and in the case of activation is contactlessly detected. A reference transponder and a control unit for actuating the transmitting unit and evaluating transponder signals in measuring cycles is provided. To improve the energy requirement of the method and system, the reference transponder may be mounted on the mobile machine at a defined distance, stored in the control unit, from the transmitting unit. The signal field strength L of the transmitter signal of the transmitting unit may be changed in dependence on the response signal of the reference transponder in a calibration cycle (KCB) for eliminating the environmental influences.
|APPARATUS FOR THE MILLING CUTTING OF ROCK, MINERALS OR OTHER MATERIALS - A mining apparatus includes two tool drums, which are arranged rotatably side by side in twin arrangement on a drum carrier and which are respectively provided with a plurality of tool carriers which support cutting tools arranged over the periphery of the tool drums and which can be rotatingly driven and the shaft axes of which run substantially transversely to the drum axle. The shaft axes of the tool carriers of the first tool drum span a first conical surface about the drum axis and the shaft axes of the tool carriers of the second tool drum span a second conical surface about the drum axis, where the conical surfaces are open to opposite sides and are preferably oriented such that they are mutually inclined in an O-arrangement.
|MOBILE MINING MACHINE AND METHOD FOR DRIVING TUNNELS, ROADWAYS OR SHAFTS, IN PARTICULAR IN HARD ROCK - A mobile mining machine includes a movable machine base frame having a boom, a swinging device for swinging the boom, and a tilting device for tilting the boom. At least one tool drum is coupled to the boom for rotation about a drum axis and rotatable tool carriers are arranged on a circumference of the tool drum. The boom has a supporting arm, on which the tool drum is mounted, and a separate swinging base, which is swingable about a swing axis in relation to the machine base frame by the swinging device. The supporting arm and the swinging base are connected to one another by a system of guide bars, by way of which a setting angle of the drum axis in relation to the swing axis is adjustable.
|APPARATUS FOR THE MILLING CUTTING OF ROCK, MINERALS OR OTHER MATERIALS - An apparatus for the milling cutting of rock, minerals or other hard materials has a tool drum which is rotatably mounted on a drum carrier about a drum axis and on the peripheral shell surface of which are disposed, in distributed arrangement, a plurality of tool carriers, which carry cutting tools and can be rotatingly driven, where their shaft axes run transversely to the drum axis. A first group of tool carriers and a second group of tool carriers are provided, where the rotational direction of the first group is counter to the rotational direction of the second group, and the shaft axes of the tool carriers of the first group and of the second group are oriented at different setting angles relative to the radial direction of the tool drum.
|MINING INSTALLATION FOR EXTRACTING SEAM-TYPE OR MASS-DEPOSIT MINERAL MATERIALS, AND MINING MACHINE FOR THE SAME - A mining machine for extracting seam-type or mass-deposit mineral materials includes a conveyor for carrying away mined material, a machine frame that can be moved along the conveyor and that includes at least one drum, which is equipped with extracting tools, is rotatable about its drum axis and is adjustable in height relative to a machine frame by a swivel arm. The drum axis of the drum is parallel to the direction of travel of the mining machine, and the extracting tools are mounted in groups on tool carriers which are arranged on the circumference of the drum so as to be rotatable about rotation axes disposed transversely in relation to the drum axis.
|FACE CONVEYOR FOR EXTRACTION PLANTS AND TROUGH ELEMENT FOR SAID FACE CONVEYOR - A face conveyor includes a continuous conveyor formed by a conveyor chain with entrainment plates that are connected to chain links and which, when conveying, circulates in an outward run and a return run, each of which are guided in trough portions by trough elements, which are arranged in a row. Guides provided on each trough element include a first guide on a working face side and a second guide at a spacing from a goaf side. The first guide on the working face side is secured on the trough element between the outward run and the return run. The outward run and the return run extend in a laterally offset manner with respect to each other, and the trough portion guiding the entrainment plates in the outward run is open on the working face side.
|APPLIANCE AND ARRANGEMENT FOR OPTICAL SIGNAL TRANSMISSION BY MEANS OF OPTICAL WAVE-GUIDES - An appliance for optical signal transmission using optical waveguides in explosion-hazard areas, in particular in underground mining, includes an optical transmitter, having an optical output interface for connection of an optical waveguide transmission path and having a device for limiting the light power. An arrangement for bi-directional optical signal transmission is also provided. In order to provide an appliance for optical signal transmission as well as an arrangement for bi-directional optical signal transmission in explosion-hazard areas, complying with the requirements for intrinsically safe operation of the transmission medium when separating or decoupling the transmission medium, the device for limiting the light power is a passive optical component which is connected in the optical signal path between the optical transmitter and the optical output interface.
|CONNECTING DEVICE FOR A THROUGH PAN OF EXTRACTION DEVICES, TROUGH PAN AND ATTACHMENT THEREFOR - A connecting device for connecting an attachment to a side member of a trough pan of an extracting device is provided. The connecting device includes first fittings on a side member and counter fittings on the attachment, which are detachably connectable to the first fittings. At least one retaining piece prevents detachment of fitting and counter fitting. The first fitting tapers upward in a trapeze-shaped manner and the counter fitting tapers upward in a trapeze-shaped manner, so that by a vertical movement, the first fitting and the counter fitting are able to be fitted into each other or to be detached from each other, and the first fitting and counter fitting are provided with locking strips and/or grooves which interlock in a locking state.
|INTRINSICALLY-SAFE BATTERY POWER SUPPLY FOR UNDERGROUND MINING - An intrinsically safe battery power supply for electrical equipment in underground mining includes a battery housing having a first end with a first opening and a second end having a pressure-resistant second opening. The battery housing defines a first space. At least one storage battery cell is provided in the first space, and a lid is coupled to the battery housing near the first end providing access to the storage battery cell through the first opening. An envelope housing is coupled near the second end of the battery housing and has a charging socket and a consumption socket and defines a second space. A circuit board having intrinsically-safe circuits is provided in the second space, the circuit board electrically coupled to the storage battery cell through the pressure resistant second opening in the battery housing, and electrically coupled to the charging socket and the consumption socket on the envelope housing.
|MULTIPART CHAIN FIXING DEVICE, TROUGH ELEMENT AND PARTS FOR THE SAME - The invention relates to a multipart chain fixing device for securing at least one conveyor chain on a trough element of especially an underground scraper chain conveyor. The fixing device comprises a bridge part (
|METHOD FOR LOCATING PERSONS AND/OR MOBILE MACHINES IN MINE CAVERNS USING RFID TECHNOLOGY, AND LONGWALL FACE EXTRACTION INSTALLATION FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD - A method and a longwall face extraction installation have a device for locating persons and/or mobile machines in mine caverns using RFID technology. Base stations are arranged in a distributed manner along the mine cavern to be monitored and have a transmitter and a receiver. At least one RFID transponder is associated with the person or machine to be located, which has stored identification data, can be activated using the base station and can be read in a contactless manner using the base station. In order to provide a method for locating persons and a longwall face extraction installation, in particular for coal mining, which make it possible to effectively use RFID technology, the transmitters of adjacently positioned base stations along a region of the mine cavern to be monitored successively emit their transmission wave in order to activate an RFID transponder.
|PLUG-IN MODULE FOR CONTROLLERS OF MOBILE WORKING MACHINES - A plug-in module for controllers of mobile working machines, having a housing, a connection plug, electronics boards and at least one plug socket for connecting actuators or sensors. The housing being formed by a box with a front, rear and side walls as well as a base plate comprising a cutout for the connection plug, and in that the electronics boards are forming a board box by connecting two end boards and two side boards, with the board box being arranged in the interior of the housing, and with the plug socket being mechanically coupled to the housing by a strain-relief clip.
|NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MOBILE MACHINES WHICH CAN BE USED IN AREAS AT RISK OF EXPLOSION - A network infrastructure for mobile machines which are usable in explosive areas, having inherently safe participants and not inherently safe network participants the latter being arranged in pressure-resistant housings. The machine has at least one controller for actuating at least one not inherently safe participant. In order to provide a network infrastructure which avoids the drawbacks of the prior art, the machine has, outside the pressure-resistant housing for the first controller, at least one second, inherently safe controller for actuating at least one inherently safe participant, wherein the first controller forms a data distributor for a plurality of not inherently safe participants and the second controller forms a data distributor for a plurality of inherently safe participants, and wherein the first data distributor and the second data distributor are linked via an electrically decoupled data communication link.
|METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE POSITION OR LOCATION OF PLANT COMPONENTS IN MINING EXTRACTING PLANTS AND EXTRACTING PLANT - A method and system for determining the position and/or location of plant components of a mining extracting plant, which includes at least one face conveyor, a shield-type support system having a plurality of shield-type support frames and an extracting machine, the position/location of at least one plant component is determined by an evaluation system including a detection unit. To determine the location/position of at least one plant component even in the case of a dynamic mineral mining process, the detection unit includes an image sensor, by way of which at least four object points, which are at a predetermined spacing to each other and are detectable within the optical wavelength range, of at least one measuring object associated with one of the plant components, are detected and the position/location of the plant component can be determined from the projection of the object points detected by the image sensor.
|INTRINSICALLY SAFE CONNECTION UNIT WITH A NETWORK INTERFACE, INTRINSICALLY SAFE APPLIANCE AND NETWORK INTERFACE FOR IT - An intrinsically safe connection unit with a network interface for intrinsically safe appliances in explosion-risk areas, having a housing, a voltage supply connection, plug connection for connecting an intrinsically safe appliance via a transmission cable, and a decoupling circuit. For allowing even a multiplicity of network subscribers to be connected in the explosion-risk area with less wiring complexity, a plurality of plug connections of the same type are provided as network interface, each being preceded by a separate decoupling circuit, and the voltage supply connection builds a central feed connection with separate supply cores for each plug connection each having at least two plug contacts for data communication and at least two plug contacts for supplying power to the connectable appliances via the transmission cable. The invention relates also to a Controller and a network interface for use therewith.
Patent applications by CATERPILLAR GLOBAL MINING EUROPE GMBH


text:
Langkawi Travel Guide
by: Wizcom Ltd | 20
All Android applications categories
All Android games categories
by: Wizcom Ltd | 20
Our Langkawi Island City Mobile Application gives you full access to Langkawi Island in Malaysia.
The Application gives you general infos, a photo library, Hotels in Langkawi Island, Google Satellite Maps for Langkawi Island City and as well Malaysia.
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This application is compatible from Android Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, and the latest Jelly Bean.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Confession Eases the Soul by Kid-ApocalypseWatch
©2008-2016 Kid-Apocalypse
...Well, Shawn's anyway. This is from...ooh, forever ago. I'd color it or something, but my shoulder is killing me and I can't make a fist.
This is due to work--this picture probably took an hour to draw.
This is due to work--this picture probably took an hour to draw.
Gosh, he looks sad...! Wanna hug them both...!
:nods: Sad and confused... I would have linked to which chapter has this scene, but I don't really remember. Next one has him thinking about this kind of thing.
Gosh I love them...!
Will type next chapter sooon~
What an interesting composition!
Thanks! I kind of messed up on the sink, though...


text:
Admission: $5 per badge
Meeting Place: Visitor Center
If you're a boy scout who wants to earn a merit badge, this event is for you! There will be several badge classes to choose from. Class size is limited and pre-registration is required. Contact the park for further details.
Explore Lake Poinsett State Park with our helpful maps and brochures! Just click on an icon to view, or right-click on your mouse to save a
copy to your computer.


text:
Mary Lynn Rajskub to Return for '24: Live Another Day'
Posted on Thursday, August 1st, 2013 by Angie Han
Mary Lynn Rajskub's Chloe O'Brian wasn't even introduced until the third season of 24, but she quickly established herself as a fan favorite and an integral part of the thriller series. The numbers bear that out, too. She appeared in 125 episodes of the show, more than any character not named Jack Bauer.
Put simply, it just isn't 24 without Chloe — which is why fans should be thrilled to learn that she is, in fact, coming back for the limited sequel series 24: Live Another Day. More on Rajskub's casting after the jump.


text:
I've wanted something like this for a long time. It does weigh more, so Lance and a lot of you probably won't use it.
My head is just a bit bigger than normal. These helmets have such a nice way of adjusting for size. You just rotate a dial on the back of the headband.
I got one big enough to fit a toque under in the colder weather. (The word 'Canadian' is at its most impressive when you put it in front of 'winter.')
It is over 500 grams but the shell looks like it will stop the first couple of bullets that hit it. Have had it for a couple of weeks now. It does get a bit sweaty but my commute is only 6 miles so not a problem.


text:
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text:
£35.95 (£29.96 excl. VAT)
Product Description
The lightweight Lastolite Jupiter light stand (1158) weighs only 1.25 kg. This is an incredibly good low cost stand that will easily take a speedlight on a Lovegrove flash bracket at its full height of over 3 metres. A 4 section stand with tough plastic collars.
Features of the Lastolite Jupiter Light Stand (1158)
• 4 section wide-based lighting / support stand
• Aluminium construction
• Fully extends to over 3 metres.
- Height: 85cm – 312cm
- Leg span: 120cm
- Air-cushioned: no
- Plastic collars
- Product Code: 1158
A note about stock
Lastolite products are sent directly from our suppliers. We therefore cannot guarantee the accuracy of our availability indicators, due to constant stock fluctuations. Therefore, if you purchase an item that is out of stock with our suppliers and a long delay is expected we will contact you as soon as possible to discuss your options.
Please contact us for a shipping quotation if you live outside the UK.
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text: I was spelunking caves last night and ventured into one of his dens with the man's Desert Armor, and literally followed the directions he put in his terminal; "Going to cave south" and tracked his caves down until eventually I was left at a cliff-hanger with his dialogue "Princible better not show" or something akin to that. Are there more terminals? I need to know! Anyone have any idea on this? Please let me know if anyone finds anything about this.


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Crystal67's Profile Page
Crystal67 is located in Ontario / Canada and has been a SingSnap member since February 19, 2007. She has a total of 76 public recordings that have been viewed 1,173 times and 139 achievement points.
Information Written by Crystal67 27
I love Singsnap! Being with all of you is a favorite pass time of mine~I really enjoy listening to you all sing and this program is great when I am practising for the live concerts I do here in Canada. I'm also single :)Looking for my soulmate!
Stop by my page anytime you see me online,drop me a message,I love to meet you all
God bless!


text:
USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Other ID: none
Status: Completed
Organization(s): USGS, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
Funding Program(s):
Principal Investigator(s): Kathryn Scanlon Catanach
Affiliate Investigator(s): Kenneth Sulak, George Dennis - BRD-South Florida
Information Specialist(s):
Data Type(s): Sampling: Biology, Sampling: Geology
Scientific Purpose/Goals: Not a USGS-WHFC field activity.
Start Port/Location:
End Port/Location:
Start Date: 2002-08-07
End Date: 2002-08-18
Equipment Used: Grab sampler
Information to be Derived: Grain size analysis;
Summary of Activity and Data Gathered: Ponar grab sampler: approx 75.
Affiliate Staff:
Notes: This cruise was conducted by USGS-BRD South Florida office and grab samples were offered to this center. Original Center People field contained: No WHFC participants. Samples being processed by WHFC for grainsize and carbonate content.
Madison Swanson Marine Reserve, shelf edge, northeastern Gulf of Mexico, United States, North America, North Atlantic;
Coleman, F.C., Koenig, Christopher C., Scanlon, Kathryn M., Heppell, Scott, Heppell, Selina, and Miller, Margaret W., 2010, Benthic habitat modification through excavation by red grouper, Epinephelus morio, in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: The Open Fish Science Journal, v. 3, doi: 10.2174/1874401X01003010001.
Data Acquired


text:
You will now be redirected to a U.S. site. To continue click OK.
Find out what Goodyear's new family of Fuel Max tires can do for you
Nominate a candidate for the Goodyear Highway Hero Award!
Watch this video. It will change your business!
Copyright 1996-2016 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company All Rights Reserved


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 13, 2005
|Filing date
|Jun 4, 2004
|Priority date
|Jun 4, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Stanley R. Miska
|Original Assignee
|Schlegel Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (36), Referenced by (35), Classifications (11), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Not appliable
Not applicable.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a conductive gasket as may be used in applications requiring electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. More particularly, the present invention relates to an EMI gasket that has a relatively thick metal conductive layer and a flexibility that resists cracking when bent.
2. Description of Related Art
Many modern electronic devices emit or are sensitive to electromagnetic interference (EMI) at high frequencies. Electromagnetic interference is understood to mean undesired conducted or radiated electrical disturbances from an electric or electronic apparatus, including transients, which can interfere with the operation of other electrical or electronic apparatus. Such disturbances can occur anywhere in the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio frequency interference (RFI) refers to disturbances in the radio frequency portion of the spectrum but often is used interchangeably with electromagnetic interference. Both electromagnetic and radio frequency interference are referred to hereafter as EMI.
A shield usually is inserted between a source of EMI and a desired area of protection. A shield is defined as a metallic or otherwise conductive configuration, which has the capability of absorbing and/or reflecting EMI and reducing the energy levels of the EMI. Such shields normally take the form of a conductive housing, which is electrically grounded. A shield may be provided to prevent EMI radiating from a source or to prevent EMI (generated randomly or by design) from reaching a target, or both.
Most such housings are provided with access panels, hatches, doors or other removable closure. Any gap between the metal surface confronting, abutting or mating with the closure affords an opportunity for the passage of EMI. Gaps also interfere with electrical currents running along the surfaces of the cabinets from EMI energy, which is absorbed and is being conducted to ground. The gaps reduce the efficiency of the ground conduction path and may even result in the shield becoming a secondary source of EMI leakage from gaps acting as slot antennae. Accordingly, it is common to use a conductive seal or gasket between such surfaces to block the passage of EMI.
Various configurations of gaskets have been developed to close the gaps between components of the shield. These gaskets establish as continuous a conductive path as possible across any gap that may exist, for example, between cabinet components. A common gasket employs a flexible core enclosed in a woven fabric made at least in part with conductive fibers. Examples of such fabrics are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,762.
Another common gasket construction as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,668, and 5,597,979 has a flexible core enclosed in an electrically conductive sheath formed of a non-conducting woven or non-woven fabric. The fabric is rendered conductive by an electroless plating process wherein the fabric is dipped in a silver nitrate bath to impregnate the fabric with silver. In an alternative process, the conductive material including silver or copper may be applied by sputter deposition. After impregnation or coating with silver, the fabric is coated with a non-corrosive material to prevent the oxidation of the silver surface. Suitable coating materials applied either by electroplating or sputter deposition include a pure metal such a nickel or tin, a metal alloy such as Inconel� or Nichrome� or a carbon compound.
In still another type of gasket, the conductive sheath as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,698 comprises a polymeric film that is rendered conductive by the vapor deposition of a conductive metal onto a surface of the film.
There are several criteria used to measure the performance of an EMI gasket. For example, its electrical performance is measured by the surface resistivity in ohms/square of the gasket at a given compressive load. A low resistivity is desired as this means that the surface conductivity of the gasket is high. EMI shielding performance as measured in decibels over a range of frequencies ranging form 20 MHz to 18 GHz wherein a constant decibel level over this range is preferred. These performance criteria are dependent, in part by the thickness of the conductive metal component of the gasket sheath; a thicker layer providing better performance than a thinner layer.
A fabric or film rendered conductive as described above represents a material of choice because its flexibility allows the material to be wrapped around a compressible core. A disadvantage of such materials is that they are costly to manufacture and there are practical limits to the thickness of a metal layer that can be deposited either by vapor deposition or by electroless plating. For example the practical limit for metal thickness using electroless deposition is about 0.03 mils and for vapor deposition about 0.02 mils.
Another drawback of fabrics coated with metal by electroless or vapor deposition is that they tend to be porous. It is believed that this porosity may allow high frequencies to pass through the porous fabric. While porosity is not an issue with a metal-coated film, the issue of limits as to the thickness of the metal coating that is practicable with electroless or vapor deposition remains.
An alternative to such a fabric is to use a metal foil. A metal foil is less costly than a metallized fabric and foils are generally thicker. However metal foils per se are not compressible and therefore a metal foil gasket is not generally used between mating parts. Nor are metal foils generally used for wrapping around a compressible core because a foil is relatively stiffer than a metallized fabric or film and may crack if sharply bent. Consequently, the foil is subject to cracking or wrinkling when a gasket made with foil is repeatedly compressed and decompressed. In addition, most foils will corrode and are not galvanically compatible with other metals so that the use of foils, as a gasket sheathing material, is limited.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,555,168 discloses an RF shielding gasket comprising a metal foil bonded directly to a compressively resilient foam backing. However the foil merely lies along one side of the foam backing and does not wrapped around the backing to completely enclose it .
While metallized fabrics/films and metal foils have received wide acceptance in the industry, there still is a need for improvement of the materials used to sheath a compressible core of the gasket. In this respect gasket sheathing materials that have a relatively thick metal layer while being relatively flexible and inexpensive to manufacture would satisfy both performance and cost considerations.
In the present invention, conductive sheath issues of both flexibility and the thickness-of-metal are addressed by providing a sheath having a laminated structure. The laminate includes a substrate composed of a woven or non-woven fabric, or polymeric film and preferably a nonporous film. Laminated to this substrate is a copper or aluminum foil. The substrate may range in thickness from 0.25 to 8 mils whereas the foil generally has a thickness of about 0.2 mils or 10 times the thickness of a metal layer produced by electroless or vapor deposition.
Both the metal foil and the substrate typically are provided in relatively long continuous lengths (for example, 5000 yards) so a lamination process to join these two components can benefit from the efficiencies of continuous operation. The lamination can be achieved by use of an appropriate adhesive to adhere the metal foil to the substrate. For example, the adhesive may include, but is not limited to ethyl acrylate acetate (EAA), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a hot melt adhesive or a solvent-based adhesive.
After the lamination is formed, it may be provided with non-corrosive and/or abrasion resistant coating. For example a vapor deposition process may be used to apply a thin coating (200 Å) of Monel� over the exposed surface of the metal foil. Other coating methods and materials include solvent coating acrylic, polyvinylidene (PVD) NiChrome� or Inconel�.
Accordingly, the present invention may be characterized in one aspect thereof by a conductive electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding gasket including a compressible core and a conductive laminate on a least part of the core, the laminate portion of the gasket comprising:
In its method aspect the present invention comprises
Referring to the drawings,
Surrounding the core 12 is a conductive sheath 14. It should be appreciated that the shape of the cross section of the gasket as shown is for purposes of illustration only. Also, the thicknesses of the various components are not to scale but are shown greatly enlarged for clarity. For example the gasket itself may range from 0.02 to 1.0 inches thick with the sheath 14 being no more than about 0.008 inches thick.
The sheath 14 is shown in more detail in
Laminated to a surface of the substrate is a conductive metal foil 18 such as aluminum or copper. A metal foil generally is on the order of 0.2 mils thick or about ten times the thickness of a conventional vapor or electroless deposited layer metal layer. Both the substrate material and the metal foil are conventionally provided in rolls containing up to about 5,000 yards of material. This allows a relatively continuous lamination process as set out further hereinbelow.
As shown in
In view of the long lengths of the foil and substrate, the lamination process may be accomplished in a relatively continuous process as shown for example in
The lamination process as shown in
After the lamination is formed, a corrosion resistant layer 30 (
The gasket of the present invention including a metal foil laminated to a flexible substrate was found to have several advantages over comparable gaskets of the prior art comprising vapor or electroless deposited metallic layers on a woven or nonwoven flexible substrate. These advantages are demonstrated by the comparative results of three types of EMI gasket as set out in Table I below.
The first gasket, Sample A comprises a conventional polyester woven substrate plated by an electroless process first with a layer of copper and then a layer of nickel over coated with an acrylic-based coating for improved galvanic compatibility with other materials.
The second gasket, Sample B comprises a conventional polyester rip-stop fabric plated with copper and then nickel and over coated with an acrylic-based coating. In both of these comparative gaskets, the metallized fabric had an overall metal layer thickness of about 0.02 mils and the substrate was disposed about a core comprising an open-celled polyurethane foam.
The third gasket, identified as Sample C, comprises a gasket according to the present invention. This gasket comprises a non-woven polyester substrate wrapped about an open-celled polyurethane foam. Laminated to a surface of the substrate is an aluminum foil about 0.285 mils thick.
The gaskets are each subjected to standard tests to determine the surface resistivity of the gasket under load, contact resistance and shielding effectiveness over a range of frequencies.
The results of these tests are shown in Table I below.
Sample A
Sample B
Sample C
Surface Resistivity
0.02 or more
0.066 or more
Contact Resistance (Max)
Ohms-inch @ 1 kg load
Average Shielding
97.4 dB
96 dB
96.7 dB
From 20 MHz to 10 GHz
Table I shows that the surface resistivity of the Sample C gasket (an embodiment of the invention) is an order of magnitude less than either of the comparative gaskets. This is attributed in part to the thickness of the metal foil laminate of the Sample C gasket being greater than the thickness of the vapor or electroless deposited metal plating of the comparative gaskets. A lower surface resistivity means that the surface conductivity of the inventive gasket is appreciably higher than either of the conventional gaskets.
Table I also shows that the contact resistance of the Sample C gasket is less than either of the comparative gaskets. It is believed that a contributing factor to this is the relative smoothness of the exposed surface of the metal foil. In this respect the surface of a metal foil is relatively smooth and smoother than the surface of a metal layer deposited by vapor or electroless deposition of metal onto a woven or non-woven fabric surface. It is believed that the smoother surface of the Sample C gasket provides a greater contact area with abutting metal surfaces so that the Sample C gasket provides a more conductive path with those abutting or mating surfaces.
Table I further shows that the shielding effectiveness of the Sample C gasket, on average, is comparable to both conventional gaskets. However, the graph of
It also should be noted that for the gasket of the present invention (Sample C) the decibels at the low end of the frequency range is about the same as at the high end of the range. In contrast each of the conventional gaskets the decibel level at the highest frequencies is about 20 decibels lower than that at the lowest frequencies.
Accordingly, the EMI gasket of the present invention comprising a foil lamination wrapped about a compressible core has resulted in several unexpected advantages. In this respect the EMI gasket of the present invention has a better surface resistivity, a better surface conductivity and a more constant shielding effectiveness over a range of frequencies than a comparable gasket formed with a fabric metallized by vapor or electroless deposition.
The flexible substrate of the lamination has been fond to allow bending the relatively thick foil without cracking so the lamination can be wrapped about a core material so as to fully enwrap the core. It further allows repeated compression and decompression of the gasket without failing.
The greater thickness of the metal foil gives the EMI gasket a better surface resistivity and the foil surface is relatively flat and not porous so both the contact resistance of the gasket and the shielding effectiveness of the gasket are better than a gasket employing a fabric metallized by vapor or electroless deposition. Manufacturing also is easier in that both the flexible substrate and the foil are provided in relatively long lengths so the lamination of one to the other can occur in a continuous process to provide a long length of a lamination for further processing into an EMI gasket.
Accordingly, the present invention achieves its intended objects in providing an EMI gasket that is easy and less costly to manufacture, has improved contact and surface resistivity properties and has a relatively constant shielding effectiveness over a range of frequencies.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 11, 1969
|Jan 12, 1971
|Shielding gasket
|Mar 5, 1975
|Jul 13, 1976
|Ncr Corporation
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|Jun 2, 1987
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|Apr 13, 1993
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|Sep 14, 1993
|Dec 5, 1995
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Shielded enclosure for housing electronic components and manufacturing method thereof
|Sep 14, 1994
|Jun 11, 1996
|W. L. Gore & Associates
|Multi-layer EMI/RFI gasket shield
|May 12, 1995
|Jan 28, 1997
|Schlegel Corporation
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|Apr 3, 1995
|Aug 12, 1997
|Schlegel Corporation
|Segmented shielding structure for connector panels
|Sep 27, 1996
|Sep 8, 1998
|Parker-Hannifin Corporation
|EMI shielding gasket having shear surface attachments
|Nov 21, 1997
|Mar 27, 2001
|Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd.
|Electromagnetically shielding bonding film
|Apr 25, 1997
|Jun 19, 2001
|Shiuh-Kao Chiang
|Process for treating a metallic body with vapor-deposited treatment layer(s) and adhesion-promoting layer
|Jan 21, 1999
|Jun 26, 2001
|Sony Corporation
|EMI/RFI and vibration resistant electronics enclosure
|Oct 31, 1997
|Sep 25, 2001
|Laird Technologies
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|Oct 4, 1999
|Jun 25, 2002
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|Aug 10, 2000
|Oct 15, 2002
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|Mar 13, 2001
|Apr 1, 2003
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|Abrasion resistant conductive film and gasket
|Mar 27, 1998
|Dec 23, 2003
|Intel Corporation
|Magnetic gasket for fastening electronic components
|Oct 15, 2002
|Apr 13, 2004
|Avaya Technology Corp.
|Cabinet gasket providing panel adhesion and electromagnetic interference shielding
|Oct 24, 2002
|Jul 27, 2004
|Mitsumi Electric Co., Ltd.
|Flexible printed circuit with EMI protection
|Sep 5, 2002
|Aug 31, 2004
|Parker-Hannifin Corporation
|EMI shielding gasket construction
|Nov 25, 2003
|Nov 23, 2004
|Raytheon Company
|Multilayer thin film hydrogen getter and internal signal EMI shield for complex three dimensional electronic package components
|Aug 3, 2001
|May 2, 2002
|Joseph Kaplo
|Clad polymer EMI shield
|Jan 11, 2002
|Sep 19, 2002
|Miska Stanley R.
|Abrasion resistant conductive film and gasket
|Mar 13, 2001
|Sep 19, 2002
|Miska Stanley R.
|Abrasion resistant conductive film and gasket
|Oct 3, 2002
|Mar 20, 2003
|Amesbury Group, Inc.
|Methods of manufacturing EMI shields
|Nov 1, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Watchko George R.
|Thermal-sprayed metallic conformal coatings used as heat spreaders
|Dec 20, 2002
|Jul 3, 2003
|Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P.
|Captive low-profile EMI grounding clip
|Jun 10, 2002
|Dec 11, 2003
|Schnabel John David
|Electromagnetic interference gasket
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 24, 2005
|Nov 4, 2008
|Nok Corporation
|Electromagnetic wave shielding gasket
|Jul 27, 2010
|Laird Technologies, Inc.
|Fabric-over-foam EMI gaskets having transverse slits and related methods
|Jan 18, 2011
|Raytheon Company
|Radiation limiting opening for a structure
|Sep 10, 2008
|May 10, 2011
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Tape structures, and methods and apparatuses for separating a wafer using the same
|Jun 2, 2005
|Oct 1, 2013
|Laird Technologies, Inc.
|Flame retardant EMI shields
|Oct 14, 2011
|Sep 2, 2014
|Innochips Technology Co., Ltd.
|EMI shielding gasket
|Jun 25, 2012
|Oct 7, 2014
|Sony Corporation
|Electromagnetic shielding method and electromagnetic shielding film
|Mar 15, 2013
|Nov 11, 2014
|Laird Technologies, Inc.
|Selectively conductive EMI gaskets
|Oct 14, 2011
|Dec 9, 2014
|Innochips Technology Co., Ltd.
|EMI shielding gasket
|Feb 13, 2012
|Mar 24, 2015
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Electromagnetic shielding article
|Oct 3, 2013
|Jun 16, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Device for attenuating propagation of electromagnetic emissions from an enclosure
|Mar 19, 2014
|Sep 8, 2015
|Laird Technologies, Inc.
|Metallized film-over-foam contacts
|Nov 10, 2014
|Dec 29, 2015
|Laird Technologies, Inc.
|Selectively conductive EMI gaskets
|Jul 26, 2005
|Sep 7, 2006
|Cateron Corporation
|Electronic subassembly having conductive layer, conductive film and method of making the same
|Jun 2, 2005
|Jan 11, 2007
|Creasy Larry D Jr
|Flame retardant EMI shields
|Dec 7, 2005
|Jul 12, 2007
|Prisco Tammaro
|Radiation limiting opening for a structure
|Nov 24, 2005
|Jun 5, 2008
|Yutaka Kouda
|Electromagnetic Wave Shielding Gasket
|Jan 3, 2007
|Jul 3, 2008
|Ethan Lin
|Flame retardant, electrically-conductive pressure sensitive adhesive materials and methods of making the same
|Jul 3, 2007
|Jan 8, 2009
|Kossi Zonvide
|Solderable EMI Gasket and Grounding Pad
|Sep 10, 2008
|Mar 12, 2009
|Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
|Tape structures, and methods and apparatuses for separating a wafer using the same
|Feb 4, 2008
|May 7, 2009
|Laird Technologies, Inc.
|Fabric-Over-Foam EMI Gaskets Having Transverse Slits and Related Methods
|Mar 27, 2009
|Oct 1, 2009
|Jan Vetrovec
|Lightweight electric conductor assembly
|Jul 11, 2007
|Dec 24, 2009
|Oliver Brandl
|Plastic laminate film
|Mar 4, 2010
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Electroplated resilient seal
|Jun 23, 2010
|Oct 14, 2010
|Laird Technologies, Inc.
|Flame retardant emi shields
|Apr 19, 2012
|Innochips Technology Co., Ltd.
|Emi shielding gasket
|Jun 7, 2012
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Electromagnetic shielding article
|Jun 25, 2012
|Oct 18, 2012
|Koichi Izawa
|Electromagnetic shielding method and electromagnetic shielding film
|Jan 25, 2013
|May 30, 2013
|Laird Technologies, Inc.
|Process for the fabrication of highly electrically-conductive polymer foams with controlled compression set suitable for use in emi shielding applications
|Nov 1, 2013
|Sep 18, 2014
|Htc Corporation
|Electronic module and electronic device
|Sep 12, 2008
|Feb 27, 2013
|Fabric-over-foam EMI gaskets having transverse slits and related methods
|Sep 11, 2006
|Oct 11, 2007
|Raytheon Co
|Radiation limiting opening for a structure
|Jun 13, 2008
|Jan 8, 2009
|Gore Enterprise Holdings, Inc.
|Solderable emi gasket and grounding pad
|Jun 13, 2008
|Feb 19, 2009
|Gore Enterprise Holdings Inc
|Solderable emi gasket and grounding pad
|Jan 29, 2009
|Aug 6, 2009
|Mtc Micro Tech Components Gmbh
|High frequency sealing element
|U.S. Classification
|174/388, 29/846, 277/920
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 15, 2004
Owner name: SCHLEGEL SYSTEMS, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MISKA, STANLEY R.;REEL/FRAME:015561/0617
Effective date: 20040528
|Sep 6, 2005
Owner name: SCHLEGEL SYSTEMS, INC., NEW YORK
Free format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNEE S NAME PREVIOULY RECORDED ON REEL 015561, FRAME 0617;ASSIGNOR:MISKA, STANLEY R.;REEL/FRAME:016736/0281
Effective date: 20050303
|Mar 23, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 9, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 9, 2009
|Surcharge for late payment
|Mar 7, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


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The company supplies West Coast ready-mix, masonry, and precast producers withBayferrox/Lanxess iron oxidepigments. With more than 200,000 pounds of color in stock, services include color matching, special bagging (down to an ounce), and private labeling. Cohills Building Specialties Inc. www.cohills.com
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text:
Rebels & Revolutions
A youth trying to choose a career in early nineteenth-century England or France found himself caught up in the most rapid and drastic changes that had yet occurred in the Western world. If he aspired to a vocation and not merely an occupation, his choice was particularly difficult.
For it was harder than ever to form intense attachments and loyalties under the new conditions set in motion by the economic, social, ideological, and political revolutions of the previous century -- conditions which altered the structure and texture of society and the way men conducted their lives and envisaged the world and themselves. Although people were aware that profound changes had taken place which made their times very different from previous ages and that, in fact, they lived in a new age, it was not easy to fathom all dimensions of the transformation. Writers who grew up during those years tried to schernatize the tensions and explosions of the century as opposing camps within society: Carlyle pictured the dandies and the drudges, Disraeli the "two nations" of rich and poor, Balzac the avaricious and the generous, Musset the enthusiastic and the quiescent, Tocqueville the conformist and the free.
In the early 1800s, a young man might hope to find at least enthusiasm through the battles of the Napoleonic wars and, if a Frenchman, to feel that he was directly engaged in creating a new world where libertarian ideals, spread by the Enlightenment and proclaimed by the great Revolution of 1789, might prevail. But the years after the wars brought fear and disillusionment to both countries. The English dreaded civil unrest among the new class of factory hands created by a mushrooming industry and the farmers dispossessed by land enclosures. In a defeated France, the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1814 afforded few meaningful channels of action for the first generation since the Revolution without a glorious cause to champion. Their elders mourned the


text:
FAA official says air show safety rules unlikely to change
Published: Tuesday, January 10, 2012 at 10:57 p.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, January 10, 2012 at 10:57 p.m.
WASHINGTON — It's unlikely there will be significant changes to air show and air race safety rules despite an accident last year that killed 11 people, including an Ocala pilot, a Federal Aviation Administration official said Tuesday.
John McGraw, FAA's deputy director of flight standards service, told a public hearing of the National Transportation Safety Board that the agency is reviewing its safety regulations in response to an accident last September at air races in Reno, Nev. A souped-up World War II warbird piloted by Ocala's Jimmy Leeward crashed in front of VIP boxes, sending debris into the crowd. Besides those killed, about 70 people were injured.
If the FAA becomes aware "of a risk that exceeds the boundary of what we think is acceptable, we will make those changes. But not currently," McGraw said.
The agency does expect to make some changes to clarify its existing safety regulations.
The Reno accident — which yielded the first spectator fatalities at either air races or an air show in the U.S. in more than half a century — as well as an uptick in pilots and other performers killed — prompted the board to take a closer look at the $300 million-a-year industry's safety record. In addition to Leeward, five performers — three pilots and two wing walkers — were killed during air shows last year. In the two previous years there were no deaths.
"The performers understand that there are risks by flying at speeds up to 700 mph — just under the speed of sound — 100 feet above the ground and often upside down," NTSB Chairman Deborah Hersman said.
But spectators "are coming to be entertained, and they don't expect to be in a situation where their lives are at risk," she said.
More than 10 million people attend U.S. air shows each year. Industry officials draw a sharp distinction between the Reno air races and the more than 300 air shows held around the country each year.
The Reno races are the only ones of their type held anywhere in the world. A group of planes flies wingtip-to-wingtip as low as 50 feet off the sagebrush at speeds sometimes surpassing 500 mph. Pilots follow an oval path around pylons, with distances and speeds depending on the class of aircraft.
Air shows are primarily aerobatic performances. They run the gamut from old-fashioned barnstormers featuring antique planes to spectacles featuring U.S. military teams like the Thunderbirds and the Blue Angels.
Before the Reno accident, the last U.S. spectator fatalities were at an air show in 1951 in Flagler, Colo., where 20 people were killed. That accident led to significant changes in the way air shows are staged, including a requirement that grandstands be kept a distance of 500 feet to 1,500 feet from planes depending upon the weight and speed of the aircraft.
The requirements were strengthened after 67 people were killed and another 350 injured in 1988 at a U.S. Air Force base in Ramstein, Germany. Planes are no longer allowed to fly over crowds at U.S. shows.
But pilots and other performers are killed nearly every year. Since 1986, there have been 152 air show and air race accidents in the U.S., including 75 fatal ones, according to NTSB. The board is currently investigating 11 air show-related accidents and incidents, including the Reno accident.
Hersman noted that standards for the distance crowds must be set back from planes at the Reno air races haven't been changed in more than two decades, although the aircraft have changed.
"That is something we will be looking at," she said.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Between the Middle East and the Americas : The Cultural Politics of Diaspora
ISBN13:by Alsultany, Evelyn; Shohat, Ella
Univ of Michigan Pr
Questions About This Book?
What version or edition is this?
This is the edition with a publication date of 2/12/2013.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
What discourses are produced about the "Middle East" by those from the outside? Between the Middle East and the Americastakes a transnational cultural studies approach to examining the different and contradictory significations of the Middle East in North America, South America, and Europe within a cross-cultural perspective. Coming from different cultural sites in countries such as the United States, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Denmark, and France, and addressing a wide range of themes, these essays point to an assemblage of meanings that shift depending on the historical moment and geographic/cultural context. They illuminate a contradictory field of meaning, one where Muslims can be figured as terrorists in the dominant discourse of the United States, or as corrupt businessmen in that of Latin America, yet where such dominant discourses can also be challenged, for example, by Arab American hip hop or by Arab Chilean media. Alsultany, Shohat, and their contributors engage the question of "cultural politics" or "the politics of culture" to unravel the ways in which identities become sites of contestation in the context of national narratives and transnational cultural flows. This collection also challenges the area studies model in which each geographical area is examined within the confines of its borders, proposing a shift from area studies to both inter-area studies and transnational studies. Transcending a nation-state approach, the book aims to begin a transnational conversation about the production of discourses of Middle Eastern identities across time and space.


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Montecristo Afrique
Jambo Jambo · 6 × 50 MXAJJ_1
This toasty tasting Toro is a premium cigar especially made for those looking for a completely new and unique smoking experience. The Montecristo Afrique Jambo Jambo is covered with a rare Cameroon wrapper that blends perfectly with the rare African long filler tobaccos that lie beneath. It is available in single cigars.
Africa / Nicaragua / Peru
Dominican Republic
Medium - Full
Medium Brown / EMS
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I discovered this one in the Montecristo sampler. Sadly, the wrapper fell apart on this otherwise very tasty and smooth cigar. Despite being med-full in strength, it was never harsh or overly spicy all the way to the end- where I got to enjoy the intact wrapper. Definitely worth another try.
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It had been quite a long time since I last smoked the Jambo Jambo but it was just as good as I remembered it to be. Good combination of spiciness balanced the typical smooth and creamy nature of Monte's. The draw and burn were excellent and I did not have to relight this cigar one time while dealing with 30 mph winds on the golf course.
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Relaxing with freinds.
ROMEO 3 on 06/19/15
My Brother introduced me to Afrique's several years ago. I have to pace myself when I smoke them otherwise I run out and have to wait until more arrive. Never a hassle, always a great smoke. My go to stick for a quiet evening with the wife and Jamison.
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PZ Toasty on 01/08/16
Finest tasting medium to full bodied smoke ever I walked from JR cigar downtown DC back to work over an hour of pure walking enjoyment not once did I need to relight even when stopping to take a picture.Even burn dark Choclate taste with a hint of berry unlike any smoke couldn't depart with even the tail end so I duct it and pouched it for another day


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Master Class and Meet&Greet with Jordyn Jones
Metropolitan Dance Alliance
Saturday, October 4, 2014 from 5:30 PM to 7:30 PM (PDT)
Who's Going
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San Francisco, California
Luke Picard
London, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Rick Vespucio
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Event Details
WHEN: Saturday, October 4th 5:30-7:30pm
Master Class: 5:30-6:30pm
Meet & Greet (everyone): 6:30-7:30pm
Master Class + Meet/Greet = $65 per dancer
Master Class ONLY = $35 per dancer
Meet & Greet ONLY = $35 per attendee
*****THE COST IS $70 PER DANCER & $40 PER NON-DANCER AT THE DOOR LOCATION: Metropolitan Dance Alliance / 1159 Shakopee Town Square / Shakopee, MN / 55379
***Open to ALL public, both dancers and non-dancers***
During the Meet/Greet students and parents will have an opportunity to ask questions and take photos.
Official Jordyn Jones Merchandise will be on sale at the venue.
Have questions about Master Class and Meet&Greet with Jordyn Jones? Contact Metropolitan Dance Alliance
When & Where
Metropolitan Dance Alliance
1159 Shakopee Town Square
Saturday, October 4, 2014 from 5:30 PM to 7:30 PM (PDT)
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Metropolitan Dance Alliance
Master Class and Meet&Greet with Jordyn Jones
Shakopee, MN Events
Film & Media


text: What is Hoax. Is it a virus. Does it spread through mails by message. Does it spreed in your computer and delete the files automatically. I want some description about this topic. If some one knows the details information on this topic you can give me some reply so that I can now about virus hoax.


text:
Will next weeks auctions be the turning point?Ben can't hold his finger on the buy button forever can he?
Lows are in place, imho. $25. Up up and away, with some pauses. In the unlikely event the Fed tries QE3 (unlikely given rising internal opposition) the long bond market will crater. The Chinese have recently been very explicit in saying that any more QE will cause them to stop buying, and maybe dump their existing holdings. Bill Gross of Pimco says QE3 would be a disaster for bonds, and could precipitate a crash. I don't think the Fed will take a chance on QE3.
I might add that when they did QE2, rates spiked and bonds fell in value. It didn't work.


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What is living without humanity? Having lost his closest friend, Will is obsessed with finding a cure for death itself. His answer might just lie in the genes of the immortal jellyfish. But his fellow scientists have reservations…
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Castor Cemetery
Vernon Parish
Louisiana USA
Postal Code: 71446
Castor Cemetery:
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Cemetery notes and/or description:
Directions: From Leesville go east on Lulu Street/LA Hwy. 468 about 4 miles to Castor Cemetery and Church is located on the left side of this road on a hill just before the intersection of LA Hwy. 184 (to Ft. Polk).
History: Castor Baptist Church was organized in 1868. The first meeting place was a small log house with mud chimney at one end that had been used as a Sunday School prior to this time. On 15 October 1872, the Vernon Baptist Association was organized at Castor Baptist Church. N. H. Bray was elected moderator, and
M. H. Stanly Sr. was elected clerk, a position that he occupied for 31successive years. Rev. J. E. Melton preached the sermon for this meeting. In 1875, a second log house was erected a few hundred feet southwest of the present building. In 1890, the first lumber house was built. When the community first decided to build a bigger and better church house, Bill Smart offered to donate sufficient heart pine lumber to construct the building if the church membership would pay for the bare cost of cutting. This generous offer was accepted, and the lumber was cut at "Uncle Billy's" water-powered sawmill. Mr. Bagget was the chief carpenter and M. H. Stanly, Sr. was chairman of the building committee. The building was a simple box house located a few yards south of the present building. Lathing and siding were added when money became available.
In 1904, an extension of 12 feet was added to the west end to furnish additional space needed to accommodate the growing membership. Floor space was doubled in 1920-21 by an addition on the south side of the building.
In 1945, another small addition was made to the southwest corner of the building. The present building was erected and the old building removed in 1952. John Reese Smart Jr. and Calvin Jones made generous donations of labor and talent during this building program. Brick veneer was added to the front in 1967, along with other changes. The fellowship hall was constructed during 1968.
One of the first ministers of Castor was Jehu Self. Several members who served Castor tirelessly over the years was John R. Gill, Sr., F. T. Smith, Sr., John and Albert Williams, Ira L. Dickerson, Fred Pollard, Miss Viola Turner, Mrs. Etta Gill, C. O. Gill. In 1935, a project was instituted to identify all the unmarked graves in the cemetery with concrete markers. Mrs. M. A. Cavanaugh and Mrs. Warren Nessmith were selected for this task, as they were the ones able to name every grave. John Dennis of Leesville donated the markers.
Castor Cemetery is one of the largest rural graveyards in Vernon Parish, and has been enlarged several times over the years. Older burials reside near the Church while the newer section is located across the driveway to the East.
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"Kirkus' review of The Mill River Recluse played an important role in encouraging readers to take a chance on a first novel by an unknown author."
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SF Signal started in 2003 as a place where like-minded fans can share their love of speculative fiction.
As the February lineup of science-fiction, fantasy, and horror books will prove, it's not a lack of books that make it difficult to find something to read. If anything, there are too many books to read. Here's a list of books to help you narrow down your selection. I'd say "choose wisely"...but all of these are sure bets. Titles this month include a serial killer, merfolk, human trafficking, illegal magic, a Lovecraftian demon, and more.
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Over the last two weeks, we've looked at the science-fiction, fantasy and horror books being released through July, but 2016 isn't done with genre fiction yet! Here's what the rest of the year has in store….
August brings lots of action, both space-based and Earthbound. China's most celebrated science-fiction author, Cixin Liu, concludes his epic trilogy with Death's End, which takes place 50 years after a Doomsday Battle during an uneasy and fragile peace ...
Last week, we started loading up or reading lists with some science fiction, fantasy, and horror books coming out between February and April 2016. Let's keep adding to it by looking at the next few months, shall we?
In May, a wide spectrum of science fiction awaits the reader looking for sense of wonder. For starters, there's Central Station by Lavie Tidhar, which gives intimate portraits of the people located around an Earth-based space station at ...
Just like movie-going audiences enjoy seeing trailers for upcoming films, as a reader I like to see what books are coming out soon. That's why I often sneak peeks at upcoming book listings, and that's why I've come up with a year-long look ahead at the science-fiction and fantasy books to look forward to in the coming year.
A few notes: Publishing schedules are still being sorted out. We have a much clearer view of the short-term ...
Have you made any reading-related New Year's resolutions? If speculative fiction is on your reading radar, allow me to offer some suggestions. Here's an abundant selection of tasty speculative titles being released this month. Titles here include a two-second time machines, cosmic horrors, multiple worlds, a prison memoir, 1920s Hollywood, and airship heists.
All the Birds in the Sky by Charlie Jane Anders
WHAT IT'S ABOUT: Two very special teenage friends—Patricia, who knows magic and Laurence who ...
Besides being filled with holiday cheer and the threat of pending tax bills, the end of the year is a fertile time for "Best of" book lists. No two book lists are ever the same, but each of them is worth poring over just to see if it contains any titles that you've already read, or better still, points you in the direction of your next great read.
But the creation of so may "Best of" lists begs the ...
Hollywood regularly mines the field of literature for TV and film ideas. Science fiction and fantasy in particular are genres ripe with blockbuster ideas that thrill moviegoers. They are adapting books so fast, it's hard to keep track of them all. Fortunately, you have this hand guide to help you out. Here's the latest roundup of speculative fiction novels being adapted for television and film.
Uprooted by Naomi Novik
Naomi Novik's Uprooted is a fantasy novel that ...
Smell that? That's the smell of consumerism pervading the holiday air. Don't get me wrong; I'm not a Scrooge! I love the holidays and cherish the time spent with family and friends. But I also like giving and receiving gifts, too. So, yes, I'm all for consumerism. In fact, I'm here to contribute to it by offering up some gift suggestions for your nerdiest and geekiest of friends who also happen to be book lovers ...
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My husband and I are going to cycle from the Colorado/Utah border, through Grand Junction to Denver. Can someone offer help with how to get around the Eisenhower Tunnel? Are there spots where we can cycle on the I-70?
I've checked the online Colorado Dept of Transportation cycling map, but it is unclear what to do in some spots.
Thanks for any help you can offer.


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It seems like I'm not the only one liking striped pants, I might consider getting them soon
this one is very skinny! cooooool i think
monochrome is awesome, and really versatile
Still very trendy, monochrome and such
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Playthrough choices, Ep. 2 *SPOILERS*
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Originally Posted by
I watched a friend play the last few chapters of this episode, he picked to say "CLEMENTINE NO!" or something, and she didn't eat Mark's legs. She drops her fork. I was planning to try and prevent EVERYONE from eating him in my own playthrough, can anyone confirm this is even possible though? If it's a choice between everyone eating human flesh, or everyone apart from her eating it, obviously the latter is better.
My friend also chose to avoid stealing from the car at the end, because he doesn't want to make Clementine sad. It's the decision I'd make too, but I think it's best for her if we DO steal. Anyone know how she reacts? If you rationalize it to her, does she feel okay about it? ;_; Dat kid. At first it seemed completely obvious to loot the car. She's a walking conscience.
stopping clementine isnt a choice hence why its not on the end list, i said clementine no on my episode but she says she already ate some after, she always drops her fork, when in the meatlocker she tells you that she thinks she will turn into a walker as she ate some of mark and you have to reasssure her you have to die, listen to the story a bit better you may actually understand it then
doug and ben are pussies, anyone who likes them is either female or gay
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When Livia met Augustus, Octavia and Julia were already an integral part of his life. Livia also had her life, including a marriage, a son, and a second child on the way. Augustus viewed Livia's patrician lineage as a major asset to his quest for auctoritas, but she must have entered the union with eyes wide open. In Rome, marriage was rarely forever, especially for ambitious politicians. Octavia and Julia could count on their biological link to Augustus, but Livia was on shakier ground, knowing that any day she could become expendable. Livia's hold on Augustus was tenuous enough that she quickly needed a strategy to ensure her continued presence in the emperor's circle. She could have found no better role model than Cleopatra.
Livia probably recognized from the start that even Cleopatra acquired most of her authority through men. She was the daughter of the Pharaoh Auletes and ruled Egypt not alone but with a succession of brother-consorts. Cleopatra's alliances with Rome involved mergers with elite Roman men. Livia sought to solidify her own power, first through her husband and then by ensuring the succession of her elder son, Tiberius. Livia seems to have been single-minded in pursuing what was really a very simple plan, but one that was inspired by a consummate guide.
It is clear that Livia was gifted with the ability to recognize a good idea when she saw one, seize it, and then make it her own. Augustus built temples; so did Livia. Augustus and Agrippa erected porticoes; so did


text:
I am trying to use CoreFoundataion containers. It seems to be a really convenient way when accessing property list. However, I notice that it's really awkward to access internal containers if the container is nested (for example, A CFArrayRef contains a CFDictionaryRef, which then has a key whose value is another CFArrayRef. Maybe a graph below demonstrate a little better).
CFArrayRef a
|----CFDictionaryRef b (assume it's at index 2 of a)
|----CFArrayRef c (assume, they key value is "array")
So let's say we got an CFArrayRef a And I want to access the element at CFIndex 0 in CFArrayRef c
I have to type something like this:
CFArrayGetValueAtIndex((CFArrayRef)CFDictionaryGetValue((CFDictionaryRef)CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(a, 2), CFSTR("array")), 0)
That looks to me is a lot of typing. My guess is that CoreFoundation is based on C rather than C++, so it doesn't provide operator overloading like "[]" to access its element.
Is there a way to make this access easier on typing (maybe for reading as well?)
I am using C++, i am considering overload the operator "[]" for certain CFTypeRef (such as CFArrayRef, CFDictionaryRef, CFStringRef), not sure if it's a good idea.


text: Greg & his no-nonsense Grandma were best friends. As more people took notice of his civic efforts, they also noticed the extent to which his Grandma influenced him. As a result, in the last decade of her otherwise quiet life, she found herself in the spotlight -- gracing covers of magazines like Senior News. Along the way, she insisted she was no different than the millions of other grandparents who impact those they love. The books, The First Thirty (& expanded version, The Silhouette Man), tell the story of a young person who wants to change the world -- & the grandparent who changed his. The books are based on the relationship between Greg & his Grandma. The Silhouette Man was recognized in Canada with the Wisdom Speaks honor -- given to a book that celebrates the unique wisdom of seniors. The book is used by schools, companies & organizations around North America, including many which work with retired people in different capacities. Greg has been invited to speak at many events for older adults. In some cases, he has served as 'Grandkid-in-Residence' at a community for older adults. For more information, visit www.WorldsGreatestGrandma.com


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I have not been on here in over a week I apologize for that. This weeks has been a really a tough week for our family. After all the IVF treatments, … [Continue reading]
IVF Part 10: Miscarriage
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Here is what you will win!!$25 gift card to Spin CraftCup cake necklace and earrings from MeryDethBlue crystal earrings & Paisley button earrings … [Continue reading]
Blog Bash Spotlight: Jooniebeads Jewelry
Spotlight:Jooniebeads JewelryI sell jewelry and I love getting inspiration from all over the place! I am hoping one day I can be as good as … [Continue reading]
and the winner of Defiants 4×4's toy truck is…
True Random Number GeneratorMin: Max: Result:91Powered by RANDOM.ORGJayme who said...91Tweet: … [Continue reading]
Blog Bash Spotlight: MeryDeth Jewelry
Spotlight:MeryDeth JewelryTo say this girl has talent to spare is an understatement! In her life it is a family affair to be creative! She is … [Continue reading]
Blog Bash Spotlight: Its about time Mawmaw
Spotlight: This grandma of 14 knows how to sew it! Her stuff is SO cute! I asked her to give a little info about herself and I loved the way she … [Continue reading]
Blog hopping 12
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Blog Bash Spotlight: Ravy17 Crochet Designs
Spotlight: This is one creative gal! She started with knitting about 9 years ago and then last year decided to take the dive in to crochet and … [Continue reading]
IVF Part 9: 5 weeks 5 days
I just wanted to share my first ultrasound! Thank you for all your kind comments so far! I love it!!Next week I have another ultrasound to get the … [Continue reading]


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The Thermaltake Toughpower TP-750P is a high-end power supply unit designed to perform at a high efficiency rate, ideal for advanced power users who demand greater cooling and higher power for their systems. The Active Power Factor Corrector (Active PFC) helps the unit to deliver a stable 750 Watts of continuous output (in 40? operating environment) with greater efficiency. Massive single +12V rail (60A) design enhances power distribution and provide superior performance for your PC.
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This review is from: Thermaltake Tough Power TP-650P 650W ATX 12V 2.3 & SSI EPS 12V 2.92 SLI Ready CrossFire Ready 80 PLUS GOLD Certified Active PFC Power Supply
Pros: It's doing it's thing, will check back after the first electric bills come in.
Cons: None yet.
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One major flaw to a decent PS
This review is from: Thermaltake Tough Power TP-650P 650W ATX 12V 2.3 & SSI EPS 12V 2.92 SLI Ready CrossFire Ready 80 PLUS GOLD Certified Active PFC Power Supply
Pros: Decent build quality. Fan moves air.
Cons: Not worth full price. Get this on sale. CPU power connector is too short if your case has the power supply on the bottom and the MB CPU power connector is all the way at the top. I could not route behind the MB tray so it is ugly going over the video card to reach the connector. Good thing my case doesn't have a see through door!
Other Thoughts: Decent power supply with the exception of the CPU connector wire. All they needed was 5 more inches. My last three power supplies have been Thermaltake. No problems with this one for 70 hours so far... I think the fan spins all the time, regardless of load.
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text: What's the minimum width for a tire in order to be effective in racing? I have a frame that doesn't have a whole lot of rear clearance, and I'd like to get into cross racing (in SE Virginia, if that affects anything-- not a whole lot of mud, more grass and packed dirt it seems). How wide do I need, and do people have favorite tires on the narrow side of things?


text:
MEDFORD, Ore. (AP) — Oregon State Police say two Phoenix residents died in a collision Sunday afternoon on Interstate 5 in southern Oregon, a mile south of Rogue River.
Police say 68-year-old Frank Albert Ringgard and 81-year-old Helen R. Sorena, were in pickup that clipped a car while making a lane change. The pickup rolled several times into the median. Ringgard was not using a seat belt and was ejected. Sorena was wearing a seat belt but also died at the scene.
The car spun out in the media and the two occupants were not injured.


text:
Hollywood diva Sharon Stone has switched off the sex appeal to play a neglected wife and mother in "When a Man Falls in the Forest," a Berlin Film Festival contender which she also produced. After the film's premiere, Stone said her appearance as a seductive murderer in the 1992 global smash hit "Basic Instinct" bought her greater freedom to pick roles that challenged her. "Each actor or actress has their breakthrough film," she said Monday. Deborah Cole reports.
By Indiewire | Indiewire February 12, 2007 at 3:01AM