text:
John D. Kelleher
Team Leader
Fire and Explosion Investigation Section
Victoria Forensic Science Center
Victoria Police
Melbourne, Australia
Material.......Origin of
Explosives Residue.......Distribution
of Explosives Residue: Empirical Relationships.......Distribution
of Explosives Residue: Mathematical Relationships.......Application
to Explosion Scenes.......Summary.......
Whereas the
occurrence of explosives residue has been studied extensively, there
are few direct references in scientific literature to the principles
underlying the origin and distribution of explosives residue. Where
does it come from? How does it spread? Does it form a pattern? Why
do we look for residue near the blast seat?
In any explosion,
there are two distinct sources of explosives residue to consider--residue
attached to or associated with fragments of a device, container,
or nearby object, and residue gleaned from surfaces or items that
are not associated with the explosive itself. Fragmentation is a
known source of unexploded material; however, for a bare, or effectively
bare charge, experience shows that there is still explosives residue
that can be collected. Where does this unexploded material come
from? How can it be that explosives material can survive in the
unreacted state so close to a detonation? These issues are the basis
of a more complete understanding of explosives residue distribution.
This paper explores some of the fundamental mathematical and physical
principles determining that distribution.
Material: Bulk Material and Explosives Residue
A trivial case
can be an explosive charge that fails to detonate completely due
to a failure of the detonator, some inhomogeneity in the main charge,
or some other reason. This may result in the explosives material,
in whole or part, being disrupted by a fire, a low-order explosion,
or a partial detonation. In these circumstances, the explosives
material distributed about the scene is bulk material, visible to
the naked eye or under modest magnification. Occasionally the detonation
wave fails to "turn the corners" near the detonator or
booster, so a small amount of unreacted explosive is left to be
ejected in a direction determined by its position relative to the
main charge.
Whereas this
bulk material is certainly residual, the term explosives residue
generally refers to sub-microscopic particles whose presence can
be identified with sensitive chemical analysis but is not visible
except through high-power microscopes (Strobel 1998). The distribution
of bulk material is variable because the process itself may be erratic
and have relatively few large particles involved. However, explosives
residue in the form of unexploded material is detected even in cases
when there is no failure in the detonator, no inhomogeneity in the
main charge, or no obvious reason for anything other than complete
of Explosives Residue
The concept
of critical diameter is recognized with small cylindrical charges
when surface effects lower the detonation pressure in the reaction
zone (Johannson and Persson 1970). In a larger charge, the shock
wave does not die out from an unstable wave front, but there may
be some effect due to the partial reflection of the wave at the
charge-air or charge-container interface (Figure 1). Whether the
shock front passes from explosives material into air
or from explosives material into a solid container wall, the shock
wave will be partially reflected at the discontinuity (Davis 1998).
As the shock front approaches, then reflects back into the reaction
zone, the surface layers may not react completely.
It can be suggested
that explosives residue is derived from this thin, partly reacted,
outer layer of the charge, and it is not unreasonable to consider
residue as fragments of a container, albeit extremely small, light
fragments, where the outer layer from which residue is derived corresponds
to the shell of the container. If this approach is correct and reflects
the actual course of events, the mathematical consequences are that
the proportion of explosives residue, that is the weight percent
of the charge, which survives as residue, as distinct from the total
weight of residue, will:
Tests by the
U.S. Bureau of Mines on small cartridge charges which included granular
and gelatinous explosives incorporating nitric esters showed a strong
positive correlation between velocity of detonation and the proportion
of the explosive consumed, and a slight positive correlation between
charge weight and proportion consumed. (The overall proportion of
residue recovered, from all types of explosives tested, was surprisingly
high at around 40 percent, which reflects both the small charge
size and the positioning of the detonator.) (Miron et al.1983).
of Explosives Residue: Empirical Relationships
of residue associated with fragments
In a bare charge,
there is an interface at the charge surface where unreacted or partly
reacted explosives material may survive and become residue. This
material may leave the charge as residue. It can be formed from
an explosives device with a casing in two ways. It may leave the
charge surface independently or may be associated with casing fragments,
in which case its path will be determined by the fragment path.
residue associated with fragments, R. H. Bishop at Sandia National
Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, investigated the flight
of fragments from bomb casings and found that the flight was predictable
for regular fragments. He found that for cubic, tumbling (to minimize
aerodynamic effects) steel and aluminum fragments, maximum range
could be predicted with reasonable accuracy (Bishop 1958).
Assuming they
are homogenous, fragment thickness for metal cubes is effectively
a function of weight. In this case, the significant difference between
the types of metals is the variation in density. From Bishop's chart
(Figure 2), an equation can be derived which approximates the maximum
fragment range, with fragment thickness converted to a function
of density and maximum fragment weight.
Rmax = 190r-.112w + 52r.858
r = fragment density (grams per cubic
w = maximum fragment weight
a bomb casing of an improvised explosives device with a typical
small pipe bomb maximum fragment size of 100 grams, this equation
predicts Rmax for steel fragments to be 320 meters and
Rmax for aluminum fragments to be 139 meters.
Perhaps more
importantly, as w decreases, the final term becomes more
Table 1 can be constructed showing Rmax in meters
for steel and aluminum fragments of various maximum fragment weights
(in kilograms). The table shows that as the maximum fragment weight
decreases, the maximum fragment range decreases to a limiting value;
thus, the final term in Equation 1 becomes 52r.858. This
suggests that the spread of residue for scenes involving metallic
fragmentation is likely to be many times the radius of scenes involving
bare or lightly cased charges. Confinement or environmental factors
can have some effect, but for simplicity, these factors are assumed
to be negligible.
of residue from bare or lightly encased charges
is little published information about the spread of fragments and
residue from explosives devices. If it is assumed that the equation
can be applied equally to plastic (a mean density of 0.8 grams per
cubic centimeter) and to explosives (densities commonly range from
0.8 to 1.2 grams per cubic centimeter), Table
1 can be extended into Table 2
to include distances for various weights of those materials. The
application of the equation to explosives and plastic is, at this
stage, hypothetical. However, the computer models developed by Baker
(Baker et al. 1978) produce similar results for fragments in the
range of 0.8 to 1.2 grams per cubic centimeter. This suggests that
as estimates for maximum fragment range, the figures for smaller
fragments in Table 2 are realistic.
implies that at a large scene with negligible external factors such
as wind and terrain, there will be an inner field radius of about
60 meters essentially covered with explosives residue and light
fragments, and an outer field radius up to 320 meters having isolated
areas of residue associated with particular metallic fragments.
Fragments with a high sectional density, ballistic shape, or efficient
aerodynamic profile can be projected to greater ranges.
Note that in
Equation 1, there is a term for fragment weight but not for explosives
type or charge weight. The derived equation predicts that, regardless
of the charge weight, for a large unconfined charge that detonates
evenly, there is a limiting radius on the order of 60 meters (depending
on charge density), beyond which explosives residue concentration
drops effectively to zero. (This should not be confused with projectile
trajectories from weapons where the effect of the charge is directed,
and the projectile shape and rotation are designed to maximize range.)
The velocity with which particles leave the surface is dependent
on the local particle velocity, which is independent of the charge
for a limited range for explosives residue
The application
of this equation to explosives residue is hypothetical, although
as stated above, there is some evidence that it is applicable to
plastic. The proposal of a limiting radius of about 60 meters for
non-fragment residue is difficult to test. Logistic and economic
considerations have thus far prohibited a suitable test in Australia
because, whereas 60 meters may seem a reasonable residue radius
for charges in the kilogram range, it seems somewhat low for charges
of hundreds or thousands of kilograms.
recent American and British collaborative work performed in New
Mexico provided an empirical guide to the amount and distribution
of residue that may be encountered in large devices (Phillips et
al. 2000 A and B). The study examined blast effects and residue
from very large charges of improvised explosives material. The nitrate
residue, found in the greatest abundance, was measured at various
ranges. The residue collected was residue deposited on the front
and back of metal signs. Table 3
shows the average nitrate levels, measured in micrograms (mg), at these distances.
the obvious anomalies correlating to some extent with wind speed
and direction, there is a drop in residue at 60 meters, even from
very large charges. In Test 6, for example, the wind was from the
southeast, and most of the residue was deposited to the north and
west of the explosion.
Factors not
covered in the test report, such as the varying wind speed and direction,
the arrangement of the explosive, and possible contamination of
the area, limit the significance of the results. However, they can
be used as a guide to the validity of the proposed 60-meter limit.
Moreover, the proposed distribution is independent of charge size
and direction of initiation, since neither significantly alters
the local particle velocity at the interface.
Plotting the
average nitrate concentration against range, regardless of direction,
linear regression analysis using both linear and third order polynomial
models produced estimates for the range at which the expected value
of the nitrate concentration falls to zero, of 59±3 and 61±6 meters for the 454 kilogram
and 2268 kilogram charges respectively.
of Explosives Residue: Mathematical Relationships
distribution independent of charge size
The perceived
independence of explosives residue distribution with respect to
charge size can be related to the Gurney velocity (Gurney 1943),
the velocity to which fragments can be accelerated by explosives,
for various explosive-container geometric arrangements. R. W. Gurney
and J. E. Kennedy obtained the expressions for Equations 2 and 3
(Kennedy 1970).
u = D/3 (M/C + ½)-1/2 for a cylindrical charge
Equation 2
u = D/3 (M/C + 3/5)-1/2 for a spherical charge
Equation 3
where D is velocity
of detonation, M is container weight, C is charge weight.
Cooper and Kurowski
(1996) suggested that D/3 is an estimate of the characteristic Gurney
velocity. Simple expressions of varying accuracy can be derived
for other configurations and can be used to illustrate the effect
of decreasing container thickness.
The effect of
decreasing container thickness can be demonstrated by using the
cylindrical arrangement that is representative of a conventional
bomb or an improvised device such as a pipe bomb. Equation 4 is
derived for the cylinder.
M/C = length x p
(ro2 - ri2) r container
/ {length x p ( ri2) r explosive}
Equation 4
(where ro
= the outside radius, ri = the inside radius, r = the density of the explosive)
M/C = (ro2/
ri2 - 1) x r
container / r explosive
As ri => r0 (i.e., the container becomes thinner,
M/C =>0 and u => D/3 (1/2)-1/2)
(substituting 0 for M/C
in Equation 2, hence u => 0.47D).
Whereas Kennedy
recommends that the Gurney equations not be used at M/C < 0.3
because gas-dynamic effects dominate, the maximum ejection velocity
remains proportional to the detonation velocity even when gas dynamics
for an unconfined explosive, the velocity at which residue leaves
the charge surface is dependent only on D, the velocity of detonation.
For a confined explosive using a cylinder equation, with the constant
container weight as M and the varying charge weight C, the fragment
velocity can be calculated from:
u = D/3 (M/C
+ ½) -1/2
u = D/3 (2C/(2M+C)) ½
Equation 5
C increases, (2C/(2M+C))1/2 => Ö2,
(substituting in Equation 5) and
u => Ö2.D/3 = 0.47D.
For a confined
explosive, the velocity at which residue leaves the charge surface
is dependent only on D, the velocity of detonation.
The underlying
explanation for this result, which differs markedly from the theory
of projectiles from weapons, is that the velocity with which particles
leave the surface will be dependent on the local particle velocity.
The local particle velocity is a function of the detonation velocity
and the bulk sound speed (i.e., the speed of sound in the unreacted
explosive [Cooper and Kurowski 1996]), which does not vary widely
through the range of common explosive materials.
distribution pattern: Model 1
The mass distribution
of residue can be considered along with ranges and initial velocities
when the residue does not adhere to primary fragments. (The question
of residue attached to secondary fragments is a more complex matter
to pursue.) Yallop proposed a model of residue evenly distributed
over the surface of a sphere (Yallop 1980) with residue concentration
c (grams per square centimeter) equal to 10-4/pr2 (r in meters) (i.e., an inverse
square model). Considering the subsequent path of the residue can
further develop this model. If it is assumed that all fragments
and residue are of equal weight and are projected at equal speeds
at all angles above the horizontal, the basic equations of projectile
motion can be applied to plot range against angle of projection
to develop Figure 4. With the effect of air resistance assumed to
be negligible, the solution of more complex equations incorporating
air resistance is possible but impractical and unnecessary for this
The basic ballistic
equations are:
R = (v2/g)sin
v = initial velocity
Equation 6
= v2/g
g = gravitational constant
Equation 7
a = ½sin-1gR/v2
a = angle of projection
Equation 8
For the ideal
explosion considered here, the proportion of mass projected between
two angles equals the proportion of the quadrant covered, (i.e., Sm/M = [a2 - a1]/90). Referring to Equation 8, the proportion of the
total mass projected to any range in the cross-sectional representation
between R=0,1: a=0,p/2, represented by the area
outside the curve R = (v2/g) sin2a or
a = ½sin-1gR/v2 ( a < p/4) + p/4-½sin-1gR/v2
(p/4 < a < p/2)
Equation 9
more simply, since the curve is reflected about the line {y=p/4},
a = sin-1gR/v2 ( a < p/4).
Equation 10
curve is effectively a mass-range curve, since Sm/M = (a2 - a1)/90, so we have
m = k.sin-1gR/v2 where Rmax
= v2/g.
= k.sin-1R/Rmax.
Equation 11
In terms of
the distribution over a surface, this curve forms a solid of revolution
about the m (a) axis, representing
the mass distribution, effectively the residue distribution, about
the origin. Therefore, it must be modified by the factor 1/2pR so
m = (1/2pR).k.sin-1R/Rmax
Equation 12
which is at
some variance with the inverse square distribution (the curve M=k/2pR2 has been used in Figure 5 to show the difference).
The derived distribution has an increased proportion of the mass,
whether residue or fragments, at greater range and has a distinct
endpoint, a range beyond which residue is not expected to be found.
The result,
in terms of what may be expected at a scene, is complex. With a
real device, not all fragments and residue are identical. There
are ranges of fragment sizes and velocities, and there is likely
to be a geometrical effect, a form factor based on the shape of
the charge that will further skew the distribution. Nevertheless,
each group of similar fragments and residue with similar velocities
can be expected to have a distribution similar to Figure 5, characterized
by the specific values for that group. The end result will be a
distribution that is the sum of many less populous distributions,
with varying total masses, ranges, and fragment sizes.
The overall
effect may vary significantly from case to case. However, the form
of the distribution suggests that the concentration of residue may
be lower at the center and higher at medium to long ranges, possibly
incorporating local maxima in comparison with the inverse square
distribution. For residue, there will be a limiting radius, which
the equation derived from Bishop suggests will be about 60 meters.
The fragments are similarly distributed, to greater ranges, with
the fragment pattern being the sum of the individual fragment distributions
to the maximum range for each weight.
distribution pattern: Model 2
There are additional
factors affecting the pattern. Air resistance is significant, particularly
for smaller fragments. Calculation of this effect would require
a major computing effort and is only applicable to an individual
explosion. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to suppose that air resistance
would have a foreshortening effect, decreasing the range of fragments.
Explosives Residue Trajectories, Model 2 Click
to enlarge image.
If a model is
adopted where the residue stops at the surface of the Yallop sphere,
effectively a hemisphere of radius Rmax (Figure
6), and falls to the ground to assume an even distribution of residue
of equal size, clearly the residue dm distributed over
the segment of the cross-section dx
is proportional to the arc length subtended by dx.
dm = k¢.(dx2
+ dy2)1/2,
® dm = k¢.(1 + dy2/dx2)1/2dx.
dy/dx = -x/(Rmax2 - x2)1/2,
® dm = k¢.Rmax2/(Rmax2
- x2)1/2dx, and
= k¢.Rmaxsin-1(x/Rmax),
Equation 13
point x ( R ) is obviously a point on a circle about the origin,
m = (1/2pR).k¢.Rmax sin-1R/Rmax = (1/2pR).k¢¢sin-1R/Rmax,
Equation 14
which is essentially
the same as the equation derived previously for Model 1.
This is not
to suggest that one model is proof of the other, because there is
an inherent mathematical similarity which leads to the similar results.
However, both models support the prediction of a limiting residue
radius and the possibility of residue levels above those that may
be expected from an inverse square distribution at ranges approaching
the limiting range.
distribution affected by air resistance, wind, and charge size
In this case,
wind and residue initial velocity must be treated as vector quantities,
increasing the complexity of the calculations greatly. Extension
of the models to include these factors is beyond the scope of this
basic discussion, but some general observations can be made.
The shape and
velocity of individual particles will determine the effect of air
resistance. The distances derived from the Bishop chart take into
account air resistance for heavy particles but may be overestimated
for lighter particles. Model 2 can be seen as a simple model incorporating
the effect of air resistance. This model preserves the two important
features of Model 1, a clear limit for the spread of residue and
the increased residue level at close to the maximum range.
Even the simple
case of a constant horizontal wind introduces a major complexity.
The distribution cannot simply be translated downwind because particles
with a greater time of flight will be affected longer. This extends
the distribution in the downwind direction and compresses it in
the upwind direction. For small particles, terminal velocity is
a few meters per second, so even a light breeze can spread the residue
to many times the calculated radius downwind. The significant features
of these simple models are still evident though. Even with a strong
wind, there is a clearly defined (but possibly much longer) maximum
range, and there is still a more even spread of residue than predicted
by an inverse square distribution.
With large charges,
the physical size of the charge will materially affect the distribution.
The calculated residue radius would need to be increased by the
radius of the charge. With smaller charges, this is obviously less
distribution affected by fragmentation
That primary
and secondary fragments may carry explosives residue adhering to
their surfaces has been established at many reported bomb scenes.
Also, basic aerodynamic considerations suggest that residue may
be entrained behind relatively fast moving fragments. If some of
this residue is shed in flight, it may be found along the fragment
flight path at greater than expected distances from the blast seat.
of the blast wave and negative pressure
The models proposed
are based on the proposition that the limiting speed of the explosive
residue is the local particle velocity. This is considerably lower
than the velocity of detonation, and hence the speed of the blast
wave as it departs the surface of the charge. The blast wave does
slow to the speed of sound in air, but the shock front speed is
still much greater than the local particle velocity (Johannson and
Persson 1970). Particles from the detonation, whether gaseous or
solid, are not affected by the shock front but may be given some
positive impulse by the positive pressure behind the front. The
negative impulse following the shock wave may similarly act to retard
these particles. These complexities are beyond the scope of the
empiric models presented here.
to Explosion Scenes
The models discussed
do not imply any major change in the current procedures for processing
crime scenes, but they do show that there is a theoretical basis
for the procedures currently undertaken. There is a theoretical
as well as an empirical explanation for the existence of explosives
residue, and there are mathematical models to validate the practice
of residue recovery near the explosion seat. The distribution models
provide a reasonable basis to select control-sampling areas and
offer some guidance for appropriate barrier locations and control
Baker, W. E.,
Kulesz, J. J., Ricker, R. E., Westine, P. S., Parr, V. B., Vargas,
L. M., and Mosely, P. K. Workbook for Estimating the Effects
of Accidental Explosion in Propellant Handling Systems. NASA
Contractors Report 3023, Contract NAS3-20497. NASA Lewis Research
Center, Cleveland, Ohio, August 1978.
Bishop, R. H.
Maximum Missile Ranges from Cased Explosive Charges SC-4205(TR).
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1958.
Cooper, P. W.
and Kurowski, S. R. Introduction to the Technology of Explosives.
Wiley-VCH, New York, 1996.
Davis, W. C.
Shock waves, rarefaction waves, equations of state. In: Explosive
Effects and Applications. J. A. Zukas and W. P. Walters, eds.
Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998, pp. 64-71.
Gurney, R. W.
The initial velocities of fragments from bombs, shells and grenades.
In: Army Ballistic Research Laboratory Report BRL 405. Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Maryland, 1943.
Johannson, C.
H. and Persson, P. A. Detonics of High Explosives. Academic
Press, New York, 1970, pp. 40-41.
Kennedy, J.
E. Gurney Energy of Explosives: Estimation of the Velocity and
Impulse Imparted to Driven Metal SC-RR-70-90. Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1970.
Miron, Y., Watson,
R. W., and Hay, J. E. Nonideal detonation behavior of suspended
explosives as observed from unreacted residues. In: Proceedings
of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Detection of
Explosives, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, 1983, pp.
Phillips, S.
A., Lowe, A., Marshall, M., Hubbard, P., Burmeister, S. G., and
Williams, D. R. Physical and chemical evidence remaining after the
explosion of large improvised bombs. Part 1: Firings of ammonium
nitrate/sugar and urea nitrate, Journal of Forensic Sciences
Phillips, S.
A., Lowe, A., Marshall, M., Hubbard, P., Burmeister, S. G., and
Williams, D. R. Physical and chemical evidence remaining after the
explosion of large improvised bombs. Part 2: Firings of calcium
ammonium nitrate/sugar mixtures, Journal of Forensic Sciences
Strobel, R.
A. Recovery of material from the scene of an explosion and its subsequent
forensic laboratory examination: A team approach. In: Forensic
Investigation of Explosions. A. Beveridge, ed. Taylor and Francis,
London, 1998, p. 124.
Yallop, H. J.
Explosion Investigation. Forensic Science Society, Harrogate,
1980, p. 104.
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text:
I love crafts. Like to try new and different projecta. Maybe a year ago I went on you tube saw some videos of crocheting and taught myself. So I could say I enjoy crocheting. It keeps my mind busy
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text:
Damien Crosse and Davidenko Lopez have some time before their business meal, and being two horny gay men in the corporate world it's no wonder they work up a sexual appetite unlike typical men. But Davidenko's never had sex with Damien -- he's only admired him from afar, so he better be ready to take what the top is going to deliver. Damien undresses himself piece by piece as Davidenko worships his body with his hands and mouth before bending over and offering his submissive hole to the top. Damien is in control both in the office and his sex life, and Davidenko learns that with each thrust he takes in his ass from the Cuban's big uncut cock!
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text:
Tursunoy has very good taste and she is ready to advise her clients about which textiles to choose for this or that occasion. This is why she has her constant and loyal customers. Her eldest daughter helps her with the business. Also, Tursunoy's prices for fabrics are attractive for various income levels; she has a wide range of goods for any taste and any wallet. She has two trading places, in two different markets.
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Now, Tursunoy needs 3500 Somoni ($1025 USD) to purchase new fabrics in order to increase the range of goods she sells. Tursunoy promises to pay the loan in 4 months, without any violation. She expresses her gratitude to everyone for supporting her. Your generosity can change their lives.
Additional Information
About IMON InternationalIMON International (IMON) is a micro-deposit organization in Tajikistan that provides entrepreneurs with access to high quality financial products and services, including business loans, agriculture loans, consumer loans and micro-leases. Aiming to alleviate poverty, the organization helps unbanked individuals establish businesses in different sectors, including manufacturing, agriculture and service. Kiva lenders' funds will help the organization to expand its outreach to even more entrepreneurs, farmers and traders in Tajikistan.
About Tajikistan
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- Repayment Term
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- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Disbursed:
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- Listed
- Jul 16, 2008
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Covered
- Ended:
- Jan 15, 2009


text:
Econometer takes on linkage fee boost
Question: Will the city's increase in its "linkage fee" on commercial developers to help pay for affordable housing yield a positive economic impact in the region?
Panel's answers: 1 Yes , 14 No
Marney Cox, San Diego Association of Governments
Answer: NO
Increasing the cost of commercial to subsidize residential will not be good for the economy or solve the chronic housing shortage. But it raises the question why doesn't the commercial require subsidy? One of the primary reasons for the housing supply shortage is tied to the way tax revenue is distributed in the state. Allow cities to keep more of the property tax revenue paid by housing, in exchange for the sales tax and transit occupancy tax revenue, and cities will be financially encouraged to accommodate housing, not retail and hotels that are responsible for many of the low-paying jobs.
Will the city's increase in its "linkage fee" on commercial developers to help pay for affordable housing yield a positive economic impact in the region?
Yes 8% (3)
No 92% (34)
37 total votes.
Phil Blair, Manpower
Answer: NO
Positive economic impact is a stretch. Will the higher linkage fees that developers now have to pay make their product more expensive? Yes. When they then pass the increases on to buyers and/or renters of commercial properties, will it result in fewer clients able to pay the increased costs? Yes, just like any other development fees that are mandated for schools, streets, etc. Were these same fees being collected in another manner when we had CCDC? The answer is yes. Will the increased linkage fees result in more affordable housing in San Diego? Yes. At what level should one set of consumers be charged/taxed to pay for services for another set of consumers, and how much, and who are the payer and who are the beneficiary sets of consumers? Therein lies the role of all levels of government
Kelly Cunningham, National University System
Answer: NO
An unequivocal job killer, the linkage fee is both flawed in theory and in practice. It is ludicrous to believe poverty is combated by taxing employers seeking to grow locally. Yet that is precisely what this "job tax" does, imposing a fee of more than $200,000 per 40,000 square feet of new office space building. Incentivizing employers to leave the city will improve housing affordability like it does in Detroit. Even under best case analysis (if investment did not suffer), the fee only provides funding to construct 100 new units per year, the very definition of drop in the bucket.
Gina Champion-Cain, American International Investments
Answer: NO
Although it is an easy answer to say of course doing anything that is necessary to provide affordable housing is the right thing, we need to be careful that we do not bite off our noses to spite our faces. To increase this tax right now, to this extreme, makes it difficult for employers to create and sustain jobs because increasing regulations and fees does not stimulate job growth. We, as a community, need to fight for a solution that serves the greater good... this is the obligation of community. Public agencies, especially those that own real estate, can contribute tax incentives, tax breaks, private/public partnerships in their land holdings, to promote housing for all.
Alan Gin, University of San Diego
Answer: NO
Housing affordability is a big problem in San Diego and an increase in linkage fees would help, but I have concerns about the magnitude of the increase. The 2011 proposal to increase fees by 40 percent and then linking that to inflation was probably the better approach. Lack of affordable housing is only a symptom of a bigger problem, which is stagnant wage growth for those in the lower and middle classes. This has been the case for the last three decades, even as productivity has increased and corporate profits soared. Policies to reduce income inequality such as increasing the minimum wage would help increase housing affordability.


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Dansville Water Wells in Dansville, NY serves customers in the Southerntier including Allegheny County and Steuben County. We have been proudly serving the Dansville, NY area since 1977. Insured Call Ron for a Free Estimate Complete Water Systems from Well to House Customers Served Residential, Commercial
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Wells 6'' Diameter & Larger
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Iron & Sulphur Removal
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I have tried to deal with this company on 2 occasions. Both times I have been totally turned off by the customer service lady who answers. Fran... Our water softener just died and is too old to repair. We called this company to come up ...
Just bought a new house and the water softener went in the first month- Called this company and they sent out a technician. Unfortunately ...
Dansville Water Wells Inc can be found at Rt-36 10001. The following is offered: Drinking Water. The entry is present with us since Sep 10, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Dansville there are 2 other Drinking Water. An overview can be found here.
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The world's most glamorous lingerie is only the beginning. Victoria's Secret is THE destination for chic women's clothing, sultry swimwear, must-have shoes and accessories, and beauty products, in addition to women's lingerie, intimate apparel and sleepwear.
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In Short
Although the catalog features women's clothing as well as lingerie, the chain store focuses primarily on intimate apparel. Bras of every style and color, including the Miracle...
In ShortAlthough the catalog features women's clothing as well as lingerie, the chain store focuses primarily on intimate apparel. Bras of every style and color, including the Miracle Bra and the seamless Body by Victoria collection, line the store's racks and drawers. You'll also find cotton, silk and lace panties, silk gowns, pajamas, fleece robes and hosiery.
I love the lingerie at Victoria's Secret. They have beautiful items for special occasions, as well as great panties and bras for everyday! ...
The world's best bras. The sexiest lingerie. The most beautiful Supermodels. Discover what's hot now - from beauty & sleepwear to fashion & swim.
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ALLEN PARK, Mich. (AP) — The Detroit Lions have selected Oklahoma linebacker Ronnell Lewis in the fourth round of the NFL draft.
Detroit drafted Lewis 125th overall on Saturday.
The Lions acquired the pick by trading the No. 117 pick to San Francisco for the 49ers' fourth-round pick and their sixth-round selection, 196th
Lewis will add depth behind linebackers Stephen Tulloch, Justin Durant and DeAndre Levy.
The Lions didn't start the draft with a six-round pick because the NFL took it away because of a tampering charge involving Kansas City.
Detroit drafted Iowa offensive tackle Riley Reiff with the 23rd overall pick; Oklahoma wide receiver Ryan Broyles in the second round and Louisiana-Lafayette cornerback Dwight "Bill" Bentley in the third.
Follow Larry Lage on Twitter at www.Twitter.com/larrylage


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Shallots form a vital part of the chef's mise en place and are at the heart of many classic dishes. Professional chefs and passionate home cooks know that shallots are a crucial ingredient in stews and casseroles but they are also fantastic in stir fries, breads, sauces, tarts, soups, salads and curries.
Throw shallots in around your meat joint to get a delicious sweet veg accompaniment that subtly takes on the flavour of the meat juices – you don't even need to peel them
• 79% of people don't regularly buy shallots
• Of these 51% don't know why they would buy them over an onion
• 22% don't know which dishes put them in
Make sure you're in the know and read our tips
Survey was carried out by UK Shallot Grower Group in 2013


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Objectives of the "Contemporary Talents" competition
Through the "Contemporary Talents"
competition, the Foundation wishes:
- to encourage artists to appropriate
this theme which has belonged to the
history of art since the beginning of time.
- to bring them, through art work, to reflect,
observe, analyse and criticise, to divert
and use water, its properties, its symbols,
its tools, its challenges,
- to offer the artists a platform to reach
- all kinds of audiences.
- to foster exchanges and networking
with cultural players.
- to develop the public's awareness,
and in particular to arouse an interest
in contemporary art in young people,
and enable them, through the water theme,
to feel and get a better perception
of the diversity of views of the world.
Presentation of the theme: water
Water, essential to all life and to the development
of mankind, is a multi-faceted and yet singular
element. It is symbolically one of the natural
elements, with air, fire and earth, which make
up the universe.
It is at heart of mythology and religion.
It is a sign and a symbol, and constantly
changes form. Water is a natural resource,
of course, but for a large part of mankind,
it is the rarest asset.
Competition rules
This competition is open to candidates of all nationalities, all ages, and in the following six disciplines
of the plastic arts: painting, drawing, sculpture, installation, photography and video. For disciplines installation
and sculpture, the artists have the possibility of submitting either existing works or projects.
For the four other disciplines, only existing works may be presented.
Each year, the François Schneider Foundation devotes to the "Contemporary Talents" competition
a maximum budget of €300,000, which is divided into two parts:
€150,000 for the acquisition of seven works The candidates
chosen will be:
- firstly the prize-winners in the "Contemporary Talents", 6 prize-winner who will each receive 20,000 Euros for the acquisition of their work,
- and secondly a work, considered by the International Panel of Judges as the most promising, will be awarded the title "Talent d'Eau" (Water Talent). The artist will receive 30,000 Euros for the acquisition of his or her work.
€150,000 for the realisation of the works presented in project form.
For the artists who submit their work (installation or sculpture) in project form, the candidatures must
include an estimation of the budget required to realise the work (including the cost of transporting
and installing the work). These costs will be covered by the Foundation up to the limit of the total
budget of €150,000.
The "Contemporary Talents" competition will give rise to a collective exhibition at the Centre d'Art, and
a bilingual publication presenting the works of the prize-winners and finalists. Each candidate may only
submit one work or one project.
Dedicated to the
creation of plastic
art works on a
water theme, the
Foundation's aim
is to provide a
platform each year
enabling yet unknown
artists to reveal
their talent.
Through the "Contemporary Talents"
competition, François Schneider wishes
to support these creative artists by
acquiring their works and showcasing
them at the Foundation's Centre d'Art,
entirely dedicated to the meeting of art and water.
Situated at the foot of the Vieil Armand
memorial site, in the village of Wattwiller
in Haut-Rhin, the Centre d'Art have
over 2,000 m² of exhibition space.


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Sci-fi Fantasy
The Halfshaft Games
Rating: Rated: 4 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle, TXT
A humorous fantasy from the author of "Slave-Girls and Amazons". The Games have commenced. A contest of strength, of courage, of the sheer will to survive, all televised for the amusement of the viewers back at home. Pursued through the Forest by a motley collection of trolls, witches...
The Witch Apprentice
Rating: Rated: 5 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle, TXT
Exciting story, a continuation of The Two Books of Saint Andre. Camila is finally accepted as a witch apprentice in Eisenbaum, the city of the Magicians; but the girl hides a dark secret, a lie, that if known, would blow her aspirations of becoming a powerful sorceress. Camilla will face not only...
A Warrior's Redemption, #1
Rating: Rated: 30 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle
When Roric was born little did he know that his family would die violently and that his world would crumble only to later find himself chained into the life of a slave forced to survive in the world of the arena where every match meant death for someone, but he survived and one day he escaped. A...
Star Trek: The Seventh House
Rating: Rated: 9 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle, TXT
Book Five in the Garcia series. Captain Tammas A P Garcia's life continues to become increasingly more complex, forcing him to delegate and promote from with-in. The more he resists his path, the more it looks as if he is destined to destroy the Romulon star with a Starburst weapon, a modified...
Ariki and Other Short Stories of an Uncertain Future
Rating: Rated: 3 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle, TXT
A trip to the Easter Island mixes with a kind of dreams about a strange entity, which looks-alike the statues of the mysterious island, to reveal the origin of the "Moais" and maybe the origin of the mankind... Based on a true turistic trip, and with a little of science fission.
Caged in Darkness
Rating: Rated: 11 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle, TXT
A witch raised in a cage of darkness... On her 16th birthday, Savannah is consumed by overwhelming power. She must choose between two loves; the one who taught her to smile or the darkly seductive stranger who tempts her towards another path. Suddenly, an unspeakable evil comes to claim a debt...
Emma and the Minotaur
Rating: Rated: 3 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle, TXT
All stories are true. Emma Wilkins is eleven years old and she lives on Belle Street. In the forests of Saint Martin, a great power has awakened. Whispers abound of a monster that lurks in the darkness as more and more of the city's residents go missing. Called by the song of a tree, the...
War for the Zitar Nuo
Rating: Rated: 0 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle, TXT
In the future countries no longer exist, Companies rule the land. They fight for the resources they need by way of their employees. One man, Abreon pulled from his wife and children, tossed into the war in the Zitar Nuo River somehow survives it all. Perhaps, he can stop the war, the corporate...
The Hampton Couples
Rating: Rated: 2 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle, TXT
Follow the Hampton couples as they go through their lives. Follow the story of Adrielas family and the events leading up to the birth of Adriela.
Happily Ever After
Rating: Rated: 5 times
Format: PDF, ePub, Kindle, TXT
Evil fairy godmother Corsatas turned good has not yet given up on love with her husband Zion. But she has done so many bad things that she thinks Zion would rather be with someone else. A soon as she takes to New York, Zion, Cygmous Rudalia and Adriela follow her. Corsatas finds a new boyfriend...


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- EcuadorRetailFunding via VisionFund Ecuador
Katerine Ya...EcuadorClothingFunding via VisionFund Ecuador
Gema IvonneEcuadorRetailFunding via Fundación ESPOIR
Bonny Tatiana
Update on Bonny TatianaBonny Tatiana is 23 years old and lives with her partner and children. She lives in Voluntad de Dios, in Ventanas canton.
The Valle Alto community bank is located in Voluntad de Dios, in Ventanas canton. The members of this bank work in short-cycle agriculture, growing corn, rice and pigeon peas.
Bonny is a farmer who grows corn and rice on land belonging to family members. She makes her purchases in Ventanas and makes her sales in Ventanas market.
Bonny will use the loan that she requested to buy seeds, fertilizers and manure. The loan will help her to increase her income which means she will be able to help her family and invest in her farming. Her dream is to buy a plot of land and a vehicle for her work.
In her free time, Bonny likes to relax and watch television.
Ventanilla VALLE ALTO se encuentra ubicada en el Recinto Voluntad de Dios, perteneciente al cantón Ventanas, esta ventanilla se dedica a labores agrícolas de ciclo corto siembra de maíz, arroz y frejol gandul.
Bonny se dedica a la agricultura a la siembra de maíz y arroz en terrenos de familiares. Compra sus productos en Ventanas y las vende en el mercado de Ventanas.
El crédito solicito para la compra de semillas, fertilizantes y abonos para los cultivos. El préstamo le ayudado para aumentar los ingresos para el consumo de la familia y para invertir en la siembra. Su sueño es comprar un terreno y vehículo de trabajo.
Le gusta descansar y ver la televisión.
Previous Loan DetailsBonny Tatiana is 23 years old, single, and lives with her children in Ventanas canton, in Los Ríos province. She has three children: 11 year-old Pablo, 8 year-old Kelly and 4 year-old Ángel. The Valle Alto community bank is located in Voluntad de Dios, in Ventanas canton. The members of this... More from Bonny Tatiana's previous loan »
Additional Information
About Cooperativa San JoseThis loan is administered by Cooperativa San Jose, a 45,000-member credit union located high in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador's poorest province, Bolivar. They offer a unique loan called "Ventanillas Rurales" [Window to the Countryside], which uses a group guarantee but is an individual loan with a savings component, mostly to rural borrowers. Due to low savings rates and a history of macroeconomic instability, many traditional loans in Ecuador demand interest rates that are prohibitively high for some borrowers. There is also a high incidence of extortionist black-market lending in Ecuador. CSJ helps mitigate these problems by providing a less onerous and more appropriate option. Join CSJ's Lending Team!
Concurrent and Successive Loans
Our Field Partners often work with borrowers over a series of loans as the borrowers build credit, take out bigger loans, and expand their businesses. In order to make it easier for our Field Partners to post loans for borrowers who have been listed on Kiva before, we allow them to post successive and concurrent loans for their Kiva borrowers. This means that our Field Partners are able to post a borrower's second, third, etc., loan on Kiva without having to re-enter all of the borrower's information.
This borrower has been listed on Kiva before, so you'll see an updated loan description, as well as excerpts of the original descriptions from earlier loans. Most borrowers take out loans consecutively, meaning that they receive a second loan after having repaid the first. However, sometimes our Field Partners give out concurrent loans, allowing borrowers to take out one primary loan and a secondary "add-on" loan along with it. These "add-on" loans are typically smaller than the borrower's primary loan and serve a different purpose. Because Field Partners can now post loans as successive and concurrent loans, you will be able to track borrower progress over time and see the various ways a borrower is working with our Field Partners through funds from Kiva's lenders.
About Ecuador
33View loans »
US Dollars
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 8 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- At end of term
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Dec 13, 2011
- Listed
- Dec 21, 2011
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Ended:
- Jul 27, 2012
Photo from previous loan
Kiva allows our Field Partners to re-use the same photo for individual borrowers that have been posted on Kiva's website once before in a 24 month period, and we allow them to re-use group photos for up to 24 months, provided that 80% of the current group's membership is represented.
Taking, collecting, and uploading photos of borrowers is one of the most challenging elements of using Kiva for our Field Partners. In order to make Kiva easier for Field Partners to use, we have allowed them to post successive and concurrent loans without taking a new photo of the borrower if the criteria above are met.


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House panel to hear $40M plan for Indian museum in Oklahoma City
A plan to take $40 million from the state's Unclaimed Property Fund to pay for the completion of a Native American museum in Oklahoma City is being considered by a House committee.
A House budget subcommittee is scheduled to hear the bill on Monday. If approved, it will proceed to the full House Appropriations and Budget Committee.
The bill already has passed the Senate, but House Speaker Jeff Hickman reiterated last week he wants 51 of the 72 House Republicans to support the plan before he schedules it for a vote in the House.
Museum officials say the plan is to use the $40 million in state funds to match another $40 million in pledges the tribes and other donors.
Senate Bill 1651: http://bit.ly/1nLlOZc


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6999 results « previous Page 161 of 350 next »
Jose Arriaga has run out of excuses for missing work to watch the U.S. men's soccer team in the World Cup.
The disappearance of a Minnesota mother of seven was just a missing person case when it landed on the desk of Detective Sgt. Lee Hollatz.
Before a unanimous Supreme Court weighed in, the White House had brushed off claims that President Barack Obama was exceeding his executive authority as just so much grousing from frustrated partisans.
An attempted carjacking in Seattle failed when three carjackers found they were in a vehicle with a manual transmission and none of them knew how to drive a stick shift.
Good thing she doesn't need a password to get into heaven. That's what Donna Spinner often mutters when she tries to remember the growing list of letter-number-and-symbol codes she's had to create to access her various online accounts.
The House will vote next month on legislation authorizing a campaign-season lawsuit accusing President Barack Obama of failing to carry out the laws passed by Congress, Speaker John Boehner announced on Wednesday.
Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction John Huppenthal broke down in tears Wednesday at the end of a news conference where he apologized for posting an anonymous blog comment that denigrated welfare recipients and other postings that were seen by some as racist.
The government wants to dramatically reduce the allowable height of buildings near hundreds of airports -- a proposal that is drawing fire from real estate developers and members of Congress who say it will reduce property values.
Officers are being briefed during roll calls, new procedures are in place, and prosecutors are considering the effect on potentially thousands of pending court cases after the Supreme Court's ruling that restricts police searches of cellphones.
The first ruling by a federal appeals court that states cannot prevent gay couples from marrying makes it more likely the Supreme Court will ultimately have to make a decision it has so far avoided -- do states have the ability to prohibit same-sex marriage?
North Korea is warning that the release of a new American comedy about a plot to assassinate leader Kim Jong Un would be an "act of war."
Bone marrow transplants save thousands of lives but patients are vulnerable to severe viral infections in the months afterward, until their new immune system kicks in.
Investigators looking into the disappearance of the Malaysia Airlines plane are confident it was on autopilot when it crashed in a remote stretch of the Indian Ocean, Australian officials said today as they announced the latest shift in the search for the jet.
A Pennsylvania pastor who broke church law by presiding over his son's same-sex wedding ceremony and then became an outspoken activist for gay rights can return to the pulpit after a United Methodist Church appeals panel on Tuesday overturned a decision to defrock him.
Bill Clinton defended Hillary Rodham Clinton's commitment to the poor and working Americans on Tuesday, saying his family's post-presidential wealth had not prevented the former secretary of state from understanding the economic problems of Americans.
Responding to a major case of research misconduct, federal prosecutors have taken the rare step of filing charges against a scientist after he admitted falsifying data that led to millions in grants and hopes of a breakthrough in AIDS vaccine research.
The government is considering whether to sue banks and other mortgage servicers to recover its losses from alleged insurance kickbacks that may have cost government-controlled mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac hundreds of millions of dollars, according to an internal report.
It's impossible not to stare at Kim Dillenbeck's dog Pig.
« previous Page 161 of 350 next »
1. Armed men rob Lowndes Co. gas station COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
2. Mayor races shaping up 1 year out from elections AREA
3. Tedford gets 15 years in prison COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
4. West Point couple dies after fire AREA
5. Arrest report 5-24-16 COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY


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You are here: Home / Data Products / FoodAPS National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey
Stay Connected
USDA's National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) is the first nationally representative survey of American households to collect unique and comprehensive data about household food purchases and acquisitions. Detailed information was collected about foods purchased or otherwise acquired for consumption at home and away from home, including foods acquired through food and nutrition assistance programs. The survey includes nationally representative data from 4,826 households, including Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) households, low-income households not participating in SNAP, and higher income households.
The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), with support from USDA's Economic Research Service and the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), is organizing a new two-year research initiative consisting of ten distinct projects that will leverage the FoodAPS data set to address issues related to food security, nutrition, and health in the United States. For the full request for proposals, see Call for Proposals: NBER Project on the Economics of Food Security, Nutrition, and Health: Insights from FoodAPS. Deadline: January 15, 2016.
The University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research (UKCPR), in cooperation with ERS, will competitively award grants to qualified individuals and institutions to provide rigorous research that utilizes FoodAPS to expand our understanding of household food behaviors and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Research issues of interest include: benefit adequacy, diet quality, cost of a healthy diet, and food security, and the role of the local food environment and other geographic factors. In addition to the FoodAPS data, geographically-linked data on the local food environment and food prices compiled as part of the FoodAPS Geography Component (FoodAPS-GC) are available for awardees. It is anticipated that about 3 grants of up to $50,000 each will be awarded. See the call for proposals, FoodAPS Research Initiative: Understanding SNAP, Food Security, and Geographic Factors in Food Purchase and Acquisition Decisions. Deadline: March 31, 2016.
FoodAPS provides information about household size and composition, available resources (including food and nutrition assistance program benefits, if any), and acquired food items (and their prices). This information, combined with data about the food items and prices that are accessible to each household, provides a robust dataset for research studies that support the design and implementation of policies and regulations affecting America's food and nutrition assistance programs. For a more detailed description of the survey, see Background.
ERS and the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of USDA jointly sponsored FoodAPS. Mathematica Policy Research, a private research firm with experience conducting large-scale data collections, designed and implemented the survey. The Main Variable List contains the variables included in the data files. These include the household-level and individual-level interview files, the food-at-home (FAH) and food-away-from-home (FAFH) event files, the FAH and FAFH item files, data from the Meals and Snacks form, a summary of the individual daily reporting status, household access to FAFH outlets and SNAP-authorized FAH retailers, a file containing each unique geocoded acquisition place, and estimates of household SNAP eligibility. A User's Guide, providing an overview of the survey and data sets as well as general notes about using the data, is also available.
Last updated: Tuesday, February 23, 2016
For more information contact: Elina Tselepidakis Page and John A. Kirlin
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The 27-year-old could need surgery after hurting his pectoral muscle followed by two to three months out.
Williams injured his shoulder and chest while playing for Japanese Top League club Panasonic Wild Knights at the weekend and was rushed to hospital for an MRI scan.
New Zealand's heavyweight boxing champion initially said on his Twitter page "results nothing serious, small tear so hopefully still be able to (box)".
Arriving in Sydney on Tuesday, however, Williams said the muscle needed more tests, the results of which could force the November 24 fight with Botha in Brisbane to be called off.
"At the moment it is a little bit in doubt," he said at Sydney airport before beginning his preparations to face the 44-year-old Botha.
"I just came back here straight away," Williams added. "I've got to get some scans and see how the pec is, see the extent of the injury."
Nine News reported that the hulking centre had undergone tests and faced surgery after being spotted at the headquarters of National Rugby League side the Sydney Roosters.
Williams, who began his career in rugby league, had been expected to quit union to join the Roosters.
He the world champion All Blacks and Waikato Chiefs for a lucrative 12-match deal in Japan worth an estimated £62,000 a game.
Williams smashed his shoulder into the turf after a flying tackle in Panasonic's 23-20 win over Kintetsu Liners on Saturday and left the ground with his arm in a sling.
The injury could bring a premature end to his Japanese season, with Panasonic having seen little return halfway through their investment.
Interim NRL chief executive Shane Mattiske has warned Williams that his return would only be sanctioned once the necessary documentation had been signed.
Williams said in June that he would honour a handshake agreement with Roosters supremo Nick Politis but to date, no contract has been put forward to the NRL.
If serious, the player's injury further complicates the situation for one of New Zealand's biggest sporting names.
"The Roosters understand that if they are to bring Sonny Bill to the game, they need to approach us about that," Mattiske said.
"They need to get to a point where they've got a contract they can bring to us for registration. At this stage we're waiting for that to happen."
- Sports & Recreation
- Rugby


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Things to see and do - Segura de la Sierra
Leaving for Spain
Segura de la Sierra :
Unmissable tourist sites
Where to sleep?
Segura de la Sierra Hotel tips
Hospedería Río Zumeta Spa from57 €Book
Segura de la Sierra Travel guide
Segura de la Sierra : Michelin's recommendations
The picturesque village of Segura de la Sierra, in the Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, perches on a hill at an altitude of 1 240m. It is the birthplace of the poet Jorge Manrique, and is protected by its Moorish castle. Its attractions include an unusually shaped bullring, some Moorish baths and a fine parish church.
Tourist attractions Segura de la Sierra : Things to see and do
Town Hall
E - 23379 Segura de la Sierra
Here and there in the silent streets of the village, you come across noble mansions with lovely doorways. In the case of the town hall it is a Plateresque doorway. The Plateresque style was the Renaissance art of carved decoration that could transfor..
Moorish Baths
calle Baños Moro, s/n E - 23379 Segura de la Sierra
With their horseshoe arches running lengthways down the three halls and their star-shaped vault lights, the Moorish baths are among the finest testimonies that the Al-Andalus civilisation (the name given to Muslim Spain) left in the province of Jaén.
Plaza de Toros
E - 23379 Segura de la Sierra
There are relatively few old bullrings in Spain because bullfights have traditionally taken place in the main squares of towns and villages, cordoned off for the occasion. The few exceptions are often irregularly shaped and always popular with aficio..
Hotels Segura de la Sierra
Hospedería Río Zumeta Spa
Carretera de las Juntas, s/n E - 23290 Santiago de la Espada
This charming rural hotel is located in 20 minutes' drive from Santiago-Pontones in the Cazorla Segura y Las Villas Natural Reserve. It offers a free Wi-Fi zone, indoor and outdoor pools and a hot tub. The rustic, heated rooms at Hospederia Rio Zume..
Restaurants Segura de la Sierra
Mirador de Peñalta
San Vicente 29 E - 23379 Segura de la Sierra
Located in a street leading towards the town, this restaurant has a large bar and dining room. Both have a rustic ambience and the latter is decorated with agricultural tools. Regional cuisine.