text:
An Educated Work Force
New Hanover, Pender and Brunswick Counties feature dynamic public and private education choices. The three school districts collectively operate 78 schools with grades K-12.
Learn more about the school districts and their rankings: NHC Schools Report Cards
Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM)
The Cape Fear region continues to set the bar for cities across the state for the design and implementation of innovative programs and STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) based learning. We are dedicated to providing students with a STEM education as it creates critical thinkers, increases science literacy, and generates innovation, leading to new products and processes that sustain our economy.
New Hanover County Schools are the only district in the state to have two STEM-based schools: Rachel Freeman School of Engineering and Gregory School of Science, Mathematics, and Technology. The Wilmington Chamber of Commerce's Cape Fear Future initiative started the Project Lead The Way (PLTW) program at Trask Middle School in New Hanover County in 2013. Project Lead the Way is a STEM-based curriculum that incorporates engineering, robotics, aerospace and other STEM-related courses. The elective curriculum is offered to students in middle and high school. After beginning the program at Trask, CFF has now funded PLTW for sixth and seventh grade students. The program introduces them to engineering, robotics, computer modeling, and energy. CFF will continue the funding for 8th grade students in 2015-16. The program was so well received in 2013 that the school system expanded it to two additional schools. PLTW was recently cited by the Harvard Graduate School of Education as a model for 21st century career and technical education.
STEM Resource
Through a new partnership, Cape Fear Future (CFF) and the University of North Carolina Wilmington's Watson School of Education (WSE) have jointly introduced a new website that outlines available STEM programs across the region. This tool is a wonderful resource for students, parents and teachers seeking STEM-related camps, contests, classes, and more.
Visit the site: www.uncw.edu/ed/stem
The objective of Leadership Wilmington is to educate, challenge and motivate leaders and future leaders to utilize their leadership skills to work for the betterment of our community. There are five components that will be stressed throughout the program. They are:
- Leadership skills/styles;
- Community issues and challenges;
- Dynamics of regional social and economic change;
- Diversity; and
- Class project.
The ten-month program consists of eight all-day sessions, an orientation social, a two-day retreat to begin the program, Work On Wilmington, and a graduation ceremony. The all-day sessions occur once a month from September through April. To complete the program successfully, each class member is expected to participate in the orientation/social, retreat, all monthly program sessions, Work On Wilmington and graduation. Participants must make a serious commitment to the program and employers must agree in advance to grant participants time off from their duties to attend all scheduled activities.
(left) Volunteers participate in Leadership Wilmington class project Work On Wilmington
The application deadline for the 2016 Class of Leadership Wilmington is June 30, 2016. Participants will be sought from corporate, business, education, professional, non-profit and governmental sectors. The Chamber Foundation Board will select a minimum of 30 participants for the class which will reflect the diversity of our community. During the selection process, the Board will review each candidate's leadership potential, community involvement and accomplishments.
The tuition per participant is $1,500. Tuition covers all expenses for the program. An application fee of $25.00 must accompany each application. Application fee is non-refundable.
Schedule for Leadership Wilmington Class of 2017
- August 4, 2016: Orientation/Alumni Award/Social
- August 25-26, 2016: Class Retreat, Trinity Center, Pine Knoll Shores, NC
- September 20, 2016: Session 1 Arts/History/Culture
- October 18, 2016: Session 2 Environment
- November 15, 2016: Session 3 Education
- December 20, 2016: Session 4 Human Services
- January 17, 2017: Session 5 Infrastructure
- February 21, 2017: Session 6 Crime & Punishment
- March 21, 2017: Session 7 Growth & Development
- April 4, 2017: Session 8 Politics & Government
- April 29, 2017: Work On Wilmington
- May 16, 2017: Graduation
Please note: Each regular session will be all day (8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.). Except as noted, these meetings will be on the third Tuesday of the month. The Orientation/Alumni Award Ceremony will be scheduled from 4:00-7:00 p.m., on Thursday, August 4, 2016. The class Retreat will encompass two full days and will require an overnight stay. The Retreat is mandatory for all class members. The Retreat will be on Thursday-Friday, August 25-26, 2016. Session 8 (Politics & Government) will include dinner at City Hall with the City Council, followed by attendance at the City Council meeting at 6:30 pm. This meeting is on the first Tuesday, and will be in keeping with City Councils meeting schedule. A WOW project selection meeting will be scheduled on a date in January from 4:00 8:30 pm to select the projects. Other special called meetings may be necessary.
Leadership Wilmington Co-Directors
Faye Dunaway
(910) 762-2611 ext. 211
One Estell Lee Place
Wilmington, NC 28401
(910) 762-9765 (fax)
Scott Czechlewski
(910) 762-2611 ext. 216
One Estell Lee Place
Wilmington, NC 28401
(910) 762-9765 (fax)
The mission of the Leadership Wilmington Alumni Association is to provide a resource for all graduates, as well as the Wilmington business and service communities. The association strives to continue offering professional development opportunities for its membership, and to marry the talent from the alumni association with the volunteer needs of the business and service communities, event committee members and board appointments.
Additionally, our intent is to hold networking events throughout the year to bring Alumni together and to provide ongoing interaction with one another.
To Join
If you are a Leadership Wilmington Alumni and would like to join the association, please fill out the form below. This information will allow us to communicate upcoming Alumni Association events and professional development opportunities that may be available in the community.
This information is not for redistribution and will be used at the sole discretion of the Wilmington Chamber of Commerce and the Leadership Wilmington Alumni Association.
Please email us with any questions at firstname.lastname@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Karl Davis Alumni of the Year Award
Know a deserving graduate for the Alumni of the Year Award? Nominate them!
Brunswick County JobReady Partnership
(910) 371-3030
Cooperative Education Program (OJT) - Brunswick County Schools
(910) 253-2952
Cooperative Education Program (OJT) - New Hanover County Schools
(910) 254-4240
Cooperative Education Program (OJT) - Pender County
Pender County Schools
(910) 259-0131
JobLink Career Center - Brunswick County
Employment Security Commission
(910) 754-6120
JobLink Career Center - New Hanover County
Employment Security Commission
(910) 251-5777
JobLink Career Center - Pender County
Employment Security Commission
(910) 259-0240
Occupational Training Through CFCC
(910) 251-5676
Online College Courses
Region "O" Council for the Advancement of Minorities in Engineering (ROCAME)
New Hanover County Schools
(910) 254-4277
Amy Bradley School
3801 Wilshire Blvd.
Wilmington, NC 28403
(910) 794-6977
Calvary Christian School
423 N 23rd St.
Wilmington, NC 28405
(910) 343-1565
Cape Fear Academy
3900 South College Road
Wilmington, NC 28412
(910) 791-0287
Coastal Christian High School
709 George Anderson Dr.
Wilmington, NC 28412
(910) 395-9995
First Presbyterian Church Preschool & Kindergarten
125 South 3rd Street
Wilmington, NC 28401-4554
(910) 762-2066
The Friends School of Wilmington, Inc.
Middle School (6th-8th)
350 Peiffer Avenue
Wilmington, N.C. 28409
(910) 792-1811
Elementary & PreSchool (18 months - 5th)
207 Pine Grove Drive
Wilmington, NC 28403
(910) 791-8221
Myrtle Grove Christian School
806 Piner Road
Wilmington, NC 28409
(910) 392-2067
New Horizons
3705 South College Road
Wilmington, NC 28412
(910) 392-5209
Pathways Middle & High School
3110 Randall Parkway
Wilmington, NC 28403
(910) 343-3321
The Roger Bacon Academy
3610 Thaddeus Lott Lane, Leland, NC 28451
SACPC Preschool
1416 Market Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
St. Mark Catholic School
1013 Eastwood Road
Wilmington, NC 28403
(910) 452-2800
St. Mary Catholic School (K-8)
217 S. 4th Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
910-762-5491 ext. 40
Wilmington Christian Academy
1401 North College Road
Wilmington, NC 28403
(910) 791-4248
Wilmington Country Day School
3114 Middle Sound Loop Road
Wilmington, NC 28403
(910) 686-1110
Winter Park Preschool/Primary Day School
4501 Wrightsville Avenue
Wilmington, NC 28403
(910) 791-5893
New Hanover County Public Schools
6410 Carolina Beach Road
Wilmington, NC 28412
(910) 763-5431
Brunswick County Schools
35 Referendum Drive, NE
Bolivia, North Carolina 28422
(910) 253-2900
Pender County Schools
925 Penderlea Highway
Burgaw, NC 28425
(910) 259-2187
View ratings for all North Carolina schools at www.ncreportcards.org.
Area Colleges and Universities
Brunswick Community College
50 College Road
Bolivia, NC 28422
(910) 755-7300
(800) 754-1050
Cape Fear Community College
411 N. Front Street
Wilmington, NC 28401-3993
(910) 362-7000
Miller-Motte Technical College
5000 Market Street
(910) 392-4660
University of Mount Olive
1838 Sir Tyler Drive
(910) 256-0255
Shaw University - Wilmington
224 North Front Street
(910) 763-9091
University of North Carolina Wilmington
601 South College Road
(910) 962-3000
College Foundations/Funds
College Foundation of NC
Affordable Colleges Online
The Wilmington Chamber Foundation partners with educational institutions and the business community to improve current and future workforce preparedness by:
- communicating business needs to the educational community;
- facilitating educational and training solutions for workforce preparedness needs;
- developing programs for future leaders; and
- identifying and implementing strategies to fund Foundation-approved programs.
The Foundation exists primarily to support public K-12 education in New Hanover and Pender Counties. As such, its activities include:
- fundraising for initiatives to improve public education;
- gathering input about education needs from business and the community via forums and other means;
- serving as the link between the public schools and the business community;
- grant-making to individuals and organizations that seek to improve public education; and
- conducting assessments/evaluations/accountability.
Wilmington Chamber Foundation Board of Directors
Hal Kitchin, CFF Chairman
McGuireWoods LLC
Rickey Godwin
McGladrey LLC
Rob Kaiser
Greater Wilmington Business Journal
Charlie Mattox
Senior Vice President/Market President
Mitch Lamm
First Citizens
Senior Vice President/Community Banking
Chris Boney
LS3P Associates
Principal (Quality of Life initiative leader)
John Gizdic
New Hanover Regional Medical Center
Chief Operating Officer (CFF Education initiative leader)
Affiliates and Annual Programs
- Leadership Wilmington
- Current Program
- Alumni Association


text: I have the HP Mac Mini with me and there was no issue with the same as long as I was running the Windows Vista on it. After that I tried to have the Windows 7 on the same laptop and that too was serving me pretty nicely but the issue started when I switched to the Ubuntu. Well I thought that it will be nice if I can have some non Windows system with me and hence I thought of having the Ubuntu. Well the installation of the OS went pretty nice and I think that ended well too. Now the thing is that I cannot hear the sound from the laptop when it is in the Ubuntu mode. Please help me in this situation as I am new to the environment of Ubuntu and it will be nice if I can have some easy steps to get back the sound on this laptop.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
What is your favorite mat for rolling/cutting fondant?
the 36x36 i paid $70 for about 12 years ago
AWhat brand?
i mispoke i measured it and it's 30x30--i got it from geraldine randlesome
this might be like it
check out her impression mats wile you're there
This one is very popular
I got the blue silicone mat from Ateco....I love it.
I have the blue Ateco 24 x 36 mat. It is wonderful!
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text:
International Relations and Politics (BSc Econ)
Learn how to analyse the behaviour of key international organisations and the way they address the challenges facing today's world.
International Relations is a branch of Political Science that examines the role of states, international alliances, non-governmental organisations and multinational companies in an increasingly globalised world. As part of this degree programme at Cardiff, you will have the opportunity to focus on global politics and world affairs as well as having the opportunity to attend a lecture series hosted by the University on International Relations & International Law, which has featured high profile speakers from institutions such as NATO and the UN Security Council.
In your first year you will concentrate on core modules, while in your second and third years you are able to choose from a wide range of optional modules. You must study a certain number of International Relations modules, but beyond this the full range of Politics modules is available.
Key facts
|UCAS Code
|Entry point
|September 2016
|3 years
|Typical places available
|Typical applications received
|Typical A level offer
|AAB excluding General Studies
|Typical Welsh Baccalaureate offer
|Grades AAB from a combination of 2 A levels and the Welsh Baccalaureate Advanced Diploma Core
|Typical International Baccalaureate offer
|34 points with 6,6,5 at HL
|Other qualifications
|Applications from those offering alternative qualifications are welcome. Specific admissions and selection criteria for this degree programme can be found online.
Detailed alternative entry requirements are available for this course.
|QAA subject benchmark
Politics and International Relations
|Admissions tutor(s)
Mr Jonathan Kirkup, Admissions Tutor
Miss Louise Hearse, Course Administrator
Important Legal Information: The programme information currently being published in Course Finder is under review and may be subject to change. The final programme information is due to be published by May 2016 and will be the definitive programme outline which the University intends to offer. Applicants are advised to check the definitive programme information after the update, to ensure that the programme meets their needs.
The Politics and International Relations degree programme at Cardiff takes three years to complete.The first year is an introductory year. It is the results of the second and final years of study that determine your degree classification. The degree is made up of compulsory modules as well as optional modules, allowing you to tailor your degree to reflect your specific interests. A particular feature is the option of writing a dissertation in your final year. This is highly regarded by employers because it indicates that you can do original research.
Year one
You will study 120 credits in your first year, from the list of available modules below.
|Module title
|Module code
|Introduction to Government
|20 credits
|Introduction to European Integration
|20 credits
|Introduction to International Relations
|20 credits
|Module title
|Module code
|Introduction to Political Science
|20 credits
|Introduction to Globalisation
|20 credits
|Y Da, Drwg a'r Gwleidyddol - The Good, the Bad and the Political
|20 credits
|Introduction to Political Thought
|20 credits
Year two
The numbers of modules you take in Year 2 will depend on whether you are studying towards a Single Honours or Joint Honours Politics degree. Optional modules in Year 2 currently include:
|Module title
|Module code
|British Politics since 1945
|20 credits
|International Security - Concepts and Issues
|20 credits
|Democracy in Crisis?
|20 credits
|Politics and Policies of the European Union
|20 credits
|Justice & Politics: Contemporary Political Theory
|20 credits
|Global Justice
|20 credits
|Conducting Political Research
|20 credits
|International Law in a Changing World
|20 credits
|Political Thought from Marx to Nietzsche
|20 credits
|O'r Groegiaid i Gymru
|20 credits
|Credoau'r Cymry
|20 credits
|Political Thought from Machiavelli to Rousseau
|20 credits
|International Security: Concepts & Issues
|20 credits
|Global Justice
|20 credits
|Politics International Exchange
|60 credits
Year three
The numbers of modules you take in Year 3 will depend on whether you are studying towards a Single Honours or Joint Honours Politics degree. Optional modules in Year 3 currently include:
Lectures provide a broad structure for each subject, introduce key concepts, and convey relevant up-to-date information. These are outlined in course syllabi.
Seminars provide an opportunity to ask questions and discuss key ideas in a small group environment. Their purpose is to assist you to integrate the information and ideas you receive from lectures and readings and to explore issues critically and in depth. Set questions and readings form the basis for discussion by directing your attention to relevant aspects of the subject matter and to various types of sources of information. Giving presentations develops your capacity to gather, organise and synthesise relevant information and ideas and to communicate these in a logical and concise manner. Tutor-led and student-led discussion hones logical skills and gives you practice in applying different concepts, theories and methods to the subject-matter at hand. It also exposes you to different interpretations of political ideas and events. Group problem-solving helps to develop collaborative skills.
Essays and examinations are used not only for assessment purposes but also as a means of developing your capacities to gather, organise, evaluate and deploy relevant information and ideas from a variety of sources in reasoned arguments. Prior advice and written feedback (for essays) are used to help you understand what is required.
In 2013/14, 96% of the School's graduates who were available for work reported they were in employment and/or further study within six months of graduation.
Politics and International Relations at Cardiff is a respected recruitment pool for a variety of employers within this sector with the Public Service Ombudsman for Wales, the Department for Education, Oxford City Council, the UK Border Agency and a range of political parties all recruiting from the last graduating year.
Outside of the political sector, the degree is of interest to employers in both the public and private sectors, with graduates taking up management training opportunities within EY, Enterprise Rent A Car, Zurich Insurance and King Worldwide.
3 Year(s)
Next intake
September 2016
Places available
The School admits 230 students each year to its undergraduate degree programmes
Applications received
QAA subject benchmark
|QAA subject benchmark
Politics and International Relations
Overview and aims of this course/programme
International Relations at Cardiff is an exciting, extensive and challenging academic programme which covers a broad range of areas in International Relations.
International Relations, though it shares the concerns of Politics, focuses more on the regional and global arenas. Traditionally, it is concerned with anarchy (the absence of international or global government) and the conflictual and co-operative engagement between states, however contemporary International Relations is also increasingly concerned with engagement between states, intergovernmental organisations (such as the United Nations) and other non-state actors such as transnational corporations and non-governmental organisations (such as Amnesty International, Oxfam and Greenpeace) and also individuals(for e.g in relation to human rights and international criminal justice).
In the Bsc Econ International Relations and Politics programme we aim at
· Encouraging the development of a critical perspective towards problems in international relations;
· Developing a systematic understanding of international relations and a critical appreciation of debates relating to key concepts and processes;
· Providing a flexible structure that facilitates a broad and balanced education in the key areas of international relations
· Producing graduates with the intellectual and employability skills appropriate both for further study and for a range of working environments
· Providing opportunities for students to fulfil their academic potential, acquire research and transferable skills, maximise their career potential and achieve personal growth
· Providing students with a sound basis of knowledge, understanding and skills in the main areas of international relations.
Our Bsc Econ International Relations and Politics degree is highly respected by employers, both within the political environment and outside. Our graduates are able to demonstrate a wide portfolio of acquired skills, such as oral and written communication skills, research skills and analysis, teamwork, self-management and problem solving skills which are in demand across both public and private sectors.Politics at Cardiff is an exciting, extensive and challenging academic programme which covers a broad range of areas in the study of Politics, including International Relations, Political theory, European Union, domestic political systems and public policy.
What should I know about year five?
· Attend all Lectures and seminars
· Engage with all forms of in-course assessment to allow self-reflection on progress towards the learning outcomes
· Engage in independent study in addition to taught study. Increasing independence of learning is expected as the programme progresses
· To complete the required reading and self-directed study.
· Students are expected to adhere to the Cardiff University policy on Dignity at Work and Study.
How is this course/programme structured?
This is a three year, full time programme require, consisting of 120 credits a year.
What should I know about year four?
Any equipment required will be supplied by the School.
What should I know about year three?
This degree programme will allow you to develop a number of valuable skills. Students who are awarded a Single or Joint Honours Politics degree will be able to:
· Gather, organize and deploy evidence, data and information from a variety of sources;
· Develop a reasoned argument, synthesize relevant information and exercise critical judgement;
· Reflect on their own learning and make use of constructive feedback;
· Manage their own learning self-critically.
· Communicate ideas effectively and fluently, both orally and in writing;
· Use communications and information technologies for the retrieval and presentation of information;
· Work independently, demonstrating initiative, self-organisation and time-management;
· Collaborate with others and contribute to the achievement of common goals.
What should I know about the preliminary year?
The programme uses several different methods of teaching and learning. During your degree, you will attend lectures and participate in seminars. The lectures provide a broad structure for each subject, introduce key concepts, and convey relevant up-to-date information. These are outlined in course syllabi. The Seminars are kept small and usually average between 12-15 students. It provides an opportunity for students to ask questions and discuss key ideas in a small group environment. Their purpose is to assist students to integrate the information and ideas received from lectures and readings and to explore issues critically and in depth. The seminars are also designed to give students an ample opportunity to participate and to provide close contact between them and members of the academic staff.
Furthermore, the programme is delivered through students' independent reading, preparation of essays and presentations, as well as feedback on essays and presentations by academic staff.
We also host a public lecture series on International Relations & International Law, featuring eminent practitioners and academics. Some of the speakers, include a former United Nations Acting Commissioner for Human Rights, a former UK Ambassador and Permanent , a former UK Permanent representative to NATO and the UN Security Council, a member of the United Nations International Law Commission and a member of the United Nations Sub-committee on the Prevention of Torture.
What should I know about year one?
These programmes are assessed mainly by essays and examinations. Other forms of assessment include seminar presentations, class tests, book and article reviews, and dissertation.
Formative feedback is given in tutorials, discussion classes and problems classes as well as through individual written comments on coursework.
Other information
- Each module uses the Central Learning website, a Virtual Learning Environment at Cardiff University. Through the Central Learning site you will have access to relevant materials for the module, such as multimedia materials, presentations, lecture handouts, bibliographies, further links, electronic exercises, discussion groups, etc.
- Academic Tutors have office hours for students to meet and discuss any learning queries as well as the opportunity in seminars.
- The School has a wide programme of visiting speakers and guest lectures and students are encouraged to attend.
- There will be an opportunity for you to reflect on your progress and on the skills that you will develop through a section on the Central Learning site called Planning Personal Development.
- Furthermore, centrally the university has a range of services to support you, including the Careers Service, the Counselling Service, the Disability and Dyslexia Service, the Student Support Service, and excellent libraries and resource centres.
Distinctive features
International Relations:
Graduates from this programme will be able to:
Have a critical understanding of various international relations theories, the nature of the international system and of global power structures, with main focus in terms of agencies such as States, International Organisations and other non-State actors, along with a command of associated transferable skills, such as:
· Understand the nature and significance of politics as a global activity;
· Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of historical evolution and contemporary character of world politics;
· Apply concepts and theories used in the study of international relations to the analysis of political ideas, practices and issues in the global arena;
· Make use of empirical evidence to illustrate the applicability and limitations of the aforementioned concepts, theories and methods
· Evaluate different interpretations of world political issues and events.
· Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of key aspects of contemporary international relations, embracing global and also regional studies, such as the European Union;
· Critically engage with contemporary research materials in the relevant
areas of international relations
· Effectively managing time, tasks and resources
· Students will also have the opportunity to develop their skills in a language.
Politics programmes aim to develop in students a critical understanding of key aspects of modern politics, including International relations, domestic politics of key European states, European Union politics and political theory, along with a command of associated transferable skills.
Students who are awarded a Single or Joint Honours Politics degree will be able to:
· Identify and explain the central concepts of political science, and demonstrate familiarity with the vocabulary of political discourse;
· Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of key aspects of normative and empirical Political Theory;
· Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of key aspects of modern politics, including the structure and operation of selected European political systems at the national and European Union levels and international politics embracing global and regional studies;
· Demonstrate particular expertise in Political Theory and/or European Politics and/or international relations in the case of Joint Honours students, and in the case of Single Honours students: for Political Theory this means a critical understanding of key ideas selected from the history of political thought and contemporary political theory; for European politics this means a critical understanding of the structure and operation of selected European political systems at the national, European and/or regional level, along with an awareness of the social, economic and cultural contexts of political behaviour and theoretically-informed views of the factors that account for political change; for international relations this means a critical understanding of the nature of the international system and of global power structures, with main foci in terms of agencies such as States, International Organisations and other Transnational actors, along with an awareness of international political theories;
· Appreciate the uncertainty, ambiguity and limits of knowledge;
· Apply different concepts, theories and methods to the analysis of political ideas, institutions and behaviour;
· Examine and evaluate different interpretations of political issues and events;
· Make use of contemporary research, such as articles in refereed journals.
How will I be taught?
· the opportunity to pursue a degree programme which develops the skills that are relevant to the academic world and the world of work alike
· the emphasis on practical research skills that will benefit you throughout your career
· the emphasis placed on independent learning in a supportive environment
· Further information on schemes, modules, teaching methods and assessment can be found on the Politics website.
Admissions tutors
Mr Jonathan Kirkup, Admissions Tutor
Miss Louise Hearse, Course Administrator
Key Information Sets (KIS) make it easy for prospective students to compare information about full or part time undergraduate courses, and are available on the Unistats website.
Get information and advice about making an application, find out when the key dates are and learn more about our admissions criteria.How to apply


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AadmM's Vector Art!
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November 27th, 2010 (11:44 PM).
Pokémon Artist
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These are very cool! And you can request too? I wanna see Typhlosion, my favorite Pokémon :D if it's okay.
Please feed my Pokémon and warm my eggs.
Thanks for everyone who have clicked these, you've helped me a lot
Anyone has Club Nintendo codes that you don't need? I want those.
If you have one code for me I can trade you my Explorers of Sky code as I can't put it because I have registered already one. (Registered my brother's game and now I can't register mine...) Someone have same thing? PM me.
I know there's nobody who wishes to do this xD
I'm talking about Club Nintendo of Europe.
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Explaining 'Fifty Shades': How Bondage Solves the Problem of Modern Love
Since its release last year, the erotic novel "Fifty Shades of Grey" has become a global best-seller. Its success has spawned a debate over whether sadomasochism is demeaning or liberating for women. In an essay for SPIEGEL ONLINE, award-winning sociologist Eva Illouz argues that the book describes an antidote to modern relationships.
Have you ever had sadomasochistic fantasies? If you are like me, not only have you never had any, but you even view sadomasochism as an exotic and very distant land. Assuming that most people are boringly similar to me, then it is a puzzle how "Fifty Shades of Grey" -- a romance novel in which BDSM (short for Bondage & Discipline, Dominance & Submission, Sadism & Masochism) is the central plot motif -- became a phenomenal global success.
Unsurprisingly, the book has elicited fierce feminist controversies in the United Kingdom and the United States regarding the question of whether submissiveness is a violent or emancipating fantasy for women. But, as a cultural sociologist, I suggest that, before we engage in a discussion about the politics of the book, we should try to understand why it provides pleasure -- of the symbolic rather than sexual variety.
Best-sellers are always a puzzle. Most of the time, no one predicts their success; and yet, once they do succeed, it is as if their success was inevitable. How can we now explain that the new worldwide best-seller "Fifty Shades of Grey" not only succeeded, but did so despite its mind-boggling flaws as a piece of literature?
He's Not Like Other Men
To a sociologist, a best-seller is defined by its capacity to resonate with our social experience in at least three different ways: It contains some very familiar aspects of our social experiences; it addresses -- in a veiled or explicit way -- an aspect of that ordinary experience which is difficult, elusive and a source of constant bafflement; and it offers a symbolic, fantasized resolution to this bafflement.
"Fifty Shades" has the structure of a very conventional romance. The story is set in Seattle and focuses on Anastasia Steele, a college girl who is still a virgin when she meets the very attractive, successful and young Christian Grey. For the first time in her life, she experiences intense sexual desire and finds in him an exceptional sexual partner. Indeed, something sets him apart from other men: He will enter a full relationship with her only if she signs a contract in which she willingly agrees to become his "submissive." That is, she agrees to be beaten, spanked and tied up, to lower her eyes in his presence, to sleep the number of hours he prescribes for her, and to eat the foods and wear the clothes only he chooses for her. In addition to this contract, she is also asked to sign a nondisclosure agreement preventing her from divulging to anyone the nature of their relationship.
With these elements, the book represents a perfect mixture of a very conventional romance with an intensely charged erotic novel centered on a BDSM contract. This is familiar territory. Since the 18th and most definitely 19th century, romance novels have given expression to women's search for love using the pleasurable formula in which the heroine meets an attractive but dark and threatening man who later reveals himself to love and be devoted to her.
"Fifty Shades" also treads on another familiar terrain as it raises the now-obsessive question of the role that free sexuality should play in women's lives. It is a question largely popularized through such TV series as "Sex and the City" and, more recently, through the widely popular HBO series "Girls." Sexuality in its many forms has also become a familiar theme through the process, which some have identified as the "pornification" of culture or the mainstreaming of pornography in culture.
'I Don't Do the Girlfriend Thing'
In "Fifty Shades," the familiar search for love and good sex is used to address the endlessly baffling question that has become a chief preoccupation for psychologists, sociologists, artists, writers and ordinary people: What do men and women want when they are together?
The relationship that progressively unravels between Christian and Anastasia displays their gendered and divided desires: "I don't do the girlfriend thing," he says repeatedly, in addition to, "I don't make love ... I fuck hard." She, on the other hand, is preoccupied with her intense desire for him, struggling to make sense of his aloofness and mood swings as well as her endless self-doubts and surprise at being desired. "His sudden aloofness makes me paralyzed," she thinks. "He wants me?" she asks.
But each wants the same thing: for the other to desire him/her exactly as he/she wants. "I need him to want me like I want," Anastasia tells herself incessantly, whereas he ceaselessly says: "I want you to want to please me." Each wants to remain free, and each wants to enslave the will and the desire of another.
This is indeed the Hegelian conundrum around which modern sexual and romantic relationships labor around, often hopelessly so. This is also why romantic relations have become full of ambivalence (replete with conflicting emotions and desires), of uncertainty (we never really know what their rules are, or what their outcome will be), and of indeterminacy (poised between the casual and the committed, the painful and the pleasurable, the secure and the anxious).
The Promise of BDSM
- By definition, a BDSM relationship contains both pain and pleasure and thus neutralizes the ambivalence of relationships that alternate between pain and pleasure.
- One of the greatest difficulties of modern relationships is relinquishing one's autonomy to another because, in doing that, our sense of dignity is always at stake. The BDSM contract does the logically and psychologically impossible: It makes one willingly give up one's will and autonomy to another. In that sense, it solves the problem of relinquishing one's autonomy.
- The equality that has been promoted by 40 years of feminism demands ongoing, ceaseless negotiation. The BDSM contract stops the endless bargaining by setting up and freezing caricatured and exaggerated roles and positions. In fact, BDSM makes inequality acceptable because it is consensual, contractual and pleasurable.
- Finally, sadomasochism can take place only between two people who fully trust each other. The dominant partner stops hurting the submissive partner as soon as he or she says the code word. In that sense, BDSM is the very performance of the scarcest commodity: trust.
Against this context, it is our ordinary heterosexual relationships that have become queer indeed: complicated and elusive and impossible to predict and control. They demand an enormous sophistication in our capacity to play many roles, endlessly negotiate boundaries and make sense of our own and the other's ambivalence. If conventional relationships have become queer, then the romance between Grey and Steele suggests that BDSM actually holds the promise of erasing that queerness by giving us access to erotic ecstasy without the anxiety of ambivalence and uncertainty.
BDSM: a utopia of normal relationships for our times?
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- The Missionary's New Position: Former Pastor Opens Sex Shop For Christians (04/20/2012)
- Papa Ed: The Busy Life of a Prolific Sperm Donor (04/13/2012)


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The initial inspiration for the Mount Carmel Guild came from Trenton bishop, the Most Reverend Thomas J. Walsh, who had organized a similar charitable association of Catholic women volunteers in 1911, in Buffalo, New York. In 1920, he led the Diocese of Trenton to purchase a beautiful Italianate structure at 73 North Clinton Avenue to form headquarters for the Mount Carmel Guild. For more than...
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Every year we collect items for Thanksgiving for our clients in the Emergency Assistance Department. Below is a list of items that are needed to the Thanksgiving food packages: Turkeys– 12 to 16 lb Gift Cards to area supermarkets (ShopRite, Stop & Shop, Acme, Wegmans, Walmart, etc) or Monetary donations. Canned Goods (Note: we can not accept expired, dented, or rusted cans.) cranberry...
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Annual Gala
Honoring Women Who Serve Our Community Mount Carmel Guild of Trenton will host its 20th Annual Gala at the Trenton Country Club on October 16, 2015. Six women will be honored for their dedicated volunteer service to our community. Each woman has made it a priority to give both time and resources to community organizations in need. The gala will consist of a dinner and a silent auction with the...
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About Mount Carmel Guild
The initial inspiration for the Mount Carmel Guild came from Trenton bishop,...
Every year we collect items for Thanksgiving for our clients in the Emergency...
Annual Gala
Honoring Women Who Serve Our Community Mount Carmel Guild of Trenton will...
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Emergency Assistance
he Emergency Assistance program provides emergency food to almost 8,000 families per year, feeding over 17,000 household members. Not only are some of our clients homeless, but our low-income clients also include a significant number of disabled and/or aged persons living on fixed incomes. Clients are referred to this program by numerous Mercer County agencies. Our staff assesses the needs of the entire family. Five days a week we distribute bags of food, according to family size.
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Home Health Nursing
ur Home Health Nursing program staff provides in-home nursing services to seniors whose Medicare insurance has been exhausted and have no alternative care. Our population of patients is usually homebound with geriatric diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, lung and heart disease, stroke, cancer, neuromuscular disorders and arthritis. Most are ambulatory with canes or walkers; some use wheelchairs. Our service allows them to stay in the comfortable surroundings of their own homes.
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Saturday, March 02, 2013
0 Comments | Copyright: IANS
Film: "Settai"; Music Director: S.S Thaman; Singers: Megha, Vijay Prakash, Gaana Bala, Karthik, Suchithra, Andrea Jeremiah, Chinmayi, Sricharan, Anbu Raju and Dhevan; Rating: ***
The soundtrack of "Settai", the Tamil remake of the adult comedy "Delhi Belly", doesn't have the cuss words and expletives of the original. The songs are catchy, hilarious and, most importantly, short. Each song is less than four minutes, and therefore holds the attention of the listener.
The opening track "Agalardhey agalardhey" by Megha and Vijay Prakash is one of the most popular songs of the album. Effervescent voices of the singers are strongly backed by extended bass beats played throughout the song, while the mellow tune of the synthesiser adds a nice ring to the song.
"Edhathaan kanduttey nee pudhusa" by Gaana Bala is one of the songs with lines that could easily be misinterpreted for double meaning words. However, Bala's lyrics, written with deftness, lean more towards being hilarious than sounding lewd. This is a typical Bala song crooned in his inimitable style, making it catchier than anticipated.
The next number is singlehandedly carried by Suchithra until Karthik is introduced to carry it forward. "Arjuna arjuna" may not make for the best song in the album, but is definitely one of the more stimulating songs. Thaman mellows down with his pick of instruments and largely backs the song with one or two instruments such as shehnai and occasional pads.
"Laila laila" is a heavy percussion-driven number with a touch of eastern flavour. Even though Andrea's voice adds some energy into the track, the overall composition turns repetitive with synth-based instruments. The jarring mix only turns irksome after a point in the song.
Chinmayi and Sricharan are the perfect pick for the refreshing number "Poyum poyum indha kadhalukkulle", which has witty lines by Madhan Karky. A heavy mix of acoustic and bass guitar brings forth the cheerful mood of the song. Even though Thaman's tune is catchy, there are instances in the song when one is reminded heavily of bits and pieces lifted from albums from other languages.
The theme music by Anbu Raja and Dhevan follows the tune and tempo of the Hindi chartbuster "D.K. Bose" from the original. However, the composer has refrained from using expletives and instead plays with random words and instruments.
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Talking Cat Vs. Mouse
by: Kaufcom Games Apps Widgets | 2.5K
All Android applications categories
All Android games categories
by: Kaufcom Games Apps Widgets | 2.5K
Talk to the cat and mouse, they respond with her funny voices and react to what you say or your touch.
Play with this fantastic animation game and take part in this epic war between cat and mouse. Select the figure on which side you want to stand. Spend a great time with this funny app.
★ ★ ★ Features: ★ ★ ★
✔ 3D graphics with high quality
✔ Voice interaction
✔ Funny Cartoon/Comic Style Story
✔ Many different animations: mousetrap, bomb, piano, slingshot, water hose, hammer etc.
✔ Choose your favorite character. Who is your hero?
✔ Choose the weapon you better like.
✔ Cool Games:
• Chasing game: Choose your player, and start hunting your opponent down. Find the right moment to catch your opponent.
• The Bomb: Find the right color combination to deactivate the bomb temporarily
✔ Fun for all
This app offers endless entertainment with fun and laughter for everyone! It offers children, teens and adults of all age's great amusement.
This is a free app - download it and have fun!
Tags: kingcat , говорящие приложения Говоря cat vs. Мышь на андроид арк , maus mit bombe , play talking cat vs mouse , apps kostenlos sprechende katze , funny cat vs mouse pics , скачать говоря cat vs мышь на андроид , talking p , cat vs mouse
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Question: Dear Steve, I live in France. I have lived in France for over 20 years. Last year I did my first income tax return for the United States using the amnesty program. This year I had a tax refund of $1000.94 well I have a student loan debt I knew I would not get the thousand dollars and I ... Read More »
AmBanc, Commercial Capital Banc and U.S. Underwriting Fraud Scheme
Last month the United States Attorney's Office announced that James France was indicted for wire wire fraud in connection with an advance fee scheme. Apparently, France held himself out as being in the business of commercial lending, and operated his business under various names such as AmBanc, Commercial Capital Banc and U.S. Underwriting. The indictment alleges that from around 2005 ... Read More »


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- 5389 Lezlie Lane
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Looking for a great location for your next home? Look no further than Pembrook Club Apartments in Gurnee, Illinois. These spacious, well-designed and luxurious apartments are located between Chicago and Milwaukee, making it the perfect place for busy commuters to set up home base. Located near Six Flags, Gurnee Mills, Abbott Laboratories and the Woodland school district, you won't want to miss out on this pristine community. We are also located close to Marcus Cinemas, Key Lime Cove Water Resort, Lake County Fairgrounds, Starbucks, DSW, Lone Star Steak House and more. Call us today and find out why our residents love calling Pembrook home.


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Big Five: IAPF Special by CrazyAsian1Watch
This one is for the rangers who risk their lives protecting the wildlife of Africa.
I based my first design around the White Rhino, so heres a variant based on the critically endangered Black Rhino. (various sources state they're extinct in the wild. I'm honestly not sure what the sit. rep. is but it's not good either way.)
The natural world is full of wonderful treasures that need to be protected. Let's do our best and preserve our planet for the future.
Surprisingly, you never see rhinos used as weapons in science fiction.
When it comes to African or Dessert animals I think Elephants are used a lot even in real life. I played a game called "Age of Mythology" where I piledrived two enemy bases in a multiplayer game with elephants.
The sheer terror of hearing a very loud knock on the front door and then seeing elephants break into the base. Glorious!!
Yeah, from what I understand, the Black Rhino was classified as extinct in the wild in late summer last year. A serious shame, and yet nobody I spoke to about it seemed to care for very long. Still, this is a beautiful piece of art, and I've been following your work for a good few months now. It never ceases to amaze me that you've managed to combine flowing natural designs of the animals with the bulky and advanced, yet still believable technology. And the care and time you've put into the backstories is inspiring too.
I look forward to seeing your later works, and I hope they all sell well to help raise money for the IAPF!
You need to publish your work as a book. You produce so much high quality work that it is a shame that I can not have it in one easy to view place.
I am sure it would sell well and and help the IAPF further


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Nintendo Offers a Do-Over on Balky Wii Strap
Nintendo Responds
Beth Llewelyn, Nintendo spokeswoman, on the Wii strap problems.
For a Wii replacement wrist strap, visit Nintendo's customer support Web site or call 1-800-859-4519.
Nintendo announces a voluntary replacement program of wrist straps attached to its new Wii game system's remote controls.
People playing games on the Wii console use the remote control to simulate actions such as swinging a golf club or a baseball bat.
A number of users have experienced the wrist straps breaking mid-swing, sending the remote control flying into televisions and light fixtures — and at other people. Nintendo is offering a stronger strap, free of charge, to consumers who contact the company.
Robert Siegel talks with Sam Kennedy, editor-in-chief of the gaming Web site 1up.com.
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A hot kitchen can result in more than flaring tempers. Too much heat and smoke in the air wastes money and increases the risk for fire and health problems. Keep your cool and breathe easy by understanding the ventilation basics for your commercial kitchen.
Understand Exhaust Basics
Quality ventilation works within a basic equation: air in = air out. This same equation is also used during a typical health inspection. What this means is that for however much air is pushed in for circulation, the same amount of air must be pushed out. This is the same equation fire and health inspectors use when surveying your commercial kitchen's ventilation system. Smaller kitchens are often able to rely on the building's existing HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) system to bring in and expel air to and from the kitchen. This is a common practice for quick-service kitchens. Although some kitchens can get by without separate ventilation, most commercial food service operations need a separate make-up air unit. This includes any size kitchen with high-volume and heat-intensive equipment.
First-time restaurateurs may cut corners by banking on the building's existing HVAC unit to provide the proper amount of exhaust. In many cases an existing HVAC system will pass the initial health code inspection by meeting the minimum requirements necessary. This could end up increasing utility bills and reducing productivity in the long run.
Here are some tips to help determine if your commercial kitchen needs a make-up air unit for proper ventilation:
- Make-up air is the air that is brought in to replace the air that the exhaust system has pumped out.
- A make-up air unit (also called air tempering units or duct heaters) is an appliance that is designed to maintain an indoor environment's air quality with make-up air.
- The kitchen set-up includes more than one piece of heavy-duty equipment including, broilers, ranges, wok ranges and salamanders.
- The kitchen includes equipment that uses charcoal, wood, mesquite or briquettes to produce heat for cooking.
- Temperatures in the kitchen reach unbearable highs during busy service.
- Smoke is slow to leave the air during busy hours of service.
Cleaning Up Your Act
Control healthy levels of air quality in your kitchen by containing as much cooking effluent from the air as you can. Cooking effluent is the mixture of heat, grease and smoke that is released from appliances when they are in use. This is a task that is easier said than done, but with the right measures in place a commercial kitchen can maximize its overall air quality.
Use these simple steps to directly capture the most cooking effluent in your kitchen:
- Install a make-up air unit for your commercial kitchen's exhaust system.
- Add side panels to your exhaust hoods. This will direct cross drafts up into the exhaust system.
- Push appliances against the wall to close any air gaps between the wall and the appliance.
- Install heavy-duty appliances together and in the middle of your cooking line.
- Dedicate a hood with a higher exhaust rate for broilers or other heavy-duty appliances.
Ensure Cost-Effective Operations
To understand how the air circulation in your kitchen affects your utility bill, look no further than the refrigerator and freezer in your professional kitchen. These appliances must maintain internal temperatures at a constant chilled level. With an excessive amount of heat in the air, the unit's compressor will work overtime to throw off the heat from the appliance. This extra work results in higher energy consumption, thus inflating the overall utility bill. In addition to this, the heat that is thrown off of the compressor will go back into the kitchen's air and will perpetuate the problem.
Fire Safety, Hazardous Working Conditions and Negative Effects of Improper Ventilation
Cleaning your commercial kitchen's ventilation system is as important as using it. Create a daily routine at the open and close of each business day to check and clean all exposed hoods and ducts. Schedule an annual cleaning with a professional service to clear all pathways of your ventilation system.
Be aware of the following hazards that can occur from misuse, improper maintenance and neglect of proper ventilation:
- Grease-laden hoods and ducts are extremely flammable and can result in grease fires from high-flame cooking methods.
- Humidity from steam formed in the kitchen breeds mildew and can create a toxic environment for kitchen employees.
- Poor air-quality in the kitchen can spread to the front of the house, creating issues for employees and customers with asthma or other respiratory health concerns.
- Improper ventilation increases the presence of cooking odors and may deter customer traffic.
Keeping your air quality clean is essential to running a successful restaurant. Invest in the equipment that will secure the safety of your business, employees and customers. Monitor your air quality daily and address issues, such as smoke build-up or rising kitchen temperatures immediately.
Culinair Systems Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Design
Improving Commercial Kitchen Ventilation System Performance: Optimizing Makeup Air
Professional Interior Design: Exhaust Hood & Ventilation System for Restaurants


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The current population of Sebastian Metro is 146,960 with the median age of 38. Sebastian Metro's median household income is $42,963, and the average household net worth is $330,843.
|Sebastian Metro
|United States
|Median Household Income
|Average Household Net Worth
|Median Age
|38 years
|41 years
|37 years
Age distribution represents the distribution of the population in Sebastian Metro by age group. In Sebastian Metro, the male-to-female ratio is 70,463:76,502, which is 4% lower than the ratio of Florida, which is 9,753,484:10,194,993. Age demographic data is sourced from census, 2015.
Crime rate index represents the average crime rate for a local area in comparison to nearby areas and the national average. A crime index of 100 represents the national average. Florida, has 22% more property crime than the national average, and has 45% more personal crime than the national average
Marital status represents the percent of residents in Sebastian Metro that are single, married, widowed and divorced. In Sebastian Metro, 78% of people are married and 22% of people are single. The percent of people married is 7% higher than the ratio of Florida, which is 71%. Marital data is sourced from census, 2015.
Household income distribution represents the distribution of Sebastian Metro income brackets at the household level. Overall, the median household income for Sebastian Metro is $42,963, which is 6% lower than that of Florida ($45,934). Income data for Sebastian Metro is sourced from census, 2015.
Education data represents the highest level of education attained by residents in Sebastian Metro. In Sebastian Metro, 20% of residents 18 and over graduated from high school and 31% completed a Bachelor's degree or higher, which is 1% higher than that of Florida. Education statistics is sourced from census, 2015.


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Find the limit:
because the function on top is a power function (contains the term 3x) and the function on the bottom is a polynomial.
because the function on the top is a polynomial and the function on the bottom is a power function.
because the numerator contains a power function with a negative coefficient, and the denominator a power function with a positive coefficient.
Make it rain.
The who, what, where, when, and why of all your favorite quotes.
Go behind the scenes on all your favorite films.


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All Calvin donor-funded scholarships are now available through Calvin's online scholarship tool! Students must complete the general application online and any other required steps by March 1. Once you hae completed the general application, you will be guided to applicable scholarships and the steps required for consideration. Calvin awards, over 1,000 donor-funded scholarships each year, so don't miss this annual opportunity!
Search and apply for scholarships.
History department scholarship recipients are selected by the department honors & prizes committee. Awards are determined based on the essay, grade point average, and, in some cases, financial need. The following scholarships are available specifically for history majors. Additional information and application instructions for each can be found on the online scholarship tool.
Peter D. Hoekstra Scholarships
Two scholarships were established by the history department in honor of one of its founding members and are made possible by gifts received from Dr. Robert G. and Mrs. Kathryn (Schuringa) Andree.
To apply for a Peter D. Hoekstra Scholarship, you must be a first-year student entering Calvin with the intent of majoring in history. Your high school record must demonstrate an interest and accomplishments in history and additional projects or independent study. One scholarship of $1500 was awarded in 2015. Search for this scholarship and apply using Calvin's online scholarship tool.
The history department also awards a Peter D. Hoekstra Senior Prize each year. One prize of $750 was awarded in 2015. The department faculty chooses recipients for this prize, so there is no application.
John De Bie History Scholarship
John De Bie was a former professor of history at Calvin. This scholarship was established by his family of to honor God in gratitude for his full life as a history teacher. De Bie also dreamed of being able to financially encourage individuals who plan to dedicate their lives to teaching history.
To apply for the John De Bie History Scholarship, you must be entering your junior year, be a history major pursuing a career in education, and have a GPA of 2.75 or higher. One scholarship of $1000 was awarded in 2015. Search for this scholarship and apply using Calvin's online scholarship tool.
Edwin J. and Elaine F. Van Kley Scholarship
This scholarship was established by Elaine Van Kley to encourage young scholars to seek relationships and influences among countries and people of the world, to merge faith and learning in the broadest sense. Since both Ed and Elaine had the privilege of realizing this faith and world view at Calvin College as students and staff, forty-six years in all, they are pleased to offer this scholarship to encourage future students to purse this integration and embrace world knowledge, particularly of Asia and Asian influences.
To apply for the Edwin J. and Elaine F. Van Kley Scholarship you must be entering your junior or senior year, be majoring in history, and have a minimum grade point average of 3.20 or higher in your history courses. You must also have a desire to study (in order of preference) Asian influences in the West or Asian influence on another part of the world. Preference will be given to students with financial need. Search for this scholarship and apply using Calvin's online scholarship tool.
Dr. Bernard Zylstra, S.J.D., Memorial Scholarship
Gerrit and Carol Zylstra have established this scholarship to honor their brother Bernard Zylstra, former professor of political theory and president of the Institute for Christian Studies, Toronto, Canada. Bernard Zylstra actively promoted the history and development of Christian political theory, and this scholarship is intended to support the study of Christian political theory in history and practice.
To apply for the Dr. Bernard Zylstra, S.J.D., Memorial Scholarship, you must have junior or senior standing in the year the scholarship is held, have a GPA of 3.0 or higher, and have some interest in political theory. This scholarship is awarded by the political science department. Search for this scholarship and apply using Calvin's online scholarship tool.
Sally and Bert de Vries Archaeology Scholarship
Archeology, especially in the Middle East, is a primary research interest of Bert de Vries. During his years of service in the History department at Calvin, he has been instrumental in setting up the Archeology minor, in leading a number of summer excavation trips for students to Jordan and Palestine, and in building partnerships with Middle Eastern organization and governments as well as other U.S. programs that offer field experiences in archeology for undergraduate students. The de Vries family lived in Jordan for a number of years and returns often for extended periods. Sally's expertise includes the clothing, artistry, and weaving of artisans in the area. She has collaborated on several books that highlight the beauty of their craftsmanship and the traditions that guide their work.
To apply for the Sally and Bert de Vries Archaeology Scholarship, you must be minoring in Archaeology. The purpose is to defray the costs of taking IDIS 340 at Calvin, which is the field work requirement. This scholarship is awarded each fall, rather than in the spring. Application forms will be available August 1 and applications are due October 15. Search for this scholarship and apply using Calvin's online scholarship tool.
Earl Strikwerda Memorial Scholarship
Memorial contributions from the relatives and friends of Professor Earl Strikwerda have enabled the history department to honor the memory of their former colleague with annual scholarships to junior history majors who will be returning as full-time seniors. Two scholarships of $1700 each were awarded in 2015. The department faculty chooses the Earl Strikwerda Memorial Scholarship recipients each year, so there is no application for this scholarship.


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(510) 577-3434
Online with San Leandro Assist
Monday - Friday 7:00 A.M. - 3:30 P.M.
The Water Pollution Control Division is responsible
for the regulation, collection, treatment and disposal
of wastewater from all residential and commercial sources within the City's sewer service area. It is our mission to responsibly, cost-effectively and professionally:
The The City of San Leandro is working with the San Leandro Unified School District as one of the cyclic employers providing internships to eight high school students for the month of July 2015. The interns work in groups of two. Each group spends time in three different departments in the City. As a result, we got to know eight pretty great high-schoolers this summer. Each group of two completed a waste activated sludge project. You can view them below:


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Warning: Fighting ISIS Could Strengthen Iran
Warning: Fighting ISIS Could Strengthen Iran
82 results for 'uranium'. Showing results 19 - 36
Warning: Fighting ISIS Could Strengthen Iran
US-Iran Nuke Talks Continue amid Israeli Warnings
Kerry, Iran Envoy Meet amid Looming Nuke Deadline
Netanyahu Urges Don't 'Surrender to Iran' on Nukes
Israel Faces Threats on all Sides
Netanyahu Warns of Iranian 'Fallout'
Close But No Cigar: Leaders Guarded on Iran Offer
Iran is reportedly just weeks away from producing enough uranium for a nuclear warhead. Ambassador Ido Aharoni, general consul...
Will Israel Act Alone on Iran's Nuclear Threat?
Iran Nuclear Talks Under Way
Obama Congratulates Iran's New President
Netanyahu: Iran Close to Crossing 'Red Line'
Israeli Minister: Iran Plans 'Nuclear Arsenal'
Iran Beefs Up Nuclear Program Despite Sanctions
Expectations Low for Fourth Round of Iran Talks
Iran's Supreme Leader Says No to US Nuke Talks
Iran Close to Producing Weapons-Grade Uranium
US-Iran Nuclear Talks on the Horizon?


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Will The Real HIT Please Stand Up?
If you're a regular reader of this web site or if you know who Arthur Jones, Mike Mentzer, and Ellington Darden are nothing that follows will be news to you. This is for the people who keep misusing the term "high intensity training" to refer to things like sprint interval training and various faddish infomercial exercise programs. Whenever you come across one, please share this with them and hopefully it can help reduce confusion over what HIT is and is not.
The term "high intensity training" was coined by Ellington Darden, PhD, during a presentation at Duke University in 1975 to describe the Nautilus training principles:
- Intensity – train with a high level of effort, performing each exercise to the point of momentary muscular failure
- Progression – gradually increase the resistance you use as you get stronger and better conditioned
- Form – always maintain strict form to more efficiently load the targeted muscles and minimize risk of injury
- Duration – keep your workouts brief to avoid overtraining, perform only one set per exercise
- Frequency – allow adequate time for recovery and adaptation between workouts, training no more than three non-consecutive days per week
- Order – as a general rule perform exercises in order of the sizes of the muscle groups worked, from largest to smallest
In What Is High Intensity Training? I describe HIT as "…a form of progressive resistance exercise characterized by a high level of effort and relatively brief and infrequent workouts, as opposed to typical training methods involving low to moderate levels of effort and longer, more frequent workouts."
Unfortunately, the term "high intensity training" is vague enough it can apply to almost anything done with a high level of effort including non-exercise activities. "High" is relative, "intensity" is usually incorrectly defined by others talking about exercise, and "training" can mean teaching, learning, or practicing a variety of skills and behaviors. Because of this vagueness, people currently use "HIT" to describe everything from sprint interval training to various resistance training programs done at a relatively fast pace.
If "high intensity training" is so vague, why does it matter how we use it? Because to effectively communicate it is necessary for terms to have specific, agreed upon meanings. If a word can mean anything it might as well mean nothing.
Additionally, a big problem is people getting injured doing other programs and incorrectly claiming they got hurt doing HIT. Having ignorant trainers out there teaching unscientific and often downright stupid exercise methods and programs and calling it HIT reflects negatively on those of us practicing and teaching real HIT (unfortunately, the same goes for many trainers and organizations who practice and teach real HIT very poorly, but I'll write about that some other time).
While the term is vague, Ellington Darden set the precedent for its use in the context of exercise to refer to the kind of hard, brief, infrequent exercise described by the Nautilus training principles, and it has generally been used in that manner for almost four decades now.
If you're performing max effort sprints (running, cycling, rowing, swimming, etc.) you are doing sprint interval training, not high intensity training. It shouldn't even be called "high intensity interval training" or HIIT since the terms are too similar.
Unless you are performing proper exercises (with positioning and movements based on principles of efficient muscular loading) to momentary muscular failure (real high intensity) in strict form (with a controlled speed of movement and smooth turnarounds while maintaining proper body positioning and/or alignment and path of movement) you are not doing HIT.
Stated differently, if you're doing so-called "functional" movements (movements mimicking sport or vocational skills rather than designed around specific muscle and joint functions), not consistently training to momentary muscular failure (after the initial learning stage/break-in period and with a few other exceptions), or doing your exercises in a fast, jerky manner emphasizing quantity of work over quality, you might be working hard, but you are not doing HIT.
CrossFit and its clones are not high intensity training. P90X, Insanity, and similar programs are not HIT. Those people jumping around, doing sloppy calisthenics, and sprinting in the park and calling it "boot camp" are not doing HIT. The majority of programs claiming to be high intensity training are not HIT. Regardless of what you're calling it, unless your exercise program is based on the Nautilus training principles outlined above you are not doing or teaching HIT.
About Drew Baye
34 Responses to Will The Real HIT Please Stand Up?
Steven Turner June 24, 2013 at 6:13 pm #
Hi Drew,
What puzzles me is that all this so-called HIT trainers have clients doing all sorts of stupid and dangerous activities in the name of health and fitness and every time a new and dangerous stupid fitness fad comes along they move to that. But when you show them "real" high intensity training (safe, efficient and effective) as outlined by Ellington Darden they call that "bullshit" training so to speak.
What also concerns me is that "finally" research shows that "aerobic" "steady state" style training (Arthur Jones said many years ago) is inefficient and now that HIT is most effective. So what do all these idiots do introduce/produce more forms of high impact and ballistic movements for their unsuspecting clients.
Not sure what can be done as the fitness industry has been following every dangerous fad for decades – trying to educate morons is difficult especially with all the realitity TV shows such as the Biggest Loser. These so-called expert trainers should be kicked out of the industry but all to often they are held up as "celebrated" fitness experts. These so-called experts have no idea what is meant by Nautilus "high intensity training" principles.
One of our celebrity Biggest loser trainers started writing for a national newspaper he was going to turn Australian's fitness and health around with the latest in fitness, push ups, clean and press, more high impact and ballistic movements all earth shattering new training techniques. Nothing about inroading, orderly and sequential fibre recruitment, MMF, or what Ellington Darden wrote nearly four decades ago.
I think science fiction author Robert A Heinlein best summed up the problem when he wrote "Most people can't think, most of the remainder won't think, the small fraction who do think mostly can't do it very well. The extremely tiny fraction who think regularly, accurately, creatively, and without self-delusion – in the long run these are the only people who count…"
When it comes down to it, real HIT is what you get when you apply science to the problem of how to exercise effectively, efficiently, and safely. The problem is the majority of people don't understand science and couldn't be bothered to do the necessary research or thinking required to separate fact from fiction so they abdicate judgement to so-called "experts" who often suffer from the same lack of understanding but are savvy marketers.
Craig June 24, 2013 at 10:24 pm #
Even after excluding all the things that clearly don't fit the original notion of HIT, it does seem like there is still a very large range of strength training approaches that fall under the umbrella of HIT.
At one extreme, you have people doing a big 3 every 14 days, and barely breaking a sweat cause the whole routine is done in 7 minutes. ("You can do it in your street clothes – no need to shower!"). At the other end, you have the original nautilus circuit – 10 to 12 exercises done 3 times a week. And off in the distant past are those legendary AJ circuits where he stacked up multiple exercises for the same body part (e.g., leg extension, leg press, squats), all taken to failure & rushing between sets with the effect being to put the trainee in a condition of shock, and nausea. (Wonder what Jones would have thought of the CrossFit mascot Pukie?)
So even though I am aware of the opinions of Jones, Darden, Mentzer, McGuff, Hutchins, Little, etc., I still occasionally feel like asking: Will the real HIT training method please stand up & indentify yourself?
High Intensity Training is a set of principles to be applied based on individual goals and response to exercise, rather than a specific program or workout routine. Since individual response to exercise and goals varies considerably, so do the ways the principles can be applied. Nautilus Training, Heavy Duty, SuperSlow, Static Contraction Training, etc. are all real HIT. They are all based on the same principles, they just vary in their specific application of them.
Arthur has spoken and written critically of a lot of the things which are now part of CrossFit, and would have thought it was stupid.
marklloyd June 27, 2013 at 3:52 pm #
Big 3 every 14 days or 10 exercises 3x a week; all part of the same idea. ("No sweat" 's due to low room temp & many -well-directed fans, not literally no sweat.) Within the last 2 years, (same trainer, same facility,) I've gone from "the other end" to my current Big 3,(pulldown, chest press, leg press), every 14 days, (with an alternate week of lumbar extension, L&R torso twist, & crunch, to leave the limbs alone all 14 days). The change happened gradually, an exercise less here, an extra day off there, only when progress stalled, & only kept in place if progress resumed. The result: at age 64, I've become stronger, (& appear to be leaner), almost every workout for those 2 years. I see no conflict.
Bob June 25, 2013 at 6:08 am #
Hi Drew,
Thanks for clearing that up, I have noticed that everybody has been using that term, it is good to know the history.
Since you brought up sprint interval training, what are thoughts. They seem like they could be a good companion to HIT. Which leads me to another question. Beyond diet, sleep etc. and HIT once a week or so, what other training would you recommend. It seems that something similiar to Kelly Starret's protocol of about 10-15 min per day spent on mobilization could be beneficial. I don't recall mention of this in your book, my apologies if I missed it.
I don't want to seem greedy, so please just think of these questions as suggestions for future blog posts. Thanks.
High Intensity Training will provide the same or better cardiovascular and metabolic conditioning more safely than sprint interval training. While there may be some strengthening benefit to stretching post-workout (a few studies by Westcott suggest this), and people who require increased flexibility would benefit from daily stretching, very few muscles can actually be stretched and nothing fancy is required.
ad ligtvoet June 25, 2013 at 6:40 am #
Great article again.
Certainly indeed for those not so long around,so they won't be sucked in by popular terms and start doing stupid things.
After being 30+ years in the exercise field and about 20 years concerned with HIT I can only conclude that despite all the good work done by you and all the others the exercise field is still running backwards.I know that we never will influence the majority but for those we do influence we should indeed provide the best service possible.
In that light I made it a pollicy to only spent time on those that show honest interest and not waste time on those that like the hype.
Btw.why are you sitting on your knees on that picture???
I have met Ellington once so I know his height.That means you are short of posture,probably(as seen on other pictures) short legs. On the other hand,Jim must be huge.
best wishes,
Thomas June 25, 2013 at 12:16 pm #
This reminds me of Ken Hutchins attempt to define exercise, which I think was genius (although difficult to sell to the uninformed). Also, I've noticed a trend in calling ANY kind of interval training "Tabata", which is a total and complete joke. I'd like to see any of these gym goers do the a Tabata protocol and talk so lovingly about it.
Ken's definition of exercise is probably the best, although I disagree with the requirement for a clinically-controlled environment. While exercise in a clinically-controlled environment is optimal, it is no more necessary for exercise than having a particular type or brand of equipment.
Like high intensity training, most people who think they're doing Tabata would probably be unpleasantly surprised at the difficulty if they attempted the real thing; a few minute moderate-effort warm up followed by eight maximum effort twenty-second sprints with only ten seconds of rest in between, followed by a few minute moderate-effort cool down.
Steven Turner June 25, 2013 at 9:50 pm #
Hi Drew,
Thanks for the reply above.
If we go back to A.V. Hill in the early 1900's he researched "steady-state" activities specifically running. Physiologically the HR V02 max would increase until they attained a steady state. I think that what most people do is take steady state activities and try to make it a non steady state activity (high intensity activities). The only way they can do this is to introduce high force, repetitive and ballistic type movements into the exercise program for example, walking, jogging, running, sprinting. Whilst you may increase the level of intensity of steady state activities to a certain point you than also greatly increase the risk of injury.
From what I have read Arthur Jones realised that large amounts of steady state activities were potentially dangerous for injuries. Arthur stated, in article "The Real Value of Exercise", "Running provides resistance, – jumping provides resistance. Any sort of muscle powered movement is met by some type of resistance – air resistance, water resistance, gravity, friction, or some other type of resistance. All that weight training does is CONTROL such resistance – making it possible to apply the resisatance where it is needed.
Then you also have another problem with weight training, as Arthur goes onto say that, "millions of trainees continue to use routines that are of little or no value. thus most of the potential value of weight training – the real value of weight training is never realised".
John Beynor June 26, 2013 at 11:09 am #
Hi Drew,
In applying TSC, If I can only do one or two stages of 20-30 sec., but not three with only say a perceived force output of 25-50%, is that fine? I've been experimenting for a long time now using both dynamic bodyweight and TSC, but I keep aggravating a chronic inflammatory condition and a neck injury. For many years I've been avoiding medication, but can't get away from expensive weekly chiropractic treatments for years.
Thanks, John
When performing TSC for an injured area you should not contract so hard that it causes pain during the exercise or causes the injury to act up afterwards. During the last stage you should only contract as hard as you think you can safely, and modify this based on how your body responds afterwards.
Daniel Bastida June 27, 2013 at 5:18 pm #
Notwithstanding ghost in the machine suppositions, muscle is bound by the same laws of nature as other natural phenomenon such as luminosity of stars, magnitude of earthquakes, luminosity of light bulbs, etc. Skeletal muscle has the ability to sustain long periods of low force out-put or short periods of high force out-put. In order to do one it must sacrifice the other. And it does so in a roughly logarithmic relationship.
Muscular force out-put is at its highest when contracting isometrically and is capable of near maximum force out-put at very low velocities viz. the force-velocity relationship. As one continues contraction in either an extremely slow or isometric fashion, he will exhaust the muscles only capable of low force out-puts very quickly and require the use of muscle fibers capable of higher force out-puts. If he does not allow the recovery of muscle fibers responsible for lower degrees of force out-put, he will exhaust the higher order muscle fibers and, therefore, the totality of his musculature exponentially more quickly than would other-wise be done if he were to decease his force out-put even marginally (20% for example). The reason being is that if you only expose your muscles to loads that lower order muscle fibers can handle, they will be capable of prolonged contraction and rapid recovery even upon brief opportunities of respite.
If one limits his muscular level of exertion even to intermediate order muscle fibers as with Cross-fit or HIIT one will be capable of orders of magnitude more volume, frequency and duration of mechanical loading.
The major folly with Cross-fit and other exercise modalities is their fallacious usage of the word "intensity". Cross-fit trainers use intensity to mean mechanical work over a given period of time [(reps x weight)/(time)]. This often includes increasing weight and reps and/or reducing the amount of time per set of the same amount of weight and reps. The problem with this is that it is a measure of power in the physical sense (work or energy per unit of time) rather than intensity (power per unit of area or volume). If one only effectively loads low/intermediate-order muscle fibers, then he can continue loading them almost indefinitely so long as he rests long enough between each, which is likely only several minutes. A Cross-fitter is likely to simply have his body worn out due to overall energy expenditure rather than from muscular intensity output and fatigue.
Recall that in order to engage muscle in the most meaningful way, it must be done when velocities are either extremely low or non-existent. High degrees of force out-put compelled by muscular effort must be done absent of any outside forces in order to truly measure intensity. This requires un-interrupted loading done by isometric contraction or very slow movement in order to compel the higher-order muscle fibers to power movement of a given resistance. Cross-fit merely observes the final result of the set (weight x reps/time) but ignores the mechanism by which this is achieved. An intense set of exercise may occur towards the very end of a set if the subject is so exhausted that he absolutely must utilize only his muscle fibers because the rest of his body is too trashed to jerk, sling, throw, or bounce the resistance to off-load the muscles. This would be an inadvertent and haphazard effect of such an exercise modality.
So not only is the definition of intensity given by Cross-fitters and HIIT trainers wrong in that they are really referring to power, they don't consider that it is not skeletal muscle that is powering the movement of the resistance in an uninterrupted fashion. Momentum, variations in moment arm, economy of motion, bouncing resistance onto bone, ligamentous, and tendinous tissues all contribute to a decrease in muscular intensity. If you are not utilizing an exercise protocol in order to improve the function of the only tissue that is capable of directly compelling movement, then you are at best improving a skill with mainly negligible harmful effects (swimming) or are abusing the other tissues in your body (Cross-fit).
Intensity = power/volume. If we are after exercise intensity, which is really muscular intensity, then we are after force out-put per unit of time(power) relative to a certain surface area or volume of tissue (muscle tissue). This can be measured in resistance per unit of cross-sectional area (CSA) or unit of volume (cm^3) of muscle tissue assuming that it is known unambiguously that it is only the muscle tissue that is producing the force required to move and/or hold the resistance relative to what it is maximally capable of.
Unfortunately, the most reliable metric we have now to measure muscular intensity is volitional effort diverted towards mechanical work with muscle, which is very subjective and lacks quantifiability. "Real HIT" is, therefore, by its nature far more of a qualitative form of exercise.
CrossFit gets so much wrong. I addressed a lot of this in http://www.baye.com/crossfit/
Daniel Bastida June 27, 2013 at 11:37 pm #
Oh, man.
My post was a TL;DR as it was. I am sure that a "Cross-fit is Criminal" movie series could last Spielberg the rest of his days.
It was all I could do to condense my points as I did when criticizing Cross-fit on their erroneous definition of intensity in a purely scientifically conventional sense.
Fortunately, most people drawn towards HIT and most clients who solicit HIT facilities are analytical and/or scientifically-minded. This makes it relatively easy to explain fairly complex topics. It is a pretty elegant selection process.
Ondrej July 5, 2013 at 7:52 am #
did you expriment with Zone Training/J-reps? I find it interesting option for basic equipment that might increase hypertrophy, I never tried it though. It's also hard to find any complete info on this method. It's focus on feeling/pump reminds me of focus on muscles, squeezing technique etc. But it seems like trainees without strict HIT form could benefit from Jreps.
Trainees without strict form should focus on improving their form rather than messing around with gimmicky repetition methods.
I wrote the following about J-Reps on Ell Darden's forum back in 2006. Johnston attempted to counter, but had nothing but more of the same unsupported claims and hype and challenged me to debate him on it in his publication but did not want to continue in a public forum.
I would change some of the wording I used when I wrote this, replacing "load" with "resistance" (the product of load, lever, and other factors) and in number 1. in the conclusion replace "load" with "intensity". J-reps is best categorized as a set extender rather than an intensifier because it increases the duration of work rather than the relative effort.
From 08/07/06:
"The idea that one can improve the effectiveness of an exercise by dividing the ROM into zones and performing partial movements in those zones in order from hardest to easiest overlooks the fact that while this may make each zone feel equally hard, the actual resistance encountered in each zone does not change.
What matters is the load, and if the load is insufficient in part of the ROM, it would be more practical to find a more appropriate exercise or machine or perform a partial rep over the portion range where a meaningful load is encountered.
The idea is to make the exercise harder, not simply to make it feel harder. The two are not the same.
I have been looking, and am unable to find research other than the study from MedX and comments in Arthur's writings about strength gains being position specific. Considering that test performance, even isometric, is somewhat skill dependent, and that strength is only one factor in performance, I'd need to see more research to have much confidence in this. If hypertrophy is the goal, rather than improved performance on a specific type of strength test, full range movement isn't necessary. Some movement, but not necessarily full range.
Bill de Simone and John Little have both put forth strong arguments in support of this. See Moment Arm Exercise by Bill de Simone, and the Max Contraction books by John Little.
Claims that such rep methods are effective due to increased pump are not supported by research. I am not aware of any studies showing pump to be a significant factor in hypertrophy stimulation, but I am aware of studies showing the opposite, that blood flow restriction may enhance the stimulus for hypertrophy during exercise.
In conclusion:
1. The stimulus for hypertrophy is strongly correlated with load. Making part of an exercise FEEL heavier by fatiguing the involved muscles doesn't actually make the load higher, or make doing the exercise in the lighter portion of the ROM more effective. Stage reps does not solve the problem of insufficient load.
So, find a better tool, or if possible alter the performance of the exercise to make the resistance and strength curves more congruent.
2. Some range of motion is necessary for hypertrophy (negative motion, in particular is strongly associated with cellular signaling for hypertrophy), but a full range of motion is not. Too many people have made significant gains with partial reps and methods like Power Factor Training and Bill de Simone's Moment Arm Exercise to dismiss this.
So, if you can't find a better tool or alter the performance of the exercise to make the resistance and strength curves more congruent, perform the exercise only over the range where a meaningful load is encountered. If you want to cover the full range, alternate between exercises who's resistance curves provide meaningful load in different portions of the ROM, such as dumbbell pullovers ( first half of the ROM) and straight armed cable pullovers (second half of the ROM).
3. A nice pump might feel good and make you look bigger and more vascular momentarily, but alone is not an indication of effective exercise or a significant factor in stimulating hypertrophy. It is possible to become very pumped without having an effective workout, and to have a very effective workout without much of a pump.
So, if you like being pumped up, fine, but don't evaluate your workouts based on pump.
Ondrej July 8, 2013 at 4:22 am #
Thanks. Part of the game is knowing you do the best thing for your goal and I am pretty sure I do. Sometimes it's easy to forget how much effort you put into refining your recommendations, because they look so simple. One has to be really careful not to become armchair training expert, or high volume solution seeker. It's all just procrastination.
Ben Tucker July 31, 2013 at 11:45 am #
Why does it seem natural to imagine Flanagan with a battle axe, a helmet with horns and a braided beard in that pic?
The dude is an ox of a man.
David August 6, 2013 at 9:45 am #
Hi Drew.
I am trying to asses whether the machines in my gym takes into account the changing muscletorque during the excersize-movement. Can you recommend a good read about the changing torque and force output of the single joint leg extension muscles (and other excersizes as well)
Best regards David.
Arthur Jones writes about this in his Nautilus Bulletins. A practical way to assess the resistance curve would be to perform a few very slow repetitions with a moderate weight and paying close attention to the resistance over the full range of the exercise. Assuming you are positioned properly and performing the exercise correctly, if you can feel a noticeable change in resistance at any point in the range of motion then it is not well balanced to your strength curve.
Ray July 7, 2014 at 1:40 pm #
Drew, this is old and likely won't be answered, but Clarence Bass uses HIT but he cycles his reps from 20 to 12 to 8 over four week periods each. I guess you could call it periodization. It obviously works as pictures of him in his 70s attest. What are your thought on periodization? Thanks, Ray
To paraphrase Arthur Jones, the fact that some method produced some result is not proof the same or better results could not have been achieved with another method. Periodization is no more effective for improving strength and size than training with a consistent repetition range, and may be less effective because people tend to respond best to a particular repetition range, and increasing or decreasing it arbitrarily would move them away from what is optimal for them. I discuss finding your optimal repetition range in the new High Intensity Workouts.
Hernani February 12, 2015 at 10:37 pm #
Hi Drew
I'm trying to apply some HIT training, but not with much success. Hope you can give me some hints.
See, I've been using intense workouts and paleo diet for some time. Had some good results in the beginning, lost fat, gained muscle, but I seem to have reached a stagnation point.
My workout consists of a series of 8 compound movements done in sequence with no rest between them. Medium weight, many reps (not so fast though) until failure. I do usually 2 round 2x a week.
Recently I read Body by Science. Really impressive book! Started Doug's big 5 workout routine, with super slow movement, for like a month or so. The results didn't go very well. I started gaining some fat and observed my muscle tonus slightly decreasing.
What am I doing wrong?
Hey Hernani,
You shouldn't have a reduction in muscle tone after a month even if you stopped training completely. I've had clients leave for a month or two for work or vacation and come back just as strong and with no loss of muscle. If you're gaining fat, you're eating too much. The reduction in volume would have made a slight difference in energy expenditure, but not enough to result in noticeable fat gain in such a short time frame. I recommend reading High Intensity Workouts, as this goes into significant detail about how to adjust the volume and frequency of your workouts, repetition ranges, etc. based on your body's response to exercise to optimize results. If you need more specific help after that, I'm available for consultations.
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