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Welcome To The RSF
The club for riders who enjoy a mix of on and off road cycling.
Who are We
We're certainly not your average off road cycling or mountain biking club. The RSF has a lot going on for riders of all ages, abilities and interests. Whether you are after a gentle ride on the cycle paths, an outing on the local tracks and trails, all day back-country epics, or even multi day off road touring, you are sure to find some like-minded people to ride with.
Want to Know More
Take a tour around our site to find out more about us and see what our members are getting up to. You can read the ride reports, browse the photos and there's a new section with downloadable GPS tracks for members to share their favourite trails . The events calender. is the place to search for what's happening in your area. If you like what you see why not join us for the ride – all are welcome.
Still not convinced? Why not go to our Facebook page and introduce yourself, if you have any questions we'll try our best to answer them, especially if it's about cafe stops!


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A uniquely lightweight, anti-aging foundation that has instant visible effects on skin texture. It plumps fine lines and restores the supple firmness that environmental pollutants, stress and time can take away. Foundation of Youth contains an anti-oxidant cocktail of Matrixyl 3000 and marine-based emollients that hydrate and firm the skin. Linum Seed extract minimizes the appearance of enlarged pores and Large Tree Fern extract gives a toning and lifting effect.
This foundation is wonderful and it looks great on your skin. The only problem is that you cannot take off the brush to wash it. This is unsanitary. I always wash my face and makup brushes once a week in Purity Made Simple. I wish the brush was separate that way you could wash it. Maybe someone needs to tell Duwop about this problem, other wise this foundation is great.
Remove cap, press the base of the brush toward the tube and squeeze to start the flow of product into the brush. Sweep foundation onto face and blend. Replacing the cap will automatically stop the flow.
This product can be shipped to any country to which SkinStore currently ships.
There are no DOT restrictions on the delivery of this item – you may elect to have this item sent through any of our delivery methods.

subset: commoncrawl


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Internships at CWGL
The Center for Women's Global Leadership welcomes applications from highly motivated individuals interested in learning the dynamics of transnational activism, economic and gender justice and a world where human rights for all are respected and enjoyed. Interns will be challenged to find new ways of reaching CWGL's constituencies in a globalized community and expanding advocacy and viewership to new audiences. Undergraduates and graduates are encouraged to apply, with the ideal candidate possessing the following skills:
- Demonstrated interest (academic, extracurricular, previous jobs) concerned with social justice, gender equality, or economic and social issues
- Highly organized, with strong writing skills and the ability to prioritize and assume responsibility for multiple projects.
- Has initiative, quick understanding of complex issues, and able to engage in independent learning, growth, and exploration of topics and issues related to the work of the Center
- Has familiarity with common social media platforms
- Has a positive, can-do attitude
Interns are required to spend a minimum of 10-12 hours a week though at least 3 days a week is suggested in order encourage integration with staff and to allow for greater exposure to the full range of goings-on at the Center and with allies.
Internships Offered
Program and Advocacy Intern
As an intern at CWGL you will work on issues of gender-based violence and economic and social rights, including country specific events and statistics and policy changes. The intern will be expected to have a basic knowledge of traditional and social media platforms and may be responsible for updating social media outlets. Proficiency in a second language is an asset, such as French and Spanish, but not required.
Projects and assignments have included:
- Conducting and compiling research on militarism, gender-based violence, and feminist economic analyses of human rights issues
- Monitoring gender-based violence, economic and social rights activism, current events and publications and creating resources
- Blogging and producing content in coordination with others
- Assisting in the implementation of the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence Campaign through development and dissemination of the Take Action Kit, working with Campaign participants, and helping to plan events
- Managing 16 Days Campaign media, including list serve, Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia, and YouTube
Communications Intern
The Communications intern is responsible for developing and maintaining CWGL's social media presence. CWGL engages a variety of social media tools, including Twitter, Flickr, YouTube, and Facebook, for updates, news, resources, appeals, statements, etc. In addition to the social media work, the intern will also assist with press release writing, appeals, statements, and database upkeep and website content development. The intern will work with the Communications Director. Proficiency in a second language is an asset, such as French and Spanish, but not required.
Projects and assignments have included:
- Monitor news, announcements, resources, appeals, statements, etc. from CWGL and organizations working on women's rights and economic and social rights to post on CWGL's various social media networks
- Promote CWGL and partner events, specifically the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence Campaign (November 25-December 10)
- Draft press releases, blogs and/or articles about CWGL and its programs
How to Apply
In the subject line please include your Last, First Name - Internship Title (example: West, Sam - Program and Advocacy Intern - Spring Term).
Current Interns
Elizabeth Hamilton is a junior double majoring in African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian Languages and Literatures (AMESALL) and Africana Studies with a minor in International and Global Studies. Along with having fluency in American Sign Language, she is currently studying Arabic and French. Elizabeth has worked as an ASL interpreter since 2009 and hopes to follow her love of languages and cultures into a career interpreting both signed and oral languages. Elizabeth is one of CWGL's 2015-2016 UN Youth Representatives and has begun working on the administrative side of CWGL. Upon graduation, she seeks to blend her love of language interpretation and her passion for activism into a career in which she can advocate for racial/linguistic minorities and one day interpret for the UN.
Jessie Chen is currently taking a leave of absence from the doctoral program in disability and diversity of University of Kansas. She is applying to graduate programs in social and political theory, and she hopes to obtain a PhD in this field. Her hopes is to analyze and critique social injustice and inequality in the future.
Maegan Kae Sunaz is a Rutgers University School of Arts and Sciences junior majoring in political science and women's and gender studies. She is an Institute for Women's Leadership scholar eager to learn more about human rights issues in CWGL.
Na-Yeon Park is a junior majoring in Political Science and Chinese with minors in International and Global Studies and Women's and Gender Studies. Na-Yeon is an Institute for Women's Leadership Scholar, an Eagleton Undergraduate Associate and an American Association of University Women (AAUW) National Student Advisory Council member. She received a Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship from the U.S. Department of State in 2015 to support her Mandarin studies in China, exposing her to a different culture, politics and community. Upon her return from China, Na-Yeon further realized how much she wanted to commit to a career in foreign service, and applying her three language skills--Korean, English and Mandarin-- in the workplace to contribute in strengthening international peace, security and diplomacy.
N'Zinga King is a sophomore majoring in Exercise Sciece with a minor in Psychology. She hopes to one day become a Physical Therapst working either with children or trauma patients. N'Zinga is a Douglass woman and holds a work study position here at the CWGL. She has a strong interest in social justice and human rights, and is planning to later apply what she learns here to improve her treatment of future patients.
Omaima Siddiqui is a sophomore majoring in Accounting at the Rutgers Business School. She is a part of Douglass Residential and began working at CWGL fall semester of 2015 as a communications intern. She has a strong interest in human rights and social justice and hopes working at CWGL will educate her more on these issues. She plans to incorporate what she learns at CWGL in to her later life and career.


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|Berkeley Parents Network
|Post a Msg
|What's New
Commuting from Petaluma/Sonoma County
|See Also
We're a couple in our mid-30s with a 9 month old son, live in North Oakland, and looking to buy our first home. We're harboring a dream to move to Petaluma. We've loved our visits there, but they've only been day trips. So far our concerns about moving north have revolved around three issues. One: We don't know a soul there. Is it easy to meet other families? Are people friendly? Two: We're a mixed race couple. Aside from the census statistics, would you say Petaluma is diverse, or at least accepting? Three: My husband works in the Financial District in SF (I'm a mom/dissertating grad student, so not tied to a particular location). His hours are generally 9-5, but he sometimes has to work as late as 8 pm. Driving isn't an option. Would the commute via public transportation be a killer? Do you know of carpool connections or commuter van-type situations? I've searched the archives but the posts seem a bit dated. Would love to hear your collective wisdom! potential petaluman
Yes and yes! Simply heading to the local park seems to spawn new connections.
Two: We're a mixed race couple. Aside from the census statistics, would you say Petaluma is diverse, or at least accepting?
Not really diverse (yet), but I think we're an accepting community (coming from a straight, mixed race white guy).
Three: My husband works in the Financial District in SF (I'm a mom/dissertating grad student, so not tied to a particular location). His hours are generally 9- 5, but he sometimes has to work as late as 8 pm. Driving isn't an option. Would the commute via public transportation be a killer?
Golden Gate Transit buses (#'s 74 and 76) are express to and from SF, and go through the Financial District. Travel times can vary from 50 min in the morning to 1 hr 30 min in the evening. Sometimes, there are 2+ hour afternoon commutes on a bad day. There's also the Golden Gate Ferry from Larkspur for evening commutes (last one leaves at 8ish).
Do you know of carpool connections or commuter van-type situations?
I don't, but I believe there is carpool/vanpool opportunities. Luisa
Hi, looking for folks with experience commuting from the North Bay (like Petaluma/Rohnert Park) to the Richmond area. We are thinking about buying a home there, but our job is here in the East Bay and won't be changing anytime soon. anon
I am not sure what the Petaluma-San Rafael stretch would be like in the am; you could check 511.org online, it is updated in real time.
Once you switch from 101S to 580E in San Rafael, traffic is generally good. However, if accident or high-winds cause a bridge closure, then traffic grinds to a complete halt. It doesn't happen often but it does happen. During those times my only option was to take 101 north to 37/Sears Raceway and skirt the north rim of the Bay, then connect to the Eastshore Freeway via the Carquinez Bridge. That's a good alternative route for your location.
But usually, once in the East Bay, I exited 580 and took the Richmond Parkway to connect to I-80. My other route was to drive 580 south all the way to Central Blvd, exit and then connect to the I-80, much further south. I personally would not drive any other routes through Richmond that involved going on city streets (I lived in LA and I've driven through lots of gang neighborhoods, but Richmond really scares me.)
For me, the worst part (580W to 101N) was the return, if it happened around sunset. I'm very light-sensitive and the drive west you are headed almost directly towards the sun. Once you connect to 101N, traffic can jam up, especially around central San Rafael and then again north of Novato, where the traffic lanes go from 3 to 2 (it's called ''The Narrows''). If that happens, you can always take ''the back route'' via the Petalum/Point Reyes road.
It's not a short commute, but it does takes you through some lovely country. --Hope It Works Out
My husband and I are seriously considering moving from Oakland to Petaluma. We both work in San Francisco and would not change jobs. I have concerns about commute time. We have two young children -- 1 year and 4 years -- and I don't want to be stuck in traffic four hours each day. This is our main negative when considering the move. Is anyone currently doing this commute/does anyone have experience with it? I would appreciate any insight. Thanks so much.
If you want to move, how about moving closer to work instead of farther from work? Lots of houses are available for rent or sale in San Francisco. Instead of commuting for four hours a day, you could work an extra hour or two, to put your time to better use. You could even sell one of your cars, saving even more money. Practical
In short: If you can't commute very early in the morning, I personally would not recommend making the move. Sincerely, Judiah
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BPN is now a 501(c)(3) non-profit and we are transitioning to a new website: BerkeleyParentsNetwork.org


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Jelly bean is the latest update given by Google for Android operating system. Earlier version of Jelly Bean was Android 4.0.3 which was known as ICS. (ICE CREAM SANDWICH). Before you download. I wish to tell you, that by installing Jelly Bean form any unofficial place you may loss your smartphones warranty…Many companies are still preparing list of devices to which they should give this jelly bean update.there is an option below to download Jelly bean 4.1.
Download Jelly Bean 4.1
click here is the link to downloads of jelly bean for your device (In search box type your device name and then search jelly bean ROMs for your device)
There is a manual way of installing jelly bean and its different of each device.
You can download Jelly Bean 4.1 update but before that read this warning before installing jelly bean update-
1) device battery should be charged minimum 60%.
2) correct device with correct .zip file .
3) know the correct method of manual installation.
this above are the important points to be remembered before updating to Jelly Bean.
you can download jelly bean 4.1 but update is only applicable for only smartphone. which have better hardware configuration.There are only high-end smartphones which are capable of getting this jelly jean update. examples of smartphones which can get jelly bean update are-
i hope you got some my this post…


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Setting the scene: Patriots-Jaguars
|12.23.12 at 11:31 am ET
The forecast calls for mostly cloudy skies and temperatures in the mid-50s at EverBank Field in Jacksonville as the Patriots look to bounce back from their 41-34 loss to the 49ers Sunday night and stay alive for one of two first-week byes in the AFC playoffs.
There are several scenarios possible for the Patriots. If the 10-4 Patriots win, they could move into the No. 2 spot with a Broncos (11-3) loss at home to the Browns. The Pats would control their own destiny for a bye with a win over the Dolphins on Dec. 30 at Gillette Stadium.
If the Patriots and Broncos win, then the No. 2 spot will likely come down to the final weekend, when the Broncos host the Kansas City Chiefs.
There is an outside chance the Patriots could still wind up with the No. 1 seed. They would need the 12-2 Texans to lose to Minnesota today at home and at Indianapolis next week. The Patriots would need to win both games and also have Denver lose once.
The Texans clinch the No. 1 seed and home field throughout the AFC playoffs with a win today or next week.
The Patriots will have to win without three regulars. Rob Gronkowski will miss his fifth straight game after breaking his left forearm on Nov. 18 against the Colts. He did not make the trip to Jacksonville for the game. Also out for the game is Brandon Spikes with an ankle injury. Rookie defensive back Alfonzo Dennard is out after tweaking his right knee late in the first half last Sunday night against the 49ers.
All three players practiced this week but were limited before being ruled out by the Patriots on Saturday night.
The Patriots will look to avoid back-to-back losses in December for the first time since 2002, the third year of the Bill Belichick era in Foxboro. The Patriots are 21-1 in the second half of the season, losing last week for the first time since Jan. 3, 2010.
The Patriots enter the game with an NFL-leading 506 points. They are the first franchise in NFL history to score 500 or more points in four seasons (2007-589), (2010-518), (2011-513) and this season.
The Patriots also join the 1999-01 Rams as the only teams to have scored 500 or more points in three straight seasons, with Belichick becoming the first NFL coach to oversee three straight such seasons.
Latest from Bleacher Report
- Patriots Feature Formidable 3-Man Pass-Rush Rotation
- Patriots File Amicus Brief Supporting Brady's Deflategate Suspension...
- Deep Battle Brewing for Roster Spots at WR for Patriots
- Robert Kraft Comments on Handling of Tom Brady's Deflategate Suspension
- Freeney Would Add No Value to Patriots Defense
- Can Malcom Brown Make 2nd-Year Jump for Patriots?
- Is Cannon Safe on Patriots' Roster?


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Memorial Day Weekend is the traditional kickoff to the summer season. Many people will hit the beaches, the river and have cookouts. It signals that time of the year when summer is on the horizon and we all tend to relax a little bit. But Memorial Day is much more than that.
I grew up with a father who was a history teacher. He also served in the U.S. Army. As long as I can remember, Memorial Day meant one thing to me: A time to pause and remember those who died in service to our nation. We always attended Memorial Day parades, flew the flag, my brother headed to the local cemetery with the Veterans of Foreign War to play taps, I always participated in the VFW essay contest. We also had cookouts. But a year never went by that we didn't remember those who fought and died for our country and participated in events to honor them.
There are still plenty of events for you to attend to remember the real reason for the day. And we'll be out there covering them for you just in case you can't get to them. But if you check with your local town you are sure to find a Memorial Day observance nearby.
So as Memorial Day 2008 nears, and we all enjoy what looks like a great weekend to be outdoors to relax, let's also remember those who gave their lives so we can do that.


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Jennifer Lopez spends Thanksgiving with new manJennifer Lopez reportedly spent Thanksgiving with her new boyfriend Casper Smart.
The singer-and-actress went to the island of Kauai in Hawaii with her three-year-old twins, Max and Emme - her kids with estranged husband Marc Anthony - and other family members, as well as the 24-year-old back-up dancer to celebrate the annual holiday yesterday (24.11.11), according to RadarOnline.com.
Although she decided to getaway for Thanksgiving, the 42-year-old didn't plan to relinquish her cooking duties on the island.
She said: "I'm just going be with my babies. We'll cook a turkey, which will be good, and then we'll eat it!"
Meanwhile, Casper - who has been dating Jennifer for a few weeks - could be sent to jail for 90 days after he racked up a number of speeding and traffic-related charges.
According to police records, he was charged with driving without a valid license in 2004, 2006 and 2007 and he has previously been stopped for speeding, driving at over 100 miles per hour, and charged with illegal drag racing.
Casper has posted $26,000 bail in relation to the charges and he must complete 10 days of community service before he appears in court on January 5 2012, which could see him sentenced to 90 days in prison.
Have an question? Get it answered by AskMen's guyQ.


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Latest deals for Kildare County hotelsShow all Kildare County hotels
Suggested Kildare County hotelsShow all Kildare County hotels
Norcenni Bed and Breakfast
Kildare County 10 /10Superb
Ballindrum Farm Bed and Breakfast
Kildare County 9.9 /10Superb
Lawlors Hotel Naas
Kildare County 9.1 /10Superb
K Club Hotel Kildare
Kildare County 9.0 /10Superb
Carton House Hotel
Kildare County 9.0 /10Superb
Moyvalley Hotel Golf Resort
Kildare County 9.0 /10Superb
Court Yard Hotel Leixlip
Kildare County 9.0 /10Superb
Clanard Court Hotel
Kildare County 8.9 /10Great
Keadeen Hotel Newbridge
Kildare County 8.9 /10Great
Beckett's Hotel
Kildare County 8.9 /10Great
Bridge Bed and Breakfast
Kildare County 8.8 /10Great
Lord Edward
Kildare County 8.7 /10Great
Celbridge Manor Hotel
Kildare County 8.5 /10Very Good
Leixlip House Hotel
Kildare County 8.5 /10Very Good
Liffey Valley House Hotel
Kildare County 8.5 /10Very Good
Osprey Hotel & Spa Naas
Kildare County 8.4 /10Very Good
Barberstown Castle Hotel Straffan
Kildare County 8.3 /10Very Good
Westgrove Hotel
Kildare County 8.3 /10Very Good
Glenroyal Hotel Kildare
Kildare County 8.3 /10Very Good
Killashee House Hotel & Villa Spa
Kildare County 8.2 /10Very Good
Springfield Hotel Leixlip
Kildare County 8.1 /10Very Good
Mill Lane House Bed and Breakfast
Kildare County 8.0 /10Very Good
Maudlins House
Kildare County 7.5 /10Good
Monaghans Harbour Hotel
Kildare County 7.4 /10Good
Carlton Abbey Hotel
Kildare County 7.1 /10Good
Hazel Hotel Monasterevin
Kildare County 7.0 /10Good
Kilkea Castle Hotel and Golf Club
Kildare County
Moyglare Manor Hotel Maynooth
Kildare County
The Ambassador Hotel Kill
Kildare County
The Stand House Hotel Kildare
Kildare County
Eagle Hill Farmhouse Kildare
Kildare County
Lotus Lodge Maynooth
Kildare County
Kildare County hotels map
View mapKildare County intro. The Irish county of Kildare is located 50kms to the west of the capital city of Dublin. The town is the republic's traditional centre for thoroughbred horse breeding and was also the venue for the first ever car race in the British Isles. The Gordon Bennett Cup in auto racing was held here at early as 1903. There is a fine choice of hotels in Kildare, many of which can be found in the precinct between the railway station and Dublin Street. There is an abundance of attractions to be found nearby, including the medieval St Brigid's Cathedral and its adjacent Round Tower. The Curragh Racecourse and the complex that comprises the exquisite Japanese Gardens, the Horse Museum and the Irish National Stud are also highly recommended to visitors. Curragh hosts all the classic events on Ireland's racing calendar, including the Irish Derby Stakes. The plain that stretches out from the racecourse is a must-visit site for nature lovers. Central Kildare is home to a great number of pubs and restaurants where traditional fare and ales can be enjoyed; often to the accompaniment of live music.
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For great golf discounts at Sierra Lakes and other area courses please visit, www.DonovanDaily.com. Visit www.WhisperingLakesGolf.com for the Inland Empire's best low priced golf course.
Local Massage Store: If sore from golf, make sure you visit MASSAGE ENVY located not far behind #14 green
16391 Sierra Lakes Pkwy, Suite 100 (909) 355-5553
Sierra Lakes Shopping Center Sierra Lakes Commercial Corridor Directory
Local New Housing Communities Local upscale apartment communities


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The Innkeeper Argonian by zp92Watch
©2013-2016 zp92
"Need a room for the night? Please take your key..."
She is NOT my argonian gal, Otachi FYI
She is NOT my argonian gal, Otachi FYI
That is so weird... Why do I like this so much?!
I married an Argonian, then i made armor out of Smaug's mother
This is that place in Riften, right?
"I have no idea what it is you imply, master. I am but a poor Argonian innkeeper."
"So you are, my dumpling. And a good one at that. Such strong legs and beautiful feet."
"You embarrass me, sir!"
"So you are, my dumpling. And a good one at that. Such strong legs and beautiful feet."
"You embarrass me, sir!"
Yes my scullery maid, will you please take care of my loaf.
Thats... really really hot!
Why do I think that is hot?
Why do I think that is hot?
I didn't know Argonians were mammals. Is that why she has boobs?
Argonians rock
Email me a nude version of that
could you do a flame or rock atronarch? those would look soooo sexy.
Well that's a clever way to attract guests. Even if they don't need a room they'll still take it just to get one of those keys (and probably finger stroke the sole while doing it) off the toes. Loving the idea.
She probably is. I mean those boobs can't be real. Argonians aren't mammals. hahaha
*downloading Skyrim bondage mod* ...oh yes, miss. Just stay RIGHT like that... This'll just take a moment.
Noble: ah yes I'd like a room for the night. I've been traveling great distances. So I just to take some time to relax, get a good meal, resupply, and get a good nights rest. Thank you, may your business run for a very long time!
Hey, Almost like My Argonian Lass.
More likely, she'll keep me in HER room.
mmm, such sexy and amazing feet soo hot.
Cute! May I hug her?
This made me to play as a female arganian
The keys might be stuck there! I might have to pull harder!
Yes ma'am. ^^ Is there anything else your inn has to offer? Or you perhaps my lovely lady?
I always get aroused by the Innkeeper. E.e *sighs as I walk up to my room*
Keep your humans and elves cause I got me some clawed and scales. I know that doesn't exactly rhyme but u know what I mean 😉
I assume there's a free mead, if I take the key, without using my hands?
"The lusty Argonian maid"
Read the book.
Read the book.
Finally! Another Argonian pic! Thank you!!! Amazing work too!
BEAUTIFUL work of er~! I love this girl and noticed Argonians, while not having super detailed feet, have some of the more detailed feet in the game~ Hheeheh
But wonderful work on her!
The soles, as usual by you, look absolutely stunning, and beautiful as can be~ The keys particularly look very nice and excellent job on her cloths~! Not to mention on her, herself! She looks absolutely stunning and just excellent work~
Also wonderful job on the dark colors and lighting, it matches the background incredibly well and just excellent work!
nice bra, i love the anthro races in Skyrim, plez do a Kajiit plz!
I guess I'll have to take her to my bed room and give her the tip
So sexy
I'd like to "ask" her for some rumors
Not bad, liking that closeup view of her soles. Darn, I can't get the keys off her toe! Guess she has to come up to my room with me, so she can help.
Is she like the Argonian Maid
Sexy feet right there
There just is not enough hot Argonian material on the internet, especially not of this quality.
Is that Keerava who runs the inn in Riften?
Whoever it is, I'll pay all the gold I have if I can lick those sexy feet <:3
Whoever it is, I'll pay all the gold I have if I can lick those sexy feet <:3
I hope she accepts"tips" ....
Exceedingly sexy, sir. :3
shes quite attractive
now her inn i'd go all the time
Oh my, she is interesting.
Nice feet!~


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Prince was both a music legend and a style icon
Prince never failed to wow us with his style choices over the years! Remember the legend for the fashion icon that he was.
Listen to Prince Radio on iHeartRadio
Photo: Getty Images
Ne-Yo Live in Brooklyn
Songs You Didn't Realize Prince Wrote
Prince Fans Pay Tribute
Women Linked To Prince


text:
If your facility or a facility you serve has not used low profile 24" half round waste receptacles, … [Read more...]
3 Advantages of Domestically Manufactured Metal Waste Receptacles
Domestically manufactured trash and waste receptacles come with many built in advantages. Today we … [Read more...]
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When we purchase any product, such as a waste receptacle, there are many costs and benefits to … [Read more...]
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When you think about trash receptacles, you think about the utilitarian nature and functional aspect … [Read more...]
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Glaro Inc. is well known for its versatile finishing options that include 29 smooth and baked powder … [Read more...]


text:
Saving America's Treasures (Hardcover)
Spearheaded by such luminaries as First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton and influential preservationists Richard Moe, the groundbreaking Save America's Treasures campaign is showcased in this tribute to American's rich heritage. Items targeted by the campaign include Babe Ruth's scrapbooks and Louis Armstrong's archives. Photos.
About the Author
Dwight Young has been actively involved in historic preservation for almost 30 years. He joined the staff of the National Trust in 1977, and moved to Trust headquarters in Washington in 1992. He is the author of "Alternatives to Sprawl," and "Saving America's Treasures." He is best known as author of the "Back Page" feature in "Preservation" magazine. In 2003, the National Trust published a collection of these essays titled "Road Trips through History."
Brian Williams became the anchor of NBC "Nightly News" in 2004, taking over for Tom Brokaw, the first such announced change in the major network news anchors in two decades. He was the "NBC News" Chief White House correspondent, and was the anchor and managing editor of the Saturday edition of "NBC Nightly News" for six years. Williams has been awarded three Emmys, and in over 20 years of broadcasting, he has reported from 23 countries on countless stories of national and international importance.
Richard Moe, author of The Last Full Measure, is president of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
Carter Wilkie, a longtime preservationist and former White House speechwriter, was an advisor to Boston's mayor Thomas M. Menino.
Karen E. Lange is a journalist and writer with National Geographic Magazine. This is her first children's book. She lives in Tacoma Park, MD.

Ira Block has photographed on assignment for the National Geographic magazine, Traveler magazine, and National Geographic Adventure. He lives in New York City.


text:
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diseases
- Drugs
- More
- Try building your search one term at a time, and be as specific as you can! Search term example: "chronic cough".
- Do not enter multiple findings such as "anemia, chronic cough, weight loss, vomiting" all at the same time.
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Differential Diagnosis For CT Scan/Head Large third ventricle
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- 9 possible diagnoses found
- Neoplastic Disorders
- Medulloblastoma
- Pineal gland tumor
- Congenital, Developmental Disorders
- Aqueductal stenosis
- Congenital CNS Ventricular outflow dfct
- Colloid cyst of third ventricle
- Pineal Cyst/Symptomatic
- Hereditary, Familial, Genetic Disorders
- Lipodystrophy, generalized
- Reference to Organ System
- CNS lesion third ventricle area
- Heirarchical Major Groups
- Pineal disorders
- Synonyms
- Abnormal CT scan, Abnormal CT scan (finding), Caput, CAT abnormal, CAT scan abnormal, CAT scan abnormal (finding), Computer-assisted transaxial tomography abnormal, Computerised axial tomogram abnormal, Computerised axial tomography abnormal, Computerised tomogram abnormal, Computerised tomography abnormal, Computerised transverse axial tomogram abnormal, Computerised transverse axial tomography abnormal, Computerized axial tomogram abnormal, Computerized axial tomography abnormal, Computerized tomogram abnormal, Computerized tomography abnormal, Computerized transverse axial tomogram abnormal, Computerized transverse axial tomography abnormal, CT abnormal, CT scan abnormal, CTT abnormal, CTT scan abnormal, EMI scan abnormal, Enlarged, HEAD, Head (Anatomy), Head (volume), Head structure, Head structure (body structure), Head.third ventricle, Heads, Third Cerebral Ventricle, Third ventricle, Third ventricle of brain, Third ventricle structure, Third ventricle structure (body structure), Third Ventricles, Ventricle Third, Ventricles Third, Ventriculus tertius
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- Medscape (eMedicine)
- Harrison's Online (accessmedicine)
- NEJM (The New England Journal of Medicine)


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Enterprise Car Sales Canton
At Enterprise Car Sales, we have easy, no-haggle pricing, professional sales people and a low-pressure sales approach. When comparing used car dealers, you will also like how all of our used cars in Canton have passed a 109 Point Vehicle Certification and come with The Perfect Used Car Package, which includes our 7-day Repurchase Agreement1, 12/12 Limited Powertrain Warranty2, and One Year Roadside Assistance Program3. Stop by or give us a call and we'll make buying a car as easy as possible. Let us help you find used cars in Canton


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The best ever gadget that has stood the test of time is….
Will this crease you up?
The best ever gadget that has stood the test of time is….
Not the iPod released in 2001, or the iPad released in 2010, not even the iWatch in 2013. No, the best gadget that has stood the test of time was first used over 2000 years ago, and in 1882 Henry W. Seeley patented an electric version of this gadget, which can be found in every modern home today (unlike the iPad, Ipod or iWatch). This gadget has the most world wide success and can brag about it for at least another 1000 years. So what is the best ever gadget that has stood the test of time and will probably continue to do so? I am talking about the iRon!
Hollie Cavanagh – Outer Limit
Hollie Cavanagh's new video "Outer Limit"
Aaron Crow is a Mentalist
Aaron Crow Mentalist on Britain's Got Talent performs a dangerous act (Don't try this at home)
Attraction Black Light and Shadow Theatre
Attraction Black Light and Shadow Theatre telling an amazing story using silhouette's on Britain's Got Talent.
18 year old Beitske Visser joins Red Bull junior programme
18 year old Beitske Visser joins Red Bull junior programme
18-year-old Dutch racer Beitske Visser joins Red Bull young driver programme. Could she be the next female F1 racing driver since Giovanna Amati back in 1992? Visser is a race winner and a rising star on the racing circuit. ( http://badgergp.com/2013/03/miss-beitske-visser-a-future-f1-star-from-red-bull/ ) Webber better get his act together and start winning races and a championship before she takes his seat. Forget team orders! He may need to break his in car radio during a race to achieve this.
The Big Reunion Stars with PJ & Duncan
Rafa Benitez has a go at the Chelsea fans and the club
Rafa Benitez has a rant about the fans behaviour and at club bosses after their 5th round FA Cup tie against Middlesbrough. You can download what he said by using the link below (the file is in mp3 format)


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|product size: 50 g
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Appointments & Offices
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
Is Cara Chartier accepting new patients?
If you are a new patient, please check with Cara Chartier before scheduling an appointment.
What insurance does she accept?*Less
Office Locations
- Huntington Hospital Emergency
- 270 Park Ave
- Huntington, NY 11743
- (631) 351-2000 (Office)


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CHARLESTON, S.C. (AP) -- Andrew Goudelock's long 3-pointer tied the game with 2 seconds left in regulation, Donavan Monroe gave College of Charleston the lead for good with a 3 to start overtime and the Cougars beat No. 9 North Carolina 82-79 on Monday night.
The Tar Heels (11-4) had trailed most of the game, but used a late run to take a 72-61 lead with 4 minutes to go. That's when Goudelock and the Cougars (8-6) got going.
Goudelock scored the last 8 points in regulation, including the fadeaway 3 from about 28 feet with 6-foot-10 Ed Davis in his face to make it 73-all.
Monroe hit the go-ahead 3-pointer and his two free throws with 18 seconds left provided the final margin.
Charleston beat a ranked opponent for the first time since defeating the third-ranked Tar Heels 66-64 on Dec. 5, 1998.
Goudelock scored 24 points, while Davis had 18 points and 16 rebounds.


text:
Upper Salt River Canyon, Arizona
Upper Salt River Canyon, Arizona
Spring is really the only time to paddle the 50 miles of the Upper Salt River that run through the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, when torrents of snowmelt crank the rapids up to Class III and IV. The route passes through the lush Salt River Canyon, carved 2,000 feet deep into the White Mountains. Pack warm clothes for this trip, because nights can get chilly.
Salt River Rafting runs trips ranging from one to five days, starting at $109 per person.
Filed To: Adventure Adviser


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 9, 2010
|Priority date
|May 2, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Tuomas Pantsar, Spartiotis Konstantinos
|Original Assignee
|Oy Ajat Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (27), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application claims the benefit of prior filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/277,530 filed 27 Mar. 2006, which claimed the benefit of prior filed U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/677,020 filed 2 May 2005, which are incorporated herein by reference, and to which the present application is a continuation-in-part U.S. national utility patent application.
The present invention is in the field of apparatuses and corresponding processes involving the use of radiation within the X-ray spectrum with specific features characteristic of X-ray applications. More specifically, the present invention relates to digital dental panoramic imaging apparatuses producing a digital image of a curved dental structure, wherein a digital image of all teeth on upper and/or lower jaws is formed in a single digital image.
Dental panoramic X-ray imaging is a well-known dental radiographic procedure. Its purpose is to produce an X-ray image of the entire jaw for diagnosis as opposed to a partial image such as obtained by intra-oral X-ray imaging. Other extra-oral dental X-ray imaging systems include cone beam dental computed tomography (CT) system for 3-D tomosynthetic volumetric reconstruction and transverse slicing. Regular panoramic imaging is used mostly from general purpose orthodontics, while 3-D imaging and transverse slicing may be used more often for dental implantation.
Dental panoramic X-ray imaging units, cone beam units and transverse slicing units, a.k.a. orthopantomographs (OPGs) or dental CT's, are available with analog film were suitable and with digital sensors (in case of cone beam CT). Digital OPGs currently available in the market utilize sensors based on CCDs coupled to a phosphor or scintillator, and operate in a Time Delay Integration Mode (TDI), or flat panels utilizing a-Si (amorphous silicon) TFT arrays (Thin Film Transistor) with again a scintillator on the top. Both CCD's and TFT flat panels used convert x-rays to light and then light is converted to an electronic signal inside the CCD or TFT. This equipment and especially the cone beam CT and transverse slicing equipment which produce multiple frames, these systems are not fast enough for continuous exposure. Consequently, real time viewing is not possible. A fully equipped dental office needs to have several types of so called "intra-oral" sensors to complete the range of functionalities needed to cover general maxillofacial examinations, fillings and cavities, orthodontics, implantology and surgery. As can be appreciated, this is a cost burden that probably only large clinics can afford.
An orthopantomograph is made up of four functional units: an X-ray generator; an imaging device; a mechanical manipulator; and a user control panel. The purpose of the X-ray generator is to create the x-rays that penetrate the head of the patient and arrive at the imaging device. The X-ray generator or source is able to generate x-rays with different spectra by varying the high voltage level and with differing intensity by varying the current. The imaging device detects and converts the x-rays incident on it into an image. The mechanical manipulator displaces both the imaging device and the X-ray generator in such a way that a proper panoramic image of the plane-of-interest is formed. The user control panel or the user interface, is used to control different settings of the OPG or to initiate and control an X-ray exposure event.
Currently digital imaging devices accomplish their purpose through: absorption by traditional films, or by digital two-stage indirect conversion (using a CCD with a scintillator). Linear arrays of CCD's are used in OPG's but flat panels based on TFT or image intensifiers are used in cone beam dental CT. A typical cone beam dental CT system does not differ in any substantial way from the OPG system, except that the X-ray beam is cone shaped rather than fan shaped. Additionally the cone beam systems require that the X-ray scan be performed for longer times and in step fashion (i.e., not continuously) because Image Intesifiers (IIs) or TFT panels are too slow and lack sensitivity.
Dental Panoramic, Dental Transverse and Dental 3-D X-Ray Imaging
In dental panoramic X-ray imaging, the image is captured during a process in which both the X-ray generator and the imaging device move around the patient's head according to a predetermined geometric path and speed profile. The movement is synchronized in such a way that an image of the pre-determined layer of interest is formed according to the predetermined geometry and speed profile. Because of the shape of the human jaw, this layer is a non-planar structure. It in fact varies with the morphology of each individual's jaw. To simplify the procedure while still maintaining high resolution, a standard shape is used that is applied to all human males, females, and children of certain ages, is used. The exact shape of the layer-of-interest depends on the dental procedure in question; the predetermined geometric path of the source and detector (optionally varying depending on the patient type); and the predetermined speed profile. The layer can usually be adjusted by selecting a different pre-determined, preset program in the OPG by changing the path of movement and/or also the speed profile. Different programs can alter the general parameters of the profile to match the patient (again, e.g., whether child or adult) or to only image a part of the full profile (i.e., front teeth, left/right side etc.). But in each case when a new panoramic layer is needed a new exposure needs to be taken, which means additional radiation to the patient.
The movement of the X-ray generator and the imaging device is traditionally synchronized so that the imaging device surface normal is perpendicular to the layer-of-interest. In this way the formed image is distorted as little as possible. A disadvantage of this approach is that the movement trajectory is quite complex. To achieve this motion, multiple motors are required (i.e. degrees of freedom) which also complicates the control electronics and algorithms, thus leading to higher cost. There are some imaging modalities in which the direction of radiation is intentionally not perpendicular to the surface normal, but the same drawbacks and advantages apply. In addition, one of the most severe issues experienced today in clinical applications of dental panoramic imaging is that the patient (object) does or cannot necessarily remain motionless for the whole duration of the scan (typically lasting 5 to 30 seconds). Even a small misalignment of the patient can result in that the part of the imaged layer being blurred or out of focus. In addition to panoramic images, a dentist may wish to create a transverse slice image of the patient's jaw. In transverse imaging, the layer-of-interest is perpendicular to the panoramic layer.
The existing commercially available, extra-oral (including, for example, panoramic and transverse) imaging solutions are either based on elongated (i.e. with an aspect ratio—length "m" divided by width"n"—of m/n=5 or more) time-delayed integration CCD sensors (not producing multiple frames) or on large-area 2D detectors with a computed tomography system backend where m/n is substantially equal to 1 (which, however, do produce multiple frames). The large-area 2D detectors are most often TFT panels and are particularly expensive because of the m/n.apprxeq.1 aspect ratio (approximately equal to one). The elongated detectors, which use a CCD coupled with a scintillator, apply the time-delayed integration (TDI) principle to form the image of the layer of interest. Time-Delay Integration is a method of synchronizing the shifting of the image signal captured in the pixel with the movement of the object image across the face of the CCD. This permits integration of more signal, increasing sensitivity, reducing noise and reducing image blur. According to this method, the integrated charges are clocked inside the detector logic (CCD) in the direction of the movement. Thus, at a given integration period ti, the charge for a fixed object volume v is integrated to a pixel pn. The object is moved so that the image of the plane-of-interest is moved (taking the magnification factor into account) exactly a pixel's width. After the integration period, the charges are transferred in such a way that if the image of the volume v is projected to pixel pi-1, the charged from pixel pi is transferred to pixel pi-1. The last pixel value in the row, which has no neighbor to which to transfer the charge, is read out and stored in the final image. In this way, the apparent integration time of an image pixel is the integration period multiplied by the width of the imaging device in pixels.
With the TDI principle, the clocking of the charges must be synchronized so that the apparent speed of the layer-of-interest in the imaging devices active in an integration period must be exactly the width of the pixel. If the speed is not matched, the image will appear blurred. A 2D flat image is formed from a single scan using an imaging device operating in the TDI mode. Multiple panoramic layers, transverse slicing or 3D imaging is not possible because only a single projection is saved.
In a dental cone beam computed tomography system (3-D imaging), multiple, non-TDI exposures are taken with a 2D area detector where m substantially equals n (i.e. within 20%). The movement is stopped before the exposure and the X-ray source is only active during this stationary period. The movement is continued after the exposure. In this manner, the movement doesn't have to be synchronized. Such systems require a higher dose to be administered to the patient and also longer examination times. The final image is formed as a layer calculated from the volumetric (3D) dataset constructed from the individual exposures or projections. The clear advantage of this method is that a full 3D volumetric dataset will be available after the procedure. However, with current solutions, the resolution of panoramic layer calculated from the 3D data is low compared to dedicated panoramic imaging systems (OPGs). Furthermore, the dose levels are much higher and maybe equally importantly the cost of such available systems is in the range of 200 kUSD-400 kUSD.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,496,557, entitled "Two Dimensional Slot X-ray Bone Densitometry, Radiography and Tomography," describes a process in which multiple layers are formed by a so-called shift-and-add algorithm. The process described includes a system in which the motion of the imaging device is either linear or includes a rotational component around the focal point of the X-ray source. Unfortunately, such a system cannot be used in the field of dental X-ray imaging where the layer(s) of interest run around or across the human jaw. Although such an approach may be useful in bone densitometry and in some other applications, it is in practice impossible to apply to dental panoramic or transverse imaging due to the fact that x-rays run essentially parallel to rather than across the layer-of-interest, should there be linear movement or rotation around the focal point. Additionally, the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,496,557 would have another serious limitation if an attempt were to be made to apply it in the field of dental imaging. That limitation is the most serious issue in panoramic imaging and it results in partial image blurring due to misalignment of the patient or due to patient movement. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,496,557 fails to address the need of a system or a procedure that is able to simultaneously perform both panoramic as well as transverse imaging. Further, this patent fails to disclose a system operable in a dental imaging environment.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,784,429, entitled "Dental panoramic X-ray imaging apparatus," describes a system in which multiple layers are calculated using plural tomographic images corresponding to plural tomographic planes which are arranged at predetermined intervals along the direction of the X-ray irradiation. A convolution process or a frequency process is conducted on a specific tomographic image by using image information of at least one of the tomographic images, so as to remove blur from the specific tomographic image. This patent describes a means of implementing different layers by using image intensifiers, CCD's or combinations thereof.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,136,452, entitled "Radiation Imaging System and Scanning Device," discloses the use of frame mode CdTe-CMOS detectors for creating tomographic images in several applications including dental panoramic images using a dental X-ray setup. In U.S. Pat. No. 7,136,452, Spartiotis et al. disclose that the read-out speed or frame rate must be high enough to allow the detector to move by no more than half a pixel size or preferably even less per a read-out cycle. Emphasis added. However, if a system is implemented in such a way, serious limitations can arise such as the need to transfer a disproportionately large amount of data to a computer or the like in real-time. However, '451 patent is silent on the management of data to reconstruct and display an image in real-time, during the exposure. Furthermore, Spartiotis et al. teach nothing about one of the most serious issues facing dental radiology, that of partial image blurring due to patient misalignment and how to create automatically a focused layer. In such cases, part of the image (i.e., the panoramic layer-of-interest) is blurred while another part is in focus. Spartiotis et al. merely disclose that the frame rate needs be very high to collect frames in such a case in which the detector has moved by less than half a pixel, but does not teach how to accomplish this. Unfortunately, in this case, the amount of data produced during the exposure is unnecessarily high while at the same time, no material performance benefit is gained. Additionally, Spartiotis et al. do not suggest a means by which one might combine data to gain performance benefits and to correct blurring or to produce transverse image slices or even tomosynthetic 3D images.
Devices exist that are capable for example of performing transverse slicing or 3-D reconstructed images, but most often they require much longer X-ray scan times and non-continuous scan (ie a step by step scan). The long exposures are needed because the normally used digital imaging devices lack sensitivity and typically can "catch" only 1 out of 3 incoming x-rays. Further, non-continuous step-wise scans are necessary in the prior art because of the slow response and slow readout of the current rectangular or square flat panel TFT arrays. Higher doses and longer step-wise scans create higher risk and discomfort to the patient.
Additionally, the prior art does not suggest a means by which one might combine data to gain performance benefits and to correct blurring or to produce transverse image slices or even tomosynthetic 3D images. What is needed, therefore, is a system that limits the radiation doses a patient receives while maximizing the data output. Further, what is needed is a system which permits continuous fast, real-time X-ray scans, and a system and method of combining data from a single exposure to, not only reconstruct a panoramic layer of interest, but to also be able to correct part of the image that is blurred and furthermore produce transverse image slices and 3D images. Still further needed is a system that is capable of correcting blurring and which can produce transverse image slices or tomosynthetic 3D image.
The present invention is an extra-oral dental X-ray digital imaging system. The present system produces digital panoramic extra-oral dental X-ray images, including multi-layer dental panoramic and transverse X-ray images. The system includes an X-ray source, a digital imaging device having a frame mode output capable of a high frame rate, a mechanical manipulator having at least one rotation axis located in a position other that the focal point of the X-ray source and means of detecting the camera position in 1D, 2D or 3D depending of the complexity of the trajectory and means of reconstructing the final images out of the stored frames. Also included are a real time storage system such as RAM, a hard drive or a drive array able to store all the frames captured during an exposure, and a digital processing unit interconnected in operational arrangement with the other components and capable of executing the reconstruction algorithm. The present system is adapted to produce selectively two or more of the following: 1) a predetermined dental panoramic layer image 2) at least part of a non predetermined dental panoramic layer image 3) transverse slice to a selected part of a dental panoramic layer image 4) 3-D reconstruction of a volume corresponding to some part of a dental panoramic layer, all from image data from a single exposure.
In particular, the system combines a fast readout with a memory of comparable speed, i.e., a memory which stores and accesses information substantially in any order and in which all storage locations are substantially equally accessible. Such a memory has sufficient speed for storing the multiple frames concurrently with the exposure in a manner which permits retrieval and display in real time. Preferably such system should employ an X-ray imaging device having an aspect ratio of m/n>1.2 where m is the long dimension and n is the short dimension of the active area of the imaging device. In accomplishing its advantages, the present system causes substantially no greater radiation exposure than the dose used in a regular dental panoramic exposure, while performing the X-ray scan to collect such data in a continuous movement. Additionally, the detector device produces a variety of formats of panoramic images from a high-speed, X-ray digital imaging device. In a further advantage, the present system and method combines data from a single exposure to not only reconstruct a panoramic layer of interest but to also be able to correct part of the image that is blurred and furthermore produce transverse image slices and 3D images.
Referring now to the drawings, the details of preferred embodiments of the present invention are graphically and schematically illustrated. Like elements in the drawings are represented by like numbers, and any similar elements are represented by like numbers with a different lower case letter suffix.
Referring to
The dental X-ray imaging system 10 produces panoramic images 12 for use in dental diagnosis and treatment. The system 10, using data generated from a single exposure, selectively produces at least two of the following: 1) a predetermined dental panoramic layer image 2) at least part of another dental panoramic layer(s) 3) transverse slice to a selected part of a dental panoramic layer image 4) 3-D reconstruction of a volume corresponding to some part of a dental panoramic layer.
The system 10 preferably employs a detector having an aspect ratio of its long m to short n dimensions in its "active area" with an m/n ratio greater than 1.5. The "active area" is the portion of the X-ray imaging device that is sensitive to detecting X-ray flux. This is advantageous because such a detector is much more economical and practical than a full square area detector. Although digital detector prices are dropping, it is still the case that a full field digital imaging device having sufficient resolution is much more expensive than an elongated imaging device. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention uses a digital imaging device having detector substrate made of a Cadmium and Telluride composition, such as CdTe or CdZnTe (Cadmium Zinc Telluride). Additionally, it is preferred that the detector is bump-bonded to a readout substrate, e.g., a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). CdTe and CdZnTe detectors bump-bonded to CMOS ASIC are preferred as suitably fast X-ray imaging devices, due to their high density and absorption efficiency, readout speed and resolution.
The dental X-ray imaging system 10 in accordance with the present invention includes an X-ray source 16 for generating the radiation to be detected by the digital imaging device 14. The digital imaging device 14 has a frame mode output with a sufficiently high frame rate as set forth below. A mechanical manipulator 20 mounts hardware of the source 16 and imaging device 14. The mechanical manipulator has at least one rotation axis located in a position other that the focal point of the X-ray source, and includes an alignment estimator 24. A reconstruction algorithm 26 (see
The X-ray source 16 is a radiation source such as an X-ray generator or a radionuclide. The X-ray source 16 irradiates an object 19 to be imaged. The X-ray imaging device 14 is adapted to produce multiple frames 40 during at least part of the exposure/irradiation period. The mechanical manipulator 20 controls the movement of the X-ray source 16 and the imaging device 14 about at least one rotation axis along a spline, which may of course, be a circular or non-circular trajectory. The axis is located somewhere between the X-ray source focal point and the X-ray imaging device. The reconstruction algorithm 26 uses the multiple frames 40 to compose a panoramic image of a layer of the object under observation, the image having a focus depth which is different in at least some part of the panoramic image from the focus depth corresponding to a predetermined panoramic image.
The present invention is a scanning X-ray imaging system 10 wherein the X-ray source 16 is adapted for transmitting X-rays and exposing an object position to the x-rays. The object position 70 is a location that an object to be imaged is position for exposure to the X-rays, and is disposed between the X-ray source 16 and the X-ray imaging device 14. The combination of the X-ray source 16 and the imaging device 14 track along a path defined within the object position 70 over the course of an exposure cycle. This defined path corresponds to the pre-determined image layer speed profile. The scanning X-ray imaging device 14 is adapted for receiving transmitted X-rays and for producing multiple image frames during at least part of the exposure cycle. As the image frames 40 are produced, they are held/stored as corrected raw pixel signal data. If real time imaging is desired, the image frame data are held in a "fast" storage medium 17, otherwise they are held in another adequate storage medium.
Individual frames and groups of frames can be selectively recalled from the held/stored image frames 40. A selectable portion of the image frames 40 are selectable for use by a means that automatically reconstructs a focused tomographic image from two or more image layer speed profiles. An algorithm is used as the means that reconstructs a focused tomographic image. The user selects a region of interest (e.g., of the predetermined layer panoramic image) that it is desired to refocus. The algorithm accomplishes automatic refocusing by optimizing the image sharpness of the selected region of interest by doing a sharpness comparison between appropriate multiple frames with different speed profiles, which are otherwise analogous to the region of interest and replacing the region in the image with the sharper analogous region.
The digital imaging device has active area dimensions m�n, wherein m is the long dimension 530 and n is the short dimension 510 (see
Furthermore, the mechanical manipulator's X-ray source arm 20 and digital imaging device 14 move in a continuous scan movement (not necessarily constant) for the duration of the useful part of the scan, i.e. the part of the scan that x-rays are emitted from the X-ray source 16 as needed to image substantially the whole jaw 19. The duration of the scan and the amount of x-rays emitted are comparable to the radiation dose required in a regular dental panoramic X-ray scan. The final images can be selected from a group of predetermined panoramic layer images 99 (see
A real time storage device 17 such as RAM 18 (or a similarly fast data storage & access device) is used to store-and-hold all the frames 40 captured during an exposure. A digital processing unit 22 (for example, a typical computer CPU) is in electronic communication with the real time storage device 17 and executes the reconstruction algorithm using the frames 40 (corrected raw pixel array signal data) held on the storage device 17. The system 10 selectively produces dental panoramic X-ray images 12 or parts thereof, dental transverse X-ray images 224 and dental tomosynthetic 3D images from a frame stream produced by the high-speed, X-ray digital imaging device.
The imaging device 14 is a digital imaging device is a "frame mode" output device (as opposed to a "line" output device), outputting corrected raw frame data in frame mode output with a sufficient fast frame rate. This means that the imaging device is disposed to move substantially continuously relative to the object being scanned, and that the individually addressable imaging cell output values are readout at time intervals substantially corresponding to a point on the object image traversing between half and the full distance w of a detector pixel in the scanning direction during a scan. That is, that on average, frame shift intervals are more than half a pixel width (i.e., w/2=>0.5) in the direction of the scan, but less than a full pixel width s, averaged over all the frames in an exposure.
A working embodiment of the present imaging device 14 is of the type shown in the photo in
A frame 40 is understood to be a two dimensional spatial representation of pixel values 55, each pixel value 55 corresponding to the output from a physical pixel 53 in the imaging device or in some cases each pixel value 55 can correspond to a combination of output values from the imaging device physical pixels 53. The conversion of the output signal of an image device pixel 53 to its corresponding frame pixel value 55 can take place inside the imaging device or externally, for example inside the computer 22. The imaging device 14 is able to produce many individual frames 40 during the X-ray scan, with very high sensitivity. In a regular CCD based panoramic examination, the CCD works in the Time Delay Integration mode (TDI) which is well-known in the field. The output from a CCD imaging device is image lines 110 as depicted schematically in
On the other hand, the imaging device 14 of the type described in
The mechanical manipulator 20 has at least one rotation axis 34 located in a position other that the focal point 36 of the X-ray source. The alignment estimator 24 detects the camera position in 1D, 2D or 3D depending on the complexity of the trajectory. The panoramic reconstruction process 26 uses an algorithm to reconstruct the final images 12 out of the stored frames 40. The storage system 17 is capable of storing the frames 40 in real time in order to avoid frame loss and is therefore essentially a real time storage system such as RAM 18, or very fast hard drive or an drive array capable of transferring stored data at 10 MB/sec or faster and therefore able to store all the frames 40 captured during an exposure while permitting real time retrieval of such data. In a preferred embodiment, RAM 18 having a 50 MB/sec retrieval rate is a Kingston 400 MHz 2 GB DDR (model number KHX 3200AK2/2G). This RAM has a clock speed of 400 MHz and with every clock pulse it is able to store 8 bits. Models with RAM speeds of 5 GB/sec or more are available. These storage means may be located in the computer 22 or located in the imaging device 14 or at some other location. Storing frames 40 in real time here means with a time delay of not more than few seconds and preferably few milliseconds and even more preferably few microseconds. The processing unit 32 is a digital processing unit such as a personal computer 22, micro controller, FPGA or DSP, (not shown) capable of executing the reconstruction algorithm 26.
Referring now to
Note that "Effectively Real-Time" as used herein means that the image 12 is displayed in less than 10 seconds after the end of the exposure and more preferably less than 5 seconds, and optimally, the image is displayed effectively simultaneously during the exposure. For this to be achieved, the frame rate or time intervals between consecutive frames 40 must not be shorter than what is needed to allow the physical pixels 53 to move by at least half a pixel width-size s, but short enough to have the detector pixels 53 move less than a full pixel width size s. Regarding such imaging devices 14 as were described herein with reference to
The imaging device 14 and radiation source 16 of the present system 10 rotates around an axis 34 which is positioned between (but not necessarily crossing the volume of x-rays 35 from the source 16 to the imaging device 14) the X-ray source 16 and the imaging device 14. Furthermore, the frames 40 generated by the (CdTe-CMOS/CdZnTe-CMOS) imaging device 14 are temporarily stored in real time in a sufficiently large RAM 18, to allow real time processing and display of a dental panoramic image 12 of a layer 52. That is, a "reconstructed" or readable image begins to be presented (unfolds) for the viewer before the exposure cycle is fully completed. The processing of the frames 40 to produce such panoramic images 12 includes spatial (i.e. pixel) domain arithmetic.
The difference between a normal TDI-type device (not shown) and the present imaging system 10 is illustrated in
Referring now to
The combination of the imaging device 14 and X-ray generator 16 rotate around the object position 70, i.e., the head of the patient 72, but the angular coverage can be less that a full circle as compared to a CT system (not shown). The position of the imaging device 14 is either recorded as a one-dimensional position counter which tells the position of the current frame 40 in the final panoramic image 12, or it can record the full 3D position including orientation. The system 10 records the relative position of the imaging device 14 as a function of time, and thus it is possible to reconstruct a full dental image 12 from individual frames 40 stored. Referring again to
Referring again to
Referring now to
By reversing the direction in which the frames 40 are added to the final image 12, a completely different layer 60 can be reconstructed. By using the same speed profile 186, but reversed a direction, a mirror layer can be reconstructed. This mirror layer is on the opposite side of the patient, and in the dental panoramic imaging this equates to the area of the neck in the center part of the scan. So the invention provides a method to calculate the image of the spine. By re-projecting this image to the normal panoramic layer (by flipping the mirror image and applying suitable re-scaling function), an estimate of the blurring caused by the spine is obtained. This estimate can then be subtracted from the panoramic image 12 to decrease the effect of the spine on the image quality. As an end result, the panoramic image 12 is obtained without any potentially distracting superfluous images of the spine structure.
For typical a dental application of the present system 10, the elongated CMOS/detector sensor had an active slot 520 (
A video or frame grabber, based on a technology such as "CAMERALINK"™, was installed to a PCI Express slot of the PC 22 and used to capture frames 40. The frames 40 are then stored temporarily in RAM 18. This is very important, because otherwise it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to store and process 750 MB of data and display an image 12 that is reconstructed from such a large data set in real-time. In accordance with the present invention, the use of computer RAM 18 enables temporary storage of data.
Referring in particular to
Additionally, the system 10, can comprise a dedicated or separate processing device, for example incorporated within the imaging device 14, where the dedicated/separate processor runs the algorithm 26 or portion thereof for shifting and adding corresponding pixel values from at least two different frames to compose an image pixel in the panoramic image corresponding to a "virtual" speed profile different from the predetermined speed profile and a different (non-predetermined) layer. The speed profile relates to the speed at which the imaging device is actually scanning.
The present system 10 takes the frame data 40 generated during a single exposure to selectively compose different types of images form the same frame data 40. Preferably, the system 10 composes at least two of a group of images selected from the group of reconstructable images consisting of: a predetermined dental panoramic layer image; an image comprising part of a non-predetermined dental panoramic layer image and the predetermined panoramic layer image; a transverse slice to a selected part of a dental panoramic layer image; and a 3-D reconstruction of a volume corresponding to some part of a dental panoramic layer. With this feature, a selectable part of the predetermined layer can be replaced with an analogous part of a different non-predetermined layer, to accomplish the re-focusing feature of the present invention. This how auto-focusing/manual focusing/re-focusing feature of the present system 10 is enabled.
After the display and processing, the data set 132 can be stored on a hard drive, a CD, a DVD and/or other nonvolatile digital storage media. The use of RAM 18 to store the data temporarily and the fast reconstruction algorithm 26 mentioned above allows the image 12 to be reconstructed and displayed no later than 10 seconds from the end of the exposure and usually within 5 seconds. In fact, the image 12 may be reconstructed from 750 MB of single frame data and displayed in real-time with a minimal delay (the delay needed for causality) during the actual exposure.
In another embodiment, the X-ray imaging device 14 produced multiple frames 40 during an exposure with time intervals during which the detector pixels were shifted by at least half a pixel length or more in the direction of scanning 104. Additionally, the detector pixels were shifted by at least half a pixel size, but less than the size w of a full pixel in the direction of scanning.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, all the individual frames 40 are stored temporarily in a RAM-type fast memory 18, and therefore it is possible to reconstruct the final image 12 with a modified position profile, after the actual exposure and after the initially displayed panoramic image 12. It is known of course, that the data can additionally be stored long term on a data storage system 22 such as a hard drive, CD or DVD and retrieved later back into fast memory. However, storing all the data on RAM 18 makes processing fast and efficient. Such is now possible because the amount of data needed to be stored has been significantly reduced given the amount of overlap between frames, and because of the elongated shape of the active area 520. Consequently, there is no need to wait for data to be downloaded, a process that normally takes several seconds. This, however, is not possible with TDI-type imaging devices, because the position synchronization has already been done in the camera hardware in analog domain, and thus cannot be modified.
The shifted amount 76 between consecutive frames 40 is normally determined from the position information gathered during the measurement. This should give a panoramic image 12 with the layer-of-interest 52 in full focus. Unfortunately, due to misalignment of the patient 72, or patient motion, different jaw profile or for many other reasons, there are very often portions in the panoramic image 12 that are out-of-focus or blurred. The shift 76 between consecutive frames 40 (i.e., the speed of the movement in the imaging plane 12) determines which layer 99 is well focused. If the movement speed of the camera 14 with respect to the X-ray source 16 is Vcamera, the distance between X-ray source focal point 36 and the imaging plane 12 is d1, and the layer of interest 52 is at distance d2 from the focal point 36, then the required speed Vshift for the shift-and-add algorithm 26 is determined according to equation (1):
V shift=(d 1 /d 2)�V camera (1)
Thus, by modifying the shifting amount 76, a different layer 99 can be focused. In theory; any layer 99 can be in focus, but the finite pixel size sets a limitation on how sharply a layer appears. If the shifting speed 76 is more than a pixel 53 per frame, the image resolution is degraded in the process. The shifting amount 76 can be modulated by software either globally or locally to allow either a completely different layer 99 to be displayed or to modify an existing layer to improve the sharpness in out-of-focus regions, which is usually the case in dental panoramic X-ray imaging.
The shift speed 76 cannot only be modified on a column-by-column basis. In addition, the speed 76 can vary on a row-by-row basis (i.e., every part of the image 12 might have a different speed). This enables bringing into focus of both upper 180 and lower teeth 182, for example, when the patient 19 has an incorrect bite (i.e., front and back teeth are not on the same vertical plane). This is an important feature of the present system 10, and can have tremendous impact on today's practice of dental radiology, because the blurred part of the image 12 can be brought into focus and displayed with the rest of the original panoramic image. Therefore, it is no longer necessary to re-expose the patient 19 a second, much less a third time. In this manner, the layer-of-interest 52 can be modified by altering the shifting amount 76 in the shift-and-add algorithm 26.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the optimal speed profile 186 (see
In still another embodiment, the system 10 is adapted to create panoramic dental images 12 in which the means of using multiple frames 40 comprises sub-pixel shifting and the adding of pixel values from different frames.
In another embodiment, the system 10 includes a means for creating a transverse dental image slice 224. This means uses multiple frames 40 to form the transverse image 224 by combining vertical pixel rows referring to the same physical transverse slice from multiple panoramic images.
Referring to
As described earlier, multiple panoramic layers can be calculated from a single measurement data set. By intelligently calculating correct speed modulation function, a transverse slice image 224 can be formed by concatenating the corresponding rows from individual panoramic layers in order of increasing depth. The algorithm 400 b has the following steps: In a first step, method 400 b′ is applied to calculate multiple panoramic images, stored in a stack. In a second step 400 b″, the contribution of the 3D physical structure at different distances is calculated for every panoramic image 12. Every panoramic image 12 contains the image of the 3D physical model not only at the layer-of-interest, but also in front of and in back of it. This can be modeled using a blur function. In this step 400 b′″, the blurring is reversed using a de-convolution method, and thus the true image at different panoramic layers without crosstalk between neighboring layers is formed. The transverse image 224, formed by concatenating different panoramic layers 60, may now be displayed. Contrary to U.S. Pat. No. 6,496,557, which describes a system where the imaging plane is perpendicular or roughly perpendicular to the direction of radiation, the present invention discloses a system 10 which provides a layer 60 parallel (or close to parallel) to the direction of radiation.
Referring now to
An object of the invention is to produce selectively predetermined dental panoramic image layers, dental panoramic X-ray images of different layers, dental transverse X-ray images and dental X-ray images from a frame stream produced by a high-speed, X-ray digital imaging device.
In an advantage, the system's 10 functioning on data from a single exposure spares the patient multiple exposures and allows for the first time effectively risk free exposures in dental radiology. Such system 10 has unique advantages and offers a breakthrough in the field of dental radiology.
In another advantage, the dentist is able with a single system 10 and single exposures to do examinations that previously required at least two if not more systems totaling a multiple in cost and a multiple of risk in patient diagnosis and treatment. Examinations become safer and less expensive for the patients who now only need take one exposure.
In another advantage, the system 10 applies little more radiation than the radiation dose used in a regular dental panoramic exposure and should employ X-ray scan mechanics that operate in continuous movement.
In another advantage, continuous movement means that the speed of scanning V is greater than zero at all times during the scan. The speed need not be constant.
In an advantage, CdTe or CdZnTe based digital imaging devices have an excellent sensitivity and absorb 95% of the incoming x-rays at dental application energies (i.e., from 10 kV up to 90 kV X-ray tube load).
In another advantage, the need for non-continuous, step-wise scans are eliminated, thus reducing the radiation doses and eliminating the longer step-wise scans, which create higher risk and discomfort to the patient. Because a continuous fast X-ray scan is possible, one does not need separate specialized dental equipment other than the normal panoramic X-ray units.
In another advantage, a system 10 and method are provided of combining data from a single exposure to not only reconstruct a panoramic layer of interest, but also to be able to correct part of the image that is blurred and furthermore produce transverse image slices and 3D images.
In another advantage, the system 10 and method of the invention produce a variety of formats of panoramic images from a high-speed, X-ray digital imaging device.
Multiple variations and modifications are possible in the embodiments of the invention described here. Although certain illustrative embodiments of the invention have been shown and described here, a wide range of modifications, changes, and substitutions is contemplated in the foregoing disclosure. In some instances, some features of the present invention may be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the foregoing description be construed broadly and understood as being given by way of illustration and example only, the spirit and scope of the invention being limited only by the appended claims.
CCD Charge coupled device: an imaging device capable of converting light to electric signals. In X-ray imaging, a CCD is usually coupled with a scintillator.
CT Computed tomography: a method of calculating full volumetric 3D data from multiple projections covering the full 360 degree rotational circle.
Imaging device: a device with multiple elements (pixels) able to convert X-ray radiation to a digital image.
Pixel column: a group of pixels perpendicular to a pixel row, i.e. pixels along a line perpendicular to the direction of movement.
Pixel row: a group of pixels in an imaging device in the movement direction. For example, if the camera is rotating around the vertical axis, a pixel row refers to pixels along a horizontal line.
Scintillator: a device able to convert X-ray radiation (for example x-rays and gamma) to light. A scintillator is usually coupled with a CCD to provide a device able to convert radiation to electric signals.
TDI Time-delayed Integration: a method in which a single scanned 2D image is formed by concatenating multiple 1D line images.
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|Sirona Dental Systems Gmbh
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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Owner name: OY AJAT LTD., FINLAND
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Effective date: 20071018
Owner name: OY AJAT LTD.,FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PANTSAR, TUOMAS;SPARTIOTIS, KONSTANTINOS;REEL/FRAME:020025/0726
Effective date: 20071018
|Nov 26, 2007
Owner name: OY AJAT LTD., FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PANTSAR, TUOMAS;SPARTIOTIS, KONSTANTINOS;REEL/FRAME:020152/0069
Effective date: 20071120
Owner name: OY AJAT LTD.,FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PANTSAR, TUOMAS;SPARTIOTIS, KONSTANTINOS;REEL/FRAME:020152/0069
Effective date: 20071120
|May 24, 2011
|Request for reexamination filed
Effective date: 20110325
|Mar 11, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 11, 2014
|Reexamination certificate first reexamination
Free format text: THE PATENTABILITY OF CLAIMS 2 AND 16-27 IS CONFIRMED.CLAIMS 1 AND 3-15 ARE CANCELLED.


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text: Hello everyone, I'm thinking about playing football next season. I'm in seventh grade. My build would probably designate me as a linebacker (5',9" and 160 lbs.) I would like to know what kind of training and drills i should do that would help me in my first season! I was thinking this would help keep me in shape for lacrosse during the fall; I do play during the fall, but my travel team only has practices on occasion or before tournaments. I'm a goalie. I would like to know how I can prepare for football season. Thank you!


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Friday Talk: Product Innovation Leadership with Katie Mitic of Facebook
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How to get to the forefront of developments? How to be really innovative and be a leader at the same time? Katie Mitic, Director of Platform & Mobile Marketing of Facebook, talks about Product Innovation Leadership.


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took this summer 2011, when I was a regular rider on the MKT trail.
makes me want to fix up that mtb that was given to me recently in preparation for moving. but it's hard to justify the anticipated cost right now… then again, I hemorrhage enough money on alcohol so this is probably a better investment.


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Want to hear some stories?—no pressure.
But if you're free next Wednesday, come join us at Salle Events (an incredible venue just a few blocks from CIvic Center BART), to drink a glass of wine, mingle with new friends, and experience an evening of storytelling.
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Oh ya, the theme... Pressure!
Theme: Pressure
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User Reviews for Protonix
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Reviews for Protonix to treat Erosive Esophagitis
"The only thing to work for me so far."
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"Started off with the "Purple Pill" effective but very expensive. Physician switched me to "Pantoprazole" (Protonix) - just as effective, a fraction of the price. My diet slipped back to pre-med carelessness (spicy food, garlic, onions, curries &c and STILL no problems. I did go back to sensible eating at the urging of my daughter!"
Releived March 31, 2008
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"I have a huge phalanx of machines that go 'bing!'"
— Topher, Dollhouse
"Blipindustry: The time and effort sound-effects people spend putting noises on to shots of laptop graphics in movies, even though laptop graphics don't make noises in real life."
—One of the Meaning of Liff-esque definitions featured in Armando Iannucci's Dictionary of Modern Usage


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