text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 27, 2006
|Filing date
|May 25, 2000
|Priority date
|May 25, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Russell W. Bell
|Original Assignee
|Conexant, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (27), Classifications (13), Legal Events (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application, assigned Ser. No. 60/135,987, filed May 25, 1999, now abandoned, entitled, "VC Spoofing," which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to high speed data communications wherein signal information is processed both in digital and analog forms. More specifically, the invention relates to a system and method that uses a single digital subscriber line (DSL) transmission unit within an end office of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish high speed communication links with multiple users in a multi-drop network.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In recent years, telephone communication systems have expanded from traditional plain old telephone system (POTS) communications to include high-speed data communications as well. As is known, POTS communications include the transmission of voice information, control signals, public switched telephone network (PSTN) information, as well as, information from ancillary equipment in analog form (i.e. computer modems and facsimile machines) that is transmitted in the POTS bandwidth.
Prompted largely by the desire of large businesses to reliably transfer information over a broadband network, telecommunications service providers have employed digital subscriber lines (DSL) to provide a plethora of interactive multi-media digital signals over the same existing POTS twisted-pair lines. The provision of DSL services to customer premise has proliferated over recent years as the small office, home office (SOHO) market desires to take advantage of the increased bandwidth and data transfer rates provided by DSL. DSL services are typically provided to remotely located customer premise by equipping both the appropriate central office and the customer premise with compatible DSL modems.
DSL modems communicate by modulating a baseband signal with customer desired service signals, converting the modulated digital data signal to an analog signal, and transmitting the analog signal over the conventional copper wire pair provided in the PSTN from a central office to a customer premise via a carrier service area (CSA) loop. Well known data modulation and transmission techniques include mapping digital data to be transmitted into a multi-dimensional multi-level signal space constellation and decoding the received constellation to recover the transmitted information.
As various DSL standards evolved, it became clear that it would be highly desirable to deliver a high-speed DSL service that is as easy to operate and use as a dial-up modem, thus leading to the concept of DSL-Lite. DSL-Lite or G.Lite includes provisions for connecting a DSL line without the need for splitters at the customer premise equipment-end (CPE) of the network. During standards development, it was observed that there are over 15 million households in the United States that have two or more PCs. As a result, equipment manufacturers began to address the SOHO networking market by introducing a variety of traditional products including routers, bridges, etc., which required additional premise wiring and user expertise in network configuration, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
On a local area network (LAN), a media access control (MAC) or address is required to properly direct information to each of the individual computers or nodes on the LAN. On a LAN, a MAC address is a computer's unique address and may be in a "hard-wired" form. On an Ethernet LAN, it is the same as the computer's Ethernet address. When connected to the Internet, a connection table maps the Internet protocol (IP) address to each computer's physical address on the LAN. As currently defined, DSL standards do not provide a MAC capable of operating in a multi-point environment as there are no MAC addresses in DSL.
Another way of stating the problem is that in the downstream direction, the central office (CO) digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) has no mechanism for differentiating between two or more network devices in a multi-drop environment, as DSL does not provide for auto-configuration of multiple IP addresses in a multi-point configuration. Similarly, in the upstream direction, there is no way for multiple devices to gain access to the upstream channel. As a direct result, DSL applications have been limited to operating as point-to-point communications links.
In light of the foregoing, the invention is a system and method that provides multi-point access to DSL services via a single DSL supplied to a customer premise.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a system and method is provided that uses a master node or computer to manage communications at the customer premise. In this embodiment, communications between non-master nodes and the central office (CO) DSLAM are assigned appropriate virtual channels (VCs) for identifying each of the devices at the CPE-end of the DSL. Local traffic between each of the nodes on the local network is not required to pass through the master node and may proceed by using any of a number of known techniques in conjunction with appropriate MAC layer technology.
In accordance with a second embodiment consistent with the present invention, a master node establishes a plurality of connections to the CO-DSLAM by generating and assigning asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) layer VCs for each node on the LAN. The master node informs the local node of the ATM VC identifier and maps local network traffic designated for the CO/ISP onto the DSL upstream at the ATM layer. Downstream DSL traffic is sent to all nodes on the LAN. The appropriate node or nodes will recognize the ATM layer VC, remove the appropriate data or traffic, and inform the master node that the traffic has been removed. This second embodiment permits traffic with the correct VC to pass through the local network without intervention by the master PC. Thus improving the overall throughput and performance of the network.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional objects, features, and advantages be included herein within the scope of the present invention, as defined by the claims.
The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming a part of the specification, illustrate several aspects of the present invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
Having summarized various aspects of the present invention, reference will now be made in detail to the description of the invention as illustrated in the drawings. While the invention will be described in connection with these drawings, there is no intent to limit it to the embodiment or embodiments disclosed therein. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Turning now to the drawings, wherein like referenced numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the drawings, reference is made to
Customer premise 14 is provided a compatible xDSL transmission unit 40, which processes and distributes the several xDSL services to appropriate destination devices such as, but not limited to, a computer 30, a monitor 34, and a digital telephone 36 as illustrated. In addition, the customer premises 14 may have POTS devices such as, but not limited to, a facsimile machine 32 and a standard telephone 38 integrated on the PSTN twisted pair phone line along with xDSL transmission unit 40. It should be understood that the circuitry conventionally implemented in, for example, a xDSL transceiver will be included within the xDSL cards 22 and the xDSL transmission unit 40 as shown in
Having provided a top level description of a xDSL communications system 10 configured to deliver a multitude of broadband services, reference is now made to
The POTS switch 54 is responsible for successfully routing and completing both incoming and outgoing voice band calls from the PSTN 56 as is well known and understood by those skilled in the art. The POTS splitter 52 separates the 300 Hz to 3,500 Hz voice channel from the upstream and downstream DSL data channels. In the voice passband, the POTS splitter 52 should pass not only voice frequency signals with little distortion, but also dial tone, ringing, and on/off hook signals. For the voice frequency signal, the POTS splitter 52 should maintain the original POTS impedance and return loss requirements. Otherwise, POTS automatic network test systems would have difficulty troubleshooting telephone subscriber loop and residential equipment problems. The POTS splitter 52 interface also needs to pass high voltage and high current signals for ringing, on/off hook and so forth.
The POTS splitter 52 consists of mainly a low pass filter for the POTS interface and a high pass filter for the upstream and downstream DSL channels. The low pass filter removes the interference from the upstream and downstream DSL channels from the POTS voice channel. The POTS voice channel impedance should not be affected by the impedance of the upstream and downstream DSL channels. The high pass filter removes the interference from the POTS signals to the upstream and downstream DSL channels. The harmonics of ringing and on/off hook signals are thereby prevented from entering the upstream and downstream DSL channels.
As previously described in relation to the
Having further described the operation of central office 12′ equipment in a joint POTS/DSL communications system with regard to
Similarly, xDSL transmission unit 40 located at the customer premise 14 contains a xDSL transmission unit-remote, hereinafter xTU-R 44. Both xTU-C 24 and xTU-R 44 serve to enable two-way communications between the xDSL card 22 and the xDSL transmission unit 40 via the PSTN twisted pair phone line. Since each xTU is similarly configured, the description herein will address the five functional blocks only once. Both xTU-C 24 and xTU-R 44 receive digital data in encoder 60. The xTU-C 24 receives data from the one or more broadband data services previously described in relation to
Similarly, hybrid 64 is configured to receive an analog signal that may contain a number of encoded and modulated data channels. In the case of the xTU-C 24 within the central office 12, hybrid 64 will receive upstream data from the remote xTU-R 44 along the PSTN line. In the case of the xTU-R 44 within the customer premise 14, hybrid 64 receives the downstream data comprising information from the one or more broadband data services. In either case, hybrid 64 receives the analog representation of the plurality of data channels, converts the analog signal into a digital data stream, and forwards the data stream to demodulator 66. The demodulator 66 processes the digital data stream to recover each of the encoded upstream channels. The demodulator 66 forwards the digital data to decoder 68, which further processes the upstream digital data stream and distributes it to the appropriate broadband destination device.
Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection
Having described both the upstream and downstream processing paths through both the xTU-C 24 located within a central office 12 and the xTU-R 44 located within the customer premise 14 with regard to
As illustrated in the ISO reference model for OSI shown in
To overcome these problems, the ISO adopted a layered approach in creating a reference model for data communications systems. The complex communication system is broken down into multiple layers, each of which performs a well-defined function. Conceptually, the layers can be considered as performing one of two generic functions, either network-dependent functions or application-oriented functions. The functional breakdown defining network functions and application-oriented functions gives rise to three distinct operational environments: the network environment 76, the OSI environment 74, and the real-systems environment 72.
The network environment 76 is concerned with the protocols and standards relating to the different types of underlying data communication networks. The OSI environment 74 encompasses the network environment 76 and adds additional application oriented protocols and standards to allow end systems (computers) to communicate with one another. The real-systems environment 72 builds on the OSI environment 74 and is concerned with an individual manufacturer's proprietary software and services developed to perform a particular distributed information processing task.
As further illustrated in
As shown in
Having described the ISO reference model for OSI with regard to
As illustrated in
Application-Oriented Layers
The Application Layer
The application layer 92 provides the user interface between an end-user application process 90 (usually a computer program) and a range of networking distributed information services as illustrated in
Access to application services is normally achieved through a defined set of primitives, each with associated parameters, which are supported by the local operating system. The access primitives function similarly to other well-known operating system calls and result in an appropriate operating system procedure being activated. These operating system calls use the communication system (software and hardware) as if it were a local device within its own computer, such as a hard disk drive controller. The detailed operation of the communication system below is transparent to the computer user and to the application layer 92 as well. When the application process is performed, one or more parameters are returned indicating the status of the process attempted (success or otherwise). In addition to information transfer, the application layer 92 provides such services as: identification of one or more intended destination devices; determination of the availability of the one or more destination devices; establishment of authority to communicate; agreement on privacy (encryption techniques) mechanisms; authentication of the intended on or more destination devices; selection of a dialogue discipline; agreement on the responsibility for error recovery; and identification on constraints for data syntax. For simplicity of illustration, the aforementioned application layer 92 functions are designated file transfer, access management, document and message interchange, job transfer and manipulation (see
The Presentation Layer
The presentation layer 94 is concerned with the syntax of data during data transfer between communicating end-user application processes 90. To achieve a true OSI, a number of abstract data syntax forms have been defined for use by end-user application processes 90 together with associated transfer syntaxes. The presentation layer 94 negotiates and selects an appropriate transfer syntax to be used during the course of a particular transaction to maintain data integrity between the two end-user application processes 90.
To illustrate the services performed by the presentation layer, consider a telephone conversation between individuals that speak separate and distinct languages. Assume that each speaker uses an interpreter and that the only common language between the interpreters is English. In order to facilitate communication, each interpreter must translate from their local language to English and vice versa. The two speakers are analogous to two end-user application processes 90 with the two interpreters representing the presentation layer. Both local syntaxes (the local languages), as well as, a common syntax (English) are used by the parties to communicate. It is important to note that there must be a universally understood language, which must be defined and used by the interpreters in order for the speakers to communicate.
Another function of the presentation layer 94 is concerned with data security. In some applications, data sent by an end-user application process 90 is first encrypted using a key, which is known by the intended recipient of the data. The recipient decrypts any received data using the key before passing the data to the destination end-user application process 90.
The Session Layer
The session layer 96 provides a means to enable two application layer protocol entities to organize and synchronize their dialogue and manage the data exchange. It is thus responsible for setting up and clearing a communication channel between two communicating application layer protocol entities (actually presentation layer protocol entities) as illustrated in
A number of optional services are provided, including the following: interaction management (duplex/half-duplex); synchronization, for managing data transfers when a data fault is encountered; and exception reporting when an unrecoverable fault is encountered during a data transfer.
Interface Between the Application-Oriented Layers and the Network-Dependent Layers
The Transport Layer
The transport layer 98 provides an interface between the higher application-oriented layers and the underlying network-dependent layers. It provides the session layer 96 with a message transfer facility that is independent of the underlying network type. By providing the session layer 96 with a defined set of message transfer facilities, the transport layer 98 hides the detailed operation of the network layer 100 from the session layer 96.
The transport layer 98 offers a number of service classes, which cater to the varying quality of service provided by different types of networks. There are five service classes ranging from class 0, which provides only basic functionality required to establish a connection and perform a data transfer, to class 4, which provides full error control and flow control procedures. As by way of example, a class 0 data transfer may be selected for use with a packet-switched data network, whereas, a class 4 data transfer may be selected for use with a LAN.
Network-Dependent Layers
The lowest three layers of the ISO reference model are network dependent, as such, their detailed operation varies from one network type to another. However, some generalities can be made as further illustrated in
The Network Layer
The network layer 100 is responsible for establishing and clearing a network wide connection between to two transport layer protocol entities. It includes such facilities as network routing and addressing and, in some instances, flow control across the computer to network interface. In the case of internetworking, the network layer 100 provides various harmonizing functions between the interconnected networks.
The Link Layer
The link layer 102 builds on the physical connection provided by the particular data network 78 to provide the network layer 100 with a reliable information transfer facility. The link layer 102 is responsible for error detection, and in the event of transmission errors, the retransmission of messages. Two types of service are provided: connectionless service treats each information frame as a self-contained entity that is transferred using a best-try approach; and connection oriented service endeavors to provide an error-free information transfer facility.
The Physical Layer
Finally, the physical layer 104 is concerned with the physical and electrical connections or interfaces between the computer A 80′ and the data network 78. The physical layer 104 provides the link layer with a means of transmitting a serial bit stream between the communicating computers A, B 80′ 82 (computer B not shown).
Having described both the ISO reference model for OSI with regard to
The TCP/IP suite may be summarized as illustrated in
As illustrated in
As shown in
It is important to note that since TCP/IP was developed concurrently with the ISO initiative to develop an OSI standard, TCP/IP does not contain specific protocols related to all of the seven OSI reference model layers. Nevertheless, most of the functionality associated with the ISO reference model layers is embedded within the suite of protocols illustrated in
Having described both the relationship between the seven ISO reference model layers with the TCP/IP suite for data transfers between end user application processes 90 on the Internet with regard to
As illustrated in
The signaling layer 124 and the higher layers 126 illustrated at the uppermost levels in the ATM protocol may be further described as a user layer. Thus the B-ISDN protocol reference model of
The ATM layer 134 deals with the functions of the cell header independent of the type of information carried in the cell. Thus simplicity and flexibility are achieved by omitting various services required by end-user application processes 90 (see
The main reason for not providing these services at the ATM layer 134 is that not all end-user application processes 90 (see
There are four service classes, as well as, a user defined class of service. Class A corresponds to services that require a constant bit rate (CBR) connection. Class A services require timing synchronization between the source and the destination nodes. Two examples are 64 kb/s pulse code modulation voice and CBR video. Class B corresponds to a variable bit rate (VBR) connection-oriented service. Class B services also require a timing relation between the source and the destination nodes. VBR encoded video is an example of a data service which falls into the B service class. Class C corresponds to VBR connection-oriented service with no timing relation between the source and the destination node. A typical service within the C service class is a connection-oriented data transfer. Class D corresponds to a VBR connectionless service with no timing relation between the source and the destination node. Connectionless data transfer between two LANs over a WAN, such as the Internet, is an example of a class D type service. Class X service is a raw cell service to allow for proprietary vendor-defined ATM adaptation layers 128.
As introduced herein above, the ATM adaptation layer 128 further comprises a convergence sublayer (CS) 130 and a segmentation and reassembly (SAR) sublayer 132. A transmit node SAR sublayer 132 receives CS-protocol data units (CS-PDUs) and segments them, or collects in the case of CBR services, so that when a SAR header/trailer is added to the PDU, the final payload fits into one ATM payload portion of 48 bytes. On the receiving end, the SAR sublayer 132 reconstructs the CS-PDUs from received cells and passes them to the CS sublayer 130. The CS sublayer 130 is further divided into a common portion and a service specific portion (not shown). The common portion of the CS sublayer 130 performs functions common to a particular ATM adaptation layer 128 class of users. The service specific requirements of different classes of users, for example, timing recovery for real-time applications, are implemented in the service specific portion of the CS sublayer 130. For services that do not require any specific function, the service specific portion may be null.
CBR services in the ATM framework are assumed to require a timing relationship between the end nodes. VBR services, on the other hand, are further classified into two subcategories depending upon whether an end-to-end timing relationship is required. The former classification is intended for applications such as VBR video and audio. The latter classification is for data services. These data-service applications may be further classified based on those that require a connection-oriented data transfer and those that transfer data via a connectionless application service.
Having described the B-ISDN protocol as illustrated in
The GFC field 142 is a 4-bit field providing flow control and fairness at a user-network interface. It is not used to control data traffic in the other direction, that is, network to user traffic flow. The GFC field 142 has no use within the network and is meant to be used only by access mechanisms that implement different access levels and priorities.
ATM data transfers require established connections prior to initiating and completing a data transfer. ATM uses routing tables at each node along the path of a connection that map the connection identifiers from the incoming links to the outgoing links. There are two levels of routing hierarchies, virtual paths (VPs) and virtual channels (VCs). A VC uses a unique identifier used to describe the unidirectional transport of cells from one end user to a remotely located end user. A VP is a collection of one or more VCs between two nodes. Each VP has a bandwidth associated with it limiting the number of VCs that can be multiplexed on the VP. VPIs are used to route packets between two nodes that originate, remove, or terminate the VPs, whereas, VCIs are used at these end nodes to distinguish between individual connections. It is significant to note that there is no difference between a VP and a VC when a VP is defined over a single physical link. When a VP is defined over two or more physical links, it reduces the size of the routing tables by allowing a number of VCs to be switched based upon a single identifier, that is, a VPI 144.
The PTI field 148 defines what is transmitted in the cell payload. The CLP field 150 of the ATM cell header is a 1-bit field that provides limited flexibility by defining two cell-loss priorities. The header error control field 152 is used mainly to discard cells with corrupted headers and to delineate cells. Where cell delineation is determining the cell boundaries from the received bit stream. The 8-bit field provides single-bit error correction and a low probability corrupted cell delivery capabilities.
A possible end-to-end model for data communications using an xDSL data transfer medium consists of TCP/IP running on top of PPP, which runs on top of ATM. The QOS and VC flexibility inherent in ATM permits a single user access to many different data sources simultaneously. As by way of example, a single user may surf the net, download a software application, listen to a web radio station, and check corporate Email by accessing a virtual private network. Ideally, a single user could have multiple open "windows" or active applications each of which may be connected to a separate VC with each of the aforementioned data services received and transmitted via logically separate data streams through the xDSL interface to the WAN.
In order to extend the single user to WAN model introduced above to permit communications between a multi-drop LAN 200 and a WAN, the multi-drop LAN 200 or SOHO network may be configured with identical hardware and software installed on each computer on the LAN 200. A master computer or master node may be selected using one or more LAN 200 initialization algorithms. Should a particular computer or node fail either as the result of hardware or software problems, the LAN 200 may be re-configured with a new master computer selected to assume control of the gateway function between the LAN 200 and the WAN. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a number of topologies and architectures for the LAN 200 exist. A system and method to interface a LAN 200 to a WAN in accordance with the present invention may be implemented with any of a number of LAN 200 configurations. Regardless of the LAN 200 architecture and the protocol used for local communications on the LAN 200, a communications device in accordance with the teachings of the present invention may be integrated with each computer of the LAN 200 to provide local communications between each of the computers.
Several techniques may be used for establishing LAN 200 communications. A few non-limiting examples follow. A first technique can use frequency bands outside of the xDSL bands (frequencies greater than 1 MHz). A second technique can use frequency bands that fall in the spectrum between xDSL bands and an upper frequency limit of 1 MHz. A third technique may take advantage of a particular variety of xDSL and use the xDSL backbone to create specialized signals to negotiate frequency bands that may be used for communications between the various LAN 200 devices.
By taking advantage of the fact that devices on a LAN 200 can communicate with a master computer, as described above, along with the fact that a master computer can connect to a remotely located WAN using multiple VCs, it is possible to assign one or more VCs to each of the nodes on a LAN 200 to permit multiple user access over a single xDSL LAN 200 to WAN interface. A system and method to interface a LAN 200 to a WAN in accordance with the present invention may provide many advantages. As by way of example, a single Internet access subscription fee may allow multiple users to gain access simultaneously. The router function of the LAN 200 to WAN gateway essentially transforms into an ATM switching function. Incoming ATM cells destined for a particular PC need only to traverse a simple switching fabric which may be implemented in hardware or software. The master computer could be extended to perform as a "firewall" between the two networks as all traffic entering and leaving the WAN may be processed by the master computer. In this regard, the master computer may be configured with software to govern access, traffic rates, time-of-day specific limitations, and any of a number of other network "traffic cop" functions.
As will be further explained along with
A Point to Multi-Point Digital Subscriber Line Communication System
Having described the ATM cell format as illustrated in
As illustrated in
As previously described in relation to
Having identified the co-located computers 37 on the LAN 200, assigned a particular VC for each of the identified computers 37, and having assigned a VC for itself, the master computer 33 has prepared the LAN 200 for point to multi-point communications from a remotely located LAN/WAN through the DSL communication link. In this regard, communications to and from the CO-DSLAM 20 (see
As further illustrated in
It is important to note that "local," that is, network data traffic between computers 33, 37 located on LAN 200, is not required to pass through the master computer 33 and may proceed using any of a number of well known techniques, i.e., (tone reservation, single carrier, etc.), in conjunction with appropriate MAC layer technology.
Having described a first embodiment of a point to multi-point DSL communication system 180 as illustrated in
As illustrated in
As previously described in relation to
Having identified the co-located computers 37 on the LAN 200, assigned and notified each computer 37 of its particular ATM-VC, and having assigned an ATM-VC for itself, the master computer 33 has prepared the LAN 200 for point to multi-point communications from a remotely located LAN/WAN through the DSL communication link. In this regard, downstream DSL communications from the CO-DSLAM 20 (see
Similarly, upstream DSL traffic on LAN 200 may be mapped onto the ATM layer by applying the appropriate ATM-VC to the data traffic and forwarding the traffic in the upstream data channel. The advantage of this configuration and method is that it reduces the load on the master computer 33. This technique allows traffic with the correct ATM-VC to pass through the downstream network without intervention by the master computer 33, thus improving overall throughput and performance of the network.
Having described a second embodiment of a point to multi-point DSL communication system 180′ as illustrated in
It is important to note that any process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process, and alternate implementations are included within the scope of the preferred embodiment of the present invention in which functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those reasonably skilled in the art of the present invention.
As illustrated in
Having identified a VCx for the request, the method 220 performs step 232 where a determination is made if the data request is for DSL downstream data or DSL upstream data. If the determination in step 232 is affirmative, that is DSL downstream data is requested by PCx 37′, master PC 33′ may establish a communications link with the remote node or service in step 234 via the DSL using the previously generated VCx. Having successfully established a link with the remote node or service, the master PC 33′ can request the data as a proxy for the requesting PCx 37′. Next, in step 236, the remote node may start the data transfer. If the determination in step 232 is negative, that is DSL upstream data is to be sent to a remote node, the method 220 performs step 238, where the master PC 33′ establishes a communication link with the remote node using the previously identified VCx. Having established the VC, the master PC 33′ may send the data as a proxy for the requesting PCx 37′ in step 240.
Next, in step 242 the master PC 33′ checks if the data transfer has been completed. If it is determined in step 242 that the transfer is still in progress, the method may simply repeat step 242 until the data transfer is complete. Once master PC 33′ determines that the data transfer is complete, the master PC 33′ may send the data along LAN 200′ to the requesting PCx as illustrated in step 244. Having sent the data in step 244, the master PC 33′ may release or terminate the VCx in step 246. The method 220 may maintain the point to multi-point DSL communication link by repeating steps 228–246 as previously described.
Having described a method 220 for establishing a point to multi-point DSL communication system 180 that may be implemented by the embodiment of
As illustrated in
Having identified an ATM-VCx for the request, the method 300 performs step 312 where a determination is made if the data request is for DSL downstream data or DSL upstream data. If the determination in step 312 is negative, that is DSL upstream data is desired to be transmitted by PCx 37′, master PC 33″ may be configured to insert an acknowledgement in the ATM frame in step 316 and start the upstream data transfer in step 318. If the determination in step 312 is affirmative, that is DSL downstream data is requested, the remote node may start the data transfer at any time after the link is established as illustrated in step 314.
Next, in step 320 the master PC 33″ checks if the data transfer has been completed. If it is determined in step 320 that the transfer is still in progress, the method may simply repeat step 320 until the data transfer is complete. Once master PC 33″ determines that the data transfer is completed, the master PC 33″ may release or terminate the ATM-VCx as illustrated in step 322. The method 300 may maintain the point to multi-point DSL communication link by repeating steps 308–322 as previously described.
As by way of example, if PC1 37′ desires to communicate with a remote node via the DSL communication link it may initiate a data request via the LAN 200″ to master PC 33″. The master PC 33″ having received the data request, may use the ATM signaling stack to establish a connection with the remote node (not shown). Subsequent upstream traffic to the remote node may be sent via the master PC 33″. It is significant to note that the above method in no way affects localized LAN data traffic, i.e., control information between PC1 37′ and the master PC 33″, which may be transmitted and received via the LAN 200″.
A VC may be reserved for this session. The master PC 33″ and PC1 37′ can then be made aware of the assignment. As by way of example, the master PC 33″ can be made aware of the VC assignment via the signaling stack. Subsequent local or LAN 200″ communications between the master PC 33″ and PC1 37′ may instruct PC1 37′ to "watch for traffic on VCx." Furthermore, PC1 37′ may request information from the WAN by sending a request over a local LAN 200″ communications channel to the master PC 33″. The WAN may then return information using ATM VCx to the LAN 200″, where PC1 37′ may remove the information by processing a protocol stack.
Upstream acknowledgments may be created in the stack located at PC1 37′. The acknowledgements or "ACKs" may then be placed in ATM frames and sent to the master PC 33″. The master PC 33″ may be configured to map the incoming ATM cells from PC1 37′ onto the VCx that was assigned by the ISP. ACKS may then be forwarded along one or more networks to the remote destination. As a result, the communications protocols remain in synchronization. When communications for a particular transaction are complete, the local channel from PC1 37 to the master PC 33″ may notify the master PC 33″ to terminate the transaction. VCs may then be released and the process is complete.
The flow charts illustrated in
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a number of communication media may be used to complete the network bridge between the LAN 200 and the WAN. As by way of non-limiting examples, the link or bridge may be completed via a community antenna television (CATV) network and/or a wireless radio-frequency (RF) network. In one preferred embodiment, the bridge may be completed with an optically coupled device. Alternatively, if a xDSL modem and the PSTN are used to complete the link, it is preferable to complete the link with a symmetrical DSL (SDSL) modem. It will be further appreciated by those skilled in the art that each alternative link or bridge medium may require a communication device in accordance with the present invention to be integrated with the CATV or RF network in order to complete the LAN 200 to WAN/Internet bridge. Furthermore, each device on the LAN 200 may be configured to support LAN 200 communications with the CATV or RF network master computer devices.
It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present invention, particularly, any "preferred" embodiments, are merely possible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiment(s) of the invention without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the invention. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of the present invention and protected by the following claims.
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|Systems and methods for multiple mode voice and data communications using intelligently bridged TDM and packet buses and methods for performing telephony and data functions using the same
|Nov 19, 1998
|Apr 9, 2002
|Compaq Information Technologies, Group L. P.
|Computer system with adaptive heartbeat
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 30, 2000
|Dec 18, 2007
|Paradyne Corporation
|System and method for a trouble shooting portal to allow temporary management access to a communication device
|May 7, 2003
|Apr 21, 2009
|Brooktree Broadband Holding, Inc.
|Method and system for preventing data loss in a real-time computer system
|Oct 14, 2003
|Oct 20, 2009
|Delangis Eric M
|Residential communications gateway (RCG) for broadband communications over a plurality of standard POTS lines, with dynamic allocation of said bandwidth, that requires no additional equipment or modifications to the associated class 5 offices or the PSTN at large
|Apr 13, 2001
|Apr 27, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for transmitting information in a network
|Feb 12, 2004
|Jan 25, 2011
|At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.
|Connection management for data networks
|Jul 5, 2011
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|System and method for self configuration of reconfigurable systems
|Dec 27, 2011
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|System and method for self configuration of reconfigurable systems
|Feb 1, 2006
|Feb 14, 2012
|Lantiq Deutschland Gmbh
|Traffic shaping between the DMT processor and data link layer processor of a line-card
|Jul 24, 2012
|Brooktree Broadband Holding, Inc.
|Method and system for preventing data loss in a real-time computer system
|Nov 20, 2012
|Koolspan, Inc.
|Subnet box
|Jan 1, 2013
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for providing awareness of and context for phone conversations across multiple personal devices
|Jul 20, 2012
|Sep 10, 2013
|Conexant Systems, Inc.
|Residential gateway for voice over internet protocol communications
|Sep 17, 2008
|Nov 26, 2013
|Juniper Networks, Inc.
|Virtual upstream channel provisioning and utilization in broadband communication systems
|Oct 7, 2010
|Mar 4, 2014
|Adtran, Inc.
|Systems and methods for centrally provisioning virtual circuit information
|Oct 5, 2001
|Apr 10, 2003
|Silvester Kelan C.
|Extending bluetooth personal area networks
|May 7, 2003
|Jan 29, 2004
|Globespan Virata Inc.
|Method and system for preventing data loss in a real-time computer system
|Sep 29, 2003
|Mar 31, 2005
|Nokia Corporation
|Transport layer communication
|Oct 14, 2003
|Apr 14, 2005
|Delangis Eric M.
|Residential communications gateway (RCG) for broadband communications over a plurality of standard POTS lines, with dynamic allocation of said bandwidth, that requires no additional equipment or modifications to the associated class 5 offices or the PSTN at large
|Feb 12, 2004
|Aug 18, 2005
|Sbc Knowledge Ventures, L.P.
|Connection management for data networks
|Sep 3, 2004
|Apr 6, 2006
|Hite Thomas D
|System and method for relating computing systems
|Dec 13, 2005
|Aug 31, 2006
|Freyman Phillip K
|Network status indication system
|Sep 28, 2006
|Feb 1, 2007
|Schlansker Michael S
|System and method for self configuration of reconfigurable systems
|Feb 1, 2006
|Aug 2, 2007
|Jain Raj K
|Traffic shaping between the DMT processor and data link layer processor of a line-card
|Apr 21, 2009
|Oct 15, 2009
|Conexant, Inc.
|Method and System for Preventing Data Loss in a Real-Time Computer System
|May 16, 2008
|Nov 19, 2009
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for providing awareness of and context for phone conversations across multiple personal devices
|Jul 14, 2011
|Schlansker Michael S
|System and method for self configuration of reconfigurable systems
|Oct 27, 2011
|Koolspan, Inc.
|Subnet Box
|U.S. Classification
|709/227, 709/238, 370/395.3
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 12, 2000
Owner name: GLOBESPAN, INC., NEW JERSEY
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text:
Dave Ramsey's Financial Wisdom from Proverbs
10 Days
Dave Ramsey is America's trusted voice on money and business. Following his own bankruptcy at age 30, Dave set out to learn God's ways of handling money. Dave now devotes himself to teaching others how to be responsible with their money so they can live a generous life and leave a legacy for generations to come. Over the next 10 days, Dave will use the Book of Proverbs to show you some practical, biblical steps for walking in financial peace.
Over 100000 completions

subset: commoncrawl


text:
May 31, 2016
Democratic U.S. Representatives Bennie Thompson and Gene Taylor
shrugged off challenges and solidified their bases by defeating
Republican challengers who sharply criticized their records.
Republican U.S. Representatives Roger Wicker of Tupelo and Chip
Pickering of Madison County easily won reelection. They breezed
past candidates who ran low-profile campaigns.
In north Mississippi's 1st District, Wicker's only opponent was
the Reform Party's Barbara Dale Washer.
In the 2nd District that stretches through the Delta and into parts of Jackson, Thompson of Bolton won his second consecutive race against Republican Clinton B. LeSueur of Greenville.
In the 3rd District, which stretches from southwest Mississippi through the Jackson suburbs and into the east-central part of the state, Pickering's opponents were the Reform Party's Lamonica L. Magee and independent Jim Giles.
In south Mississippi's 4th District, Taylor of Bay St. Louis defeated Republican Mike Lott of Petal, a state House member for the past five years.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
Efficacy/Safety of Human Plasminogen Eye Drop in Ligneous Conjunctivitis Patients
The recruitment status of this study is unknown because the information has not been verified recently.
Verified May 2013 by Kedrion S.p.A..
Recruitment status was Recruiting
Recruitment status was Recruiting
Kedrion S.p.A.
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Kedrion S.p.A.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: December 20, 2011
Last updated: May 15, 2013
Last verified: May 2013
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study is currently recruiting participants.
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|January 2015
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|October 2014 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)


text:
Re: Approved for the Discover More Student Card for $1000!
Are you talking about my Chase Amazon Card? I'm the primary user for the card, no one else. Same for all my cards. I was a bit miffed though as to why I got a higher CL on the Chase Amazon card compared to the Freedom card. I will have to call them and find out. I would love to do a CLI on the Freedom card but heard that it's a hard pull.
Current Score: EQ FICO (07/27/2012): 687 (08/01/2012): 688, EX (07/27/2012): 696, TU(07/27/2012: 667 (08/06/2012): 712
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In my wallet: Chase Amazon Rewards Visa ($1300), Capital One Rewards ($300), Chase Freedom ($500), Discover More Student ($1000), Citi Forward student ($2000)
Take the FICO Fitness Challenge
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text:
Bribery Expert Witnesses testifying in Litigation
Bribery experts in this Accounting And Economics directory provide witness opinion and testimony in all types of Bribery accidents including Computer Forensic Digital, Computer Forensics, Digital Investigations, Develop Procedures and UNIX.
Bribery accidents can occur in Security Adequacy Loss Prevention Premise Liability, Security Adequacy Loss Prevention retail security, Security Adequacy Loss Prevention convenience stores, Security Adequacy Loss Prevention apartments and Security Adequacy Loss Prevention bouncer.
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Accounting And Economics Expert Witnesses for Attorneys
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text:
The actor and the sportsman's calling card is their star appeal. The academic and corporate honcho bring along intense strategies and analyses. The activist and ex-cop arrive armed with steely resolve. And a magician?
"If I can make a speeding train full of passengers vanish, you could argue that I will be able to make corruption vanish from politics," ponders PC Sorcar Jr, the BJP's 67-year-old candidate from the Barasat Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal. India's Houdini, however, is under no illusion about the enormity of that task. "I will have to work harder to fight corruption, which is almost everywhere in our society," shrugs the conjurer who's known for once making the Taj Mahal disappear. To be sure Sorcar will need more than his magical prowess to earn his spurs as a politician, if he does go on to become one.


text:
I have done all
Of the tasks apart
From the geocaching
One because that is
Some modern nonsense
If you are not sure what
On earth this is about
Visit www.50things.org.uk
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text:
Spike Lee worked with Michael Jackson, but says even he learned a lot combing through footage for a planned documentary about the "Bad" album.
Fashion Week isn't just in New York and Paris anymore. The week where
designers show off their newest wares for the season, has reached
Soweto, South Africa. The late May event was actually only three days and it showcased 16
local designers. Thanks to Soweto Fashion Week organizer Stephen Manzini, designers had their chance in the spotlight. And Manzini promised the eager crowd the event will
continue to grow over the coming years.
In 1920, Oscar Micheaux became the first African-American to produce a
feature-length film (The Homesteader). In 1931, he made the sound
feature-length film (The Exile), the first such by an African American.
Black filmmakers have since been following suit.
With all the star power at the BET Awards, the most stirring
moment came not from a superstar, but from the mother of one.
Mike Tyson, one of the most publicized names in the history
of boxing, is soon to add another dimension to his turbulent life:
Broadway star.
In the new book American Tapestry: The Story of
the Black, White, and Multiracial Ancestors of Michelle Obama, Rachel L. Swarns uncovers
the family history of the first African-American first lady of the
US, the first in that role to be the descendant of slaves. At
the same time, she reveals the complexities of Black life in America.
For American Tapestry not only reflects the lives of four generations of
a Black family, it also reflects the cultural and political history of
Black America.
This year has been an exciting one for Black actors, directors,
producers and playwrights to showcase their talents and broaden their
expertise on The Great White Way. The 2011 – 2012 season was also
especially pleasing for theatergoers, who were offered a range of
narratives in regard to Black life.
Alex Harsley's new exhibit, "50 Years of Fine Art Images", offers a fresh and stunning take on African American history and culture.
Gershwin's Porgy & Bess won the 2012 Tony award for best Revival of a Musical.
Last night, actress and opera singer Audra McDonald took home the Tony
award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical for her portrayal of Bess in
George Gershwin's classic Porgy & Bess. The big win marks the fifth
Tony Award for the 41-year old Broadway veteran. She is now tied with
Angela Lansbury and Julie Harris as the third actress in history to hold
five Tony Awards.


text:
Gillette Venus Spa Breeze Disposable Razors Reviews
DisposablesI like these because they are so much cheaper than the regular razors and work just as well. The shave is still pretty close 9I still prefer Venus Embrace) & the shave gel bars work ( & last) just as well.They don't last quite as long but you can extend the life by cleaning & drying them after using, applying some baby oil on the blades, & storing in a dry space. I can usually squeeze a few months out of even a disposable razor doing this. — 3 years agorunee89 | 296 reviews
Ideal for TravelThe shave gel bars on this razor actually work as well as usual shave gel. These are great for travel because they are inexpensive and don't require packing separate shave gel. Since you can't see the gel on your skin, you have to pay attention to where you're shaving, or you will likely miss some patches. Hardly an insurmountable burden. These get dull quickly, so I would not replace my usual razor and shave cream for these. — 3 years agoazdrienne | 120 reviews
Great!Kind of pricey! but totally worth buying them! they leave your skin SO SOFT! plus it takes all the hair with one slide :D — 3 years agoheidihannibal33 | 13 reviews
Great for travel if you're always loosing your good razor like me!I LOVE my Gillette Venus razor - but I have left more than one in hotel/relatives bathrooms! My solution? The disposables! They aren't quite as fabulous as the original but it sure beats having to replace my original! — 3 years agoshastess | 10 reviews
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text:
In Africa Confidential:
As Western bankers and traders cheer higher growth rates, Africa's economists sound alarms about the lack of investment in manufacturing and new jobs
Celebrating Africa's impressive growth rates over the past decade has become a growth industry of its own. Africa's economies have been outpacing Eastern Europe, the Middle East and South America. Seven out of the ten fastest-growing economies in the world will be in Africa, according to the International Monetary Fund. Its sister organisation, the World Bank, argues that Africa could be on the brink of an economic take-off similar to China's in the 1980s. It adds that governments have slashed budget deficits and brought down inflation to single figures, duly encouraged, of course by the IMF and World Bank.
Joining in the commendation are the banks: the United States' Merrill Lynch calls Africa the 'final frontier' where 'opportunities abound'. Russia's Renaissance Capital, which has invested heavily in Nigeria, last year published a tome explaining how 'the bottom billion has become the fastest billion'. Two international news magazines chimed in with similar collections of upbeat economic data and used the same headline: 'Africa Rising'. But is it really?More here[view whole blog post ]
|Mozambique Ruling Party Faces Tough Contest
Renamo supporters: Ruling Frelimo faces a stern challenge at Wednesday's polls from...
|Surge in Central African Republic Violence
African Union troops in Bangui (file photo): The UN has expressed alarm...
|Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana Get Crucial Wins
Asamoah Gyan of Ghana (file photo): The Super Eagles have boosted their...


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StarTech.com USB 2.0 300Mbps Mini Wireless-N Network Adapter - 802.11n WiFi - Network adapter - USB 2.0 - 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n - black
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The TP-LINK TL-WN722N wireless high gain USB adapter allows you to connect a desktop or notebook computer to a wireless network and access high-speed Internet connection.
StarTech.com USB 150Mbps Mini Wireless N Network Adapter - 802.11n/g 1T1R
ASUS PCE-AC68 - Network adapter - PCIe - 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac
Unitech - Handheld carrying case - for Unitech PA600, PA600 PE HF
Wireless you no longer need to worry about tripping over cables or whether the USB cable is long enough to reach your computer.
This Wireless-N USB adapter is an IEEE802.11b/g/n compliant wireless USB adapter. It provides superior performance and interoperability within a mixed mode network (802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n).
Plantronics BUA-100 - Network adapter - USB - Bluetooth
Easily connects your computer to a wider, faster network. Provides an excellent solution for efficiently tranferring such large data files.
The TL-WN851N Wireless N PCI Adapter complies with IEEE 802.11n (Draft 2.0), IEEE 802.11g, and IEEE 802.11b standards. Wireless transmission rates can reach up to 300Mbps.
Unitech - Headset - ear-bud
ENUWI-2XN42/ENUWI-2XN45 equipping two external antennas, this wireless 11n USB adapter provides you a better wireless signal. It complies with standards IEEE 802.11n with data rate up to 300 Mbps, and IEEE 802.11b/g with maximum data rate of 54 Mbps.
Low-cost VoIP telephone device, make local and long distance calls, no computer needed and no additional fees. Free calls to anywhere in the world, 24/7 tech support, fax friendly, easy setup - plug into your router. Requires internet access.
The ENCORE ENEWI-2XN42/ENEWI-2XN45 Wireless N300 PCI-E Adapter is fully compliant with IEEE 802.11n 2.0 specification; it allows users to connect to 802.11n wireless networks up to 300 Mbps.
The ENCORE ENEWI-1XN42/ENEWI-1XN45 Wireless N150 PCI-E Adapter is fully compliant with IEEE 802.11n 2.0 specification; it allows users to connect to 802.11n wireless networks up to 150 Mbps.
ENUWI-1XN42/ENUWI-1XN45 equipping one external antenna, this wireless 11n USB adapter provides you a better wireless signal. It complies with standards IEEE 802.11n with data rate up to 150 Mbps, and IEEE 802.11b/g with maximum data rate of 54 Mbps.
Connect the Duo Wi-Fi to your router, choose a number of keep your own, no computer needed, fax friendly, 27/7 tech support, no additional fees for calls, call anywhere in the world. Requires internet access.
Provides wireless connectivity with 802.11g, or 802.11b networks and an easy-to-install, backward compatible interface to bring the best wireless solution for desktop/mobile workstations.
Unitech - Bar code scanner stand - for MS 840
Datalogic - Handheld stylus with strap (pack of 5 ) - for Lynx D302, D302 E, D402, D432, D432E
Honeywell - Handheld belt - for Honeywell HX2, HX3, MX8
TP-Link TL-WN7200ND - Network adapter - USB 2.0 - 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n
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For nearly 20 years we have dedicated our talents exclusively to extending the life of crossties. Our ongoing investment in research has provided constant innovations to the industry making us the single-source provider of tie plugging and rail seat abrasion prevention and repair equipment and compounds. Our life extending crosstie technologies are supplied to most Maintenance of Way divisions of Class I and short line North American Railroads.
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©2015 Encore Rail Systems Inc.,
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Encore is a proud member
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text: America: Now and Here Eric Fischl on Art & Shared Experiences By Rich Egger • Sep 9, 2012 Rich Egger The juror for this year's "64 Arts" exhibit at the Buchanan Center for the Arts in Monmouth hopes the show inspires conversations."It's about sharing. So I think people will see either things they identify with or things that trigger memories for them of other places, other people, other events that give them feelings," said Eric Fischl, who is an internationally known artist. National Juried Exhibit at Buchanan Center for the Arts By Rich Egger • Sep 4, 2012 Rich Egger The annual 64 Arts national juried exhibit drew entries from across the nation -- and even a couple from other countries.The exhibit includes 132 works by 78 artists. One of those artists is from Canada and another is from Italy. Buchanan Center Director Susan Twomey said western Illinois is also represented."We have some people from Macomb. We have someone from Galesburg. We have three or four artists right from the Monmouth area who all got work accepted into the show," Twomey said.


text:
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Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
ISBN13:by KADARE,ISMAIL
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June 28,1389: Six hundred years before Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic called for therepression of the Albanian majority in Kosovo, there took place, on the Fieldof the Blackbirds, a battle shrouded in legend. A coalition of Serbs, AlbanianCatholics, Bosnians, and Romanians confronted and were defeated by the invadingOttoman army of the Sultan Murad. This battle established the Muslim footholdin Europe and became the centerpiece of Serbian nationalist ideology,justifying the campaign of ethnic cleansing of Albanian Kosovars that the worldwitnessed with horror at the end of the past century. In thiseloquent and timely reflection on war, memory, and the destiny of two peoples,Ismail Kadare explores in fiction the legend and the consequences of thatdefeat. Elegy for Kosovo is aheartfelt yet clear-eyed lament for a land riven by hatreds as old as theHomeric epics and as young as the latest news broadcast.


text:
How to Change Your Skin Tone
As summer is near, many of us won't have the chance to go sunbathing for many hours every day, in order to get that magnificent Victoria's secret models-like tan. Besides, it's not healthy either. Well, if it wasn't for the help of the make-up, we'd have to choose between being pale skinned in the middle of the summer, or damage our skin and health forever. Thankfully, there are many make-up tips that can help us gain that beautiful bronze look. the only thing needed? A bronze powder that matches your skin tone, some mascara, a little of lip-gloss and you're done!
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1Apply a large amount of the bronze powder on your cheekbones, your forehead, your nose and a little amount on the bones of your neck.
2Use a great amount of black or brown mascara. In that case, you can "play with the colours a little, and use a purple or blue mascara instead.
3Finally, apply the lip-gloss, wear your best smile and go have some fun with your new tanned skin! It's summer time!
Community Q&A
- DON'T overdo it with the bronze, or you'll turn out with a red, sunburned-like look.
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Español: cambiar el tono de tu piel, Русский: изменить тон кожи
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Norman S. KatzJanuary 17,2013Norman S. Katz
Norman Stanley Stan Katz, 69, of Rutland, died Tuesday, Jan. 15, 2013, at Rutland Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center.
He was born Feb. 23, 1943, in New Jersey, the son of Saul and Ida Katz.
He had a masters degree in mathematics from Brandeis University and taught math, including aboard Navy ships.
Mr. Katz was a member of Unitarian Universalist Church in Rutland.
He enjoyed traveling and reading.
There are no calling hours.
The memorial service will be held at 3 p.m. Saturday, Jan. 19, at Unitarian Universalist Church of Rutland.
Burial will be at a later date in Burlington.
Memorial contributions may be made to Unitarian Universalist Church of Rutland, 117 West St., Rutland, VT 05701.
Arrangements are under the direction of the Tossing Funeral Home.MORE IN ObituariesMichael Sawtell
A celebration of life for Michael Sawtell will be held at 10 a.m. Full StoryFederic D. Hoth
BENNINGTON Frederic D. Hoth, 94, of Bennington, died Sunday, Jan. Full StoryFrederick C. Rieben III
ARLINGTON Frederick C. Full Story
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Purchase Tickets
Gift-in-kind Form
2015 Items
Auction Item # 40
5th Annual Tiger Auction
4th Annual Tiger Auction
3rd Annual Tiger Auction
FHSU Athletics
FHSU Foundation
Auction Item #40: PICK YOUR JERSEY FROM TIGER ATHLETICS!!
This years' Live Item #40 will target updates in Gross Memorial Coliseum and uniform replacements for several of our programs. Estimated costs associated with these items is $80,000.As for uniforms, we are needing to replace football, women's basketball, men's soccer, softball, wrestling and track. With football in this year's uniform equation, the costs are significantly more challenging than other years. Those who contribute to Live Item #40 at the $250 level and above are eligible to receive a previously worn Tiger jersey from the sport of their choice. Choose from football, soccer, volleyball, basketball, wrestling, track, baseball or softball. Great to display on the wall of your rec room!With four national championship banners moved above the court, along with banners representing NCAA Tournament appearances and MIAA Conference titles, we hope to upgrade the coliseum with quality championship banners of more recent success in the NCAA and MIAA, while recognizing our historic past in the NAIA and former conferences such as the RMAC, CSIC, CIC and KIC dating back to a CIC Conference Championship in 1937.This particular item offers the opportunity to pledge your gift over the course of this fiscal year to be paid by June of 2016. In addition, your total donation will be tax-exempt and tax-deductible.


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Magic Mike XXL (2015)
Magic Mike XXL SynopsisPicking up the story three years after Mike (Channing Tatum) bowed out of the stripper life at the top of his game, Magic Mike XXL finds the remaining Kings of Tampa likewise ready to throw in the towel. But they want to do it their way: burning down the house in one last blow-out performance in Myrtle Beach, and with legendary headliner Magic Mike sharing the spotlight with them. On the road to their final show, with whistle stops in Jacksonville and Savannah to renew old acquaintances and make new friends, Mike and the guys learn some new moves and shake off the past in surprising ways.
Magic Mike XXL Release Date
In Theaters July 1, 2015
Magic Mike XXL Credits
Starring: Channing Tatum, Matt Bomer, Joe Manganiello, Kevin Nash, Adam Rodriguez, Gabriel Iglesias, Amber Heard, Donald Glover, Stephen tWitch Boss, Michael Strahan, with Andie MacDowell, Elizabeth Banks and Jada Pinkett Smith
Written by: Reid Carolin
Directed by: Gregory Jacobs
Produced by: Nick Wechsler, Channing Tatum, Reid Carolin, and Gregory Jacobs
MPAA Rating: [ R ]
Distributor: Warner Bros. Pictures
External Info: Magic Mike XXL Official Website
Subscribe To Magic Mike XXL Updates
if you're excited for Magic Mike XXL


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'Donna's sexual orientation is not a basis on which she should be disinherited by her father and he failed to satisfy his moral obligations,' the lawsuit says
The owners say the surgery was done without their approval. Also at stake: eight vials of what's believed to be the dog's frozen semen, each worth about $3,000
In his blogging about Canada's hate speech laws, right-wing pundit Levant defamed a young law student as a serial liar, a bigot and a Jew-hater, a judge has found
Andrew Weaver said he never suggested to a National Post reporter in 2009 that the break-ins were part of the plot to hack into emails of IPCC members
As astonishing evidence of the raw appeal of the victim's robes, the female motorist is now suing the estate of the dead boy for more than $1-million
Samantha Perelman claims her uncle systematically squeezed her out of her grandfather's will as he suffered the effects of a Parkinson's-like disease
The head of AEG Live told a jury on Tuesday he believes a lawsuit filed by Michael Jackson's mother is a baseless extortion attempt
The pro-life group was rejected — on the basis that its message wasn't 'inclusive'
Noting that affairs of the heart "do not always run smoothly," a Nova Scotia judge has ruled in favour of a woman who sued an ex-boyfriend for giving her the disease
Marie Huckle wanted to get a lasting tribute to a recently deceased friend, and decided to tattoo a phrase that held special meaning, signalling they would one day meet again. Instead, the tattoo artist left out a letter, and she ended up with "See You at the Cossroads" on her ribcage. "This had been a […]


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Dog Loft Spa Services
Deluxe Treatment Package (Full Grooming)*
Hydro bath, blow dry, hair/breed clip, brushing, nails, & ears
Pamper Treatment Package (Basic Grooming)*
Hydro bath, blow dry, light trim of feathers & paws , brushing, nails, & ears
Bare Essentials (Wash N Wag)*
Bath and towel dry
Less than 20 lbs: $15.00
21 lbs – 40 lbs: $22.00
41 lbs-85 lbs: $26.00
Over 85 lbs: $30.00
A La Carte
Pawdicure (nail trim): $10.00
Dental (tooth brushing & mouth spritz): $8.00
Blueberry Facial: $4.00 (helps whiten tear stains and reduce face odor)
Ear Cleaning: $5.00
Paw Treatment: $4.00
Protects, restores and moisturizes pads
If you suspect your pet has fleas, please consult with your veterinarian for treatment, we do not want your pet to expose the other guests. Please call us with any questions at (207) 699-4282.
Request an Appointment
Use the form below to request an appointment. Someone from Dog Loft will be in touch within 48 hours. Thank you!


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Mike Daisey performs his monologues "Monopoly!" and "Invincible Summer" Jan. 30 and 31 at Kirkland Performance Center.
Seattle-honed, nationally acclaimed solo artist Mike Daisey returns to the area this weekend with two works. His bitingly satirical rumination on American innovation and corporate power, "Monopoly!," plays at 8 tonight; then Daisey will perform his monologue about his Brooklyn neighborhood before and after Sept. 11, 2001 — called "Invincible Summer" — at 8 p.m. Saturday. Both shows are at the Kirkland Performance Center, 350 Kirkland Ave., Kirkland; $10-$25 (425-893-9900 or www.kpcenter.org).
Misha Berson: email@example.com


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Elementary School & Administrative Offices:
98 S. Lincoln Street, Keene, NH 03431 603-357-4442 Fax: 603-357-2955
Early Childhood:
424 Old Walpole Road, Keene, NH 03431 603-357-8663
High School:
146 School Street, Keene, NH 03431 603-903-0064
School Director, Tari Steinrueck, 603-357-4442 x637 email@example.com Tari brings to us twenty-five years of Waldorf experience, beginning with her days as a student at Highland Hall Waldorf high school in the early 1980's. She went on to earn diplomas in Waldorf Early Childhood Education and Eurythmy, followed by fourteen years at Green Meadow Waldorf School, first as a teacher and then as the School Administrator. Most recently, Tari has spent two years dividing her time between a position at Lukas Community in Temple and as a consultant for Waldorf School administrators.
Tari also brings to our school community her perspectives and experiences as the parent of three Waldorf-educated children.
Admissions and Outreach: Lori York, 603-357-4442 x105 email@example.com Lori graduated from the University of Bridgeport with a B.A. in Communications with a focus on Advertising. She worked for the New Hampshire Job Training Council and for various other nonprofits and businesses before moving with her husband to Ottawa, Ontario, in 2000. It was there that she entered the world of Waldorf education through participating in the Parent & Child program of the Parsifal Waldorf School. Later she was a parent and volunteer at the Lake Champlain Waldorf School in Burlington, VT, and has been active with the Monadnock Waldorf School since arriving in Keene in 2008. For over 20 years Lori has been creating artwork and her paintings have been displayed in galleries in San Francisco, New York and Ottawa. In her free time she is a Hospice volunteer, enjoys reading, knitting, kayaking and spending time with friends and family. She lives in Keene with her husband and two daughters who are now in first and eighth grade at MWS.
Operations Manager: Kim Cassin, 603-357-4442 x107 email@example.com Kim received her Bachelor's Degree in Journalism and Biology from Keene State College. Prior to coming to Monadnock Waldorf School she worked for 15 years in sales operations. She lives in Keene, NH with her husband and daughter. Her hobbies include knitting, reading, and gardening.
Development Director: Lisa Mahar, 603-357-4442 x104 email@example.com Lisa received her bachelor's degree with honors from Lesley College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, majoring in elementary education and guidance. Lisa worked with young people in East Boston and Newton Massachusetts school systems before moving to the Monadnock Region in 1984 where she and her husband spent 10 years establishing a community farm. Lisa came to MWS to lead the development effort in 1991 and became School Administrator in 1992. She has since worked closely through every stage of the school's growth and development. Lisa is a founding member of the Development and Administrators' Network, part of the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America. Lisa loves to sing, cook, travel, and spend time with her family. She has three grown children, all of whom attended Monadnock Waldorf School. She lives in Keene with her husband Bill Beardslee.
High School Office Coordinator: Carol Renzelman,;603-903-0064 email@example.com Bachelor of Music, Manhattan School of Music, MS Ed, Hofstra University. Carol joined the MWS administrative team after a fifteen-year career in public elementary school education—during which she taught on Long Island, in Massachusetts, and in New Hampshire—and another fifteen years of part-time self-employment combined with full-time parenthood. While raising her family, Carol continued to teach on a private basis while handling the administrative tasks for her husband's forestry business and launching her own custom writing services business. Carol's love for Monadnock Waldorf School and her dedication to volunteer work there led her to a position of Administrative Support at MWS's Nursery-Kindergarten office and, more currently, to managing the MWHS office. Carol has one high-school-aged daughter and three grown stepchildren.
Elementary Office Coordinator: Courtney Fugere, 603-357-4442 x101 email@example.com Courtney graduated from UMASS-Amherst with a B.S in Accounting. Right out of college, Courtney worked as a public accounting auditor at Deloitte in Boston for four years. When her first child arrived in 2001, she became a stay-at-home mom and remained at home until 2013 when she joined MWS. She has a son in the current 8th grades. Courtney enjoys reading, photography, volunteering and laughing!
|Elementary Office Assistant: Kristen Moody, 603-357-4442 x102 email@example.com
Kristen graduated from Ashford University with a B.A. in English in 2015. She worked at a bakery in the Boston area as office manager until deciding to move to Swanzey. She grew up camping in the Keene area and always knew she wanted to move away from the city. She joined MWS as on office assistant in August 2015. She enjoys camping, playing with her two dogs, reading, and listening to all kinds of music.
|Marketing: Ruby MacDougall, 603-357-4442 x109 firstname.lastname@example.com Ruby attended Monadnock Waldorf School through the 8th grade. A serious ballet dancer, she performed professionally with the Atlanta Ballet and numerous choreographers in New York City before attending SUNY Purchase Conservatory of Dance and SUNY Purchase College where she received her bachelor's degree in Art History and Spanish. After college, she moved to Beijing, China to study Mandarin and to research Chinese dance forms. She was the recipient of the prestigious FLAS (Foreign Language Area Studies) Fellowship which allowed her to obtain a master's degree in Chinese studies from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Frequently travelling back to China, she maintains an active research project on the intersections of traditional dance forms and tourism in Yunnan province. She recently moved to New Hampshire with her husband Henry, and their baby son to be closer to family and to enjoy winter.


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Title says it all, but I'm running into an error deploying Windows Server 2008 R2 on a Linux host, inside VBox. This is a during-installation issue, which is that it gets to the "Loading Windows..." screen with the Windows logo on it, then during that process triggers an "Unknown Error" Black Screen of Failure, stating "Encountered an unknown error" with an error code of 0xc0000025.
Any suggestions to how I should continue?


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Results 1 to 20 of 20
Thread: Mathews 2004 speed issues?
Threaded View
Mathews 2004 speed issues?
I own a outback for hunting,and a ovation for 3d/target,I am now maxed out at 68 lbs on the outback,and 66.5 lbs on the ovation.
Now I know the axle to axle is right,and the timing is right,and the brace is close,there are no questions whether or not it's right...
I am about ready to snap,feel like driving to wisconsin and throw this ovation through a window of the manufacturers plant.
I have heard not from a couple of people,but from every Ovation owner that there not getting 70 lbs.at full tilt.
I got a new limbs,and now today,they might send me some more new ones or something?!?
This may not be true for somebody who pulls one out of the box,but not even 6 months,come on....
The lx was sporting 71 all the way to the treestand last year.the sq2 I owned for 3 years was lingering at 70 when I sold it.
I'm not into tweeeking the crap out of my bows,I want them to do and say what it is suppose to say and do.
I also noticed that the clearance tolerance on all mathews really isn't to sweet but short as well.Todays new fletchings blazers and quickspins are running around 5/8",probably undoubtably the best vanes to hit the archery market.If I got fatboys or speed23,or another great fatshaft as I do own,and want to try shooting some of these wonderfull vanes through mathews with instead of duravanes,I can forget about it???????,welcome to the left tear world.
I have never ever in my intire life been more discusted with mathews,and almost 10 years is about enough for me.I really hope 2005 isn't like 2004 for mathews.
I also am not one to bash.This is the way that it is.
I owned enough of them and loved to shoot almost all my bows,I just don't know what to buy now.
Maybe someone from mathews is doing some feedback in there product research after this years ovation, man.I am looking for solid information here.Not a bunch of hipe,and surely not any trouble with anyone.Clear.
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Well met at ringtones service Audiko.net, where you may aquire the best ringtones for your mobile phone. Today we have a ringtone of "Sofi Needs A Ladder" by DeadMau5 as well as 1766 other ringtones by DeadMau5. "Sofi Needs A Ladder" is a gorgeous track from the "4x4=12" album that was recorded by DeadMau5 at their major label together with other 35 tracks. You can listen to all 5 DeadMau5 – "Sofi Needs A Ladder" ringtone variations available here and download it for free directly to your mobile. You can also choose from other 26 albums produced by DeadMau5 for all time. "Sofi Needs A Ladder" is referred to House, and Audiko offer a huge amount of House melodies absolutely for free. And finally, we have collected lyrics for this track and you can view it here as well. So feel free to browse, listen, download ringtones at Audiko.net. Make your phone sound cool!
DeadMau5 Sofi Needs A Ladder Ringtone
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We have visited Oxford regularly over the past 13 years and enjoy it thoroughly every time. After all the years it is not the tourist attractions that connect us to Oxford, but the small and personal sentiments. This is why my daughter and I have created a series of photographs in which that personal Oxford sentiment is captured. Our Oxford.
I'm a mixed media artist, working and living in Laren (Netherlands) My work includes elements of drawing, painting, photography, sound and digital media… basically whatever it takes to make the art "work".
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Death Machine
- Artists Spektre, Matt Cooper
- Release Date 2011-12-26
- Labels Respekt Recordings
- Catalog RSPKT042
- Description Long-time Respekt collaborator Matt Cooper strikes once again with Death Machine and his arsenal of synth warfare.Starting out with industriale-esque percussion and a martial sub baseline, we are slowly sucked in to a maelstrom of rapid-fire synth stabs and shuffling drums. The true testament to the title comes at the breakdown where the machine is in full effect indeed.The mighty Spektre take control of the remix using a rubber-band baseline and their trademarked hi-hats. Staying focused on the lead of the original, they add some of their own wizardry to take the Death Machine to near-acidic heights.


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Imhotep - Son of Ptah by BramRomkesWatch
©2014-2016 BramRomkes
that's what happens when someone eats to much toblerone. just kiding good work, love the idea of the sequence for something complete different
First time I've ever seen something like this. Really unique and great as a whole piece.
Freakin' awesome man...
"great submission bro
Wow this is a really good view on the pyramids and what they do to someone's identity.. love it!
Really cool and unique man. Good job on this!
Amazing Piece!


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Requiem for Newsweek
In a blog posting last June, I wrote that due to its incomprehensible new business strategy of deliberately positioning itself as the laughingstock of American journalism, Newsweek would be out of business in eighteen months. The end has come sooner than I had predicted. As it continues to lose money, the Washington Post, the owner of Newsweek, has decided to put the once venerable newsweekly up for sale.
Although it is tempting for conservatives to engage in Schadenfreude and blame Newsweek's demise on its inexorable lurch leftward, its decline is principally due to the rise and primacy of the internet. Many other newsweeklies in particular and long-established magazines in general have met the same fate. Newsweek's 20th century business strategy was one that could not succeed in a fragmented 21st century media environment. Newsweek was a horse and buggy business model in an automobile world. In an age of Twitter, news aggregator sites and a plethora of commentary and opinion freely available on the internet, Newsweek's business strategy was doomed from the start.
But one would be hard pressed to challenge the thesis that the hard-left shift (We are all Socialists now) of the magazine surely didn't help it capture many new readers or retain existing ones. Readers on the left had The New Republic or Slate. Those gratified by journalistic obsequiousness and cheer leading for Obama could receive the same bill-of-fare by tuning into MSNBC. In terms of positioning, where did this leave Newsweek? It became an opinion journal without a home and without a core demand for its outdated product.
In hindsight, the inexplicable idea championed by editor Jon Meacham of cutting subscribers in half with the expectation of generating more revenue from advertisers was a recipe for disaster. Old subscribers left, never to return, and the cultivation and securing of a more refined audience never materialized. Meacham seemed utterly detached from the shortcomings of his new business model and the increasingly dogmatic, one-dimensionality of its commentary and reporting.
The ubiquitous presence of many of Newsweek columnists as regulars on the MSNBC talk show circuit made a mockery of Meacham's intellectual pretensions of revamping the weekly into a "thought leader" along the lines of the Economist or The New Republic. The association with MSNBC simply further cheapened and debased its brand. In its quest for a more upscale readership, where did Meacham think Newsweek would go? Both the Economist and The New Republic are long-established journals with good reputations and loyal audiences. Meacham failed to differentiate his product, and instead provided a newsweekly that all but mirrored the viewpoint expressed by MSNBC.
Evan Thomas' now infamous claim that Obama is a "sort of God", is indicative of the fact that Newsweek's unabashed swooning for Obama eventually morphed into farce. At times, it was difficult to discern if the magazine was anything other that a journalistic organ of Obama worship. Howard Kurtz notes, that he, "lost track of the number of Barack and Michelle covers." In short, instead of becoming more exclusive, the new "thought leader" degenerated into silliness. On occasion, some of its content was nothing more than campaign advertisements for Obama masquerading as news articles.
Although it has a long and distinguished history, in the end, Newsweek is destined to suffer the same fate as liberal talk radio: both are products without a viable market.


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The books have been mailed!!
On another note, I welcome you to join the Facebook Fan Page for Spanish Is Your Amigo at:
Feel free to use it to... Read more
Mailing Supplies Ready!
I'm excited to let you know that the shipment of books will arrive on my doorstep and will be headed your way tomorrow, Monday, July 2nd!
I've attached some photos... Read more
Spanish Is Your Amigo has been sent to the printer!
I'm so excited to announce that the book has just been sent to the printer and will be on its way to you in no time!
Hasta pronto,
Kristen Williams
Quick Update
Hello all,
I want to share my excitement that exactly a week from today, I will be meeting with two Spanish editors to review the book. From there, I'll be... Read more
Thank you!
Spanish Is Your Amigo has reached its goal! Les agradezco muchísimo su apoyo. I am overwhelmed by the support I have received and can hardly wait to see... Read more