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The US Department of Agriculture orders Santa Cruz Biotechnology to pay a $3.5 million fine and to cease selling research antibodies.
Capsule Reviews
June 1, 2015|
How to Clone a Mammoth, The Upright Thinkers, The Thirteenth Step, and Humankind
June 1, 2015|
How to Clone a Mammoth, The Upright Thinkers, The Thirteenth Step, and Humankind
June 1, 2015|
Novel microfluidic devices give researchers new ways to count and sort single cells.
June 1, 2015|
As the science of paleoanthropology developed, human evolutionary trees changed as much as the minds that constructed them.
June 1, 2015|
A new high-throughput, transcriptome-wide assay determines RNA structures in vivo.
May 21, 2015|
Replacing yeast genes with their human equivalents reveals functional conservation despite a billion years of divergent evolution.
May 14, 2015|
Zebrafish and other vertebrates have the enzymatic machinery to synthesize gadusol, an ultraviolet light-absorbing compound.
May 14, 2015|
Scientists describe the genetic changes associated with solitary-to-social transitions throughout bee evolution.
May 13, 2015|
Researchers tweak gene expression in chicken embryos that may have been crucial to the evolutionary transition from dinosaur noses to bird bills.
May 11, 2015|
Generation-spanning maps of Arabidopsis thaliana DNA methylation allow researchers to compute how quickly epigenetic marks appear and disappear in the plant's genome.
May 11, 2015|
From the tissue of numerous colon cancer patients, researchers build 3-D cultures of tumors.


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Project Innovations 2008
Submitting Company: RJ Griffin & Co., Atlanta, GA
Project Team:(not all-inclusive)RJ Griffin & Co., construction manager; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, owner/developer; HKS Inc., architect/engineer; Stanley Beaman & Sears, interior architect; KSi Structural Engineers, structural engineer; CCRD Partners, MEP engineer
Project Specifics:Building type/use: healthcare Square footage: 591,590 square feetProject cost: $101.9 millionProject completion: September 2007
Product Suppliers: (not all-inclusive)3M | AEP-Span | Armstrong | Autodesk Inc. | Computer Methods Corp. | Dal-Tile Corp. | Interface | Johnson Controls | Kawneer | Kohler | LCN | Lithonia Lighting | Maharam | MechoShade Systems | National Gypsum Co. | Otis Elevator Co. | Sherwin-Williams Co. | SimplexGrinnell | Square D/Schneider Electric | Stanley | Trane | USG Corp. | Von Duprin
Since Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA) knows that the bodies, diseases, and injuries of children are different from those of adults, it gears its staffing and treatments accordingly. Its buildings, too, are designed with children in mind. Toy-filled playrooms, colorful hallways, electronic games, and open waiting areas encourage children and teens to play, wonder, and explore; open, airy atriums soothe young patients and their families.
Special Design ElementsThe recently completed master campus expansion and renovation of CHOA at Scottish Rite achieved all of this and more amidst active hospital operations. Eight color palettes now aid in the recovery and healing processes; vivid imagery serves as a positive atmosphere throughout the facility. Lighted nodes in the ceiling are painted to mirror appropriate department palettes, creating a more visitor-friendly environment and serving as a navigational aid.
Design/Construction ChallengesUnique challenges for the project included:
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Visit our website today to learn about the design flexibility of a Morton building and the endless possibilities of partnering with our designBUILD team.
Wood construction is both cost and energy efficient. Check out Morton Buildings and our designBUILD team online today to discover all the benefits of post-frame construction.
When choosing a metal-clad building for your next construction project, consider Morton Buildings, Inc., and their designBUILD team, we'll make your dream a reality.

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Volume 31, Issue 5, May 2004
An automated procedure for the quality assurance of electron beam output and energy31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1688040View Description Hide Description
In this article, we report on the development of a simple and accurate method for quality assurance of electron beam output and energy. Aluminum disks of thicknesses or of the particular electron energy are positioned sequentially over a parallel-plate ion chamber and the ratio of the two signals is compared to the standard. The positioning of the aluminum disks is carried out remotely and automatically to eliminate the necessity of multiple setups. One method utilizes the remote control feature of the treatment couch and another employs a motor-driven carousel. The superior sensitivity over a commercially available energy monitor is illustrated.
A calibration procedure for beam monitors in a scanned beam of heavy charged particles31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1689011View Description Hide Description
An international code of practice (CoP) for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water has recently been published by the IAEA [Technical Report Series No. 398, 2000] (TRS-398). This new CoP includes procedures for proton and heavy ion beams as well as all other beam qualities. In particular it defines reference conditions to which dose measurements should refer to. For proton and ion beams these conditions include dose measurements in the center of all possible modulated Bragg peaks. The recommended reference conditions in general are used also for the calibration of beam monitors. For a dynamic beam delivery system using beam scanning in combination with energy variation, like, e.g., at the German carbon ion radiotherapy facility, this calibration procedure is not appropriate. We have independently developed a different calibration procedure. Similar to the IAEA CoP this procedure is based on the measurement of absorbed dose to water. This is translated in terms of fluence which finally results in an energy-dependent calibration of the beam monitor in units of particle number per monitor unit, which is unique for all treatment fields. In contrast to the IAEA CoP, the reference depth is chosen to be very small. The procedure enables an accurate and reliable determination of calibration factors. In a second step, the calibration is verified by measurements of absorbed dose in various modulated Bragg peaks by comparing measured against calculated doses. The agreement between measured and calculated doses is usually better than 1% for homogeneous fields and the mean deviation for more inhomogeneous treatment fields, as they are used for patient treatments, is within 3%. It is proposed that the CoP in general, and in particular the IAEA TRS-398 should include explicit recommendations for the beam monitor calibration. These recommendations should then distinguish between systems using static and dynamic beams.
Clinical implementation of intensity-modulated tangential beam irradiation for breast cancer31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1690195View Description Hide Description
A Monte Carlo based intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)treatment planning system has been developed and used for breast treatment. An iterative method was used for optimization to generate IMRT plans and a step-and-shoot technique was used for beam delivery. The patient setup and incident beam directions were the same as those for conventional tangential photontreatment. The weights for the opposed beamlets in the two tangential beams were determined first by the doses at the depths of the maximum dose at both sides to minimize hot spots. The intensity of an individual beamlet pair was then optimized based on the dose at the midplane. Fine tuning was made to achieve optimal target dose uniformity and to reduce the dose to the heart when necessary. The final dose calculations were performed using the Monte Carlo method and the plans were verified by phantom measurements. The dose distributions and dose-volume-histograms of IMRT plans were compared with those of conventional plans that were generated using a commercial treatment planning system and recalculated using an in-house Monte Carlo system for the first 25 patients. The dose comparisons showed that the percentage volume receiving more than 95% of the prescription dose (V95) and the percentage volume receiving more than 100% of the prescription dose (V100) for the clinical target volume (CTV) of IMRT plans were about the same as those of conventional plans. The percentage volume receiving more than 105% of the prescription dose (V105) for the CTV was reduced from 23.1% to 7.9% on average. The percentage volume of the lung receiving more than 20 Gy dose (V20 Gy) during the entire treatment was reduced by about 10%. The percentage volume of the heart receiving more than 30 Gy dose (V30 Gy) is reduced from 3.3% to 0.3%. Further studies revealed that a less than change in couch angle and collimator angle at patient setup had no significant effect on the dose coverage of CTV but had significant effect on the dose to the lung and heart. The study on the effect of beam spoiler showed that it increased the dose at the buildup region by 0–13% that varies with location. The machine output linearity and stability for small monitor unit delivery of Siemens accelerators used for this study was checked and found to be suitable for breast IMRT. The total effect of variations was calculated to be less than 1% for typical breast treatments. The beam delivery time was increased by about 2 min compared with conventional tangential treatments. The whole treatment including patient setup and beam delivery can be completed in a 15 min slot. The IMRT technique has been proven practical for breast treatment clinically. The results showed that tangential IMRT improved the dose homogeneity in the breast and reduced the dose to the lung and heart.
On the development of consensus values of reference dosimetry parameters for interstitial brachytherapy sources31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1690712View Description Hide Description
The American Association of Physicists in Medicine recommends that the reference dose-rate distribution, used for treatment planning for low-energy photonbrachytherapy sources in routine clinical use, must be based on at least two independent determinations: one using experimentally measured dose rates and one using Monte Carlo simulationdosimetry techniques. In this work, we present an approach for developing consensus dosimetry parameters from various independent reference dosimetry studies for interstitial brachytherapy sources. This approach is applied to four recently published papers on the dosimetric properties of the BrachySeed™ Model LS-1 seed. Consensus values for the dose-rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy parameters are presented for the LS-1 Model seed.
IMRT optimization: Variability of solutions and its radiobiological impact31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1695650View Description Hide Description
We aim at (1) defining and measuring a "complexity" index for the optimization process of an intensity modulated radiation therapytreatment plan (IMRT TP), (2) devising an efficient approximate optimization strategy, and (3) evaluating the impact of the complexity of the optimization process on the radiobiological quality of the treatment. In this work, for a prostate therapy case, the IMRT TP optimization problem has been formulated in terms of dose-volume constraints. The cost function has been minimized in order to achieve the optimal solution, by means of an iterative procedure, which is repeated for many initial modulation profiles, and for each of them the final optimal solution is recorded. To explore the complexity of the space of such solutions we have chosen to minimize the cost function with an algorithm that is unable to avoid local minima. The size of the (sub)optimal solutions distribution is taken as an indicator of the complexity of the optimization problem. The impact of the estimated complexity on the probability of success of the therapy is evaluated using radiobiological indicators (Poissonian TCP model [S. Webb and A. E. Nahum, Phys. Med. Biol. 38(6), 653–666 (1993)] and NTCP relative seriality model [Kallman et al., Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 62(2), 249–262 (1992)]). We find in the examined prostate case a nontrivial distribution of local minima, which has symmetry properties allowing a good estimate of near-optimal solutions with a moderate computational load. We finally demonstrate that reducing the a priori uncertainty in the optimal solution results in a significant improvement of the probability of success of the TP, based on TCP and NTCP estimates.
Phantom validation of coregistration of PET and CT for image-guided radiotherapy31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1688041View Description Hide Description
Radiotherapytreatment planning integrating positron emission tomography(PET) and computerized tomography(CT) is rapidly gaining acceptance in the clinical setting. Although hybrid systems are available, often the planning CT is acquired on a dedicated system separate from the PET scanner. A limiting factor to using PET data becomes the accuracy of the CT/PET registration. In this work, we use phantom and patient validation to demonstrate a general method for assessing the accuracy of CT/PET image registration and apply it to two multi-modality image registration programs. An IAEA (International Atomic Energy Association) brain phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom were used. Internal volumes and externally mounted fiducial markers were filled with CT contrast and -fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). CT,PET emission, and PET transmission images were acquired and registered using two different image registration algorithms. CT/PET Fusion (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) is commercially available and uses a semi-automated initial step followed by manual adjustment. Automatic Mutual Information-based Registration (AMIR), developed at our institution, is fully automated and exhibits no variation between repeated registrations. Registration was performed using distinct phantom structures; assessment of accuracy was determined from registration of the calculated centroids of a set of fiducial markers. By comparing structure-based registration with fiducial-based registration, target registration error (TRE) was computed at each point in a three-dimensional (3D) grid that spans the image volume. Identical methods were also applied to patient data to assess CT/PET registration accuracy. Accuracy was calculated as the mean with standard deviation of the TRE for every point in the 3D grid. Overall TRE values for the IAEA brain phantom are: CT/PET overall TRE values for the anthropomorphic head phantom are: CT/PET Precision (repeatability by a single user) measured for CT/PET Fusion: IAEA and anthropomorphic head (AMIR has exact precision and so no measurements are necessary.) One sample patient demonstrated the following accuracy results: CT/PET Semi-automatic and automatic image registration methods may be used to facilitate incorporation of PET data into radiotherapytreatment planning in relatively rigid anatomic sites, such as head and neck. The overall accuracies in phantom and patient images are and respectively, using either registration algorithm. Registration accuracy may decrease, however, as distance from the initial registration points (CT/PET fusion) or center of the image (AMIR) increases. Additional information provided by PET may improve dose coverage to active tumor subregions and hence tumor control. This study shows that the accuracy obtained by image registration with these two methods is well suited for image-guided radiotherapy.
A conceptual design of a beam-shaping assembly for boron neutron capture therapy based on deuterium–tritium neutron generators31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1702308View Description Hide Description
A conceptual design of a beam-shaping assembly for boronneutron capture therapy using deuterium–tritium accelerator based neutrons source is developed. Calculations based on a simple geometry model for the radiation transport are initially performed to estimate the assembly materials and their linear dimensions. Afterward, the assembly geometry is produced, optimized and verified. In order to perform these calculations the general-purpose MCNP code is used. Irradiation time and therapeutic gain are utilized as beam assessment parameters. Metallic uranium and manganese are successfully tested for fast-to-epithermal neutron moderation. In the present beam-shaping assembly proposal, the therapeutic gain is improved by 23% and the accelerator current required for a fixed irradiation period is reduced by six times compared to previous proposals based on the same D–T reaction.
Advantage and limitations of weighting factors and weighted dose quantities and their units in boron neutron capture therapy31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1696024View Description Hide Description
Defining the parameters influencing the biological reaction due to absorbed dose is a continuous topic of research. The main goal of radiobiological research is to translate the measurable dose of ionizing radiation to a quantitative expression of biological effect. Mathematical models based on different biological approaches (e.g., skin reaction, cell culture) provide some estimations that are often misleading and, to some extent, dangerous. Conventional radiotherapy is the simplest case because the primary radiation and secondary radiation are both low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation and have about the same relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Nevertheless, for this one-dose-component case, the dose–effect curves are not linear. In fact, the total absorbed dose and the absorbed dose per fraction as well as the time schedule of the fractionation scheme influence the biological effects. Mathematical models such as the linear-quadratic model can only approximate biological effects. With regard to biological effects, fast neutron therapy is more complex than conventional radiotherapy. Fast neutron beams are always contaminated by γ rays. As a consequence, biological effects are due to two components, a high-LET component (neutrons) and a low-LET component (photons). A straight transfer of knowledge from conventional radiotherapy to fast neutron therapy is, therefore, not possible: RBE depends on the delivereddose and several other parameters. For dose reporting, the European protocol for fast neutrondosimetry recommends that the total absorbed dose with γ-ray absorbed dose in brackets is stated. However, boronneutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an even more complex case, because the total absorbed dose is due to four dose components with different LET and RBE. In addition, the terminology and units used by the different BNCT groups is confusing: absorbed dose and weighted dose are both to be stated in grays and are never "photon equivalent." The ICRU/IAEA made proposals, which should be followed by all BNCT groups, to report always the four absorbed dose components, borondose proton dose γ-ray dose and neutrondose as well as the sum of all components, as total absorbed dose, together with the total weighted dose (to be used only for internal purposes, indicating the used weighting factors) at all points of interest and the treatment conditions.
Speed and convergence properties of gradient algorithms for optimization of IMRT31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1688214View Description Hide Description
Gradient algorithms are the most commonly employed search methods in the routine optimization of IMRT plans. It is well known that local minima can exist for dose-volume-based and biology-based objective functions. The purpose of this paper is to compare the relative speed of different gradient algorithms, to investigate the strategies for accelerating the optimization process, to assess the validity of these strategies, and to study the convergence properties of these algorithms for dose-volume and biological objective functions. With these aims in mind, we implemented Newton's, conjugate gradient (CG), and the steepest decent (SD) algorithms for dose-volume- and EUD-based objective functions. Our implementation of Newton's algorithm approximates the second derivative matrix (Hessian) by its diagonal. The standard SD algorithm and the CG algorithm with "line minimization" were also implemented. In addition, we investigated the use of a variation of the CG algorithm, called the "scaled conjugate gradient" (SCG) algorithm. To accelerate the optimization process, we investigated the validity of the use of a "hybrid optimization" strategy, in which approximations to calculated dose distributions are used during most of the iterations. Published studies have indicated that getting trapped in local minima is not a significant problem. To investigate this issue further, we first obtained, by trial and error, and starting with uniform intensity distributions, the parameters of the dose-volume- or EUD-based objective functions which produced IMRT plans that satisfied the clinical requirements. Using the resulting optimized intensity distributions as the initial guess, we investigated the possibility of getting trapped in a local minimum. For most of the results presented, we used a lungcancer case. To illustrate the generality of our methods, the results for a prostate case are also presented. For both dose-volume and EUD based objective functions, Newton's method far outperforms other algorithms in terms of speed. The SCG algorithm, which avoids expensive "line minimization," can speed up the standard CG algorithm by at least a factor of 2. For the same initial conditions, all algorithms converge essentially to the same plan. However, we demonstrate that for any of the algorithms studied, starting with previously optimized intensity distributions as the initial guess but for different objective function parameters, the solution frequently gets trapped in local minima. We found that the initial intensity distribution obtained from IMRToptimization utilizing objective function parameters, which favor a specific anatomic structure, would lead to a local minimum corresponding to that structure. Our results indicate that from among the gradient algorithms tested, Newton's method appears to be the fastest by far. Different gradient algorithms have the same convergence properties for dose-volume- and EUD-based objective functions. The hybrid dose calculation strategy is valid and can significantly accelerate the optimization process. The degree of acceleration achieved depends on the type of optimization problem being addressed (e.g., IMRToptimization, intensity modulated beam configuration optimization, or objective function parameter optimization). Under special conditions, gradient algorithms will get trapped in local minima, and reoptimization, starting with the results of previous optimization, will lead to solutions that are generally not significantly different from the local minimum.
Experimental evaluation of analytical penumbra calculation model for wobbled beams31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1707727View Description Hide Description
The goal of radiotherapy is not only to apply a high radiationdose to a tumor, but also to avoid side effects in the surrounding healthy tissue. Therefore, it is important for carbon-ion treatment planning to calculate accurately the effects of the lateral penumbra. In this article, for wobbled beams under various irradiation conditions, we focus on the lateral penumbras at several aperture positions of one side leaf of the multileaf collimator. The penumbras predicted by an analytical penumbra calculation model were compared with the measured results. The results calculated by the model for various conditions agreed well with the experimental ones. In conclusion, we found that the analytical penumbra calculation model could predict accurately the measured results for wobbled beams and it was useful for carbon-ion treatment planning to apply the model.
A new smoothing procedure to reduce delivery segments for static MLC-based IMRT planning31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1713279View Description Hide Description
In the application of pixel-based intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) using the step-and-shoot delivery method, one major difficulty is the prolonged delivery time. In this study, we present an integrated IMRT planning system that involves a simple smoothing method to reduce the complexity of the beam profiles. The system consists of three main steps: (a) an inverse planning process based on a least-square dose-based cost function; (b) smoothing of the intensity maps; (c) reoptimization of the segment weights. Step (a) obtains the best plan with the lowest cost value using a simulated annealing optimization algorithm with discrete intensity levels. Step (b) takes the intensity maps obtained from (a) and reduces the complexity of the maps by smoothing the adjacent beamlet intensities. During this process each beamlet is assigned a structure index based on anatomical information. A smoothing update is applied to average adjacent beamlets with the same index. To control the quality of the plan, a predefined clinical protocol is used as an acceptance criterion. The smoothing updates that violate the criterion are rejected. After the smoothing process, the segment weights are reoptimized in step (c) to further improve the plan quality. Three clinical cases were studied using this system: a medulloblastoma, a prostate cancer, and an oropharyngeal carcinoma. While the final plans demonstrate a degradation of the original plan quality, they still meet the plan acceptance criterion. On the other hand, the segment numbers or delivery times are reduced by 40%, 20%, and 20% for the three cases, respectively.
Dose perturbation induced by radiographic contrast inside brachytherapy balloon applicators31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1705445View Description Hide Description
Phantom measurements and Monte Carlo calculations have been performed for the purpose of characterizing the dose perturbation caused by radiographic contrast inside the MammoSite breast brachytherapy applicator. Specifically, the dose perturbation is quantified as a heterogeneity correction factor (HCF) for various balloon radii and contrast concentration levels. The dose perturbation is larger for larger balloon radii and higher contrast concentrations. Based on a validated Monte Carlo simulation, the calculated HCF values are 0.99 for a 2 cm radius balloon and 0.98 for a 3 cm radius balloon at 6% contrast concentration levels, and 0.89 and 0.87 for 2 and 3 cm radius balloons, respectively, at 100% contrast concentrations. For a typical implanted balloon radius of 2.4 cm, the HCF values decrease from 0.99 at 6% contrast concentration to 0.90 at 100% contrast concentration. For balloons implanted in patients at our institution, the mean HCF is 0.99, corresponding to a dose reduction of approximately 1%. The contrast effect results in a systematic reduction in the delivereddose, therefore the minimal amount of radiographic contrast necessary should be used.
Modeling scintillator-photodiodes as detectors for megavoltage CT31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1710733View Description Hide Description
The use of cadmium tungstate and cesium iodide [CsI(Tl)] scintillation detectors is studied in megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT). A model describing the signal acquired from a scintillation detector has been developed which contains two steps: (1) the calculation of the energy deposited in the crystal due to MeV photons using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code; and (2) the transport of the optical photons generated in the crystal voxels to photodiodes using the optical Monte Carlo code DETECT2000. The measureddetector signals in single and CsI(Tl) scintillation crystals of base and heights 0.4, 1, 1.2, 1.6 and 2 cm were, generally, in good agreement with the signals calculated with the model. A prototype detector array which contains 8 crystals, each in contact with a 16-element array of photodiodes was built. The measured attenuation of a Cobalt-60 beam as a function of solid water thickness behaves linearly. The frequency dependent modulation transfer functionnoise power spectrum and detective quantum efficiency were measured for 1.25 MeV photons (in a Cobalt-60 beam). For 6 MV photons, only the was measured from a linear accelerator, where large pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in the output of the linear accelerator did not allow the measurement of the A two-step Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the detector's and The DQE(0) of the detector array was found to be 26% and 19% for 1.25 MeV and 6 MV photons, respectively. For 1.25 MeV photons, the maximum discrepancies between the measured and modeled relative and the were found to be 1.5%, 1.2%, and 1.9%, respectively. For the 6 MV beam, the maximum discrepancy between the modeled and the measured was found to be 2.5%. The modeling is sufficiently accurate for designing appropriate detectors for MVCT.
Efficient particle transport simulation through beam modulating devices for Monte Carlo treatment planning31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1710734View Description Hide Description
For Monte Carlotreatment planning it is essential to model efficiently patient dependent beam modifying devices, e.g., Multi-Leaf Collimators(MLC). Therefore a Monte Carlo geometry tracking procedure is presented allowing the simulation of photon and electron transport through these devices within short calculation time. The tracking procedure is based on elemental regions, on surfaces (mainly planes) to separate the regions as well as on bit patterns and bit masks to identify the regions. Photon cross sections for photoelectric absorption,Compton scattering and pair production as well as electron stopping powers and ranges are provided by the Physical Reference Data of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The tracking procedure is implemented in with object-oriented design based on class hierarchies and inheritance. Using the geometry technique, several MLC models are constructed. Some of them take into account tongue-and-groove effects as well as curved leaf ends. The models are integrated into the Monte Carlo dose calculation engine XVMC for treatment planning. The system is tested by comparing different MLC implementations and by verification with measurement.
A new algorithm for determining collimator angles that favor efficiency in MLC based IMRT delivery31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1696708View Description Hide Description
A new algorithm to determine collimator angles that favor delivery efficiency of intensity modulated radiotherapy plans was developed. It was found that the number of segments and monitor units (MUs) were largely reduced with the set of collimator angles determined with the new algorithm without compromising plan quality. The improvement of delivery efficiency using the new algorithm depends on the size and shape of the target(s), the number of modulation levels, and the type of leaf-sequencing algorithm. In a typical prostate case, when a sweeping leaf-sequencer is used for Varian 120 leaf (0.5×0.5 cm2 beamlet), 80 leaf (1×1 cm2 beamlet) and Elekta 40 leaf (1×1 cm2 beamlet), the number of segments was reduced by 42%, 29%, and 5%, respectively. The number of MUs was reduced by 41%, 35%, and 10%. For the Siemens MLC (IMFAST™ leaf sequencer, 1×1 cm2 beamlet) the segment reduction was 32% and the MU reduction was 14%. Comparison of the plans using the new and Brahme algorithms, in terms of target conformity index and dose volume histogram of the organs at risk, showed that the quality of the plans using the new algorithm was uncompromised. Similar results were obtained for a set of head and neck treatment plans.
Dosimetric characteristics of the Novoste Beta-Cath source trains at submillimeter distances31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1697695View Description Hide Description
Measurements were performed on the 30, 40, and 60 mm β-emitter source trains used in the Novoste Beta-Cath system to determine their dosimetriccharacteristics at submillimeter distances and provide the necessary TG-60 parameters for mapping their dose distributions. These measurements were carried out in a Solid Water™ phantom where MD55-2 Gafchromic™ films were placed in direct contact with a 5 French (F) catheter used for the 30 and 60 mm source trains and a 3.5F catheter used for thinner 30 and 40 mm source trains. A data set consisted of three pieces of Gafchromic film irradiated for periods of 1.5, 5, and 10 minutes, respectively. This 3-film irradiation technique provided reliable dose data at short, intermediate and long distances from a source train. Three data sets per source train were collected in this study. For the 30 mm source train with a 5F catheter, data were collected with the source axis at proximal (0.41 mm) and distal (1.19 mm) positions to the film surface in order to investigate dosimetric effects due to the off centering of the source train lumen within the catheter. Absolute doses were determined by calibrating the Gafchromic film in a high-energy electron beam from a radiotherapy accelerator. The absolute dose rates at a distance of 2 mm along the source trains transverse axis were found to be within 13.7% of the values provided by Novoste. Radial dose functions were within 13% compared to source train data constructed from Soares' single seed data and within 17% and 25% compared to Monte Carlo data by Ye et al., and Wang et al., respectively. Discrepancies of 33% and 19% were observed at short radial distances between the Novoste Monte Carlo and the 3.5F and 5F catheter measured data, respectively. The source off centering data showed higher dose contribution from the source train at its distal rather than proximal position. Radial dose function comparisons between the Novoste Monte Carlo and the measured data, calculated as a function of radial distance from the catheter's center showed good agreement
Prostate brachytherapy seed localization by analysis of multiple projections: Identifying and addressing the seed overlap problem31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1707740View Description Hide Description
Intraoperative three-dimensional reconstruction of seed locations during prostate brachytherapy for purposes of immediate computation of radiation dosimetry is an active area of current investigation, including methods which use multiple fluoroscopic projections. A simulation study using seed locations extracted from clinical CT data was performed; the result showed that on average one quarter of the seeds had a projection image overlapping with other seeds. The average percentage of non-overlapping seeds for the prostate implants and seed types investigated was 74.5% with a range of 56.9%–92.9%. The distribution of seeds in different cluster sizes was analyzed as well as the distribution of pixel counts of connected components. A statistical classifier was developed to determine the number of seed images in a self-connected component in the segmented images. The classifier was tested with simulation data, and the error rate was below 2%. A method to determine seed image position is also provided. A modified three-film technique was used to reconstruct 3-D seed locations. The algorithm allows unequal number of seed images for each projection as input while current methods require the same number of seed images detected in all projections. An accuracy analysis based on angular and positional uncertainty was performed. The reconstruction and seed localization algorithms were tested with simulation data, and the mean distance error of the reconstructed results was 0.61 mm. A phantom study was performed to validate the seed localization method. Three false positive seeds, 4.7% of the total, in the reconstruction result were observed in this study.
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A new 2D segmentation method based on dynamic programming applied to computer aided detection in mammography31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1688039View Description Hide Description
Mass segmentation plays a crucial role in computer-aided diagnosis(CAD) systems for classification of suspicious regions as normal, benign, or malignant. In this article we present a robust and automated segmentation technique—based on dynamic programming—to segment mass lesions from surrounding tissue. In addition, we propose an efficient algorithm to guarantee resulting contours to be closed. The segmentation method based on dynamic programming was quantitatively compared with two other automated segmentation methods (region growing and the discrete contour model) on a dataset of 1210 masses. For each mass an overlap criterion was calculated to determine the similarity with manual segmentation. The mean overlap percentage for dynamic programming was 0.69, for the other two methods 0.60 and 0.59, respectively. The difference in overlap percentage was statistically significant. To study the influence of the segmentation method on the performance of a CAD system two additional experiments were carried out. The first experiment studied the detection performance of the CAD system for the different segmentation methods. Free-response receiver operating characteristics analysis showed that the detection performance was nearly identical for the three segmentation methods. In the second experiment the ability of the classifier to discriminate between malignant and benign lesions was studied. For region based evaluation the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.74 for dynamic programming, 0.72 for the discrete contour model, and 0.67 for region growing. The difference in values obtained by the dynamic programming method and region growing was statistically significant. The differences between other methods were not significant.
Performance of electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) used in radiotherapy: Image quality and dose measurements31(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1688212View Description Hide Description
The aim of our study was to compare the image and dosimetric quality of two different imaging systems. The first one is a fluoroscopic electronic portal imaging device (first generation), while the second is based on an amorphous silicon flat-panel array (second generation). The parameters describing image quality include spatial resolution [modulation transfer function(MTF)],noise[noise power spectrum (NPS)], and signal-to-noise transfer [detective quantum efficiency (DQE)]. The dosimetric measurements were compared with ionization chamber as well as with film measurements. The response of the flat-panel imager and the fluoroscopic-optical device was determined performing a two-step Monte Carlo simulation. All measurements were performed in a 6 MV linear accelerator photon beam. The resolution (MTF) of the fluoroscopic device is larger than of the amorphous silicon based system which is due to the missing backscattered photons and the smaller pixel size. The noise measurements (NPS) show the correlation of neighboring pixels of the amorphous siliconelectronic portal imaging device, whereas the NPS of the fluoroscopic system is frequency independent. At zero spatial frequency the DQE of the flat-panel imager has a value of 0.008 (0.8%). Due to the minor frequency dependency this device may be almost x-ray quantum limited. Monte Carlo simulations verified these characteristics. For the fluoroscopic imaging system the DQE at low frequencies is about 0.0008 (0.08%) and degrades with higher frequencies. Dose measurements with the flat-panel imager revealed that images can only be directly converted to portal doseimages, if scatter can be neglected. Thus objects distant to the detector (e.g., inhomogeneous dose distribution generated by a modificator) can be verified dosimetrically, while objects close to a detector (e.g., a patient) cannot be verified directly and must be scatter corrected prior to verification. This is justified by the response of the flat-panel imaging device revealing a strong dependency at low energies.


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A downtown Franklin gas station was robbed at gunpoint for the second time in four months.
Two men went into the Admiral Gas Station, 237 W. Jefferson St., pointed a gun at the clerk and demanded money around 11:15 p.m. Wednesday. The clerk handed over cash to the men, who then left the station and ran north into an alley, according to a Franklin Police Department news release.
Police tried to track the men with a police dog, but the dog was able to track for only about a block, Lt. Kerry Atwood said. Police think the men had a car parked nearby and drove away after robbing the store.
The robbers both had their faces covered. One was tall and slender, wearing a yellow and black hooded sweatshirt. The other was about 5-foot-8 with a medium build, wearing a camouflage jacket, the release said.
Anyone with information about the robbery should call Franklin Detective Adam Joseph at 346-1145.
The gas station also was robbed Oct. 3 by one man who stole money and cigarettes.


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Ministry sounds warning following bid to smuggle ammo into jail
The Ministry of Home Affairs says it has been informed by the Prison Authorities of an attempt by persons bent on derailing law and order in Guyana to smuggle several rounds of ammunition into the Georgetown Prison.
This is not the first time such attempts have been made and uncovered thanks to the alert Ranks of the Guyana Prison Service, the ministry said in a release last evening.
Security at the prison has raised public qualms in recent years in the aftermath of the bloody breakout from the Camp Street prison in 2002 which triggered a crime spree never before seen.
The ministry further said in the release that it is aware that for some time now it has been rumoured that a firearm or components of a firearm have been smuggled into the Georgetown Prison.
"The Ministry of Home Affairs and the Guyana Prison Service wishes to reassure the general public that no effort will be spared to uncover and to find any illegal firearm or components thereof at any prison location.
"Nefarious plans and conspiracies hatched in or out of prisons to disrupt the peace and good order in our society will be exposed and disrupted", the ministry stated.


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Getting a loud vibration and irritating, high pitched squeal upon deceleration. Occurs regularly at about 35mph and below. Loud vibration sounds as though it is originating under the hood. Accompanying squeal either under the hood or perhaps in driver side dashboard.
by Visitor in Clayton, NC on May 25, 2011


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Fixed PriceDelivery by August 10, 2013
Looking for photographers who can produce brilliant photos for various steps found in how-to / DIY articles covering a wide array of topics such as food, education, crafts etc. These articles can be done at home with ease! I can get you started by having you complete 10 such articles.
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Written on: 25/10/2007 by chrslee (1 review written)
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text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|31 Ene 1984
|Fecha de presentación
|7 Dic 1981
|Fecha de prioridad
|7 Dic 1981
|Número de publicación
|Robert G. Swartz
|Cesionario original
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Otras citas (5), Citada por (17), Clasificaciones (15), Eventos legales (5)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to a microwave transistor and, more particularly, to a bipolar transistor having an ultra thin base capable of operating at speeds in the gigahertz range.
Present techniques of fabricating bipolar transistors, including ion implant doping, are limited in that they cannot reliably produce base layers with thicknesses less than 1000 Å. Accordingly, these transistors are limited in their operation to speeds less than 10 GHz. A bipolar transistor having a base thickness of less than 1000 Å would be a valuable device for use in high speed optical communications systems where the laser may be driven with a pulse rate in excess of 10 GHz.
A high speed bipolar transistor having a base region with a thickness less than 1000 Å is achievable in accordance with the present invention wherein the molecular beam epitaxial growth process is used to grow three levels of variously doped single crystal layers on a single crystal silicon substrate. These three levels correspond to the collector, base, and emitter regions of the transistors to be fabricated. Since MBE is a low temperature growth process, the base layer can be made arbitrarily thin, less than 1000 Å. After growing the emitter, base and collector layers, the wafer is then mesa etched in order to isolate regions of the emitter and base layers. The wafer is then reinserted into the MBE apparatus in order to grow a contact layer having the same conductivity type (i.e., p or n) as the base layer over the entire wafer. The conductivity of this contact layer, however, is purposely caused to be less than the high conductivity of the base region. A second mesa etch is then performed to expose the emitter layer and isolate the base regions of adjacent transistors. A silicon dioxide layer is then deposited over the entire top surface of the layer and selectively etched to expose the emitter layer and a portion of the contact layer which is in contact with the base region. Finally, metallic contacts are deposited on the exposed emitter layer, the exposed contact layer, and bottom surface of the wafer in order to fabricate the emitter, base and collector contacts, respectively.
The invention will be more readily understood after reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram setting forth the major steps in a process practiced in accordance with the present invention, and
FIGS. 2-6 are cross-sectional illustrations of a single device on the wafer being processed after each one of the major steps set forth in the flow diagram of FIG. 1.
Major steps in the present invention are illustrated in the flow diagram shown in FIG. 1. This process is normally applied to an entire wafer of semiconductor material and the wafer is subsequently separated into individual transistors which may then be mounted. A cross section of the wafer corresponding to a single device is shown in FIGS. 2-6 for each of the major steps indicated in FIG. 1. The structure of the wafer following any one of the process steps is illustrated in the figure whose identifying number corresponds to the units digit of the process step. For example, FIG. 2 shows the wafer cross section following step 102.
The device fabricated using the present invention is a silicon NPN bipolar junction transistor. PNP transistors may be fabricated in an identical manner using complementary dopants.
Initially, a starting silicon substrate doped with arsenic or antimony to a resistivity of 0.008 ohm-cm is selected. The surface of the wafer is oriented parallel to a <100> crystalline plane. The wafer is polished on one face. It is then cleaned and its surface prepared by the following sequence of steps:
1. Scrub with water and liquid soap.
2. Rinse with deionized water.
3. Boil the substrate for 10 minutes in trichloroethylene.
4. Boil for an additional 10 minutes in acetone.
5. Rinse using methanol.
6. Rinse using deionized water.
7. Heat the substrate for 10 minutes in a solution of 1:1, H2 SO4 :H2 O2.
8. Rinse using deionized water.
9. Dip the substrate for 1 minute in 50:1, H2 O:HF.
10. Rinse again using deionized water.
11. Boil the substrate for 10 minutes in 1:1:1, NH4 OH:H2 O2 :H2 O.
The last step grows a thin (30 Å-50 Å) layer of SiO2 on the wafer surface which serves to protect it in subsequent processing.
The wafer is then mounted in a stainless steel bell jar which is evacuated to a pressure of mid-10-9 torr. The jar is part of a silicon molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system which has been described in the literature. See the article by Y. Ota entitled "Silicon Molecular Beam Epitaxy with Simultaneous Ion Implant Doping," J. Applied Physics, Vol. 51, No. 2, February, 1980, pp. 1102-1110. The wafer is resistively heated by passing an electrical current through it, and the wafer temperature is measured by monitoring its optical emission with a pyrometer. Initially, the wafer is heated from room temperature to 1100 degrees C., and then cooled to 800 degrees C. over a 10 minute interval. The protective SiO2 layer is desorbed by this process, thus exposing a clean silicon surface. Alternatively, this layer may be removed by 1 keV argon sputtering at room temperature, followed by a 10 minute anneal at 900 degrees C.
Epitaxial growth is initiated by the electron beam evaporation of silicon from a high purity source. This silicon deposits as single crystal epitaxy on the silicon substrate. Simultaneously, a low energy ion beam of dopant atoms, focussed on the substrate, dopes the epitaxial layer as it grows. The dopant atoms may be arsenic or boron as described in the copending patent application entitled "Rapid Alteration of Ion Implant Dopant Species to Create Regions of Opposite Conductivity," Ser. No. 275,418, filed June 19, 1981. The former is an N-type, and the latter a P-type dopant in silicon. As stated in the above-identified copending application, both dopants can be present in the ion gun of the MBE apparatus described in the above-identified article by Ota, and a particular dopant is chosen at any given time by adjustment of the E×B mass filter at the output of the ion gun.
Doping concentration is varied by adjusting the ratio of incident dopant atoms to incident silicon atoms. This is done by electrostatically scanning the dopant ion beam and by varying the source silicon evaporation rate. The ion beam energy is typically 600 eV.
Using the above-described process steps, the first major step of the inventive process designated as step 102 in the flow chart of FIG. 1 is completed, and a three layer structure of epitaxy shown in FIG. 2 is grown at 800 degrees C., doped N-P-N. FIG. 2, as in all figures. to follow, illustrates only a portion of the entire wafer that corresponds to a single device. It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that a semiconductor wafer can be processed to simultaneously produce a large number of devices.
The first layer 21 on substrate 20 in FIG. 2 is arsenic doped and will later become the collector. The second layer 22, boron doped, will form the base. The final layer 23, doped with arsenic, will constitute the emitter.
Listed below are the thickness and doping parameters for a 0.3 μm base process which should yield a device with an fT of approximately 2 GHz. This is an initial attempt at verifying the technology. Higher frequency devices are possible, and the constraints on such a device are explored at the conclusion of this section.
______________________________________Layer Doping Dopant Thickness______________________________________Substrate 20 8 × 1018 /cm3 As ˜500 μmCollector 21 3 × 1015 /cm3 As 2.0 μmBase 22 6 × 1016 /cm3 B .3 μmEmitter 23 (1) 3 × 1017 /cm3 As .1 μm(2) 2 × 1018 /cm3 As .9 μm______________________________________
A two-layer emitter is used. The lightly doped first layer reduces the emitter-base capacitance and limits the extent of the penetration of the emitter-base depletion layer into the base. The second layer acts to increase the forward current gain, βF, of the device and promotes ohmic contact with subsequently deposited metal layers.
Following this growth process step 102, the substrate is removed from the bell jar and an etch performed as set forth in step 103 of FIG. 1 to define mesas with sloped walls as illustrated in FIG. 3. The etch used may be any one of several chemicals which preferentially attack silicon along <100> or <110> crystalline planes, but which etch <111> planes very slowly. The preferred etch is tetramethylammonium hydroxide, ethylene glycol, plus other compounds known to Mr. Evan Thomas at the Allied Chemical Research Laboratories in Buffalo, N.Y. This preferred etch was obtained from Mr. Thomas, is available to all who request it for experimental purposes, but is not yet available as a marketable product from Allied Chemical. If any commercial use is established for this etch, Allied Chemical marketing department has indicated that the etch would then be offered as one of their marketed products. Used undiluted, the preferred etch from Mr. Thomas has an etch rate which is very slow (200-400 Å/sec), and the low etch temperature, 60 degrees C., of the etch makes this an easily controlled etch.
An alternative etch is a solution of ethylene diamine and pyrocatechol in H2 O. This is a faster etch than the preferred etch and, additionally, is considerably more hazardous to use.
The mesa formation procedure is as follows:
1. Deposit 0.6 μm masking SiO2 on the wafer by reaction of silane (SiH4) with oxygen at 450 degrees C.
2. Spin on photoresist and pattern it using standard photolithorgraphic methods.
3. Etch oxide with a buffered HF acid solution to expose silicon except where mesas are to be located.
4. Etch mesas with either:
a. The Allied Chemical preferred etch, undiluted, at 60 degrees C. in atmosphere. Stirring is required.
b. The alternative etch consisting of a solution of (in proportion):
Ethylene diamine: 17 ml
Pyrocatechol: 3 gm
H2 O: 8 ml
heated to 110 degrees C. in nitrogen with N2 bubbling. This is a faster etch (1 μm/min), and considerably more hazardous to use.
5. Following the etch, rinse samples thoroughly in deionized water and perform an HF strip to remove the masking oxide.
The etch depth must be sufficient to expose the base layer as shown in FIG. 3. For the 0.3 μm base device described here, a nominal depth is 1.5 μm.
The wafer is then reloaded into the MBE system following the same cleaning and preparation procedure described previously. An in-situ argon sputter clean is preferred at this time because of the lower temperatures involved.
In accordance with major step 104 in the process illustrated in FIG. 1, a new contact layer 40 of silicon is grown at 800 degrees C. on the wafer surface (FIG. 3), doped with boron to a density of 5×1016 /cm3, with a nominal thickness of 1 μm as indicated in FIG. 4. This layer 40, which covers the entire wafer surface and is doped p-type, serves to contact the exposed base region. The sloped walls of the mesa insure that vertically incident silicon atoms are able to deposit epitaxially on the mesa sidewall.
The wafer is then removed from the MBE system. A masking oxide is deposited as before, and a second etch, designated as major step 105 in the process illustrated in FIG. 1, is performed to a depth of 1.2 μm. As indicated in FIG. 5, this etch exposes the emitter surface and also isolates the base regions of adjacent devices. Another oxide patterning follows to expose contact areas. Aluminum is then deposited, patterned, and sintered at 450 degrees C. to fabricate emitter, base and collector contacts in accordance with major step 106 of the process illustrated in FIG. 1. The resulting device is illustrated in FIG. 6 wherein the positions of the emitter contact 61, base contact 62, and collector contact 63 are shown. Conventional techniques may be used to dice the wafer and mount the individual transistors.
MBE silicon growth rates are typically 3-16 Å/sec so that the entire device is fabricated in less than 2 hours of actual growth time. Low temperature MBE growth throughout the process is a necessity to prevent diffusion in the base region. Neither of the silicon etches used is critical with respect to depth, regardless of base width.
As reported by S. M. Sze in his text "Physics of Semiconductor Devices," John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1969, pages 279-289, the principal sources of time delay in a bipolar transistor are:
1. emitter depletion-layer charging time,
2. base layer charging time,
3. collector depletion-layer transit time, and
4. collector charging time.
The MBE process described here directly addresses item (2) by minimizing the base-width. Items (1) and (4) are conventionally reduced by using small geometries and a heavily-doped substrate.
The design constraints for a high speed bipolar transistor are as follows:
1. The base region must be narrow, but sufficiently highly doped to prevent collector-emitter punch through.
2. The base contact layer should be more lightly doped than the base region to minimize emitter-base capacitance.
3. The total emitter doping (integrated across the emitter) must be much greater than the total base doping in order to maximize the forward current gain βF.
4. The lightly-doped collector region must be thick enough to prevent avalanche breakdown of the collector-base depletion layer, but it must not be too thick or collector charging time is unnecessarily increased.
5. The final device geometry must be small and properly packaged to reduce parasitic capacitance.
Using the methods suggested here, base widths of less than 500 Å should be easily obtained.
The process described hereinabove is an illustrative embodiment of the present invention. Numerous departures can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, the step used to create a mesa with isolated regions of emitter and base layers could be replaced with a step using reactive ion etching rather than the chemical process described herein.
|Boss et al., "Epitaxial Transistor with exposed Base Contact" I.B.M. Tech. Discl. Bull., vol. 10, No. 2, Jul. 1967, p. 166.
|Nakamura et al., "Self-Aligned Transistor with Sidewall Base Electrode" International Solid-State Circuit Conf. (IEEE), Feb. 1980, pp. 214-215.
|Ota, Y., "Silicon Molecular Beam Epitaxy with . . . Doping" J. Appl. Phys., vol. 51 (2), Feb. 1980, pp. 1102-1110.
|Swartz et al., "An Uncompensated Silicon Bipolar Junction Transistor . . . . " IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. EDL-2, No. 11, Nov. 1981, pp. 293-295.
|Sze, S. M., Physics of Semiconductor Devices (Textbook), John Wiley and Sons, N.Y., 1961, pp. 279-289.
|Patente citante
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|4 Abr 1984
|14 Ene 1986
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Method for making semiconductor device utilizing molecular beam epitaxy to form the emitter layers
|8 Jun 1984
|1 Abr 1986
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Growth of epitaxial films by chemical vapor deposition utilizing a surface cleaning step immediately before deposition
|17 Dic 1984
|10 Jun 1986
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method for making gallium arsenide NPN transistor with self-aligned base enhancement to emitter region and metal contact
|19 Nov 1985
|28 Oct 1986
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Method of manufacturing a semiconductor device
|14 Oct 1986
|11 Ago 1987
|Busta Heinz H
|Method of making micromachined refractory metal field emitters
|19 May 1986
|5 Ene 1988
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Method of making a heterojunction bipolar transistor with SIPOS
|13 Abr 1987
|19 Abr 1988
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Bipolar transistor structure with self-aligned device and isolation and fabrication process therefor
|29 Ene 1987
|5 Jul 1988
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Making semiconductor device on insulating substrate by forming conductive layers on both major surfaces
|14 Sep 1987
|10 Ene 1989
|Delco Electronics Corporation
|Self-aligned silicon MOS device
|15 May 1989
|30 Oct 1990
|Rockwell International Corporation
|Semiconductor chip production and testing processes
|31 Ago 1988
|30 Oct 1990
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Bipolar transistor integrated circuit technology
|11 Sep 1989
|16 Abr 1991
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method of fabricating a narrow base transistor
|4 Sep 1990
|12 Nov 1991
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Bipolar transistor integrated circuit technology
|31 Ene 1991
|21 Jul 1992
|Blouse Jeffrey L
|Narrow base transistor and method of fabricating same
|12 Jun 1989
|28 Jul 1992
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Method of fabricating patterned epitaxial silicon films utilizing molecular beam epitaxy
|25 Mar 1991
|18 Ago 1992
|Sony Corporation
|Heterojunction bipolar transistor and the manufacturing method thereof
|17 Ene 1991
|4 May 1993
|Motorola, Inc.
|Anisotropic single crystal silicon etching solution and method
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|7 Dic 1981
Owner name: BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES, INCORPORATED, 600 MOU
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:SWARTZ, ROBERT G.;REEL/FRAME:003964/0174
Effective date: 19811202
|24 Abr 1984
|Certificate of correction
|8 Jun 1987
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|29 Abr 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|1 Jun 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Information for Parents
As a parent, watching your child earn their high school Diploma or GED is a proud moment. But knowing what to do after that moment can be a bit scary for you and your child. McCann School of Business & Technology is here to help ease your concerns.
With a nudge in the right direction, your child could be well on their way to earning a ASB/AST Degree or Diploma and graduate from school. McCann provides the education and hands-on experience taught by experts in that particular field of study. We also provide opportunities for externships with local businesses and organizations.
The McCann Difference: Why Should Your Child Choose McCann?
Accredited Member, ACICS
McCann School of Business & Technology is accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS) to award diplomas and ASB/AST degrees. The Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools is listed as a nationally recognized accrediting agency by the United States Department of Education and is recognized by the Council on Higher Education Accreditation.
We Will Help Your Child Choose a Career Path
We will help your child discover a career path that inspires them. Schedule a visit to our campus and speak with an Admissions Representative. Our Admissions Representatives will listen to your child to get to know them, gain a better understanding of their interests and help them choose the career that best suits them.
Tuition is Affordable
We believe every student deserves a quality education, that's why there are multiple financial aid options to make school affordable. Use our net price calculator to get an estimate of your tuition payments then contact our team to discuss your financial aid options. They can walk you through the FAFSA application and help you find money to help pay for your child's education. Financial Aid is available for those who qualify.
Our Career Services Help Graduates Find Jobs
As your child completes their career program and earns their ASB/AST Degree or Diploma, they will obtain the knowledge and skills they need to be successful in a new career. But the training doesn't end when they finish their career program. At McCann, your child will learn how to present themselves to potential employers and get a variety of resources and support to help them get a job that is inline with their career goals.
We offer workshops where your child will learn to create and maintain a professional résumé, dress for interviews and answer common interview questions. They'll even learn how to plan their career and be successful in the workforce.
The best part about our Lifetime Career Services is in its name: we help your child for their entire career. If they need to brush up on information, they can sit in on a refresher course. If they need help updating their résumé five or even ten years after graduation, they can come back. When they are interviewing for a new position, they can come back for a practice round first.
Applying is Easy, Help Your Child Apply Today!
You can help your child start the application process by scheduling a visit for them to meet with an Admissions Representative. During this meeting we'll discuss your child's career goals, the application and enrollment process and give you and your child a tour of the campus. It can help answer any questions you or your child may have and put your child at ease about the process.
You can call us at 866.865.8065 to schedule an appointment or click here to request more information about our career programs, financial aid options and more.


text:
If you want to know how important community relations are to the success of our operations in Barro Alto, Brazil, just ask Juliana Rehfield, head of sustainability in the region. She puts it simply: "Without community partnerships, there would be no production in Barro Alto." For the last four years, Tatiane Torezan and Liomar Vidal have been instrumental in making these vital partnerships happen.
Tatiane and Liomar work together to build Anglo American's relations with the community in Barro Alto, a town in the northern Goiás state. The team divides its responsibilities into two areas: Liomar works with government and NGOs to deliver social projects and initiatives, while Tatiane handles communications and publications.
As the bedrock for solid partnerships and to counter any initial misunderstanding about Anglo American's role in the community, communication has always been a central part of the team's approach. It's important not only to explain Anglo American's contribution, but also to manage expectations and invite participation and feedback.
Tatiane explains: "Trust is built on delivering on what you promise, and not promising what you can't deliver." One example of the team's commitment to open, honest communications is Acontece em Barro Alto (Happens in Barro Alto) a newsletter that keeps local people up to date with all of
Anglo American's social projects and investments in the area, which is delivered by hand to every household in Barro Alto. Regular community forums take place twice a year, along with one-off meetings that give people a chance to discuss any particular issues as they arise.
Tatiane and Liomar's efforts have led to more trusting and open relationships with the local people and government, as well as positive media coverage on regional TV, radio and newspapers.
Meanwhile the community in Barro Alto has benefitted from a wide range of social initiatives, including investment in enterprise, cultural projects, schools, hospitals and housing. Juliana said: "In an area where the rewards are often long-term and intangible, Liomar and Tatiane strive patiently and passionately for results."
Copy on this page is provided by Anglo American, sponsor of the social impact hub


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Deftones - Page 8
Deftones Electrify New York City Crowd With Support From Periphery
Beale Street Music Festival – 2013 Must-See Rock Concerts
Who: Alice in Chains, Deftones, Smashing Pumpkins + the Black Keys
Deftones Spring 2013 U.S. Tour Ticket Giveaway!
Deftones have one of the hottest tickets going, due in part to the amazing work they put into their most recent album, 'Koi No Yokan.' The critically acclaimed rock act is currently out on the road, and Loudwire is giving you and a guest a chance to see the band in person during their spring 2013 U.S. tour.
Avenged Sevenfold, Deftones, Linkin Park + More Reveal Record Store Day Release Plans
Record Store Day (April 20) is fast approaching and a number of top hard rock bands have begun revealing what they plan to do to mark the occasion.
Metallica Tap Red Hot Chili Peppers, Deftones + More for 2013 Orion Festival
Metallica started 2013 in a big way by revealing that they would be staging their second annual Orion Music + More Festival in Detroit on June 8 and 9. Now, the band has unveiled the bands that will join them at the two-day extravaganza. Among the acts sharing the stage with Metallica will be Red Hot Chili Peppers, Deftones, Rise Against and more.
Deftones' Chino Moreno + Former Isis Members Complete First Palms Album
Deftones frontman Chino Moreno is a man of many projects and his latest finds him recording with several former members of the band Isis in a new group called Palms. The band has confirmed the completion of their self-titled debut album and the disc is now due June 25 through Ipecac Recordings.
Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Deftones + More to Play 2013 Carolina Rebellion Festival
The 2013 Carolina Rebellion festival lineup has been announced and, of course, it's packed full of must-see bands. The North Carolina musical gathering with feature Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Deftones, Limp Bizkit, Rise Against, Volbeat and many more.
Deftones – 2013 Must-See Rock Concerts
Deftones' Chino Moreno Says Chi Cheng Would Appreciate Band's Recent Albums
Deftones continue to receive plenty of acclaim for their 'Koi No Yokan' album, with the disc making many year-end Top 10 critics lists, including a No. 1 spot on Loudwire's 10 Best Rock Albums of 2012. But the success for the band is bittersweet as they've been doing it without the services of longtime bassist Chi Cheng, who has mostly been in a comatose state since his 2008 car accident.


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Last Activity: Yesterday 06:01 PM
Most Thanked
Post Summary
this is the final version? there is no bugs or something? The final version will be when we're all dead. :eek: :) that means never, we always find something :)
What version was the last to have working WiFi? I have a G900T and cannot connect to any WiFi even though it sees it. I just clean flashed over the stock TW ROM. ...flashing an older one like 12/1 then NOT doing a factory reset/full wipe and flas...
Download links are not working. can someone upload the file please? Thank You http://www.wuala.com/joselillo0/RemICS/ :good:
Did you grant root acces, or that root prompt doesn't longer show up? If nothing shows up, flash a SuperSu zip and you're done. Did you try change root access to - app and ADB in developer options
Thanks, but sorry my phone dont want my ugly face,,,,will need a new and clean installation and try it. Sent from my SM-G900T You a not ugly hahaha... One more idea... I take my photo from google picture cloud not from gallery and it work for ...


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Home :: Wedding Bands :: Gold Wedding Bands :: Hand Braided Gold Bands :: Yellow Gold
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Wedding Band
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His & Hers Wedding Set HHSD-215
I just wanted to let you know that I received the rings I ordered and they are absolutely beautiful. Thank you so much for getting them to me so...
Chocolate diamond heart earrings
I have been looking for several years for earrings to match a chocolate diamond heart pendant. I was pleased to find a pair of earrings on your website...
Gold Wedding Band
Thank-you for all your patience, and I do love this ring! It is a beauty!
-Judi Jones,
Kanab, Utah
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2014 Lexus IS Series
We already saw the IS 350 F-Sport and now we've driven the entire 2014 IS lineup on the track. The changes aren't just external. Both IS 250 and 350 handle more aggressively than past models. We like the 3.5L RWD models best.
Recommended Posts
More from Awesomer Media


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Man doused with gasoline, chased with lighter at Edmond camp site
EDMOND — Police arrested a man after witnesses said he poured gasoline on another man's head and tried to set him on fire at an Arcadia Lake camp site.
Timothy Beeson, 58, was being held Wednesday in the Oklahoma County jail on complaints of driving under the influence and attempted murder.
Edmond police officer James Hamm said someone called 911 about 11 p.m. Monday and reported an altercation between two men at a Central State Park camp site at Arcadia Lake.
Witnesses told police Beeson had poured gasoline over the victim's head. The victim, whose name was not released, was an acquaintance of Beeson's.
"The victim was able to run away from the suspect, who was chasing him with a lighter," Hamm said. "While chasing the victim, the suspect actually set his own arm on fire and received very minor burns."
The victim eventually jumped into the lake to protect himself, and Beeson fled in a vehicle, Hamm said. Police caught up to him on Second Street near Interstate 35.
"They noticed immediately that he smelled of gasoline and an alcoholic beverage," Hamm said.
According to court records, Beeson has multiple previous convictions in Oklahoma County, including assault and battery with a dangerous weapon, violating a protective order and driving under the influence.


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May 24, 2016
The driver of an 18-wheeler traveling east bound on I-20 Monday afternoon heard a loud pop and pulled his rig off the highway onto the shoulder around mile marker 168 near the Kewanee exit.
The truck then caught fire and burned. The driver was not injured. It happened around five o'clock.
The Mississippi Highway Patrol is investigating the incident.
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Cop Gives 17 Year-Old Two Tickets That Are Not The Ordinary Citations [VIDEO]
Normally we hate getting tickets from a police officer except for this young girl!
Normally we hate getting tickets from a police officer except for this young girl!
Queens of the Stone Age will be performing at the Abraham Chavez Theatre on February 11th. KLAQ wants to give you a chance to win FREE tickets and dinner! For those of you not afraid to play dress up, this is the contest for you!
This morning on the KLAQ MoSho, we have tickets for tonight's Nine Inch Nails show at the Don Haskins Center.
In honor of NIN, our contest is "Words That Begin With 'NIN'". Here are the clues (below). Remember, each of the words begins with "nin" and you'll need to call in to the KLAQ Morning Show at 915-880-4955 when we tell you.
To see the clues, click on "read more", below...
Not speeding ... "slowing"
Congratulations to Hector Salazar! For being maybe the one Hispanic who has NEVER had salsa or hot sauce of any kind with his food (!), he successfully sang "American Idiot" while drinking FIVE DIFFERENT kinds of hot sauces, including one rated at nearly 400,000 Scovil!
What would you do to win tickets to see Green Day in El Paso? This guy dunked his head in a bucket of pee!
The first night of Taste of El Paso is in the books and according to the people we spoke to, it was amazing. Take a peek at our photos below.
The El Paso Downtown Street Festival is only 10 days away!!
You read the title right! We're going to play a game of Caption This! for some Balloonfest Saturday tickets and a meet and greet with Buckcherry and Dead Sara! Here's how it works:
Ticketmaster is being forced to give you a refund!
An El Paso man is in a little hot water over his services as an early warning device!
Wed, June 8th will ROCK with Deftones, Le Butcherettes and The Dillinger Escape Plan @ The Coliseum! Yes, we have free tickets, yes, YOU will win, but before they show up, check out this interview they did on Sat.....get to know your 'Escape Plan'!


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What Makes A Society Successful: A Look at Human and Chimpanzee Communities
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for What Makes A Society Successful: A Look at Human and Chimpanzee Communities was Tuesday December 11, 2012 / 7:00pm.
Currently at National Geographic's Grosvenor Auditorium
National Geographic Live!: Lectures, Films and More
- Full Price:
- $30.00
- Our Price:
- $15.00
Step into a world of entertaining presentations by today's leading explorers, scientists… More
Venue Details
2007 Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences, Roger Myerson, researches cooperation among individuals, groups, and institutions.
Biological anthropologist Jill Pruetz, Nat Geo Emerging Explorer, advanced primatology by proving chimps in Senegal fashion hunting tools.
About the Ticket Supplier: National Geographic Live!
The National Geographic Society was created in Washington, D.C., in January 1888 for "the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge." The Society mirrors the world and all that is in it through incisive magazines, maps, books, films and interactive media.
Enjoy a wide variety of changing exhibitions that reflect the richness and diversity of our world at the National Geographic Museum. The Museum's exhibitions and the scientific fieldwork and expeditions on which they are based are supported by National Geographic's Mission Programs, which receives generous funding by corporations, foundations, and individuals.


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Santa Fe's only restaurant with a spacious deck overlooking the Plaza!
An exciting new restaurant is a welcome addition to the Santa Fe scene. Restaurant goers throughout the area are invited to sample the unique food, drinks and incredible views at The Thunderbird Bar and Grill. Santa Fe's only restaurant with a spacious deck overlooking the Plaza, Thunderbird Bar and Grill offers a new twist on contemporary southwestern cuisine with a menu that is fresh, innovative and sure to satisfy. The Thunderbird's full bar features: an award-winning list of over 60 beers, with 20 on draft, over 100 tequilas, an extensive wine by the glass program, and a spectacular wine list of over 100 bottles.
Over 100+ Tequilas
We have 20 beers on Tap!
Margarita Shrimp
Thunderbird's Famous Bacon Bloody Mary
The Hangover Burger
Our beautiful dining room features art from local artists
Upcoming Events
Happy Hour - Monday thru Friday
4:00 - 6:00pm
$6 House Margaritas
$5 Glass of Red | White Wine
$3 Domestic Beers (Bud lite, Coors Lite)
$4 Local Draught (SF Pale Ale, SF Nut Brown, Bosque Scotia Ale, Boxing Bear Pale Ale, Bosque "Riverwalker" IPA)
Happy Hour Specials
Monday thru Friday
4:00 - 6:00pm
- $3.5 Prime Beef Slider with Fries
- $3.5 HH-Chicken Nachos
- $3.5 HH-Chips and Salsa
- $3.5 HH-Queso and Chips
- $3.5 HH-Frito Pie
- 75¢ HH-Chicken Wings (each)
Copyright 2015 - Thunderbird Bar & Grill
Website design by
Santa Fe Locals Special Discount - 15% off Food Purchases - All Day - Every Day


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2015 Kickoff and Rib Festival
Welcome to the Kickoff and Rib Festival at Heinz Field. It's all about family! You'll find food and fun for all ages. Free admission offers the best ribs in the country, world class entertainment, games and rides for the kids, and much more. Bring along your Steelers pride and appetite to this Pittsburgh tradition September 3rd thru Labor Day, September 7th!
There are no upcoming events to display at this time.


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BELL H2 Water Bottle and Cage
|Eligible for Free Shipping on Orders $39 or More! (see promotion details)
Product Details
Stay refreshed and hydrated to keep going strong with this BELL® water bottle and cage! The 22-ounce bottle is made of BPA-free plastic and features a wide mouth for easy filling and cleaning. The removable lid has a drinking valve for fast access to each sip.
Get your new BELL® water bottle and cage today from Sports Authority.
- 22-ounce water bottle
- BPA-free plastic
- Wide mouth for easy cleaning
- Drinking valve on lid
- Cage included
Product Recommendations
Product Reviews
Reviewed by 3 customers
Comments about BELL H2 Water Bottle and Cage:
I bought this product to mount on mountain bike.
It was easy to mount in less time, light weight, easy to us
I really like it. I would recommend this product.
Comments about BELL H2 Water Bottle and Cage:
You can't really drink water while biking with this bottle. The nipple doesn't create a seal allowing air to filter through. I have to stop biking remove the cap and drink water. Skip this product spend a few extra dollars in a better product.
Comments about BELL H2 Water Bottle and Cage:
Water bottle is decent size and the holder fit my bike perfectly.


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Where does one find a cape and a hat like that? I know where you can find the dolphin statue.
post #38671 of 78718
10/31/12 at 3:51pm
I think I know what you mean. On most of my pics it also looks like my pants are sitting at my hips, when in reality they are dangerously near Urkel territory. I believe it's the camera angle
But I still think tie, shirt and belt shouldn't show below the button. Doesn't the jacket feel a bit tight down there?


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We need you more than ever! Support the VIC and keep us going for another quarter century!Read More
Now in our 26th year, we offer weekly shows, workshops, and special events!Read More
"You are such amazingly talented and kind folks."
Diane S.
Want to save time, money and the headache of the LA freeways to get a...
Learn scene study and audition techniques for film and television! Scene Study & Audition Techniques...
Acting Drop In Work – Adults & Teens by Audition Tuesdays, 6-9pm Drop in: Ongoing (no...
34 North Palm St.
Ventura, CA 93001
(805) 643-5701
Meters in effect until 9pm. Some free lots in area. More


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- CambodiaAgricultureFunding via KREDIT Microfinance Institution Plc.
Khan GroupCambodiaAgricultureFunding via KREDIT Microfinance Institution Plc.
Ky GroupCambodiaAgricultureFunding via KREDIT Microfinance Institution Plc.
Sokkhoeun's Group
Sokkhoeun leads a group made up of three females. She and one of her group have been with VisionFund since 2010 while the third member has just joined VisionFund. Her first loan from VisionFund helped her to have regular income, to purchase some basic household necessities and send her children to school.
She is requesting a loan partly to pay for harvesting and partly to purchase feed for her chicken and ducks. The loan will allow her to finish harvesting her rice and also feed her chicken and ducks enough so that they will become fat. This will enable her to make a better living and keep her children in school.
Additional Information
About VisionFund CambodiaVisionFund Cambodia is a Christian organization and microfinance institution that provides small loans and other financial services to improve the lives of children, empower poor women and their families, and grow successful businesses. The organization works primarily in rural parts of Cambodia and has distinguished itself by targeting the very poor who require smaller loan sizes, regardless of religious beliefs, gender or ethnic background.
Kiva lenders' funds will help the organization to expand into the northeastern provinces of the country, which have historically been underserved and difficult to reach with financial services.
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Cambodia
103View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 14 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Irregularly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Nov 21, 2011
- Listed
- Nov 30, 2011
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Dec 15, 2012


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Bing Crosby in Going My Way | 1944
Clip Name: Singing with Carol
Bing Crosby in Going My Way | 1944
Starring: Bing Crosby, Barry Fitzgerald and Frank McHugh
Directed by: Leo McCarey
About this actor
Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. Crosby's unique bass-baritone voice made him one of the best-selling recording artists until well into the late 20th century, with over half a billion records in circulation. One of the first multimedia stars, from 1934 to 1954 Bing Crosby was very successful across record sales, radio ratings and motion picture grosses. Crosby and his musical acts influenced male singers of the era that followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, and Dean Martin. Yank magazine recognized Crosby as the person who had done the most for American G.I. morale during World War II and, during his peak years, around 1948, polls declared him the "most admired man alive," ahead of Jackie Robinson and Pope Pius XII. Also during 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music. Crosby exerted an important influence on the...
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Create an Account - Increase your productivity, customize your experience, and engage in information you care about.
Mission Statement
The mission of the Portsmouth Police Department is to prevent crime, protect life and property and improve the quality of life in Portsmouth by working in partnership with the community.
Police Station Feasibility and Space Needs Study
The Portsmouth Police Department uses the CodeRED notification system to notify residents and businesses of urgent information.


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...Not bad advice akshully.
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7 Billionth Person Born (Or Maybe More. Or Less. Who Knows?)
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Tupac Hologram Full Performance Coachella 2012
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May 31, 2016
It was a rough afternoon for the LCC baseball team as they fall 17-3 to junior college powerhouse San Jacinto. The Palominos would hold off the Gators in the first inning and only give up single runs in the 2nd and 3rd before the floodgates opened up. Former Alexander Bulldog EJ Garcia would have a good day at the plate, going 3 for 5 with a home run and three RBI.
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Vt. doctor honored 2 years after restrictionsOctober 31,2013Doctor lauded for
40 years service
BRATTLEBORO A former surgeon in Brattleboro who had restrictions put on his medical license by the state Board of Medical Practice has received the highest honor from the Vermont Medical Society.
Dr. John Bookwalter received this years Distinguished Service Award from the society in recognition of nearly 40 years of medical service, and for his innovation in developing surgical tools that are now used around the world.
The Brattleboro Reformer reported he had restrictions put on his medical license in October 2011 following an investigation by the Vermont Board of Medical Practice into his treatment of obesity with medicines that werent prescribed for weight loss.
Bookwalter never disputed the treatment. He argued against the methods of the investigation.MORE IN This Just InBRATTLEBORO Lauren Kaija and Miranda Johnson had two goals each to help lift Woodstock the... Full StoryBRANDON Burr and Burton Academy rained on Otter Valleys Senior Day festivities. Full StoryMANCHESTER Burr and Burton Academy won to sweep the season series from Hartford and complete... Full Story
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