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Last edited by rhino919; 02-27-12 at 04:26 PM.
Great to have people trying new things. Keep us informed.
rhino--that's gonna be pretty darned cool if it works as intended. I'll wait to see photos before asking how the clamps will be made and oriented or other such details. Pics are worth a lotta words. As odd as it otherwise sounds, it's almost like you could "tune" your ride depending on whatever tube you felt like sliding in there. Cool concept. Do the clamps have an expected lifecycle of opening/tightening?
some of english's bikes are really far out there, but he's not afraid to take things on and redefine the "norm." plus, it sounds like he's got the riding & racing chops that lend a lot of credibility. it's fun to watch what he does. lots of posts over on the ww forum of his creations.
Last edited by JSNYC; 02-27-12 at 05:00 PM.
There does need to be enough room for the stoker to grip the hoods so she will need clearance for thumbs between her bars and your hips so measure carefully. On the other hand if you measured carefully and 40cm fits then great.
Did you consider S&S with Ti middle tubes and decided against it due to the cost?
We have a 14cm stoker stem and 40cm stoker setup and it works fine. I have minimal brushup and it is not a problem at all. She did have a 38cm width and that proved troublesome. We ended up putting the 38cm on her single bikes and 40cm on tandem. It all worked out just like it will for rhino919.
1) It allows for easily changing to different tube materials or thicknesses, although you could argue that a correctly designed frame shouldn't need this option.
2) It eliminates the eccentric BB. To tension the timing chain you clamp the top tube and one end of the boom tube in place, push down on the seat to tension the chain, and clamp the other end of the boom tube.
I do see some potential issues that may not make it suitable for everybody.
1) The clamp bolts must be torqued correctly to make sure the tubes don't slide while riding.
2) The tension of the chain will vary depending on how hard you push down on the seat.
3) The length of the bike could vary a little (+/- 1mm?) from assembly to assembly which would require adjustments to the derailleurs.
At this point, I'm perfectly happy to deal with these issues. Once I actually get the bike, my opinion may change.
Please keep us updated - I think this sounds like a really cool build, and I like the idea that you could swap the pipes to improve stiffness or ride. Re-setting the RD tension is no big deal, since you'd have the allen keys out anyway to rebuild the bike after flying or similar.
"You can see pictures of the tube in socket method applied to a recumbent tandem here. Bike Friday also uses this design on their tandems."
To be pedantic, while English is his own project, in effect he's also a major part of Bike Friday. I.E. I'd say that he's using the bikefriday design, not the other way around.
Last edited by CaptainHaddock; 03-06-12 at 10:33 AM. Reason: making quote clearer
Ask your builder to check the boom tube length relative to where the front bottom bracket spindle will fall in the eccentric once the sync chain is installed.
I believe he may want to add or subtract about 1/2 and inch from that 31" C-T-C spec so your spindle will fall more in the middle vs. being biased well forward or well back of center.
If he keeps it at 31", you can adjust it back to center with a half-link in your sync chain, or you can bias your saddle fore-aft to adjust set-back and then establish your stem length for reach once you've got your set-back squared away.
This is why you'll find that most production tandems use the 1/2" spec on their boom tubes, e.g., 28.5" for Co-Motion, 27.5" for Santana, 28.6" for Cannondale, etc...
First let me say thanks for all that you have written about tandems. I've read lots both here on BF and on your blog.
With this design there is no eccentric BB. The tension in the timing chain is set by clamping the top tube in place, clamping one end of the boom tube, pressing down on the seat to tension the chain, and clamping the other end of the timing chain.
Had no idea English was involved with Bike Friday.
I can remember getting passed one day in Central Park by a guy on a Bike Friday travel bike. The guy was flying, and the bike was really somethin' else. High zoot, tricked out, etc. Pretty darned cool machines.
I'm really interested in seeing how this all comes together. English def. thinks far outside the box with some of his designs.
Having thought about your design a little more, and in light of the question regarding shifting performance in your original post, the only thing that comes immediately to mind is that you'll need to adjust your derailleurs after you've pre-loaded your sync chain vis-a-via the slip fitting of the boom tube into the socket clamps since the length of your tandem's mid-span will be somewhat 'variable'. In this regard, the new wireless shfting from Campy and Shimano would be a beautiful thing for this one-off design.
Again, I eagerly await its completion, photos and your ride reports.
Here's a photo of an English's recumbent tandem. That took some serious thinking for a one-off. Wow.
Last edited by JSNYC; 03-09-12 at 11:58 AM.
I wanted to apologize if that came off as sharp / snippy, I was trying to go for clarification per-se.
I live in Portland, and due to geographic realities, there are a number of Bike Friday's on the road. I would find myself being passed by a mom riding a triplet & tag-along (so 3 kids) for a few years while commuting to and from work. Finally, just because it always tickled my fancy whenever I saw it, a former mayor (Bud Clark) would often be seen riding his bikefriday around town.


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The first is entitled, Becoming Masonry and, with some modifications, will be the same material presented the previous Masonic year. This interactive workshop focuses on personal development and using the tools and lessons presented in the Masonic degrees.
The second workshop is entitled The Masonic Leader's Trestle Board. This content will continue the dialogue that began this Masonic year and will present those participants' vision for Masonry in Ohio and their statements about the purpose of Masonry (Our Why). Using these statements as examples, the Brothers will be introduced to practical steps to institute, lead and manage change in their individual lodges.

subset: commoncrawl


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iPhone 5 and other new smartphones reviewed
The Z10 is the first phone to run RIM's new BlackBerry 10 operating system and comes across as a very good stab at regaining at least some of the cachet of the BlackBerry. But the Z10 looks like every other smartphone on the shelf. It's a flat black slab with a touch screen, measuring 4.2 inches. Only once you turn it on do the differences become more evident. Older BlackBerrys are great communications devices, but are poor at multimedia and at running third-party apps, something the iPhone excels at. The new BlackBerry 10 software is a serious attempt at marrying these two feature sets.
— Peter Svensson, AP Technology Writer
- Oldest first
- Newest first
- Most recommended
These are all cool phones, but the Blackberry Z10 really deserves a second look.
I have never owned a Blackberry phone, but just happened to notice it was
getting 5 stars by nearly everyone who reviewed it on the AT&T website.
About two thirds of the reviewers had never used a Blackberry before, but after
using the Z10 swore they'd never go back to Android or the iPhone. Much of
the other third were former Blackberry users who'd wandered away and were
lured back by the Z10. A few were Blackberry faithful who never left the fold.
With almost no exceptions they were blown away by the groundbreaking features of
Blackberry's BB10 operating system, and the Z10's amazing virtual
After using the Z10 for a couple of months, I wholeheartedly agree: Blackberry has reinvented the smartphone! The keyboard learns my writing patterns so the more I use it the better it is at predicting what word I'll type next. It hovers 6-8 likely candidates over the next letter I would type for that word. If it's the word I want, I just flick it up into my sentence. Amazingly productive, and faster than my computer keyboard!
- 1:37 p.m. Sept. 6, 2013
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Insight – David Lloyd Owen
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2008 National Spatial Data Infrastruture Cooperative Agreements Program
- 2008CAPSolicitation.pdf
- List of 2008 NSDI CAP Projects
- This table provides status of 2008 NSDI CAP projects and links to information about the individual projects.
- 2008 NSDI Cooperative Agreements Program
- 2008 CAP projects listed by category with category descriptions.
- Interim and Final Reports for 2008 NSDI CAP
- Interim and Final reports submitted by the projects principal investigator.
- Related Documents
- Documents related to the 2008 awarded NSDI CAP projects. Interim and Final reports are in a different folder.
- Projects
- These are NSDI Cooperative Agreements Program projects awarded in FY2008.


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Total income: $303 million
Bowl games: $39 million
NCAA tournaments: $14 million
Television revenue: $250 million
The Pac-12 has had trouble securing cable syndication for its new conference-specific network, and the conference's sole ownership of the network means that it's also fully responsible for covering start-up and operating costs. Despite the short-term struggles, the network is projected to distribute an average $30 million per school annually over the 12-year life of the current TV contracts.
Photo: Getty Images


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Average Ratings
25 out of 28 people recommended this car.
Consumer Reviews
2003 Ford Ranger Edge
by blueeagle from Friendship, TN | January 7, 2015
I bought a 2003 Ford Ranger Edge reg. cab truck with a 3.0 V-6 and 5 speed auto trans. 4 weeks ago with only 57,000 miles on it, owner lived a few miles from here and just drove it on weekends. I have had two other Rangers in the past and just love these little trucks. I had a 1985 Ranger bought new with a 2.3 4cyl engine and 5 speed manual and put over 300,000 miles on it before giving it to my son. I bought a 1999 new with the 3.0 V-6 flex engine and 4 speed auto and had just over 460,000 miles on it before hitting a deer with it 4 weeks ago. I'm having it fixed. I think it was a bad mistake Ford made when Ford stopped making the Ranger. I don't need a full size truck.
Purchased a new car
Uses car for Just getting around
Does recommend this car
only truck I've loved.
by lovemyford from waverly,Tennessee | December 2, 2013
Best time I've ever driving! Love my other one so much,I want another just like.SO FUN TO OWN!Thanks
Purchased a new car
Uses car for Transporting family
Does recommend this car
best vehicle I've owned
by oklip955 from OKC, Ok | April 25, 2013
This is my third little truck and first Ranger. Bought it used in 2005 when gas prices where going up. Just basic maintenance and at 210,000 miles. Its a 4 cy manual regular cab. I've kept track of the mileage and it ave 25/26 around town and 27 on the highway. I just want to clone this truck. Ford bring back the Ranger and put comfortable seats in it. My 2003 has comfortable seats the newer ones don't. So I keep my little red Ranger. I guess when the motor quits I'll just buy another motor for it. Its a keeper.
Purchased a new car
Uses car for Just getting around
Does recommend this car
by ragtop from Ocala Fl. | December 10, 2012
I purchased my 2003 on 10/11 with 101,000 miles. It is the xcab 3.0 6cly.liter, Automatic Edge. It is still running strong and is very reliable, and dependable. Ive put some 12,000 miles since the purchase and have had some brake wrk done. Regular maintenance. And the air recharged. It's hot in Florida. Not bad 4 a 10yr. Old truck. My only complaint would be It's a little light in the rear end, slips n the sand/wet grass.
Purchased a new car
Uses car for Work
Does recommend this car
two of them for eight years - no problems!
by coffee from fort dodge, iowa | April 3, 2012
easy to get around easy on gas (with small mods) all the power i could want. ( if i want to go fast i'll buy a mustang) comfortable, and never failed me.
Purchased a new car
Uses car for Commuting
Does recommend this car
good little urban pickup
by bruce from Central MN | March 9, 2012
Bought used for 4600. Surprised by the low end power of the 4-cyl. Thought for sure it would be "hyper" and make torque way up in RPM band but was pleasantly surprised at not having to spool up the flywheel to get it to move. However, passing power from 50 or so to 70 is very week. Could be fatal to someone not accustomed to it, but OK by me because I know it ahead of time. It's part of the sacrifice for great mileage, very accurately figured at 26.55 in town and 27.1 on the highway, where I rarely go less than 65 to 75, which would explain the small difference between the two. Lacks left shoulder room but all in all, I like it very much. Perfect for all the small things I do now that I'm retired. I've had a Ford 1-ton steel flatbed with hyd. hoist and a Ford 3/4 ton heavy-duty with 4-whl drive. Both performed exceptionally well despite the fact that I worked them to premature deaths. My doing, no fault of the trucks.
Purchased a new car
Uses car for Just getting around
Does recommend this car
do not buy
by floppyjavelin from alexandria, VA | November 24, 2011
the odometer was rolled back on this truck. beware. if you're desperate, this might be a good truck.
Purchased a new car
Uses car for N/A
Does not recommend this car
Excellent overall performance and Value
by Kayak Hauler from Troy, OH | May 24, 2011
I just bought my first truck. After much research and test driving I decided on the Ford Ranger. This little truck just felt right. It runs smooth and has everything I wanted for taking my Kayak to go fishing. Similar Chevrolet and Dodge trucks were just not put together well with rust or things falling apart on about everyone I looked at. The Toyoto Tacoma was rated well and is overpriced by a great deal because of that. The Ranger is just the best of all the small trucks for Value, cost, and performance.
Purchased a new car
Uses car for Outdoor sports (hiking, cycling, etc.)
Does recommend this car
Sweet little truck
by Home Improvement Bug from Des Moines, IA | January 17, 2011
The 4 cylinder motor is great for an in town vehicle. It is great little truck for hauling supplies for home and yard projects.
Purchased a new car
Uses car for Having fun
Does recommend this car
2003 Ford Ranger (Utility and Value)
by Nathan M from | November 8, 2010
Its been almost four years now Ive spent driving a 2003 Ford Ranger 3.0L V6. The truck has proven to be very capable for what it is. This is my review and thoughts on the truck itself. The Truck. (2003 Ford Ranger Edge Regular Cab) Engine - 3.0L V6 Transmission - 5-speed manual Color - Black (Engine/Transmission) For starters the 3.0L V6 with its 150 crank horsepower and 180lb/ft of torque is no tire melter. But it does produce enough power for a truck as small as the Ranger. Highway Passing power is less than steller, often time's I find that I need to drop 1 or 2 gears to effectivly get around slow moving traffic. This is not desired mainly because it cuts into mpg. For towing the 3.0L is fine for towing light loads such a Jet-ski or a small trailer loaded with say...furniture or something of that nature. I have managed to Achive consistant mpg of 17city and 23highway with this truck. Not bad, But could stand to be a little better. The 5-speed manual transmission is is decent, However it does not like to be shifted quickly. Sometime's it feels a little clunky, But only if im really trying to row the gears quickly. If shifted at a slower pace the 5-speed works great. (Ride/Handling) This is a weak spot for this truck. Ride is by all means harsh. The suspension is stiff and jiggly. Pot-holes found on the highway or around town can sometimes cause the whole truck to bounce to one side or the other a few inches. The ride does smoothen out quite a bit with a few hundred pounds of concrete thrown in the bed. But that takes a toll on Acceration and Fuel Efficency. Handling is actually really good for this type of vehicle. Steering is quick and responsive. And the taut suspension that so hurts the ride quality does in fact help in handling. The Ranger can scoot around corner's with greater ease than you might expect. (Brakes) Not much to say here, They work well, The pedel is not overly sensitive, Yet if you really need to hammer them in an emergency stop they will bring the little truck to a halt very quickly. (Interior and Quality) The Interior of this 2003 Ford Ranger is basic, simple and to the point. It consist of hard plastics both black and grey in color. Analog gauge's and odometer. The interior is assmebled well for the most part, There are a few place's were gap's could stand to be tightend but nothing that's not liveable. The seats are quite comfortable, As they do hold you in place well and should fit most people of all shapes and size's comfortably. One aspect of the seats that is really impressive is the cloth material Ford chose for these seats. Its a very thick almost denim like black cloth. I am very impressed with this because despite the fact that this truck is almost 8 years old the seats show very little signs of wear and absolutly no signs of tearing or ripping. The A/C works great and can really freeze out even the most resilant of people. Interior leg room is acceptable. I myself am about 6.2 and I can fit comfortably in the Ranger. However someone who is about 6.5 and husky might complain of lack of room. (Problums?) In my ownership of this truck I have put about 30,000 miles on it. When purchased it had 77,000 miles on it. And currently has 107,000. During this time of owner ship I have only encounterd one issue. At about 103,000 miles the fuel pump quit. The cost of the repair (Both for the part and labor) was about 400$. Not cheap, But could have been worse. Other than that the truck has proven to be very reliable, I even took it on a 3,000mile cross country trip and had no issues what so ever with it. This concludes my review of this truck. I hope you find it helpful. I can reccomend this truck to anyone, who its looking for a cheap commuter truck with plenty of utility.
Purchased a new car
Uses car for N/A
Does recommend this car
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text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Date de publication
|13 oct. 1970
|Date de dépôt
|11 janv. 1967
|Date de priorité
|11 janv. 1967
|Numéro de publication
|Hansel B Mead, Stephen A Mixsell
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Teltronic Measurement Systems
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (7), Référencé par (3), Classifications (7)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
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AUDIENCE SAMPLING SYSTEM Oct. 13, 1970 3 Sheets-Sheet a Filed Jan. l1. 1967 S S UL n E VIA. H O w M. M M n l N I. M E. J W n m M @E mm m H C +llm |`r .Lw m v mm n0 QM mm EEE 5S: :ESO mx A- ATA E: w .1 .22 .En E5 a M5525 .En om .f2 E w. s a FNM E NO-M 55:5 .SE z ze; a am; MQ-M Nm 23% 2 @2:22a s NC AS MJ nu f3 50 f AI|P5bI 525022. En; oa wzzjm mkwm Oct. 13, 1970 A, M|X5ELL ET AL 3,534,265
AUDIENCE SAMPLING SYSTEM v Filed Jan. l1. 1967 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 ae/55a@ W2 SAM ATTORNEYS 4 3,534,265 AUDIENCE SAMPLHNG SYSTEM Stephen A. Mirisell, Melbourne, and Hansel B.. Mead, Eau Gallie, Fla., assignors, by mesne assignments, t Teltronic Measurement Systems, lne., New York, NYB, a corporation of Delaware .Filed lan. ll. 1967, Ser. No. 608,589 lint. Cl. Html) 1/00 US, Cl. S25-3l ll. Claims Mmmm-.intima ABSTRACT @lll 'lflrllE DISCLOSURE A radio and television audience survey monitor adapted to receive signals radiated to it from the local oscillators of listeners sets and including noise rejection circuits in the form of filters, blanking circuits, counters, integrators, level detectors and a signal dump,
This invention relates to an electrical system useful for momtoring the listening habits of radio and television audiences and more particularly, is directed to an electronic survey device having improved features for eliminating interfering radiations. It is particularly suited for use with systems which rapidly obtain data on a large segment of listeners or viewers by sweeping an antenna over a metropolitan area and detecting signals generated 1n the radio and/or television receivers from the receiver local oscillators. While the system of the present invention will be described in conjunction with operation of the monitor from a tower or other edifice elevated above the surrounding buildings in the area to be monitored so as to reduce and minimize the obstructions in the radiation paths from the receivers to the monitor, it is equally adapted for use in an aircraft monitoring system of the type specifically disclosed in assignees copending application Ser. No. 350,969, tiled Mar. 1l, 1964, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,299,355.
Commercial radio and television audience sampling and rating systems are well known such as the systems operated by Neilson and the American Research Bureau, the latter being perhaps better known as ARB With the increase in cost of advertising time on radio and television stations, and particularly the latter, sponsors have become more concerned with the scope of coverage afforded by advertising of this type, In recent years the television rating systems have received a great deal of publicity and are -believed by many to have a direct effect on the life span of most continuing television programs.
A controversy has existed` almost since the inception of the rating systems as to their reliability and accuracy. Of the many factors involved in any rating system, two of the most critized have been those involving the reaction factor and the sample size. The former of these two involves the question as to what effect the knowledge of the radio or TV listener that his set is being monitored has on his listening habits and Whether or not there is any significant tendency on the part of such user to watch more of the so-called high class programs than he might actually otherwise prefer. This factor is substantially non-existent in completely passive systems such as local oscillator radiation systems where the radio or TV listener does not know that is set is being monitored. However, in the diary systems, those involving personal or telephone interviews, and those wherein permanent electrical connections are made, it may very well be an important factor effecting the listening habits of viewers.
The more recent instantaneous systems utilizing more or less permanent telephone connections to a specially selected sample of the population in a given locality eliminate much of the time delay evidenced by the diary type 3,534,265 Patented Oct. 13, 1970 systems and furthermore constitutes an improvement in the reaction factor as opposed to the earlier systems, since with the permanent Wire connection, there is a tendency on the part of the user to at least occasionally actually forget that his set is being monitored. However, a serious disadvantage of this type of system is the expense of inserting special transmitters and wiring up more than. only a limited number of sets. Although it is alleged that much -useful information can be gathered based upon a statistically accurate sample of only a very few sets, the statistical work and analysis involved in preparing such a sample is expensive and time consuming. Furthermore, the refusal of even one listener to have his set monitored may completely disrupt the accuracy of a technical sarnple as does the move of one or more listeners in a sample to a different city or even to a different location in the sample area,
In assignees copending application Ser. No. 350,969, led Mar. 1l, 1964, now U.S. Pat Nou 3,299,355 there is disclosed a novel radiation monitor type audience sampling system which avoids many of the above-mentioned diflculties by providing a passive system which rapidly gathers large quantities of information so that the number of sets surveyed is truly representative of the overall listening habits of an entire community being monitored. The system of that application involves mouitoring a signal radiated from the television 0r radio set to an elevated location above the buildings in the area of the set yusers so as to minimize interference. In the preferred embodiment, the survey system of that applicaw tion takes the form of a method wherein local oscillator signals are detected by a monitor carried in an aircraft flown over a metropolitan area..
The present invention is directed to an improved electronic system for sensing signals radiated from listener radio and television sets, and while suitable for use in an aircraft type sampling system, will be described specifically in conjunction with its use in a system in which the monitor is mounted on a tower or other structure so as to be elevated above local or adjacent buildings to provide a substantially free interference path to the sets in the community to be monitored. The device of the present invention is particularly adapted to an arrangement in which the monitor is connected to aldirective antenna, the radiation pattern of which is periodically swept over or otherwise caused to scan a metropolitan area to be monitored so that the antenna picks up radiation from the listeners sets, preferably in the form of signals generated in the sets by their local oscillators. Important features of the present invention include the provision in the electronic circuitry for eliminating undesired interference, such as automotive ignition noise, aircraft ignition noise, and interfering FM as well as other commercial and industrial communication interference. The electronic circuit of this invention is quite sensitive and is capable of dstinguishing between local oscillator signals differing in frequency by as little as cycles.
Although useful in aircraft survey systems, the device of the present invention incorporates as an important feature an electronic arrangement for minimizing automotive ignition interference which tends to be more of a problem with tower mounted units than it is in systems where the monitor is mounted in an aircraft. To this end, the receiver or monitor of the present invention is provided with a novel integration and level detector circuit which acts on a time principle to distinguish between desired signals and unwanted noise such as bursts of automotive ignition interference. That is, the system is constructed so that the desired pulses occur for a longer interval of time and the circuit distinguishes between these desired long pulses and the shorter pulses from automofi tive ignition systems. Also incorporated in the system of the present invention is a novel blanking circuit including a special blanking counter for eliminating predetermined interference transmissions such as those occurring from known FM stations which transmit quite accurately at predetermined frequencies. Circuits are provided for permitting the system to rapidly recover from the blanked condition so that a minimum of desired information is lost due to interference. Because of the large quantities of data collected as compared to prior audience sampling systems, the accuracy of the count obtained is quite high.
It is therefore one object of the present invention to provide an improved electronic monitor for audience sampling or survey systems.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an audience sampling system having improved circuitry useful both in aircraft systems but especially in tower mounted units elevated above adjacent buildings to obtain direct line of sight paths from television and radio receiving sets to the monitor antennas Another object of the present invention is to provide a monitor sensitive to signals generated by the local oscillators of radio and television receiving sets which incorporates an improved arrangement for avoiding false counts from interfering signals and especially automotive ignition interference.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an audience sampling system monitor for incorporation in an aircraft or tower having improved blanking circuits for eliminating known interference. As part of the blanking system, the monitor incorporates a level detection and integration circuit which rapidly acts to temporarily disable the receiver upon receipt of interference, prevents saturation of the later stages of the monitor, and permits rapid recovery of the system so that a minimum of useful information is lost during the blanking period.
These and further objects and advantages of the invention will be more apparent upon reference to the following specification, claims and appended drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one channel of the novel monitor of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the band widths of the crystal filters incorporated in the monitor of FIG. l;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the special blanking circuits incorporated in the circuit of FIG. 1 for eliminating strong interfering singals within the frequency band being monitored;
FIG. 4 is a more detailed block diagram of the filter i detector portion of the monitor of FIG. l; and
FIG. 5 shows the wave forms and pulse time relationships for the filter-detector portion of the circuit illustrated in FIG. 4.
For several years, attempts have been made to design and develop electronic systems which could be used to generate accurate television ratings. Each system has been unsuccessful due to inadequate solutions to various technical problems. The most serious of these problems have been (a) the sampling rate has been too slow and/or cost per sample too high to be practical, (b) FM interference has caused saturation of equipment and/or false data counts, (c) ignition noise has caused saturation of the equipment and/ or false data counts, and (d) intermittent communications from various sources other than those mentioned above have saturated the equipment and/ or resulted in false counts. The system of the present invention provide novel circuitry which solves all of the above problems.
While the monitor of the present invention is suitable for use in aircraft monitoring systems of the type dis-y closed in assignees copending application Ser. No. 350,969, tiled Mar. ll, 1964, now U.S` Pat. No. 3,299,355. it is particularly adapted to and will be described in con- Cil Cil
junction with a television audit tower wherein the monitors receiving antennas are mounted at a height elevated above the buildings in the area to be monitored so as to obtain a direct line of sight radiation path to communications receivers in the area with a minimum of interference and/or reflection. The TV audit tower system of the present invention preferably employs separate antennas for each TV channel being monitored. The antennas are rotated continuously through a slaved synchro system. The synchro is slaved to the electronic scan or swept frequency rate such that all antennas rotate one beam width while the electronics is swept once through its frequency spectrum. The position of the antennas is monitored in real time so that the area being monitored is known at all times.
The antennas of the monitor feed their signals to the electronic circuitry of the monitor through splitters and pre-amplifiers which are located on the TV audit tower. This enables high-signal-to-noise ratio and compensates for the loss in cabling between the antennas and the electronics.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a portion of the TV monitor of the present invention generally indicated at 10 corresponding to a single channel, that is corresponding to that portion of the monitor electronics provided for obtaining the count of the number of television sets tuned to a particular broadcasting station. It is understood that the monitor includes a plurality of channels, all identical to the channel illustrated in FIG. 1 with the exception that theY portion of each channel ahead of the first mixer is tuned to a different frequency band corresponding to the particular station broadcast frequency for which that channel is provided.
Signals received from TV local oscillators are normally in the -100 dbm to -120 dbm power range. Unfortunately, other and often more powerful signals are also found in the same frequency band as the desired local oscillator signals. These unwanted signals are generated from FM stations, aircraft, governmental communication systems, and other sources. The FM station interference is readily handled by the special blanking circuits descrbied below and are distinguished by the fact that they are on at known times and at a certain frequency. However, signals from other sources may be on intermittently and at frequencies unknown in advance. Therefore, it becomes necessary to provide an arrangement for keeping the necessarily high gain electronic system from saturating and for inhibiting false counts from these sources of interference.
In FIG, 1, the channel comprises an input lead 12 connected to an antenna (not shown) for receiving local oscillator signals in a certain frequency band indicative of a broadcasting television station. That is, all television receiving sets tuned to a particular station or channel will have local oscillators operating at closely related frequencies all of which are passed by way of lead 12 to a preamplifier 14 of conventional construction. The antenna for the channel shown along with the antennas for other channels are mounted on the tower and swept over the area to be monitored in the manner previously described. All channels are the same with the exception that the antenna, preamplifier 14, and preselector 16 of each channel is tuned to its own particular frequency band. For example, if listeners in the local area have a choice of four television stations, then four channels similar to the channel shown are provided in the monitor 10. From the preselector 16, the input signal is supplied to a first mixer 18 where the signal is beat down to a common intermediate frequency and the resulting IF signal passes through a first crystal filter 20. From the first crystal filter the IF signal passes through a 10.7 megacycle amplifier 22 to a second mixer 24 to modify the IF carrier for a purpose more fully explained below. The second mixer receives an input from a second local oscillator 26 and feeds ,from its output a signal to a second crystal filter 2d. From. the second crystal filter, the signal passes through. a second limiter amplifier and a second detector 32 to produce an output pulse on output lead 34. T he output pulses are supplied to a conventional counter (not shown) coupled to lead 34 which counts the pulses supplied to it to indicate the number of local oscillators operating in the frequency band passed by the preamplifier 14 and preselector 16.
Connected to the 10.7 rnc. amplifier 22 is a first detector and integration circuit 36 which feeds a first level detector and monostable circuit 33. The output from the monostable portion of circuit 38 passes by way of lead 40 to a buffer amplifier switch 42 whose output is coupled by way of lead 44 to the first mixer 18. Switch 42 acts t0 periodically shut off the signal supplied to the first mixer 18 from a voltage controlled oscillator 46 which is electronically swept in synchronisrn with the movement of the antenna coupled to input lead l2. That is, voltage conn trolled oscillator 46 sweeps through one complete cycle of its output band of frequencies during the time that the antenna coupled to input lead 12 rotates through one complete beam width of its radiation pattern. Oscillator 46 receives a synchronized sweep signal from input lead 48 which sweep signal is also supplied by way of lead 50 to a special blanking circuit This blanking circuit supplies an output signal via lead 54 to the buffer amplifier switch 42 for also controlling operation of the switch to blank the monitor channel at; predetermined intervals cor responding to the time that the voltage controlled oscll lator is sweeping through a ltnown interference frequency A such as the frequency resulting from an interfering FM station.
As previously mentioned, the operation of each channel is identical7 the only difference being that different frequencies are passed through to the first mixer l. The voltage controlled oscillator .rn forming the rating system. first local oscillator is electronically tuned (sweep oscilator) at a nominal 4 rnc. This oscillator mixes in the first mixer l with the received TV local oscillator frequencies to form 10.7 mc The 4 mc. sweep covers the bandspread of frequnecies normally occupied by TV local oscillators.
The mixer is followed bv a 10.7 rnc.. crystal filter 20 which has a nominal 100 ltc bandwidth. A crystal filter is used for its good skirt selectivity which rejects large signals not far out of its passnaud, The output of the crys\ tal filter' is amplified at cle'rtctetl, and limited in circuit 36 and level detector st The first level detector 38, is set such that any signal greater than the strongest expected signal from a TV local oscillator will cause the first level detector to fire. This triggers a monostable in circuit 33 which actuates switch to turn ofi' su as to interrupt the signal from voltage conrrf -ed oscillator iti to the lirst mixer lb for a predetermined time.
Second crystal filter il has a bandwidth of 7.5 kc. as compared with the bandwidt" whose bandwidth is 100 lic. The bandwidths of these two filters are illustrated in .FlG 2 with the passband of filter 20 being illustrated by the curve 56' centered ai' 10.700 mc. and the pass band of crystal filter 20 shown by the curve Sti centered at 10.745 rnc. The passbands of the filters are measured at the l/z power points. `as illustrated by the arrows.
Level detection in the first level. detector 38` occurs fairly promptly as a signal enters the passband of crystal filter 20 and this is indicated in the area labeled detect" in FIG. 2. At the end of this period, if the incoming sig-- nal is higher than any expected local. oscillator signal, the monostable operates to shut off buffer amplifier switch 42. During the remainder of this signal, as it passes through the pass band of first crystal filter 20, the circuit is inhibited and this is indicated 'by 'the inhibit area labeled in FlG. 2. Since the inhibit time overlaps the time at which the incoming signal crosses the frequency of the pass band of filter as represented by the curve 58 in FIG. 2, the buffer amplifier switch is. turned. off al. this of the first crystal filter 20 t time, and no signal is present at the second detector and therefore no false count is made. All circuits following the first mixer use this inhibit time to recover from the saturated condition.
Of course, no television sets can be counted during this inhibit time so it may be desirable to record when and where the first level detector is fired. When the level detector fires intermittently due to an intermittent interfering signal, the data from that sweep can be disregarded. When the first level detector fires frequently, requiring too much data to otherwise be lost, much data can be recovered since the distribution of TV sets within the spectrum of the particular TV channel is known and it is a simple matter to determine the probable number of TV setslost in. a particular frequency range.
FIG. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of the special blanking circuit 52 of FIG. 1. This circuit is required when strong interfering signals are within frequency band being monitored. This circuit comprises an oscillatorV 60 feeding its output to a plurality of counting fiip fiops62. Also fed into the counting fiip flops is the reset signal from the sweep input by way of lead 50. The flip flops supply an output over one of the leads 64 to a diode matrix 66 in turn feeding a driver 68, monostable 70, and buffer amplifier 72. The blanking output pulse appears on output lead 54 illustrated in FIGS. l and 3.
Oscillator 60 is a free running oscillator used to trigger the count-down string of fiip flops `62. The flip flops are reset by the start of the saw tooth on lead 50 from the sweep generator. By using ten count down flip liops, a count down of 1,024 is obtained. Diode matrix 66 is programmable by switches enabling the selection of any num` ber of time slots within the 1,024 time slots available. Since the electronic sweep scans 4,000,000 cycles, divid ing this by 1,024 means one time slot corresponds to about 3,900 cycles in the electronic sweep or scan. The matrix is simply programmed to the time slot corresponding to the particular frequency which is to be inhibited or blanked. The matrix output pulses trigger monostable 70 through driver 68. The monostable pulse width is adjusted to correspond to the frequency band width which is to be inhibited. The blanking pulse output on lead 54 acts to turn ofi the buffer amplifier switch 42 in FIG. l.
'The system so far described may be used in an airborne TV audit system or in a ground tower antenna. arrangement. However, in the latter case, increased noise has been experienced particularly due to the pick up from automobile ignition while operating somewhat closer to ground level. Fortunately, the interfering noise caused by ignition systems comes in bursts and is not steady state. Most bursts last from a period of from 0.1 millisecond to 3 milliseconds. The repetition rate of course, varies as a function of motor r.p.m. and the number of cylinders in the automotive engine.
On the other hand, the re-radiated signals from TV local oscillators are constantly present. By suitable adjust-r ment of the electronic scan rate, the signals from the TV set local oscillator can be made to be present for a period of at least l0 milliseconds. In simple terms, the new detecting device of this invention is made, to count signals which remain present for a period of 7 milliseconds, but ignore all signals which are present for less than 7 milliseconds. This circuit comprises the second crystal filter 2li, second limiter amplifier 30, and second detector 32 in FIG. l which are more fully disclosed in FI-G. 4. The sweep signal from the second mixer 24 in FIG. 1 is fed by way of lead 70 to the crystal band pass filter 2S. This allows the achievement of as near a rectangular wave form :as possible, thereby giving the best resolution in separating close frequency signals. The output from the crystal filter is amplified and amplitude limited in circuit 30 thereby producing the waveforms illustrated in FIGgS.
From amplifier and limiter 30 the signal passes to the second detector 32 generally indicated in FIG. 4 as comprising RF detector 72, integrator and dump circuit 74.
and level detector 76. A dump signal is fed back from the output of the level detector 76 by way of lead 78 to the base of transistor Sti in circuit 74. By adjusting the rate of frequency scan or sweep, the corresponding detector output for a. detected TV local oscillator signal can be made to be 10 milliseconds while a typical pulse caused by ignition noise will be one to two milliseconds. The integrator begins to charge upon receipt of the limited output from the RF detector 72. Level detector 76 is adjusted to fire at the level corresponding to the integrator charge level under charge for 7 milliseconds. Upon firing the level detector feeds back a signal over lead 78 which dumps (or discharges) the integrator and a one millisecond pulse is generated on the output lead 34 which triggers a counter. After dumping, the integrator begins to charge again for about 2 milliseconds, or until the end of the local oscillator drive pulse. Since ignition noise is typically one to two milliseconds in duration, the integrator has insuicient time to charge up to the voltage required to fire the level detector and no count pulses are generated.
This description of operation is verified by the pulse timing and waveform diagrams appearing in FIG. 5. In that ligure, the frequency band of the crystal filter 28 is illustrated at {it} where the frequency of the translated incoming signal is ploted as a function of time in milliseconds. The pulse caused by the TV local oscillator as illustrated at 82 in FIG. 5 as superimposed upon ambient noise 84 and a typical pulse caused by ignition noise is illustrated at 86. The integrator output in volts is illustrated at 88. Capacitor 90 in FIG. 4 charges linearly to the poi-nt 92 in FIG. 5 at which time the level detector 76 fires and feeds back a pulse by Way of dump lead 78 to dump the charge or discharge capacitor 90. This is illustrated by the steep vertical trailing portion of the wave in FIG. at 94. After about l millisecond, i.e., the duration of output pulse 96, the capacitor begins again to charge because the TV pulse 82 is still present. This charge is illustrated at 98 in FIG. 5, but the capacitor does not charge suflicently to fire the level detector and when the TV pulse disappears, the capacitor 9i) gradually discharges as at 100 in FIG. 5. The voltage produced by the charge across capacitor 90 resulting from a typical ignition noise pulse is illustrated at 102. Because of the short duration of this ignition pulse, the capacitor does not charge sufiiicently to .fire level detector 76 and no output pulse is generated by the ignition noise pulse 86.
It is apparent from the above, that the present invention provides novel electronic circuitry lfor incorporation in the monitor of an audience survey system capable of minimizing deleterious effects resulting from all. types of undesired interference. While the system has been described yparticularly for use in conjunction with operation from an elevated tower, it also is useful in airborne system similarly provided to collect large amounts of data in a short time by means of a substantially direct line of sight transmission path from a plurality of listening sets to the monitor antennas. Similarly, while only a single channel of a monitor has been specifically shown anddescribed, it is understood that separate channels and where necessary, separate antennas are provided for each of the television stations to be covered by the survey. In all instances, the channels of the monitor are identical to the channel specifically described, with the exception that the preamplifier 14 and preselector 16 of each of the individual channels is set to a different `band of frequencies, i.e., the band of'frequencies containing the local oscillator signals emanating from sets tuned to a particular TV station or TV channel. Where the transmitting sttations may vary Widely in transmitting frequency, such as `where the monitor may include both VHF'and UHF stations, it may be desirable to have differently designed antennas for each of the channels, but these may be of conventional construction in accordance with the particular freqnency band of operation. The local oscillator signals may be either above or below the. frequency of the transmitting station, but in the United States most sets operate at a standard intermediate frequency so that the approximate deviation of the local oscillator from the transmitting frequency is readily ascertained in advance. Although all local oscillators of the sets tuned to a specific television station fall into the same frequency band, in most of the sets the local oscillators will not be operating at the exact same frequency but will be spread over a band of many thousands of cycles so that the individual sets can be isolated by the sweep system of this disclosure. The rapid sweep rate permits the separation of local oscillators differing by as little as l0() cycles or less so that a large count including most of the operating sets can be obtained. While the device of the present invention is admittedly not 100% accurate, it is believed that the setting of a minimum of approximately of all the operating sets in a given local area can be readily detected by the system of this disclosure. This high percentage coupled with the very large number of sets which can be monitored in a short time makes the overall result of the count highly accurate and completely independent of the small and very selective sampling techniques previously employed.
Important features of the present invention include not only a rapid sweep rate for high sensitivity, but also include the novel blanking and filter circuits of the present invention which reject automotive ignition noise, aircraft ignition noise, and other interfering communications including predetermined Ibroadcasts such as those produced by FM stations, commercial, military, and federal communications, and the like.
The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiment is therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention -being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes `which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
What is claimed and desired to be secured by United States Letters Patent is:
1. In a monitor for surveying the listening habits of radio and television receiver users, including a channel for each transmitting station covered 4by the survey, said channel passing a separate band of frequencies corresponding to the receivers tuned to a particular one of said stations, the improvement comprising means coupled to said channel for disabling said channel to any one of at least three`types of interference signals, namely signals above a predetermined amplitude, signals occurring at a predetermined frequency, and burst signals which last for less than a predetermined length of time, said amplitude disabling means comprising a level detector coupled to said channel for sensing signals in said channel above a predetermined amplitude, a switch coupled to said channel and responsive to the output of said level detector for disabling said channel, said frequency disabling means comprising means including a digital counting chain coupled to said switch for activating said switch at a predetermined time after said chain starts counting, means for supplying a start of count signal to said chain at predetermined intervals, said burst signal disabling means comprising an integrator in said channel, and dump means coupled to said integrator for dumping signals from said integrator of less than said predetermined length of time.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 including a mixer in said channel for changing the frequency of signals passing through said channel, a sweep oscillator having its output coupled to said mixer, said switch acting to uncouple said oscillator from said mixer.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2 including first and second filters in said channel, said second lter having a narrower pass band than said first filter and falling Within the pass band of said first filter, said level detector `being coupled to the output of said mixer through said first filter.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 including a sweep oscillator coupled to said channel and means for applying a synchronizing signal to both said oscillator and said counting chain whereby said chain counts in synchronism with the sweep of said oscillator.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said counting chain comprises a series of counting ip-fiops feeding a diode matrix.
6. Apparatus according to claim 1 including a sweep Oscillator coupled to said channel for heterodyning signals suplied to said channel, first and second band pass filters in said channel, said second filter passing only a portion of the signals passed by said first filter, said level detector being coupled to the output of said first filter for disabling said oscillator when the output from said first filter exceeds a predetermined amplitude.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said oscillator sweeps from a lower to a higher frequency, said second filter only passing signals from the upper end of the pass band of said first filter.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 wherein `both said filters are crystal filters.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein the heterodyne input to said first filter is a signal swept between approximately 8.7 and 12.7 megahertz, said first filter has a pass hand of approximately 100 kilohertz and said UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,896,070 7/1959 Fremont et al 325--31 3,110,861 11/1963 Hurvitz 325-335 3,403,341 9/1968 Munch 325304 2,901,601 8/1959 Richardson et al 325-474 3,014,127 12/1961 Vlasak S25-474 3,015,026 12/1961 Milton et al. 325-473 3,103,554 9/1963 Avins et al. 178-5.8
OTHER REFERENCES Radio Amateur Handbook, A Transistorized Q Multiplier, 1960, pp. 141-142.
ROBERT L. GRIFFIN, Primary Examiner A. J. MAYER, Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl., X.R. 325-473, 474
(fa/69) UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE j' CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTIION Patent No. 3,534,255 Dated October "13, 1970 invented@ STEPHEN A. MIXSELL ET AL It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
- Column 1, line 43,after "ARB", insert line 64, "is" (first I occurrence) should read his #er f Column 2, line 57, "dstinguishing" should reed distinguishing Column 3, line 69, "provide" should read provides Column 4, line 35, "1oo" shouid read -110 column 5, line 41, f'freqUne-Cies" Should read frequencies Column 7, lines 40 and 46, "suffiicently" should read sufficiently line 70, "sttations" should read --l'stations Column 9, line 5, "3" should read 1 l l Signed and sealed this )4th day of. May 1971.
(SEAL) Attest:
WILLIAM E. SCHUYLER, JR., Attest-.ing Officer Commissioner of' Patents
|Brevet cité
|Date de dépôt
|Date de publication
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|21 juil. 1959
|Calbest Engineering & Electron
|Radio and television survey system
|19 févr. 1957
|25 aoűt 1959
|Motorola Inc
|Radio receiver with impulse noise blanking
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|Brevet citant
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|Method and device for remotely identifying TV receivers displaying a given channel by means of an identification signal
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|Actual Radio Measurement
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|Classification aux États-Unis
|725/15, 725/14, 455/161.1
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne


text:
Petition launched to address Turkish 'honour killings'
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I strongly believe that all human beings have the rights inscribed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
By the mare fact that it is a universal declaration, it applies to all human beings, may they be heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual or transgender.
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No government or authorities should condone or turn a blind eye to such evil practices.
I sincerly hope that you will support me in this cause.
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Turkey is a secular state. Has been since the 1920s. Do keep up.
There is hope thatchange will come to Turkey. Because of their desire to become a member of the EU they may be forced to change any anti-gay laws to gain entry. Once in the EU they will be held even more accountable for the proper treatment of their gay citizenry.
That might have worked had the EU – under US pressure to rapidly admit former eastern-block countries – not disregarded discrimination in many other countries. And besides, Turkey has had so much opposition to its EU membership – not least from Cyprus and Greece – that they seem to have rather adopted the attitude now that either the EU accepts their membership or it gets a large and fairly hostile neighbour in close cahoots with other Muslim states, which has a great many EU citizens (of Turkish heritage) remitting money and favouring its exports.
Reform from inside seems the only possible solution.
In the name of Religion again !
No. Perpetrators will often invoke religion as a way of justifying their actions, but ultimately this is down to tradition. And it's one tradition that needs to be abandoned.
signed it. Hope others will too.
Thanks, Omar
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When my birthday started drawing near, Heli asked me if I wanted stuff or experiences for my present. I told her that I always opt for the latter if given a choice, since matter is the manacles of the soul. Experiences is what I got, indeed!
June 12, 2015
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jamsineo's Mom Answers Activity
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text: I've downloaded all the drivers and all of the required software, everything is up to date; I checked for all updates, there weren't any. So when I open the Control Panel (On Vista) it has the little loading sign, the blue circle, and then the program immediately goes to "Not Responding" and I have to use the task manager to close it. I'm not sure what's going on but the mic is really quiet and I have access to none of the effects that are supposed to come with the headset. Thank you in advance.


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Items where Author / Artist / Editor is "Choudhury, Manika"
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Marvasi, Massimiliano and Choudhury, Manika and Teplitski, M. (2015) Laboratory activity to teach about the proliferation of salmonella in vegetables. Journal of Molecular and Biological Education .
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text: Through the Learning Together program, employees are encouraged to choose education programs and courses that enhance job performance, intellectual growth, professional development and creative interests. The program is a benefit available to all employees as well as employees of wholly owned subsidiaries. Boeing invests more than $100 million in employee education, career growth and skills improvement through the program. Currently, over 22,000 employees are enrolled in education programs at more than 1,000 colleges, universities, vocational programs and other learning centers. Since the program's inception, thousands of employees have completed undergraduate and advanced degrees, certificates and other career-enhancing educational programs.


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I started out at dawn on my commuter mtb. The temperature was a solid 15 degrees F with a slight north breeze. I grabbed a few shots on the way until my camera battery froze.
Early sunrise on the mountains
The trail was tricky this morning with divits, ski and bike tracks and ice.
It finally started to get light on the mountains, then my camera froze. Oh well.


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Apex Instruments was established in 1988 as an American-owned company with worldwide impact. For more than 24 years, Apex Instruments has manufactured equipment for sampling emissions from industrial chimneys and smoke stacks using US-EPA guidelines. Our equipment is designed by a staff of experienced stack testers who understand your compliance testing needs.
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text:
Why this matters: This is not usually a game that carries much weight, but Nease must win to guarantee a shot at the playoffs.
History lesson: Nease hasn't missed the playoffs since 2003 -- also the last time it lost to Middleburg.
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text:
He produced a 63-yard punt return and a 52-yard catch after being inactive in Week 1.
DENVER — The spin move was an appropriate touch on Golden Tate's 63-yard punt return in the third quarter. His second-half performance in Seattle's 31-14 loss to Denver Sunday constituted quite a turnaround for the rookie after being inactive for Week 1.
So what did he see when he spun away from two defenders and had open field in front of him?
"I don't remember," Tate said.
He doesn't remember the spectacular results from the first time he touched the ball in an NFL regular-season game?
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"I never remember what happened," he said. "I just remember I got up, I ran for a long time, and I was tired."
Fatigue was understandable, but he didn't have long to catch his breath. Tate caught a pass down the sideline later in the period, cut back inside and wound up with a 52-yard reception.
Those are the kind of plays that make you wonder why Seattle played six full quarters before the second-round pick from Notre Dame got his hands on the ball. The issue was the precision of his routes.
"Going through (training) camp, he was still a little bit behind, doing things right and trying to clean his game up," coach Pete Carroll said. "He's working real hard at it, and he's going to get it done. It's not far away, but he did show. He did show the stuff that we've seen all throughout camp.
"He can make plays. He can make things happen."
Tate did just that. His 52-yard catch was Seattle's longest play from scrimmage this season. The Seahawks had only one longer reception all of last year — a 53-yard pass to T.J. Houshmandzadeh.
Tate's first opportunity came as a punt returner after fellow rookie Walter Thurmond muffed a punt in the first quarter inside the Seattle 20.
"I just dropped it," Thurmond said.
Carroll made a switch, inserting Tate instead of forcing Thurmond to try and block out the memory of that first failed return.
"It's hard enough doing it early on as a first-time guy, anyway," Carroll said.
Tate got the next opportunity and he made the most of it, his 63-yard return setting up Seattle's first touchdown. And after Sunday's performance, don't expect to wait another six quarters before he touches the ball again.
"We'll figure out how to make him a part of the offense and really in the kicking game as well as much as we can," Carroll said.
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Hey all,
What do you guys think of Weezer? I have their blue album and I think it's really good. How's pinkerton? How about the green album? What are your thoughts?
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Funding via Aqroinvest Credit Union
Currently Adelet has four cows and two buffaloes. These animals bring him good income from selling dairy products such as milk, butter and yoghurt to the local and capital bazaar traders. Adelet and his wife do not work and keeping animals is the only source of revenue in their family. This income is just enough to cover family needs. But he still has no place to keep the cattle. Adelet decided to build himself a shed and for this purpose he saved some money and applied for 1200 USD to purchase building materials.
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid