text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Sep 16, 1997
|Filing date
|Jul 8, 1993
|Priority date
|Jul 10, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Rory James Maxwell Smith
|Original Assignee
|Kapitex Healthcare Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (37), Classifications (29), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a filter device for filtering air that is to be breathed through a tracheostoma, for example in patients who have received a tracheostomy, for example as part of a laryngectomy. Under such circumstances, the device can be fitted over a tracheostoma, body worn, for example directly over a tracheostoma, or to a tracheostomy tube, and serves to simulate some of the functions of the nose. The device can include a valve to assist in diverting the flow of exhaled air, for example to permit speech.
2. Description of Related Art
A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure in which an opening is formed through the anterior surface of the neck into the trachea. The opening is referred to as a tracheostoma. A tracheostomy tube can be provided to extend between the tracheostoma and the trachea.
A laryngectomy is a surgical procedure, used for example to treat a carcinoma, which involves removal of the larynx or voice box and creation of a tracheostoma. A consequence of the procedure is that the trachea is no longer connected to the pharynx but is diverted to the tracheostoma. After this procedure, normal nasal function is not possible.
In a subject whose breathing functions normally, the nose and the mucous membrane lining of the nasal cavity perform important functions in conditioning inhaled air. The convoluted passages and rich blood supply serve to increase both the temperature and humidity of the inhaled air to minimise the differential in these parameters with those of the surface of the lungs. Normally some heat and moisture is also captured from exhaled air prior to its release to the atmosphere. The mucous lining of the nasal passages also serves to remove particulate matter, such as fine dust particles, pollutants and micro organisms, from the inhaled airstream, and the action of cilia transports mucous and any particles away from the lungs.
The exchange of heat and moisture, and filtration are clearly beneficial to the patient and, in their absence, clinical consequences such as increased incidence of chest infections, elevated levels of secretion production and encrustation are observed.
The upper airways also provide resistance to air flow which promotes good thoracic muscle tone and allows good respiratory function to be maintained.
A further consequence of a laryngectomy is that speech is no longer available by the normal method of passage of air through the vocal cords of the larynx. Where clinical conditions permit, it is clearly in the patient's interest to restore the facility of speech.
It is sometimes possible to insert a voice prosthesis in an artificially created fistula between the upper regions of the trachea and the oesophagus. It then becomes necessary to provide means for directing the flow of exhaled air through the voice prosthesis. This can be conveniently achieved by the incorporation of a valve in an externally worn device.
When a patient has received a tracheostomy, in effect all inhaled air enters the lungs via the tracheostoma, and the nose is effectively not involved in the inhalation process. Exhaled air may pass through the tracheostoma or, if a voice prosthesis has been fitted, the stoma can be occluded so that the exhaled air is diverted through the voice prosthesis into the pharynx and the mouth, enabling the patient to speak. It is desirable that the flow of the exhaled air be controlled by means of a tracheostoma valve. In these situations, the valve can be arranged to remain open during breathing but, with a small additional increase in exhaled air pressure, can be closed to divert the air flow.
In one aspect, the invention provides a filter device for filtering air that is to be breathed through a tracheostoma, which comprises:
(a) a first zone for filtering matter filtered in a normal nasal cavity from air passing through the filter; and
(b) a second zone having means for exchange of heat and moisture with the air.
The first and second zones of the filter may comprise separate first and second layers which are juxtaposed one on top of the other and preferably attached to one another. In another construction, the zones may by provided by zones within a single layer. The single layer device may be formed by a process which involves carding.
The second zone of the filter is moisturised and warmed by exhaled air. The moisture and warmth collected by the second zone is then imparted to inhaled air, which is filtered by the first zone. Generally, the air is filtered by the first zone before it is moisturised and warmed by the second zone, especially when the filter comprises two layers.
Preferably, the resistance to air flow through the device of the invention is at least about 0.2 kPa.s.l-1, more preferably at least about 0.4 kPa.s.l-1. Preferably, the resistance is not more than about 2.0 kPa.s.l-1, more preferably less than about 1.5 kPa.s.l-1, especially less than about 1.0 kPa.s.l-1, for example about 0.7 kPa.s.l-1. The resistance to air flow can be adjusted by selection of materials for the component parts of the filter device, consistent with the parts satisfying other requirements such as filtration and heat and moisture exchange.
Resistance to air flow in breathing can be measured using rhinomanometry, for example as disclosed in Journal of Laryngology and Orology, August 1987, vol 101, pp 800 to 808. When resistance to air flow breathed through a tracheostoma is to be measured, the method is modified by inserting the tube of the rhinomanometer into the tracheostoma under the edge of a filter device, where it is sealed using a grommet. A mask is placed over the tracheostoma and the filter device. The pressure gradient across the filter device is determined by measuring the pressures inside and outside the filter device, respectively. The resistance to air flow can then be calculated as described in the paper.
The first zone filters matter from air passing through the filter which is filtered in a normal nasal cavity. Such matter will generally include fine particles, micro organisms, and pollutants.
Preferably, the first zone of the filter comprises an activated carbon material. Such a material can be produced by heating material such as a rayon viscose fabric to carbonise it and to make it porous and absorbent. Such material can have a filter size of less than about 10-7 m, and an internal surface of area of greater than 1000 m2.g-1, for example about 1200 m2.g-1.
An advantage of the use of a carbon material in the filter zone of the device is that good filtration of small particles (including for example bacteria) and absorption of gases can be achieved while not increasing the resistance to air flow through the device. Indeed, it has been found that the resistance to air flow through a device which uses a carbon material in the filter zone can resemble very closely that of the human nose, while maintaining good filter and adsorption performance. A further advantage is that, because of the mechanism of adsorption of certain materials onto a carbon material, some heat exchange can take place.
The carbon can be provided on the surface of or in the interstices of a carrier, which might be for example a foam or fibrous material.
The carbon can be provided as a fabric, for example a woven, non-woven or knitted fabric. A fabric formed from an activated carbon has a strand-like formation which gives a high external surface area, which enhances the level of diffusion of gases through the cloth.
The carbon of the first zone can be modified to augment its filtration characteristics, for example by impregnation with silver in order to enhance its properties in relation to bacteria.
The first zone of the filter can be provided by a fabric formed from fine fibres, such as one formed from microfibres which have a diameter of less than about 25 μm, more preferably less than about 20 μm, especially less than about 12 μm, for example about 4 to 10 μm. Such fibres can be formed into a non-woven fabric sheet. A suitable fabric for use in the first zone of the filter is electrostatically charged, especially positively charged.
A component of the filter that is formed from microfibres can include one or more support layers. For example, a layer formed from microfibres can be located between two layers of coarsely woven fibres.
The second zone will generally comprise a hydrophilic material, and indeed in many circumstances can consist virtually entirely of one or more such materials, other than materials intended for example to assist in stabilising the construction of the zone. The second zone can comprise fibrous material, such as material incorporated into a woven, non-woven or knitted fabric. Suitable materials can include those based on regenerated cellulose material, especially viscose rayon or polyester, or a fabric formed from a blend of such fibres, and materials based on acrylic acid and its derivatives, for example in powder, gel or fibrous form.
Preferably, the filter size of the first zone is greater than about 0.5�10-6 m, preferably greater than about 10-6 m. Filter size is measured by directing an air stream at a sheet of material. The stream contains particles with a particle size profile that has been established using a particle counter such as that sold under the trade mark ROYCO. The particle size profile resulting from passage of the air stream through the sheet is measured and compared with that of the incident stream, and the effective pore size is the size of the smallest particles of which 80% are retained by the sheet. It will be understood that this test is applicable to materials which have pores (such as microporous membranes) and to materials which do not have pores in the strict sense.
The device of the invention may include a pre-filter having a filter size that is larger than that of the first zone of the filter. The pre-filter will generally comprise fibrous material.
When the second zone of the filter is located outside the first zone (so that air is moisturised and warmed in the second zone before it is filtered in the first zone), the second zone can provide the pre-filter. More than one zone which includes means for exchange of heat and moisture with the air can be provided, of which at least one can be located outside the first zone of the filter to function as a pre-filter. When more than one such zone is provided, the materials of the zones can be the same or different.
The pre-filter can be formed from fine fibres, especially the microfibres as referred to above.
A fibrous pre-filter preferably has a weight of greater than about 10 g.m-2, more preferably greater than about 15 g.m-2. The weight is preferably less than about 95 g.m-2, more preferably less than about 65 g.m-2, for example about 45 g.m-2.
Preferably, the fibres of the pre-filter are electrostatically charged, which has been found to assist filtration.
In another aspect, the invention provides a filter device for filtering air that is to be breathed through a tracheostoma, which comprises:
(a) a pre-filter zone, and
(b) a zone for filtering matter filtered in a normal nasal cavity from air passing through the filter, the filter size of the filter zone being smaller than that of the pre-filter zone.
Preferably, the filter size of the pre-filter is more than about 5�10-6 m, more preferably more than about 10�10-6 m, especially more than about 15�10-7 m.
Preferably, the ratio of the filter size of the pre-filter to that of the first zone of the filter is greater than about 5, more preferably less than about 10, especially less than about 15.
Suitable materials for the pre-filter include polyolefins, especially polypropylenes, and polycarbonates.
Preferably, the device includes at least one cover layer, which can to protect the filter during assembly and when in use. The cover layer might provide, for example, the protection for a pre-filter formed from fine fibres.
More than one cover layer can be provided; for example separate cover layers can be provided, one on each face of the device. The materials of cover layers provided on respective faces of the device can be different from one another.
When the device includes more than one layer of material, for example when the first and second zones are separate layers, or when the device includes one or both of a pre-filter or a cover layer, adjacent ones of the layers may be held in place relative to one another, for example by means of adhesive, by welding or by mechanical fastening means. Suitable adhesives include materials which can be activated by the application of heat, such as fusible materials. Such materials can be incorporated into or placed on one of the layers, or may be placed between adjacent layers.
The filter of the invention can be formed as a single layer, whose properties change from one zone to another. This might be achieved, for example, by means of a carding machine. For example, a composite non-woven fabric can be formed by first laying down fibres of two materials in two layers, and then causing the layers to bond to one another by means of needles or by fine jets of water at high pressure.
A dual rotor carding method can be used to form a single layer product with more than one zone, in which two distinct fibre types are presented to a single dual rotor card, which can be used to form a product in which the fibre type changes gradually through the thickness of the product, for example from 100% filter--0% hydrophilic fibre on one surface to 0% filter--100% hydrophilic fibres on the opposite surface. The composite structure can subsequently be consolidated, for example by treatment with a consolidating substance (which might be an adhesive) or by physical means such as heating.
Preferably, the device includes means for sealing the device around the stoma, allowing the device to be body worn. The seal might be directly to the skin around the stoma or to a substrate component which is mounted already. The seal will frequently extend around the stoma completely and continuously, although there will be many situations in which it will be satisfactory for the seal to extend only partially around the stoma, provided that the device is not able to move significantly during normal physical activities away from the stoma to the extent that foreign particles can enter the stoma.
A seal can suitably be provided by a quantity of an adhesive material which can be exposed to mount the filter for use. A device that is mounted by means of adhesive can be relatively inconspicuous, and can for instance be disguised under normal clothing.
The adhesive may be provided to surround the stoma completely, or it may be provided to form a seal around part only of the stoma, for example as a adhesive strip which extends along one side, or two opposite sides, or three sides, of the stoma.
Preferably, the adhesive comprises a composition which absorbs significant quantities of moisture and can therefore reduce skin maceration, for example a hydrocolloid composition. It can be convenient in some circumstances to include in the device a quantity of a hydrocolloid composition together with another adhesive material with different properties, for example a higher initial tackiness.
The device may include a web of material to which the filter is attached, which is coated with an adhesive for mounting the filter for use. A suitable web might be an adhesive coated tape.
Preferably, the adhesive material is provided on a surface of a component of the device in selected regions of the surface, which can facilitate moisture vapour transmission, for example when the adhesive that is used does not absorb significant quantities of moisture.
Alternatively or in addition to the use of an adhesive, the device may be held in place by components such as a tape, a tie, or strips of an interengaging hook and loop material (such as that sold under the trade mark VELCRO).
The filter device can be arranged to operate with a valve, which might be relied on, for example, to divert exhaled air for generation of speech. The valve will generally be mounted outside the filter component of the device. The incorporation of a valve in the device can obviate the need for manual occlusion in order to divert air flow.
A valve can be attached to the external surface of the device. For example, the device might include formations for engaging a valve. These might take the form of, for example, a socket, a bayonet or other twist lock fitting, or a threaded fastener portion. This is particularly advantageous when the filter device is secured in place next to a stoma by means of an adhesive around the filter to provide a seal.
Preferably, the filter device includes a housing for a valve. Such a housing can be can be attached to the outer surface of the device during assembly, for instance, by welding. The housing can receive a tracheostoma valve in it, for example by means of cooperating flanges, and can enable the valve to be attached and detached conveniently and while also providing an air tight seal to the filter, and thereby to the stoma itself.
It is also envisaged that a valve might be attached to the filter by means of adhesive.
A valve might be provided in a housing which is formed integrally with, or is connected to, means for mounting the device onto a tracheostoma. The housing can include means for receiving a filter component which includes a first zone for filtering matter filtered in a normal nasal cavity from air passing through the filter; and (a) a second zone having means for exchange of heat and moisture with the air, or (b) a pre-filter zone, or both. For example, the housing might include a slot in which a filter component can be received. A filter component might be fitted between the housing and the mounting means with which the housing engages.
The device can be fitted to the exposed end of a tracheostomy tube by an appropriate attachment device. Such a attachment device might comprise:
(a) a first component that can engage the filter device and can be fitted around the external circumference of the tube; and
(b) a second component which can engage the first component and the external circumference of the tube to provide an air-tight seal.
A suitable attachment device is disclosed in the application filed with the present application bearing the reference P21558WO which claims priority from UK patent application no. 9214716.4, and which is entitled Tracheostomy tube assembly. Subject matter disclosed in the specification of that application is incorporated in this specification by this reference.
Embodiments of the invention will now be further described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a filter;
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the layers of the filter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-section along A--A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is an exploded isometric view of another embodiment of filter;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are views of filter devices which include means for engaging a valve;
FIG. 7 is a side cross sectional view of a filter device in which the filter component is held in place between a valve housing and a mounting flange; and
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the filtering characteristics of the filter shown in FIGS. 1 to 3.
Referring to the drawings, FIGS. 1 to 3 show a filter 2 which comprises five layers. The outer cover layer 4 is provided by a non-woven nylon fabric, with an acrylic binder. The inner cover layer 6 is provided by a perforated polyethylene film. The central layer 8 is provided by a non-woven polyester fabric which has been impregnated with carbon. Intermediate layers 10, 12 are provided between the cover layers 4, 6 and the central layer 8, provided by a non-woven fabric formed from a blend of viscose rayon and polyester.
The central layer 8 of the filter provides a first zone in which particulate matter, pollutants and micro organisms can be filtered from air passing through the filter. The intermediate layer 10 provides a pre-filter whose filter size is larger than that of the first zone of the filter. The hydrophilic fibres of the intermediate layer 12 provide means for exchange of heat and moisture with the air.
The filter provided by the central and intermediate layers are located between the two cover layers, whose area is bigger than that of the central and intermediate layers. The cover layers are attached by means of a radio frequency weld around their periphery 14 to a backing sheet 16 (such as a non-woven backing sheet formed from polyethylene), which is coated with a hydrocolloid adhesive material 18. A release paper 19 is provided to protect the adhesive material before the filter is positioned for use on the skin of a user over the stoma.
FIG. 4 shows a filter device 20 which comprises a pre-filter 21 formed from electrostatically charged microfibres, a first zone 22 formed from activated carbon and a second zone 23 formed from viscose fibres. The filter further comprises a cover layer 24.
In use, the second zone 23 is positioned adjacent a stoma in a patient who has had a tracheostomy. The cover stock layer 24 is exposed to the environment.
The first zone 22 comprises a layer of activated carbon cloth. Such a layer has a high surface area and is able to filter bacteria, and to absorb certain pollutant gases such as hydrogen sulphide. The second zone 23 is comprises fibres of a hydrophilic material such as viscose.
FIG. 5 shows a filter device 50 which includes a socket 52 for receiving a tracheostomy valve 54. The socket is open at its upper end, and can receive a flange 56 on the valve. The socket is fastened to the filter device by welding.
FIG. 6 shows a filter device 60 which includes an upstanding flange 62 for engaging a tracheostomy valve. The flange can be threaded to engage the valve, or it might be continuous and engage a matable flange on the valve by deformation of one or both of the flanges, for example in the manner of a container used for storage of food.
FIG. 7 shows a filter device which comprises a mounting component 70 having a layer of an adhesive material on the surface 72 which is intended to contact the skin of a patient around a tracheostoma. The mounting component has a flange 74 extending from it. The device includes a housing 76 for a valve, the housing including a cooperating flange 78 to engage the flange 74 on the mounting component. In alternative arrangement, the mounting component and the housing can be attached to one another by means of an adhesive.
A filter component 80, which might comprise the five layers shown in FIG. 2, or the four layers shown in FIG. 4, is held in place between the mounting component 70 and the housing 76 when the two are mated with one another.
The housing might include a slot or other formation for receiving the filter component, so that the filter component can be removed from the filter device and replaced, without removal of the housing from the stoma. Indeed, especially in this arrangement, the housing and the mounting component might be provided by a single component.
A filter having the construction shown in and described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 was made using the following materials:
______________________________________Central layer 8Fabric construction Non-woven polyester fabric impregnated with carbonCarbon content 90 to 110 g � m-2Thickness 0.5 to 1.0 mmAir permeability 100 to 160 cc � cm-2 � s-1 (Method BS 5636)Surface pore size 200 � 10-9 mSurface area 1000 to 1300 m-2 � g-1CCl4 absorption 60% w/wStrength 9 N � cm-1 (Method BS 2576)Fabric weight 90 to 110 g � m-2Intermediatelayers 10, 12Type Non-woven fabric Viscose rayon 95% Polyester 5%Fabric weight 45 to 65 g � m-2Fiber staple length 50 mmCover layers 4, 6OPTION 1Type Point sealed non-woven fabric Polypropylene core; polyethylene sheathFabric weight 50 g � m-2Sealed area not more than 14%OPTION 2Type Spun laid non-woven fabric with acrylic binder 100% polyamideFabric weight 35 g � m-2______________________________________
The bicomponent mentioned above as option 1 for the cover layer is preferred where assembly is by welding and the fabric is required to maintain its integrity in the region of the welds.
The central layer 8 and the intermediate layers 10, 12 are bonded to one another by means of a net like construction of 100% thermo fusible fibres, by the application of heat and pressure.
The resistance to air flow of the filter was measured using the method described above. The temperature and humidity of air breathed through the filter installed over a tracheostoma using a meter (such as one sold under the trade mark HM34CX by Viasala), with the probes inserted and sealed through the filter device, into the tracheostoma. The results of the tests, compared with those from a patient able to breathe normally, were as follows:
______________________________________ AIR RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE (kPa � s � l-1) (�C.) HUMIDITY______________________________________Breathing via 0.5 35.8 85%noseBreathing via 0.7 34.5 83%tracheostoma______________________________________
FIG. 8 shows the characteristics of the filter shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 compared to the nasal function of a human being, plotted in terms of the percentage of particles of given size that are filtered by the filter and the nose respectively. It will be seen that the filtration characteristics of the device follow very closely those of the human nose. Furthermore, the pressure drop across the filter device is very close to that found in normal human breathing.
|Cited Patent
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|Olsen Jarle Asbjorn
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|Hoelter Heinz
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|Oct 18, 2001
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|Feb 27, 2003
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|Jun 7, 2004
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|Massimo Fini
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|Bischoff Medical Devices, Llc
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|Sep 29, 2003
|Mar 31, 2005
|Wright Vivian A.
|Tracheostomy nebulizing pad
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|Pneumostoma management system having a cosmetic and/or protective cover
|Jun 24, 2008
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|Pino Aragones Antonio Del
|Stoma protector
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|Jan-Ove Persson
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|Filtrona Richmond, Inc.
|Heat and moisture exchanger comprising hydrophilic nylon and methods of using same
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|Medical Products Octagon Ab
|A device for the exchange of heat and moisture between inhalation and exhalation air flows
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|U.S. Classification
|128/207.14, 128/204.17, 623/9, 128/207.29, 128/205.29, 128/201.13
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 30, 1996
Owner name: KAPITEX HEALTHCARE LTD, STATELESS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:EMMARK TECHNOLOGY;REEL/FRAME:008095/0287
Effective date: 19950404
|Dec 23, 1996
Owner name: KAPITEX HEATHCARE LTD., UNITED KINGDOM
Free format text: (ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR S INTEREST) RE-RECORD TO CORRECT THE ADDRESS FOR THE RECEIVING PARTY ON A DOCUMENT PREVIOUSLY RRCORDED AT REEL 8095 FRAME 0287.;ASSIGNOR:SMITH, RORY;REEL/FRAME:008285/0199
Effective date: 19950404
|May 12, 1998
|Certificate of correction
|Feb 22, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 10, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 16, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 22, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
This is not new...it is anal...it is over the top...it is unnecessary.
I have read numerous times that the "proper way" (OMG like it's rocket science OMGOMG) to clean and lube a chain is to degrease/clean it, wipe dry, let dry completely.
Lube the night before your next ride...let lube sit...wipe off excess immediately prior to the ride. I also had been told that the Finish Line drip lube in the squirt bottle should be applied anally...one drop per roller. Now by applying anally...I don't mean ...well anyways.
All this is, as I said...pretty-much waaaay more than I usually do. I usually clean with Simple Green and a chain machine...let dry...spin the crankset and squirt rollers for a few rotations.
Aaaight so this is a result of "anal lubing".
We'll see how it works. I may end up using the "anal lube" technique from now on out if my stuff stays slickery longer.
It's funny...I know it comes out in a "thiquid" form...but I wonder how much of that actually made it down into the roller since so much of it us just chillin' on the outside...crackin'n'breakin'.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Kamryn Classic Slim-Fit Blazer
Product Actions
Additional Information
This structured blazer is a texture-rich jacquard design that instantly elevates everyday style.
- Notched lapels.
- Long sleeves.
- Allover engineered jacquard pattern.
- Welt pockets at front. Vented back hem. Shoulder pads.
- Center front button closure.
- Self: Cotton, Polyester jacquard.
- Contrast: Rayon, Nylon, Spandex ponte.
- Lining: Polyester.
- Hand Wash.
- Imported.
- Measures approximately 25.5" from shoulder to hem.
- Slim fit.


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GOLDEN VALLEY, Minn.-- Gotham City is coming to the Twin Cities later this year. "Batman Live" flies into the Xcel Energy Center in September, and this morning, the show's star and co-producer joined us via satellite with a preview.
"Batman Live" features a 105-foot bat-shape LED and fills a custom-built stage with a 42-member cast, including favorite villains such as The Joker, Catwoman, The Riddler and The Penguin, all set to the music of a full symphonic score.
"Batman Live" runs September 13-16 at the Xcel Energy Center in St. Paul. Tickets go on sale Friday, March 23 at 10:00 a.m.
For details, visit ticketmaster.com.
(Copyright 2012 by KARE. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. )


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A poorly lit work surface can create eye strain and cause you to hunch forward, which can lead to neck, shoulder and back problems. The Element LED task light will illuminate your work surface with a pleasant white light, allowing you to read documents with ease without hunching forward.
The Element LED produces a light output equivalent to that of a 90 watt incandescent bulb while using only 6 watts. The Element LED boasts a 60,000-hour lifespan, which is equivalent to 30 years of 9-5 office work.
This sleek white and polished steel task light comes with a desktop base that allows you to conveniently place it wherever necessary. With a reach of 26" the Element can illuminate nearly any work surface with ease.
The Element LED task light has a suggested retail value of $495, but if you order it with any TreadDesk Desk, we offer it at a special discounted price of $269.00.
"I absolutely love this thing!! I'm walking between 4 and 8 miles per day. I almost look forward to going to work because I feel so good physically by the end of the day".


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Royalty Free Music Unique To Your Project - Every Time
Royalty Free Music — Bass (Electric) & Home Videos & Happy & Mandolin
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Royalty Free Bass (Electric) & Home Videos & Happy & Mandolin MusicBass (Electric) Sub-Instruments: Instrumental Drums Rock/Pop Band Guitar (Electric) Guitar Synthesizer Guitar (Acoustic) Piano Strings Acoustic MORE »
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The following tracks match: Home Videos, Happy, Bass (Electric), Mandolin
In Zydeco We TrustCrisp, fast, acoustic guitar leads a foot-stomping track of varying rhythms driven by strings, keys and drums that hopscotch the shuffling beat and merge in a wild, raucous finale.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATCPB_200.jpgSingle7100203-ST$ 39.957100203-EX$ 59.957100203-W$ 149.95Instrument: Country Band, Accordion, Banjo, Bass (Electric), Drums, Guitar (Acoustic), Mandolin, Acoustic, Instrumental, Guitar Production Types: Commercials, Indie Film, Nature, Short Film, Travel, Home Videos, Background Emotions: Driving, Energetic, Exciting, Happy, Positive, Cool, Carefree, Cheerful, Confident, Effervescent, Exuberant, Fresh, Heartwarming, Hypnotic, Inspiring, Intense, Lively, Powerful, Refreshing, Striving, Thrilling, Triumphant, Fun, Festive, Upbeat, Folklore Genre: Earthy, Folk, Outdoorsy, Traditional, Country/Folk, Indie Rock, Indie Artist, Dance, Pop Rock, Zydeco, Indie, Pop
In Zydeco We Trust from the album Contemporary Pop Beds
Right On TimePlucking effects front whimsical toms and syncopated hand claps for a dramatic, lively tune in the style of Imagine Dragons.https://www.smartsound.com/strata/images/STRATCPB_200.jpgSingle7100202-ST$ 39.957100202-EX$ 59.957100202-W$ 149.95Instrument: Rock/Pop Band, Bass (Electric), Drums, Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar (Electric), Mandolin, Piano, Piano (Electric), Synthesizer, Instrumental, Guitar Production Types: Commercials, Indie Film, Nature, Short Film, Corporate Communications, Home Videos, Background Emotions: Driving, Energetic, Exciting, Happy, Positive, Uplifting, Inspirational, Bold, Confident, Dramatic, Fresh, Heartwarming, Inspiring, Intense, Motivating, Powerful, Punchy, Refreshing, Solemn, Touching, Triumphant, Hopeful, Emotional, Heavy, Upbeat, Folklore Genre: Outdoorsy, Indie Rock, Indie Artist, Rockin, Pop Rock, Indie, Pop
Right On Time from the album Contemporary Pop Beds
ShashkeenA cool, easy-going Irish-flavored groove based on the traditional. Features accordion and acoustic guitar.https://www.smartsound.com/producer/images/PS63_200.jpgSingle11508-ST$ 39.9511508-EX$ 59.9511508-W$ 149.95Instrument: Accordion, Bass (Electric), Mandolin, Vibraphone, Acoustic, Instrumental Production Types: Documentary, Nature, Travel, Home Videos Emotions: Happy, Positive, Cool, Leisurely, Relaxed, Hopeful, Festive Genre: Folk, Traditional, World, Irish, Ireland, Celtic
Shashkeen from the album Celtic Evolution (PS63)
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With plenty of beach and Amazonian rainforest, Peru will present you with more mountains to climb and cities to explore than you'll know what to do with - not to mention an array of volunteer opportunities that vary in focus, structure, and size. Volunteering abroad in Peru is the experience of a lifetime. No matter what program you choose, the magic of Peru's ancient history combined with its enchanting contemporary culture will have you hooked as soon as you arrive. Start your journey by choosing a volunteer program that will provide you with the structure you need and the freedom to immerse yourself in a vibrant, captivating locale.
Photo Credit: Gabi Schiller
Program Types
Problems affecting health in Peru include water sanitation, air pollution, HIV/AIDS, lack of education, funding and technological resources to health care. Volunteers with a career in the health professions are sorely needed in Peru.
Gender Equality
Women in Peru must face machismo (an attitude common in Spanish and Latin American cultures that displays aggressive and excessive masculinity) and gender discrimination regularly. Domestic and sexual abuse is fairly common. A long history of social prejudice causes women to face higher unemployment and poverty levels than men. Any volunteer project that helps empower women will also benefit the general population of Peru.
Youth Development and Education
Many children don't receive the support and care they need. Education is lacking and underfunded. Volunteering in schools or orphanages is a great way to help secure a better future for the youth of Peru.
Community Development
According to a 2010 report, Peru's poverty level has been cited as high as 49% and was most recently recorded at 30%. Indigenous people in rural areas receive little to no support from governments and can use help from volunteers to improve their quality of life.
Environmental Conservation
With a general migration of Peru's population from rural to urban areas, there has been a strain on the agricultural industry. There is much work for volunteers in improving sustainable farming techniques, air and water quality, and waste disposal.
Planning Your Trip
Volunteer Tips
Volunteer Support: If you volunteer in Peru through an organization, they should have a support system in place. Don't hesitate to ask them questions and get all the help you need. Your home country's embassy or consulate can be reached in Lima for information and support as well. Getting involved in new things and meeting new people will help you make the best of your experience. Check out groups like Expats in Peru for support from other foreigners in Peru.
NGO/Nonprofit/Volunteer History in Peru: Peru has a long history of aid development and NGO support. The country has even been called the Kingdom of the NGO. From research-based organizations to NGOs advocating for indigenous peoples' rights to development-focused groups, you're sure to find any type of nonprofit organization you're interested in. Here's a complete list of NGOs in Peru.
Know Before You Go: A basic level of Spanish is suggested but many organizations cater to English-speaking visitors. Volunteers in Peru should always keep an open mind when visiting a new, diverse place like Peru.
How Volunteering in Peru Will Help Your Future: Networking and volunteering with a well-established Peruvian organization will give you experience like no other experience could. Your Spanish skills will improve considerably. Living in such a diverse culture will also give you valuable insight into working with new and different people. Document your experience and continue to learn from it the rest of your life.
How to Save Money While Volunteering: Consider all of your options when on a budget. Walk or take a bus versus a taxi. Learn to cook some authentic meals instead of going out. Shop at locally-owned stores and markets. Know where your money is going. Find out which banks have ATMs fees for your bank and which don't.
Best Places to Volunteer: Lima (the capital), Cusco, Urubamba, the Amazon, Puno/Lake Titicaca, the Andean Mountains, and many rural areas.
Questions to Ask: What amenities will be available? What type of transportation will I need to rely on daily? What will the weather be like when I'm there? How much Spanish do I need to know? Are there other foreign volunteers where I'm going?
Health and Safety of Volunteers in Peru
No vaccinations are required to go to Peru but an immunization against Yellow Fever is suggested by the Embassy of Peru and U.S. Department of State. Other recommended vaccinations for volunteers traveling to Peru include typhoid, hepatitis A and hepatitis B. If you are going to a more rural region, including the Amazon, yellow fever and malaria vaccinations may be necessary. A simple pain reliever and diarrhea/stomach medicine are also suggested. It's important to be cautious about new foods and let your body adjust. Don't drink tap water! Check out MD Travel Health for more information.
Peru isn't any more safe or dangerous for volunteers than most South American countries. Protests, theft, and reckless driving are the worst you will encounter. Always have your belongings secured and be aware of your surroundings. Foreigners always have a way of standing out to thieves.
Visas for Volunteering in Peru
A tourist visa is not necessary for U.S., U.K., Canadian, or Australian citizens for a visit up to 183 days. Tourist visas for most visitors can be obtained at airport immigration or any Peruvian border. More information on business and other visas can be found at VISA HQ.
Contributed by Katie Boyer
Showing 101 Programs
IVHQReviewer VerifiedIVHQ offers highly affordable volunteer programs in Lima, Peru. A wide variety of projects are available, including teaching...7 reviews
Volunteers PeruWe are looking for caring and enthusiastic people with a passion for helping others to support at the Casa Hogar Torre...10 reviews
Light and Leadership InitiativeOur volunteer program is a tight-knit family, made up of volunteers from all over the world. Our common goal is the Light...5 reviews
Karikuy OrganizationKarikuy volunteers in Peru gather information on Peruvian culture in order to provide fresh new content for our Perupedia...3 reviews
Volunteers PeruWe are looking for enthusiastic people with a passion for education to work at our school project in a rural region in the...3 reviews
Camps InternationalLatin America is one of the most incredible places on Earth and makes the perfect location for gap year travel. Our Peru gap...1 reviews
Volunteering SolutionsReviewer VerifiedJoin a volunteer program in Cusco, Peru with Volunteering Solutions! Volunteering in Peru is a great opportunity to learn...5 reviews
UBELONGReviewer VerifiedUBELONG offers 1-week to 6-month volunteering opportunities in Cusco and the Sacred Valley. There are over 40 projects in...46 reviews
GapForceReviewer VerifiedAn 8 week South American adventure combining Spanish lessons, a Trek to Machu Picchu, volunteering at our jungle animal...14 reviews
Foundation for International Medical Relief of ChildrenReviewer VerifiedAt Project Peru, FIMRC strives to make an impact in two distinct areas: the highlands of Huancayo and the jungle in La...15 reviews
Carpe Diem EducationReviewer VerifiedTravel throughout Ecuador and Peru with 12 other students as you share meals, live among different peoples, and build...2 reviews
GVNReviewer VerifiedGVN has opportunities to work on a range of projects in Peru such as childcare, teaching, construction, healthcare and...5 reviews
Cross-Cultural SolutionsReviewer VerifiedAs you explore its ancient ruins, canopied jungles, and epic coastline, you'll understand, Peru is quite literally the stuff...16 reviews
IVHQReviewer VerifiedIVHQ offers highly affordable volunteer programs in Cusco, Peru. A wide variety of projects are available here, including...14 reviews
Projects AbroadWith an extensive coastline, a vast area of Amazon rainforest and the Andes, Peru gives you the opportunity to visit South...19 reviews


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Edit Article
How to Use Retinol
Retinol is a wonderful skin care product. It eliminates acne, reduces wrinkles and makes skin damage less visible. It is a highly concentrated form of vitamin A and has special requirements in order to reap its benefits.
This article has been tagged as a stub.
That means it's off to a good start, but still has room to grow into a more helpful resource. Until the article reaches its full potential, it will be hidden from search results. Can you help it flourish? If you think the article offers complete and accurate instructions, feel free to remove this tag.
1Retinol is primarily for use at night unless it specifically says otherwise. Wash your face with a gently cleanser such as Cetaphil to remove dirt, oil and makeup.
2If you are just starting to use Retinol, start out using it a couple times a week and allow your skin to build up a tolerance, slowing increasing the frequency of application.
3Wait 20 minutes after washing your face before you apply Retinol. You need to make sure your face is totally dry because any moisture left behind can interact with the Retinol and cause irritation, redness and peeling.
4Apply a pea sized amount on your fingertip. Then dot it on each cheek, your forehead and chin. Using both hands gently massage it into each section of your face until you no longer see any products. If you see a residue on your skin you used too much product. Start with less, you can always add more.
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- Use it only at night unless it specifically says otherwise.
- Retinol makes your skin very sensitive to sunlight. Always wear a facial sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 that offers UVA and UVB protection.


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Paulo Freire
Radical Americas 2015
Radical Americas 2015 has just finished, and our conference delegates are on their way home having come from as far afield as the United States, Spain and Germany. Our third such gathering went very well, and we would like to thank our hosts, UCL Institute of the Americas, for their ongoing hospitality and cooperation. Particular thanks to Jonathan Bell, Oscar Martinez Gonzalez and Abi Espie. If you are interested in seeing the panels and papers presented, the programme is available here...
Get Involved with the Network
We held a meeting to discuss the future of the network, and there were a host of great ideas from those who attended. Below are some of the priorities for the network; please get in touch if you want to help out in any way.
- We would like to bring onto the network committee representatives in the Americas and extend our representation throughout Europe. If you are interested in joining the committee (where most communication necessarily happens by email!) please let us know.
- We would also like to bring onto the network committee more graduate and postgraduate students, whether in the UK or elsewhere; again, if you are interested in joining the committee, please let us know.
- We would like to co-host or partner with more institutions, both throughout the UK and overseas. If you have an idea for an event which would make sense for Radical Americas to help with, promote or provide speakers for, please get in touch.
- We would like to strengthen our links with activists, grassroots organisations, and social movements - we know that many people on our mailing list are activists, and we'd like to hear from you about how we can collaborate more effectively.
- We are also currently discussing how we will formalise certain roles within the network and establish a 'membership' beyond simply being part of the mailing list (and what that would entail) - more on this as and when we address it.
Radicals in America
The conference saw a book presentation by Christopher Phelps, co-author (with Howard Brick) of 'Radicals in America', with responses from Alex Goodall, Sinead McEneaney and Nick Witham. Find out more about the book here...
Black Lives Matter
Our second plenary roundtable looked at the Black Lives Matter movement. Althea Legal-Miller discussed Black Lives Matter in the context of the civil rights and black power movements; Ashok Kumar discussed some of the tensions within the movement as well as aspects of transatlantic solidarity; and Graham Denyer Willis gave the comparative example of Brazil where police violence manifests itself in some similar ways. The panel was moderated by Nick Grant. A video of the event is available to watch here...
Walter Rodney Petition
Message from Dr. Andy Higginbottom:
Dear sisters and brothers,
Campaign to continue the enquiry into the assassination of great Guyanese historian and socialist Walter Rodney may be found here...
Please sign and circulate - this is one where international pressure will make a difference. If you have a position/organisation please put with your signature.
Forgotten Umbrellas We had three umbrellas left behind; two have now been identified by their owners and one remains - any claimants?
Baked Goods Many delegates asked for the recipes of the baked goods, so here you go:
- Granny Boyd's Biscuits...
- Peanut Cookies... (N.B. we added a few drops of vanilla essence)
- Lemon Drizzle Cake - can't find it online, but not too dissimilar to this...


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UMass Falls to No. 19 James Madison
Oct. 9, 2004
HARRISONBURG, Va. - Quarterback Justin Rascati rushed for two touchdowns as No. 19 James Madison beat UMass for the first time since 1997, 28-7. Tailback Raymond Hines had a career-high 123 rushing yards and scored his first touchdown of the season in the win. Rascati completed 11-of-17 for 79 yards.
UMass (2-4 overall, 0-3 in the Atlantic 10) had won the last four meetings with James Madison (4-1, 3-0).
UMass quarterback Tim Day posted huge numbers as he completed 28-of-52 passes for 213 yards. His completion total tied for the third most in school history while the attempts tied for the second-most in a single game at UMass.
Rascati made a criss-crossing run from the left to right of the field on his second touchdown of the day and vaulted across the goal line with just over 12 minutes left in the game.
James Madison broke the scoreless tie as Rascati dove over the offensive line from one yard out to put the Dukes on top 7-0 with 4:01 left in the third quarter. The drive was keyed by a 61-yard dash down the right sideline by Raymond Hines.
Hines ran in from nine-yard out with seven minutes left in the fourth quarter.
UMass finally broke the shutout as tight end Mike Douglas caught his second touchdown of the season on a two-yard pass from Tim Day with about four minutes left.
Maurice Fenner added a late score for JMU.
In a tough defensive first half, UMass and James Madison battled to a 30 scoreless minutes. James Madison had the best scoring chance but quarterback Justin Rascati was intercepted by Tracy Belton with 5:52 left in the first quarter. The interception was made possible by a sensational deflection by R.J. Cobbs as the pass was intended for a JMU's Raymond Hines.
UMass had a chance to dent the scoreboard but Matt
Goldstein's 24-yard field goal attempt was blocked by
Rodney McCarter with 10:28 left in the first half.
The Minutemen's defense was stellar all half. After punting from their own four-yard line giving James Madison field position at the UMass 46-yard line, the Minutemen posted three consecutive sacks by Serge Tikum, Greg Scott and Ola Sanusi, forcing the Duke back to their own 41-yard line and a punt which led to the end of the scoreless half. James Madison was limited to just 88 total yards in the first half.
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Public Meetings
The National Motor Freight Traffic Association hosts three meetings a year at which the Commodity Classification Standards Board (CCSB) considers proposals to amend the National Motor Freight Classification® and the Association considers various topics and issues of interest to its members. Meetings of the CCSB as well as the Association's Classification Resource Committee are open to the public.
Meeting Schedule (NMFTA | CRC | CCSB)
|September 18 - 20, 2016
|Hilton Old Town Alexandria, Alexandria, VA
|January 29 - February 1, 2017
|Omni Tucson National Resort, Tucson, AZ
|May 21 - 23, 2017
|Hilton Old Town Alexandria, Alexandria, VA
|September 10 - 13, 2017
|Holiday Inn by the Bay, Portland, ME


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Shapeways: Bring your creativity to life in 3D http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php Shapeways: Bring your creativity to life in 3D New to 3d Modeling and Shapeways http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=41931&th=7813#msg_41931 <![CDATA[Hey all. I just started 3d modeling using sketchup. I obviously have a lot to learn, but I've been slowly developing some aftermarket parts for 40k. I have some original designs, but those are taking longer (they're much more complex).

 If I run out of my own ideas, I'll probably offer to do some modeling for free. I can't make 2d art, so it's really hard for me to concept ideas.

 Anyway, hopefully I can develop some good stuff for the community ]]> Twopounder 2012-01-14T10:04:53-00:00 Re: New to 3d Modeling and Shapeways http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=42127&th=7813#msg_42127 <![CDATA[Heya twopounder!

 Where do you hail from?

 If you find yourself interested in doing a little modeling for free, as a way to practice, you should ping me. I connect with people looking for 3D modelers all the time.

 ]]> ana_xyz 2012-01-17T15:57:34-00:00 Re: New to 3d Modeling and Shapeways http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=42156&th=7813#msg_42156 <![CDATA[Washington State in the US of A. I'll keep you in mind . I have no experience with anything organic or overly complex yet, but I'm getting there.

 ]]> Twopounder 2012-01-17T23:38:49-00:00


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Charlie Mingus (Charles Mingus): Four Classic Albums Plus (Blues And Roots / Mingus Three: Trio / Jazz Portraits / Jazzical Moods Vol 1) (2CD)
Ref: AMSC1026
(UK Postage Free )
AVID Jazz here presents four classic Charlie Mingus albums plus, including original LP liner notes on a finely re-mastered and low priced double CD.
The greatness of jazz is that it is an art of the moment ..particularly through improvisation ..and through the successive relation of one composition to another So speaks Charlie Mingus in the liner notes for his large band tribute to the blues on Blues And Roots, the first of our four albums devoted to the legendary bass player, pianist, composer and arranger. On Mingus Three by contrast, Mingus is joined by pianist Hampton Hawes and we can witness the two sparring with each other while Mingus stalwart Dannie Richmond provides the beat in a session from 1957. Forward to 1959 and we find Mingus in concert with his Jazz Workshop at the Nonagon Art Gallery in New York for Jazz Portraits. Among a superb band we will discover alto man John Handy in his very first recording date before leaving to form his own band as well as tenor man Booker Ervin again a first timer in the studio. ..I think I am finally composing Mingus was heard to say during editing for the album .he wasnt wrong! Finally Jazzical Moods takes us into the realm of the avant garde where Mingus music delves deeper into the emotions using rhythmic, harmonic and emotional conflict to challenge the listener to the point where they may well feel this is not jazz at all!
All four albums plus have been digitally re-mastered for probably the finest sound quality ever!
1-6: Blues And Roots
1. Wednesday Night Prayer Meeting
2. Cryin Blues
3. Moanin
4. Tensions
5. My Jelly Roll Soul
6. Es Flat Ahs Flat Too
7-13: Mingus Three: Trio
7. Yesterdays
8. Back Home Blues
9. I Cant Get Started
10. Hamps New Blues
11. Summertime
12. Dizzy Moods
13. Laura
1-4: Jazz Portrait
1. Nostalgia In Times Square
2. I Cant Get Started
3. No Private Income Blues
4. Alices Wonderland
5-8: Jazzical Moods Vol 1
5. What Is This Thing Called Love
6. Stormy Weather
7. Minor Intrusion
8. Abstractions
9. Thrice Upon A Theme from Jazzical Moods Vol 2
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Value: £
Billy Taylor: Four Classic Albums (Cross Section / The Billy Taylor Trio With Candido / The Billy Taylor Touch / With Four Flutes (2CD)
Oscar Pettiford: Six Classic Albums (The New Oscar Pettiford Sextet / The Oscar Petiford Sextet / Oscar Pettiford Modern Quintet / Basically Duke / In Hi-Fi / In Hi-Fi Vol 2) (2CD)
Ray Bryant: Four Classic Albums (Ray Bryant Trio 1956 / Alone With The Blues / Little Susie / Hollywood Jazz Beat) (2CD)
Les Brown: Four Classic Albums (The Les Brown All Stars / That Sound Of Renown / Jazz Song Book / Swing Song Book) (2CD)
Sidney Bechet: Four Classic Albums (Favourites (Favorites)/ Sidney Bechet - Claude Luter Vol 1 / Sidney Bechet - Claude Luter Vol 2 / Souvenirs) (2CD)
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LOS ANGELES (AP) - Former Los Angeles Sheriff Lee Baca pleaded guilty Wednesday to lying to federal authorities investigating corruption in the department, a probe that tarnished his long career and appeared to trigger his abrupt retirement.
SAN DIEGO (AP) - For the 15th time, officials denied parole for Sirhan Sirhan, the assassin of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, after hearing Wednesday from another person who was shot that night and called for Sirhan's release.
SAN DIEGO (AP) - Christy O'Donnell, a single mother with lung cancer who became a prominent figure in the California right-to-die debate, has died. She was 47.
BERKELEY (AP) - The University of California, Berkeley, is running a $150 million deficit this year and must undertake a top-to-bottom review of expenses if it hopes to sustain its national standing as a premier public institution, the school's chancellor warned Wednesday.
SACRAMENTO (AP) - Most of California's health insurance companies said Wednesday they're supporting Gov. Jerry Brown's plan to restructure a tax on health plans.
OAKLAND (AP) - Officials with the Bay Area Rapid Transit say only about 20 percent of BART commuter trains have working surveillance cameras.
HALF MOON BAY (AP) - The renowned big-wave competition, Titans of Mavericks, has been set for Friday.
FRESNO (AP) - A new state report shows California farmers reaping record sales despite the epic drought, thriving even as city-dwellers have been forced to conserve water, household wells have run dry and fish have died.
Kicking off a year-long celebration of its fiftieth year, the San Joaquin County Historical Museum has opened a 9,600-square-foot exhibition on an era that revolutionized agriculture.
During American Heart Month in February, Doctors Hospital of Manteca will join with the American Heart Association in a comprehensive month-long campaign designed to educate the community about cardiovascular disease, including a free online risk assessment.
Hundreds of youths and adults are expected to hit the lanes at Manteca Bowl & Family Fun Center in a bid to make a difference in the lives of over 5,000 youth who receive help every year with free tutoring in Manteca, Ripon, Lathrop, and Escalon.
The San Joaquin Engineers Council has selected Warren D. (Doug) Noteware of Manteca as the recipient of the 2016 Distinguished Service Award.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - The union that represents California State University faculty said Monday it is preparing for a five-day strike at the system's 23 campuses, by far the largest walkout since professors and instructors won collective bargaining rights in the early 1980s.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - A murder suspect who was mistakenly released from a Los Angeles jail last month was recaptured Monday in Nevada, authorities said.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Authorities have closed trails at Southern California's Mount Baldy following the death of the second hiker in less than a week.
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SAN BERNARDINO. (AP) - Eighty percent of the nearly $2.5 million donated to the United Way following the San Bernardino terror attack that killed 14 ...
SAN DIEGO (AP) - A San Diego harbor cruise boat crashed into a pier while docking Thursday, injuring seven people and causing significant damage to the ...
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Los Angeles fitness fanatics whose daily routine includes a hike or a run along the Runyon Canyon trail are bracing themselves for ...
FRESNO (AP) - A wrong-way driver leading authorities on a high-speed chase crashed through a gate and into a fighter jet at a central California naval ...
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - Shirley Hufstedler, a former federal appellate court judge who served as the nation's first education secretary, has died. She was 90.
CUPERTINO (AP) - The FBI's announcement that it mysteriously hacked into an iPhone is a public setback for Apple Inc., as consumers suddenly discover they ...
NEVADA CITY . (AP) - A charter school in the Sierra Nevada closed Tuesday after an unvaccinated child was diagnosed with measles.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Patty Duke, who as a teen won an Oscar for playing Helen Keller in "The Miracle Worker," then maintained a long career ...
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Satish Gupta's Modern's abc of Physics for Class - 11, Part - 1 & 2 (With CD) 24th Edition is a comprehensive book for standard 11 students based on the latest C.B.S.E. physics syllabus. The book is based on the new N.C.E.R.T. pattern and comes with sections dedicated to competitive exams as well. The book covers the entire class XI physics syllabus.
About Satish Gupta
Satish Gupta is an Indian academic author. He has authored several books based on the C.B.S.E syllabus.
Part - I :-
Part - II :-
|Book Details
|Modern Publishers
|Book Type
|School Book
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|1625 Pages
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|Satish Gupta
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Jun 20, 2012
Very Very Good BookPlease my friends buy this book, if you want to do well in competitive exams...
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May 5, 2012
tackling physics head onwell i purchased this book for my on and being a parent its my responsibility to make sure my ward's basics in physics is strong. well this book is everything you will need in physics in class 11. from short answers to long ones, from detailed theory to an exhausting no. of examples and numerical s his book will make sure that you brave your exams with confidence.
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Jul 17, 2012
Very Nice Book!I recommend this book to buy even my teachers told to buy this one only. It also includes exercises of the textbook and detailed explanations. In beginning every useful formula in the book is given. There are starting chaptersm seperately based on calculations and they helped me very much ib understanding.
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Jun 3, 2014
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Jun 1, 2014
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Grapefruit-Basil Martini
- Servings: makes 1 drink
J Six San Diego
Manager Rich Troiani likes to pair this fruity yet robust cocktail with chef Deborah Schneider's Kobe beef skewers.
Plus: Ultimate Cocktail Guide
- 1/4 fresh grapefruit, unpeeled and cut into pieces
- 3 basil leaves
- 2 1/2 ounces vodka
- 1/2 ounce Simple Syrup
- Ice
How to make this recipe
- In a cocktail shaker, muddle the grapefruit with 2 of the basil leaves. Add the vodka, Simple Syrup and ice; shake well. Strain into a chilled martini glass and garnish with the remaining basil.


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Hitler's stop order of August 1941 did not end the destruction of those considered "unworthy of life." The belief that his stop order ended the killings is based on a postwar myth. The stop order applied only to the killing centers; mass murder of the handicapped continued by other means. Moreover, the stop order did not apply to children's euthanasia, which had never utilized gas chambers. As with the children, after the stop order physicians and nurses killed handicapped adults with tablets, injections, and starvation. In fact, more victims of euthanasia perished after the stop order was issued than before.
The stop order had not reversed the decision to kill the handicapped. As we have seen, the long-range goal of ridding Germany of the disabled involved at first compulsory sterilization and then mass murder. Killing handicapped newborns was the highest priority; euthanasia organizers considered it crucial to prevent a new generation of disabled persons. Children's euthanasia was therefore initiated first and continued unabated even after the stop order.1 Furthermore, the killing of handicapped adults was just a radicalized substitution for sterilization, consuming at least 70,000 victims before Hitler issued his stop order. And Hitler issued this order only because popular knowledge of the killings and subsequent disquiet posed problems for the regime.
Some historians have argued that the stop order was issued in part because the first sweep had killed enough patients to make hospital space available for other purposes.2 But contrary to official claims, emptied hospitals were often not confiscated for military use; they were simply turned over to Nazi party organizations. The savings from killing about 70,000 handicapped wards of the state were not sufficient to have served as motivation for the murders.3
The first killing sweep had cleared out most patients from some regions but had left those in other regions virtually untouched. In the same way, in their first sweep through the occupied Soviet Union during the summer of 1941, the SS killing squads left alive large pockets of Jews and Gypsies to use as forced labor in camps and ghettos until it was convenient to kill them. Similarly, the killing frenzy in the Polish killing centers during 1942 and 1943 left alive some Jews and Gypsies for exploitation as concentration camp labor. The first sweep of euthanasia thus resembled the first sweep of the final solution, and the exploitation and killing of the handicapped after the stop order resembled the unsystematic and arbitrary method of destruction practiced in the concentration camps toward the end of the war.4


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This afternoon I visited NYCeWheels and walked out with quite the ride.
Brompton M6L, black, w/ Eazy Wheels, Cover w/ Saddlebag, C Bag, and Shimano dynamo light kit. ALSO, I had them install the Biologic ReeCharge, so I can charge my iPhone and other gizmos off the dynamo while tooling around. This last feature really makes the Brompton the ideal Zombie Apocalypse Transportation System -- I'll be happily playing Angry Birds while everyone else is without power!
I love the ride of the bike. I rode it from the shop on 85th, all the way back to Park Slope Brooklyn. What an awesome ride on an awesome bike!
This thing is going to bounce between Baltimore and NYC with me, keeping me company on Amtrak.
I have a "normal" bike, a Specialized Tricross, and it's great and all.
But there's something about the Brompton that is, well... totally pimpin', if you will.
I'll post pics soon!


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Team building in London, the options are endless
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With acres of flexible outside space our expert teams are on hand whenever you need them to provide the perfect solution for all occasions. To make sure you achieve exactly what need, we work with the UK's most innovative teambuilding specialists who have plenty of ideas to inspire and ensure your event delivers all the energy, thrill, laughs and excitement you want.
On site we have a Treasure Hunt Challenge which is a unique activity brought to you by our colleagues at Wild Goose Events, however if you are looking for something more adventurous then we have a number of event companies we work with who can provide such activities to be used as ice breakers, energizers or sporting activities such as It's a knockout.
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For all booking enquiries, please call 0844 980 8054 or enquire online


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May 25, 2016
ATLANTA (AP) -- Officials with the Atlanta VA Medical Center are reporting improvements to wait times and care, following a national audit two months ago that identified problems at the facility and prompted further federal review.
The facility's director, Leslie Wiggins, told reporters Friday that newly compiled figures for January through March show veterans are receiving appointments quicker and obtaining better care for conditions such as pneumonia, congestive heart failure and hospital-acquired infections.
Meanwhile, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports the hospital's overall quality ranking among VA facilities remains unchanged, with two stars out of a possible five. The newspaper says that means the facility's in the bottom third of the VA's 128 acute care and surgery facilities.
Officials say they've also added 15 call center positions to reduce the time to answer calls.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Derivative Works
What about Source vs Binary?
What if I download a source only version of a GPL work?
Is the compiled binary a derived work (a translation?) or is it simply "fair use" of the GPL work?
If it is not "fair use", what else are you supposed to do with source code? Just read it?
If it is "fair use", are source only packages shooting themselves in the foot?
U R Confused--Linked in what way!!
Only dynamic linking is legal to GPL'd libraries because that does not include the source code in the work. Static linking is not allowed by the GPL because that does include the source code in the resulting work. LGPL is meant to allow static linking into new works. Stallman allows this sometimes for different reasons--for example, when alternative proprietary libraries are all ready freely available and already allow this... such as with flex and bison.
Re: Derivative Works
While the FSF's disagreement might indicate at what point the FSF, in enforcing it's own copyrights, might decide that filing a suit is necessary, it is not necessarially the interpretation which a court, applying the pronciples of Copyright law, might give to the same provision.
The great strength of the GPL is also the great weakness of the GPL. The GPL utilizes the exclusive rights granted by copyright law to the author of a piece of software to perform a kind of legal jiu jitsu. The strength of copyright law is used to subvert copyright law.
On the other hand, where copyright law is weak, the GPL is also weak. And Copyright law is weak in the area of derived works when it comes to software. That's because a "method of operation" is not copyrightable.
Recently there was a discussion on the Linux Kernel Mailing List about the NVidia graphics drivers for Linux. These drivers are distributed as a closed source binary object and a GPLed interface module which intergaces between the (GPLed) kernel and the closed source binary object. The question raised was is NVidia in violation of the GPL by distributing such a work. The correct answer is remarkably complex but it revolves around what constitutes a derivative work.
Is a driver a derivative work of the kernel? That depends. It may very well incorporate an include file or two and perhaps even some inline functions which are required to interface with the Kernel. The FSF position is that linking is determinative. But here's an example which might convince you otherwise.
What if the binary object was written for a completely different OS? It's a object file with functions and metadata so that it can be loaded and relocated. Is it a dervied work of the Linux kernel? Does writing an interface, using the generally accepted "methods of operation" for modules make it a derived work of the Kernel?
These legal questions are difficult. We also have to be careful not to overspecify when software becomes a derivative work of the OS it runs under or else we give Microsoft too much control over what software can me written and used on MS operating systems.
I think that the answer is clear, if you use published (or even undocumented) interfaces to an Operating SYstem, you are utilizing uncopyrightable "methos of operation" and are not creating derived works.
What does this say about incorporating GNU Readline? It tells you when the FSF is likely to sue you for doing so, not whether doing so makes you liable for creating a derived work.
Re: Derivative Works
Even linking dynamically to a library requires using an include file of function prototypes in the C and C++ languages and that include file, being part of the GPL protected work, is now part of your source code, and thus, your work is now GPL.
So, in practical terms, there is no way to "link" to a GPL library without transferring the terms of the GPL to your own work.
I have never seen any C or C++ program that did not include some of the standard headers like stdio.h etc.
No. The #include is
The #include is incorporated within an image in RAM when I compile, and there's explicit permission in the copyright law to make such copies if it's a necessary step in running the program.
Re: Derivative Works
You really don't "need" header files with function prototypes to link c code. It's foolish not to use them, but they are not mandatory
Re: Derivative Works
But it goes to the intent. Clearly the FSF has spelled out the intent of the GPL by creating the LGPL to address such circumstances as proprietary linking (with supporting documents that spell out their intent). Version 2 of the GPL was specifically written to deal with linking. There are stronger copyrights such as the Affero GPL which close the loophole for web services. Any other loopholes would be cleared up in version 3 of the GPL. It comes down to what the author of the library or program intended. If they wish proprietary programs to be able to link to their program then they would put it under the LGPL or a number of other OSI liscences. If however they intend any program linking or using their code to recontribute then there is the GPL.
Re: Derivative Works
Sure it goes to the intent of what the author intended to accomplish with the license, but that does not address whether the author has the right to make that kind of restriction.
If I try to use a license which attempts to take away your right to make Fair Uses of my copyrighted work, I should expect such an attempt to fail because I'm not granted the right to restrict Fair Uses by copyright law. Sure my intent is clear, but unless I'm exercising an exclusive right guaranteed by Copyright Law, then I don't have the right to do that which I intend.
Consider this scenario.
Suppose someone writes a library that implements a standard API - for which commercial versions already exist - and he GPL's it. Both libraries are dynamically linkable.
Now, I write an application that uses that standard API. Are you telling me
that if I link my binary against the GPL'ed library - then my application must be GPL'ed - but if I link it against the commercial version, it doesn't?
Bear in mind that the resulting binary will be bit-for-bit identical in those two cases.
Suppose - you are right - and I link against the commercial one - and distribute my application (without the library code). Now someone runs my application (without my knowledge) against the GPL'ed code. Is my application *now* caught in the GPL trap? What if I didn't even know the GPL'ed version of the library existed? What if it didn't even exist when I wrote my application?
If dynamic linking fell legally under the GPL, we could force Microsoft to release the entire source code to WORD - by simply writing a GPL'ed plug-compatible DLL that matched one of the DLL's that WORD links to!
That's just silly.
Hence, one absolutely MUST distinguish the dynamically linked case from the static case.
The difference between the intent of LGPL and GPL is mainly to cover that statically linked case. LGPL provides the application author with an alternative to releasing his source code when statically linking to the library.
Instead of GPL'ing the entire application source code, he may provide some means to re-link the application against alternative versions of the library. This could include shipping source code under some non-GPL license - or it could mean shipping partially compiled ".o" files with instructions on how to statically link against new versions of the library.
This provision allows library authors to provide statically linkable versions of their libraries that can still be used by closed source commercial applications - albeit with some difficulty. ..yet it still gives the end user most of the benefits of full GPL for the library code.
Without these provisions, there would also be terrible difficulties with linking applications to multiple libraries - some under GPL, others under some commercial license.
Re: Consider this scenario.
but maybe the only problem is that you can't distribute it..
Dynamic linking, as Stallman himself puts it, "unfortunately cannot force the GPL upon the derrivative work".
Only static linking applies to what you are saying because only static linking includes parts of the library in the resulting work. As for dynamic linking, it could link to any compatible library. It doesn't necessarilly have to be the GPL'd one. The GPL'd one is separate and therefore cannot possibly have any legal rights over anything that links to it.
If you write a letter and save it in a format compatible with Microsoft Word, does that mean Microsoft can put a copyright on your letter?
I am not familiar with Word's license so, a hypothetical might be best...
If (1) the license under which "WordProcessingSoftware" (WPS) is released states that anything you write with the software is in the public domain; and (2) you agree to the license, use the software, and write a novel, is the novel in the public domain?
Is the "Novel" copyrighted by you? Is the copyright limited by the license under which you wrote the "Novel?"
Licenses may be binding, and I think good lawyers should work to make the license clear. The problem is that some companies can "make money" by having "unclear" licenses. I advice everyone to read the license(s) they agree to be bound by and attempt to understand their reach...
not quite
If a license is on its face illegal under copyright law (e.g. does not allow fair use), then even if you agree to the license you are not bound by it. In much the same way that a contract that violates existing law is not binding (i.e. even if you sign a contract to become someone's slave, you obviously are not bound by it).
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Stayed for the week in Jan 2013. We had decent weather for January, temps in the 60s and a couple of days when it hit low 70s. Not much going on in the winter season. Well maintained,spotlessly clean facilities. Outside areas around the pools are beautiful however the front desk told us the reason they put us in a unit... More
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Learn how the Exchange Server 2003 Management Pack for Microsoft Operations Manager 2005 can help improve the health and performance of Exchange Server 2003 through specialized, proactive monitoring and alerting. In this webcast, we will explore the wide
range of valuable tools and knowledge contained in these Management Packs and show you how they can be used to identify, understand, and resolve IT health issues to keep Exchange running and your organization's emails flowing.
Presenter: Dale Koetke, Lead Program Manager - WEMD, Microsoft Corporation
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About the Author
Dan Slott is a comics writer best known for his work on series including DC s ARKHAM ASYLUM: LIVING HELL, and, for Marvel, THE AVENGERS and THE AMAZING SPIDER-MAN.
Mike Gallagher is a talk radio host syndicated nationally by the Salem Radio Network. He also appears regularly on the Fox News Channel as a contributor and guest host. Gallagher is a pundit for the popular news and opinion website Newsmax.com. Gallagher and his wife live in New York City and in the Dallas/Fort Worth area.
Karl Bollers has written comics for 20 years, for Marvel and Archie. His notable titles were Machine Man, Muties, Emma Frost, and Sonic the Hedgehog. Karl also has edited for Marvel comics as well.


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The current population of Columbia Metro is 808,817 with the median age of 41. Columbia Metro's median household income is $44,834, and the average household net worth is $354,412.
|Columbia Metro
|South Carolina
|United States
|Median Household Income
|Average Household Net Worth
|Median Age
|41 years
|38 years
|37 years
Age distribution represents the distribution of the population in Columbia Metro by age group. In Columbia Metro, the male-to-female ratio is 393,823:415,017, which is 0% higher than the ratio of South Carolina, which is 2,358,368:2,490,094. Age demographic data is sourced from census, 2015.
Crime rate index represents the average crime rate for a local area in comparison to nearby areas and the national average. A crime index of 100 represents the national average. Columbia Metro, has 30% less property crime than South Carolina, and is 10% below the nation's average. Columbia Metro, has 9% less personal crime than South Carolina and when compared to that of United States, Columbia Metro is 42% above the national average.
Marital status represents the percent of residents in Columbia Metro that are single, married, widowed and divorced. In Columbia Metro, 69% of people are married and 31% of people are single. The percent of people married is 1% lower than the ratio of South Carolina, which is 70%. Marital data is sourced from census, 2015.
Household income distribution represents the distribution of Columbia Metro income brackets at the household level. Overall, the median household income for Columbia Metro is $44,834, which is 2% higher than that of South Carolina ($44,133). Income data for Columbia Metro is sourced from census, 2015.
Education data represents the highest level of education attained by residents in Columbia Metro. In Columbia Metro, 18% of residents 18 and over graduated from high school and 35% completed a Bachelor's degree or higher, which is 6% higher than that of South Carolina. Education statistics is sourced from census, 2015.


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Even before the civil-rights organization was caught up in the Seattle Public Schools' financial scandal, the city had reduced its financial support drastically, killing one big contract and slashing another.
It's already been a rough year for the Urban League of Metropolitan Seattle.
Even before the venerable civil-rights organization was caught up in the Seattle Public Schools' financial scandal, the city had reduced its financial support drastically, killing one big contract and slashing another.
In January, the city yanked a $500,000-a-year contract for the Urban League's youth-violence prevention work and awarded it to other organizations. The city criticized the Urban League for submitting vague, inaccurate invoices — accusations similar to those raised by auditors in the schools scandal.
The city also cut long-standing financial support of the Urban League's center to help minority small-business owners to get construction contracts, deciding to seek other bidders for the first time in years.
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In the midst of all this, longtime President James Kelly stepped down in January, citing health and personal concerns.
The Urban League has been largely silent since the school-district state audit made headlines last week.
Tony Benjamin, the Urban League's acting chief executive, said he's been through a "baptism by fire" and would answer questions at a news conference Wednesday morning. The group has tapped political consultant Cathy Allen for advice.
"We'll address all of that tomorrow," Benjamin said. "Hopefully, it will clear the air."
State audit
Questions about the Urban League's handling of public contracts surfaced in the state audit, which questioned $1.8 million in expenses in Seattle Public Schools' small-business contracting program.
The Urban League was the largest single recipient of that money, receiving nearly $600,000 in contracts that were labeled "questionable uses of public funds" by auditors.
One of the Urban League's big contracts from the city of Seattle was awarded in 2009 as part of then-Mayor Greg Nickels' initiative to tamp down violence after a rash of shootings in Central and South Seattle.
The no-bid contract paid the Urban League about $900,000 for its work over two years.
As part of the program, the Urban League hired outreach staff to seek out troubled youths and try to reconnect them with schools, jobs and counseling.
But this year, under Mayor Mike McGinn, the city decided to put the contract out for competitive bidding. The Urban League submitted a bid, but the work was awarded to the YMCA and Therapeutic Health Services in January, records show.
A city evaluation finished last month criticized the Urban League's performance on the contract — rating its performance "below requirements" or "deficient" in 16 of 28 categories.
The harshest grades were for sloppy invoices and budget problems — issues similar to those raised by state auditors with the Urban League's work with the school district.
The organization met the city's contract requirements in 10 categories and was rated "superior" in two — including praise for trying innovative approaches to the violence problem.
Mariko Lockhart, head of the city's Youth Violence Prevention Initiative, described the Urban League's record on the project as mixed.
"They had strong staff. I just think the oversight of it was probably not tight," said Lockhart, describing the organization's invoices and other records as "a mess" — especially after the departure of program coordinator Jamila Taylor.
Taylor, who quit the Urban League last fall, now works on the youth-violence-prevention effort with Therapeutic Health Services.
She said she could not explain the Urban League's difficulties but said the youth-violence effort has paid dividends by reaching at-risk kids.
"We were able to do some very important things to help kids stay out of some trouble," Taylor said.
Even before losing its city contract, there was some indication the Urban League was having financial difficulties. "It was always a rush to make sure we turned around their bill as fast as possible so they could meet their payroll," Lockhart said.
When the city late last year declined to pay the Urban League bonuses of several thousand dollars on the youth-violence effort, the organization complained and threatened to go to the City Council or mayor, Lockhart said.
Second blow
A second blow came when the city drastically cut the Urban League's other major contract that supported its Contractor Development & Competitiveness Center.
The CDCC was created in 2002 to help small minority-owned businesses win construction contracts. The city spent about $480,000 a year between 2003 and 2010 on the CDCC, according to McGinn's office.
That was reduced to $100,000 this year, and city departments were encouraged to seek other competitors to do similar work, Deputy Mayor Darryl Smith said.
Requiring more competitive bidding for contracts "is the direction we're going" with all city services, Smith said.
"It's difficult for the public to buy that you're not going to work your contracts in that way," he said.
CDCC program
The state audit accused the Urban League of overcharging the school district to fund its CDCC program.
Auditors said the school district was overcharged by the Urban League for services that did not benefit the district — including up to $15,000 a month for "general overhead and administration."
The Urban League didn't document how the charges benefitted the school district, but it stated repeatedly that the money was needed "to keep the doors open," auditors said.
The State Auditor's Office now is examining the CDCC as part of its regular audit of the city of Seattle, spokeswoman Mindy Chambers said Wednesday.
Jim Brunner: 206-515-5628 or email@example.com


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Will Murray
Senior Producer
What started out as a phone call from a kid with cancer has lead to a full-time career for Will Murray. It was in 1997 that Howard picked up on 17-year-old Will who was battling Stage IV Hodgkin's. Will believes that phone call to be at least partially responsible for his recovery. A lifelong Stern fan, Will went on to study at Syracuse University, majoring in TV, Radio and Film– three mediums his idol had already mastered. Interning alongside fellow producer Jason Kaplan in 2001, Will soon became Howard's guest researcher, providing copious notes and information on every guest that goes on the show, from Paul McCartney to Jeff the Drunk. His role has since expanded to include booking guests and writing and producing show segments like 'Dumber Than A Box Of Rocks' and 'Win Fred's Money'.