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"Makkah Al-Mukarramah" Top 5 Page for this destination Mecca by imran8852
Mecca Travel Guide: 160 reviews and 341 photos
Makkah Al-Mukarramah; a place where every faithful Muslim heart longed to be even just once in their lifetime. The place where even the toughest heart will melt like ice and the place that you'll miss even before you leave…This is the most holiest place on earth for Muslim. All The picture here was all taken by my parents during Hajj except one.The picture of the Holy Kaabah was taken by my mischievous uncle Abdul Rahim who was willing to depart with his camera in case he got caught.I can only give limited information concerning Hajj and Umrah since there is a lack of space and time! For more information regarding Hajj and Umrah, kindly visit http://www.islamicity.com
This is The Scenery Outside Masjidil Haram At Night During Umrah Season. Masjidil Haram Is Open 24hrs A Day.
For Those Who Will Be Coming Here Soon To Perform The Hajj Or Umrah…Remember That You Are "Dhuyufur Rahman" Or The Guest Of Allah, Do Your Best! For You May Never Know If You'll Be Given The Chance To Be Here Again...
This Is The Outside Picture Of Masjidil Haram During Hajj Season.You Could Find Street's Vendor Everywhere Around The Corner Regardless Whether It Is Hajj Season Or Not But There Are Lesser Pilgrims During Umrah Season Though.
Reviews (15)
Another place that you should visit in Mecca is the museum if you have the time. Here you can see a lot of Islamic... more travel advice
Ja'ronah Mosque is about 22km from Masjidil Haram. This is also one of the places for your 'Miqat' to perform your... more travel advice
Jabal Nur Is About 3km From Masjidil Haram. There's A Cave In This Mountain Called 'The Cave Of Hira ' Where Prophet... more travel advice
There's a cave in this mountain where Muhammad s.a.w and his dear friend Abu Bakr took refuge from the pagans of Mecca... more travel advice
Been to Mecca?Share your travels with the world!
Comments (11)
where i can find it ?
aslamualacum Imran........you have done a great thing by adding these pages on Mekka and performing and recommending visits...thank you and God bless you..I wish all those who have performed Umra or hajj should be able to contribute..regards
(update 6/27)Extraordinary education you've given me about Mecca & the importance of it to all Muslims. I learned new words such as "Kiswa and tawaf". Found the throwing of the pebbles fascinating. Also enjoyed learned about the Tent City. Thanks so much.
Imran, These pages are absolutely wonderful. I have performed the Hajj a couple of months ago and reading through your pages reminded me of that wonderful trip.
Hello Imran. Thank you very much for this page & showing things that as a non-Muslim I will never see in my life... Superb tips here, my ratings are with you. Greetings from Dubai / Jess
Another great page! Your written on "Fondest Memory" describe it all.
thx 4 d'tips that got my memory of an excotic palace is back
I found this page on Mecca very interesting. Thank you for your insights into this holy tradition.
Thanks for sharing your trip to Mecca. Interesting to see these places which are off limits to non-Muslims. Do people send postcards home? Cheers, SL
Selamat menyambut Hari Lahir, Imran. Semoga Allah berkati kamu dan keluarga. Abu
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Goldsboro police have released surveillance photos of two bank robbers from earlier this week.
The two men robbed the KS Bank on Wayne Memorial Drive Tuesday just before 3:00 p.m.
The duo were wearing dark clothing and left with an undetermined amount of money.
Anyone with information about the bank robbery is asked to contact Crimestoppers by phone at 919-735-2255 or text Crimestoppers at 919-273-6585.

subset: commoncrawl


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Home 5 way tournament on the first XV and second XV pitches. Everyone who turns up gets game time!
Memorial Ground, Pownall Park Kings Road Wilmslow Cheshire SK9 5PZ View with Google Maps
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I love playing my Gibson 335. It has .010 - 0.046 light gauge strings on it. My acoustic dreadnaught I am using 0.011 - 0.050 gauge light strings on it but they are a bit stiffer and I like to bend my strings some. I know most dread players seem to use 0.012 - 0.054 strings. Much too stiff for my taste. So, my question is anyone know of any issues using 0.010 - 0.046 gauge on a dread? Too light for the instrument? Maybe causing some neck issues from not enough tension? Thanks for any input.
Views: 357
It's unlikely a modern acoustic will have a problem with lower tensioned strings. However, there are, IMO, a few things to consider before you change strings. If you're accustomed to your 335, it's likely you'll never find a string set for your acoustic which has the same bending ability. Acoustics are, for the most part, simply played differently then electrics.
Next, try placing a capo on your acoustic which will reduce the scale length. Shorter scale length, with all other things equal, will result in lower overall tension for the player. You can also tune down a half or whole step and use your capo to compensate for the tuning.
If you are still convinced you need lower tension, look for string sets which are advertised to provide just that quality. The Martin FX line for example is made with a thinner core wire which makes them more flexible against similar gauge sets. Also check the manufacturer's web site for a comparison of tensions across all the strings they build. Several, though certainly not all, string retailers have such charts and they can provide some useful information for someone looking for a specific quality.
The last thing I would do is to just walk up to the counter at your local Guitar Center and ask for strings which are good for bending on your acoustic.
Thanks, Jan. All good suggestions. I know my acoustic will never play like my 335. Just trying to get a little closer. Actually bending stings on my acoustic with the 0.011 on the high string works pretty good for the most part. Tuning down and using the capo does work surprisingly well. That's probably the way I will go. I have a tendency to play differently on my 335 when it is plugged in and when it is not. I play it a lot but don't plug it in very often. Not very loud that way but something very appealing about it. I can play late at night without waking anyone up in the house. Thanks for the tips.
Dan, I use Martin's SP7200 Medium guage 13-56's on my HD-28 tuned down a whole step. I like the feel and the tone that way, which suits my voice, and a lot of different styles of playing. I have no trouble bending the strings when I want to do it.
" I play it a lot but don't plug it in very often. Not very loud that way but something very appealing about it. I can play late at night without waking anyone up in the house."
Someone told me that once when he was playing a Stratocaster through a little $20 practice amp attached to his belt. Heck! I thought waking the entire neighborhood was one of the reasons you bought a Strat.
I have 10-48 on one of mine ( 46 might be a tad to lite for a bass string ) the only real difference would be that you will loose some volume ability. It definetely will not harm the instrument but I would recomend that the guitar be set up properly for the lite strings and that your intonation is checked to as close as you can get it to keep the tone right so you can seperate the right notes from each other.
My other guitars are set up with much higher tension strings because they just work better with them like that so it really depends on the guitar and what it will do for you.ship
You might need to adjust the tension on your truss rod when switching gauges like that. You'll also notice a less volume, less bass and less richness of tone. A biggie when playing acoustically, maybe not as big if you're throwing a pickup in and plugging in for shows, though.
10 just seems way too light for an acoustic. Yes, you "can", but you should look at this as a temporary step toward building up the strength in your hands and getting used to being an acoustic player. I play mostly electric, but I play a Stat with 11's. My D28 has 13's on it. I can bend and do almost the same style and speed as I can on my electric.
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Advice for getting along with your officemate.
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The poor quality of higher education in sub-Saharan Africa has been the subject of many articles, reports and papers. The situation has significantly improved; but more, much more remains to be done.
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Scholars Day, open educational resources, writing talent and more.
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According to data from Pricewaterhouse Coopers and the International Franchise Association, approximately 25% of today's franchisees are female. Franchisors are taking note and starting to make their business opportunities specifically targeted at female franchisees. FranchiseHelp.com conducted an informal poll to find out which franchises were most attractive to females looking to start their own business.
Check out the list of 20 franchises that poll respondents thought women considering launching their own business should get to know from FranchiseHelp's franchise blog.
20 Franchises for Women Franchisees
This post on franchises for women originally appeared at FranchiseHelp.com, the world's largest independent source for franchise opportunity information, and advice.


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Discover a selection of top forums mafia mums on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums mafia mums and meet other fans of mafia mums. Then, why don't you create your own forum of mafia mums ?
Cry Wolf is a brand new forum focused on the forum version of the deception game Mafia/Werewolves
wolf, brand, focused, version, deception, game, mafia/werewolves
MMA, Pwning, and Debauchery
turkish, #mafia, pwning, debauchery


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Laura A. Lewis Chocolate and Corn Flour: History, Race, and Place in the Making of "Black" Mexico
Bristol, Joan, Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies
Laura A. Lewis
Chocolate and Corn Flour: History, Race, and Place in the Making of "Black" Mexico
Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012, xv + 362 pp.
Chocolate and Corn Flour tackles themes central to Mexico's past and present: national identity, race and racism, and the meaning of home, community, and self-identity within the context of migration. Lewis explores these issues through an ethnography of San Nicolas Tolentino, a moreno town in the state of Guerrero, and extends her study in the final chapter to the San Nicoladense migrant community in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Unlike scholars who have focused on San Nicoladenses' African roots, she examines what she identifies as a moreno identity, translating "moreno" as "black Indian." This involves two steps: Lewis studies the current community of San Nicolas and its colonial and independence-era history. She also unearths assumptions underlying scholarship on race and blackness in Mexico and traces their impact on coastal residents as well as Mexican and US scholars.
Lewis claims that, instead of seeing themselves as "Afro-Mexicans" or "Afro-Mestizos," as scholars have identified them, San Nicoladenses see themselves as black Indians and as Mexicans. San Nicolas is located on the Costa Chica, a coastal belt straddling the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. Its residents, like many on the coast, identify as morenos and are of African descent, although not exclusively. Lewis explores the interactions between morenos, Indians (including Amuzgos and Mixtecs), and whites (largely outsiders to the coast). She is particularly interested in San Nicoladenses' interactions with "culture workers." These politicians, artists, journalists, community organizers, and scholars espouse the "Africa thesis," John McDowell's term for the belief that the coastal culture is African to a large degree. Lewis reveals the Africa thesis as a US import, a set of assumptions passed by the anthropologist Melville Herskovits to his disciple Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran, the influential 20th-century scholar of people of African descent in Mexico. Current groups such as Mexico Negro and the Meetings of Black Towns, organized to unite economically disadvantaged communities and claim political recognition, rest on this thesis. Lewis does not deny the importance of their efforts, yet she argues that the Africa thesis and the search for African survivals do not reflect morenos' identities as black Indians. She claims that community groups do not address moreno concerns, which are more about daily survival and the need to migrate for work and less about possible connections between coastal and African cultural practices. Moreover, Lewis notes that many elements that Aguirre Beltran and others saw as African--a style of building round houses and religious ideas about the soul and destiny--are also found in indigenous cultures. Lewis points out that the Africa thesis, meant to include morenos in the formulation of Mexican national identity and bring them into diasporic discussions, actually serves to distance morenos by implying they are outsiders to Mexico.
Lewis demonstrates how morenos have developed their identity within an understanding of mestizaje, or racial mixing, the discourse that undergirds Mexican national identity. …


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Friday, November 21, 2008
Why should companies pay out dividends?
In reality however the money is wasted away on failed acquisitions, taking on too much risk with new products. Companies that consistently not only pay but increase their dividends over time are more fiscally responsible than the companies that don't pay any dividends.
Companies that reward shareholders with dividends are showing confidence in their ability to generate growing earnings because they could afford to. Furthermore companies paying out dividends show shareholders those earnings are real and not manufactured by an army of CPA's.
As a small business owner myself, I enjoy getting cash back from my businesses on a regular schedule so that I could decide if I wanted to reinvest into the business by purchasing more shares or spend it on something else.
Last but not least most companies can only grow their ROE/ROA so much as they could be reaching the limits of their marketplace. The ROE would then incrementally start declining, making it worthwhile for these stocks to pay out dividends instead of spending the cash on acquisitions to buy competitors or start a division in a completely new sector in order to diversify. More often than not branching out into different industries does not work.
Microsoft has been a recent stock which has initiated and closely followed a dividend growth strategy over the past five years. Cisco Systems also recently announced that it was seriously considering paying a dividend to its stockholders.
According to Ned Davis Research, dividend paying stocks have also outperformed non dividend paying stocks over the past 35 years.
To summarize it is nice for companies to pay out some portion of earnings (up to mid 50%) back and then reinvest the rest in the business. Long term success comes from good balancing of the owners', management and enterprise interests.
Relevant Articles:
- How low can Dow go?
- My Dividend Growth Plan - Strategy
- When to sell your dividend stocks? Part 2
- Diversification and portfolio allocation
- The friendliest states for dividend investors
4 comments:
- AnonymousNovember 21, 2008 at 11:12 AM
Not to mention the fact that if companies didn't pay out dividends then the stock market as we know it could not exist. All the value of a share of stock is is the present value of all (expected) cash flows associated with owning that stock. Any capital gain/loss on a stock is just investors adjusting their present value of future cash flows (increasing or decreasing their expectations).ReplyDelete
Even for companies that don't pay dividends (like RIM or Google), it is EXPECTED that they will pay them one day in the future; that's what the value of their stocks represent.
If no company ever paid out dividends and the expectation was that none of them ever will then the value of your shares in that company would be zero; there would be no future benefit to you of owning the stock.
Your comment was right on the money. If companies weren't paying out any dividends to shareholders, then no matter how profitable companies are.. Stocks might end up permanently undervalued..
So, the reason that people bought Berkshire all these years was the expectation that it would eventually pay a dividend? This, in spite of the fact that Buffett himself has said that he likely won't ever pay one?ReplyDelete
I don't think that dividends (future or present) are a prerequisite for stock values. So long as companies use the capital sufficiently well, why wouldn't you continue to expect that, and continue to expect other investors to be willing to purchase that stock from you at some future time?
Berkshire is the exception rather than the rule.
I would like to get increasing capital gains and I am all for some reinvesting of earnings back for the business to grow and maintain liquidity. But more often than not businesses spend those money on acquisitions/projects that not only do not add value but also lose a lot of funds. I am all for a balance. The issue in corporate US is that the shareholders are the last ones to get paid. That's why they should demand dividends from mgmt ( oh yeah executives still get paid with shareholders money even if the company is losing billions). A company that doesn't pay dividends shows that they do not believe in the stability of their business model.
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G'day! I am a Freelance Australian American Designer based in San Francisco, California. I focus on Human Interface Design (UI/UX), Icon Design, Identity & Branding, and Special Projects.
I have worked in various capacities for companies including Apple, Instagram, Facebook, Uber, Stipple, DoubleTwist, Tapulous, Cooliris, and Revision3. Way back in the day, I was a Production Intern for X-Play.
If you would like to work together, please feel free to send me an email. I am also in the process of starting a new agency which will offer even more services in addition to design.
Photo by Tristan O'Tierney.


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Shoe Carnival is collaborating with Lifetime's "Devious Maids" to further promote the company's first national, integrated advertising campaign. The advertising campaign coincides with the season two premiere of the series, which will debut Sunday, April 20, at 10 p.m. EDT/PDT.
Bob Varakian and and Stephen Spitz were appointed to new roles at leading kitchenware and tabletop manufacturer Lifetime Brands.


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We have a 2 1/2 year old son who sometime over the winter has developed a fear of the wind. We live in Canada, right next to the ocean so there is no escaping it. The other day was so nice and sunny so while LO was napping I tried to take ODS out on the deck ( I brought the monitor out with me!) to blow some bubbles. He wouldn't come out of the house! Even if it's the slightest breeze he freaks out! Warm or cool wind, it doesn't matter. If this keeps up the summer is going to suck!
Does anyone have any experience with this? What kinds of things can I try to help him? I think it came about from two stories he has, one where Piglet gets blown away in "A Blustery Day" and one that Franklin is scared of thunderstorms. He keeps saying he doesn't want the wind to "scoop him up". I've tried telling him he's a big boy and the wind can't pick him up and that he's safe, but he's not buying it.
Any suggestions?


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The legendary Prestons of Bolton, the Diamond Centre of the North and one of the most famous jewellery stores in the United Kingdom. A Bolton institution and landmark since 1869, our Edwardian flagship store has for decades been the destination for diamond rings and wedding rings.
Our Rolex boutique was the first outside of London and Prestons now offers the largest collection of Tudor watches in the North of England.
The Timeball Building,
2 Deansgate, Bolton, Lancashire
Call us on: 01204 552550
Fax: 01204 552551
Monday - Saturday
9.30am - 5pm
Champagne Sundays
Bank Holiday Opening Times
Monday: 11.00am - 5.00pm
Celebrations begin with champagne and at Prestons, our champagne bars are legendary. Our stores are the perfect location to toast to your engagement, or celebrate the purchase of your new watch. We look forward to welcoming new and existing clients, in all four of our stores. Whatever the celebration, there is no place like Prestons.


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Researchers grow Biological Hard Drive from Bacteria
Researchers at the University of Leeds have used a type of bacterium which 'eats' iron to create a surface of magnets, similar to those found in traditional hard drives, and wiring. As the bacterium ingests the iron it creates tiny magnets within itself. The team has also begun to understand how the proteins inside these bacteria collect, shape and position these "nanomagnets" inside their cells and can now replicate this behavior outside the bacteria. Using this knowledge the team hopes to develop a 'bottom-up' approach for creating cheaper, more environmentally-friendly electronics of the future.
The magnetic array was created using a protein which creates perfect nanocrystals of magnetite inside the bacterium Magnetospirilllum magneticum. In a process akin to potato-printing on a much smaller scale, this protein is attached to a gold surface in a checkerboard pattern and placed in a solution containing iron. At a temperature of 80°C, similarly-sized crystals of magnetite form on the sections of the surface covered by the protein. The researchers are now working to reduce the size of these islands of magnets, in order to make arrays of single nanomagnets. They also plan to vary the magnetic materials that this protein can control. These next steps would allow each of these nanomagnets to hold one bit of information allowing the construction of better hard drives. [via]
Researchers grow Biological Hard Drive from Bacteria – [Link]


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Blocking the pipeline, as Obama officially did on Friday, will, in the end, create no net savings in carbon emissions. Full story »
Because Obama has made fighting climate change so central to his second term, he's effectively painted himself into a corner on this one. Full story »
Changes must be personal, social, political and economic. Fortunately, they are also possible, if we have the collective will. What's more, many of those changes may very well make our world more enjoyable. Full story »
Those who would wish to rely on the sun and the wind and energy sources that haven't yet been developed will be waiting for quite some time before their clean dreams are a big piece of our day-to-day. Full story »
We need to get this issue into the public mind and support Obama in his veto of this disastrous project. Full story »
Sen. Elizabeth Warren discusses opposition to Keystone XL Oil pipeline; concerns about lack of long-term investment in renewable energySen. Elizabeth Warren discusses opposition to Keystone XL Oil pipeline; concerns about lack of long-term investment in renewable energySpeaking at an editorial board meeting in Worcester on Monday, Warren discussed her opposition to the Keystone XL oil pipeline and her reluctance to embrace the Kinder Morgan Tennessee Natural Gas pipeline. Full story »
Tar sands oil is more costly to extract. Until recently, international oil prices have been high enough to make it profitable. With recent declining prices, profitability is now in question. Depriving TransCanada of its preferred method of transportation has the potential to make it unprofitable. That's why we should oppose the pipeline. Full story »
While some lawmakers have hailed the project as being part of a solid energy strategy that would also create jobs, others oppose the project, with some citing environmental concerns. Full story »
We've long argued in this space that Keystone opponents don't have much in the way of logic behind their claims. But that doesn't change the politics, the fact that liberals are generally lined up on one side and conservatives on the other. Full story »
I would remind the writer that if, in fact, this country were a true democracy, the collective vote of the citizenry would have long ago defeated Obamacare. Full story »
Trouble is, the future remains, well, in the future. Today, fossil fuels are still the primary source of the power that turns on the lights in our homes and runs the machines on factory floors across the land. Full story »


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I'm writing a program & I want to have 2 SQL Server databases. One on the client and one on the server. I would like to check the internet connectivity in my program and if the user is connected to the internet the server database is used and if it's offline then the client database is used and then when the user connects to the internet the server database updates itself with the client database.
As the two databases are exactly the same and have the same tables how can I do this? I mean connection strings and the dbml file contents.


text: I was having issues with this for the past 3 WP versions, finally I just deactivated it. I asked the question HERE and a mediator helped me to realized it was one of the plugins. This was the plug in causing the issue, maybe you can look for a fix? I used Internet explorer, all newer versions with tabs.


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Conveniently located near the bike path in the summer, and the River Run ski access area in the winter, guests will love the location of Christophe Condominiums. The area offers a free shuttle that stops in front of the complex, connecting to both ski lifts on Bald Mountain, downtown Ketchum, and the Sun Valley and Elkhorn Resorts. Complex amenities include common area pool, a common area hot tub, a barbecue grill in the common area, coin operated laundry facilities and underground parking.
This silver or moderate one bedroom, one bathroom unit has an area of approximately 1,000 square feet and is located on the ground level. The living room has a 42-inch flat screen TV and blue ray player. The dining room has a seating good for four guests. The master bedroom has a king bed, 32-inch flat screen TV, desk with chair and a master bathroom with two person jetted tub. This unit has no air conditioning system and this unit can accommodate up to four guests. All linens and towels are provided as well as soaps, shampoos and lotions.
Photos are representative of the property and may differ from the actual unit that is reserved.
For more detailed information about the amenities for this property please call one of our
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Our agents live, work and play in the destinations we offer, ensuring you benefit from local expertise while planning your trip.
They went the extra mile to offer me the most up to date rates and availability for my vacation.
Their staff was very knowledgeable and quick in response to all my questions. I would book with them again!
-Shauna K.


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Tajy Poty Group
The committee is called Tajy Poty and is currently in its second cycle. Its members comprise 18 dedicated women who outdo themselves day after day to increase their earnings and thus offer the best to their respective families. All the members are very hardworking and have invested their loan monies in their respective businesses.
One of the members is Juana who has as her business the sale of general items for the home. She has a lot of experience due to the length of time she has had the business. Through her good management her business is growing and she now has a large customer base.
The loan is requested for purchasing canned goods, cleaning supplies, hardware items, books and pharmaceuticals.
El comité lleva por nombre Tajy Poty actualmente se encuentran en el segundo ciclo, integrada por 18 luchadoras señoras, quienes se esmeran días tras días para aumentar sus ingresos y por ende brindarle lo mejor a sus respectivas familias. Todas las integrantes son muy trabajadoras, quienes han invertido sus préstamos en sus respectivas actividades.
Una de ellas es la integrantes es la señora Juana quien tiene como actividad para generar ingresos un negocio donde vende artículos generales para la casa.
Ella tiene mucha experiencia en esta actividad por la antigüedad de su negocio y mediante una buena administración va creciendo y actualmente tiene gran cantidad de cliente.
Solicita el préstamo para la compra enlatados, artículos de limpieza, ferretería, librería, farmacia.
Additional Information
About Fundación ParaguayaFundación Paraguaya is a financially self-sustaining social enterprise that promotes entrepreneurship in urban and rural areas through microfinance, education programs, and more. Its focus on agriculture has helped many farmers boost their crop yields. And a number of other borrowers have taken out loans to start and grow social businesses that have helped deliver eyeglasses, medicines and other helpful services in their local communities.
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Paraguay
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Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 6 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Jun 22, 2010
- Listed
- Jul 25, 2010
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Covered
- Ended:
- Nov 15, 2010


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|Berkeley Parents Network
|Post a Msg
|What's New
Weaning a 4-year-old
I would love to get any ideas about how to wean a just 4-year old. I am trying the activity substitution, but she still insists after her books at night, and in the middle of the night, I can't think of anything I'd rather do, so I fall asleep with her at the wheel. Really look forward to hearing your own experiences/advice. Thanks Embarassed
I remember saying something like, ''No darling no nursing till the morning'' with warmth, sureness and absolute clarity. I remember there were some occasions where he flipped out but I just told him Id hold him but no nursing at night. It didnt take long for him to hear my boundary and since then Im sleeping through the night after 3.5 years of nursing thru the night!
I should add that I would forgo this ''only'' when he was very ill (which has only been once so far) with a raging fever at night. Nursing really soothed his restlessness and bought the fever down quicker.
be firm loving and clear and prepared to let her have her feelings about it without guilt. avid nurser
I have successfully cut out night nursing by wearing shirts w/no buttons down the front & by tucking them in (if you're amenable to nightdresses, that could be a solution, too). That was a BIG step, and I found my sleep was deeper after that, too. Recently, we've cut out ''morning wake-up nu'' with some grumbling; I just hold him and we talk about the day ahead. ''Going-to-sleep nu'' will be a challenge. But I'm with you! I do think talking about it over and over really helps it to sink in (for both of us!). Good luck.
Secondly, it's totally understandable that you want to wean now. I have heard from some friends in your situation that after they tried everything, they basically just said to their babies, ''Mom's nummies (or whatever you call them) are just really tired now. You can hold on to them while you fall asleep but Mommy can't nurse anymore.'' For some reason, just being straightforward like this has worked. Good luck!
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The Ridgefield School District's proposed $47 million bond recently received a vote of support from a major land development and construction group within Clark County.
The board of directors for the 700-member Building Industry Association of Clark County voted to endorse the Ridgefield School District's proposed bond, BIACC officials said. The bond will go before voters Feb. 14.
The bond would improve classroom facilities and infrastructure across the district's four schools, school officials say. District residents would pay $1.73 per $1,000 of assessed valuation on their home. For instance, a person who owns a $200,000 house would pay a total of $346 a year over 20 years.
The BIACC supports the bond measure because it would "add classrooms and improve student safety and vehicle access at every school facility in the district," said board member A.J. Gomez in a written statement released by the Building Policy Group, BIACC's political action committee. Gomez also listed the current bond proposal's "lean" amount, which is around half that of the district's failed proposal three years ago, as another factor in the decision to support it.
You can learn more about the Ridgefield School District's bond measure at Ridgefield School District.


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Affluent Lifestyle Guide
You might like Best Runway Models >
VIEW SLIDESHOW: Travel-Friendly Thanksgiving Dishes
Freeloading on relatives can be fun. But not when they threaten to not feed you unless you contribute a dish to the spread. That's why we've put together this collection of recipes that not only keep well (like cranberry sauce) but can easily be packed up and baked at your destination (like the gratin or mac and cheese). Tell your family this excuses you from doing the dishes.


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Free forum : This is a realistic wolf RP.
A casual, semi-realistic wolf pack roleplay group. Suited for anyone who wants a laid back pack to be in.
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iracing, early, bird, racing, league, arca, nascar, nationwide, game, (ebr), earlybirdracing, exfinity, daytona


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Pros: Tastes good. Easy to take.
Cons: Can be expensive.
Why is calcium important to our health? About 99% of the calcium in our bodies is in the bones and teeth. The other 1% is in the blood, muscles and other soft tissues. That 1% is very important because calcium helps muscles contract, helps blood clot normally, is vital for nerve messages, and helps regulate blood pressure. Calcium may even reduce cancer risk. As we age, calcium begins to move out of the bones faster than it goes back in. If too much calcium is drawn out of the bones too fast in our later years, osteoporosis is a danger due to lessening of bone density.
Mrs. Spudman has had numerous back surgeries including fusions. She is also postmenopausal and her lower levels of estrogen cause more loss of calcium from the bones. She regularly gets bone density tests to monitor her calcium levels and the integrity of her bones. Her doctors have also advised her to take calcium supplements to insure that her intake of calcium is sufficient.
Why doesnt she just get her required calcium in her diet? Some calcium sources are: milk, cheeses, ice cream, yoghurt, pizza, tofu, soybeans, navy beans, salmon, turnip greens, seaweed, nuts, sardines, green leafy vegetables, broccoli, fortified orange juice, and pancakes. To make sure she is getting her recommended 1500mg of calcium a day, Mrs. Spudman would have to carefully keep track of everything she eats and the exact amount.
There are so many variables affecting the absorption of calcium in our bodies that it would be impossible to calculate or know the exact or even approximate daily intake of calcium. Vitamin D aids in absorption while factors like smoking, sedentary lifestyle, caffeine, high protein intake, and alcohol can reduce calcium absorption. Thus the simplest solution to insure adequate daily calcium is to take a supplement.
Some supplementary sources of calcium are products like Tums? or Rolaids? or calcium pills such as Caltrate? or Oscal?. (Oscal is about the size of a Tylenol? caplet. Ive read in my research that one should avoid oyster shell, dolomite, and bone shell sources because they may contain lead. According to the NIH site, calcium citrate is well absorbed and best taken on an empty stomach. Calcium carbonate, the ingredient in Viactiv, needs acid to be absorbed so is best taken with a meal. Since Mrs. Spudman takes a mini pharmacys worth of pills daily, the Viactiv is a welcome alternative for her.
The Viactiv? chews are packaged in a cardboard container with a plastic lid. Most commonly found in packages of 60, containers of 120 chews are also available.
Six flavors of Viactiv chews are available: milk chocolate, strawberry cream, chocolate mint, caramel, and the latest flavors, French vanilla and raspberry. Each chewy Viactiv square is individually wrapped and about the size of a small caramel. The recommended intake for women 51 and over is 2 or 3 chews daily. Viactiv contains vitamin D to aid in absorption and Vitamin K to aid in utilization.
Directions Take one chew up to three times a day, preferably with meals, or as recommended by your doctor. Chew thoroughly before swallowing. Since Viactiv contains Vitamin K, the user is advised to consult a doctor if taking blood-thinning medication. Taking more than 2,000 mg of calcium a day is not likely to provide any daily benefit and serves no useful purpose.
Ingredients corn syrup, calcium carbonate, sugar, nonfat milk, butter, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, soy lecithin, natural and artificial flavor, glyceryl monostearate, carrageenan, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, vitamin D3, vitamin K1
Each chew contains 20 calories.
Personal Experience
My experience with Viactiv? is mostly passive, vicarious, and voyeuristic. I watch Mrs. Spudman take Viactiv with meals and sometimes even set one by her plate when I help set the table. She likes the caramel flavor best with chocolate a close second. The two newest flavors havent been sampled yet. She enjoys the flavor of the Viactiv, the candylike sweetness and the chewy texture and body. To her its almost like an after dinner treat or tiny dessert. For this review I sampled a Viactiv at dinner (even though its a womans product) and agree the experience is similar to eating a piece of candy. Im not as impressed by the taste as Mrs. Spudman is. Chewing a Viactiv can certainly be preferable to taking yet another pill.
During my research for this review I learned from several sources, including Virginia State Universitys Cooperative Extension, that the body cant efficiently absorb more than 500 mg of calcium at a time. If this is accurate, then anyone taking more than one Viactiv chew should not eat them at the same time. This is not made clear on the Viactiv packaging. On the web site we read, Each chew should be taken at different times of the day. This is important information that should be stressed in the product directions. It isnt.
Viactiv is marketed for women. On the package we read Active nutrition for women by women just below the product name. For every freshness seal mailed back to McNeil Nutritionals, fifty cents will be donated to Dress for Success an organization that helps disadvantaged women take charge of their careers and their lives. In addition the freshness seals can be used to accumulate points that can be redeemed for rewards from one of four shops career, spa, fitness, and style. While on the Viactiv site one may check her point totals, print money saving coupons for Viactiv, or read the FAQa about Viactiv, calcium, and osteoporosis.
Should you take Viactiv? Thats a personal decision. For one who needs to take a calcium supplement and doesnt like or cant tolerate dairy products, or wants to avoid adding another pill to the daily ritual, Viactiv is a product to be considered. From what Ive seen, its probably a more expensive regimen than a calcium pill or daily Tums?.
Addendum In my cyber wanderings I couldnt help but notice the following from several sources. I put it here at the end so few will see it.
From ask Dr. Sears - Foods high in phosphorus (such as meat, poultry, corn, potatoes, beer, buckwheat) can interfere with calcium absorption.
From the Organic and Wholefood Haelan Centre The Solanum genus of vegetables tomatoes in particular, but also potatoes, aubergines, peppers- all contain the calcium inhibitor solanine.


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|Hakka. "Guest people." Migrants from north and central China who settled in the mountains and borderlands of the south but maintained distinct dress and dialect and refused to practice certain local customs such as foot-binding. They were among the early converts and main supporters of the Taiping Rebellion. Hakka women had normal feet and thus were able to form regiments of Taiping fighters. Like other Taiping, many were cruelly slaughtered upon defeat in 1864. See alsoHan.
|Halifax, Edward Wood (1881–1959). Viceroy of India, 1926–1931; foreign secretary, 1938–1941; ambassador to Washington, 1941–1946. He helped draft the India Act of 1935. Although at first taken in by German assurances, and a supporter of the policy of appeasement, he later encouraged Neville Chamberlain to take a much tougher line toward Hitler. Indeed, what backbone there was in British foreign policy between Munich and the outbreak of World War II may be attributed largely to Halifax. Winston Churchill kept him on as foreign secretary. He was then dispatched to the critically important post in Washington during some of the darkest days of the war, when U.S. aid was vital to Britain's survival.


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I thank Rick Rubinson for his comments and enthusiasm for this paper. I am also grateful to Peggy Barlett, John Boli, Terry Boswell, Amy D'Unger and Regina Werum for their comments and support on this paper. Finally, I thank the two anonymous reviewers and the editors for their comments, suggestions and advice, which helped to improve this paper significantly. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Society in 2001, and the Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociological Society in 2008. Parts of this article are adapted from chapter 6 in my book, The Politics of Food Supply, copyright 2009, and used by permission of Yale University Press.
The Vanishing Free Market: The Formation and Spread of the British and US Food Regimes
Version of Record online: 9 JUL 2009
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0366.2009.00214.x
© 2009 The Author. Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Journal of Agrarian Change
Volume 9, Issue 3, pages 315–344, July 2009
Additional Information
How to Cite
WINDERS, B. (2009), The Vanishing Free Market: The Formation and Spread of the British and US Food Regimes. Journal of Agrarian Change, 9: 315–344. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0366.2009.00214.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 9 JUL 2009
- Version of Record online: 9 JUL 2009
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- food regime;
- world economy;
- agricultural policy;
- class coalitions;
In this paper, I compare the formation of food regimes during British and US hegemony, which were mirror-images in terms of the degree of free trade and state regulation as well as the direction of trade flow of grains. Many scholars recognize that the foundation for each regime was laid by the national policy and dominant political coalition in the world-economic hegemon, but my analysis pays particular attention to the divisions and coalitions within agriculture as forces that drove the shape of each regime. Though important agricultural divisions existed in each case, the political power of the resulting agricultural coalitions – and those coalitions' relations to the nation's dominant coalition – are central to understanding the formation and spread of each food regime.


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Standard Interpretations - Table of Contents
| Standard Number:
February 16, 1984
Ms. Joyce Hall
Memorial Hospital of Union County
600 London Avenue
Marysville, Ohio 43040
Dear Ms. Hall:
As requested in your telephone conversation with Ms. Deborah Feldman of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Directorate of Health Standard Programs. I am writing to provide you with an official interpretation concerning the Hearing Conservation Amendment. Specifically, you requested an official response with regard to training and audiometric testing.
OSHA approves the use of a film to meet the training requirements of the amendment as long as the supervisor is present to address employee questions, the material is updated appropriately, and the training is offered annually. It is not necessary at the viewing of the film to provide a display of hearing protectors and to individually fit and train each employee about the use of hearing protectors at the time the hearing protector is fitted on the employee.
With regard to audiometric testing, the standard requires the employer to establish a valid audiogram. The professional in charge of the program should review audiograms where thresholds are questionable and use his/her professional judgement ot determine whether there is a need for further testing.
I hope that this information will be helpful to you. If you have further questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
John Miles
Director, Field Operations
|Standard Interpretations - Table of Contents


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The Vancouver City Council will discuss the city's 2013-14 budget and consider increases in several utility user rates this week.
The council meets at 7 p.m. Monday at City Hall, 415 W. Sixth St. The council will next discuss the budget in public hearings at its Nov. 19 meeting.
This Monday, the council will consider the following:
• A 1 percent increase in the property tax levy, as allowed by state law, for 2013.
• A 1.5 percent increase in rates for collecting solid waste, recyclable materials and yard debris.
• A 5 percent increase in water and surface-water user rates for 2013 and 2014, and a 2.5 percent increase in sewer rates for 2013 and 2014.
• A 2013-14 biennial budget appropriating $752.4 million for operating and capital budgets.


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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|27 Nov 2001
|Fecha de presentación
|23 Oct 2000
|Fecha de prioridad
|24 Abr 1998
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Jürgen Günther, Stefan Klump, Michael Riedel
|Cesionario original
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (8), Citada por (12), Clasificaciones (13), Eventos legales (6)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of International Application PCT/DE99/01132, with an international filing date of Apr. 15, 1999, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a piezoelectric bending transducer and, more particularly, to a flat piezoelectric bending transducer adapted for incorporation into a module comprising a plurality of such transducers.
2. Description of Related Art
Piezoelectric bending transducers are used in applications that can exploit the indirect or reciprocal piezoelectric effect, that is, the transformation of electrical energy into mechanical energy. A piezoelectric element of this type is equally suited, however, for transforming mechanical energy into electrical energy by exploiting the direct piezoelectric effect.
There are many technical applications for piezoelectric bending transducers. For example, they can be used in a piezoelectric print head for an ink-jet printer, or such a transducer can be used as a sensor for the measurement of acceleration or pressure, as an actuating element for transmitting pattern information in a weaving or knitting machine, and as an actuating element in a line of Braille in a reader for the blind, in a pneumatic valve, in a recording measuring instrument or in a contactless surface-measuring instrument, just to name a few uses.
Flat piezoelectric bending transducers are shown in DE 195 20 796 A1, DE 40 25 436 A1 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,067) and DE 196 20 826 B1. In such transducers, the application of a voltage between an outer contact area and an inner contact area causes contraction or expansion of a piezoelectric coating, depending on its polarity, so that the entire transducer bends or so that, if one end of the transducer is held fixed, the other end is deflected in a defined way. Conversely, a voltage between the inner contact area and the outer contact area is produced if the bending transducer is mechanically deformed from a neutral rest position.
Control modules including plural piezoelectric transducers are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,961,501 and EP 210 790 A2. Such a module, having a plurality of piezoelectric bending transducers, can be used for converting an electronic information signal into a mechanical deformation that can be sensed. For example, a module with a multiplicity of electrical bending transducers arranged in parallel can be used for driving needles or loop-forming elements of a weaving or knitting machine. For pattern forming in the goods produced by a textile machine, the information as to whether or not a loop is to be formed is obtained by mechanically sensing the deflection of a corresponding piezoelectric bending transducer.
In the case of both a piezoelectric bending transducer and a module with a plurality of such transducers, an electrical connection must be provided to contact areas on the piezoelectric coating. DE 40 25 436 A1 forms an outer contact area of the piezoelectric coating as a thin metal layer, and provides an electrical connection to the coating by soldering a corresponding connecting wire onto the metal layer. For electrically connecting the inner contact area, DE 40 25 436 A1 discloses placing a metal platelet between the piezoelectric coating and a supporting body for the coating, and then soldering a connecting wire to the platelet. Thus, electrical connections with the contact areas take place via a soldered contact and a corresponding connecting wire.
However, that is not an optimum arrangement because the operation of soldering a connecting wire onto a relatively small component such as a piezoelectric bending transducer is difficult to automate, and that therefore incurs disadvantageously high production costs. In addition, a high level of reliability is required for most applications of piezoelectric bending transducers, and in particular for modules made up of a plurality of such transducers. Both the soldered contact and the connecting wire represent points of potential failure, thus reducing the reliability of the transducer and therefore of the module. Moreover, replacing a built-in bending transducer or a built-in module with conventional soldered contacts is relatively complicated.
DE 36 34 484 A1 proposes that the electrical connections to the transducer be via conductive rubber. For this purpose, the conductive rubber is permanently clamped between a housing and the transducer. However, that is still not an optimum arrangement for some applications.
It is an object of the invention to simplify the electrical connections to a piezoelectric bending transducer.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a module with a plurality of piezoelectric bending transducers, the electrical connections to which are simplified and made more reliable and problem-free.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a piezoelectric bending transducer comprises a flat supporting body having a piezoelectrically active coating on at least one side thereof, the coating having an inner contact area facing the supporting body and an outer contact area facing away from the supporting body, and at least one electrical plug-in contact electrically connected to one of the contact areas, the plug-in contact including an electrically conductive elastomer for accepting a contact pin that deforms the elastomer when inserted thereinto.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a transducer module includes a plurality of such transducers secured in a common terminal strip adjacent to each other.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, such a transducer module is incorporated into a control module with circuitry for selectively actuating the plural transducers and control elements responsive to actuation of the transducers.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a piezoelectric bending transducer with a connector base, with three electrical plug-in contacts comprising an elastomer, and a plug for connecting to the contacts, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a transducer module comprising sixteen piezoelectric bending transducers like that shown in FIG. 1, arranged in parallel and grouped together in a common terminal strip, with the electrical connections for the bending transducers being provided in each case as plug-in contacts with an elastomer; and
FIG. 3 shows a control module with plural piezoelectric bending transducers, suitable for driving the needles of a circular knitting machine, the control module including a housing part, a bending transducer module, and an electronics board, with the electrical connection between the electronics board and the bending transducer module being arranged such that it is releasable via contact pins engaging plug-in contacts.
It will be appreciated that these figures are in part diagrammatic and not to scale, in particular in terms of their spatial arrangement. In addition, like components are given the same reference numerals and letters in the different figures.
FIG. 1 shows a piezoelectric bending transducer 1 with a flat supporting body 2 having a first piezoelectric coating 4 and a second piezoelectric coating 5 applied to it on its respective sides. The supporting body 2 is typically an electrically conductive epoxy resin reinforced with carbon fibers, although alternative compositions and constructions are possible. The piezoelectric coatings 4 and 5 are applied as a lead-zirconate-titanium based piezoceramic. Each of the piezoelectric coatings 4 and 5 has an outer contact area 6 and 7, respectively, and an inner contact area 8 and 9, respectively. The outer contact areas 6 and 7 and the inner contact areas 8 and 9 are formed as thin metallic coatings. The inner contact areas 8 and 9 are in electrical contact with the supporting body 2.
For connection to a control voltage, the piezoelectric bending transducer 1 is anchored at its one end in a connector base 10. The other end of the piezoelectric bending transducer 1 is freely movable. The supporting body 2 and piezoelectric coatings 4 and 5 are inserted into a corresponding clearance in the connector base 10 and are adhesively bonded to it in a fixed manner. The connector base 10 itself is a suitable electrically insulating plastic material, typically produced by an injection-molding process.
For a good mechanical connection and to simplify electrical connection thereto, the supporting body 2 extends beyond the piezoelectric coatings 4 and 5 into the connector base 10. In addition, the coating-free exposed end 12 of the supporting body 2 located in the connector base 10 has a copper covering 13 on one side.
The first outer contact area 6 and the second outer contact area 7 can be connected via associated electrical plug-in contacts 15 and 16, respectively, to an external voltage source. Similarly, the electrically conductive supporting body 2 has associated with it a supporting body electrical plug-in contact 17 for connection to a pole of an external voltage source. Each electrical plug-in contact 15, 16 and 17 is designed as a blind hole 22 that is machined into the connector base 10 and then filled with an electrically conductive elastomer 20. The elastomer 20 is preferably a silicone rubber impregnated with silver particles. The blind holes 22 are filled with this silicone rubber composition in liquid form, which subsequently cures.
The blind holes 22 are essentially right-parallelepipedal cavities, the wall of one longitudinal side of each of which is formed by part of the area to be contacted (that is, the coatings 4, 5 and the copper covering 13). In this way, there is intimate surface contact of the elastomer 20 and the area to which an electrical connection is to be made, so that a dependable electrical connection is ensured. In the connector base 10, the elastomer 20 of the plug-in contact 17 is in contact with the copper covering 13 of the supporting body 2, and consequently with the inner contact areas 8 and 9. The elastomer 20 of the plug-in contacts 15 and 16 is in electrical connection with the outer contact areas 6 and 7, respectively.
For actuation of the piezoelectric bending transducer 1, a connection to an external control device is established via a plug member 24. For this purpose, the plug 24 has contact pins 26, 27 and 28, which can be inserted into the plug-in contacts 15, 16 and 17, respectively. A surface of the elastomer 20 of the plug-in contact inserts 15, 16 and 17 is accessible for insertion of the contact pins 26, 27 and 28. The elastomer 20 of the plug-in contacts 15, 16 and 17 thereby encloses the contact pin 26, 27 and 28, respectively, by deformation of the elastomer, whereby a positive, dependable electrical connection is established between the pins and their respective contacts. The cavities forming the plug-in contacts 15, 16 and 17 are exposed on one side of the connector base 10 to enable insertion of the contact pins 26, 27 and 28.
The reversible deformability of the elastomer allows the plug-in connection to be released and reestablished repeatedly without the electrical connection suffering as a result, even though the elastomer may not completely recover after withdrawal of a contact pin (as indicated by the small holes in the plug-in contacts shown in the figures). In investigations with silicone rubber as the elastomer 20, the electrical connection did not suffer in any ascertainable way after 50 cycles of withdrawing and reinserting the contact pins to make the plug-in connection.
The plug 24 itself comprises a board 25 on which various electronic components 30 and 31 are arranged along with the contact pins 26, 27 and 28. The board 25 converts control signals from an external control unit (not shown), fed in via a connection cable 32, into power signals for actuation of the piezoelectric bending transducer 1.
In one example, the piezoelectric bending transducer 1 is actuated by applying a voltage of approximately 200 volts to the plug-in contacts 15 and 16 in the direction of polarization of the piezoceramic coatings. The plug-in contact 17, which is electrically connected to the inner contact areas 8 and 9, thus has the potential of the plug-in contact 15 and the potential of the plug-in contact 16 selectively applied to it for deflecting the free end of the piezoelectric bending transducer 1 in the desired direction. In this way, either the piezoceramic of the piezoelectric coating 5 or the piezoceramic of the piezoelectric coating 4 is subjected to an electromagnetic field in its direction of polarization and thereby contracts. The free end of the bending transducer 1 bends in a way corresponding to the depicted arrows A, that is, in one case to the left and in the other case to the right, depending on the direction of application of the electromagnetic field.
FIG. 2 depicts a transducer module 34 comprising sixteen bending transducers 1 arranged in parallel. These piezoelectric bending transducers 1 are constructed in the same way as those shown in FIG. 1. The main difference is that the insulating connector base 10 of the FIG. 1 embodiment is combined into a common terminal strip 36. Each supporting body 2 is in this case extended beyond the piezoelectric coating into the terminal strip 36, as depicted with respect to the connector base in FIG. 1. The piezoelectric coating and the coating-free end 12 of the supporting body 2 of each piezoelectric bending transducer 1 are inserted into a clearance in the terminal strip 36 and adhesively bonded to the terminal strip 36, as described above.
By referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 together, it will be appreciated that neighboring piezoelectric bending transducers 1 of the transducer module 34 are respectively turned by 180 degrees with respect to one another in a way corresponding to the direction of polarization 38 of the piezoceramic coatings 4 and 5. When the piezoelectric bending transducers 1 are operated in the way already described, the adjacent neighboring outer contact areas 6′ and 7′ are therefore at the same electric potential. For this reason, neighboring outer contact areas of the piezoelectric bending transducers 1 of the module 34 can be contacted via a common electrical plug-in contact 40. Successive plug-in contacts 41, 40 are connected alternately to different potentials.
The terminal strip 36 of the transducer module 34 has a transverse channel for producing the electrical plug-in contacts for the respective outer contact areas of the electrical bending transducers 1. After insertion of the piezoceramic coated supporting bodies 2, the transverse channel is subdivided into chambers which are separate from one another and which form the respective plug-in contacts after filling with the electrically conductive silicone rubber composition described above.
Electrical contact with the supporting bodies 2 is effected using electrical plug-in contacts 46 and 48 formed in the same manner as the plug-in contact 17 described in connection with FIG. 1. In the transducer module 34, the electrical plug-in contacts 46 and 48 lie directly opposite one another in order to form space for fastening elements on the terminal strip 36. Consequently, the terminal strip 36 according to FIG. 2 has bores 50 for mounting the terminal strip 36 onto a housing (not shown) and arresting pins 52 for fixing the position of the transducer module 34 on the housing.
The transducer module 34 is suitable in particular for providing pattern information to the needles of a knitting machine. Depending on the position of the free ends of the piezoelectric bending transducers 1 as controlled by the actuation thereof, the needle assigned to a particular bending transducer is or is not used for knitting. Of course, the principle of operation applies equally for other applications, and the transducer module 34 in general can be used for any application in which electronic information must be converted into information that can be mechanically sensed.
For actuating the transducer module 34 according to FIG. 2, an electronics board (not shown) is provided. Such a board would be equipped with corresponding power electronics and would engage with corresponding contact pins into the electrical plug-in contacts 40, 41, 46, 48 of the terminal strip 36 (also see FIG. 3 in this respect). The electronics of the board in this case convert corresponding control signals into power signals for actuating the piezoelectric bending transducers 1. The free end of each piezoelectric bending transducer 1 of the module 34 shown can assume three defined states. State I corresponds to deflection to the left, state III corresponds to deflection to the right and state II corresponds to the unactuated state of rest of the piezoelectric bending transducer 1.
FIG. 3 shows a control module 53 of a modular unit for controlling the needles of a circular knitting machine. The control module 53 is made up of a housing 54, to which is mounted the transducer module 34 according to FIG. 2, and a circuit board 56 for actuating the piezoelectric bending transducers 1 of the transducer module 34. The board 56 has electrical contact pins 58 and 60, which can be inserted into the corresponding plug-in contacts 62 and 63 of the module 34, as discussed in connection with FIGS. 1 and 2. Also arranged on the board 56 is circuitry with various electronic components 64 that convert control signals received via a connection cable 65 from an external control unit (not shown) into power signals for the piezoelectric bending transducers 1 of the transducer module 34.
A cover fits on the housing 54 and encloses the transducer module 34 and the circuit board 56 to complete the control module 53. The cover is omitted from FIG. 3 for reasons of overall clarity to reveal the interior of the control module.
Each of the piezoelectric bending transducers 1 has at its free movable end an adhesively attached cylindrical thickened portion 67. The thickened portion 67 engages in the rear part of a rocker (not shown) movably arranged on the housing 54. The front part of the rocker forms a control armature 68, the position of which is ultimately sensed by the control board of the circular knitting machine.
The modular construction of the control module 53 allows individual components to be exchanged rapidly and without any problem. Effecting the electrical connections with cooperating plug-in contacts 62, 63 and pins 58, 60 reduces the number of components which can fail, in comparison with a conventional control module in which each individual piezoelectric bending transducer 1 has separate connecting wires and soldered contacts. Furthermore, the assembly of the control module 53 can be fully automated. Manual soldering of connecting wires is no longer required. The elastomer plug-in contacts 62, 63 ensure that the entire control module 53 can be operated dependably with a long service life and no maintenance.
It will be appreciated from the above description that an important object of the invention is achieved by providing a piezoelectric bending transducer with a contact area in touching contact with an electrically conductive elastomer designed for releasably accommodating a contact pin of an electrical plug-in connector by virtue of the partially elastic deformation of the elastomer.
The touching contact of the elastomer with the transducer contact area may in different embodiments take the form of a point or a surface area. The introduction or insertion of the contact pin into the elastomer establishes an electrically conductive connection between the contact pin and the transducer contact area in touching contact with the elastomer. As a result of the reversible deformability of the elastomer, the contact pin can be repeatedly inserted into the elastomer and pulled out, without causing any deterioration in the electrical connection between the contact pin and the contact area.
The invention offers the advantage of dependable electrical contact of contact areas of the piezoelectric bending transducer without requiring additional components that are subject to failure or malfunction, such as a soldered contact or connecting wire. The reversible deformability of the elastomer also provides a dependable and releasable electrical connection using a contact pin.
At the same time, the invention allows a defective piezoelectric bending transducer to be exchanged without any problem. In addition, the contacting arrangement of the invention takes up less installation space than comparable soldered contacts according to the prior art. Applying an elastomer to a contact area of the piezoelectric bending transducer also allows the production process to be automated. For example, the transducer contact area simply has to be inserted into the elastomer, or the elastomer can be pressed, pushed or adhesively bonded onto the contact area.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, one end of the piezoelectric bending transducer is fixedly connected to a connector base, the elastomer filling a bore or a clearance in the connector base, with the elastomer having a freely accessible portion for the insertion of the contact pin and at least part of a wall of the bore or clearance being formed by part of the contact area. The bore or the clearance in the connector base may be formed for example as a blind hole into which the elastomer is poured in the liquid state. Forming part of the wall of the bore or clearance by part of the contact area itself has the effect that, after curing, the elastomer is in intimate touching contact with the contact area and is consequently conductively connected to it. To produce a plug-in contact of this type, the bending transducer is, for example, inserted into a longitudinal slot in the connector base, a lateral clearance being provided at one point of the longitudinal slot. This clearance is subsequently filled with the elastomer, and the elastomer is cured. The connector base itself is formed from an electrically insulating material, for example, a plastic.
The elastomer is preferably a silicone rubber with incorporated metallic particles, in particular silver. Silicone rubber is easy to handle in the liquid state and exhibits outstanding reversible deformability after curing. Appropriate tests have shown that, releasing and inserting the contact pin over 50 times did not influence the electrical contact with the contact area. The incorporation of silver in particular ensures high electrical conductivity of the silicone rubber.
In an alternative embodiment, the elastomer can be a conductive plastic foam. A plastic foam of this type is used for example as a packaging material for protecting highly sensitive electronic equipment against electromagnetic effects. If the elastomer is a plastic foam, processing can simply take the form of cutting the plastic foam to size.
In a further advantageous aspect of the invention, both the outer and inner contact areas of the transducer utilize an electrical plug-in contact with an elastomer, the inner contact area extending together with the transducer supporting body beyond a piezoceramic coating in the longitudinal direction of the supporting body into a connector base, thus enabling contact therewith via the elastomer. This allows a spatial separation of the electrical connection of the inner and outer contact areas of the piezoelectric bending transducer. In particular, as a result of continuing the inner contact area without a coating into the connection piece, electrical contact with the inner contact area can also be provided in a simple way via an elastomer in touching contact with the contact area.
It is also advantageous to provide the piezoelectric bending transducer on both sides with the piezoelectrically active coating, with an outer contact area in each case. A bending transducer of this type allows bending in two opposite directions with a high actuating force.
It is expedient for contacting the inner contact area if the supporting body itself consists of an electrically conductive material and itself forms the inner contact area. For the contacting of the inner contact area, all that is required in such a configuration is for the electrically conductive elastomer to be in touching contact with the supporting body.
With respect to the module with a plurality of piezoelectric bending transducers, an important object of the invention is achieved by grouping ends of the plural bending transducers together in a common terminal strip, and by providing an electrical plug-in contact for contacting the contact areas. The plug-in contact is effected by using an elastomer that is in touching contact with a respective contact area, is arranged in a bore or clearance in the terminal strip and is designed for releasably accommodating a contact pin by means of partially elastic deformation.
The module provides for dependable electrical contact with the bending transducers via a corresponding terminal strip with contact pins, which are pushed into the respective bores or cavities filled with an elastomer. The releasable connection allows the module as a whole to be quickly exchanged and replaced by another, without necessitating intricate and difficult manipulation of the component parts of the module.
In an advantageous embodiment, the module has bending transducers, each coated on both sides with a piezoceramic. The directions of polarization of the piezoceramic coatings of each bending transducer respectively point in the same direction and the directions of polarization of mutually facing piezoceramic coatings of neighboring bending transducers point in opposite directions, with the mutually facing outer contact areas of the piezoceramic coatings of neighboring bending transducers contacted jointly by an elastomer.
That the directions of polarization of the piezoceramic coatings of a bending transducer point in the same direction allows the bending transducer to be deflected in two opposite directions by applying corresponding control voltages, without one of the piezoceramic coatings being operated counter to its direction of polarization. For this purpose, a predetermined operating voltage (generally this is approximately 200 V) is applied in the direction of polarization of the two piezoceramic coatings between the outer contact areas. The potential of the one outer contact area and the potential of the other outer contact area are alternately applied to the inner contact areas in electrical contact with each other. In this way, the two piezoceramic coatings alternately contract and lead to a deflection of the free end of the bending transducers, in one case in one direction and in the other case in the other direction. The electrical contact of the inner contact areas with each other can be effected, for example, using an electrically conductive supporting body.
If bending transducers of this type are arranged in the module alternately with directions of polarization opposed to one another, the mutually facing outer contact areas of the piezoceramic coatings of neighboring bending transducers can be connected to the same potential. An elastomer can be used for the electrical connection, it being placed in each case between the outer contact areas. An arrangement of this type offers the great advantage that the bending transducers can be arranged in the module such that they follow closely one after the other with minimum spacing. Therefore, more bending transducers per unit area can be made available for transferring information. As a result of the way in which the bending transducers operate only in the direction of polarization of the piezoceramic coating and as a result of the reduction in the number of electrical connections, a module of this type also has a high level of operational dependability and a low failure rate.
Each transducer supporting body advantageously comprises an electrically conductive material, which has an exposed end that extends beyond the coating into the terminal strip for providing an electrical plug-in contact there using the elastomer. Examples of electrically conductive materials are a metal or an electrically conductive plastic, such as an epoxy resin reinforced with carbon fibers. If the supporting body is an electrically conductive material, only one electrical connection is required to effect contact of the inner contact areas of each bending transducer. The extension of an exposed end of the supporting body without coating into the terminal strip allows the electrical connection for the inner contact areas to be spatially separated from the electrical connections of the outer contact areas. Moreover, the extended supporting body gives the entire bending transducer greater mechanical stability in the terminal strip. For even better electrical contact with the elastomer, the supporting body may be provided on the side facing the elastomer with a covering of a copper foil.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been depicted and described, it will be understood that various modifications and changes can be made other than those specifically mentioned above without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims that follow.
|Patente citada
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|23 Abr 1973
|28 Jun 1974
|Atomic Energy Commission
|Recording system having piezoelectric stylus drive means
|24 Mar 1978
|11 Mar 1980
|Essex Transducers Corporation
|Sensor device using piezoelectric coating subjected to bending
|30 Nov 1979
|4 May 1982
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Piezoelectrically driven tuning fork with damping means
|18 Ago 1980
|20 Jul 1982
|Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|Piezoelectrically driven tuning fork with integral damper member
|11 Jun 1984
|27 Ago 1985
|General Electric Company
|Alternating current driven piezoelectric latching relay and method of operation
|17 Nov 1983
|17 Jun 1986
|Piezo Electric Products, Inc.
|Non-vibrational oscillating blade piezoelectric blower
|26 Abr 1990
|16 Abr 1991
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Electronic device having a cooling element
|10 Oct 1996
|10 Nov 1998
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Vibration detecting sensor
|Patente citante
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|1 Ago 2002
|17 Ago 2004
|Kistler Holding Ag
|Crystal element for piezo sensors
|15 Jun 2006
|8 Abr 2008
|Piezomotor Uppsala Ab
|Wide frequency range electromechanical actuator
|11 Jul 2005
|19 May 2009
|Taiheiyo Cement Corporation
|Piezoelectric device and piezoelectric switch provided with the same
|4 Sep 2012
|The Esab Group, Inc.
|Retract start plasma torch with reversible coolant flow
|30 Jul 2012
|21 Ene 2014
|The Esab Group, Inc.
|Retract start plasma torch with reversible coolant flow
|6 Jul 2011
|21 Jul 2015
|Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh
|Ultrasonic sensor for value documents, transducer module for said sensor, and method for manufacturing the ultrasonic sensor
|1 Ago 2002
|8 May 2003
|Kistler Holding Ag
|Crystal element for piezo sensors
|11 Jul 2005
|1 Nov 2007
|Katsuyuki Ishikawa
|Piezoelectric Device and Piezoelectric Switch Provided with the Same
|15 Jun 2006
|20 Dic 2007
|Stefan Johansson
|Wide frequency range electromechanical actuator
|10 Feb 2011
|The Esab Group, Inc.
|Retract start plasma torch with reversible coolant flow
|6 Jul 2011
|2 May 2013
|Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh
|Ultrasonic sensor for value documents, transducer module for said sensor, and method for manufacturing the ultrasonic sensor
|3 Sep 2007
|5 Mar 2009
|Argillon Gmbh
|Biegewandlerelement sowie Biegewandlermodul
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|310/330, 310/332, 310/331, 310/365
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|15 Mar 2001
Owner name: SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GUNTHER, JURGEN;KLUMP, STEFAN;RIEDEL, MICHAEL;REEL/FRAME:011630/0877
Effective date: 20010226
|17 May 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|8 Jun 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|24 Jul 2009
Owner name: ARGILLON GMBH, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SIEMENS AG;REEL/FRAME:022990/0975
Effective date: 20080722
|27 Nov 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|19 Ene 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20091127


text:
H&R Trak+ DR Wheel Spacers
Wider is Better! H&R TRAK+® Wheel Spacers provide simple and effective vehicle track widening for improved handling, performance, safety, and a 'perfect stance'. Featuring a 'perfect fit' hubcentric design, TRAK+® Wheel Spacers are extremely durable and lightweight thanks to a proprietary aluminum/magnesium alloy.
DR Series spacers fit between the wheel and hub, and require longer wheel bolts (ordered separately). Please verify bolt specifics before ordering (taper or round bolt head and shaft length).
Please Note: If the depth of the wheel spacer is smaller than the length of the standard studs, the wheels used must allow for small cavities in the mounting pad of the wheel. If using wheels without cavities, the standard studs should be shortened so that they do not extend beyond the height of the spacer. If the wheels have no cavities, 20mm or larger spacers are needed.
About H&R Parts & Accessories
The H&R philosophy is simple and effective: To manufacture the best suspension products, using only the highest grade materials, and then back all of our products with unparalleled customer service. This philosophy has made H&R what it is today - the industry leader in high performance, quality suspension components. Be it on the street or on the track, H&R has become synonymous with consistent, proven suspension performance and quality.
Rating based on 0 Reviews
To write a review please select specific product


text:
Merrimack (river, United States)
Merrimack, river, c.110 mi (180 km) long, formed at Franklin, S central N.H., by the junction of the Pemigewasset (rising in the White Mts.) and Winnipesaukee rivers. It flows S past Concord and Manchester into NE Mass., where it flows NE past Lowell and Lawrence to the Atlantic Ocean at Newburyport. With its numerous tributaries, the river drains most of S New Hampshire. The towns along the Merrimack have used the river as a source of power for their textile mills from c.1850 to 1930. Although the river still provides waterpower, most of the mills and factories are gone. The valley is used by tourists vacationing in the White Mts. area.


text:
Bradbury Mountain State Park
528 Hallowell Road (Route 9) Pownal, ME US 04069
(207) 688-4712
Over 800 acres with 35 campsites, picnic area, shelter, ballfield, playground - trails for hiking, biking, horseback riding, snowshoeing, crosscountry skiing. Bradbury Mountain offers wonderful views from the summit. Open all year.
It is a short hike to the top of Bradbury Mountain. From the summit, 485 feet above sea level, an elevation gain of about 200 feet, hikers have great views to the coast. The summit trail is only about 1/4 of a mile long, so it's great for families.


text:
Campus Mail/Post Office
The full-service post office distributes both campus and U.S. mail. All full-time matriculated students are assigned campus mailboxes. Part-time students are not automatically assigned mailboxes, but are encouraged to request one. The post office is open Monday through Friday from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., although some services are unavailable on government holidays. The College distributes important information every day so it is vital that you check your mailbox each time you are on campus. Campus mail is also a useful way to contact faculty, staff and other students.
Bulletin Boards
The commuter lounge on the second floor of the Whitaker Campus Center has several bulletin boards that contain information about commuter events as well as campus-wide events. The Commuter Council bulletin board has the names and pictures of all the members of the Council.
Every member of the Hood community receives a Hood College student email account. This account provides access to information and services at Hood, including the library. Many offices use email as a means of communicating with students, so be sure to check your Hood email often. Your Hood email account can also be set to automatically forward correspondence to another email you designate. Emergency notifications are also sent via email. For more information, see the Emergency Notification System in Campus Safety.
Campus phones
Campus phones are located in every office on campus and on the first floor of each residence hall. If a campus directory is not available, dial "0" and the operator will connect you with the person or office you wish to contact. While on campus, dial the last 4 digits of a phone number to call an office or student. Off campus, you must dial the area code and 3-digit exchange (360 for student; 696 for offices). For your convenience, a campus phone is located in the commuter lounge on the second floor of the Whitaker Campus Center.
Emergency Phones
There are six outdoor emergency blue light phones on campus. These phones are located:
Look for additional blue light phones in Brodbeck Music Hall, Hodson Technology Center, Rosenstock Hall, and Tatem Arts Center. In addition, each residence hall has a call box at the main entrance as well as red emergency phones on each floor. These are direct phones to the Campus Communications Center, which is monitored 24 hours a day.
Call box
Call box phones are located by the front door of each residence hall. These phones can be used by visitors to contact a resident of the hall, but do not provide a means of entrance. Student residents will need to open the front door to allow visitors access.
Hood College prepares students to excel in meeting the personal, professional and global challenges of the future. Hood is committed to the integration of the liberal arts, the professions and technology, to the exploration of values, a sense of community and to the preparation of students for lives of responsibility, leadership and service.
401 Rosemont Ave.
Frederick, MD 21701


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Blick's clamshell boxes provide archival-quality storage that's extra-durable and acid-free.
Strong metal edges at the corners prevent crushing and the easy-open one-piece clamshell design is ideal for storing valuable photographs, artwork, or documents.
The boxes are available in Black and Gray, all with a white interior.
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® Blick and Blick Studio are registered trademarks.
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Blick's Archival clamshell storage boxes
By ponder the Artist
from Bucks County PA
Comments about Blick Archival Storage Boxes:
Love Blick's archival boxes compared to other archival storage! I buy the gray ones so I can label what's in them.Great size for my original children's picture book art and the clamshell form is great for easy access to my originals.The chace to win a prize for this review is an additional bonus.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Ample for my needs
By WarrenK
from Aurora, Illinois
Was actually looking for something heavier but this covers my needs very well at this time.
Great buy
By MOLAA
from Long beach CA
It was the ideal box for the museum's commemorative print
Just what I needed
By Marcy
from Atlanta GA
I needed something more substantial than two foam board clipped together to store my art papers. While I would have liked a box even bigger than this one, it is the largest I could find on google.
By Linda
from Austin, Texas
We use these Blick Archival Storage Boxes for our clients to keep their estate planning documents in one place. Perfect for keeping documents that are on 8 1/2 x 11 paper clean and protected.
By Caryll
from Windsor, CT
I use these as stacked boxes to store my art papers and finished but unfamed art work. (I work in watercolor and pastel.) Actually, I cut the top and bottom front of the box just inside and before the metal edging and then apply press-on Velcro material to keep the boxes closed. This allows me to minimize space by stacking and still have access to the materials inside. I don't cut beyond the metal edges as these edges keep the boxes from collapsing. I have found this to be an inexpensive alternative to the modular wooden stacked drawers. Works for me!
Archival clamshell box
By Huey 2
from Rochester, NY
It's great for storing work that has been mounted, don't worry about it getting ruined. It is pretty sturdy so I'm guessing it will last for a while and that's what you want.
By Mr. Mo
from Florida
Great box to store away works
Great for Storing Multiple Pieces of Art
By girlpower314
from Atlanta, GA
I bought this for a friend who had a lot of his mom's art in frames. He wanted it stored and I thought this was the best way. The box is very durable and I was able to fit all of her art fit in the box.
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
black archival box
By project manager
from Bethesda, Maryland
the box arrived heavily packaged to protect it, but it was worn at the edges with small tears, showing the white card beneath the black facade. This was disappointing as it was ordered to present to the board with a possibility of ordering 30 for our collection. I covered the tears with black markers, but in showing it around the office it has quickly deteriorated further. We won't be ordering these, but I notice there are two more expensive similar boxes available in the catalogue so perhaps they are of higher grade material. The service and delivery was efficient.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Merchant response: Thank you for reaching out to us. We are sorry to hear that you boxes arrived damaged. Our Customer Care team is happy to assist you with a return or exchange for another box that might better meet your needs. Our Customer Care team may be reached at 1.800.723.2787.
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Dick Blick Art Materials®, Blick®, Blick Studio®, and Artists Pick Blick® are registered trademarks of Dick Blick Holdings Inc.
© Copyright 1999-2015 Dick Blick Holdings Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Peter Young is a writer and actor from Midwest City, Oklahoma, and currently lives in Los Angeles. He has studied improv at The Groundlings and spends most his time auditioning, editing transcripts for NPR, and tinkering on novels and screenplays. Peter will be in a mourning period once football season is over and baseball has yet to begin. He will, yet again, attempt to enjoy hockey and nurture his disdain for the Lakers. Feel free to call him Bomber.
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text:
Madalena Alberto will play the role of Carrie in Jeff Wayne's THE WAR OF THE WORLDS, at the Dominion Theatre, in London's West End, from the 8th February 2016.
Also in the cast are Jimmy Nail as Parson Nathaniel. Daniel Bedingfield as The Artilleryman, Heidi Range as Beth, Michael Praed as George Herbert and David Essex as The Voice of Humanity.
Book your tickets at www.thewaroftheworlds.com
Madalena Alberto played the role of Grizabella
in CATS at the London Palladium
in selected performances.
CATS run at London Palladium from 23rd October 2015 to 2nd January 2016.
Madalena performed the role every Wednesday matinee and
in the evening performances of the 13th, 16th & 17th November 2015 and 1st & 11th December 2015.
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