text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|14 Jul 1992
|Fecha de presentación
|18 Sep 1990
|Fecha de prioridad
|10 Nov 1988
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Arye Rosen, Paul Walinsky
|Cesionario original
|Arye Rosen, Paul Walinsky
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|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (21), Otras citas (2), Citada por (134), Clasificaciones (14), Eventos legales (3)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This is a division of U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 07/269,960 filed Nov. 10,1988 now abandoned.
This invention relates to microwave aided balloon catheter angioplasty in which the catheter includes a coaxial transmission line, with which a guide filament may be used.
Several hundred thousand people die suddenly in the United States each year from acute myocardial infarction, and many more suffer from chronic heart problems. A major contributing factor in both acute and chronic heart problems is a reduction in nutrient blood flow to the muscles of the heart resulting from a reduction of blood flow through the coronary blood vessels. The reduction in flow may be caused by deposits of atherosclerotic plaque on the walls of the blood vessel, which causes a narrowing of the lumen or channel of the blood vessel. When the lumen is sufficiently narrowed, the rate of flow of blood may be so diminished that spontaneous formation of a thrombus or clot occurs by a variety of physiologic mechanisms. As is known, once a blood clot has started to develop, it extends within minutes into the surrounding blood, in part because the proteolytic action of thrombin acts on prothrombin normally present, tending to split this into additional thrombin which causes additional clotting. Thus, the presence of atherosclerotic plaque not only reduces the blood flow to the heart muscle which it nourishes, but is a major predisposing factor in coronary thrombosis.
Among the treatments available for the conditions resulting from plaque formations are pharmacological means such as the use of drugs, for example nitroglycerin, for dilating the coronary blood vessels to improve flow. In surgical treatment may be indicated. One of the surgical techniques commonly used is the coronary bypass, in which a substitute blood vessel shunts or bypasses blood around the blockage. The bypass operation is effective but is expensive and subject to substantial risks.
Percutaneous transluminal balloon catheter angioplasty is an alternative form of treatment. This method involves insertion of a deflated balloon into the lumen of an artery partially obstructed by plaque, and inflation of the balloon in order to enlarge the lumen. The lumen remains expanded after removal of the catheter. The major problem with this technique is restenosis of the narrowed vessel by recurrence of the arterial plaque.
Another technique which has recently received a good deal of attention is transluminal laser catheter angioplasty. This treatment involves introduction into the coronary artery of a fiber optic cable the proximal end of which is connected to a laser energy source. The distal end of the fiber optic cable is directed towards the plaque. The laser is pulsed, and the resulting high energy light pulse vaporizes a portion of the plaque. Many problems remain unsolved in laser catheter angioplasty. Locating the plaque requires some means such as a fiber optic scope to see the region towards which the laser pulse will be directed. The interior of the artery must be illuminated, and a clear liquid introduced into the artery to displace opaque blood from the region to be viewed. Even with a fiber optic scope, however, the plaque may be difficult to distinguish from normal arterial walls. When the energy of the laser discharge is directed towards the arterial walls, the walls may undesirably be perforated. Further problems relate to the difficulty in matching the characteristic of lasers and fiber optic cables to the frequency absorption characteristics of various types of plaque, and the by-products of the destruction of the plaque.
Microwave aided balloon angioplasty is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,186 issued Feb. 17, 1987 in the name of Rosen et al. In the arrangement as described by Rosen et al., a catheter including a microwave transmission line terminates at its distal end in an antenna. The antenna is surrounded by a balloon. During angioplasty, the catheter is introduced into a blood vessel or other vas, and the distal end with the balloon and the antenna is manipulated to a point adjacent the plaque. Microwave power is applied to the proximal end of the catheter and flows to the antenna, which radiates the energy to the plaque for heating and thereby softening the plaque. The balloon is expanded against the softened plaque to thereby expand the lumen of the blood vessel. It would be desirable to be able to determine the expanded size of the balloon to thereby determine the diameter to which the lumen of the blood vessel has been expanded. It would be desirable to be able to guide the catheter with a filament. It would be desirable to be able to heat adjacent tissue both conductively and by radiation absorption.
A microwave aided catheter which may be useful for balloon angioplasty and for other purposes includes a coaxial transmission line with center and outer conductors and a dielectric sheath therebetween. According to an aspect of the invention, The center conductor of the transmission line is hollow, and permits axial movement therethrough of a guide wire or filament. In one embodiment of the invention, the transmission line terminates in an antenna for radiating microwaves. A balloon surrounds the antenna in another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1a is a cross-section of a catheter according to the invention, illustrating in simplified form connections at the proximal end to a source of power and to a lumen diameter measuring arrangement, FIG. 1b is a cross-section of the distal end of the catheter of FIG. 1a, illustrating details of the construction, and FIG. 1c is a cross-section of an alternative balloon construction, FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c are together referred to as FIG. 1;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view, partially cut away, of a catheter according to the invention within a blood vessel, which is partially occluded by plaque;
FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d, referred to jointly as FIG. 3, illustrate various conditions of the catheter of FIGS. 1 and 2 during microwave aided balloon angioplasty in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4a illustrates in perspective view a partially expanded balloon illustrating a metallization pattern on the interior of the balloon, and FIG. 4b is a cross-section thereof, FIGS. 4a and 4b are jointly referred to as FIG. 4;
FIG. 5a illustrates in simplified form the capacitance between the antenna and balloon metallization with a slightly inflated balloon, and FIG. 5b illustrates the reduced capacitance of a more inflated balloon;
FIG. 6 illustrates a Smith chart for compensating for the effect of measuring at the proximal end of a long transmission line;
FIG. 7 illustrates the path length differences of the reflected signal attributable to balloon inflation condition;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a metallization pattern which directs energy laterally;
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a balloon with a metallization pattern (which may be inside or outside) defining resonant or almost-resonant lengths;
FIG. 10a is a cross-sectional view of the distal end of a catheter in which the balloon is metallized with a pattern defining a choke, and FIG. 10b is a cross-section of a portion of the balloon and the metallization alone, FIGS. 10a and 10b are together referred to as FIG. 10;
FIG. 11 is a tracing of plots made by an automatic plotter of the S11 characteristic of a coaxial cable terminated in an antenna surrounded by a saline-filled metallized balloon at various inflations;
FIG. 12 is a plot of S11 versus balloon inflation derived from the plot of FIG. 11; and
FIG. 13 illustrates in cross-section a connector which may be used to make electrical and fluid connections to a catheter in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 14 illustrates in cross-section a catheter through which a guide wire or filament passes.
In FIG. 1a, a flexible catheter designated generally as 8 includes a flexible coaxial transmission line (coax) 10 including a flexible center conductor 12 coaxial with a flexible cylindrical outer conductor or sheath 14. An insulating or dielectric material 16 fills the space between center conductor 12 and outer conductor 14 for holding center conductor 12 and outer conductor 14 in place and for electrically isolating the conductors from each other. Flexible conductive sheath or braid 14 is surrounded over most of its length by flexible jacket 26 made of a relatively impermeable material such as polyvinylchloride (PVC). A suitable type of coaxial transmission line is type CZ1174 or type AS450-3650F having nominal outer diameters of 0.024 and 0.019 inches, respectively. This cable is made specifically for biomedical use by Cooner Wire Company, 9186 Independence Avenue, Chatsworth, CA 91311. The strands of the center and outer conductors may be silver-soldered or brazed together at their distal ends to maintain structural integrity. At the distal end 20 of catheter 8 dielectric material 16 extends somewhat past the distal end of outer conductor 14, and center conductor 12 extends past the end of dielectric material 16. A small sheath or tube of dielectric material 24 covers that portion of center conductor 12 which extends beyond the distal end of dielectric material 16.
In the alternative arrangement of FIG. 1C, a larger sheath of dielectric material 50 accepts the distal end of center conductor 12 in a bore 52.
As is well known in the antenna arts, such an arrangement constitutes an antenna designated generally as 15, which when receiving radio frequency (RF) electrical energy from the proximal end 22 of coaxial cable 10 radiates electromagnetic energy away from the distal end 20 of catheter 8. At its proximal end 22, coax 10 of catheter 8 is coupled by way of standard mating connectors (not illustrated in FIG. 1a) through a further coaxial transmission line 27 to a switch illustrated by a mechanical switch symbol 30. Those skilled in the art know that a system of double-pole, double throw transmission-line switches should be used. When switch 30 is closed, the proximal end 22 of coaxial cable 10 is connected to a microwave frequency signal source 44. As known in the art, microwave frequency signal source 44 may include frequency meters, power meters and attenuators for adjusting the amount of power applied by way of switch 30 and coaxial cable 27 to the proximal end 22 of coaxial cable 10. At distal end 20 of catheter 8, the protruding tip of center conductor 12 is surrounded by a balloon defined by a dielectric membrane 23. While illustrated as having substantial thickness, the membrane is actually thin. A portion of the inside surface of membrane 23 is covered with a metallization layer illustrated as 98.
Balloon membrane 23 together with its metallization coating 98 defines an os or mouth which fits snugly about a portion of the distal end of conductive sheath 14. PVC jacket 26 at its distal end fits over the outer surface of the os of balloon membrane 23 in a sealing manner. With this arrangement, metallization 98 is in intimate contact with conductive sheath 14. No solder or metallurgical contact is necessary, because even in the absence of a full metallurgic contact, the capacitance between metallization coating 98 and metallic conductive sheath 14 provides good coupling at microwave frequencies. Dielectric sheath 24 is provided to prevent contact between metallization layer 98 and the distal end of center conductor 12. Dielectric piece 50 is provided to additionally provide support to a second os at the distal end of the balloon in the alternative arrangement of FIG. 1C.
A balloon inflation control arrangement 92 is connected to proximal end 22 of coax 10. Connection may be made between inflation control 92 and transmission line 27 with proximal end of coax cable 10 by means of a connector such as that illustrated in the aforementioned Rosen et al. patent.
With switch 30 in the illustrated open state, microwave signal source 44 is coupled by way of a transmission line 96 to a microwave frequency reflection measuring apparatus, which is coupled by way of transmission line 27 to the proximal end of coaxial cable 10. As known to those skilled in the art, reflection measuring apparatus 94 allows measurement of the magnitude or phase, or both, of the energy reflected from catheter 8 into the measuring apparatus relative to the energy exiting therefrom. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the radius or the amount of inflation of balloon membrane 23 is determined, in one mode of operation, by applying microwave signal by way of reflection measuring apparatus 94, cable 27 and coax 10 to antenna 15 at the distal end 20 of catheter 8. A parameter of the signal reflected from antenna 15 back through coaxial cable 10 and cable 27 to the reflection measuring apparatus makes it possible to determine the amount of inflation.
FIG. 2 illustrates in cut-away view a stenotic (narrow) artery in which the muscle wall is designated 210, defining a lumen 212. A region 214 defines a stenotic region in which the lumen is partially occluded by atherosclerotic plaque. The distal end 20 of catheter 8 including a portion of coax 10, antenna 15 and balloon membrane 23 is inserted transluminally. The position of antenna 15, as illustrated, is near stenotic plaque 216. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, microwave aided catheter angioplasty includes steps illustrated in FIG. 3. FIG. 3a illustrates the insertion of a catheter 8 including coaxial cable 10 transluminally, and the placement of distal end 20 adjacent region 214 in which plaque 216 occurs. FIG. 3b illustrates the partial inflation of balloon membrane 23 against the resistance of the plaque while irradiating the plaque with microwave energy represented by arrows 310.
FIG. 3b also illustrates the measurement of the radius of the balloon by measurement of a parameter of the microwave signal reflected from antenna 15. In the case of FIG. 3b, the expansion of the balloon is not great, indicating that further angioplasty is required. FIG. 3c illustrates a further inflation of balloon membrane 23 against the resistance of plaque 216 together with application of additional microwave energy, either at the same power level or possibly at a higher power level. The power softens the plaque, reducing the resistance to balloon expansion. The additional inflation of balloon membrane 23 further compresses plaque 216 to cause lumen 212 to be further opened. FIG. 3c also illustrates the conditions during measurement of reflected energy to thereby indicate on reflection measuring apparatus 94 (FIG. 1a) that balloon membrane 23 has been inflated to an amount considered medically sufficient. FIG. 3d illustrates a condition in which the microwave power has been turned off, balloon membrane 23 deflated and catheter 8 removed.
FIG. 4a illustrates balloon membrane 23 in a perspective view looking from the side including mouth or os 410. FIG. 4b is a cross-sectional view of the balloon membrane 23 in the state illustrated in FIG. 4a. While the metallization is illustrated as extending into os 410, it should be noted that reflection of electromagnetic energy by metallization on the balloon surface does not depend upon a galvanic (direct) connection between the metallization and either center conductor 12 or outer conductor 14.
FIG. 5a is a simplified schematic representation of the connection of impedance reflection measuring device 94 coupled to an electrical and gas connector illustrated as a block 510, connected to coax 10. At distal end 20 of coaxial cable 10, protruding center conductor 12 has a capacitance to metallization 98 which is illustrated by capacitors 512. In FIG. 5b, balloon membrane 23 is inflated to a greater diameter than in FIG. 5a, and metallization 98 is at a greater distance from center conductor 12, and therefore a capacitance represented by capacitors 512 is smaller. The reduced capacitance of capacitors 512 is indicated in FIG. 5b by illustrating them in phantom. In the arrangement of FIG. 5, reflection measuring device 94 may be an impedance measuring device. As described below, the impedance is an indication of the physical relationship between the antenna 15 and the metallization on the balloon membrane.
FIG. 7 illustrates a connection of reflection measuring device 94 in a form of a time domain reflectometer by way of connector 510 and coax 10 to antenna 15 at the distal end 20 of catheter 8. Two positions are illustrated for the metallization supported by balloon membrane 23; a first position, illustrated in phantom as 598, is relatively close to center conductor 12. The second position, illustrated by solid lines 596, is more distant from center conductor 12 of antenna 15. Condition 596 of the metallization represents a more inflated condition of the associated balloon membrane.
As is known to those skilled in the art, the time domain reflectometer produces a pulse of energy including microwave components, which travels through the transmission line including transmission line 10 to antenna 12 and is radiated. A portion of the pulse is reflected, and is returned to the time domain reflectometer. The time interval between the initiation of the pulse by time domain reflectometer 94 and the time of the return of a reflection is displayed by the reflectometer. The reflectometer also displays a magnitude of the reflection, which is related to the impedance of the antenna. The reflectometer display is affected by the proximity of metallization to the antenna and may be calibrated to provide an indication of balloon diameter. At the present state of the art time domain reflectometry is less sensitive to distance than impedance measuring devices, so impedance measurements are preferred for small diameters such as coronary arteries.
As so far described, a balloon membrane 23 has been metallized with a simple reflector pattern. However, many other patterns are possible. FIG. 8 illustrates, without the supporting balloon membrane, a reflector 898 arranged for directing the radiated energy laterally of the longitudinal axis of catheter 8, rather than forwardly along the axis. Lateral distribution of energy may be preferred when the occluding plaque is partially occlusive and it is desired to heat a portion, but not the entire circumference of the vessel wall. FIG. 9 illustrates another useful pattern. In FIG. 9, balloon membrane 23 bears a number of longitudinal metallization stripes 998. Metallization stripes 998 are grouped on one side (the near side in FIG. 9) of balloon membrane 23, and each strip or stripe may have a length equal to or slightly greater than one wavelength at the operating frequency, if the dimensions of the balloon, and the dielectric constant of the fluid permit. As is known to those skilled in the art, such strips may act as reflectors, tending to reflect energy much as the solid reflector of FIG. 8. However, they are more frequency-sensitive than the solid or continuous reflector. If conductive metallization stripes 998 are somewhat less than one wavelength long in the deflated condition of the antenna, they have less of a tendency to reflect energy than when they are equal to or slightly greater than a wavelength in length. Consequently, as the balloon inflates the length of strips or stripes 958 increases, and the magnitude of the reflection from conductive metallization stripes 998 will tend to increase as their length approaches and exceeds resonance. This amplitude change may aid in determining the proper diameter of the balloon.
FIGS. 10a, 10b illustrates an arrangement which aids in providing a more uniform and controlled radiation pattern. FIG. 10a is a cross-section of the distal end 20 of catheter 8. As illustrated in FIG. 10a, balloon membrane 23 is metallized with a pattern 1000, illustrated in more detail in FIG. 10b. In FIG. 10b, pattern 1000 can be seen to consist of annular metallized portions near the os 1010 of the balloon, joined together at the rear edge to form a roughly U shape in cross-section, with the U filled by balloon membrane. When the os of balloon 23 is fitted over conductive sheath 14 as illustrated in FIG. 10a, the interior portion of metallization pattern 1000 is in intimate contact with conductive sheath 14. As illustrated, the most distal end of metallization portion 1000 occurs at a transverse plane 1090, approximately one-quarter wavelength (λ/4) at the operating frequency from the distal end of conductive sheath 14, which occurs at a transverse plane 1088. Also, the length of the exterior portion of metallization 1000 measured axially is λ/4. Those skilled in the art will recognize the pattern of metallization 1000 as forming a quarter-wavelength choke, which presents a high impedance to the flow of current at transverse plane 1090, thereby restricting the radiating portion of antenna 15 to that portion extending from the tip of the protruding portion of center conductor 12 and that portion of conductive sheath 14 extending from plane 1088 to 1090. This is equivalent to a dipole, which has a well known radiation pattern.
FIG. 6 illustrates a Smith chart representing all possible impedances. A Smith chart is useful for determining the phase of the impedance as viewed through a length of transmission line of normalized characteristic impedance equal to 1.0. For example, antenna 15 of FIG. 1 has an impedance at a given frequency which may include a reactive component as well as a resistance component. The apparent magnitude of the reactive component may appear to change if the impedance is viewed, as in FIG. 1a, at a distance from the impedance being measured. For example, in FIG. 1a, antenna 15 at the distal end 20 of catheter 8 is viewed by reflection measuring apparatus 94 through a length of coaxial cable 10, as well as through a length of transmission line 27. If actual impedance is the parameter being measured, the length of transmission line must be compensated for in known fashion. If the length of transmission line between the measuring device 94 and impedance being measured (antenna 15 in conjunction with the reflective metallization on a surface of balloon membrane 23) is other than a multiple of a half-wavelength at the frequency of operation, compensation must be made for the transmission line. For example, assuming that coaxial cable 10 and cable 27 of FIG. 1a have a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms, all resistances and reactances are divided by 50 in order to enter the normalized Smith chart of FIG. 6. A 50 ohm impedance of coaxial cable 10 is illustrated in FIG. 6 by the center of a Smith chart, designated 610. Capacitive reactances are on the left of the chart, and inductive reactances are on the right of the chart. Resistances lie on the central vertical axis of the chart, 0 resistance at the top and infinite resistance at the bottom. Around the periphery of the chart are numbers representing wavelengths measured in the intervening coaxial cable between the measuring device and the impedance being measured. Arrow 602 represents progress in the direction away from the impedance being measured and towards the measuring device. A dipole antenna near resonance has a resistive component of impedance near 70 ohms, which when normalized equals 1.4, corresponding to point 612 in FIG. 6. Antenna 15, due to the presence of metallization 98 on balloon membrane 23, may have a substantial capacitive reactance component, which may be increased if the antenna is longer than required for resonance. The reactive component of the antenna impedance might also represent 70 ohms, which is a normalized capacitive reactance of 1.4. Since the impedance of reactance point 614 is capacitive, it falls to the left of the chart, at a normalized capacitive reactance of 1.4. Point 614 lies on a radial 616 passing through the wavelength designation 0.31. Radial 616 is a reference line. Measurement of an impedance such as that represented by point 614 through a length of transmission line having a length 0.5-0.31=0.19 wavelengths would show an impedance having zero reactance at a resistance value corresponding to a point 617, corresponding to a normalized resistance of 0.32, which in a 50 ohm system is about 16 ohms. As the length of line is increased beyond 0.19 wavelengths, the measured impedance would show a positive reactive component or inductive component, as the length of transmission line increases towards 0.44 wavelengths, both the resistive and reactive components grow bigger, until a normalized resistive value of 3.0 (corresponding to 150 ohms in a 50 ohm system) is reached. Further increases in the lengths of intervening transmission line once again introduce a capacitive component.
If impedance is to be measured, the length of the transmission line in wavelengths must be accurately known. It has been found, however, that a different characteristic of impedance, namely reflection coefficient or S11, can provide an adequate indication. FIG. 11 illustrates plots of reflection coefficient S11, measured in dB, for a range of frequencies encompassing medical applications, of the impedance at the proximal end of a 50-ohm transmission line terminated at its distal end in a simple antenna, such as that of FIG. 1a, surrounded by a balloon having metallization similar to that illustrated in FIG. 8 and filled to different diameters with saline solution. In FIG. 11, the 910 MHz medical frequency is identified with an arrow 1110, and the 2450 MHz medical frequency is identified by an arrow 1112. The plot was made by an automatic impedance measuring system, a Hewlett-Packard 8510 network analyzer. Plot 1118 in FIG. 11 represents the superposition of a plurality of plots of a substantially fully inflated balloon to illustrate repeatability, plot 1116 represents a half-inflated balloon, and plot 1114 is a plot of a substantially deflated balloon. As can be seen, repeatability is excellent near the 2450 MHz frequency. The significance of the plot of FIG. 11 may be more readily appreciated by plotting S11 versus inflation, as in FIG. 12. As can be seen in FIG. 12, about 13db of change in the magnitude of S11 occurs between minimum and maximum inflation under the conditions of the test. It is noted that the test was conducted with the balloon in free space, and therefore the results are only indicative of change, and are not indicative of the actual magnitude of the change which can be expected in a human body, which must be determined for the particular balloon configuration, characteristics of the metallization pattern, molarity of the solution in the balloon, and the like.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a lossy fluid such as saline solution is used to inflate the balloon of the catheter. Those skilled in the art know that the saline solution is conductive and tends to absorb microwave radiation. However, in accordance with the invention, a dual heating modality is obtained by the use of saline solution within the balloon. The microwave signal applied to the proximal end of the catheter is transmitted down coaxial cable 10 towards the distal end and is radiated by antenna 15. A portion of the power radiated by the antenna is absorbed by the saline solution, and a portion of the power is transmitted through the saline solution for direct heating of the plaque. That portion of the power which is absorbed by the saline solution causes heating thereof, which provides direct conductive heating of the plaque by thermal conduction through membrane 23 of the balloon. Thus, the described catheter may be used in a dual mode, which includes direct microwave heating of plaque, together with conductive heating of plaque through intermediate heating of an electrically lossy fluid within the balloon. The same catheter can additionally be used in conjunction with microwave reflection measuring equipment such as impedance measuring equipment, S11 measuring equipment or time-domain reflection measuring equipment for determining the distension of the balloon and therefore the diameter of the distended lumen.
In FIG. 13, a connector designated generally as 1300 provides a tight connection between a gas or liquid source and a channel 1327 lying between flexible jacket 1326 and braided outer conductor 14. Channel 1327 also includes interstices within braided outer conductor 14. Since a liquid cannot easily be forced through a single channel into the balloon at the distal end of a catheter without creating a bubble, it is advantageous to take advantage of the interstices in the braided center conductor of coaxial cable 10 to allow the escape of gas during filling of the balloon with liquid. Connector 1300 also provides an electromagnetic transmission-line path between a coaxial connector and the interior of coaxial cable 10. In FIG. 13, connector 1300 at proximal end 22 of catheter 8 includes a conductive housing 1350 including an externally threaded portion 1352 and a bore 1354. A first gas-impermeable dielectric washer 1396 bears against a shoulder 1397 of housing 1350. The junction between washer 1396 and shoulder 1397 may include a sealer to aid in preventing leakage of gas. If the interior of the connector is pressurized, washer 1396 is forced against shoulder 1397. A center conductor connector 1360 is slotted to receive a mating male center conductor (not illustrated) and includes a shoulder 1361 for bearing against the edge of an aperture in the center of washer 1396. The proximal end of center conductor 12 extends through the center of a dielectric washer 1356 and is soldered into a recess (not illustrated) in the end of pin 1360. Washer 1356 bears against a shoulder of housing 1350 to support center conductor 12 and to provide additional sealing between a chamber 1303 and washer 1396. A further dielectric washer 1394 makes a gas-tight fit against the outer surface of dielectric material 16, and its outer edge bears against a further shoulder of housing 1350 to define a second side of chamber 1303.
The proximal end of outer conductor 14 is unbraided and flared out to form a curve 1362 which fits against a curved shoulder 1363 of housing 1350. The outer conductor id captivated against shoulder 1363 by a washer or ring 1364 having a curvature matching that of shoulder 1363 and a ring-shaped screw 1366 having external threads which mate with an internally threaded portion 1367 of housing 1350. The connection of jacket 1326 to housing 1350 is accomplished by flaring the flexible jacket and slipping it over a tapered exterior portion 1351 of housing 1350. Jacket 1326 is captivated against surface 1351 by a nut 1369 having a tapered interior portion 1370 which matches the taper of portion 1351 of housing 1350. Nut 1369 has a threaded portion 1371 which engages with threads 1372 of housing 1350 so as to make a fluid tight seal between jacket 1326 and housing 1350. In order to introduce fluid into the interior of a chamber 1390 within connector 1300, a plurality of holes 1373 are drilled through the body of housing 1350 near the base of threaded portion 1352. An annular plenum housing 1378 including an interior threaded portion 1376 and a nipple 1382 is screwed over threaded portion 1352 of housing 1350, and compresses an O-ring 1380 against a shoulder 1302 of housing 1350 to define a plenum 1400. Thus, nipple 1382 communicates with plenum 1400 and, by way of drilled holes 1373, with a chamber 1390, which communicates through the unbraided strands of outer conductor 1362 to a further chamber 1301 defined in the conductive outer sheath, and between sheath 14 of coaxial cable 10 and flexible jacket 1326. Fluid may be introduced through bore 1382 of nipple 1379, and through chambers 1400, 1390 and 1301, and channel 1327 to the distal end of the coaxial cable. As fluid flows through channel 1327 towards the distal end of the catheter, displaced fluid (gas or liquid) may return through the interstices in braided center conductor 12, returning to chamber 1303 defined between washers 1394 and washer 1356. Chamber 1303 communicates through drilled holes 1304 with a plenum 1401 defined by plenum housing 1398, which is screwed over threaded portion 1352 of connector body 1350 and which bears against a washer 1305 for sealing. Fluid escaping through the center conductor passes through chamber 1303, holes 1304 and through a nipple 1392. Naturally, other arrangements are possible for making electromagnetic coaxial connections to coaxial cable 10 and fluid connections to fluid channel 1327 extending through cable 10, and to any additional fluid channels in cable 10, as through the interstices in the center conductor.
In FIG. 14, a coaxial transmission line 1200 includes a center conductor formed from a dielectric tube 1212 with a metallic exterior plating illustrated as 1260 and a central bore 1262. Dielectric tube 1212 may be made from a fluorocarbon material such as TEFLON (polytetrafluoroethylene) and metallization 1260 may be a gold plating. Transmission line 1200 also includes a dielectric sheath 16, an outer conductor 14, and a jacket 26, corresponding to those of FIG. 1. A dielectric piece 1250 accepts the center conductor 1212, 1260 in a large diameter portion of a bore 1252, and also includes a smaller diameter portion of bore 1252 which matches the diameter of bore 1262 of the center conductor. As in the arrangement of FIG. 1c, dielectric piece 1250 supports an os of a balloon 1223, illustrated in a partially inflated form. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a guide filament is adapted to be disposed within bore 1252. The guide filament is longer than the center conductor bore so that the guide filament may simultaneously protrude from both the distal and proximal (not illustrated) ends. In FIG. 14, a catheter guide filament 1266 extends from the proximal end of the transmission line (not illustrated) to the distal end where its end 1269 protrudes. Filament 1266 is dimensioned to be longitudinally movable within the transmission line, in the directions illustrated by double-headed arrow 1268. The filament may be extended through and out of the distal end of transmission line 1200 in order to guide the catheter in known fashion.
The filament may be of conventional metallic construction. When balloon 1223 is inflated (with lossy fluid, if desired) and it is desired to apply microwave power through the transmission line, filament 1266 is partially withdrawn by motion toward the proximal end, thereby causing the end 1269 of the filament to be withdrawn to within the center conductor, where its effect on the antenna radiation is reduced. Alternatively, at least the end of filament 1266 which protrudes past the end of center conductor 1212, 1260 may be made from a dielectric material or a high-resistance material, so that its effect on the radiation is reduced even if it is not withdrawn during application of microwave power.
Other embodiments to the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In particular, additional channels for the flow of fluid may be made by cutting longitudinal troughs part-way through the exterior portion of dielectric sheath 16. Lossy fluids other than saline solution may be used as required to obtain the correct dielectric constant, loss and physiological compatibility. Instead of using switches such as switch 30 of FIG. 1a, a directional coupler such as a 30 dB bidirectional coupler can be used to sample power for measuring apparatus 94.
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|22 Oct 1993
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|Balloon inflation measurement apparatus
|29 Oct 1993
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|3 Feb 1994
|5 Dic 1995
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|25 Nov 1996
|21 Abr 1998
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|Method and apparatus for RF ablation and hyperthermia
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|22 Sep 1998
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|4 Abr 2000
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|Van Der Weide Daniel W
|Segmented catheter for tissue ablation
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|Cannula cooling and positioning device
|31 Ago 2006
|28 Dic 2006
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|Radiation applicator
|24 May 2006
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|Lee Fred T Jr
|Microwave surgical device
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|Microwave tissue resection tool
|24 Ago 2006
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|Microwave device for vascular ablation
|11 Ago 2006
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|Intralumenal microwave device
|31 Ene 2007
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|16 Jul 2007
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|Barts And The London Nhs Trust
|Microwave hollow organ probe
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|600/407, 607/154
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|20 Feb 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|14 Jul 1996
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|24 Sep 1996
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19960717


text:
Temperatures by Thursday AM are likely to drop to near the freezing mark for areas away from the coast.
When combined with lots of standing water from Wednesday's rainfall, some spotty areas of black ice are possible. The ice is not likely to be widespread.
The most likely locations for black ice would be on bridges and overpasses.
Any ice will quickly melt after sunrise.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
More than 20 students at McClure Middle School have been suspended for allegedly bullying one of their classmates over the Internet.
More than 20 students at McClure Middle School have been suspended for allegedly bullying a classmate over the Internet.
A Seattle Public Schools spokeswoman said school administrators learned Tuesday evening about the alleged bullying, and investigated Wednesday.
The students were suspended for two to eight days, depending on their level of involvement, said Patti Spencer, district spokeswoman.
Lisa Fitch, a co-president of the school's PTSA, said her understanding was that the incident involved a Facebook page that students were asked to sign up for if they didn't like a particular student.
- Purple Heart plant bed vandalized days before Memorial Day
- Refusal in Bernie Sandersland to accept reality is really unreal
- Central District's shrinking black community wonders what's next
- Boeing tankers will be delivered to Air Force late — and incomplete
- Seattle's vanishing black community
Most Read Stories
She said she doesn't think the page was up for more than 24 hours.
Fitch and John Loacker, the other co-president, both supported Principal Sarah Pritchett's decision to suspend the students.
"In middle school, they're very young and they're going to make mistakes, and I commend the school for dealing with it," Fitch said. Although the bullying didn't take place on school grounds "it still creates a hostile environment for a child," she said.
Still, Loacker said it pains him that McClure is getting singled out for something negative when so much good happens there. "We've created a very positive environment for our children at McClure," he said.
Spencer said that staff members have had discussions with the suspended students and their parents, and the principal plans to hold assemblies to discuss appropriate and safe Internet use.
One of the district's nine middle schools, McClure, on Queen Anne Hill, has about 550 students. The school has an anti-bullying program and a zero-tolerance policy for bullying, Spencer said.
Linda Shaw: 206-464-2359 or email@example.com


text:
We never stop improving and that's why we're successful. See how we're improving facilities, programs, patient safety and patient satisfaction.
We're the most recognized community hospital in the state and it's our people who make us great. See hospital and staff awards.
Winchester Hospital was the first community hospital in the state to achieve Magnet designation, recognition for nursing excellence. Learn why.
Our tremendous staff gives back to our community by coordinating free health screenings, educational programs, and food drives. Learn more.
A leading indicator of our success is the feedback we get from our patients. See what they're saying about their experiences.
Ewing sarcoma is a
cancerous bone
tumor that may occur in any bone in the body. When it occurs in soft tissue, it is called extraosseous sarcoma. The most commonly affected areas include the pelvis, thigh, lower leg, upper arm, and chest wall.
The causes of Ewing sarcoma are not fully understood. Chromosomal rearrangement that alters the genes may be a factor.
Because the causes of the cancer are unknown, risk factors are also not fully understood. Ewing sarcoma appears to be more common in Caucasians, teenagers, and males.
Symptoms include:
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. You will be treated by a team of doctors which may include an oncologist who specializes in cancer, an orthopaedic surgeon who operates on bones, and a radiation oncologist who works with radiation to kill cancer cells.
Your bodily structures may need to be viewed. This can be done with:
Your bodily fluids and tissues may need to be tested. This can be done with:
Treatment involves a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. Typically, patients are first treated with chemotherapy for 8-12 weeks, followed by a CT or MRI scan to evaluate the tumor. Depending on the tumor size and location, either surgery or radiation follows. Chemotherapy then resumes for several months after surgery or radiation.
drugs are used to kill tumor cells. Your doctor will prescribe a combination of drugs to be given over a set time. This usually means every 2-4 weeks for several months.
Surgery may be used to remove the tumor, as well as rebuild the affected bone. Depending on the location of the tumor, a
bone graft
or prosthesis may be needed. There are special types of prostheses that expand as the bone grows. Sometimes, several surgeries are needed to make sure the limb functions properly.
Radiation therapy
uses high-energy x-rays to kill tumor cells. It may be used with surgery or instead of surgery. It is usually given over several weeks and is followed by chemotherapy.
A combination of high-dose chemotherapy and
stem cell transplant
is being evaluated at certain cancer centers. This combination therapy is typically used in cases where the tumor is resistant.
Ewing sarcoma occurs for unknown reasons. There are currently no preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing the cancer.
American Cancer Societyhttp://www.cancer.org
National Cancer Institutehttp://www.cancer.gov
About Kids Healthhttp://www.aboutkidshealth.ca
Alberta Human Serviceshttp://www.child.alberta.ca
Ewing family of tumors. American Cancer Society website. Available at:
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/CRI%5F2%5F3x.asp?rnav=cridg&dt=48. Accessed June 18, 2015.
Ewing's sarcoma. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at:
http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00082. Updated September 2011. Accessed June 18, 2015.
Ewing sarcoma. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated October 29, 2014. Accessed June 18, 2015.
Miser ES, Goldsby RE, Chen Z, et al. Treatment of metastatic Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone: evaluation of increasing the dose intensity of chemotherapy-a report from the children's oncology group.
Pediatric Blood Cancer. 2007;49:894-900.
Sarcomas: Ewing's sarcoma. The University of California, San Francisco Children's Hospital website. Available at:
Accessed June 18, 2015.
Solid tumors: Ewing sarcoma family tumors. Disease Information. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital website.
Available at:
Accessed June 18, 2015.
Winchester Hospital
41 Highland Avenue, Winchester, MA 01890
› View all Locations


text:
mbgriffi Plus
User Stats
Profile Images
User Bio
I am a hiker who photographs.
I am a photographer who runs.
I am a runner who carries a camera.
I am a mountaineer wanna be.
I am king of the Dawn Patrol.
I'll sleep when I am dead.
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Oscar Guiu Asensio added Inle Lake to Birmania


text:
differverb [I]uk /ˈdɪf.ər/ us /ˈdɪf.ɚ/
B2 to be not like something or someone else, either physically or in another way: The twins look alike, but they differ in temperament. His views differ considerably from those of his parents. The findings of the various studies differ significantly/markedly/radically. The incidence of the illness differs greatly between men and women.
› formal to disagree: Economists differ on the cause of inflation. I beg to differ with you on that point.
More examples
- Eye-witness accounts of the fighting differ markedly from police reports of what happened.
- The three birds differ in small features (see Plate 4).
- It's essentially a dictionary but it differs in one or two respects.
- This proposal differs from the last one in many important respects.
- The dispute is based on two widely differing interpretations of the law.
Being and appearing different
synonyms and related words:


text:
Credit : Gareth Catermole / Getty Images
Which Sex and the City Star Just Got Cast in Hannibal Season 2?
Seems like a big jump from cosmos and copulation on ;Sex and the City ;to cannibalism and culinary arts on ;Hannibal. But nevertheless, one of these four ladies best known for a much ;sexier ;role ;will be playing an FBI agent ;when ;Hannibal ;returns next season. ;
Which of these sexy sirens is suiting up and (hopefully) sparring verbally with Dr. Lecter (Mads Mikkelson)?


text:
Music Lyrics
Bass and Guitar Tabs
and More...
From uunet!munnari.oz.au!bruce.cs.monash.edu.au!monu6!deakin-lib-03.cc.monash.edu.au!denmckinnon Fri Jul 24 13:31:22 PDT 1992
Article: 1032 of alt.guitar.tab
Newsgroups: alt.guitar.tab
Path: nevada.edu!uunet!munnari.oz.au!bruce.cs.monash.edu.au!monu6!deakin-lib-03.cc.monash.edu.au!denmckinnon
From: firstname.lastname@example.com (NEIL MCKINNON)
Subject: I'm a Loser
Message-ID: <email@example.com>
Sender: firstname.lastname@example.com (Usenet system)
Organization: Halls of Residence, Monash University
Date: Fri, 24 Jul 1992 11:09:44 GMT
Lines: 42
I'm a Loser. (Lennon/McCartney)
Am7 D7
I'm a loser, I'm a loser,
Am7 F D7
And I'm not what I appear to be.
G Dm F G
Of all the love I have won or have lost
Dm F G
There is one love I should never have crossed.
Dm F G
She was a girl in a million my friend,
Dm F G
I should have known she would win in the end.
Am7 D7 Am7 D7
I'm a loser, and I lost someone who's near to me
G Em Am7 F D7
I'm a loser, and I'm not what I appear to be.
Although I laugh and I act like a clown
Beneath this mask I am wearing a frown.
My tears are falling like rain from the sky
Is it for her or myself that I cry
What have I done to deserve such a fate
I realise I have left it too late.
And so it's true pride comes before a fall
I'm telling you so that you don't lose all.
Return to my to my Beatles Tabs page
The Tablature is Copyright its respective owners.
Website © 2000-2014 mattsmusicpage.com. All rights reserved.
Legal & DMCA: Matt's Music Page has been providing lyrics and tabs in a legal way, paying royalties each year to a few organizations. Then, all lyrics and tabs were removed from the site. Now, there's a new owner to the site, which purchased it August 26, 2014, and he is in negotiation to obtain licensing from BMI at the moment. If you have a specific DMCA request -- please do not hesitate to contact me via the contact button on top. I will do my very best to keep this site fully legal.
Disneyland Book and Record Mickey Mouse, Brave Little Tailor 7", 33 1/3 LP Vinyl
Disneyland Book and Record 101 Dalmatians, 1965, 7" Vinyl, 33 1/3 LP
45 RPM vinyl record spacer button
the world is a ghetto, war lp, vinyl album, record, collectible
Dogfish Head Record Store Day 2016 Craft Beer Pint Glass Album Vinyl NEW


text:
The current population of Campbell County is 1,373 with the median age of 52. Campbell County's median household income is $36,851, and the average household net worth is $364,959.
|Campbell County
|South Dakota
|United States
|Median Household Income
|Average Household Net Worth
|Median Age
|52 years
|36 years
|37 years
Age distribution represents the distribution of the population in Campbell County by age group. In Campbell County, the male-to-female ratio is 723:650, which is 10% higher than the ratio of South Dakota, which is 424,417:420,657. Age demographic data is sourced from census, 2015.
Crime rate index represents the average crime rate for a local area in comparison to nearby areas and the national average. A crime index of 100 represents the national average. Campbell County, has 77% less property crime than South Dakota, and is 87% below the nation's average. Campbell County, has 54% less personal crime than South Dakota and when compared to that of United States, Campbell County is 76% below the national average.
Marital status represents the percent of residents in Campbell County that are single, married, widowed and divorced. In Campbell County, 91% of people are married and 9% of people are single. The percent of people married is 13% higher than the ratio of South Dakota, which is 78%. Marital data is sourced from census, 2015.
Household income distribution represents the distribution of Campbell County income brackets at the household level. Overall, the median household income for Campbell County is $36,851, which is 26% lower than that of South Dakota ($49,832). Income data for Campbell County is sourced from census, 2015.
Education data represents the highest level of education attained by residents in Campbell County. In Campbell County, 24% of residents 18 and over graduated from high school and 16% completed a Bachelor's degree or higher, which is 13% lower than that of South Dakota. Education statistics is sourced from census, 2015.


text: I am trying to install mysql on an older box. I want to try out the XOOPS features on this old distribution. I have this machine running with Fedora 6. When i try to log into my sql buy this command :I get a password prompt. But i have not password protected it. How did the password prompt come? Can anyone help me get through it? Thanks in advance...Code:mysqladmin -u mysql -p create xoops4


text:
The family in animals after Brem grasses is a pseudoscientific psychoanalytische research method for children, with which the rehearsing and is to represent its family members as animals graphically. The method ranks like the Rorschachtest among the projektiven procedures. By graphic application it is to fall the child more easily to express itself conclusion-giving. Children can represent conflicts in the family connection in such a way, without availing itself thereby of the language. The test takes place in a calm atmosphere. The instruction reads that the child is to imagine its family in animals and now draw these animals.
The evaluation of the test effected in "free "interpretation after deep-psychologically or systemically oriented criteria to certain criteria. The authoress gives here an assistance with a catalog of the animal characteristics. As the further criterion are considered the arrangement, size and kind of the animals in the picture:
Investigations of the University of Vienna resulted in that the family in animal test is objective neither valide, still reliabel or. Differently than with the Rorschachtest the designs are not compellingly A priori insignificant, however by the analyst are subjectively evaluated.
We found here 2 articles.
F» Family in animals
» Freiburger personality inventory
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text:
This full website whois and analysis report on Independent.co.uk was ran on May, 29, 2016.
Nom-IQ Limited t/a Com Laude [Tag = NOMIQ]
Independent Digital News & Media Ltd
UK Limited Company, (Company number: 07320345)
Northcliffe House
2 Derry Street
Registrant contact details validated, by Nominet
We include detailed information like the server IP Address which is 188.8.131.52. Independent.co.uk resides at DMG Media Limited in United Kingdom. The domain Independent.co.uk is set to expire on February, 02, 2016.
The Independent.co.uk Whois shows that the registrar is Nom-IQ Limited t/a Com Laude [Tag = NOMIQ] - but a full analysis for Independent is below to assist you in your research including Whois, Alexa traffic rank of 621, and server details.
The official title of Independent.co.uk is: The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper
The official description of Independent.co.uk is:
Independent, international and intelligent news coverage, from breaking stories to agenda-setting campaigns and comment
It is 11:45 AM CEST when you ran this report for Independent.co.uk here on our website, IP-Adress.com. When it comes to Independent.co.uk, you can trust that if we have Whois information available for it, we will display it further below to assist in your research of Independent.co.uk. Feel free to run another Independent related search, or start a new query.
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text:
A House Divided
Last week, the worker bees in the newsroom at the Star Tribune placed small paper pup tents on their cubicles and computer monitors. On the pup tents are written these pointed words: "Fewer lawyers, more journalists. Money the company is using to sue the Guild could be better spent filling empty desks."
The reason for the silent protest? Paul Douglas--or, more precisely, five news stories that the unassuming TV weatherman authored for the Strib last year. In the view of the Newspaper Guild Typographical Union, which represents reporters and other rank-and-file newsroom employees at the Strib, the placement of the Douglas articles in the paper's A and B sections violated a provision of the collective bargaining agreement that governs the use of so-called "freelance experts."
So in April 2004, the union filed a formal grievance. In keeping with existing protocols, the matter was referred to a mutually agreed-upon arbitrator, James Lundberg. After the slow churn through the process, Lundberg finally issued a ruling on March 31 of this year. Citing both jurisdictional language in the contract and the paper's past practices involving the use of freelance material, Lundberg ruled in favor of the guild and thus put an end to the matter.
Or so guild members thought. Earlier this month, Strib management squelched the high-fiving in the newsroom by filing a formal appeal of Lundberg's ruling in U.S. District Court in Minneapolis. It was, to say the least, a highly unusual move. No one in the union could recall the Strib appealing an arbitrator's award previously, and Strib spokesman Ben Taylor says there is no record of any past appeals by the company.
"There is a lot of anger about this. As one guild member said to me, 'What part of binding arbitration don't they understand?'" says Strib business editor and guild unit chair Eric Wieffering. In an e-mail distributed to union newsroom employees, Wieffering put it even more bluntly. "How would you define sore loser?" he wrote. "How about a company that insists on binding arbitration, gets whipped, and then files a federal lawsuit to have the arbitrator's ruling thrown out?"
The company's appeal, Wieffering concluded in the e-mail, "serves as another reminder--as if one was needed--about management's regard for the role and rights of the Guild."
Wieffering notes that while the paper's lawsuit will cost the union money, it is a long shot to succeed, which is one of the reasons rank-and-file Stribbers were so galled by the company's action.
In fact, "301 lawsuits"--as federal appeals of arbitration rulings are called--are very rare, according to Joe Daly, a law professor at Hamline University and a professional arbitrator. It is even more rare for arbitrator's decisions to be overturned. In Minnesota, Daly says, he knows of only one arbitrator's ruling that was overturned by a court. (That case involved an arbitrator's reinstatement of a Brooklyn Park police officer fired for sexual harassment.) As a rule, Daly observes, appeals only succeed in the event of demonstrable bias, fraud, or gross legal overreaching.
That, argues Strib spokesman Taylor, is precisely what Lundberg did. "We believe the arbitrator is essentially rewriting the contract. Our contract does not say anything about where expert writing can appear in the paper." Taylor contends that the guild has overreacted to the company's decision to appeal the ruling. "They are essentially arguing that we should not be using our legal remedies. For journalists to be taking that position is a little baffling to us," Taylor says.
Taylor is equally dismissive of the guild's legal arguments, which he says amount to an argument that the Strib--which he acknowledges has not traditionally used freelance experts in the A and B sections of the paper--"shouldn't do this because we've never done it before." "You play that logic out and we'd never do anything differently. It's an absurd argument," Taylor says. As a matter of principle, he says, management decided it had to appeal.
Wieffering agrees that important principles are at stake--and possibly some jobs. "If the company had free rein, they could use freelancers that would dramatically take away guild work. Why fill empty desks if you can just have freelance experts do the work? Is that the company end game? I don't think so, but I don't know."
The dispute, which has left the newsroom more polarized than at any time in recent years, comes during what should be happy times at the Newspaper of the Twin Cities. After all, according to the most recent report from the Audit Bureau of Circulation, the Strib posted the largest growth in circulation of any of the nation's 20 top newspapers (and was one of just four to record any gain).
But, say some newsroom employees, you wouldn't guess that from the tenor of the many mandatory meetings held at the paper recently. Ostensibly, says one veteran reporter, the conclaves have been called because management is looking for worker input. "But instead we've gotten a lot of scary lectures about how newspapers are going to die and how we better get with the program or we're not going to have any jobs."
Some newsroom employees suspect that Strib editor Anders Gyllenhaal was behind the decision to fight the guild tooth-and-nail on the Douglas arbitration. Gyllenhaal did not return a call seeking comment for this story, and company spokesman Taylor says it would be inappropriate for the editor to comment on a case that is now in federal court.
But if Guild members need any more insight into their enigmatic leader's views on the place of labor, they might do well to turn to the pages of their own newspaper. In a column published last September, under the heading "Series finds fears of outsourcing unfounded," Gyllenhaal mused on the paper's investigation into the exporting of jobs to China and its effects on Minnesota businesses. Outsourcing, Gyllenhaal concluded, is "leading to expansion at many companies and overall has been good for the regional economy."
Does he believe similar principles apply at 425 Portland Avenue? Evidently, that's for him to know, and his underlings to find out.
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text:
I've seen the trailer to this mess and not to prejudge to quickly here, but it seems that if you propose even the craziest crap in Hollywood these days, even as a dare, some ejit will bank roll your puked up idea. I mean, they must have bon fires in Hollywood for just burning money. It's hard to understand how anyone could be duped into watching this. Or is it?
I think its been done already...it was a brilliant show called Firefly..anyone remember that?!
I think its a clever enough idea to do this film. In fairness the concept of aliens can't be categorised to modern day. Look at transformers 2, Indiana Jones (Crystal Skull) & the Stargate movie. They were based on ancient times with aliens. Granted Indiana was crap but the rest worked. I'm actually looking forward to this one.
Nice interview with Mr Ford. A tough guy to get excited about anything I'd say!
@Marie t. I love Firefly. So fantastic. I'm not sure I like the strong silent type, I do think Downey Jr would have made this more of a must-see, but I'm going to see it at Moviefest in Cineworld this weekend anyway, and looking forward to it.
I think firefly was brilliant too. really just a western in space. If hollywood really has money to burn, they should make a sequel for this.
I quite enjoyed this. It had the potential to be another Wild Wild West, but the dark, hard-edged tone is established from the opening scene. It's fully deserving of its 15A cert, which means that it's not some silly kids movie. A few throwaway laughs would have been nice though. It's actually quite credible to some degree -who said aliens only started visiting Earth from 1947 onwards?
Summer Blockbuster of the year by a long way, yes its got flaws, yes it would have been interesting to see Downey instead of the awful Craig. Firefly was amazing, for those who have not seen it do and be impressed and also check out the just as cool movie Serenity. Cowboys and Aliens well worth a look, no badly cgi-ed Apes/monkeys, no twee little kiddies, no silly super heroes and no robots loved up on mankind.
Grammatical errors abound in the above article. Who proofs these things? Tut.
There is a good (much shorter) movie trying to escape from Cowboy & Aliens. Once its gets going its a good action flick with decent set pieces. Loosing half an hour and the need to include the full list of Western cliches and it'd be a lot tigher more gripping film.
I was really looking forward to this movie but I have to say I was a bit disappointed. You would think that the combination of Cowboys and Aliens would be really exciting but it wasn't that great, dare I say, boring in parts. I did get to a stage where I wanted it to hurry up and end and the only thing that kept me awake was the loud gun-shots and explosions. It dragged on a bit in parts, like the flashbacks and just other scenes that felt unnecessary. I don't know what it was, I just thought a lot more action could have been packed into the movie and more interesting dialogue. On a good note, the CGI was really good and not laughable like most movies these days and some good acting on Daniel Craig and Harrison Ford's part. It is worth a watch, but as the person above me said, "There is a good (much shorter) movie trying to escape.."
i agree as a fan of firefly and nathan fillion this kinda thing has been done, but saying that i have seen this film and have to admit i quite enjoyed it, daniel craig was great in the role, and even harrison ford's character i found funny, all in all not a bad show, if you like daniel craig and a film that gives action from start to finish it's well worth a look.
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text:
Thwomp Papercraft by ChartodileonWatch
©2007-2016 Chartodileon
LOVE IT!!! But the link is broken do u still have the pattern somewhere?
ha ha cool! fav
Aww, that's so cute!! I shall add it to my papercraft library.
Thank you!
Downloaded this a while ago, it's on my short list.
Thank him for me. This is totally awesome.
A Twomp papercraft! cool, I want to try making it myself... it's like Twomp a la Paper Mario.
Thats from Mario right?
if yes than YAYY!!
if yes than YAYY!!
Flagged as Spam
How cool!


text:
Wine Bottle Lights by Hiddendemon-666Watch
©2013-2016 Hiddendemon-666
I've been working on doing these for a while ^///////^ I love how they look, and I have a few at home.
For sale here: www.etsy.com/listing/167048047…
For sale here: www.etsy.com/listing/167048047…
I would like to ask what is inside the bottle lamps light?
thank you so much
Really cool idea. Wondering how you power the lights though since the bottles are sealed. Internal power source or external?
I drilled a hole in the back and fed the lights through ^^
Cool. c: Did you use a regular drill or is there a special on for glass? Seems like it would shatter to me.
Hey, nice work! ^^
and are you going to write that threesome with Shay, Luther and Nowaki? I've been really curious to read it!
and are you going to write that threesome with Shay, Luther and Nowaki? I've been really curious to read it!
XD Yes, I will sometime soon. It's just been a while since I've had time to write. My second job is finally over, so I'm hoping to have some free time!
These are beautiful. *__*
I love the idea
really fantastic ^^!
O.O woah...that's really cool
^^ They make me feel calm and safe XD
XD were those bottle empty to begin with or no?
Yes, they were. I can not handle my alcohol >>
Heh, I don't at all. Don't like the taste, and I'm very sensitive to it. I got sick to my stomach from just a sip...and it was just white wine.
I at least try other kinds. Wine is gross...but Smerinoff isn't too bad, because it has a really low alcohol content. (I like the frozen margaritas that come in the pouches at walmart XD)
Love it!!
Humh?! What a beautiful idea!
I have to send this to a few friends!
Fantastic! Cheers!
This is a really cool idea, they look great!
I saw something similar on a Halloween site for recycling... they used Milk Cartons but this is even more awesome! Nice work and it's gorgeous imo.
Creative and cool
These are really cool They remind me of the wine bottle incense burner I bought at a fair two weeks ago I haven't had a chance to use it and all cause College frowns upon good smelling smoke and all.
Anway! These are really cool Do they have a plug in the back or something to make them work?
Yes, they have a plug in the back ^^ And they have a switch with different settings as well.
VERY cool idea! LOVE it!
I was planning on doing this with my liquor bottle collection but I'm having trouble trying to get the right kind of lights
Yea, you can't use the normal christmas lights, unless you drill a huge hole.
How did you power the lights?
With a cord. It's a strand of Christmas lights inside, and they plug in : ) There's a switch on the back for different speeds and flickers.


text: I've been riding some in the cold weather. Once it gets in the 20 degree range I can't keep my hands warm. Do any of you have suggestions for some good winter gloves? I've tried several combinations but nothing has worked so far. I haven't tried Gore Tex yet. Thanks.


text:
Ways to Give
The reasons to support Metropolitan State University of Denver are personal and varied. Some donors are alumni and are in a position to give back to the University. Other donors are interested in setting up a planned gift to benefit Roadrunners for generations to come. And still, other donors are simply drawn to the University because of their passion for education and the opportunities MSU Denver provides to its students and the community.
When you choose to support MSU Denver, you determine what type of gift is appropriate for you and how it will be used. Your support can come in many different ways, whether through time, treasure, or talent. While most individuals chose to provide some form of monetary contribution, there are other ways to get involved with the University and support your area of interest.
We're here to help you find the best method for you and your family. Let's work together to create a culture of philanthropy and continue providing exceptional opportunities throughout the MSU Denver community.
There are various ways you can give.
Hundreds of privately funded scholarships are offered to students every year based on academics, achievement and financial need.
MSU Denver remains committed to supporting a wide-range of students who have a passion for learning and a desire to
maximize their professional opportunities.
Scholarships provide direct support for student success and help lower the burden of financial aid. With more than 63 percent of students—over 14,000—receiving financial aid in the fall of 2013, the need for additional scholarship contributions is ongoing.
When you support current or create new scholarship opportunities, you are making the difference between now and someday for students in need of financial support. With the least expensive tuition of the largest four-year universities in Colorado offering undergraduate degrees, MSU Denver provides an educational value like no other in the state. Because of this fact, your contribution to support scholarships can do more.
While gifts of any amount can be made to support current scholarships, you can create an endowed scholarship with a gift of $25,000 or more. Additionally, named scholarships may be established with a gift of $5,000 or more, annually.
University Advancement can arrange a site visit for you and members of your company or organization to tour campus and discuss partnership opportunities.
Partnerships and strategic alliances with stakeholders in the community continue to transform MSU Denver. Through corporate and private foundation philanthropy and strategic investments, you provide support that benefits all areas of the University and is essential to its path toward preeminence.
Company Matching Gifts
Many employers match gifts made to nonprofit organizations, including universities. Check with your employer about a matching gift to MSU Denver and double the impact of your gift or search here.
Corporate Philanthropy
Through corporate donations, you can facilitate partnerships that benefit both MSU Denver and your company. Give an unrestricted gift to help fund programs with the greatest need or align your gift with a specific program that supports your company's mission.
Reach your target audience while demonstrating your dedication to building MSU Denver. Sponsoring a special event or program draws attention from both the media and the community.
Corporate Foundation Grants
Investments from corporate giving programs play a critical role in building preeminent programs across the MSU Denver campus.
The Transform Tomorrow campaign is scholarship campaign to being the next 50 years. The campaign will raise $6 million in scholarships to provide nearly 2,000 scholarships for recruitment, retention and graduation of our students. Our opportunity is to continue doing what we do best but on a greater scale—graduate workforce-ready students into our local communities. Contact: Lora Hansen or call (303) 556-5140.Support Student Scholarships
Learn More
HLC Hospitality Learning Center
Our newly created Hotel and Hospitality Learning Center offers a unique, experiential education thanks to an on-campus Spring Hill Suites, a full-service, 150-room hotel with conference and restaurant amenities. One of only 11 campus-based hotels in the country and the only one in Colorado, this facility enables us to train Colorado's most diverse student body to become skilled hospitality managers. Contact: Steve Galpern or call (303) 556-5109.Support the HLC
Learn More
Athletic Complex
MSU Denver is transforming a blighted plot in Denver's inner city into the Regency Athletic Complex, providing outstanding recreational opportunities to MSU Denver students and to the local community. Contact: Ran Railey or call (303) 556-5119.Support Athletics
Learn More
AES Aerospace Engineering Science
MSU Denver is embarking on its most ambitious undertaking yet -- to construct an Aerospace Engineering Sciences building with plans to educate and train a globally competitive aviation and advanced manufacturing workforce for the state of Colorado. Contact: John Burtness or call (303) 556-5126.Support the AES
Learn More
Your endowment and named gifts create a predictable and sustainable source of income for their designated purpose, providing financial security for the University over the long-term.
When you make a gift to one of the many endowments or naming opportunities available or establish a new endowment, you are ensuring the continued preeminence of the University. Endowments and named gifts can be established to support scholarships, fellowships, lectureships, professorships, department chairs and innovative programs and projects.
A minimum gift of $25,000 is required to establish an endowed scholarship, and higher minimum gifts are required for other endowed fund opportunities.
Your contribution at this level is invested and an annual distribution is made for the purpose you designate. Because the principal remains intact, the fund will generate support in perpetuity.
By contributing unrestricted dollars, you choose to give MSU Denver the flexibility to undertake critical new initiatives to meet the changing needs of its diverse student population.
MSU Denver relies on the generosity of alumni and friends to invest in its innovative teaching and learning environments. Gifts to the Annual Fund allow MSU Denver to provide extraordinary opportunities for learning and discovery. They also extend the financial aid program to every student who needs it while helping
meet emerging needs and challenges.
Unrestricted gifts are especially valuable to MSU Denver, because they allow the University to allocate funds wherever the needs are greatest and to take advantage of new opportunities. Your contribution may support financial aid operations, innovations in teaching, research equipment, facilities and
much more.
Directed gifts allow you to designate your gift to a specific school or program. When you make a directed gift to MSU Denver, you enjoy the satisfaction of knowing you are supporting a program that is personally meaningful.
Ways to Give Annually
Tribute and Memorial Gifts
Any gift to Metropolitan State University of Denver can be designated to pay tribute to or memorialize an important person in your life. These designations might acknowledge a teacher, mentor, family member, friend, colleague or loved one. Making a tribute or memorial gift to MSU Denver is a great way to ensure that a person's influence and legacy is honored.
A charitable contribution of long-term appreciated securities (i.e. stocks, bonds and/or mutual funds that have realized significant appreciation over time) is one of the most tax-efficient of all ways to give. Making a gift of securities in lieu of or in addition to cash offers you the chance to support the University while realizing many important benefits for yourself.
Real Estate
A charitable contribution of real estate—whether it is your personal residence, vacation home, farm, commercial real estate or vacant land—can make a meaningful impact at MSU Denver. You can give real estate as an outright gift or as a gift through your estate.
Faculty and Staff Giving
MSU Denver faculty and staff give in a variety of ways and for a variety of reasons. Every gift, regardless of size, makes a difference to the University, and your participation speaks volumes. For your convenience, you can also contribute through payroll deduction.
Volunteer - Nothing speaks more highly of a university than alumni or friends who enthusiastically serve and support it. Whether you help connect alumni with students, share your area of expertise, join a Roadrunner Network (alumni group) or serve as a board member, you'll walk away with a sense of accomplishment and pride, knowing that you truly made a difference in the lives of MSU Denver students and alumni.
Host an Event - We like to call them "Friend-raisers" and there is no better way to share the excitement of what is going on at MSU Denver than gathering your friends for an intimate event. If you are interested in learning more about how you can host an event to support MSU Denver, contact us at email@example.com or 303-556-8424.
About MSU DenverUniversity Fact Sheet
Alumni & Friends
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Why Give?
"This is the first year in my college career that I will not have to stress about making ends meet every four months. I am the first in my family that will graduate with a bachelor's degree. "
–Jose Parra Gonzalez


text:
Google World Diet Trends for 2015: Dukan and Atkins Compete for World's Most Popular Diet
Hands up if you vowed to lose a few pounds in 2015 by following a diet plan? You're not alone.
If you want to find the latest and greatest in, well, anything, you probably head to Google and researching a diet plan that fits your lifestyle is no exception. From only eating food that a caveman would eat (Paleo diet), to half-hearted vegetarianism (flexitarianism), there were certainly a wide variety of diets to choose from in 2015.
According to Google research done by Aetna International, one of the world's leading health benefits providers, the most searched-for weight loss programs online were two high-protein, low-carb diets: The Dukan Diet and Atkins.


text:
Warwick Beacon
Warwick Rhode Island Newspaper
Warwick Beacon owned by Beacon Communications circulates 8,000 copies. Printed twice a week on Tuesdays and Thursdays this local Warwick paper covers news, sports, business, jobs, and community events. Established in 1953 Warwick Beacon publishes stories for Warwick and Kent County Rhode Island.
Publication Profile:
Warwick Beacon
County: Warwick
Phone: 401-732-3100
Website: www.warwickonline.com
Product/Service: Tuesday and Thursday Newspaper
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text: Shine bright like a diamond with these oh so fashionable heels! They are sure to turn heads and make the perfect fashion statement for any occasion! Add these to your collection, they definitely are a must have! Featuring faux suede upper, almond shaped closed toe, scoop vamp, stitched detailing, and finished with a cushioned footbed. Approximately 6 1/4 inch heel and 2 inch platform. Style: shoes-heels-sdi-avis-12redimitkidsu Brand: DoorBusters NOTE: Item is FINAL SALE and is not eligible for return or exchanges. Item is NOT eligible for promotional discounts.


text:
Excellent ‼ LIKE ♥.
Like,fantastic,very nice sunset,greetings Leo
arno, Leo, thank you for your visit and nice comments, greetings from Bulgaria, Nora
Very nice photo L+F
Beautiful photos, very good, favorite& like...Thank you very much for your visit and nice comment!....Best wishes and kind greetings from IRAN,karim
exzellente Aufnahme!!
Viele Grüße aus Österreich, Michael
Nenad, Karim, Michael, thank you for your visit and nice comments, greetings from Bulgaria, Nora
Surprising colours! Like a lot! Ciao Roberto
Very emotive image!
May you have a great Christmas and an enjoyable New Year, my dear friend Laura. Wishes of good health and peace to you and your family!
Many hugs, Celso
Oberto, Mateo, Celso, thank you for your visit and nice comments, Merry X-mas and Happy new year, greetings rom Bulgaria, Nora
Outstanding evening picture Laura
Happy New Year from Germany wish Günter
Beautiful photo! Like! I wish you a happy new year 2013! Greetings from Italy!
Photo taken in в.з. Беловодски път, 1616 София, Bulgaria


text:
I think i have a leak around the oil filter that is causing a burning oil smell on the exhaust. it drips down the exhaust and burns off. i didnt know if this was an easy fix and if it was a common problem. Thanks for any help.
by solo1978 in Monroe, GA on December 16, 2012


text:
Holborn College
Want to study in UK? Fill our this query form for free advice! Holborn College which was founded in 1969 has over the years earned the reputation of one of the leading specialist business and law colleges of UK. It is located on Woolwich Road in London. Initially, the college used to prepare aspiring overseas… Read More »