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Buck Braswell walks through stalks left standing from last year's cotton crop, stopping occasionally to kick up remnants of grain sorghum stubble, residue from 2004. He stoops, digs his hands into the loose, grayish-black soil and sifts it through his fingers, like a miner, panning for gold nuggets.
No shiny stones turn up here but Braswell picks out bits and pieces of rich organic matter, decomposing and adding value to his South Texas fields.
He points to a tractor and bedding rig running across the far end of the field and explains how he's rowing up a bed, through last summer's cotton stalks, for next spring's grain sorghum crop. He says soil erosion will not be a significant problem in this field.
Buck Braswell values soil and does all he can not only to conserve it, but also to make it better than he finds it. Conservation makes sense. He contends that the better he maintains the soil the better cotton crop it will make. It makes economic sense as well, saving him trips across the field, allowing him to farm more acreage with fewer and smaller tractors, less expensive diesel fuel and fewer man hours.
And yields remain equal to or better than many farmers who continue to follow conventional tillage methods.
Braswell's dedication to conservation, along with his unselfish willingness to help other growers learn about and adopt conservation practices, earned him the 2006 Farm Press High Cotton Award for the Southwest.
Braswell will accept the award in January at the Annual Beltwide Cotton Conferences in San Antonio, Texas.
He made his first reduced-tillage crop in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in 1992. He had done some conservation tillage in Mississippi before moving to Texas. "Yield on that first con-till crop was just as good as conventional," he says.
He's refined the system since and follows the same basic procedures in both cotton and grain sorghum.
"We're producing crops as good as anyone around us," he says.
Braswell plants cotton in grain sorghum stubble and grain sorghum in cotton stalks.
"We never pull stalks," he says. "It's important to leave those stalks."
He says, in addition to adding organic matter to the soil, stalks and root systems keep channels open for water to penetrate and for the next crop to follow to moisture.
"I always follow the same rows, every year. Controlled traffic is a key for conservation tillage."
Braswell follows a fairly simple procedure. He uses a John Deere Max Emerge planter. "I just add a disk on the front to move dry soil," he says. "I put out seed, no insecticide hoppers, no herbicide tanks. I just plant. And I use bulk seed, so we don't have to lift bags anymore."
Braswell doesn't use a total no-till system. "I put up a little row," he says, "and use the same ones every year."
He likes to "bed up the land" in the fall, after September rains. "I don't want to bed up too early, because all rain water will run off when the middles are clean of debris," he says. "I leave the stubble in the beds to hold that moisture and will put up beds in October. Then I hope we get rains before planting to replenish moisture."
He manages residual stalks with a Prep Master before planting. "I kill cotton stalks just after harvest with 2,4-D to prevent boll weevils from reproducing late in the year. I may hit it three times. I get checked a lot on stalk destruction, but this system works better than mechanical destruction. Often I can't find any (stalks) alive after spraying. I can get near 100 percent stalk destruction by spraying. I can't do that well when pulling stalks."
He says growers have to be meticulous about spraying to assure proper coverage.
He runs the Prep Master over grain sorghum stubble too, usually a week before planting.
"I have no trouble getting a stand with minimal-till cotton," Braswell says. "That was a concern back in the early 1990s but since 1995 and 1996, we've gotten excellent stands. But we will do whatever it takes to get a cotton stand. We only get that one shot at it, so we make certain we get it up. I rarely have to replant."
Weed control has posed few problems either. He uses all Roundup Ready varieties and will apply Prowl pre-emergence only to irrigated acreage. "I may use some Diuron in a rainy summer.
"I'll plant as many Roundup Flex, stacked varieties as I can get in 2006," he says. "Roundup Ready has made a big difference in farmers' acceptance of reduced tillage systems."
He expects Roundup Flex, with a broader application window, will be even more useful in reduced tillage systems.
The current system has worked well. "I have no serious weed problems but I realize that Roundup is not good on some weeds, and I could run into some trouble down the road."
He uses a hooded sprayer to take care of in-season weeds.
He's careful with spray application, for either weed or insect pests.
"Spray drift can cause a lot of damage and ill will," he says. "But we can spray without drift if we do it right. We have to be aware of the wind."
He uses a high cycle and a hooded spryer for spraying insecticides and herbicides. He is careful with either.
"We have to be mindful of people's property," he says. "Folks spend a lot of money on their yards and they don't want their plants damaged. If we're careful, we can draw a fine line with a sprayer and keep drift from being a problem."
Cultivation plays no part in his weed management system.
"I own no disks or field cultivators," he says.
He recently took in a 500-acre farm and had to run a chisel plow to get it ready to plant. "Even when I chisel, I leave residue on the surface," he says. That residue is important in the Valley. "We get a lot of wind erosion down here."
Rotation keeps yields up. "We simply can't plant cotton after cotton here," he says. "Cotton yields will drop by half if we don't rotate."
He says milo responds to reduced tillage even better than cotton. "Yield improvement seems better with the grain," he says.
Braswell says current high energy prices may encourage other Rio Grande Valley farmers to cut back on tillage. "We're saving a lot of diesel fuel with minimal tillage. I haven't bought diesel since mid-season," he said in mid-October. "My neighbors are buying it every week. And at $2.23 a gallon, it's a big expense."
Steel price jumps also add up. "Steel cost is a big issue for a farmer," he says. "Sweeps are up 40 percent since last year, but we only put up that little row so we only use a sweep once a year."
He figures equipment lasts 30 percent to 40 percent longer because of reduced tillage. "I don't go to the shop for repairs nearly as often as I used to. We spend very little money on equipment repair.
"We use less equipment, probably 60 percent to 70 percent less than we did with conventional tillage. And we use smaller equipment. We just don't need the high horsepower."
In addition to fuel, soil, labor and equipment savings, Braswell believes his nutrient program works better. He's participated in a variable rate fertility program and says his soils show more uniform nutrient distribution than conventionally tilled fields.
"Also, I have higher organic matter content."
He says the organic matter provides a "distinct difference during drought. At planting time I see an obvious difference in the amount of planting moisture available. That's an established fact."
In addition to his minimum till conservation program, Braswell also keeps soil out of the Arroyo Colorado River that runs by one of his fields. He's built a buffer between the field and the river, built low berms to divert water away from the river and is planting grass to help hold the soil.
He thinks precision farming will be the next step in improving farm efficiency. Global Positioning System (GPS) agriculture "is the way to go," he says. "I intend to work on it in the next few years. It will improve farming. The technology is amazing and will allow us to be more accurate with spraying, planting and the other practices we do on a farm. We will be able to apply chemicals with GPS and save $4 to $5 an acre because of improved accuracy. We will save on seed, too.
"Every application on the farm, within five years, will be adaptable to GPS. A lot of us said we would never use a computer to farm. Now, we all have them. It will be the same with GPS."
Braswell has been a willing teacher for other farmers interested in learning about reduced tillage systems. He speaks at five or six meetings a year, sharing what he's learned about reduced tillage. "And hardly a day goes by that someone doesn't call asking for information," he says.
He provides that counsel willingly because it's a production philosophy he believes in.
"In this area, we now have thousands of acres that have not had a plow in 10 or 15 years," he says. "A lot of neighbors who have adopted reduced tillage have been able to make a crop when some with conventional systems could not. And conventional farming has higher production costs."
Braswell says the percentage of reduced till acreage goes up every year, he estimates by around 10 percent.
"Five yeas ago, very few were into reduced tillage, but we see a lot of it now. We don't have as much bare land in the fall as we used to see. And landlords are beginning to request that we use reduced tillage methods on their land. They have seen the advantages."
Buck Braswell drives the back roads of Willacy County, showing us the bare autumn landscape where the country's earliest cotton crop was harvested back in mid-summer. He points out fields with cotton stalks still standing and tells how one farmer or another recently switched to conservation tillage. He's pleased at how much better these farmers like the system than what they had done before, many for decades.
He doesn't say so, but other observers contend that Braswell may have played a key role in encouraging the change. Calling him an evangelist for no-till may be a bit over the top but it somehow seems appropriate. He's not a pushy type, but given the opportunity to talk about what conservation tillage will do, he's more than willing to share what he knows.
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Where the Sidewalk Ends is a 1950 American film noir directed and produced by Otto Preminger. The screenplay for the film was written by Ben Hecht, and adapted by Robert E. Kent, Frank P. Rosenberg, and Victor Trivas. The screenplay and adaptations were based on the novel Night Cry by William L. Stuart. The film stars Dana Andrews and Gene Tierney. Wikipedia
Det. Sgt. Mark Dixon: Maybe I'd better show you my hand, dream boy.
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Overall Client Ratingin Family Law and Personal Injury1.8 out of 5.0Communication Ability2.0Responsiveness1.8Quality of Service1.8Value for Money1.8
Posted by a Consumer on 12/13/101.0 out of 5.0Too expensive advised me not to use my medical insurance and advised my 18 year old not to pay her medical bills because there was nothing they could do to her legally. Referred us to a doctor that is very unorthodox charges 600.00 for 2 blood test and discussed all patients injuries out front in main office also refers all clients to him that are injured and then denied and advised my child to lie to investing company. should be disbarred in my opinion.
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Emily Oster ribalta i nostri pensieri sull'AIDS in Africa
Emily Oster riesamina le statistiche sull'AIDS in Africa da un punto di vista economico e giunge a una sorprendente conclusione: tutto quello che sappiamo sulla diffusione dell'HIV nel continente è errato.
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Helping you to reinforce and the writing principles you learn in THE THOMSON HANDBOOK, the workbook includes exercises with clear examples and explanations of grammar, usage, and writing. It also covers technology in Part IV, "Make Your Rhetoric Electric." This section includes chapters on writing with technology, creating visual and oral presentations, and rhetoric on the Web. Each workbook chapter features a "Technology Toolbox" that provides either a quick tip about how to use technology to improve your writing or a related technology exercise.


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May 29, 2016
Funeral services for Mary Frances Agee, 80, of Butler will be held Sunday, November 10, 2013 at 3 p.m. at the First Baptist Church of Butler with Rev. Jeremy Sorrells officiating. Burial will follow in the Rest Haven Memorial Gardens. Visitation will be one hour prior to the service at the church.
Mrs. Agee passed away Thursday, November 7, 2013 at Jeff Anderson Regional Medical Center in Meridian, Mississippi.
Survivors include her husband of 58 years James M. Agee of Butler; sons James Larry Agee (Vicki) of New Market, Alabama; Robert Lane Agee of Butler; Harold Agee (Lisa) of Butler; granddaughter Bailey Agee of Butler; brother Nial D. Bowerman of Jackson, Alabama; sister Janette Gardner of Vidalia, Louisiana.
Visit bumpersfuneralhome.com to sign the online register and post condolences to the family.
Bumpers Funeral Home of Butler will be in charge of arrangements.
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This summer the Mount Pleasant Neighborhood Library is excited to partner with 826DC to offer a variety of activities for both kids and teens. Stop in at the library for one of these awesome workshops:
Get ready to Fizz, Boom, Read on Monday July 14 at 4 p.m. during Reader's Theatre in the Children's Room on the second floor of the library.
Local filmmakers Natalie Avery and Kyle Centers are screening their short documentary Out of the Basement at a few DC public libraries - including Avery's local, Mt.
Come on over to the library on Thursday July 10 from 2-6 p.m. for Cyberchase Day!
Calling all readers!
This past week our STEAM Team scientists learned all about bubbles and had a ton of fun! In case you missed the program or want to try out the experiment at home, here is a recap of what we did.
Cool down with a cool craft.We'll make festive fans for our upcoming Sunday Family Funday and share summer stories.Join us in the children's room for a chill afternoon.
Anthony Browne rocks!Our upcoming Saturday Family Story Time at 2 p.m. is dedicated to stories written and drawn by Anthony Browne.
Come hang out at the library with your friends this summer during Kid's Night at every Monday at 7 p.m.


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Steve Rogers is back as Captain America and everyone is talking about it!
Darkseid War ends and some big developments are laid out for Rebirth.
The DC Universe is going through huge changes. Spoiler-free review.
Character »
Cheshire Cat appears in 143 issues.
The new Tim Burton movie which is a sequel to the 1951 disney cartoon.
A 2004 loose adaptation of the Lewis Carrol tales. Alice Liddell is an adult corporate worker, stuck in a dead-end job. Her life changes when a stranger first offers her a mysterious book and then runs away with it. She gives chase and finds herself in a Wonderland both bizarre and horrific.
The villians have taken over the House of Mouse and it's up to Micky Mouse and the gang to reclaim their club.
An 1999 live-action short film, loosely based on the Lewis Carroll tales. Alice is a twenty-year-old New Yorker, daughter to affluent parents. She is out of school and feeling directionless. While out on a bar, someone spikes her drink with a hallucinogen.Drugged and indoxicated she wanders around the City, encountering bizzare characters and trying to answer a seemingly simple question: "Who are you, Alice?"
An 1999 television adaptation of the Lewis Carrol tales by NBC. Alice is a young girl supposed to perform at a garden party but suffers from stage fright. She runs away and then her Wonderland adventure begins. The theme is Alice learning to face challenges bravely.
A detective takes a job from a toon.
An 1988 animated adaptation of the Lewis Carroll tales. It was an Australian production for the video market. Alice is a schoolgirl bored with having to study "The Principles of Logical Calculus". She escapes for a while in a Wonderland of nonsense and whimsy. She then returns to her studies but keeps memories of her dream.
A crossover between the Care Bears and the "Alice in Wonderland" cast. A daughter to the Queen of Hearts hass been named a Princess of Wonderland, its apparent reigning ruler. But the Princess has been abducted. The Care Bears and Alice, a look-alike of the Princess, are recruited to save Wonderland from a Wizard claiming the throne for himself.
An 1985 adaptation of the Lewis Carroll, originally created as a two-part television special. The first part covered material from the Alice in Wonderland novel, the second from "Through the Looking-Glass". Unusually Alice was played by a child actress rather than a teenaged one.
An 1983 recording of a Broadway theatrical adaptation of the Lewis Carroll tales. The protagonist was Kate Burton whose theatrical career was just starting. She would go on to have many roles in theatre and television.
An 1982 recording of a long-running theatrical adaptation of the Lewis Carrol tales. The protagonist was Meryl Streep in a change of pace from her mostly dramatic roles at the time.
An 1982 loose adaptation of the Lewis Carroll tales, featuring an adult and divorced Alice in an urban Wonderland. White Rabbit is a human jogger and a love interest of hers. Cheshire Cat is an airplane pilot and Alice's former husband. Queenie (Queen of Hearts) is a loan shark. Etc.
An 1982 recording of a theatrical production by the Children's Theatre Company. The protagonist was young Annie Enneking. While a quality production it suffers somewhat from the raised voices of the actors, needed to reach a large live audience but hardly tolerated on film.
An 1972 musical adaptation of the Lewis Carroll. The theme is that Alice is exploring, rediscovering and partly reinventing herself. Theme accompanied by the song `The Me I Never Knew'.
An 1966 animated, loose adaptation and parody of the Lewis Carrol tales by Hanna-Barbera Productions. A modern-day teenager doing a book report on Alice, accidentaly is sucked ib by her television set. She ends up in a wacky version of Wonderland.
An 1951 adaptation of the Lewis Carroll by Disney. Arguably the best known film version of the story. It was a critical and commercial failure in the 1950s. Its surreal use of music and color started raising its popularity. By the 1980s it was among the best received Disney films.
An 1949 adaptation of the Lewis Carrol tales, combining animation and live action. A French-British production released in 1949. It received an American release in 1951, leading to a legal battle with Disney which was releasing its own version at that time.
An 1933 live-action adaptation of the Lewis Carroll tales by Paramount Pictures. While it featured many stars of the time it has never been released on video or DVD.
An 1931, live-action and talking feature film adaptation of the Lewis arrol tales. While there are reportedly archival copies mentioned in "The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931-1940", there are no known commercially available ones and the preservation status in unknown.
An 1915, silent film adaptation of the Lewis Carroll tales. Alice was played by teenaged actress Viola Savoy who had several theatrical credits. The names of the rest of the cast are mostly forgoten.
An 1903 short film adaptation of the Lewis Carrol tales. Directed by British cinema pioneer Cecil Hepworth. Considered the earliest known adaptation. However the film consists of random scenes with no coherent narrative.
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We are an open and welcoming faith community connecting people to God's love. Our people seek to build a multiracial, multiethnic, and multicultural community of faith. We welcome and affirm the full participation of LGBTQ people in the life of our congregation. We also work for the full inclusion of all people in the greater United Methodist Church.
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Stieg Larsson was the editor in chief of the magazine "Expo." He was a leading expert on anti-democratic, right-wing extremist organizations. He died in 2004, soon after delivering the manuscripts of the novels The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and its sequels. "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" is translated from the Swedish by Reg Keeland. "From the Trade Paperback edition."
"Wildly suspenseful . . . an intelligent, ingeniously plotted, utterly engrossing thriller."--"The Washington Post" "I doubt you will read a better book this year."--Val McDermid "Mesmerizing. . . . Imagine the movies of Ingmar Bergman crossed with Thomas Harris's novel "The Silence of the Lambs.""--"USA Today" "A blazing literary sensation [this] dark-hearted thriller ." . . "is now poised to burn up bestseller lists in America."--"Vanity Fair" "Unique and fascinating. . . . It's like a blast of cold, fresh air to read The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo."--"Chicago Tribune" "A super-smart amalgam of the corporate corruption tale, legal thriller and dysfunctional-family psychological suspense story."--"Fresh Air "(NPR) "As vivid as bloodstains on snow--and a perfect one-volume introduction to the unique strengths of Scandinavian crime fiction." --Lee Child "Combine the chilly Swedish backdrop and moody psychodrama of a Bergman movie with the grisly pyrotechnics of a serial-killer thriller, then add an angry punk heroine and a down-on-his-luck investigative journalist, and you have the ingredients of Stieg Larsson's first novel."--Michiko Kakutani, "The New York Times" "A whip-smart heroine and a hunky guy who needs "her "help? This sexy, addictive thriller is everything you never knew you could get from a crime novel."--"Glamour" "So much more than a thriller, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a dazzling novel of big ideas. It tackles issues of power, corruption, justice, and innocence-all the while drawing you into the twists and turns of a frighteningly suspenseful mystery."--Harlan Coben "An exceptional effort for a first-time crime novelist. In fact, a fine effort for any crime novelist . . . This book is meticulously plotted, beautifully paced, and features a cast of two indelible sleuths and many juicy suspects."--"Boston Globe" "The book lands in
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Customer review on 18/04/2010
An extremely well written and enjoyable book. It is a book that one has to read carefully and it does take a little time to get into. However it is well worth reading as the slow pace allows one to read into the characters of the protagonists in some depth. The book is not the wham bam usual type of thriller with a quick build up and equally fast finale, and it is the pace of development and gradual resolution of the plot that give it its unique character. I have ordered the other two books of the trilogy and hope they too live up to the pleasure I got from this one.
Customer review on 09/07/2010
I found this book a little hard to get into at the start however it does become hard to put down, i just wanted to keep reading to find out what happened! The book is very detailed which for some people may not be a good thing. The characters are all very interesting and all well developed. I look forward to reading the next two books.
Customer review on 24/06/2010
I loved this book- it's fast-paced, interesting, scary (in spots) and the heroine (Lisbeth Salander) is one of the most interesting protagonists I've come across.
If you're looking for an intelligent and interesting read I would recommend this book it's well-written and impossible to put down. Such a shame the author didn't live to see how amazing his work would become.
Customer review on 26/07/2011
one of the best books i have read, normally takes me months to read a book, this took about a week!!
Customer review on 21/03/2011
This is one of my favourite fictions. Larsson writes extremely well and the story is executed perfectly.
Now this is a book I would reccommend with confidence to ANYONE. Even though it is a fiction book, it reads in a journalistic style; factual and detailed. It is a book that requires your attention to pick up the details that make up the story and it's twists and turns.
After reading the triology it was such a disappointment reading other fiction works that weren't by Larsson!
Overall it's a 5 out of 5!
Customer review on 01/11/2010
great book couldnt put down so was reading for hours recommended book for teens and over
Customer review on 22/04/2010
If it wasnt for the movie I would have thought there are other better gripping crime novels. I watched the movie before I had read the book and thought the movie was great so went online and purchased the 3 books in the series. I was expecting the book to be better. For the first time I thought that I liked the movie a little bit more than the book - I got more of a feeling for the 2 main characters in the movie. The book took a lot longer to get into - the second half was much better and I did like the extended version of the ending. There are enough differences betweent he movie and the book that I recommend both. Im now looking forward to starting the second novel but am hoping it doesnt drag on in the beginning like this one.
Customer review on 08/03/2010
I thoroughly enjoyed this book. Something quite different from the usual mystery books I read. Interesting characters and different threads going throughout the book. Have also seen the movie which I enjoyed but it is only loosely based on the book. Enjoyed the book so much more.
Customer review on 01/03/2010
After hearing rave reviews from various people I was excited to get this book. It took me a while to get into it and on reflection I think that the writer's gender contributed to this. Some of descriptives were often highly techinical e.g. boating terminology, vehicle makes and models etc but once I got past those it certainly made for gripping reading with unlikely but extremely real, lead characters. The relationships and communications also seemed more masculine. I felt I had been a fly on the wall at a mens club as a story was told.
Customer review on 23/07/2009
excellent book , difficult to put down , look forward to the sequel's
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Toronto is repeatedly and consistently ranked at the top of international indexes for competitiveness, innovation and liveability. Very few cities in the world can offer such multi-sector strength, depth of talent and a driving economic and financial engine. Toronto is a pro-business environment and prides itself on a city government that is committed to nurturing and supporting business.
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Toronto improves green standards for new development
The City has updated the Toronto Green Standard to include higher energy conservation targets for new buildings. The updates apply to new development started after January 2014.
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Economic Development staff leverage their experience and knowledge of Toronto's business landscape to help with business development and expansion, location and relocation.
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Toronto houses a web of interconnected businesses that are stronger because of those connections. This multi-sector strength drives growth, innovation and synergies.
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The City's Gold Star program for business is an enhanced case management program to expedite eligible industrial, commercial office and institutional development and building applications.
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For questions or to order by phone call +44 (0) 1527 598388
Tiger Wood has had his worst Tournament finish as a professional, since his career began, at the WGC Bridgestone Invitational in Akron, Ohio this weekend.
The world number one finished his final round on 77 to finish 78th out of a field of 81 golfers. He carded three birdies, six bogeys, and two double bogeys to finish 18 over par 298.
Despite this Woods still managed to hold on to his number one spot, as Phil Mickelson needed to finish fourth place or above to became the Worlds Number One Ranked Golfer.
Mickelson finished eight over 78 to tie for 46th place.
Mickelson, who has been number two for 258 weeks still believes he can topple Tiger though "It will eventually happen, I believe," he said."I've got to play better golf, though."
Tiger has still not earnt an automatic qualifying place on the Ryer Cup Team and only has one more counting event remaining in which to do so. He could still be part of the team though if he is chosen as one of Cory Pavin's captain's picks.
Asked he wanted to play in the Ryder Cup Woods said Woods said: "Not playing like this. I would not help the team if I was playing like this.
"I think I can turn it around. We have a lot of time between now and then, which is good."
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When it comes to protecting your eyes and giving you the best protection of all the, POC Iris Flow Goggles will assist you in several ways, like good vision to say the least. First, we have worked on optimizing the field of view on all our goggles.
Research show that simply increasing the field of view allows you not only to see better generally, but also to perceive details in your peripheral vision. Lenses include tear-off knobs in optical clear and penetration resistant polycarbonate. This in turn speeds up your reaction time. The POC Iris Flow Goggles have the same specs as the DH but without tear-off knobs.
Buy POC Accessories from Chain Reaction Cycles, the World's Largest Online Bike Store.
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The Bleach Fan Club
View Single Post
February 15th, 2012 (6:55 PM).
Invisible Ninja Gal
Join Date: Jul 2011
Location: USA
Age: 20
Gender: Female
Nature: Quirky
Posts: 67
Originally Posted by
Btw, did you guys hear about Mangastream? They were forced to give up Naruto/Bleach/KHR/etc.
:O Because of copyright/prodding from the publishers/mangaka, I'm guessing? I remember when OneManga had to take down all of its series.... That was a sad time.
But did everyone see the extra stuff in addition to the new chapter? I'm pretty sure the Bleach on the Beach special was already there, but the artbook was uploaded on TenMangas just today... Anyway, the chapter itself was nice...
"I think he might like this roasted mackerel bread. Let's leave it for him."
"I bet you just don't wanna eat it yourself." XD
Whoa. Wait. Hold up. You don't just go entering people's homes like that (even though the rest of Ichigo's friends did), and you don't stand on people's beds with your shoes on. That's what I call bad manners. XD
The Bleach Hurt or Heal Game
Genryūsai Shigekuni Yamamoto - 20
Suì-Fēng - 22
Ichimaru Gin - 21
Retsu Unohana - 22
Sōsuke Aizen - 0
Byakuya Kuchiki - 24
Sajin Komamura - 20
Shunsui Kyōraku - 25
Kaname Tōsen - 0
Tōshirō Hitsugaya - 29
Kenpachi Zaraki - 26
Mayuri Kurotsuchi - 22
Jūshirō Ukitake - 29
+1 Hitsugaya
-1 Ukitake, because he was winning and Toushirou wasn't. :3
~Ushishishi <3
~♪ I'm strange, and I like it, that's just the way I am! Can't change, I can't hide it, that's just the way I am! ♫
~QK = a ninja!!
~Music is
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National Weather Center tours offer look at the tools and techniques researchers use to study weather
In the last week, Oklahoma City has had temperatures ranging from the 20s to the 70s. Oklahoma's unpredictable weather made me think about the National Weather Center in Norman.
Did you know they have regular tours of the facility? When entering the building, one can't help but notice the Science on a Sphere. It's like a projector screen on steroids, and it's a mesmerizing, almost hypnotic way to view the weather around the world.
The National Weather Center houses different divisions, one of which is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Storm Prediction Center. The center is responsible for issuing all the tornado and severe thunderstorm watches for all 48 contiguous states. The center is home to five NOAA offices. The research taking place here is impressive as meteorologists work every day to understand more about the weather that can dominate our lives.
The NOAA National Weather Service Forecast Office, covering central Oklahoma, is also located here, as is the NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory. If you've ever wondered where "weather central" can be found, it's right here in Norman. When you take a tour, you'll get fascinating information on how this all works.
They have it all — from the high tech to the low tech. On the low-tech side, you can see examples of some of the devices sent into the heart of violent storms, most never to be seen again. Want to see what the vehicles used by serious storm scientists look like up close? You'll find them here, too. Packed full of gear and state-of-the-art equipment, it's a testament to the men and women who literally chase storms and tornadoes, reporting and gathering data.
This is a meteorologist's playroom. Students and scientists are constantly learning. It's interesting that there are windows everywhere. And when storms approach, some of the rooms are packed with people on laptops collecting the ever-changing data that's coming in at any given moment.
Weather affects all of us, rain or shine, day or night, whether it's stormy or simply one of those beautiful days that we commit to memory. And if you are looking for a different place to tour and at the same time get a fascinating behind-the-scenes look at the people and technology used to study this phenomenon called weather, the tour guides at the National Weather Center will be happy to accommodate you.
The tours are held Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 1 p.m. You must sign up before you can attend by going online to www.nwc.ou.edu/tours.
For a list of fascinating places to tour throughout Oklahoma, to go www.TravelOK.com.
Dino Lalli is the producer, a reporter and co-host of the weekly TV travel show AAA's Discover Oklahoma.


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Rainbow Light Vitamin D Sunny Gummies Sour Lemon - 1000 IU - 50 Gummies: HF
Our Price:
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Shipping Weight:
6.40 ounces
Rainbow Light Vitamin D Sunny Gummies Sour Lemon Description:
- Organic Cane Sugar
- No Preservatives
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- High Potency
- 1,000 IU Vitamin D3 Per Gummy
Rainbow Light's Vitamin D3 1,000 IU Sunny Gummies deliver optimal daily Vitamin D3 protection in a delicious sour lemon gummy. Vitamin D is often referred to as "the sunshine vitamin" because it can be synthesized in the body with exposure to sunlight. However, sunscreen use, environmental factors, age and diet may contribute to vitamin D deficiencies. Current scientific research reveals that higher intakes of vitamin D are associated with long-term and enhanced immune resistance.Free Of Artificial colors, flavors, sweeteners, preservatives lactose, gluten, yeast, milk, eggs, soy, nuts, fish/shellfish and wheat. Disclaimer These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
|Shipping Information:
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Product Changes: We have only the current version of any item - we do not stock the 'original' version. Even if the product picture is of the 'original' item, only the version currently in production will be shipped. Please do not place an order with a note that it must be the 'original' item - the order will not be returnable.
In Stock! Our Health Food (HF) warehouse is 98% in stock. HF warehouse ships UPS ground to street addresses and USPS to po boxes.
You will be given the Express option on checkout. You will get the tracking number as shipment confirmation to your email.
HF warehouse ships to the USA Only. It does not ship to Canada, internationally, nor to overseas USA territories.
Orders from the HF warehouse are not returnable 15 days after order shipment.
| Rainbow Light Vitamin D Sunny Gummies Sour Lemon Directions
For daily protection take one gummy per day, with or between meals.
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Gummy
Servings Per Container: 50
|Vitamin D (1,000 IU),
other ingredients: Glucose sytrup, organic cane sugar, water, gelatin, citric acid, lactic acid, glazing agent (vegetable oil, beeswax), natural color (beta-carotene, tomato lycopene), natural flavor (lemon), agar agar.
contains ingredients derived from soy
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Definition of interrogatory in English:
Conveying the force of a question; questioning: the guard moves away with an interrogatory stare
More example sentences
- Since you are not an investigator, save additional interrogatory questions for those who are.
- Professor Ruse's interrogatory title probably reflects a vital question for important sectors of American society.
- But snobbery aside, could it be that a fashion for interrogatory esotericism does not stop with dusty academics?
noun (plural interrogatories)Law
A written question that is formally put to one party in a case by another party and that must be answered.
Example sentences
- The Former Directors have offered to answer written interrogatories from the Insurer and to have such answers included in sworn affidavits.
- He also claims it is unconstitutional to even require him to provide the discovery information the plaintiffs seek in the case - answers to interrogatories, and copies of documents.
- He would have to answer written interrogatories.
Mid 16th century: the noun from medieval Latin interrogatoria, plural of interrogatorium; the adjective from late Latin interrogatorius, based on Latin interrogare (see interrogate).
Words that rhyme with interrogatoryderogatory, supererogatory
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: in·ter·rog·a·to·ry
Definition of interrogatory in:
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All Aboard the Harry Potter Promotional Express; An Author's Promotional Juggernaut Keeps Rolling On
By ALAN COWELL
Published: July 10, 2000
ABOARD THE HOGWARTS EXPRESS, near Oxford, England, July 8— J. K. Rowling, the creator of Harry Potter, insists that she does not regard herself as a celebrity. But the assertion rings a little hollow when you are traveling in a style once reserved for royalty, in a personal train full of plush and brocade, crisscrossing Britain.
Of course this train -- the Hogwarts Express, named for the train that takes Ms. Rowling's blockbuster creation to the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in all four Harry Potter books -- is the centerpiece of a publicity stunt timed to celebrate and feed the frenzy stirred by the latest in the series, ''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire,'' published to great hullabaloo today. And the apparent luxury -- dining car resplendent with white linen and crystal, sleeping car for Ms. Rowling and the entourage from Bloomsbury, her British publisher -- is not quite the magical ride of the novels.
The train rocks and rattles and wheezes. Its 57-year-old steam engine develops a fault and has to be towed behind a diesel locomotive. The antique cars make so much din that a reporter's tape recorder is overwhelmed with white noise during a tightly scheduled 30-minute interview in an observation car. The train's itinerary is to trundle for four days from book signing to book signing at railway stations large and small where the Harry Potter aficionados await a glimpse of the person who gave them their hero.
And at the center of all this stew of hype, stress, adulation and ever-changing deadlines stands Joanne Kathleen Rowling, a slight, 34-year-old writer from Britain's university-educated middle-class, a onetime single mother on welfare now credited with being No. 3 among Britain's top-earning women, with a reported $22 million-plus already gathered from a lightning career.
But the moment is not all triumph, and in a way this rolling monument to success says as much about modern Britain as it does about the phenomenon of Harry Potter. There is an expectation, for instance, that her success automatically entitles the world beyond the Hogwarts Express to bestow the familiar trappings of celebrity -- photographers' popping flashes, glamour to feed dreams -- as if acclaim for her writing made Ms. Rowling the same kind of public property as others might only yearn to be.
And there has been a possibly curmudgeonly reluctance in the broader literary world to allow Harry Potter -- and Ms. Rowling -- to pass by without pointing out that however Harry Potter may be drawn as a fictional persona (one respected literary editor called him a ''cipher''), Huck Finn he ain't. Even as the cash registers have been ringing across the Atlantic, Ms. Rowling's work has lost out on two prestigious prizes: the Whitbread, for book of the year, and the Carnegie, the top British prize for children's writers. (''She was thrilled to bits just to be short-listed,'' said a Bloomsbury publicist, Rosamund de la Hey.)
Ms. Rowling's books, said the author and Whitbread jurist Anthony Holden in The Observer a few weeks ago, are ''Disney cartoons written in words, no more.'' (The United States reaction seems more ''celebratory,'' Ms. Rowling observed in the interview. ''It's a horrible cliche, but Americans do regard success differently.'')
Of course the publication of the fourth book has been mercilessly hyped. And with Warner Brothers planning to begin filming the first Harry Potter movie in the fall, directed by Chris Columbus of ''Home Alone'' and ''Mrs. Doubtfire'' renown, the exploitation of the dream world Ms. Rowling spins around the boy wizard is only beginning. But will that lead to an anti-commercial backlash? It is an issue, Ms. Rowling implies, on which she is ready to take a stand.
''I would do anything to prevent Harry from turning up in fast-food boxes everywhere,'' she said. ''I would do my utmost. That would be my worst nightmare.''
From approving the script for the forthcoming movie to the spinoffs it produces, Ms. Rowling seems to be ready to defend her vision of Harry Potter to the last. In conversations with the director Steven Spielberg about a possible Spielberg movie of Harry Potter, she said, as the train chuffed and hooted its way past the hedgerows and meadows of central England, the project never went anywhere because ''this film would be my vision, and I think he felt he would he hampered in giving his imagination free rein.''
And on the commercialization of the fourth book, she said, ''I'm quite clear in my mind what I would like to be out there and what I wouldn't.''
Ms. Rowling has sought to maintain similar control over public access to her personal life, but that has not always been possible and, much as she sought in the earlier years of her success to pretend to herself that acclaim would not change her life, it has.
Earlier this year, for instance, Britain's tabloids tracked down her ex-husband, a Portuguese journalist named Jorge Arantes with whom she had a brief marriage in the early 1990's. Ms. Rowling has brought up their daughter, Jessica, single-handed. But suggestions that her ex-husband may have helped in the creation of Harry Potter rankle with her. ''He had about as much input into Harry Potter as I had into 'A Tale of Two Cities,' '' she said tartly.


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Also Known As
- Stephan Meijerho
Game Credits
Quality Assurance
|Crysis 3 (2013)
|(EA GE Games Research Analysts)
|Fuse (2013)
|(Games Research Analysts)
|SimCity (2013)
|(Research Analysts)
|NCAA Football 13 (2012)
|(Game Analysts)
|Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2012)
|(EA Certification - Game Evaluation)
|Shank 2 (2012)
|(EA Game Evaluation - Analysts)
|Syndicate (2012)
|(EA Game Evaluation - Analysts)
|Warp (2012)
|(EA Game Evaluation - Analysts)
|Battlefield 3 (2011)
|Battlefield 3: Back to Karkand (2011)
|Crysis 2 (2011)
|(EA GE Analysts)
|FIFA Manager 12 (2011)
|Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit (2010)
|NCAA Football 14 (2013)
|(Special Thanks)
|The Secret World (2012)
Developer Biography
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( ST. JOSEPH,MO. ) There still is a chance for some scattered showers and thunderstorms across northwest Missouri Thursday night. The weekend looks to be dry and warm with the next chance for thunderstorms Sunday night.
Copyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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The Username Letter Challenge.
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December 19th, 2010 (1:19 PM).
Porygon Z
Join Date: Apr 2010
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August 13, 2014
Georgia Theatre changes hands
ATHENS, GA — Wilmot Greene has owned the Georgia Theatre for 10 years and weathered the greatest storms of all including the theatre burning down five years ago. Now he's sold it to a group of investors, Agon Sports and Entertainment. Don't expect big changes though. The formula of bringing in top musical acts has been working and with the same group of employees, the experience will be preserved.
Read more in the Athens Banner Herald.
(Thanks to WHITEFIELD for providing the photo.)
August 12, 2014
Renewing the Princeton Garden
PRINCETON, NJ — The Garden Theater isn't the only local classic theater turning heads after reopening two months ago. Renew Theatres has been revitalizing cinemas across the Philadelphia suburbs like the Hiway in Jenkintown, the Ambler, and the County in Doylestown.
Read more about their strategy in Philly.com.
(Thanks to HowardBHaas for providing the photo.)
August 11, 2014
Tricycle Theatre in Jewish film festival row over Israeli funding
LONDON, ENGLAND — The Tricycle Cinema is refusing to host UK Jewish Film Festival as it is sponsored by the Israeli Embassy. They have offered to contribute funds to make up for the sponsorship but strongly oppose to support any initiative with support from either side in the Middle East conflict.
Read more in BBC News.
(Thanks to Ken Roe for providing the photo.)
August 8, 2014
Remembering Bay Area cinemas
SAN FRANCISCO, CA — The Chronicle has been profiling theaters lost long ago. While there are still some great ones around, as featured in a separate article, this piece looks at the great palaces.
Fox Theatre Peninsula Theatre Haight Theatre Coronet Theatre Fairfax Theatre Millbrae Theatre
(Thanks to William for providing the photo.)
August 7, 2014
Castro Theatre Organ IndieGoGo Campaign
SAN FRANCISCO, CA — The old organ will soon be removed from the Castro Theatre, have started an Indegogo crowdfunding campaign to help fund the creation of a new organ for the theatre that will be the largest pipe/digital organ in the world, with seven keyboards and over 800 stops. The SFCODA website boasts that, "it will retain the glorious sound of the Wurlitzer pipes while employing cutting-edge digital technology to expand it into a classical and orchestral concert organ of unprecedented versatility." An organ of similar design would usually cost somewhere in the millions of dollars to create, but the organ builder who is doing the work pro-bono is building and installing the organ for $700,000.
Read more about IndieGoGo campaign here and more about the Castro Biscuit here.
(Thanks to Tinseltoes for providing the photo.)
August 6, 2014
Dormont theater reaches fundraising goal and then some
DORMONT, PA — The Hollywood Theatre has had its fair share of ups and downs over the years. After reopening in 2011, they quickly were faced with the digital challenge. An eleventh hour Kickstarter campaign has saved them once again and now has the operators able to look at long term plans for the neighborhood treasure.
Read the full story in Trib Live.
Go! List names Best St. Louis movie theater
ST. LOUIS, MO — STL Toady names Ronnie's 20 Cine as the top theater in the area. Not only does it have an IMAX screen, but they've gone to great length to use unique touches to foster a more engaging patron experience.
August 4, 2014
Future bright at Newtown Theatre
NEWTOWN, PA — After reopening in May the Newtown Theatre is bringing the crowds in with adventurous programming and a community feel. They plan to add live performances as well and have also had success with a membership program.
Read more about how this historic gem made its way into the 21st Century in the Bucks County Courier Times.
(Thanks to Ken Roe for providing the photo.)
July 31, 2014
Second City taking on Piper's Alley
CHICAGO, IL — Second City is expanding into the former AMC Piper's Alley, once one of the most popular houses in town. They'll be using it for theatres as well as classrooms to compete in the ever-growing improv scene in Chicago.
Read the full story in the Chicago Tribune.
(Thanks to Ken Roe for providing the photo.)
July 30, 2014
Historic marker unveiled for the Clayton
DAGSBORO, DE — Delaware's last firs-run single screen theatre, the Clayton, received a historic marker recently for its 65 years of service. With digital prohjection they seem set for many more and the community couldn't be more loyal.
Read more about the ceremony and select memories of the theatre at Delmarva Now.
(Thanks to Jack Coursey for providing the photo.)


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"Schladming - the skiing-capital of Styria" Schladming by PetraG
Schladming Travel Guide: 24 reviews and 87 photos
Schladming is a small mining town in the Styria-state of Austria, that is now very popular with tourists. It has become a large ski resort and has held various Skiing competitions recently.The Shopping area has lots of cafes, restaurant and a variety of shops and caters well for tourists.
Skiing: The main mountain is the Planai and the main ski lift (6 seater)starts near the town center. The Planai is best suited for the intermediate skiiers although it is also very good for beginners and experts.
Non-Winter Months: The surrounding mountains are renound for climbing and hiking and the country side and forest is ideal for cycling. In the summer there are downhill runs for toboggans and go karts with runs of 7km. There is also a large outdoor swimming complex at the sport complex.
Accommodation: There are hotels ranging from 1* to 4* catering for a vast range of needs.
Transport: There is a special bus service that runs up and down the Planai and surrounding mountains throughout the year. There are many ski lifts on the mountains some especially for small runs
Styria (German: Steiermark; Slovenian: Štajerska; Czech: Štýrsko) is a state or Land, located in the southeast of Austria. In area, it is the second largest of the nine Austrian states, covering 16,388 km². It borders Slovenia as well as the other Austrian states of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Burgenland, and Carinthia. The population (as of 2001) was 1,183,303. The capital city is Graz.
Styria is called "The green state", because it is covered with forests and is famous for it's nature.
Schladming's reputation as an international venue is based on the hosting of numerous FIS Alpine ski world cup races, the 1982 FIS Alpine Ski world championships and the 1993 Special Olympics World Winter Games.
Among many a milestone there is the outstanding success of Franz Klammer in 1973 marking the beginning of his unique career. Many celebrities of Alpine skiing (F. Klammer, H. Weirather, H. Hinterseer, A. Tomba, H. Maier, B. Raich, B. Miller…) enjoyed unforgettable triumphs in Schladming. The Nightrace, (Men's FIS world cup slalom), first hosted in 1997, has become an unparalleled classic in the FIS ski world cup.
The Planai is the heart of Austria's biggest ski alliance, "Amadé". Skiing by night and illuminated tobogganing runs are contributing to every visitor's delight. Outback tours in the Dachstein-Tauern-Region are rounding up the varied offer, whereas the "Planai-X-treme" provides the ultimate kick.
- Pros:Great for skiing in winter and hiking in summer!!!
- Cons:Can be very crowded in winter
- In a nutshell:For all that love sports and action!!!
Reviews (3)
Just next to the city hall you can find this old building on a round-about. It contains the local police station. more travel advice
A very old romantic red brick building located in a nice park. Really worth a visit. It was built in 1884 by Prinz... more travel advice
A very nice and comfortable family house. It's located in the district "Untere Klaus", you can reach the center of... more travel advice
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Description: This 2-ply, lamb's wool blend yarn has a super bulky weight that makes it perfect for extra warm sweaters, jackets, vests, slippers and hats. It's an ideal beginner yarn. Pattern for knit jacket included on inside label. Size S (m, ...
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Description: This virgin wool yarn contains natural lanolin oil for a soft and warm feel. Perfect for ski and fisherman sweaters, hats, scarves, throws and felting. Recommended Knit Needle Size: US 9 (5.5 mm) Gauge: 16 sts X 22 rows= 4" ...
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Phytospecific Thinning Hair Treatment
Phytospecific Thinning Hair Treatment with capigen, stimulates scalp, adds density and regenerates hair.
Guaranteed AuthenticGuaranteed Authentic
Folica is an authorized distributer of this product and guarantees its authenticity.Close
- PhytoSpecific Phytogrowth Serum is a genuine source of vitality.
- Combines a unique blend of botanical ingredients with Phyto's sulphur-rich peptide complex, Capigen.
- Specially formulated for textured hair, this serum helps boost surface microcirculation.
- Slows thinning and promotes hair growth.
- It demonstrates a rapid, clear improvement in the hair's condition.
Apply directely to dry scalp, working section by section, or use on a damp scalp after shampooing. Gently massage in. DO NOT RINSE. For best results, avoid braiding or weaving hair, or using extensions, for the entire duration of the treatment program.
For best results: Begin with a three month intensive treatment program by applying 3 times a week the first month, 2 times a week the second month and once to twice a week the third month.
To maintain results: Apply once or twice a week for two to three months.


text:
Roope Eronen studied at the Tammerkoski High School of Visual Arts (2001) and Media Studies at the University of Turku (2002). Between 1997 and 2000 he has produced nine photocopied comic books. He then contributed to magazines like Jamma?, Glömp and Boing Being. He also worked on music releases with groups like Pylon and Avarus. He is a member of the Eden Doozers collective.
Artwork © 2016 Roope Eronen
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Last updated: 2009-01-02
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text: Archive Cooking Up Success If you've read The Compound Effect, you know I'm a big fan of the Tortoise and the Hare fable. write essays online Why? Because the story is a great example of how a success principle, when applied consistently, can lead to real success. I recently heard a fun adaptation of the story that I think you will enjoy as much as I did. Read More Tortoise vs. Hare. Who Wins? Think Again. If you read The Compound Effect (hope so!) you know I am a fan of the story of the tortoise and the hare and the lesson it teaches about how hardworking, consistent and steady-paced people (or reptiles) will eventually overtake the fast, talented, experienced but complacent people (or mammals). Someone recently shared with me an adaptation of the story that makes a poignant leadership point. Read More Is Wolf Blitzer Hurting America? During the media tour launching The Compound Effect, CNN asked me to submit an article for their website. So, what do I have to say to CNN? Below is the article I submitted to my PR team. Even after they begged me to neuter it, to refocus it on 24/7 news (not just CNN and not just the Wolf man), CNN still didn't have the backbone to publish the critical commentary. Read More We're all gonna die… … anyway, so you might as well do some good and help peop le while you're here. How? Today we kickoff our pre-release for The Compound Effect in hardcover (so excited!). Thousands of testimonials suggest that getting a copy of The Compound Effect into the hands of someone who might not otherwise have found it can be life-changing. Read More Take the Path of MOST Resistance In The Compound Effect I explain how the results in your life are rooted in one single factor—your choices. Like it or not, good or bad, your accumulated choices have added up to your current waistline, business success, relationship strength and bank balance. Your choices created your problems and the only way out of them is to start, and stick to, making new choices. Read More


text:
Need Some Serious MVP help
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Join Date: Jun 2010
Location: The Netherlands
Posts: 55
Gamertag: Mr Mocca
View My Profile
Originally Posted by
Looks like I need to try the Scientist. My run-n-gun brute of a Soldier isn't quite getting the job done (or it could be that I just suck!) It's still a lot of fun though. I play Conquest almost exclusively because it's a bit more fun for me than the other modes.
Try using a scout, walk alone, and deal with your targets one by one.
When you see a leader walking alone, don't even bother, he'll slaughter you once he gets his buff up, even if you backstab him. Always start the fight with a melee strike in the back, then just blast away with your shotgun. Also try holding the left trigger for fine aim, I've noticed it takes far less shots because it gets really accurate.
Recently I've also been working on sniping people, the Null Ray works wonders I tell you. When I wanted to end up first whilst sniping, stealing kills worked best for me. Just stick with a group, stay cloaked and stay a bit behind them. As soon as the bullets start flying, snipe the weakest char.(When you snipe you're not cloaked anymore, don't forget that!) This way you should end up getting a good 10+ kills. Also, make sure you don't die, don't be afraid to dash around a corner, cloak, and drive off if things get too hot.
The perks I use are: Surprise attack. ( More damage when coming out of cloak).
This'll also get you 75 or 100 extra EXP for every kill.
Health Matrix. ( Gain health for every kill).
Blaster Amplifier. ( 2 extra clips of ammo).
Blaster Amplifier is such a godsent to me, I always ended up without ammo in firefights, with this perk that problem is gone. It gets you 14(?) extra shotgun shots and 10(?) extra Null Ray shots.
On a final note: Know your surroundings, this is really important.
Know where people spawn, how to walk around certain areas for flanking etc.
These strategies usually give me a score of 15+ kills and 1 or 2 deaths. Ofcourse this may vary depending on the skill of the user.
I hope this helped you out, and if you're still having trouble we can also tag team, I need to level up my scientist anyway.
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We stayed in #507 recently and while we loved the layout, location and quietness of the property, the maid service that we payed for was nonexistent as well as routine maintenance. The bedding on the king bed was disgusting (a good tip: never use the comforter; they never get cleaned). The ceiling fans had so much buildup on them that... More
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TripAdvisor gives a Certificate of Excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers.


text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|18 Dic 1990
|Fecha de presentación
|22 Ago 1989
|Fecha de prioridad
|22 Ago 1989
|Número de publicación
|David F. Seefeldt, Michael J. Iacoponi, David K. Vail, Jr.
|Cesionario original
|Harris Corporation
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (10), Otras citas (2), Citada por (51), Clasificaciones (16), Eventos legales (3)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This is a division of application Ser. No. 286,175, filed Dec. 19, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,864,389, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 877,387, filed 12/19/88, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to integrated circuit chip technology and is particularly directed to a scheme for optimally controlling the die size of a gate array architecture.
Integrated circuit technology has produced a variety of semiconductor architectures for realizing micro-miniaturization of signal processing circuit designs. One such architecture, termed the gate array, employs a semiconductor (e.g. silicon, gallium arsenide) wafer structure that contains dedicated areas on the chip within which are disposed elemental circuit devices (e.g. transistors, gates, flip-flops), interconnect highways and power bus links. By the selective intercoupling of these device links and highways a prescribed signal processing circuit design is mapped into an integrated circuit architecture. In a conventional gate array architecture, one portion of the available area of the chip contains a plurality of logic gates, such as a "sea" of gates or uninterrupted rows of gate cells, while another portion of the chip real estate is dedicated to wiring/interconnect channels through which the gates may be selectively interconnected to realize a multi-function logic circuit. In terms of gate cell layout, the chip will typically have a central portion thereof dedicated to a logic function cell area, while input/output cells will be distributed around the perimeter of the central cell area.
Because of the variable complexity of signal processing circuit designs, gate array architectures have been sized to contain predetermined numbers of gate cells, each of which has a respective capacity sufficient to accommodate up to some maximum number of gate cells. Thus, to efficiently map a completed circuit design into an integrated circuit architecture, the circuit designer will select, from an inventory of preestablished gate array die sizes (e.g. 1K, 2.5K, 5K, 7.5K, 10K and 20K gate cell arrays), that architecture (die) size the number of gate cells of which is closest to but at least as large as the design number.
Unfortunately, maintaining such an inventory of fixed die sizes has a number of disadvantages. First of all, the inventory itself involves significant manufacturing overhead, since each die size is, in effect, a custom architecture requiring its own dedicated mask set. If a design error or processing error occurs, or in the event of a process enhancement, it will become necessary to rework the mask set for each die size. Moreover, because the input/output cells are distributed around the periphery of the chip, the number of such input/output cells that the die may contain is limited by the size of the die. Namely, circuit designs requiring large numbers of input/output devices may be realized through the use of large sized dies, a considerable portion of the logic function cell area of which may go unused.
In accordance with the present invention, the above-described drawbacks associated with maintaining an inventory of fixed gate array provides die sizes are obviated by a new and improved gate array configuration that effectively provides the circuit designer with a gate array architecture the cell capacity, and consequently size of which is variable. To this end the gate array architecture of the present invention is comprised of a matrix of intermingled or interdistributed gate supercells and input/output cells selectively interconnectable with one another by a set of global routing channels. The supercells and global routing channels, as well as a distributed arrangement of power tracks, are preferably configured in the manner described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 862,821, filed May 13, 1986, entitled "Hierarchical Gate Array Architecture", by David K. Vail et al, and assigned to the Assignee of the present application. As described in that application, a gate supercell is composed of a matrix of subcells each of which corresponds to either a general purpose gate cell or a custom layout flip-flop. Each general purpose gate cell may be configured of a plurality of MOSFETs the selective interconnection of which within the same subcell or among subcells enables the interconnected MOSFETs to be tailored to implement a variety of logic circuit functions. In accordance with the present invention, each input/output supercell contains a plurality of input/output driver circuits and associated terminal pads arranged to facilitate interconnection to adjacent global routing channels on opposite sides of the input/output supercells. Because the gate supercells and input/output supercells are intermingled with one another, the size and capacity constraints of perimeter located input/output cell arrangements of the prior art are eliminated. Namely, for any circuit design it is possible to optimize the die size by simply scribing a wafer, containing a continuum of intermingled gate supercells and input/output supercells, at boundary lines traversing those global routing channels surrounding the requisite number of supercells and input/output cells to implement the circuit design. Connection between the completed integrated circuit and the outside world is preferably effected by area tab-bonding terminal pads on the input/output supercells to terminal leads of the package to which the scribed die is affixed.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of the topology of a gate array architecture composed of a matrix of gate supercells surrounded on its periphery by a bordering arrangement of input/output cells;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of the topology of a gate array architecture composed of a matrix of interleaved gate supercells and input/output supercells in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of the topology/circuit functionality of an input/output supercell employed in the intermingled matrix shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of the topology of a portion of an array of (gate and input/output) supercells within a semiconductor wafer; and
FIG. 5 is an enlarged illustration of the detailed portion of the supercell array shown in FIG. 4.
In order to facilitate an understanding of the present invention, it is initially useful to consider the configuration of a gate array architecture the die size of which is limited by the manner in which the gate cells are arranged in the interior portion of the array and the input/output cells therefor are arranged in a pattern bordering the gate cells, thereby defining the boundaries of the architecture and, consequently, the number of cells that are confined within those boundaries. In FIG. 1 there is shown a generalized diagrammatic illustration of the topology of a gate array architecture for an integrated circuit chip 10. For the purposes of the present description, it will be assumed that the architecture is a hierarchical architecture, made-up of a gate array supercell topology and distribution of interconnection links as described in the above-identified copending patent application, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. As shown in FIG. 1, chip 10 is substantially rectangularly shaped, with respective corners containing power coupling pads 11, 12, 13 and 14. Additional power pads (not shown) may be placed along the borders of the chip, as required. Also distributed along the borders of the chip between the power coupling pads 11-14 are sets 22-25 of input/output cells which provide interfacing between an interior gate cell array 20 and the external world. The gate array itself is comprised of a matrix, e.g. a 6X5 matrix, of thirty supercells 21, as shown; this number is not to be considered limitative, of course. A 6X5 matrix is shown in FIG. 1 for purposes of simplifying the illustration. The array 20 of gate supercells is surrounded and partitioned by a plurality of global routing channels 26 which extend in vertical and horizontal directions and separate the gate supercells from one another. These routing channels include a plurality of interconnection tracks that are disposed between and separate adjacent gate supercells from one another. Each supercell 21 is comprised of a plurality of subcells and dedicated flip-flops which are selectively interconnectable through local routing channels thereamong.
As pointed out above, because the locations of the sets 22-25 of input/output cells effectively define a border or perimeter around the array 20 of gate supercells 21, the die size of the gate array architecture is preestablished by the input/output cell placement. Thus, within the topology of a wafer that is to contain a plurality of die sizes such as that illustrated in FIG. 1, the mask set predefines the die size and the scribe lines for separating the individual die from one another between adjacent perimeters of input/output cells.
As pointed out above, the present invention obviates the die size limitations of gate array architectures that are constrained by border placement of the input/output cells by an architecture which effectively disburses or intermingles input/output supercells among the gate supercells of which the architecture is to be configured.
FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic illustration of such disbursement or intermingling of a plurality of input/output supercells among a plurality of gate supercells. As shown in FIG. 2, a plurality of gate supercells 31 (corresponding to the supercells 21 of the arrangement of FIG. 1) and a plurality of input/output supercells 32 (the details of an individual one of which will be described below with reference to FIG. 3) are interspersed or intermingled with one another to form a two-dimensional distribution of both the gate supercells 31 and the input/output supercells 32. In effect, the matrix array shown in FIG. 2 corresponds to the array of supercells employed in FIG. 1 except that some of the gate supercells have been replaced by input/output supercells. The global routing channels among the supercells correspond to those employed in the hierarchical gate array architecture shown generally in FIG. 1 and described in the above-referenced copending application. Thus, the global routing channels provide intercoupling highways among the gate supercells and between input/output supercells and the gate supercells. In FIG. 2, the global routing channels which extend between supercells in the vertical direction or form columns of routing channels are denoted as global routing channels 41, while the global routing channels which extend between supercells in the horizontal direction or form rows of routing channels are denoted as routing channels 42.
The configuration of an individual input/output supercell is shown in FIG. 3 as containing an arrangement of adjacent (e.g. 5 in the illustration) of input/output cells 61-65. Each input/output cell contains an input terminal pad and an output terminal pad by way of which the input/output cell is to be tab-bonded to interconnect highways of a chip carrier upon which the gate array die is to be mounted. In addition to the (five) input/output cells 61-65, each input/output supercell contains a pair of power bus region 51 and 52 along opposite edges of the arrangement of input/output cells 61-65. In FIG. 3, an individual one 63 of the input/output cells is shown as containing an input cell 631 and an adjacent output cell 630. Input cell 631 has an input terminal pad 131 connected by way of a link 93 to a driver amplifier 91, the output of which is coupled to a link 92 for connection to a global routing channel. Through input terminal pad 131, input cell 631 receives input signals from the outside world and couples those signals through driver 91 and over link 92 to an interconnected global routing channel, connection points of which are disposed adjacent the left-hand edge of the supercell shown in FIG. 3. (The global routing channels themselves are not shown in FIG. 3 to simplify the drawing.)
The output cell 630 contains an output terminal pad 132 which is coupled over a link 104 to an output driver amplifier 101. Output driver amplifier 101 is coupled to an input link 102 and a tri-state enable link 103. Links 102 and 103 extend to the right-hand edge portion of the output cell 630 for interconnection to a global routing channel adjacent the right-hand edge of the input/output supercell shown in FIG. 3.
It will be noted from the illustration in FIG. 3 that adjacent ones of the input/output cells have their terminal pads offset from one another. The purpose of this offset is to facilitate tab-bonding to the terminal pads (namely to prevent misbonding from the carrier interconnect leads for adjacent input/output cells). It is also to be noted that adjacent ones of the input/output cells 61-65 have their internal circuitry disposed in opposite directions so that, schematically, input/output cells 61 and 65 are identical to input/output cell 63 whereas input/output cells 62 and 64 are schematically identical but oriented in the reverse direction, thereby providing each input/output supercell with the ability to provide input or output connections to global routing channels on either side of the supercell and thereby reduce routing congestion.
Power bus region 51 contains a pad 71 from which extends bus link 72 that is distributed among the global routing channels as a power track among the respective cells, as described in the above-identified copending application. From power pad 71 extend power link 73 for providing a positive polarity voltage to each of the input/output cell pairs. For this purpose, power link 81 extends from power bus 73 for providing power adjacent to the pads and cells in the left-hand portion of the supercell, while link 83 is disposed in the right-hand portion of the supercell for providing a positive voltage along the right-hand edge portion of the supercell. Power bus region 52 is employed for supplying a negative polarity voltage by way of a power bus link 77 which extends from negative voltage supply pad 75. Supply pad 75 is coupled to the power supply tracks that extend through the gate array architecture in the same manner that track 72 extends therethrough as described in the above-referenced copending application. From negative power supply bus 77 there extend power track 82 for supplying power to the left-hand portion of the supercell and power track 84 for supplying power to the right-hand portion of the supercell.
Referring now FIG. 4 and 5, there is shown a diagrammatic illustration of a wafer array made of a continuum of a distribution or intermingling of gate supercells such as gate cells 231 and input/output supercells 232, the layout for an individual die of which was described above with reference to FIG. 2. Because the input/output supercells are distributed among the gate supercell, rather than defining a border or perimeter of a grouping of gate cells, the die size of a particularly gate array architecture is not limited by a border perimeter. Instead, it is variable, being limited only by the practical size of the die into which a prescribed circuit design is to be made mapped. FIG. 5 shows the manner in which the intermingling or distribution of input/output supercells and gate supercells, the pattern for which is illustrated in FIG. 2, referenced above, is repeated in the vertical and horizontal directions across the wafer 200 shown in FIG. 4. Let it be assumed that a prescribed circuit design requires the use of twenty gate supercells and sixteen input/output supercells. With the arrangement shown in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, that requirement may be met by scribing the wafer along vertical scribe lines 251 and horizontal scribe lines 261 to obtain a 6X6 supercell matrix configuration shown in FIG. 2 as a die 201 within the wafer 200 as shown in FIG. 4. In FIGS. 4 and 5, the individual gate supercells corresponding to supercells 31 in FIG. 2 are shown as gate supercells 231 while the input/output supercells corresponding to the input/output cells 32 of FIG. 2 are shown as input/output supercells 232. In other words, by intermingling the input/output supercells and the gate supercells the size of the gate array and the geometry of the gate array is no longer fixed, as in conventional gate array architectures; rather, by intermingling the input/output supercells and the gate supercells, the die size may be tailored to be both efficient (from a standpoint of matching cell capacity to circuit needs) and wafer slice efficient (by proper orientation of the geometry scribe lines). As shown in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, the smallest practical pattern of gate supercells and input/output supercells is formed by a 3X3 pattern of five gate cells at the corners of which respective input/output supercells are located. As more gates are needed, the size can readily increase incrementally by the number of supercells required. This is particularly useful in designs, where, for a given gate array or gate array family, the application is near the limits of the fixed size gate array. Thus, if, for example, several additional input/output supercells are required, the area of the die is increased incrementally until the desired input/output supercell needs are satisfied. Also, if a design is increased by several gates, the design can be incremented by to the number of supercells required. Each iteration is accomplished using the same wafer configuration (as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5) by simply changing the number of supercells per die and the personalization of the metal interconnect. Moreover, by dispersing the input/output supercells among the gate cells, better routability is achieved. The dispersal of the input/output supercells makes it easier to route the gate array than with input/output cells located on the a perimeter of the array, since the input/output supercells are located close to the circuitry that have been routed to perform a prescribed circuit function. As a result, as noted above, the interconnect between supercells and the global routing channels is reduced because interconnection of the input/output does not need to be effected on the perimeter of the die.
While we have shown and described an embodiment in accordance with the present invention, it is understood that the same is not limited thereto but is susceptible of numerous changes and modifications as known to a person skilled in the art, and I therefore do not wish to be limited to the details shown and described herein but intend to cover all such changes and modifications as are obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art.
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Effective date: 19951221


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Lives in Richmond, United States
Works as a IT consultant
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On article Nikon V1 and J1 - hands-on first impressions (245 comments in total)
this is aimed at the masses. Just like the mp3 is aimed at the masses. Quality can take a back seat as the masses don't know quality when they see one. Functionality is king in the commercial masses world. So give them something low quality, interchangeable lenses (functionality ie. wide angle, long range zooms) and put in some branding to justify the high price, and you've got yourself a winner.
Price is not an issue these days, in the asia pacific market that is.
People in this forum thrash this because they are discerning folks who care about IQ. Not so the average Joe out there. DOF ? if folks are happy with camera phones, what's DOF to them ? they just need interchangeable lenses.
|Total: 1, showing: 1 – 1