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State / Territory Benefits - North Dakota
State Taxes
Education Benefits
Employment Benefits
Unemployment Compensation
Department of Transportation (NDDOT) Benefits
Health Insurance Benefits
Parks and Recreation Benefits
Resource Locator
Miscellaneous Benefits
Veterans Administration (VA) Medical Facilities
Summary: North Dakota offers special benefits for its military Service members and Veterans including State Educational Benefits for dependent of MIA/POWs, Tax Exemptions for the disabled, job reinstatement, and Veteran's preference in public employment. We also administer a Veterans Aid Loan Program, a Grant Program, and a Transportation Program. Eligibility for some benefits may depend on residency, military component, and Veteran disability status.
State Benefit Highlights and Eligibility
State Tax Advantage: None
Military / Retirement Income Taxes: A total of $5,000.00 can be excluded from military, civil service, some state/local government, and qualified pensions, minus amount of Social Security received. Out-of-state government pensions are fully taxed.
Retired Military Pay: North Dakota's individual income tax law does not provide for any special deductions for retired military members.
Military Disability Retired Pay: Retirees who entered the military before September 24, 1975, and members receiving disability retirements based on combat injuries or who could receive disability payments from the VA are covered by laws giving disability broad exemption from federal income tax. Most military retired pay based on service-related disabilities also is free from federal income tax, but there is no guarantee of total protection.
VA Disability Dependency and Indemnity Compensation: VA benefits are not taxable because they generally are for disabilities and are not subject to federal or state taxes.
Military SBP/ RCSBP/RSFPP: Generally subject to state taxes for those states with income tax. Check with state department of revenue office.
Homestead Tax Credit: The homestead credit is a property tax relief program for qualifying homeowners and renters who are age 65 or older (or the applicant is permanently and totally disabled) in the year for which the application is made. For a husband and wife who are living together, only one may apply for the homeowner's credit or renter's refund. In this case, only one Spouse applying for the credit or refund need be 65 years of age or older.
Eligibility: The applicant's income, plus the income of a Spouse and any dependents, may not exceed $42,000 for the calendar year preceding the assessment date. The applicant must consider income from all sources, which includes, but is not limited to, social security benefits, pensions, salaries, unemployment benefits, dividends, interest, net gains from the sale of property, net rental income and net profit from any business, including ranching and farming. Life insurance death proceeds paid to a surviving Spouse or dependent are not included as income under this act. Medical expenses actually paid during the year are deductible from income if not compensated for by insurance or otherwise.
Additional requirements for homeowners:
- A homeowner must reside on and have an interest in the property for which the credit is claimed.
- The applicant's assets may not exceed $500,000, including the market value of the homestead and the value of any assets gifted or otherwise divested within the last three years.
- No person shall qualify to receive the property tax credit if the homestead is rented while the owner is temporarily absent or the homestead is a farm structure which is exempt from taxation.
- The tax credit will reduce the taxable value of the homestead on a sliding scale depending upon the income of the applicant.
- Application for the credit is filed with the local assessor or county director of tax equalization by February 1 (or as soon thereafter as possible) in the year in which your property is assessed and for which the credit is requested.
- The property tax credit is subject to adjustment, equalization and abatement in the same manner as other real property assessments.
- In the event of the applicant's death, all benefits terminate at the end of the taxable year.
Additional requirements for renters:
- No refund may be made to a person who pays rent or fees for any living quarters, including nursing homes, which are exempt from property taxation and for which payment in lieu of property taxes is not made.
- Heat, water, lights, telephone or furniture costs may not be considered as part of rent costs. If the landlord pays for these items, the cost of these items must be deducted from the rent when applying for a refund. If utilities and furniture are paid by the renter, the cost of these items may not be added to the rent when applying for a refund.
- The amount of refund is based upon rent paid and income of the applicant. A refund is issued for the amount that 20 percent of annual rent exceeds four percent of annual income. The refund may not be greater than $400.
- Application for a renter refund is filed with the Office of State Tax Commissioner before June 1 following the year for which the refund is claimed. Extensions of time may be allowed for good cause.
Disabled Veteran Property Tax Credit: A paraplegic disabled Veteran of the United States Armed Forces or any Veteran who has been awarded specially adapted housing by the Department of Veterans Affairs, or the un-remarried surviving Spouse if such Veteran is deceased, is exempt from property tax for the first $120,000 of true and full valuation of the fixtures, buildings, and improvements. (NDCC 57-02-08, para 20.a)
A disabled honorably-discharged Veteran or retiree of the U.S. Armed Forces with a rating of 50% or greater, or with a rating to include individual unemployability that brings the total disability rating to 100%, is eligible for a credit applied against the first $6750 of taxable valuation ($150,000 of true value) of the fixtures, buildings and improvements of the homestead owned and occupied by the Veteran. The un-remarried surviving Spouse of a Veteran under these criteria is also eligible.
An un-remarried surviving Spouse who is receiving Department of Veterans' Affairs dependency and indemnity compensation receives a one-hundred percent (100%) exemption. (NDCC 57-02-08.8)
National Guard Tuition Waiver: Any qualifying member of the National Guard, who enrolls in any state-controlled school, shall, subject to National Guard rules promulgated by the adjutant general, is entitled to receive a twenty-five percent waiver of the tuition from the state-controlled school. To apply, the Service member must obtain a certificate from his/her unit attesting to satisfactory performance, and submit it to the school in order to obtain the waiver
Eligibility: The tuition waiver is valid only so long as the member of the National Guard maintains satisfactory performance with the guard, meets the qualification requirements of rules adopted by the adjutant general, and pursues a course of study in a manner, which satisfies the normal requirements of the school.
North Dakota Dependent Tuition Waiver: Eligible dependents of Veterans, upon being duly accepted for enrollment into any North Dakota state-supported institution of higher education or state-supported technical or vocational school, must be allowed to obtain a bachelor's degree or certificate of completion, free of any tuition and fee charges provided that the bachelor's degree or certificate of completion is earned within a forty-five month or ten semester period or its equivalent; and further that tuition and fee charges shall not include costs for aviation flight charges or expenses.
Eligibility: Any dependent of a resident Veteran who was killed in action or died from wounds or other service-connected causes, was totally disabled as a result of service-connected causes, died from service-connected disabilities, was a prisoner of war, or was declared missing in action.(NDCC 15-10-18.3)
Veteran/Service Member Resident Status: (NDCC 15-10-19.1) A "resident student" for tuition purposes means:
- A full-time active-duty member of the Armed Forces;
- A member of the North Dakota National Guard;
- A member of the Armed Forces Reserve Component stationed in this state; OR
- A Veteran, as defined in NDCC 37-01-40.
Service members or Veterans who meet the above requirements are treated as in-state residents for tuition purposes, regardless of length of residency in North Dakota. Spouses of Service members and their Dependents meeting these requirements are also eligible.
Honorary High School Diplomas: Honorary High School Diplomas are available for WWII, Korean, and Vietnam War Veterans who left high school to serve in these wars. Applications are available online in MSWord and PDF formats.
Veterans Upward Bound: The Veterans Upward Bound (VUB) is an individualized educational program for Veterans who want to obtain academic preparation before entering or during postsecondary education. Course work in English, computer literacy, mathematics, science, and reading is designed to prepare Veterans for successful participation in postsecondary education. The program also offers General Education Development (GED) test preparation for Veterans lacking a high school diploma. In addition to academic course work, the program provides advising and referral services. Veterans may be eligible to receive educational benefits while attending the program.
Interstate Compact on Educational Opportunity for Military Children: It is the purpose of this compact to remove barriers to educational success imposed on Children of military Families because of frequent moves and deployment of their parents by:
- Facilitating the timely enrollment of Children of military Families and ensuring that they are not placed at a disadvantage due to difficulty in the transfer of educational records from the previous school district or variations in entrance or age requirements.
- Facilitating the student placement process through which Children of military Families are not disadvantaged by variations in attendance requirements, scheduling, sequencing, grading, course content or assessment. Facilitating the qualification and eligibility for enrollment, educational programs, and participation in extracurricular academic, athletic and social activities.
- Facilitating the on-time graduation of Children of military Families.
- Providing for the promulgation and enforcement of administrative rules implementing the provisions of this compact.
- Providing for the uniform collection and sharing of information between and among member states, schools and military Families under this compact.
- Promoting coordination between this compact and other compacts affecting military Children.
- Promoting flexibility and cooperation between the educational system, parents and the student in order to achieve educational success for the student.
Primary Point of Contact:
LTC Davina French, North Dakota Commissioner
Address: PO Box 5511, Bismark, ND 58506-5511
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 701-333-2268
Public employment preference to Veterans: Veterans are entitled to preference, over all other applicants, in appointment or employment by governmental agencies, provided that such Veteran is a United States citizen at the time of application for employment. Veterans qualified for preference may not be disqualified from holding any position with an agency because of physical or mental disability, unless the disability renders them unable to properly perform the duties of the position applied for.
North Dakota Veterans' preference criteria are the same as Federal guidelines; specific details can be found here.
Benefit Highlights: When a Veteran applies for employment to a position that is not being filled through a competitive hiring process, the hiring authority must investigate the qualifications and abilities of the Veteran. If the Veteran is qualified and is physically and mentally able to perform the duties of the position applied for, the hiring authority shall employ the Veteran. Disabled Veterans are entitled to preference superior to that of non-disabled Veterans, and must be given first consideration.
When a Veteran applies for employment to a position that is being filled through a competitive hiring process, the hiring authority must investigate the qualifications and abilities of the Veteran. If the Veteran is qualified, physically, and mentally capable to perform the duties of the position applied for, then the hiring authority must apply five (5) points for a non-disabled Veteran or ten (10) points for a disabled Veteran on a hundred-point scale to the score used in the process. If the scale is not 100-point, five (5) percent of the score must be added for a non-disabled Veteran and ten (10) percent for a disabled Veteran. The total is the Veteran's final rating score. (NDCC 37-19.1-02)
Eligibility: An applicant is eligible for this benefit provided he/she meets the criteria and performs the following steps:
- Provide a copy of their DD214 or document of separation. An applicant claiming disabled Veteran's preference must also provide an award letter from the Dept. of Veterans Affairs dated less than one year old indicating disability status.
- Surviving un-remarried Spouses are eligible for Veteran's preference. An applicant claiming preference as an eligible Spouse shall provide a copy of the marriage certificate, the Veteran's DD Form 214 or document of separation, and the Veteran's death certificate. If the preference is for a disabled Veteran, a letter from the Dept. of Veterans' Affairs dated less than one year old indicating disability status must also be included. (NDCC 37-19.1-03)
Private employment Veteran's Preference: A private, non-public employer in this state may provide a preference to a Veteran for employment. Spouses of honorably discharged Veterans who have a service-connected permanent and total disability also may be preferred for employment. This preference is not considered a violation of any state or local equal employment opportunity law.
Employment Assistance: State employee receives 20 working days military leave per year for Federal or State active duty. Should a mobilization occur (national or State authorized), the first thirty days shall be without a loss of pay, less any other paid leave of absence granted during the calendar year. (NDCC 37-01-25)
Eligibility: State employees who have been employed with the State for ninety (90) continuous days preceding the leave of absence.
Unemployment Insurance: Job Service North Dakota administers the Unemployment Insurance (UI), providing temporary assistance to unemployed North Dakota workers.
UI ICE is Job Service North Dakota's Unemployment Insurance Internet Claims Entry system. This secure, convenient tool allows you to:
- File an unemployment insurance claim
- Certify weekly eligibility
- Select your payment option
- Access unemployment insurance information
- Complete orientation and eligibility reviews
- Complete re-employment activities
If you have problems with your internet claim/certification, you can call the Unemployment Insurance Claims Center at 701-328-4995 for assistance and provide that number.
To be eligible for unemployment benefits you must:
- Have been separated from employment through no fault of your own or have had your hours reduced.
- Be able to work.
- Be available for work.
- Be actively seeking employment.
- Be found monetarily eligible - a claimant establishes monetary eligibility based on work performed during a specific one-year period called the base period.
Information you will need to have available when you file:
- Your Social Security Number
- Name, address and telephone number of all employers for whom you worked in the last 18 months or since last registering
- Wage you are willing to accept
- Union Local name and number
- DD214 member copy 4 (proof of military service and wages)
- SF8 and SF50 (proof of federal civilian service and wages)
- Your alien identification number (non-U.S. citizen authorized to work in the U.S.)
There are two ways to file your claim:
- Online using Job Service North Dakota's UI ICE internet site, or;
- By telephone using our automated telephone system by calling (701) 328-4995
Please note: The UI ICE internet application and the automated phone system are unavailable daily from 10:00 pm to midnight Central Time due to maintenance. Claims Center staff are available Monday through Friday 8:00 am to 5:00 pm Central Time.
Veterans' Employment Initiative: North Dakota's Local Veterans' Employment Representatives (LVERs) conduct outreach to employers and engage in advocacy efforts with hiring executives to increase employment opportunities for Veterans and encourage the hiring of Veterans.
Disabled Veterans' Outreach Program (DVOP) specialists provide intensive services to meet the employment needs of disabled (and other eligible) Veterans, with the maximum emphasis directed toward servicing those who are economically or educationally disadvantaged, including homeless Veterans and Veterans with barriers to employment.
Please contact the regional Veterans' Employment and Training Service office for more information.
Job Service North Dakota: Job Service North Dakota has a Veterans' Employment team which provides individualized services to help Veterans overcome employment barriers and develop a plan for employment. The team works to:
- Help put military skills and experience into understandable civilian terms
- Guide Veterans in their job search and develop an employment plan for their specific needs
- Provide up-to-date labor market information
- Provide guidance for career and educational choices
- Offer assistance and advice on taking the stress out of a job interview
- Provide referrals to supportive resources.
The service also provides a community service directory to search for services in specific areas.
Eligibility: The service is eligible to:
- A Veteran who was discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable
- A Spouse of a Veteran who is totally and permanently disabled, missing in action, or died from a service-connected disability.
Department of Transportation (NDDOT) Benefits:
ND Driver's License: Veterans can request to have a "V" indicator on their North Dakota driver license to show that they are a Veteran of the US military services. Veterans need to bring a copy of their discharge papers (DD214) to a Veteran Service Officer. The Veteran Service officer will verify the individual qualifies as a Veteran in accordance with NDCC 37-01-40 (2), complete and sign the SFN 59980 "Verification of Veteran Status for Veteran Indicator on Drivers License" form. The Veteran will bring this form to the ND Drivers License Site Location when he/she renews the driver's license. If renewal is not due, the $8.00 duplicate fee will be charged.
Veteran & Military License Plates: The following is a list of military and Veteran-specific license plates available in North Dakota. For a list of applicable laws under the North Dakota Century Code, please click here.
If a personalized plate is desired (and the plate is able to be personalized), please click here to check availability.
Gold Star License Plates: The director (DOT) may issue distinctive number plates to a surviving Spouse, parent, including stepmother, stepfather, parent through adoption, and foster parent who stands or stood in loco parentis, grandparents, Child, including stepchild and Child through adoption, and sibling, including half-brother and half-sister, of a member of the armed forces of the United States, who died while serving on active duty during a time of military conflict. Payment of an initial fee of $15, of which $10 is to be deposited in the highway tax distribution fund and $5 is to be deposited in the Veterans' cemetery maintenance fund. One set of plates may be issued to an eligible Family member. A qualified applicant may choose a personalized plate not exceeding a total of five (5) characters and spaces. This requires a fee of $25 per year in addition to the Veteran plate fee and the annual registration fee. To apply, applications must complete SFN 59183 Application for North Dakota Gold Star Plate.
Prisoner of War (POW) License Plates: (NDCC 39-04-10.5) A Veteran, while serving in the U.S. armed forces was a POW and has received an honorable discharge from the U.S. armed forces, may be issued a special number license plate. On the death of the Veteran, the surviving Spouse may retain the numbered plate as an active plate until such time as they remarry. However, the surviving Spouse is not entitled to the special registration rate for former POW's. If the surviving Spouse remarries, the plates must be surrendered within 30 days; if requested, a free commemorative plaque will be issued by the Division as a keepsake for the family.
Eligibility: To be eligible, the Veteran's Affairs Office must be able to certify the applicant was a POW. SFN 2872 Application for Certificate of Title form must be completed, signed, and returned with the certification letter and annual $5.00 license fee.
National Guard License Plates: Distinctive numbered plates may be issued to members of the National Guard or retired after 20 years or more of service from the National Guard. The Adjutant General shall certify those members of the National Guard eligible to receive the plates. SFN 2872 Application for Certificate of Title form must be completed, signed and returned with the form from the National Guard and the one-time $5.00 fee. Personalized plates are available with a maximum of four characters (to include spaces); an additional $25.00 fee is required. (NDCC 39-04-10.8)
Purple Heart License Plates: Available to those recipients of the Purple Heart award as listed on the DD214 or Certificate. There is an initial fee of $15.00 ($5 goes to Veterans Cemetery maintenance fund) to receive the Veterans' Number plates, with an annual fee thereafter of $10.00 ($5.00 goes to Veterans Cemetery trust fund and $5 to Veterans Cemetery maintenance fund). Personalized Veterans' Number plates are an annual fee of $25.00 in addition to the annual fee of $10.00 and the yearly license fees. The SFN 51628 Application for ND Veterans Number Plate form must be completed, signed by the county Veterans' Service Officer verifying eligibility, and returned with appropriate fees. (NDCC 39-04-10.10)
Disabled American Veteran License Plates: Qualified Veterans are eligible for two (excise tax) exempt vehicles licensed with the DAV license plate at a time. To be eligible, the Department of Veteran Affairs office must sign a letter stating the applicant is 100% service-related disabled or attesting eligibility under Public Law 663 of the 79th Congress. This plate is also available as a Mobility Impaired plate (includes handicapped symbol). To be eligible, the applicant must qualify under both DAV and Mobility Impaired qualifications.
The SFN 2872 Application for Certificate of Title form must be completed, signed, and returned with the certification letter. There is no annual license fee. (NDCC 39-04-18 (2) (j))
Veterans License Plates: Individuals eligible for interment in the North Dakota Veterans' Cemetery qualify for these plates. There is an initial fee of $15.00 ($5 goes to Veterans Cemetery maintenance fund) to receive the Veterans' Number plates, with an annual fee thereafter of $10.00 of which $5.00 goes to Veterans Cemetery trust fund and $5 to Veterans Cemetery maintenance fund. Personalized Veterans' Number plates are an annual fee of $25.00 in addition to the annual fee of $10.00 and the yearly license fees. The SFN 51628 Application for ND Veterans Number Plate form must be completed, signed by a County Veterans' Service Officer verifying eligibility, and returned with appropriate fees. (NDCC 39-04-10.10)
Yellow Ribbon Plates: The Yellow Ribbon "Support our Veterans Plates" Available to the general public through the North Dakota Department of Veterans Affairs. You do NOT need to be a Veteran to apply for these plates. There is an initial fee of $25, of which $15 will be donated to the North Dakota Veterans Emergency Needs Charitable Fund. You can personalize the plates for an additional $25 with up to 5 characters.
The Impact Foundation North Dakota Veterans Emergency Needs Charitable Fund was established to provide resources for emergency needs of North Dakota Veterans and their eligible dependents. Emergency needs of Veterans may include but are not limited to dental care, vision, hearing, transportation for medical treatment and other special needs as approved by the Fund Advisors. The SFN 54397 Application for Organization Plate form must be completed, signed and returned with appropriate fees. The Foundation name must be included in the 'Name of Organization' block.
Health and Insurance Benefits:
Group Insurance: ND NGA offers $1,000 SSLI at no cost to the member and a variety of plans with up to $1,000,000 of coverage for Service members and Spouses. . This insurance can be continued upon separation. New members of the National Guard are eligible for $10,000 SSLI coverage at no cost for the first year of service.
Eligibility: Member of Army/Air National Guard.
New Recruits: Enrollment for the no-cost $10,000 for the first year must occur within the first 90 days.
Workers Compensation: Workers Compensation equivalent to State employees.
Eligibility: Injury occurs while serving on State Active Duty.
Injury/Death Benefits: Workers Compensation equivalent to State employees.
Eligibility: Injury/Death occurs while serving on State Active Duty.
Parks and Recreation Benefits:
Operation Black Hills Cabin: The purpose of Operation Black Hills Cabin is to offer a week-long respite to qualifying wounded Veterans and their families from the Iraq/Afghanistan campaign at little to no expense to them (except for transportation). The operation offers a variety of events throughout the year, such as cook-offs, hikes, and fishing tournaments.
Eligibility: The following are eligible for this benefit:
- Veterans with military Service in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Enduring Freedom (OEF), or New Dawn (OND). Veterans must have a 30% or greater disability rating from the Dept. of Veterans' Affairs (copies of DD214 or current PCS orders and VA award letter are required with application).
- Medal of Honor recipients from OEF, OIF, or OND.
- Warrior Transition Unit members (with required documentation).
To apply, please visit the website for an application.
Totally or Permanently Disabled Fishing License: May be obtained by residents of North Dakota for $5.00.
Eligibility: Proof of disability required.
Veteran with 50% Service Disabled Fishing License: May be obtained by residents of North Dakota for $5.00.
Eligibility: Proof of disability required.
Totally or Permanently Disabled Hunting License: Veteran Combined includes general game and habitat, small game, and fur-bearer licenses may be obtained by residents of North Dakota for $3.00.
Eligibility: Proof of disability required.
Free Annual Permit to State Parks for Disabled Veterans/POWs: North Dakota Veterans with a 50% or greater, service-related disability and former POWs are eligible for a free annual permit. This program is available to North Dakota residents only, with VA proof of disability or status, or a North Dakota DAV/POW license plate.
Discounted Annual Permit to State Parks for Disabled Veterans: North Dakota Veterans with service related disabilities up to a 50% rating are eligible to receive an annual permit for $20. This program is available to North Dakota residents only.
Eligibility: Proof of disability required - Report of Benefit letter from the VA or a North Dakota DAV/POW license plate.
Active duty Service Members Deer Licensing provisions: North Dakota residents who are on active duty in the US Armed Forces and stationed outside of the state during the current deer gun lottery process, and miss the initial lottery, are eligible to purchase one deer gun license for a white-tailed deer in a unit of their choice. North Dakota residents on active duty with the US Armed Forces and stationed outside of the state and missed the previous year's deer gun season and unable to participate in the season are also eligible to purchase one white-tailed deer license for any unit in the state.
Family Assistance Centers (FACs): FAC's are operated regionally throughout North Dakota. Their purpose is to provide support and assistance to Service members and Families by offering information about military, federal, state, and local resources. These include:
- ID Card and DEERS enrollment
- TRICARE medical/dental assistance
- Financial services and referrals, to include emergency financial assistance
- Mental/Emotional Health referrals
- Community Information and Legal Referrals
- Local assistance to Family Readiness groups
Assistance is available 24 hours a day at 1-800-242-4940. For a map of FAC locations, please click here.
Military Operations Adjusted Compensation: Each National Guard or Reserve Component resident Veteran mobilized stateside is entitled to $50 for each month or major fraction thereof for domestic service. Each National Guard, Reserve, or Active Component resident Veteran of Foreign Service who received the Expeditionary Medal or Campaign Badge is entitled to $100 for each month or major fraction thereof. If the Veteran received a Purple Heart for Foreign Service, the Veteran is entitled to a payment of $2,500 in lieu of monthly payments for adjusted compensation related to the mobilization during which the Purple Heart was earned. In case of a Veteran who died as a result of active service during this period, the beneficiary of the Veteran is entitled to a payment of $5,000 in lieu of any other compensation under this chapter. If the Veteran is deceased, the Veteran's beneficiary is entitled to any payments under this chapter to which the Veteran would have been entitled.
Applications for adjusted compensation may be filed with the Adjutant General not later than six months after the end of the mobilization period of service. (NDCC 37-28-01)
*Note: Recent legislation has been passed extending this benefit to all eligible Service members from 2011 to 2017 (click here for history). The application and website are currently being updated. Please contact your local Readiness NCO or Unit Commander for more information.
Free Passage Through Toll Gates, Bridges, and Ferries: Any person belonging to the military forces of this state, going to or returning from any parade, encampment, drill, or meeting which the person may be required by law to attend, must be allowed to pass free through all toll gates and over all toll bridges and ferries, with the person's conveyance and with any military property of this state in the person's charge, if the person is in uniform or if the person presents an order for duty or a certificate of membership in the National Guard. (NDCC 37-01-14)
Hardship Assistance Grant: The purpose of this assistance is to provide money to give aid and comfort to Veterans [as defined in NDCC 37-14] and their Spouses, or un-remarried Widow/Widowers of eligible Veterans.
Eligibility: The individual must have an unmet need of dental and/or denture work (routine and maintenance procedures are not covered), optical, hearing, transportation (for medical treatment), special needs for medical reasons, housing deposit, other emergency needs approved by the Commissioner of Veterans Affairs.
The following requirements need to be met to apply (DOCUMENTATION IS REQUIRED):
- Qualify as Veteran or eligible dependent as defined in NDCC 37-14-01.1.
- Income and asset level. Income will be based on established indexes such as pension rates and poverty guidelines which will be reviewed annually.
- Must be a North Dakota resident for one year prior to application date.
- Medical bills showing all work completed, and all payments and credits must be received by the department within 60-90 days of the date of approval.
Veterans Aid Loan Program: The Veterans Aid Fund is a permanent fund to be used solely for making loans to Veterans or their Widow/Widowers. The maximum loan amount is $5,000.00. The interest rate is 8% per annum. Time limit can be from six months to 48 months. One-half of the interest paid will be refunded provided the loan is repaid under the agreed upon terms. The Department has the right to take legal action to collect on delinquent loans.
Eligibility: To qualify, the applicant is required to be:
- a peacetime Veteran
- a wartime Veteran
- National Guard with active duty [as defined in NDCC 37-14]
- or un-remarried Widow/Widower of eligible Veteran
- be a resident of North Dakota for at least one year
- have the financial ability to make payments.
North Dakota State Veterans Home: The North Dakota Veterans Home, located in Lisbon, North Dakota, consists of 98 basic care and 52 skilled nursing beds. The Veterans Home was established to provide service to Veterans.
Eligibility: To be eligible for admission, Veterans must meet one of the following criteria:
- Bona fide resident of North Dakota verified 30 day residency;
- Served in a North Dakota regiment (activated N. D. National Guard);
- Entered the Armed Forces as a North Dakota resident; or
- Spouse or surviving Spouse of above Veteran.
No Veteran may be considered eligible for residency whose last period of service in the armed services was terminated under dishonorable conditions.
No Veteran may be admitted to the Veterans Home that has been convicted of a felony or a crime involving moral turpitude, without producing sufficient evidence of subsequent good conduct and reformation of character so as to satisfactory to the board of admissions.
The Basic Care Unit requires that potential residents have total independence with personal care needs; such as, bathing, dressing, eating, ambulating (walking), toileting, transferring, etc. NDVH is unable to accept residents who are receiving dialysis treatment. NDVH requires that applicants who have a diagnosis of alcohol or substance abuse have nine to twelve months of documented sobriety before being accepted to NDVH. If the potential resident has a mental health condition it must be stabilized at the time of admission. The Skilled Care Unit requires that a potential resident meet the North Dakota criteria for nursing home placement.
The home also contracts with various primary care and mental health providers; nursing staff is available 24/7 on-site. Click here for details.
For the complete application process, including downloading forms and priority of admission, please click here.
North Dakota Veterans Cemetery: The North Dakota Veteran's Cemetery was established by an act of the 1989 Legislative Assembly. The cemetery was opened in July 1992, and is operated by the Adjutant General of North Dakota. There is no cost to the Veteran for burial, if a Spouse or eligible dependent is to be interred at the cemetery there is a $550.00 interment fee. Every grave will be marked with an upright granite headstone at no cost to the Veteran, non-military Spouse, eligible dependents, and National Guard and Reserve retirees. National Guard and Reserve members with less than 20 years of service and are not on active duty at the time of their death are required to purchase the headstone through the cemetery. A basic grave liner is required, but can be upgraded to a vault. The liner or vault is purchased through the funeral home; they are not provided by the cemetery. There is no vault requirement for cremated remains, whatever urn or container provided will be placed directly into the grave.
Eligibility: Any Veteran of wartime or peacetime service who is eligible for burial in a "National Cemetery", in accordance with VA Publication VA-NCS-IS-1, regardless of state of residency. The eligible Spouse, Widow, or Widower of any person listed above. Normally the Veteran and Spouse (and other eligible dependents of the Veteran) will be interred in the same gravesite or an adjoining gravesite, as appropriate.
Presidential Memorial Certificate: A Presidential Memorial Certificate is an engraved paper certificate, signed by the current President, to honor the memory of honorably discharged deceased Veterans.
Eligibility: Eligible recipients include the next of kin and loved ones of honorably discharged deceased Veterans. More than one certificate may be provided. Presidential Memorial Certificate Request form 40-0247.
Veterans Hospital Transportation Program: The Veterans' transportation system is designed to aid Veterans in transportation to a Veterans Hospital. Currently there are five vans on scheduled routes bringing Veterans to Fargo, North Dakota or Miles City, Montana. The cost of this program is underwritten in part by the Post War Trust Fund. Veterans who wish to take advantage of this service need to contact the Program and coordinate transportation at least one week in advance to ensure space.
Veterans Administration (VA) Medical Facilities in North Dakota:
Veterans Health Administration
VA Medical Center
Fargo: Fargo VA Healthcare System, 2101 N. Elm, 800-410-9723
Community Based Outpatient Clinics
Bismarck: Bismarck VA Community Based Outpatient Clinic, Gateway Mall, 2700 State St, Ste F, 701-221-9152, Fax: 701-221-0918
Devils Lake: Devils Lake VA Community Based Outpatient Clinic, 1031 7th St NE, 701-662-5801 / Fax: 701-662-5848
Dickinson: Dickinson VA Community Based Outpatient Clinic, 528 21st St W. Ste F, 701-83-1850
Grafton: Grafton VA Community Based Outpatient Clinic, ND St Developmental Ctr, Health Service Bldg, West Sixth St, 701-352-4059, Fax: 701-352-9290
Grand Forks: Grand Forks VA Community Based Outpatient Clinic, 3221 32nd Ave South, Ste 700, 701-335-4380
Jamestown: Jamestown VA Community Based Outpatient Clinic, 2422 20th St SW, 701-952-4787
Minot: Minot VA Community Based Outpatient Clinic, 5th Medical Group, 10 Missile Ave, 701-727-9800, Fax: 701-727-9804
Williston: Williston VA Community Based Outpatient Clinic, 205 Main St, 701-572-2470
Vet Center - 877-927-8387
Bismarck: Bismarck Vet Center, 619 Riverwood Dr, Ste 105, 701-224-9751, Fax: 701-223-5150
Fargo: Fargo Vet Center, 3310 Fiechtner Dr, Ste 100, 701-237-0942, Fax: 701-237-5734
Minot: Minot Vet Center, 1400 20th Ave SW, Ste 2, 701-852-0177, Fax: 701-852-5225
Veterans Benefits Administration
Regional Office
Fargo: Fargo Regional Benefit Office, 2101 Elm St, 701-451-4600, Fax: 701-451-4690
North Dakota Department of Veterans Affairs
4201 38th Street South
Suite 104
Fargo, ND 58104-7535
Phone: 701-239-7165; toll-free 866-634-8387
Fax: 701-239-7166
925 Basin Avenue
Suite 6
Bismarck, ND 58504
Phone: 701-328-5446
Fax: 701-328-5468
Military Installations in North Dakota
Active Duty
Air Force
Grand Forks AFB
Minot AFB
National Guard
North Dakota Army National Guard
North Dakota Air National Guard
Document Review Date: 12 May 2015


text: Family Reunion Forum 2015-09-24T12:51:42+01:00 John Doe http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi Family Reunion Planning http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5125 2015-09-24T06:12:26+01:00 by Donna Beasley The reunion is a worldwide phenomenon celebrating life, treasured memories, enduring relationships, shared experiences, and the unique bonds that have held groups of people together. For families, the reunion is a living tapestry of decades past and futures beckoning, an ... Benham Nation http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5124 2015-09-24T04:05:19+01:00 Cartersville was the beginning of something BIG. Benham Nation has emerged and is being fostered by Cathy Freeman with mini gatherings in geographic locations across the States. Give us results of the Cartersville event. Re SCOTT JOYCE GOSS MOSLEY http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5123 2015-09-24T03:54:10+01:00 What is the address of the site? Re Family Reunion Websites http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5122 2015-09-24T03:50:23+01:00 When is the reunion to be scheduled? What are your surnames? How is the ancestor and kin finding going? Re SCOTT JOYCE GOSS MOSLEY http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5121 2015-09-24T03:45:08+01:00 We are pleased to have noted the event of your reunion. How did it all go? How many of the 12 thousand members were present? Give us a report of the happenings and upcoming plans. Re WATTS 18th Family Reunion http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5120 2015-09-24T03:38:10+01:00 How did the event go? How did the souvenir booklet turn out? Re Welsh Mountain Family Gathering New Holland PA http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5119 2015-09-24T03:35:01+01:00 Warmest "Best Wishes" for continuing success of this history making event,Anita. Give us feedback of how it goes. Re Lil Alonzo not feeling well http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5118 2015-09-24T02:56:48+01:00 Indeed, Regina. Gotta pray these youngsters well so they can enjoy the research we do for them Re Lil Alonzo not feeling well http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5117 2015-09-24T02:51:16+01:00 It is truly amazing how youngsters can go from ill to well in a flash of a minute. Prayer truly matters, Art Re Lil Alonzo not feeling well http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-reunion/index.cgi/md/read/id/5116 2015-09-24T02:46:50+01:00 Thanx for your good thoughts, Vicky

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Prospects within the aviation and rail industries are looking good, in contrast to the general mood within the shipping industry.
July 06, 2015
Are current market conditions generally positive for the rail industry?
Global transport sector targets new assets and markets despite overcapacity and funding concerns.
February 27, 2014
Rail respondents are the most convinced of the emergence of new opportunities in the market (50 per cent to aviation's 46 and shipping's 48 per cent), and the most p
Africa is the region most interested in developing new markets (30 per cent) and is one of the two regions (Asia Pacific is the other) where the greatest benefit fro
Central and South America comes out top among the regions for the emergence of new opportunities, while its North American neighbour scores most highly for economic
Asia Pacific is the region showing the greatest benefit from infrastructure improvement (10 per cent to Africa's 9 per cent), and 16 per cent of respondents from the
This region is the second most interested in developing new markets (at 22 per cent to Africa's 30 per cent), although, as in other regions, interest in increasing w
Regional political uncertainty is given as the greatest concern overall (40 per cent) for respondents in the Middle East.
The UAE Emirate of Abu Dhabi has been planning to develop an integrated public transport system for some time.
May 03, 2013
Try searching our global site instead


text:
Welcome to the Business Insight blog, your all access pass to the very best thought leadership, information and tools for creating smarter business strategies and practices. You'll discover a broad range of resources including real-life case studies, insightful analyses, blogs, articles and ideas from leading experts in diverse industries.
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I meet with a lot of marketers who want to know, in practical, real-world ways, how to use technology to transform the way they market their brands.
It's a key part of my role with the IBM Enterprise Marketing Management Centre of Excellence.
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Take a look at the video for yourself to obtain a better view of the features and benefits of this integrated, modular, high performance solution.


text:
Willow Palin: Vandalism Ringleader?
A couple different blog sites are reporting that Sarah Palin's daughter Willow is accused of being part of a group of teens who broke into a Wasilla home, stayed for hours (possibly overnight), and caused tens of thousands of dollars' worth of damage – apparently because they threw a party inside, and directed other teens to the location.
The National Enquirer (not a beacon of credibility, but since the whole John Edwards thing, at least presumably believable) pegged Willow at the scene several months ago, but – shockingly! – the Palin camp denied she could have been involved. But, virtually every other teen involved has not only identified Willow as having been there, but has said she played a big role in inviting people over and directing them there.
So, let's review. In addition to using her daughter Bristol, a teen mom who clearly did not practice abstinence, for publicity; and also using her youngest son in order to accuse Obama of orchestrating "death panels" that surely would have condemned the infant to die, Palin is now using "connections" to ensure that only the boys involved in the incident be charged with any crimes.
And, as we've already been made aware, Palin is certainly a fan of manipulating law enforcement for personal gain.
With a reality show in the works, it looks like the Palin family could become the northern counterparts to the cast of E!'s "Pretty Wild," which includes 18-year-old Alexis Neiers, an accused member of the "Bling Ring" – a group of Hollywood-area teens who are linked to the burglaries of several celebrities, including Lindsay Lohan, Audrina Patridge and Orlando Bloom.
Granted, all Willow is accused of doing is breaking into a home and causing a huge amount of damage. But there aren't many celebrities to steal from in Wasilla. So please, Sarah Palin, by all means continue lecturing me about wholesome, all-American families like yours.
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Listen Local Cooks Vol 2 is 75 pages of recipes and food-related poems, art, photos and stories plus an accompanying music compilation featuring 30 food-related songs all donated by friends of the San Diego Music community to help fund HotRodHelps.org which will assist local musicians in need.
Your purchase of Listen Local Cooks Vol 2 here on Blurb.com includes a free download code for the accompanying music compilation which includes 30 food-related songs.
ListenLocalsd.com has been introducing music lovers to San Diego's best local musicians since 2003.
Comment posted.
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Listen Local Cooks Vol 1 Published November 13, 2013


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Welcome to dickblick
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Golden Gessos are ready-to-use liquid grounds formulated for the use of acrylics on any commonly used painting surface. They are flexible and can be applied in thin layers to conform to a variety of textured surfaces without cracking. Gesso provides a "tooth" to the support that promotes the adhesion of the paint system.
Modify Golden Gesso by mixing it with a variety of mediums. Spray it, or apply it with brush, roller, or trowel. At least three layers of gesso are needed for oil painting over acrylic gesso.
Pricing Note — Items with the Blick Best Price icon () on this page are not eligible for additional discounts due to pricing restrictions set by the manufacturer.
Half Pint
8 oz
237 ml
16 oz
473 ml
32 oz
946 ml
128 oz
see also ...
® Golden is a registered trademark of Golden Artist Colors.
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(based on 26 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
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of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Reviewed by 26 customers
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Simply the best
By Kat
from WNC
Comments about Golden Acrylic Gesso:
I am painting on a solid fiberglass surface. I used Golden Acrylic Gesso and GAC 200 in a 3:1 ratio. The gesso combo surprisingly went on like silk and was the best experience I've ever had with gesso.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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The best!
By Jim the artist
from New York
Used as a ground for oil paintings and cannot use anything else because it is the best!
Love this product
By adele
from Winterport maine
So far we have used this product to prime some vintage window frames in order to paint both the frames and the glass. It worked really well for this purpose.
(0 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Great Products
By Joey
from Detroit Lakes, MN
Great products, easy to use website, and fast delivery. Another plus - if you have a problem with a delivery, Blick is swift in responding!
By Darlene
from Louisiana
Really easy to use , the smooth finish and bright white is great.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Cover me up!
By Salty Cat
from VA
SO maybe I am a GESSO snob, but this is the only Gesso I prefer. It is thick and covers well. I use it for both oil and acrylic prep.
(4 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
By SLYK
from Gurnee, IL
I ordered a boxful of items from Dick Blick - it arrived quickly, but upon opening the box the Gesso - had exploded! I took pictures and called customer service, without even needing to see the pictures they sent me a replacement jar of Gesso and even asked if anything else was damaged or unsalvageable. My new jar of Gesso arrived in 2 days. NOW THAT IS CUSTOMER SERVICE!!
Best white gesso I have used
By Janie
from Murphy nc
I only need one coat of this gesso to cover over something I am unhappy with.. And I have tried them all. In the long run it is the best value...
Golden Gesso
By Top Tier
from Jackson, Wy.
Good foundation for "important" work! Super white, good hide. Works great on everything I've had to prime. Canvas, wood, gypsum, paper, textile, brick, stone, styrofoam, MDF, etc. A product you can trust.
(1 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
The Best
By Dave The Painter
from El Paso Texas
I use this for my canvas and it is another great product.
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Top 5 least romantic local eateries
Yesterday, we shared our list of the 10 dishes to avoid ordering on your Valentine's dates, from stinky garlic to messy barbecue, ugly oysters to wings that zing--too much and in the wrong places. But some restaurants should just be avoided altogether, no matter what's on the menu. Let us share our list of the five local dining spots that we feel can only lead to heartbreak--or even worse, heartburn.
5. STILLWATER CORRECTIONAL FACILITY MESS HALL This Level 4 security prison in Stillwater houses over 1,500 of the state's felons. One of the most secure institutions in Minnesota, it features some spacious, brightly lit dining facilities. However, there really isn't an intimate vibe, and the food leaves much to be desired. As far as the service, calling it sub-par would be generous. The wine list is very short and features mostly nonvintage varieties aged not in oak casks but in toilet bowls.
4. THE WIENERY Now, let's set the record straight: We love the Wienery. And some recent quasi-scientific research we conducted has proven conclusively that its Lukeburger is 2,500% more effective at battling hangovers than the leading national brand. But the cold, hard truth is that the Wienery truly deserves its spot on this list. From elbow-to-elbow accommodations to an ambiance akin to a block party being thrown in a neighbor's garage, this West Bank icon is decidedly unsexy. Throw in the menu populated by messy, greasy (and undeniably delicious) dishes, it's clear that any relationship beginning at the Wienery will inevitably end with matching his-and-her heart stents.
3. CHUCK E. CHEESE'S Nothing can put a damper on your romantic intentions like being face to face with the leaky orifices, tiresome energy, and ear-shattering volume of the consequences of the "Serta Sleeper Samba." If being surrounded by the children isn't enough, just look at the faces of those poor, bedraggled souls called "parents" being led around by the hand. If the deadness in their eyes doesn't extinguish your libido, then your last name must be Duggar. Add mediocre pizza and the "ding, ding, DING!" of endless games of Skee-ball and the effect is the same as a cold shower.
2. CHEVY GRILL This greasy spoon located inside of Bobby and Steve's Auto World on Washington Ave. is a most inviting location for drunken frat boys en route back to the house from a night of clubbing downtown, but it's far less inviting for a couple looking to canoodle. An attempt at Johnny Rockets-esque 50s nostalgia, with vinyl booths and jukeboxes on the table, this place might do if your man rocks a ducktail or your woman rocks a poodle skirt. Of course, you might be at this gas station/service center because your lover harbors a Crash-like fetish, in which case, where you eat is the least of your concerns.
1. MOM'S HOUSE Now before you start writing that angry email, no one is disparaging mom's culinary skills. Nobody makes that meatloaf/hotdish/lasagna/etc. like mom. But seriously, having mom make dinner for you and your Valentine's date is as romantic as complimenting your date on their lazy eye. How is one supposed to properly play "footsie" under the table while the woman who gave you life sits next to you, blissfully unaware? How does one present an air of sophistication while mom spits on a napkin and wipes schmutz off your face? Evocative dirty talk at the table can only lead to a mouth washed out with soap and some time in the corner to think about what you've done. And if you don't eat every last piece of broccoli on that plate, you and your date will get no dessert.
Are there other restaurants that turn you off? Leave them in the comments, we'd love to hear about them.
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text:
There are reports coming in that sites that didn't work before suddenly started working again.
This makes me believe it's something more as wp-blog-header.php has been compromised.
I would love to receive a zipped up WordPress blog of a site that didn't work and suddenly started working again, wp-config.php can be omitted (No need to see your password :) ) to see if I can find out what else is compromised, how this started and see if I can come up with a solution.
If anybody is willing to send me a zip file shoot me an email @gmail.com my user is pvanderdoes


text:
Frank ManisProfessor of Psychology and Education
Contact Information
E-mail: email@example.com
Phone: (213) 740-6567
Office: SGM 525A
Curriculum Vitae
Faculty Profile on Departmental Website
Neuroscience Graduate Program
Biographical Sketch
|Professor Frank Manis is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Southern California, where he is currently serving as Director of Undergraduate Studies. He has published about 60 articles on reading disabilities, development of literacy in both the primary and secondary language and cognitive functioning in special populations of children. The major focus of his research has been on the identification of differences in cognitive profiles among children with reading difficulties. He reviews for several journals in the field, including Scientific Studies of Reading, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology and Developmental Psychology.
|Ph.D. Psychology, University of Minnesota, 1/1981
|B.A. Psychology, Pomona College, 1975
Academic Appointment, Affiliation, and Employment History
|Assistant to Full Professor, University of Southern California, 09/01/1981-
Description of Research
Summary Statement of Research Interests
|My work focuses on the cognitive, psycholinguistic and neurobiological bases of reading in children and adults, dyslexia, learning disabilities, and development of literacy in a second language. Recent projects include an investigation of brain activity in the occipito-temporal junction (or visual word form area) in dyslexic and non-dyslexic adults (with Zhong-Lin Lu, and graduate students Jennifer Bruno, Allison Zumberge and Jason Goldman), experiments on the perception of noise in visual and auditory stimuli (with Lu, and graduate student Rachel Beattie), a fluency-based intervention for middle schoolers with persistent reading problems (with Sally Spencer, Ed.D, 2008), and an investigation of the association between print exposure, reading skill and cortical thickness in skilled readers (with Jason Goldman, M.A., USC). I am also continuing analyses and publication of results from a 9-year longitudinal study of Spanish-speaking children learning to read, in collaboration with Kim Lindsey (Ph.D., 2002, USC) and Jonathan Nakamoto, Ph.D., 2009, USC).
Research Keywords
|reading, cognitive development, dyslexia, learning disabilities, bilingual reading development, brain imaging
Research Specialties
|reading development, dyslexia, learning disabilities, bilingual reading development, cognitive development in children
Funded Research
Contracts and Grants Awarded
|Literacy Development In English Language Learners (Nat Inst of Child Health and Human Dev (NICHHD)), Lindsey, Kim Abkarian, Manis, Franklin R, $1,080,353, 05/01/2003-04/30/2009
|Bases Of Normal And Disordered Reading (Nat Inst of Child Health and Human Dev (NICHHD)), Manis, Franklin R, $1,742,626, 04/01/2002-03/31/2009
|Perceptual, Linguistic and Computational Bases of Dyslexia (NIH-NICHHD), Franklin Manis, $372,000, 02/01/1996-11/30/2000
Conferences and Other Presentations
Conference Presentations
|"Dropping the perceptual anchor hypothesis: Support for the noise exclusion hypothesis of dyslexia", Association for Psychological Science, Poster, Boston, MA, 2009-2010
|"Phonological activation in Chinese word reading: Evidence from the perspective of phonetically-informed phonology. ", Research in Reading Chinese and Related Languages, Talk/Oral Presentation, Refereed Paper, Toronto, Canada, 2009-2010
|"Phonological activation in meaning access for Chinese word reading: Evidence from the perspective of phonetically-informed phonology. ", Association for Psychological Science, Poster, Boston, MA, 2009-2010
|"The introductory psychology 'mini-course': A new strategy for organizing discussion sections. ", Association for Psychological Science, Poster, Boston, MA, 2009-2010
|"Cognitive bases of reading disability in Spanish-English bilingual children.", Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, Poster, Refereed Asheville, North Carolina, 2008-2009
|"Contribution of early reading skill and language exposure to comprehension in English language learners", Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, Poster, Refereed Boston, MA, 2008-2009
|"Relationships among cortical thickness, reading skill and print exposure in adult readers", Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, Poster, Refereed Boston, MA, 2008-2009
|"Teaching and learning about the whole child", Society for Research in Child Development Teaching Institute, Talk/Oral Presentation, Denver, CO, Invited, 2008-2009
|"fMRI activation patterns predict reading ability in adults with and without developmental dyslexia", Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Poster, Refereed San Francisco, 2008-2009
|"Cognitive bases of reading disability in Spanish-English bilingual children", Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, Poster, Refereed Asheville, NC, 2007-2008
|"fMRI activation patterns predict reading ability in adults with and without developmental dyslexia", Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Poster, Refereed San Francisco, CA, 2007-2008
Other Presentations
|"Development of English language learners' word decoding and reading comprehension from first through ninth grade", Biennial Meeting, Society for Research in Child Development, Montreal, Canada, 2010-2011
|"The relationship between prosodic perception, phonological awareness, and vocabulary in emergent literacy ", Annual Meeting, Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, St. Petersberg, Florida, 2010-2011
|Reid, G., Fawcett, A. J., Manis, F. R., Siegel, L. S. (2008). The Sage Handbook of Dyslexia. (Reid, G., Fawcett, A. J., Manis, F. R., Siegel, L. S., Ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Book Chapter
|Manis, F. R., Lindsey, K. A. (2010). Cognitive and oral language contributors to reading disabilities in Spanish-English bilingual children. Language and Literacy Development in Bilingual Set pp. 280-303. New York, NY: Guilford.
|Manis, F. R., Lindsey, K. A. (2008). Exploring heterogeneity in developmental dyslexia: A longitudinal investigation. pp. 149-173. London: The Sage Handbook of Dyslexia.
Journal Article
|Beattie, R. L., Manis, F. R. (2011). Rise time perception in children with reading and additional non-phonological language difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities.
|Beattie, R. L., Lu, Z., Manis, F. R. (2011). Dyslexic adults can learn from repeated stimulus presentation but have difficulties in excluding external noise. PLoS One.
|Manis, F. R., Beattie, R. L. (2011). The relationship between prosodic perception, phonological awareness and vocabulary in emergent literacy. Journal of Research in Reading.
|Nakamoto, J., Lindsey, K. A., Manis, F. R. (2011). Development of reading skills from K-3 in Spanish-speaking English language learners following three programs of instruction. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal.
|Goldman, J. G., Orechwa, A. Z., Manis, F. R. (2011). Relationships among cortical thickness, reading skill and print exposure in adult readers. Scientific Studies of Reading.
|Spencer, S. A., Manis, F. R. (2010). The effects of a fluency intervention program on the reading outcomes of middle school students. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice. Vol. 25 (2), pp. 76-86.
|Nakamoto, J., Manis, F. R., Lindsey, K. A. (2008). A cross-linguistic investigation of English language learners' reading comprehension in English and Spanish. Scientific Studies of Reading. Vol. 12 (4), pp. 351-371.
|Bruno, J. L., Zumberge, A. A., Manis, F. R., Lu, Z., Goldman, J. G. (2008). Sensitivity to orthographic familiarity in the occipito-temporal region. NeuroImage. Vol. 39, pp. 1988-2001.
|Nakamoto, J., Lindsey, K. A., Manis, F. R. (2007). A Longitudinal Analysis of English language learners word decoding and reading comprehension. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal/Springer. Vol. 20, pp. 691-719.
|Bruno, J., Manis, F. R., Keating, P., Sperling, A. J., Nakamoto, J., Seidenberg, M. S. (2007). Auditory word identification in dyslexic and normally achieving readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology/Elsevier. Vol. 97, pp. 183-204.
|Zumberge, A., Baker, L. A., Manis, F. R. (2007). Focus on words: Genetic and environmental influences in reading and inattention. Behavior Genetics/Kluwer Academic Press. Vol. 37, pp. 284-293.
Multimedia Scholarship and Creative Works
|Website, My Virtual Child (revision for Pearson Publishing), 2010-2011
|Educational Website, My Virtual Teen (Pearson Publishing), 2009-2010
Honors and Awards
|USC Center for Excellence in Teaching, Faculty Fellow, Faculty Fellow, 9/1/2006-8/31/2009
Service to the Profession
Editorships and Editorial Boards
|Editorial Board, Scientific Studies of Reading, 2010-2011
|Editorial Board, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2007-2010
|Editor, Scientific Studies of Reading, 2003-2007
Professional Memberships
|Association for Psychological Science, 2007-2011
|International Dyslexia Association, 2007-2011
|Society for Research in Child Development, 2007-2011
|Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, 2007-2011
|Faculty may update their profile by visiting https://mydornsife.usc.edu.


text:
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This review is from: Microsoft Windows 8 Professional 64-bit (Full Version)
Pros: It's great for touch screen user s and price isn't bad
Cons: also some people waste time Example(Libertarian) Ok Microsoft knows they didn't do it rite because they are trying to fix it with 8.1 windows. They released it to soon before all things were fixed and compatible issues problems. They basically took windows 7 that worked fine and added stuff to it for touch futures and made it worse.
Other Thoughts: Don't buy wait and see what happens to windows 8.1.
They should just add belter touch futures to windows 7 and call it windows 7.1 and don't make anymore operating systems until they can get it rite.Dont add no more app futures cause they a dumb and slow you down.
This review is from: Anti-Glare & Anti-Fingerprint Screen Protector for ASUS VivoTab RT TF600T
Pros: none
Cons: Item came to me with dirt between the layer where you peel it off and the dirt stayed so I took it off and notified them and they wanted me to send pictures and I didn't have time. So my loss.....READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: HyperX 3K 2.5" 120GB SATA III MLC Internal Solid State Drive (SSD) (Stand-Alone Drive) SH103S3/120G
Pros: none
Cons: I actually gave this a five before I realized what a peace of garbage it is.when I tried to move this to another drive bay while trying to unplug it the plastic around drive plug it broke. Made very cheap. My warrantee ran out and Kingston does not honor any warrantee.
Other Thoughts: There are cheaper ones out there that are made better. There warrantee printed on there is not true they don't honor it and they have poor customer service they kept asking product number over and over again and said they couldn't identify numbers.lolREAD FULL REVIEW


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Post Jobs
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Legal Momentum
General Information
Job title:
Legal Director - Legal Momentum
Job location:
New York, NY 10014 United States
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Date posted:
Job type:
Salary commensurate with experience. Legal Momentum has a very generous benefits package.
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Job Description
Job description:
Legal Momentum is the nation's oldest legal defense and education fund dedicated to advancing and protecting the rights of all women and girls (it was formerly known as the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund). Legal Momentum uses litigation, public policy advocacy and education to address systemic issues facing women and girls throughout the United States. Legal Momentum has offices in New York City and Washington, D.C. Legal Momentum seeks applicants for the position of Legal Director. This is a full-time position based in New York City.
General Job Description:
The Legal Director will lead Legal Momentum's litigation and program work. The Legal Director will report to the President.
Key Responsibilities:
• Supervise the lawyers and legal interns working at Legal Momentum.
• Develop and oversee Legal Momentum's litigation and advocacy docket, within the parameters approved by the President.
• Litigate actions.
• Lead, guide and support efforts to develop new programs, activities and strategies in furtherance of organizational goals of the President.
• Supervise Legal Momentum's current programs.
• Oversee the continued development and success of networks of pro bono lawyers, law firms and volunteers.
• Manage the legal internship and legal volunteer programs.
• Represent and speak on behalf of Legal Momentum at conferences, with the press and in other venues, as approved by the President.
• Other responsibilities as assigned.
Job Requirements
Education, training, experience:
• Law degree from an accredited law school.
• Admitted to the NY State bar.
• 7 or more years of litigation experience.
• Experience in supervising other lawyers and staff.
• Experience with budgeting and financial management.
• Commitment to the rights of women and girls.
Terms & Conditions
Privacy Policy


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Are these two equivalent?
char * aString = "This is a string.";
char aString[] = "This is a string.";
From my understanding, C++ stores strings by their addresses, so the pointer is getting a valid address. I assume the strings are also stored as type char? But how does it know how much memory to allocate for the string? Normally, char arrays need their array size preset. I believe the [] type arrays are counted by the compiler before compilation. Is this what happens for the string literal pointer as well?
On to my second question, what is the difference between these two:
int someNumber;
int * someNumber = new int;
The second is supposed to be dynamic allocation. If I understand the concept right, it allocates the memory as soon as it reads the declaration. But what happens in the standard declaration? Basically, I need to understand how dynamic allocation is advantageous over standard declarations.


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Q&A: RedHawks shortstop Tommy Manzella
Tommy Manzella was the Astros starting shortstop last season and spent all but 11 games with Houston. The Astros signed Clint Barmes in the offseason, making things difficult for Manzella to make the club. Manzella was briefly recalled to major-league camp after Barmes went down with an injury but Angel Sanchez started the season as the Astros' shortstop. Manzella will start the season as the RedHawks' shortstop. Manzella spoke to The Oklahoman's Ryan Aber before their season starts Thursday in Memphis.
What was it like bouncing back from major-league camp to minors and back to the majors again?
It was just a situation where you're trying to make the club and guys kind of get hurt or shuffle around. You get opportunities. Unfortunately, the last time I came up, I didn't get too much of an opportunity. I was, I guess, more there as an insurance policy. But in either regard, you've just got to do what you've got to do to get ready for the season.
What did you learn from that experience and being in the big leagues last year to help you get back?
It's everybody's goal. We've got a lot of guys on the team that have experience at that level. I think the more experience you have there, the more you understand what type of adjustments you have to make in your game to stick at that level and not bounce back and forth. The more time you spend up there, the more information you gather and the more you know about the little adjustments you have to make in your game to stick at that level. While you're down here, you make the most of your time here to implement those little adjustments so when that next opportunity does come, you can take advantage of it.
How much do you know about the kind of team the RedHawks are going to be?
It's in the first couple days so it's kind of tough because you never know what you're going to get when they turn the lights on. There are a couple guys I have played with before but the majority of the team I haven't played with in the regular season. Spring training's a lot different. You get to that regular season sometimes either guys are a little more tentative or try to do too much. It's kind of hard to figure out which guys are going to do better when the regular games start. Once we get those first couple weeks, we'll get a better idea of what kind of team we're going to have.
The team has spent a week in Oklahoma City, something not a whole lot of minor-league teams get to do. What's this week been like before going on the road to start the season?
We've been spending a lot of time here. I've been here for about five or six days now and I really haven't been away from the complex when it's light out so we've been spending some good amount of time here trying to get set up with living and other things. It's nice to get settled at least into the city and not have to worry about rolling in and, especially starting on the road, just leaving stuff here and packing to go on the road.


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An ecological research area managed by the University of Washington's Center for Urban Horticulture, the Union Bay Natural Area is a destination for birdwatchers, joggers, student groups and over 150 species of birds. For award winning photographer Doug Plummer, the UBNA (colloquially known as "The Fill") has been a source of inspiration for his contemplative, complex landscape photographs. This photo essay of 42 images tracks Montlake Fill through a turnover of seasons, from the stark complexity of winter branches through the green fullness of summer and back to the austere beauty of winter.
I've been taking photographs all my life, and it's been my day job now for over 25 years. I am having more fun now then I've ever had. Weddings, commercial work and lately, video--it all feeds my bliss.
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New Super Mario Bros. (Nintendo DS)
Published by
Developed by
Also For
Critic Score
100 point score based on reviews from various critics.
User Score
5 point score based on user ratings.
Advertising BlurbsBack of Box (UK):
Jump into an all-new Mario adventure!Run, jump and stomp your way through unthinkable lands and unimaginable challenges! Challenge a friend to a wireless face-off on special levels, or play with up to three friends in a ton of Touch Screen minigames.
Contributed by Reborn_Demon (124) on Jan 17, 2007.
It's been more than 20 years since Super Mario Bros. first arrived, and now Mario and Luigi are back in an all-new platformer for Nintendo DS. Boasting incredible 3D graphics to accompany classic 2D gameplay, this fast-paced adventure will have Mario fans cheering as they make their way over fields, under water, through castles and into the air.
- The Mario Bros. are back in the first new Mario platform game in over a decade.
- All new side-scrolling platform gameplay based on the classic and very popular Super Mario Bros on the NES.
- All new look with a hybrid of 2D backgrounds and 3-D characters.
- 2 player multiplayer mode using 1 game card, which allows a second player to compete as Luigi in a race against Mario.
- Includes eighteen 1-4 player touch screen minigames from Super Mario 64 DS.
- Features classic enemies, locations and power-ups from a variety of titles in the series.
New Super Mario Bros. is loaded with features and characters that could only exist in the Mushroom Kingdom, including all-new power-ups like the Blue Shell, in which Mario can ride, and a massive Mushroom that makes him ultra-huge. Not only that, but players can link wirelessly with a friend to play as both Mario and Luigi in multiplayer mode.
Jump, bounce and power-up through visually stunning side-scrolling worlds filled with Mushroom Kingdom madness. The worlds are swarming with classic enemies like Goombas and Koopas, but watch out for new foes, big bosses and unbelievable challenges made possible by the dual screens of the Nintendo DS. Not only that, but players can link wirelessly with a friend to play as Mario and Luigi in multiplayer mode.
Contributed by Evil Ryu (60746) on Jun 05, 2006.
- Jump, bounce and power-up through visually stunning side-scrolling worlds filled with Mushroom Kingdom madness. Mushrooms make Mario ultra-tiny or ultrahuge, and new items like the Blue Shell (which transforms Mario into a spinning shell that wipes out enemies) will keep players on their toes.
- The worlds are swarming with classic enemies like Goombas and Koopas, but watch out for new foes, big bosses and unbelievable challenges.
- As Mario and Luigi, two players can battle for stars on specially designed levels over local wireless. The game won't end until one bro. reigns supreme.
New Super Mario Bros.®FACT SHEET
Format: Nintendo DS
Launch Date: May 15, 2006
ESRB: E (Everyone) – Comic Mischief
Game Type: Action Platformer
Players: 1-4
Developer: Nintendo
Unique Features: DS Download Play
Twenty years after Nintendo's biggest franchise was born, the Mario Bros.® return in a dazzling, all-new platformer sure to set players' fingers twitching. Fans from Mario's classic days will see their dreams answered in this return to the Mushroom Kingdom, while a new generation of Mario™ players will learn what true platforming greatness means.
Characters: Mario, Luigi, a ton of Mushroom Kingdom enemies, both new and old, Peach, Bowser and Bowser Jr.
How to progress through the game: Run, jump and battle enemies through multiple levels in each world. Every time players finish one world, they can move onto the next, but each level features impediments in the forms of fortresses, Hammer Bros. and bosses. After defeating the boss of each world, players can move on to the next, culminating in the final fight in the last world.
Special powers/weapons/moves/features: Mario and Luigi can do all kinds of jump maneuvers: increasingly high triple jumps, wall jumps and high bounces off enemies. Mario also can use power-ups like Mushrooms (grow big), Fire Flowers (throw fireballs), Starmen (become invincible), Blue Shells (turn into a speedy, blue Koopa shell) and other mushrooms that make him tiny or huge.
In addition to the main game and the wireless two-player mode, players also can use the touch screen to play tons of minigames (either by themselves or over DS Local Area Network with 1 to 4 players via DS Download Play). These include card games, targetbopping-type games and much more.
Contributed by Sciere (361095) on May 22, 2006.
A Blast From The Past As Retro Gaming Gets A MakeoverNew SUPER MARIO BROS. launches this early this summer only on the Nintendo DS
15th March 2006 – Mario is not only back for an all new adventure, but he is also rediscovering his roots in the first side-scrolling Super Mario Bros adventure since Super Mario World. Fans of all ages will get to experience the perfect fusion of old and new as New SUPER MARIO BROS. launches across Europe for the Nintendo DS in early summer 2006.
All Mario fans have fond memories of the franchise's original 2D roots. Now some 20 years after the world was first wowed by a small moustached plumber, our hero is returning in an all-new platform adventure. New SUPER MARIO BROS. is an entirely new adventure, in which our heroes must once again travel across the Mushroom Kingdom to rescue Princess Peach from the scaly clutches of Bowser and his minions.
New SUPER MARIO BROS. features huge vivid 2D worlds inspired by those from the classic Mario adventures, but combined with beautifully rendered 3D characters which almost seem to jump out of the screen. Each world has a different theme and features multiple levels, which must be completed before progressing to the next one. Players must also master each world's mini fortress and beat a boss character before they can progress onto the next world. Only after defeating all of the bosses will a character be ready to take on the ultimate challenge of Bowser himself.
The Mario brothers have a few new tricks up their sleeves since their last side-scrolling adventure, utilising some all-new abilities to help them through this latest adventure. As well as the classic moves, they can add a spring to their step with three new jumps. To reach high ledges they can perform a triple jump or bounce off a nearby wall thanks to the handy wall jump ability. Our heroes can even get a small height boost by bouncing off the heads of conveniently placed enemies.
During the course of a level, our heroes can use a little artificial stimulation to really tip the balance in their favour. Some of the most popular power-ups from classic Mario are back, allowing players to use Mushrooms to grow, Fireflowers to fry their enemies and the elusive Starman to become invincible. However, the fun doesn't stop there, with a host of all new power-ups available including a mushroom that makes the player as big as the screen and one that can shrink them to the size of a mouse!
All this fun is too good not to share. Thanks to a host of multiplayer options players can enjoy the adventures with up to four players. Two players can battle it out wirelessly as they compete to collect stars on specially designed stages. In this mode the game continues until one Mario brother reaches the star limit for the stage. Up to four players can also take part in a selection of touch-screen mini-games with only one game cartridge thanks to DS Download Play.
Whether you are a fan of the old school Mario adventures, or just enjoy a good platform game you will fall in love with this instant classic. New SUPER MARIO BROS. launches across Europe on the Nintendo DS in early summer 2006 for the estimated retail price of around £30.
Contributed by Sciere (361095) on May 22, 2006.
New Super Mario Bros.®Format: Nintendo DS™
Launch Date: TBA
ESRB: RP (Rating Pending)
Game Type: Action
Players: 1-2
Developed by Nintendo
The first new 2-D Mario™ platformer since Super Mario World® has arrived. Boasting incredible 3-D graphics to accompany classic 2-D game play, this fast-paced adventure will have Mario fans cheering as they make their way over fields, under water, through castles and into the air. New and familiar enemies are everywhere, not to mention mind-blowing challenges made possible by the dual screens of the Nintendo DS. Not only that, but players can link wirelessly with a friend to play as Mario and Luigi in multiplayer mode.
Contributed by Sciere (361095) on May 22, 2006.
- Run, jump, and stomp your way through raging volcanoes, tropical islands, snowcapped peaks, and unimaginable challenge!
- Grab a Mega Mushroom and grow to incredible proportions, or smash through your foes in a blue Koopa shell!
- Challenge a friend to a wireless face-off on specially designed levels, or play up to three friends in a ton of Touch Screen minigames.
Jump into an all-new Mario adventure!
Contributed by Sciere (361095) on May 22, 2006.
Jump into an all-new Mario adventure!
- Run, jump, and stomp your way through raging volcanoes, tropical islands, snowcapped peaks, and unimaginable challenges!
- Grab a Mega Mushroom and grow to incredible proportions, or smash through your foes in a blue Koopa shell!
- Challenge a friend to a wireless face-off on specially designed levels, or play up to three friends in a ton of Touch Screen minigames.
It's been more than 20 years since Super Mario Bros. first arrived, and now Mario and Luigi are back in an all-new platformer for Nintendo DS. Boasting incredible 3D graphics to accompany classic 2D gameplay, this fast-paced adventure will have Mario fans cheering.
New Worlds!
New Super Mario Bros. features eight all-new worlds, each filled with extra levels, hidden paths, and secrets galore. It's possible to complete the game without visiting every world, which means you'll have to track down many alternate exists to visit every nook and cranny in the game.
New Power-Ups!
You'll find classic power-ups like the Super Mushroom and the Fire Flower in the game, and there are some all-new power-ups that let Mario explore the Mushroom Kingdom like never before.
Super Mushroom
Mario's most basic power-up doubles his size and grants him the strength to smash through blocks. It also allows him to survive a single enemy hit.
Fire Mario
The Fire Flower transforms Mario into Fire Mario, allowing him to throw fireballs that bounce along the ground and can damage or destroy most foes.
Mega Mushroom
Grab a Mega Mushroom to make Mario grow to colossal size for a short time. Mega Mario can smash enemies, blocks and even pipes simply by running into them.
Mini Mushroom
Snag a Mini Mushroom to shrink Mario down to micro size. In this teeny form, Mario can go into small pipes and travel down tiny paths. Plus, he's so light that he can perform floating jumps and run on water.
Koopa Shell
When Mario picks up a special blue Koopa shell, he'll transform into Shell Mario. Shell Mario can smash through enemies and blocks like a Koopa shell, and also swim more quickly underwater.
New Moves!
New Super Mario Bros. expands Mario's arsenal of moves to include some very powerful advanced techniques. If you want to uncover every secret in the game, you'll have to master them all.
Ground Pound
Known in some circles as the "butt bounce," this move allows Mario to pound the ground from above. This technique can be used to attack enemies or to break bricks.
Special Jumps
Mario can gain new heights by performing double and triple jumps similar to those found in Super Mario 64.
Wall Jump
Mario's new wall jumping ability is probably the most-used new move in the game. You'll have to use this technique to reach hidden items, and it can save your life if you accidentally fall into a pit.
New Multiplayer!
There are two multiplayer modes in New Super Mario Bros. -- Mario vs. Luigi and Minigames. In Mario vs. Luigi mode, it's brother vs. brother in a race for Stars. The goal of the game is to collect the Stars that appear throughout the stage at timed intervals. If your brother gets a Star first, don't worry. Any time you damage your bro, he'll drop one of his Stars and you can claim it for yourself. This mode is available for two players, and you only need one game card to play.
The Minigames mode offers a wide variety of simple touch-screen activities. You can challenge them solo, or use them as the basis of a minigame tournament for up to four players. The minigames may be simple, but they're surprisingly fun when you're putting your skills to the test against your friends.
Bottom Line
The great thing about New Super Mario Bros. is that it takes everything that was so spectacular about the original series and takes it to the next level. The new moves and power-ups are awesome, and it's hugely satisfying to find hidden item blocks and other secrets scattered throughout the game. The replay value is through the roof, especially with the addition of the Mario vs. Luigi multiplayer mode. Never before has "New" been so dramatically understated.
New Super Mario Bros. is available now.
Contributed by Evil Ryu (60746) on May 21, 2006.


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This is the Versile Decentral Identities 0.8 specification.
VDI is a mechanism for decentrally created identities which can be used to authenticate with services or other users, and which can be encrypt/sign information on behalf of this identity. A decentral identity is a represented by the public-key component of an RSA keypair generated from a set of secret identity data.
Es an example, VDI would generate from the passphrase 'w9FLk2pDnc9G9f' the following 1024-bit RSA key pair which can be used for authentication, encryption or signatures:
VDI enables public-key based mechanisms with the same convenience as (somewhat complicated) passwords.
Standard identity management practices typically involves forced central authentication of identities (e.g. a "user" is authenticated by a "password"), weak password protection schemes (as people often choose insecure passwords) and complex user/password ecosystems (with too many usernames and passwords to remember so people often use the same username and password).
VDI aims to improve this situation by using public keys to authenticate an identity (enables decentral authentication) with keypairs that are generated from a set of secrets which are fed through cryptographically strong pseudo-random functions. By using the same algorithm for key generation on different devices the same set of identity secrets will always be produce the same identity.
With VDI the public key component takes the role of a 'username' which can be authenticated by the private key component which plays the role of a 'password'. However there is no need for central authentication because a user can prove knowledge of the 'password' using the private key. Also the private key component never needs to be revealed to a 3rd party so the 'password' cannot be stolen from a server.
A central service can still maintain a map between more user friendly "user names" such as "email addresses" or "aliases" which it can associate to a VDI identity. Such a map and user space would have to be authenticated by a central service.
A user can use the same identity across multiple services, or if the user wants to use different identities for different services it is sufficient to introduce slight variation in the identity secrets (such as adding the name of the service) in order to produce a unique new identity.
The VDI scheme Decentral Identity Scheme A (currently the only defined scheme) is identified with scheme identifier 'dia', or in combined form as 'dia<bits>' which includes the number of bits in the generated RSA key of the identity, e.g. 'dia2048' for a 2048-bit RSA key.
An identity RSA key length must be specified which is the number of bits of the key. DIA specifies the length must be minimum 512 bits (in practice this is insufficient security but the standard does not force higher bit counts), and the key length must be a multiple of 8.
The identity is generated from three string data components:
|A label of the purpose for the identity
|Some easy-to-remember personal data which
|Passphrase protecting the identity
The 'purpose' component is any string which identifies the intended scope the identity is used with, e.g. it could be 'gmail.com', 'ebay.com', or another part of a URL associated with the service the identity is used with. It does not need to be secure; it should be something which is very easy to remember and associate with the identity used (such as the URL of a service).
The 'personal' component is an inexpensive way of adding some data to the key which will help make it 'unique', and make it even harder to use brute-force attacks against the key. E.g. a string like 'my car is really slow' is easy to remember. Even using a name or birthdate would add some additional protection.
The 'passphrase' component is the main component of the key which protects the key. It should be "long and complex" in order to protect it against brute-force attacks. DIA requires the passphrase must be minimum 10 characters, and for reasonable 'practical security' it should be minimum 13-14 characters (see Identity Security):
The passphrase must be high quality (which typically implies it should be randomly generated from a good source of cryptographically strong random data) and sufficient length in order to protect the identity.
An identity is generated from secret identity data as per the following algorithm:
E.g. for a 1024-bit key with purpose 'str_a', personal 'str_b' and passphrase 'str_c' the phrase would be
Let the pseudo-random function p_rand be the PRF function defined by RFC 5246 using SHA256 as the hash function, an empty secret and seed=phrase .
Let p_len be the number of bytes n (not bits) of the generated identity, divided by 2 and rounded down. Let q_len be n-p_len.
Generate a prime p by extracting the first p_len bytes from p_rand, setting both the two most significant bits to 1 and setting the least significant bit to 1, and interpreting the resulting byte sequence as a non-negative integer (most significant byte first). Let candidate be the resulting number. Test whether candidate is a prime, if not increase candidate by 2. Keep testing for primality and adding 2 until a prime is found. Let p be the resulting prime.
Generate a prime q by extracting the next q_len bytes from p_rand and executing the same algorithm to produce a prime.
Create an RSA key from components p and q, using 65537 as the public exponent (if 65537 is not a valid exponent use the smallest number e>65537 which is valid).
The primary protection of the identity is the 'passphrase' which critically needs to be a "strong" password in order to protect against brute-force attacks.
A strong password is critical to the security of the identity which can be hard for many users to create and remember. However because the scheme essentially allows reusing the same passphrase for many different identities, the user has an incentive to create and remember at least one single very complex passphrase, with the benefit that everything else gets much easier to remember.
The public key component of a decentral identity can be attacked by brute-force as an attacker can perform offline computations to try to identify a set of identity secret data which produces the identity's known public key component. It is important the secret id data should make such attacks practically, i.e. expected time/resources should by far exceed the value of achieving a successful attack.
Let'us perform some computations what this means in terms of how the secret id data is constructed. For our computation we will assume there are no weaknesses discovered in the pseudo-random function and its relationship with prime number generation - or the rise of "quantum computing" or technologies which would obsolete RSA alltogether.
Let us identify a "very high" level of secret identity data protection for the identity. For a brute-force attack, testing a set of input data could potentially be reduced to the operation of
Let us assume that (4) occurs sufficiently infrequent that its associated time/resources can be ignored. Further assumptions could be:
For our very high level of security we will require that the expected time to identify the key via brute-force with the above available resources must be 100 years, meaning the time to exhaust all possible keys is 200 years.
The required number of secret id data permutations in order to brute-force identity secret data with 100 years time expectancy is ~4.4e31 combinations.
We assume the 'passphrase' component of the secret id data is generated entirely of lower- and upper-case characters A-Z and numbers, so for each character there are 62 combinations. If the passphrase is generated entirely random then 18 characters in the passphrase has ~1.8e32 combinations, twice the required number of combinations.
If a hard-to-guess 'personal' secret id data component is used that also contributes to key strength. If the permutations by the 'personal' component is equivalent to 2-3 characters in the passphrase, equivalent security is provided by a good 'personal' phrase plus a 15-16 character passphrase.
Unless weakness are found that can be exploited in the Pseudo-Random Function and key generation (or other RSA weaknesses), with the above simplifying assumptions a passphrase of 15-16 (entirely random) characters plus a reasonably good 'personal' phrase should be sufficient to protect against a 100-year planetary effort
If we relax the security requirements we can get away with a shorter key. Let us replace the 'very high security level' assumptions with the following assumptions:
The number of identity secret data permutations required to sustain this attack is now down to 4.0e27 combinations which is about 10% of the number of permutations of a random passphrase of 16 characters (4.7e28 permutations). If the 'personal' phrase is good enough to account for 2-3 characters worth of security, then only 13-14 passphrase characters are required for equivalent security.
Unless weakness are discovered than can be exploited in the Pseudo-Random Function and key generation (or other RSA weaknesses), a passphrase of 13-14 (entirely random) characters plus a reasonably good 'personal' phrase should be sufficient to protect against a 10-year dedicated effort of a major power against the secret identity.
The above estimates suggest 13-14 (entirely random) passphrase characters plus a reasonably good personal phrase should be strong enough for almost any practical purpose, and 15-16 characters plus a good personal phrase should be enough for most scenarios.
Of course there are no guarantees; crypto systems that were thought to be strong have later been broken. Technology constantly moves forward with increased computing power and people are already speculating whether quantum computing could "break" RSA.
An implementation of Versile Platform must provide a mechanism for generating decentral identies from their associated input data.


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Carlos Sebastian Etheredge
Position: TE
Height: 6-5 Weight: 236 lbs.
Born: August 10, 1970 in Albuquerque, NM
High School: Del Norte
College: Miami (FL) (school history) (Etheredge college stats)
Drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the 6th round (157th overall) of the 1993 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (15060th overall since 1950)
Other SR Links: College Football at Sports-Reference.com
Output includes all passing, rushing, and receiving plays.See all Carlos Etheredge Super Bowl plays using the Super Bowl Play Finder