text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Fecha de publicación
|23 Jun 1970
|Fecha de presentación
|1 Abr 1968
|Fecha de prioridad
|1 Abr 1968
|Número de publicación
|Morgan George W
|Cesionario original
|North American Rockwell
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (7), Citada por (40), Clasificaciones (22)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
June 23, 1970 G. w. MORGAN 3,517,110
FLEXIBLE UNDERWATER RISER CONTAINING ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND MATERIAL CONDUITS I I Filed April 1. 1968 INVENTOR. GEORGE W. MORGAN BYMQZZGALB' ATTORNEY FIG. 3
United States Patent O 3,517,110 FLEXIBLE UNDERWATER RISER CONTAINING ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND MATERIAL CONDUITS George W. Morgan, Anaheim, Calif., assignor to North American Rockwell Corporation Filed Apr. 1, 1968, Ser. No. 717,540 Int. Cl. H011) 7/00; H02g 9/12; B63b 21/52 US. Cl. 174-47 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A flexible underwater riser capable of sustaining high environmental loads by means of a high tensile strength central core member. A plurality of material conduits and electrical conductors are situated about the central core member and a flexible protective sheath bundles the conduits together. The spaces between the conduits and conductors within the sheath may be filled with an elastomeric filler to provide an integral characteristic to the riser structure, and to isolate and insulate said conduits and conductors against mutual abrasion and temperature variations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the invention The invention relates to underwater riser assemblies, and more particularly to risers capable of susbtaining high environmental loads which in addition have substantial flexibility.
Description of the prior art In the design of prior art riser structures a basic decision was made initially between a flexible structure which permits maximum lateral excursion (caused near the water surface by turbulent conditions), or a rigid beamlike structure which permits a minimum of lateral excursion due to a high tension load exerted thereon. Such a high tension load may be created by providing a combination of a buoyant device attached to the head of the riser structure, and a tension force applied when a ship is connected to the upper end of the riser structure.
In the past, riser structures designed to permit large lateral excursions have been comprised of a single, or perhaps two or three flexible tubes bound together and having low buoyancy. Where two or more tubes are utilized there exists the problem of mutual abrasion occasioned when the riser bends and sways with the dynamic medium. In time such abrasion will wear thin the walls of the tubes resulting in failure thereof. The maximum practical depth of risers of this type has been on the order of one hundred feet.
Multi-conduit risers having a rigid moment resistant exterior member designed to minimize lateral excursion have not been developed due to at least two reasons. The first reason is the great expense that would be involved in such a design. Secondly, the environmental stresses required to be withstood during the severest wave forces which may be encountered (for example, a one hundred year storm) are greater than the properties of presently available practical materials. With a riser of any substantial diameter, the bending stresses on the rigid outer shell become irresistible.
A new and different approach to the design of hightension multi-conduit riser structures is needed to accommodate the severest conditions which may be encountered in a rough sea, and the present invention provides such an approach with a riser structure capable of sustaining high environmental loads while having flexible characteristics which minimize the effects of bending stresses.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention there is set forth a flexible high-tension sustaining riser structure. The riser is a substantially integrated cable-like member comprising a plurality of conduits and electrical conductors situated about a high-tension core member (structural cable), and having an elastomeric filler surrounding each and electrical conductor. The whole combination of core member, conduits, and filler is encased by a flexible protective sheath. Such a riser structure can be anchored under relatively high tension (for example, between a riser base in a sub-surface oil production field, and a surface ship) in order to minimize lateral excursion of the riser. The tension need not be so great as to eliminate all excursion since the riser is flexible and capable of sustaining moderate bending stresses.
OBJECTS It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved underwater riser.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a high-tension underwater riser having flexible characteristics.
A further object of this invention is to provide a flexible riser comprised of multiple conduits and conductors between which mutual abrasion is eliminated.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide an underwater riser for use in Water depths measured in thousands of feet.
Still other objects, features, and attendant advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a reading of the following detailed description of an embodiment construction in accordance therewith, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a riser according to the present invention; and
FIG. 2 depicts a surface vessel connected to a riser which is fastened to a riser 'base on the underwater floor; and
FIG. 3 shows a riser fastened to a riser base and to a buoyant sphere below the water surface for maintaining the riser in a near vertical attitude.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a cross-sectional view of an underwater riser designed according to the present invention. There is shown a structural core member 10 at the center of the center of the riser. Core member 10 is capable of sustaining high-tension loads. A wide variety of presently available braided steel cables may serve adequately to provide the tension carrying capacity required of the riser.
Situated about the periphery of core member 10 are a plurality of electrical conductors and data transmission lines 12. Such conductors 12 may be utilized for transmission of electric power, communication signals, and for whatever other purpose may be required under the circumstances. There is further shown a plurality of flexible conduits 14, some of which may be high pressure flexible hoses, or plastic or metal tubes each of which is utilized to perform a specified function. Such functions may be to carry hydrocarbons, water, air or other gases, and for the venting of unwanted substances and gases. The high pressure lines may be utilized for transporting crude oil, or for carrying water or gas injected under high pressure. Depending on the requirements of the particular operation involved, a relatively large number and variety of flexible conduits and hoses may be arranged about core member to form an underwater riser according to the present invention.
Also shown in FIG. 1 as the shaded substance between and around the core member 10, conductors 12, and hoses or tubes 14 is an elastomeric filler 16. The flexible filler 16 may be composed of a variety of synthetic rubbers which are well known to those skilled in the art. Elastomeric filler 16 may be foamed to a greater or lesser degree as a means for varying the buoyancy of the riser structure. Filler 16 must be selected to have adequate resistance to the hydrostatic loads which will be encountered at the intended depth at which the riser will be used. At greater depths filler 1 6 must be more dense, i.e. less foamed. Flexible filler 16 provides a variety of useful functions. As just described, the buoyancy of the riser is controllable by variations in the density of elastomeric filler 16, although it is clear that the total buoyancy problem may not be solved in this manner and that external ring buoys may be attached to the riser structure. By isolating the individual cable, conductors, and hoses, elas tomeric filler 16 minimizes the transfer of bending stresses between such longitudinal components of the riser assembly. The filler 16 also serves to integrate the total riser assembly and provides for a relatively uniform external profile for the riser.
Still another advantage of the elastomeric filler 16 is the insulation provided between conduits which may carry fluids of widely varying temperatures. By insulating such temperatures, stresses resulting from the temperature differentials are minimized.
To make the structure of the riser complete and more capable of withstanding the severe conditions of its environment, a flexible protective sheath 18 is provided about the circumference of the riser assembly. Such a sheath also serves to firmly bundle all of the components together. It should be understood, however, that in some cases it may be advantageous to design a riser cable without the elastomeric filler and the flexible sheath. In such a case, the cable and conduits may be maintained as an integral unit by, for example, a spiral wind thereabout or intermittent hoops placed to constrain the individual members together.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown represented a surface vessel 20 which is coupled to a riser 22 which is designed according to the present invention. Riser 22 is coupled at the deep end to a riser base 24 located on the earth floor beneath the water. A high tension load is exerted by the vessel 20 upon the riser 22, in conjunction with the buoyant force of buoy 26 in order to maintain the riser in a substantially straight line. Further, because riser 22 is also designed to be flexible, a certain amount of lateral displacement or excursion thereof is tolerable. Such displacement is indicated by the dashed lines 28 and 30. In fact, riser 22 is so designed that,.under operational tension, it can safely withstand and accept lateral excursions which may result from the most severe storms which may be anticipated on the ocean surfaces. With the high tension cable situated in the center of riser 22, and having a small circumference, the bending stresses which are exerted thereon are 'well within the tensile limits thereof. A riser assembly constructed according to the present invention is not limited to a few or even several hundred feet, as has been the case with riser assemblies presently in use. Such a riser assembly, as hereinabove described, is capable of safe and sustained operation at depths of several thousand feet.
FIG. 3 is provided to illustrate riser 22 when not connected to a surface vessel. Buoy 26 provides sufficient tension upon riser 22 to maintain a substantially vertical attitude. Lateral excursions, resulting from lateral loads, are limited by the buoyant force of buoy 26 to the dashed lines 32 and 34 as shown. A small surface buoy 36 is shown attached to the riser head for location purposes.
What is claimed is:
1. An underwater riser comprising:
means for sustaining tension loads forming a core for said riser,
a plurality of conducting means situated about said core,
means bundling said conducting means and said core .together,
an elastomeric filler completely surrounding each conducting means and filling the space between said core and said bundling means, and
said plurality of conducting means including:
electrical conduction means situated about the circumference of said core for providing transmission of electrical power and information signals along the length of said riser, and
material conduction means situated about said electrical conduction means through which a plurality of material substances may flow along the length of said riser.
2. A flexible underwater riser comprising:
means for sustaining tension loads forming a core for said riser,
means for electrical conduction situated about said core,
means situated about said core for providing conduction of a plurality of material substances,
means bundling together said first, second and third means, and
an elastomeric filler completely surrounding each means for electrical conduction and material conduction, said filler completely filling the space between said core and said bundling means.
3. The device of claim 2 wherein said bundling means comprises flexible sheath means encompassing said electrical and material conduction means.
4. An underwater riser comprising:
a plurality of conduits and conductors,
a core member having high tensile strength and a diameter substantially smaller than the diameter of said riser,
means bundling said plurality of conduits and conductors and said core member together and made of a flexible sheath means, and
an elastomeric filler filling the space remaining within said sheath means,
said filler comprising:
a foamed synthetic material surrounding each of said plurality of conduits and conductors and isolating said conduits and conductors whereby the transfer of bending stresses therebetween is minimized,
said foamed material having a density which increases along the length of said riser in accordance with the submerged depth thereof.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 989,532 4/1911 Macduffee 174-47 2,186,793 l/l940 Wodtke l7427 2,518,454 8/1950 Elliott 174--1l6 X 3,017,934 1/1962 Rhodes et al. 98 X 3,281,571 10/1966 Gilmore 174-47 X 3,344,888 10/1967 Connelly et al. 17447 X 3,375,324 3/1968 Miller 174101.5
LARAMIE E. ASKIN, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
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|Elevator car, its machine room, and an elevator traveling cable including both electrical and fluid conductors connected therebetween
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|Shell Offshore Inc.
|Method and apparatus for umbilical hydraulic control lines in floating production systems
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|Alcatel Kabel Norge As
|Method and cable for transmitting communication signals and electrical power between two spaced-apart locations
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|Engineered material buoyancy system and device
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|Engineered material buoyancy system and device
|8 Ene 2002
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|Stolt Offshore S.A.
|Marine riser tower
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|Stolt Offshore S.A.
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|Engineered material buoyancy system and device
|8 Ene 2002
|22 Abr 2004
|Legras Jean-Luc Bernard
|Marine riser tower
|8 Ene 2002
|22 Abr 2004
|Legras Jean-Luc Bernard
|Marine riser tower
|6 Oct 2004
|24 Feb 2005
|William Uhlenkott
|Method for installing a water well pump
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|Technip France
|Engineered material buoyancy system and device
|12 May 2005
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
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|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea


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Tri-State Expedited Service
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The Administration of Justice in a Multilingual Society-Open to Interpretation or Lost in Translation?
Kahaner, Steven M., Judicature
The proper use of interpreters can help protect the rights of persons with limited English proficiency and facilitate the fair and efficient administration of justice.
The Court: You got anybody here that understands English better than you ?
Unknown Person: I do, sir.
The Court: Well, why doni you just come up here. Are you charged with something too or are you his friend ?
Unknown Person: (Inaudible.)
The Court: WeU, you can come on up here. Sounds to me like he better enter a 'not guilty ' plea, seeing as he can go to jail big time.
Unknown Person: He said he's guilty.1
The number of persons in the United States over the age of five who speak English less than very well soared from 14 million in 199O2 to 24.5 million in 2007,' a whopping 175 percent increase. Although Spanish is the non-English language spoken most frequently at home, there are more than 300 single languages or "language families" used in the United States.4 These statistics point to an ever-increasing challenge confronting state and federal courts charged with providing access to justice for all - including individuals whose primary language is not English and who have a limited ability to read, speak, write, or understand English (often referred to as "limited English proficient" or "LEP" individuals). In the federal courts alone, interpreted events (defined as one interpreter, one case number, one date) have been increasing steadily over the past decade, from approximately 100,000 in 1996, to 232,457 in 113 different languages in the 12 months ending September 30, 2007.
Given that language and cultural barriers may prevent criminal defendants from effectively participating in their trials, result in misinterpretation of witness statements made to triers of fact during court proceedings, deter minority litigants from the civil justice system as a forum for redress of grievances, and exclude large sectors of the population from jury pools,5 the lack of sufficient numbers of qualified interpreters in the courtroom poses a significant threat to the fair, impartial, and efficient administration of justice.6 Identifying, training and supervising reliable interpreters in a wide variety of languages also presents a significant management issue for the courts.
The proper use of interpreters can help protect the rights of LEP parties and facilitate the fair and efficient administration of justice. Only through competent interpretation can an LEP party understand the statements of the judge, opposing counsel, and the party's own counsel, as well as the testimony of witnesses, and assist in his or her own defense. Interpretation also enables judges, juries, and counsel to understand the testimony of defendants, witnesses, and other parties. Furthermore, interpreters make it possible for the court reporter to produce an accurate English-language record of court proceedings.
Right to an interpreter
The right to an interpreter, although not specifically guaranteed under the U.S. Constitution, has been established through case law interpreting the Sixth Amendment right of a defendant to confront adverse wi messes and participate in his own defense,7 including the right to effective assistance of counsel, as well as through the fundamental fairness required by the Fifth Amendment's due process clause, as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Certain state constitutions (e.g., California and New Mexico) also recognize the right to an interpreter for LEP defendants in criminal cases, and state courts have recognized a variety of federal constitutional sources of the right to an interpreter.
The Court Interpreters Act, 28 U.S.CA. §1827 (1978), requires federal courts to appoint an interpreter in criminal and civil actions commenced by the federal government in U.S. district courts, and applies to both pretrial and grand jury proceedings. Other mandates for interpreters are included in Justice Department regulations implementing Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as well as Executive Order 13166 (ordering all federal departments and agencies to develop policy guidelines to improve access by LEP persons to federally funded services). …


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Become a Foster Parent Meeting
If you have ever thought about becoming a foster parent, the Cattaraugus County Department of Social Services will be holding an informational meeting on Tuesday, January 20, 2015, from 5:30 PM to 7:00 PM. The meeting will be held at the Department of Social Services located at One Leo Moss Drive, Olean, NY 14760. The purpose of the informational meeting is to provide information to all families that have expressed an interest in being foster care/adoptive resources for children within the community.
EMT Original/Refresher Class to begin February 2, 2015 in Great Valley
Successful Santa Sheriff Giving Season!
Cattaraugus County Sheriff Timothy S. Whitcomb Announces
Successful Santa Sheriff Giving Season!
Little Valley, NY – Sheriff Timothy S. Whitcomb announced today that the Santa Sheriff Program provided Christmas presents and dinner for 44 Cattaraugus County families a total of 173 men, women, and children. This is 9 more families than last year and is the highest number that the program has seen since it began in 2004.
NY State Aging Association Welcomes local Director to its Board of Directors
The Association on Aging in New York elected three Area Agency on Aging Directors to its Board of Directors at its Leadership Institute in October: Julie Allen Aldrich (Monroe County), Ken Genewick (Niagara County) and Cathy Mackay (Cattaraugus County). Each will serve a two-year term beginning in January of 2015.
Social Services' November Employment Report: 23 people now in the workforce
Twenty-three people, who were receiving welfare benefits are now employed, reports Cattaraugus County's Department of Social Services.
Social Services staff report that in November, 23 county residents received training, work experience and a chance to get high school equivalency diplomas when necessary. The 23 Social Services clients were assisted by department staff in order to help them enter the workforce to reduce or eliminate their need for public assistance.
Holiday Party schedule at County Nutrition Sites
Cathy Mackay, director of the Cattaraugus County Department of the Aging, has announced plans for the Senior Wellness and Nutrition program holiday meals in December. Mrs. Mackay declared, "Dining with friends at a nutrition site is more fun than riding in Santa's sleigh on Christmas night!"
2015 January Rabies Clinic
There will be a rabies clinic held at the Cattaraugus County Department of Public Works garage in Little Valley. This rabies clinic will be open from 9 am to noon on January 10, 2015.
Cattaraugus County Agriculture Trail
The Cattaraugus County Department of Economic Development, Planning and Tourism is in the process of collecting information on all operating agriculture businesses in the County. The County wishes to better promote the County's agricultural businesses and products by developing a County Agriculture Trail.
Urgent need for Meals on Wheels Volunteers in Randolph
The Cattaraugus County Department of the Aging's Senior Wellness and Nutrition program needs your help. We are currently looking for volunteers to deliver Meals on Wheels in the Randolph area. The meals are picked up at the Randolph nutrition site which is open Monday through Friday. Most volunteers deliver 7 to 12 meals once a week and it takes about one hour (10:45 a.m. – 11:45 a.m.) to complete a delivery route. There is also a need for volunteers to assist at the congregate site by setting tables, assisting in food prep, and cleaning up after lunch.
November is National Family Caregivers Month
As we approach the holiday season, there is much to prepare for - readying the house for guests, decorating, traveling, baking, cooking, shopping and wrapping gifts. For the estimated 65 million caregivers, these yearly tasks may seem impossible. Their days are already filled with managing their own lives, plus the life of the person they are caring for. Add to this the stress of the holidays, and some caregivers may find themselves at their breaking point.


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I thought long and hard about posting this in C&V -- after all, if any forum is about "recycling", it's that one -- but opted to go for information, rather than opinions.
I have a 1979, Raleigh-made frame (Canada) -- nothing special... high-tensile tubing... clean, simple lugs... absolutely no corrosion, rust, dings, dents, or cracks... seat tube: 59cm (c-c), 71°-72°, head tube: 72°-73°, top tube: 58cm (c-c) and horizontal, with 45cm chainstays -- and all that's standing between me and happiness is replacing the stamped rear dropouts with forged ones (w/integral derailleur hanger) -- which I have -- and I cannot find anyone in South Florida to do the work. Other than a Miami-based custom frame builder of great renown, I have been unable to find any bicycle shop or individual offering the brazing services required. And it blows me away. South Florida... land of year-round riding... and only one individual, who only builds custom frames. Can anyone point me in the direction of someone or somewhere in the general area, where I can get this work done?
PS: The "why" of replacing the rear dropouts is irrelevant.


text:
New York University is suing a unit of FM Global for $1.47 billion in coverage, accusing the Johnston-based insurer of refusing to honor an insurance policy after Hurricane Sandy. more
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(Updated 10:50 a.m.) Public Resources Advisory Group has been selected as the state's financial adviser, according to General Treasurer Seth Magaziner, who described it as one of the top-ranked financial advisory firms in the nation. more
By PBN Staff
The U.S. Small Business Administration on Monday feted the state's top SBA lenders during an awards ceremony held at the Alpine Country Club in Cranston. more
By Eli Sherman


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Perhaps you are confused at the terms being thrown around relating to Phentermine HCL or Adipex. Are they the same? What are the circumstances when you are prescribed one over the other? What's the difference between Adipex and Phentermine HCL?
Phentermine HCL is the hydrochloride salt of Phentermine, a drug that is prescribed to patients who are seeking to lose weight over the short term as part of a diet and exercise program. Phentermine itself has been on the market since 1959, while the hydrochloride salt form (Phentermine HCL) has been available since the 1970s. The difference between the two forms is primarily found in the way that it is absorbed when you take it. If you take pure Phentermine that is not in the HCL form, you are likely to be taking a type of pill that includes an ion exchange resin.
Another significant difference between the HCL form of Phentermine and the regular form has to do with the dosage. The most common full dose of Phentermine is the 37.5mg dose, which may lead many to believe that is the only full dose of Phentermine. If someone is being prescribed 30mg instead of 37.5mg then it means that it is going to be less effective because the dose is smaller. As it turns out, things are just not so simple. If someone is taking Phentermine in the HCL form then the 37.5mg dose is similar to the 30mg dose when it is a conventional type of pill.
As a patient taking medication, it is important to remember that the distinction between the two forms of Phentermine does not affect the side effects of the medication that you can expect to experience while taking it. There are potentially serious cardiovascular and behavioral side effects that are common to both forms of the medication. In addition, more common side effects such as dry mouth (which many patients taking Phentermine find to be especially severe) are found in both forms of the medication.
Adipex is the same as Phentermine HCL, as Adipex is simply the brand name that Teva Pharmaceuticals uses for its brand of Phentermine. It is chemically identical to all the other forms of the medication that are available on the market that are produced by a large number of manufacturers.


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The cloudless sky is as blue here as you will ever see, and the thin air is as fresh and sweet this June morning as you can ever hope to breathe.
On the tree-shaded plaza that has survived hundreds of years without losing its historic, pastoral character, residents of this ancient place (well, in terms of North American history) mix with tourists in an easy, friendly tribute to commerce and art. The American Indian women along the side bordered by the Governor's Palace as they have seemingly forever, peddling the products of their work spread out on blankets. Amazingly, there is no incongruity between them and the expensive shops of art and fashion that line the other three sides of the square.
Under a leafy canopy, a man turning balloons into animal wonders with a twist here and there sees a moppet in the arms of a father and runs over to present her with a miniature pink poodle he has just created. There are no charges here. On one corner across from what once was a Woolworth's and is now just called a five and dime, a vendor of Southwest cuisine prepares his specialties as the noon hour approaches.
A young man with a Texas A&M sweatshirt and an impressive college ring asks one lounging comfortably on a bench for permission to take his picture and receives a nod and a smile from beneath the straw hat pulled down low over his eyes.
"You look so relaxed," the young Texan explains, as he thanks the subject and hurries off.
Unfortunately, altitude and age have kept me from spending as much time in this "land of enchantment" as I would like. Over the years I have come here often to escape the increasingly noxious gases that sweep down across the federal landscape from Capitol Hill, where men from other places around the nation "labor" without meaningful result for the rest of us and mostly in their own self-interests. Once here, preservation of position is the object of their efforts, not the solving of problems.
So I sit back comfortably on the bench, a book by my side unopened, sucking in this elixir of renewal uninterested if only for a few moments in the fact that his party's voters have chosen to expel Rep. Eric Cantor from his lofty position as House majority leader in favor of a politically untried evangelical college economics professor they hope will lead them somewhere different.
They aren't quite sure where that is, but many seemingly hope it is even harder right and backward.
Cantor, it appears among other things, had spent too much time not dealing with the immediate problems of his constituency and their desires for a better America, expending an inordinate amount of energy on a broader base. Never mind that being in the position of leadership required at least a pass now and then at compromise, a smidgen of statesmanship even though it might be interpreted as capitulating to the hated foe in the White House.
Well, so much for Cantor's probable elevation to the exalted status of speaker — a position that is third in line of succession for the presidency once the current occupant of that throne, John Boehner, decides he has had enough of doing nothing and heads back to Ohio if he even wants to break precedent and actually return home. As I sat blissfully on the bench I did allow myself to wonder if Boehner cried over Cantor's loss.
Where all this is going in regard to the future of the Republican Party is anyone's guess and the constant reinterpretation of the pundits — the "lords of looney tunes," one of whom I am likely to be considered myself no matter how I try to avoid it.
But all this contemplation, including dwelling on the latest study of the ideological polarization that the Pew Research Center now says pervades even our personal lives and makes it problematic whether we can even deal with one another in a civilized friendly fashion has renewed my headache just as I was acclimating to the lack of oxygen.
This town is no stranger to knock-down politics, but there is relief now and then, and the welcome mat is always out here. Besides, the luscious smells suddenly emanating from the corner vendor are overwhelmingly enticing, and life for the moment is kinder and gentler.
Dan K. Thomasson, a Hoosier native and Franklin College trustee, is former editor of the Scripps Howard News Service. Send comments to email@example.com.


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Watermelon porcupine
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January 27, 2010 | 1 comment | 1452 views
Another heroin death
Experts voice concern as use increases in L.B.
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While no one may be dealing heroin in Long Beach, some local people are overdosing on the drug.
"Our intelligence tells us that to get heroin, you have to go outside Long Beach," said Inspector Bruce Meyer, a Police Department spokesman. That conclusion is based in part on police interviews with the handful of people who were arrested last year for heroin possession, and said they scored the drug elsewhere. That was also the LBPD's finding when it investigated two recent heroin-related deaths in the city.
On Dec. 11, police found a 23-year-old woman dead in her home, and on Jan. 12, they found a 19-year-old woman in the same circumstances. Both appeared to have injected themselves, and investigators determined that they had purchased the heroin in either Queens or, more likely, Brooklyn, Meyer said.
The deaths are signs of an upswing in heroin use, not just in Long Beach but county- and nationwide, and local authorities are stepping up prevention efforts to try to quell the potential epidemic. In recent years, use of the drug, particularly among young people ages 16 to 19, has been on the rise.
With some 400 people arrested for possession or distribution around Nassau County in 2009, the theory that the drug is confined to urban areas and a narrow demographic has been discarded. Heroin was once sold openly on street corners in crime-ridden neighborhoods, but now it is crossing all ethnic, economic and racial lines, and is bought and sold in restrooms at fast-food restaurants, gas stations and schools.
"These were your average people who go and buy their drugs in New York City and then they come back and, in the privacy of their homes, they're injecting themselves with heroin," Meyer said of the two Long Beach victims.
People involved in treating heroin addicts say the gateway to the drug is right in their family bathroom. Patricia Hincken, director of alcohol and substance abuse at the Long Beach Medical Center, said that the volume of prescription painkillers being prescribed to people statewide has increased more than 150 percent over the past decade.
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KeywordsLong Beach, Heroin, Joseph Kellard
1 comment on this story | Please log in to comment by clicking here
Alcohol. Heroin. Prescription medication. They are everywhere ... they are here, in our town, our schools and in some cases, our homes. Substances that reside in our society, secretly touching our everyday lives, never knowing when they will hit home and reek havoc.
That I for one, cannot understand how our society has spiraled into such a place ... a place where news about alcohol and drug related deaths is common, every day reading. How even in our awareness of knowing the consequences of these substances, their use and presence in our daily lives continues to grow.
How our young people are especially vulnerable in suffering the consequences of alcohol and drug use which is why it is so critical to educate and expose them to the realities of alcohol and drug related issues. How personally speaking, no one should have to go through what I and so many countless others have had to go through as a result of someone else's choice to irresponsibly use a substance of choice. To share, that there is absolutely nothing good about finding yourself one day walking down the path of overwhelming grief due to the sudden loss or injury of a loved one. Nothing glamorous about finding yourself standing on the edge of both life and death. It's not something anyone should have to go through, nor is this something anyone should feel passive about. For a life lost, is lost forever ... and I for one can tell you, you never stopping missing the life of a loved one.
...Donna Pisacano-Brown
Tuesday, February 23, 2010 | Report this


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bharti_tnwr Started The Discussion:dear all,, is it necessery to have a fire licence to diesel storage for a garment industry, whats the validity for such licence??
Dear Bharti, Fire Licence/NOC is differ thing and diesel stoarage license is differ thing. you can say it explosive or petroleum storage licence. So for which yu are talking. Thanks, (Sahil)
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This afghan is all about fun! The design and color will thrill any child or child at heart.
SKILL LEVEL: Beginner + (Level 2)
SIZE: One Size
40 inches x 54 inches
10 sts + 12 rows = 4" (10 cm) in single
Use a separate bobbin or ball of yarn for each separate color area. To change color within row, work until 2 loops of last st of old color remain on hook, drop old color to wrong side; with new color, yarn over and draw through loops on hook to complete stitch, continue with new color.
With A, ch 30; attach B and ch 30 more; attach another ball of A and ch 31 more. Row 1 (RS) With A, sc in 2nd ch from hook and in next 29 ch; with B, sc in next 30 ch; with A, sc in last 30 ch – 90 sc. Ch 1, turn. Continue to work in sc, following chart, starting with Row 2 and reading left to right on wrong side rows, right to left on right side rows. When chart is completed, fasten off.
Work with right side facing you. Matching colors, crochet a row of sc along each side edge, spacing sts to keep edges flat and smooth.
Border With B, work 5 rounds sc around Afghan, working 3 sc at each corner on each round. Fasten off.
ABBREVIATIONS / REFERENCESClick for explanation and illustration
Learn to Crochet Instructions:http://learnToCrochet.LionBrand.com


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Dartmoor National Park (1ml W), Mid and East Devon
Situated on the outskirts of Dartmoor National Park and offers outstanding, far-reaching views of Dartmoor's highest tor and open moorland. Okehampton is a hotspot for walking in the Dartmoor National Park as it is the central point for almost all of the many marked trails and walkways, the Dartmoor Way, the Tarka Trail, the Two Moors Way, and the new cycle path The Granite way is only a 20 minute walk from the properties (bike hire can be arranged just 0.5 miles away). You will be perfectly positioned for touring both Devon and Cornwall with easy access to the A30 being just a stone's throw away. You will have a choice of sandy beaches to the North and South as well as attractions to suit all tastes including Meldon Reservoir for walks and fishing, Roadford Reservoir with fishing and water sports, National Trust properties, The Eden Project (60 minute drive) and many more. Okehampton is just a mile's drive with its quirky arts and craft and general shops. Tavistock, an ancient stannary town, is easily accessible as is Plymouth and Exeter, offering many attractions such as theatres, restaurants and shopping centres. Golf and horse riding can be found locally, with a pub serving food within a mile.
Farm activities: a warm welcome is extended to visitors who would like to meet the owners golden retriever, feed the chickens and ducks and collect the eggs in the pet's corner. Games room: guests are welcome to enjoy the shared games room with pool table, table football and darts. Utility room: shared, with washing machine, tumble dryer. Outside: garden furniture and BBQ plus shared large garden that offers childrens' space to play football, badminton, short tennis, boules or try our letterbox trail, therefore giving parents the chance to relax! Amenities: ample parking. Bed linen, towels, night storage heating, electric panel heaters and electric included. Part storage heating and part panel heaters. Additional info: both properties have a welcome basket on arrival. Short breaks welcome. Location: beach 45 minutes drive, pub 1 mile, shops 2 miles, convenience store at local garage 1 mile.
The main wing of the farmhouse and offers TWO bedrooms: approached via cottage-style stairs, 1 double with excellent views and 1 3' bunk bedroom. Bathroom: with shower over bath and WC. Lounge: cosy room with woodburner effect electric fire, TV and DVD. Kitchen/diner: with hob, oven, microwave and fridge/freezer. Outside: dog exercise area provided. Amenities: 1 dog welcome, further by arrangement.
Dogs are charged per dog at £20.00 for up to 7 nights, £40.00 for up to 14 nights and an additional £20.00 for every week or part week thereafter.
Region Information: View our guide to Devon
Most of the time our holiday properties book out for the Full week (7 nights), however there are times during some Off Peak periods or last minute where Short Breaks may be arranged with certain properties.
Simply find your perfect cottage, get in touch via email or phone and our Reservations team will help finalise your enquiry.
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Google Closure Tools :: Python files on npm
An npm package that contains the closure tools with a small API that provides the path to the actual files.
npm install closure-tools --save-deps
var closureTools = require'closure-tools';
Get the path:
var builderPath = closureToolsgetPath'build/closurebuilder.py';console.logbuilderPath; // prints: // node_modules/closure-tools/closure-bin/build/closurebuilder.py
Get the relative path to your package's root, for the defined
filenamecan have any value from the closure bin folder (see below).
var closureTools = require'closure-tools' exec = require'require('child_process').exec'; /* ... */ // prepare the closurebuilder command var command = closureToolsgetPath'build/closurebuilder.py' + ' ' + buildOptions; // run the closureTools command exec command cb ;
bin Contents
This is the current breakout of the Google Closure's Tools folder, and in effect all the possible values the
getPath() method will make sense:


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Daniel Wu in "Tai Chi 0."
A scene from "Tai Chi 0."
Yuan Xiaochao in "Tai Chi Zero."
A scene from "Tai Chi Zero."
Qi Shu in "Tai Chi Zero."
Poster art for "Tai Chi Zero."
Poster art for "Tai Chi 0."


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This week, I was forwarded an interesting article from the UK's Daily Mail that describes a strange new trend among primary school kids in Britain. Apparently, at the end of the school year, these elementary schools host a miniature version of the American high school prom. Complete with professional hairstyling, expensive dresses and even tuxedos.
The article cites rising concerns about the financial cost of these types of events, but also the bizarrely grown-up nature of a "prom" in the elementary school setting.
Would you encourage your little ones to attend prom before their time? What do you think about the primary school prom trend? You tell us!
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Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books.
Edwin Speaks Up
by April Stevens
No current Talk conversations about this book.
The Finnemore family took a shopping trip to get groceries. Edwin is a babbling little baby. With all the children, the shopping trip is turning into a chaotic mess. Their one job is to remember to get sugar for Edwin's birthday cake. They forget many things. Who will remind her to get the sugar?
OK, I will it admit that it took me an EMBARRASSINGLY long time to figure out that Edwin was actually saying real words amongst his gibberish and that further, the real words were actually correct answers to his mother's questions. For kids who are quicker than I am this might be fun, and they might also have fun remarking on the wild behavior of the children and the cluelessness of the mother, but this just wasn't my book.
Mrs. Finnemore is an overwhelmed mother of 5. She has trouble keeping track of her belongings and her children. Baby Edwin is the one who speaks up to let mom know where things are, but mom can't understand his gibber. Edwin takes matters into his own hands to save mom's perfect day.
Edwin speaks but nobody listens.
This book is a delightful romp into stereotypical 1950's culture. The drawings and text render a faithful attempt at capturing what life was like in that bygone era, right down to the local grocery store where everybody knows each other and food items cost less than a dollar. The book design is interesting and varied, with the size and angles of the pictures helping to move along the text. Characters constantly appear to be in motion, in true Randolph Caldecott style, causing the reader to move quickly to the climax of the story. The pictures give an insight to the story that the text alone does not yield, and irony abounds. The one character who actually understands what is going on is the baby, but nobody else in the story recognizes his intelligence or insight. The theme is that even the youngest child has something important to offer, if we would only listen.
References to this work on external resources.
Wikipedia in English
Amazon.com Product Description (ISBN 0375853375, Hardcover)Here's a book that will get the whole family laughing. When a large family of ferrets and their precocious baby take a chaotic trip to the supermarket, mom can't keep track of the groceries, the shopping cart . . . or even the kids! Baby Edwin tries to help, but everyone thinks he's just babbling. Little do they know that he really has all the answers.
Full of fun-to-say nonsense words this is a perfect storytime book and a great read-aloud. April Stevens, author of Waking Up Wendell, is accompanied by Ezra Jack Keats Award winner Sophie Blackall for a match-up that is sure to delight.
(retrieved from Amazon Thu, 12 Mar 2015 18:18:59 -0400)
Before his family leaves the grocery store, Baby Edwin makes sure their grocery cart contains the last ingredient needed to make his birthday celebration complete.
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|55 Garrett McGhin
Will be in a position to earnestly compete for depth chart inclusion at tackle during first season on ECU's active roster ... Coaches expect him to battle Brandon Smith on the right side behind veterans Tre Robertson and Dontae Levingston ... Will likely gain initial game-day experience as a blocker on various special teams units ... Displays impressive agility skills and quickness despite 6-foot-6, 307-pound frame ... Added six pounds of growth in strength and conditioning program during the spring ... Rates near the top of all offensive line personnel in vertical jump (26.5"), 40-yard dash (5.15), pro shuttle (4.61) and three-cone shuttle (7.62) ... Early power numbers suggest strength potential with lifts of 360 pounds (bench press), 460 (back squat) and 274 (power clean).
2014: Redshirted as a true freshman in the Pirate program ... Contributed efforts on the offensive scout team to help prepare defensive line during game week.
High School: Starred as the Seminole's starting tackle as a senior for coach Jarrod Hickman ... Also experienced action as a tight end, recording a pair of catches for 12 yards to help FSHS to an 8-5 record in 2013 ... Rated among the top 140 offensive tackle prospects nationally ... Reportedly turned in a time of 5.49 in the 40-yard dash, a 4.97 clip in the 20-yard shuttle, a 21.6" vertical jump, a power throw of 33.5 and a SPARQ rating of 54.57 according to ESPN.com ... Committed to ECU on Dec. 6 prior to the Pirates' trip to the Beef `O' Brady's Bowl ... Had aspirations of possibly being a two-sport athlete at East Carolina (baseball) ... Said game-day atmosphere and environment at Dowdy-Ficklen Stadium played a critical role in decision to attend East Carolina.
Personal: Full name is Garrett Blaine McGhin ... A recreation and park management major who was a Dean's List student in the 2015 spring semester.


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Information Services Department
Oncology Department
Clinical Informatics Division
Leukemia/Lymphoma Division
BS – Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania
PhD – Emory University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia
MD – Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
Honors & Awards
- 2015 St. Jude Outstanding Physician Award
- 2014 St. Jude Outstanding Clinical Care Improvement Award
- 2011-2014 St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Teaching Award
Research Interests
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis and other histiocytic disorders
- Chronic myeloid leukemia
- Clinical education in pediatric hematology-oncology
- Clinical informatics
- Quality improvement and patient safety
Selected Publications
Kaste SC, Pei D, Cheng C, Neel MD, Bowman WP, Ribeiro RC, Metzger ML, Bhojwani D, Inaba H, Campbell P, Rubnitz JE, Jeha S, Sandlund JT, Downing JR, Relling MV, Pui CH, Howard SC. Utility of Early Screening Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Extensive Hip Osteonecrosis in Pediatric Patients Treated With Glucocorticoids. Journal of Clinical Oncology 33(6):610-5. PMCID:PMC4322260
Fernandez CA, Stewart E, Panetta JC, Wilkinson MR, Morrison AR, Finkelman FD, Sandlund JT, Pui CH, Jeha S, Relling MV, Campbell PK. Successful challenges using native E. coli asparaginase after hypersensitivity reactions to PEGylated E. coli asparaginase. Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacology 73(6):1307-1313, 2014. PMCID: PMC4137479
Rubnitz JE, Campbell P, Zhou Y, Sandlund JT, Jeha S, Ribeiro RC, Inaba H, Bhojwani D, Relling MV, Howard SC, Campana D, Pui CH. Prognostic impact of absolute lymphocyte counts at the end of remission induction in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 119(1):2061-2066, 2013. PMCID: PMC3862024
Abraham A, Alsultan A, Jeng M, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Campbell PK. Clofarabine salvage therapy for refractory high-risk Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60(6):E19-E22, 2013. PMID: 23255383
Campbell PK, Zong Y, Yang S, Zhou S, Rubnitz JE, Sorrentino BP. Identification of a novel, tissue-specific ABCG2 promoter expressed in pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res June 1, 2011. PMCID: PMC3163718
Ikegami K, Heier RL, Taruishi M, Takagi H, Mukai M, Shimma S, Taira S, Hatanaka K, Morone N, Yao I, Campbell PK, Yuasa S, Janke C, MacGregor GR, Setou M. Loss of α-tubulin polyglutamylation in ROSA22 mice is associated with abnormal targeting of KIF1A and modulated synaptic function.PNAS 104: 3213-3218, 2007. PMCID: PMC1802010
Campbell PK, Waymire KG, Heier RL, Sharer C, Day DE, Reimann H, Jaje JM, Friedrich GA, Burmeister M, Bartness TJ, Russell LD, Young LJ, Zimmer M, Jenne DE, MacGregor GR. Mutation of a novel gene results in abnormal development of spermatid flagella, loss of intermale aggression and reduced body fat in mice. Genetics 162: 307-320, 2002. PMCID: PMC1462267
Last update: November 2015


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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|20 Ene 1976
|Fecha de presentación
|15 Oct 1974
|Fecha de prioridad
|15 Oct 1974
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Randolph H. Knapp
|Cesionario original
|Shell Oil Company
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (8), Citada por (63), Clasificaciones (11)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to decreasing the permeability of a subterranean region, such as a region in or around a permeable earth formation that is encountered by the borehole of a well.
The need for decreasing the permeability of various subterranean regions has long been known and numerous processes have been proposed for doing so. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,195,630 describes an aqueous solution of urea and a salt of a metal from which a gel is formed; the T. J. Robichaux U.S. Pat. No. 3,308,884 describes an aromatic solvent solution of epoxy amino resin-forming components, which solution subsequently becomes a flow-resistant gel; and the H. J. Sommer, Jr. and W. C. Simpson U.S. Pat. No. 3,324,041 describes an emulsion that contains an asphalt, a polyamide, and a polyepoxy polymer, and subsequently becomes a highly viscous material; etc. The prior processes that are capable of plugging loose sands by converting them to consolidated, compression-resistant plugs tend to be undesirably expensive. The less costly prior processes that form gels or viscous fluids tend to fail in unconsolidated reservoir sands because the plugged portions of the sands are displaced into the well and/or to fail in reservoirs of low permeability because portions of the emulsions are too large to penetrate into the pores of the reservoir.
The present invention relates to an improvement in a well treating process in which a subterranean permeable region is plugged by flowing into it a pumpable fluid that subsequently becomes immobile. The improvement comprises the following. An aqueous emulsion is compounded so that it contains water, an epoxy-resin-forming polyepoxy polymer, an acrylic-resin-forming polycarboxy polymer and a material for controlling the rate of interaction of the polymers. The proportions of the ingredients are correlated with the temperature and flow properties of the subterranean region to be plugged so that, after being flowed into that region, the emulsion becomes a resinous plug that has a selected amount of compressive strength.
FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are illustrative of graphs of variations in viscosity with time of various emulsions of the present invention.
The present invention is, at least in part, premised on the discovery that the proportions of the present self-curing emulsions (of water, polyepoxy and polycarboxy resin-forming polymers and reaction rate-controlling material) can be correlated with the temperatures and flow properties of subterranean regions so that the emulsions form resinous plugs having significant amounts of compressive strength after they have been flowed into the regions to be plugged. For example, a mass of loose sand having a permeability of 10 darcys and substantially no compressive strength was so treated to form an impermeable consolidated mass having a relatively high compressive strength, of about 650 pounds per square inch. A tight unconsolidated Brazos River sand core (which had been sieved and remixed to give a 240 md permeability) was so treated and, after gellation of the emulsion in the core, the core permeability was zero and the compressive strength was about 100 psi. Field tests have indicated that a significant compressive strength, preferably at least about 100 psi, is desirable to prevent failure of plugs in unconsolidated reservoir sands. Cores of sands that have been plugged and consolidated by the present process have remained substantially unchanged while being subjected to the action of saturated steam at 340° for more than 5 days.
In the present plugging process a subterranean region can be plugged, without the expense of pre-treatment, by injecting a relatively low-cost emulsion in which the chemical cost is minimized by the absence of organic solvents. In addition, tests have indicated that the resinous plugs formed by the present emulsions do not adhere to metal conduits in a liquid-filled environment, such as a borehole of a well; and, this avoids the expense of cleaning the conduits. However, particularly where the present emulsions contain a water-soluble silane, good bonds are obtained between the cured resins and siliceous sand formations.
An epoxy-resin-forming polyepoxy polymer suitable for use in the present process can comprise substantially any such polymer that contains a plurality of reactive epoxy groups and is adapted to react in the presence of conventional epoxy resin curing agents, to form a cured epoxy resin. Examples of suitable polyepoxides are described in the book "Epoxy Resins" by H. Lee and K. Neville, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957; in U.S. Pat. No. 2,633,458; etc. Particularly suitable polyepoxy polymers comprise those available as Epon 815 or Epon 828 from Shell Chemical Company or emulsifiable surfactant-containing "epoxies" available as Genepoxy M200, M205, or the TSX-679 Emulsion (50% by weight polyepoxide-in-water emulsion) from General Mills.
Acrylic-resin-forming polycarboxy polymers suitable for use in the present process can comprise substantially any such polymers which contain a plurality of reactive carboxy groups and are adapted to react in the presence of the usual acrylic resin curing agents to form cured acrylic resins. In general, such polymers comprise the lower molecular weight alcohol esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid and/or the partially hydrolized polymers of acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile. Particularly suitable polycarboxy polymers include those available as Carboset 512, 514H, 525, and the like, from B. F. Goodrich Company, and the low molecular weight styrene-maleic anhydride half-ester polymers available, as SMA 3840A Resin, from ARCO Chemical Company. Other polycarboxy polymers which are suitable and commercially available include the Acrysol and Rhoplex emulsion series from Rohm and Haas Company.
The material for controlling the rate of interaction of the polyepoxy and polycarboxy polymers in the present process can be substantially any material that is compatible with the emulsions of the polymers and is effective in either accelerating or decelerating the rate of the resin-forming reaction. Reaction rate accelerating materials include curing rate accelerators for epoxy resins, such as alkali metal hydroxides, e.g., potassium hydroxide, phenolic compounds, like phenol, resorcinol, amines, e.g., benzylmethylamine, alpha-methybenzyldimethylamine, aminophenolic compounds, e.g., dimethylaminomethyl phenols (available as DMP-10 from Rohm and Haas) or 2,4,6-tri-(dimethylaminomethyl) phenols (available as DMP-30 from Rohm and Haas); alkali metal salts of salicylic acid; polyvalent metal salts of relatively high molecular weight fatty acids, e.g., chromium octoate; the acid salts of polyamines, e.g., tetraethylene tetraacetate; alkali metal salts of halogen acids, e.g., sodium chloride; or alkali metal salts of other acids, e.g., Na2 SO4 and Na2 CO3 ; or the tri-2-ethylhexoate salt of 2,4,6-tri-(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (available as Epon Curing Agent D, from Shell Chemical Company). The halide anions, such as those present in water solutions of alkali metal halides, e.g., sodium chloride, have been found to be particularly effective as a reaction rate accelerator.
The polymerization reaction rate controlling material used in this invention can also be one that retards the rate of reaction. The reaction rate retarders generally can comprise ketones, such as acetone; aldehydes, such as cyclohexanone; water that is free of the reaction accelerating solutes silicon compounds such as aminoalkyl silanes capable of reacting with carboxy and/or epoxy groups; or water-thickening materials such as cellouse ethers, polysaccharides, water-soluble gums, dissolved salts of polyvalent metals, e.g., calcium chloride or barium chloride, in concentrations such that the metal ions block some of the carboxy groups of the polymers without precipitating the salts of the polymers, or the like.
Where the water to be used in compounding the emulsion contains relatively small proportions of such polymerization rate-controlling ions, a selected gel time can be obtained by overpowering the effects of such ions with a relatively strong accelerator, such as sodium chloride, or a relatively strong retarder, such as an aminopropyl silane. The relative proportions to use can readily be determined by test-tube tests of such systems containing various proportions.
The proportions of the resin-forming polymers are preferably sufficient to provide enough solids to gel and solidify substantially the total volume occupied by the emulsion. In general, this requires an amount of resin-forming material equivalent to at least about ten parts by weight of resinous solid in 100 parts by weight of emulsion (i.e., 10% by weight). The viscosity of such emulsions increase with increases in polymer concentration. The polymer concentration is preferably kept below about 30% by weight in order to maintain a viscosity of less than about 500 centipoises. In general, both the compressive strength of the solidified mass produced by the emulsion and the rate of the polymerization reaction, (at a given temperature and rate controlling material concentration) are increased with increased polymer concentration.
The relative proportions of polyepoxy and polycarboxy polymers can vary from an excess to a deficiency of either relative to the stoichiometric proportions for crosslinking substantially all of the epoxy and carboxy groups. The stoichiometric proportions depend on the acid number of the polycarboxy polymer (i.e., the milligrams of KOH equivalent to each gram of polymer) and the epoxide equivalent weight of the polyepoxy polymer. The compressive strength of the cured resin is generally greatest when the stoichiometric proportions are equal. The preferred weight ratio of polycarboxy polymer to polyepoxy polymer is from about 2 to 3. The order of mixing the polyepoxy and polycarboxy polymers and water can be varied substantially as desired. The reaction rate controlling material (unless it is simply a polymerization reaction rate retardant, such as an electrolyte-free water) is preferably added to an emulsion that contains both polymers just prior to injecting the emulsion into a well.
In treating subterranean regions having temperatures of from about 140° to 200°F., the gel times of the present type of emulsions can readily be varied to range from several days to less than 1 hour after the compounding of the emulsions, by simply varying the concentration of sodium chloride in the aqueous phase of the emulsion. For example, such concentration can range from about 0 to about 5000 parts per million (ppm) for temperatures of from about 180° to 200°F and can be increased to concentrations of at least about 15,000 ppm for temperatures of about 120° to 160°F.
In a preferred procedure for compounding an aqueous emulsion of the present invention for use in a particular subterranean region determinations are made of the temperature and flow properties of the region to be treated. As known to those skilled in the art, such determinations can be made in numerous ways, such as the running of temperature and/or fluid-injectivity logs, correlations with other wells that encounter similar reservoirs, and the like. Where the permeability of the region to be treated is relatively low, the rate at which fluid can be caused to flow into that region is relatively low and the time-temperature exposure of the inflowed fluid (relative to that flowing at a faster rate into a region of the same temperature) is relatively long. Where the region to be treated contains an aqueous solution of electrolytes that might accelerate the rate of reaction, their affects on the gel time can be reduced by preceding the emulsion with a slug of fresh water and/or increasing the viscosity of the emulsion (which reduces the rate of diffusion of the electrolytes into the emulsion), or using a relatively low proportion of, or low activity of, reaction rate accelerator, or increasing the proportion of reaction rate decelerating material, etc., in order to provide an emulsion that will yield a desired amount of compressive strength without being gelled too soon.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the catalytic (polymerization reaction rate accelerating) effects of commonly encountered anions such as chloride ions, are utilized to enhance the selectivity of the placement of the emulsion-formed plugs within subterranean regions of non-uniform permeability. For example, in a reservoir interval that includes a brine-containing aquifer, that acquifer can be selectively plugged by injecting into the reservoir interval a slug of the present emulsion that (as injected) is relatively slowly reactive at the reservoir temperature and keeping the injected emulsion static within the reservoir interval long enough for gelation to occur in the portions that have contacted and mixed with the halide ions in the brine-containing aquifer. In such a procedure the selectivity of the plugging can be enhanced by injecting a relatively small slug of such an emulsion which is positioned ahead of an inert fluid (such as fresh water) within the well conduits and, after allowing time for the gelation, displacing the unreacted portions of the emulsion away from the well in response to an injection pressure that is too small to displace the gelled portions. Alternatively, in a reservoir interval of non-uniform permeability in which substantially all layers contain an aqueous saline solution (which occurred naturally or was emplaced by injecting a brine), substantially all portions of the reservoir interval can be plugged to substantially the same reduced permeability by relatively slowly injecting an emulsion of the present invention that is relatively slowly reactive at the reservoir temperature. The frontal portion of such an injected emulsion tends to flow into the most permeable layers of the reservoir interval; but, as the emulsion becomes mixed with halide ions, it is relatively quickly gelled, so that it becomes relatively immobile. The later-arriving portions of the emulsion are therefore diverted into the less permeable layers of the interval, where they are subsequently gelled. In such a procedure, the uniformity of the plugging is enhanced by positioning a slug of the emulsion ahead of a relatively inert fluid, maintaining a relatively constant and slow rate of injection until the pressure required to maintain that rate reaches a selected value (less than the fracturing pressure) and then circulating any unreacted portions of the emulsion out of the well through the conduits within the well.
In the emulsions of the present invention, silanes or other silicon compounds which are reactive with either carboxy or epoxy groups, exhibit a threefold function of (a) increasing the bond strength between the resinous plugging materials and sand grains, (b) reducing the rate of the polymerizing (or curing) of the polymers, and (c) reducing the syneresis or shrinking of the polymerizing emulsion. Examples of silanes which can suitably be used include the hydroxy or amino group-containing silanes of the type described in the T. F. Miki U.S. Pat. No. 2,843,560, which relates to silicone-containing polyepoxy polymers that form resins having increased coating and bonding strengths; the silanes described in patent 3,150,116 on forming similar silane-modified epoxy resins from polyepoxy polymers containing a plurality of hydroxyl groups; etc. Suitable silanes for use in the present process include the aminopropyltriethoxy silanes such as the gama-amino-propyltriethoxy silane that is available from Union Carbide under the trade name Silane A-1100.
In a particularly suitable emulsion compounding procedure, a resin-forming emulsified polycarboxy polymer, such as Carboset 514H, is utilized. Such an acrylic-resin-forming material is available as a polymer-in-water emulsion having a pH of about 7 and containing 40 weight percent polymer. A liquid epoxy-resin-forming polyepoxy polymer, such as Epon 815, can be mixed directly into the acrylic-resin-forming emulsion concentrate or, alternatively, the polyepoxy polymer can be first emulsified with water and nonionic surfactants and then mixed with the polycarboxy polymer emulsion. Particularly suitable surfactants for use in such operations comprise the polyoxyethylene lower alcohol ethers available from Atlas Chemical Company as BRIJ 30 and BRIJ 35 (in a concentration from about 0.5-2 parts per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin). Similarly, Span 20/Tween 20 mixtures can be used as surfactants for the emulsification of epoxies. Cellulosic thickeners such as hydroxyetheyl cellulose can be added to act as a protective colloid and improve stability of the emulsions by increasing the viscosity of the water phase. An equally suitable alternative is to use a commercially available epoxy emulsion such as the General Mills Chemical Company product TSX-679. Also, the water emulsifiable epoxies of liquid diglycidyl ethers of bis-phenol A containing the appropriate surfactants, such as the General Mills Chemical Company emulsifiable epoxies Genepoxy M200 or M205 can be used. Although, in the latter cases, high shear mixing equipment such as a colloid mill or a Cowles mixer may be required to make the epoxy emulsion. This is not usually required when the liquid epoxies are mixed directly into the concentrated polycarboxy polymer emulsions such as Carboset 514H, where a simple mixing is usually sufficient to disperse and emulsify the liquid epoxy.
A typical formulation of an emulsion of the present invention is shown in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________MIXING FORMULATION FOR ACRYLIC/EPOXYEMULSION SYSTEM Weight Volume Percent Lb/gal Percent______________________________________ResinConcentrate Emulsion 37.5 8.18 38.4(40 percent solids)Epoxy Emulsion 8.7 9.09 8.0(50 percent solids)Water + NaCl 53.8 8.33+ 53.6 100 100______________________________________
Sand pack plugging tests were conducted with emulsions typified by those of Table I with the proportions of water and sodium chloride adjusted to provide emulsions containing about 20% wt acrylic-resin-forming material. In such tests the emulsions were injected into packs of sand at rates representative of those used in injecting fluids into subterranean reservoir sands. No differences were apparent when the sand packs initially contained substantially fresh or an electrolyte-containing water or brine when the emulsions were injected behind a slug of fresh water. In such tests, an unconsolidated sand pack having a permeability of 10 darcys was consolidated and completely plugged by treatment at 180°F. The compressive strength of the resultant consolidated core was 650 lbs. psi. The boiling of that core in water for two days did not appear to weaken it. The gel or resinous plugs formed by such emulsions were tough, hard but flexible, acrylic epoxy resins and the plugged cores were substantially completely impermeable. A similar core formed by such a procedure was subjected to the action of saturated steam at 340°F and 51/2 days and underwent no visible deterioration and maintained a compressive strength of 350 lbs. per square inch.
FIG. 1 shows a graph of the results of a series of test-tube tests of the effect of sodium chloride concentration on emulsion gel time of emulsions containing about 20 wt. percent of acrylic-resin-forming polymers, at temperatures of 180°F and 200°F. The polyepoxy polymer used was Genepoxy TSX-679 and the polycarboxy polymer was Carboset 514H. The emulsion contained about 20 % by wt. of the Carboset polymer and 12% by wt. of the Genepoxy emulsion with the balance being water containing the indicated amounts of sodium chloride. The viscosity scale on FIG. 1 is that indicated in Table II.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________QUALITATIVE VISCOSITY SCALE USED IN GEL TIME TESTS Brookfield ViscosityQualitative Viscosity Range (cps) Comments__________________________________________________________________________P "pours" 10 - 5,000 Test tube wall drains cleanT "thick" 6,500 - 9,000 Coats test tube wallT+ "thick plus" 10,500 - 13,000 Builds meniscus before flow startsG- "gel minus" 14,000 - 30,000 Soft gelG "gel" 30,000 Immobile gel__________________________________________________________________________
In the tests the emulsions were compounded, placed in capped test tubes and maintained in an oil bath for the indicated times and temperatures. The viscosities of the gelling or interacting emulsions were observed by periodically tipping the test tubes to observe the pouring tendencies of their contents.
The tests shown in FIG. 1 indicate that at 200°F, with no sodium chloride in the system, the gel time was about 10 hours. With the 2500 ppm sodium chloride concentration at the same temperature, the gel time was reduced to 30 minutes. At 180°F with a 2500 ppm sodium chloride concentration the gel time was 75 minutes which, incidently, is about the time-temperature exposure involved in treating a 10,000 foot well into which the fluid can be injected at a rate of about one barrel per minute.
FIG. 2 shows the results of similar tests on an emulsion containing 10% Carboset 514H polycarboxy polymer and 2.9% Epon 815 polyepoxy polymer, with the balance consisting of water containing the indicated amount of sodium chloride. In these tests the temperature was 140°F and the ratio of the weight of polycarboxy polymer to polyepoxy polymer was 3.45. It will be apparent from FIG. 2 that the gel time decreases with increasing chloride ion content. Similar tests at about 20 and 30 weight percent polycarboxy polymer contents indicate that, at lower resin concentrations, long gel times are obtained for a given sodium chloride concentration. For example, at 5,000 ppm sodium chloride in a 10% resin system the gel time was 400 minutes while at the same salt concentration and temperature with a 20% resin content, the gel time was 120 minutes, and with a 30% resin concentration, the emulsion gelled almost immediately.
FIG. 3 shows the results of similar tests at 180°F with emulsions containing the indicated amounts of the silane A-1100. The emulsions were compounded in the following way: 81.18 parts by weight of Carboset 514H, resin emulsion (containing 40% polymer) was mixed with 18.82 parts of Epon TXS-679 emulsion (50% polymer), to form 100 parts of emulsion concentrate. Then 61.6 parts of weight by the emulsion concentrate were mixed with 38.4 parts by weight of brine comprising an aqueous solution of 7292 ppm sodium chloride and the indicated proportions of the silane A-1100. This provided 100 parts of the tested emulsion (which contained 2800 parts per million sodium chloride). It will be apparent from FIG. 3 that the gel time at a given sodium chloride concentration can be varied by varying the concentration of a silane such as A-1100. In general, it may be preferable to use such silanes in concentrations of less than about 1% by weight of the emulsion since, as indicated in the tests with 3% A-1100 in the brine (a weight percent of 1.15% of the emulsion), the gel tends to remain soft, rather than to become a firm solid having a significant compressive strength.
The emulsions of the present invention can advantageously contain an emulsified asphalt. The resulting asphalt/resin emulsion gels tend to retain a significant proportion of water, evidently bound in the polymer matrix that is formed by the crosslinking polymerization. The polycarboxy-polyepoxy crosslinking reactions of the asphalt-containing emulsions of the present invention have relatively long gel times compared to the asphalt epoxy emulsions of the W. C. Simpson U.S. Pat. No. 3,324,041. The gel times of the present asphalt resin emulsions can be shortened to substantially any desired times by the addition of a rate-controlling agent such as sodium chloride. The use of asphalt in the present emulsions has the advantage of extending the nonaqueous phase with a relatively inexpensive hydrocarbon material. The asphalt properties such as penetration grade or softening point can be adjusted to control the depth of penetration of the asphalt-containing emulsion into porous matrix formation rock; which provides a system for effecting the shallow plugging then perforating profile control of the J. H. Thommer U.S. Pat. No. 3,830,299. The present asphalt/polycarboxy/polyepoxy polymer emulsions can be manufactured in a variety of ways. For instance, in one test, a Carboset 514H acrylic resin was circulated through a colloid mill at 190°F. Molten asphalt was then added and circulated through the collid mill and a stable asphalt/resin emulsion was obtained containing 25 wt. percent asphalt, 25 wt. percent resin and 50 wt. percent water. This asphalt/resin emulsion was later diluted with water and NaCl to a formulation similar to those previously described and then mixed with the appropriate amount of TSX-679 emulsion (polyepoxy polymer). The gel time was essentially that obtained with asphalt-free emulsions containing the same concentrations of polycarboxy, polyepoxy polymers and sodium chloride. In general, the asphalt concentration should be significant but less than that of the total proportion of the resin-forming polymers, e.g., from about 10-50% of the total weight of mixed acrylic-resin-forming polycarboxy and epoxy-resin-forming polyepoxy polymers.
Since the polycarboxy resin acted as the emulsifier for the asphalt in the above-described process, it is clear to those knowledgeable in the art that another method of manufacture of the asphalt/resin emulsion is to melt and mix the asphalt and resin together prior to emulsification. This molten hydrocarbon is then fed to a colloid mill simultaneously with a hot aqueous phase containing an inorganic base such as NaOH, NH4 OH, KOH or organic bases standardly used to make anionic emulsions such as triethanol amine, morpholine, lauryl amine or other fatty amines which form salts with carboxylic acids.
Another method of manufacture involves mixing a previously manufactured asphalt emulsion with the polycarboxy resin emulsion. This is a particularly appropriate method of manufacture when the properties and emulsification technique of the asphalt emulsion have been adjusted to give the desired shallow plugging for profile control as described in the J. H. Thommer patent. The asphalt/resin emulsion then acts as the reactive crosslinking part of the system to provide a filtercake-bonding or fracture-filling gel.
The asphalt (or bituminous materials) used in the present invention can be substantially any such pyrogeneous distillate or tars composed mainly of hydrocarbons with small amounts of sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen or the like substituents. Such materials can include the bituminous materials described in Abrams Asphalt and Allied Substances, Volume 1, page 57, Fifth Edition. Particularly suitable materials are straight run asphalts having penetration values of from about 40 to 300 and softening points in the range from about 95° to 145°F. Asphalt cutbacks such as a 150 penetration grade asphalt cut with 5 to 20% diesel oil, or other oil solvent, are particularly suitable.
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