text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 19, 1987
|Filing date
|May 31, 1983
|Priority date
|May 31, 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Richard L. Cohen, Kenneth W. West
|Original Assignee
|American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (25), Referenced by (32), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for the electrical nondestructive testing of metals.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The electrical resistivity of metals and alloys has been extensively studied. Resistivity measurements have been widely used as a research tool for characterizing phase transitions. In addition, the present inventors have discovered that electrical resistivity changes can be a source of erratic weld penetration in electrical spot welding; see R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, Tooling and Production, page 94 (February 1981). Thus, production line control applications can benefit from a quick and easy technique to determine the resistivity of a metal. Similarly, incoming material certification and stockroom sorting procedures would benefit from a quick and easy means of determining resistivity. It is, however, notoriously difficult to make good electrical contact to commercial steels: the surfaces are frequently rough, covered with corrosion spots, oiled, and sometimes passivated, painted, or plated. This has made direct measurement of resistivity by contact techniques impractical. The traditional approach to measuring resistivity is to cut a test sample of small, well-controlled cross section and make a precise measurement of the voltage drop along the sample with a precisely known current. However, it is apparent that this destructive technique is impractical for real-time measurement along a production line, and inconvenient for other applications, including acceptance testing or sorting.
Instruments using eddy current techniques have been widely used for determining the electrical resistivity of aluminum and nonmagnetic stainless steels. These measurements have been used for flaw and microcrack detection and for alloy certification; that is, as a simple way to determine which alloy a particular sheet is made of. The simplicity of the eddy current technique, due to the fact that no electrical contacts are made to the sample, no specially shaped samples need to be cut, with access being required only to one side, and the fact that the instrumentation can be portable and battery operated, contributes to the broad application of this approach. Eddy current measurements have also been extended to study semiconductor materials. However, the eddy current measurement requires significant effort in calibration to account for variations in material geometry which influence the eddy currents measured. In addition, for steels and other alloys of significant magnetic permeability (e.g., μ>1.05), eddy current determinations need substantial corrections to account for permeability variations, and are thus of limited utility. Thus, electrical resistivity measurements have not been widely used in ferrous metallurgy.
However, as noted above, there are many possible applications of a resistivity measurement, especially in view of the locally inhomogeneous composition of many steel products as a result of segregation of the alloying ingredients during solidification of the ingot. It is desirable that the technique be easily applied, with a minimum of sample preparation and a minimum of instrument calibration. It is especially desirable that it be fast, of high enough accuracy to allow distinguishing alloy compositions, and useful for a wide range of sample sizes.
We have invented a method and apparatus for testing a metal article having a volume resistivity of less than 200 microhm-cm. This technique comprises contacting the article with at least four spaced probes. A current is initially applied through two of the probes so as to flow in one direction therebetween, while a voltage measurement is taken across another two of the probes. The voltage measured is integrated substantially over the time period of the current application. The current is then reversed in direction, and the aforesaid voltage again measured and integrated. The magnitudes of the integrated voltage measurements are combined. The current reversal is typically accomplished once, but can be accomplished a multiplicity of times. The duration of the one or more current flows in each direction is chosen to provide for an equal amount of charge flow in each direction. By providing a calibration factor to account for the geometry of the metal article and the probe spacing, a direct resistivity readout can be obtained. A weld between two or more pieces of metal can be measured by this technique to give an indication of weld strength. Thermal conductivity, flaw size, and other properties related to the integrated voltage can be determined. Both magnetic and nonmagnetic metals can be tested.
FIG. 1 shows a 4-point probe resistivity measuring technique;
FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram for implementing the present inventive technique;
FIGS. 3-4 show a retractable 4-point probe suitable for use with the present technique;
FIGS. 5-8 show schematically a circuit suitable for implementing the present technique;
FIG. 9 shows the inventive technique measuring the strength of welds;
FIG. 10 shows an empirical relationship between weld strength and the reduced voltage ratio measured by the inventive technique; and
FIGS. 11-14 show probes suitable for performing measurement on moving specimens.
The following detailed description relates to a technique for determining the resistivity of a metal, or other property that can be determined by the flow of electrical current therein. As used herein, the term "metal" includes metallic elements, alloys, and mixtures having a volume resistivity of less than 200 microhm-cm. The term "magnetic metal" means a metal having a magnetic permeability of greater than 1.05. The present inventive apparatus and technique relate to our discovery that prior art 4-point probe measurements on metals have typically been substantially limited in accuracy by surface potentials, thermal potentials, and other factors resulting from rust, corrosion, oil, paint, and other contaminants frequently present on the surface of such metals. The present technique substantially reduces the effects of the surface conditions, while at the same time substantially avoiding problems relating to eddy currents that have limited other prior art resistivity techniques, especially in magnetic metals. In addition, by substantially reducing the above-noted surface effects, relatively smaller currents can be used to make the measurement, providing for less heating of a sample, and correspondingly smaller temperature-induced inaccuracies. The present technique provides for ease of use and rapid calibration. In addition, the technique can provide sufficiently high accuracy, with a sufficiently low current flow through the sample under test, that a portable battery-operated instrument becomes feasible. The test is sufficiently rapid with most metals that a production line resistivity measurement becomes feasible. Other advantages and uses of the present technique and apparatus will become apparent.
The 4-point probe (see FIG. 1) is a time-honored method of measuring the resistivity of materials to which good electrical contacts cannot be applied easily. It is widely used in semiconductor characterization. Since the current passes through one set of probes, and the IR voltage drop is detected across another set of probes, the large voltage drop which occurs at the tips of the current probes (10, 11) does not appear at the potential probes (12, 13). The current (I) is typically applied through the outer probes and the voltage (V) measured across the inner probes, as shown. However, reciprocity considerations show that this arrangement can be reversed. The voltage and current probes can also be alternated in the sequence. For convenience in calibrating the measurement, the probe spacings are typically equal (referred to as s herein), but unequal spacings are also possible, with all such variations included herein.
The relationship between resistivity and probe spacing for an infinite sheet for the geometry shown in FIG. 1 has been determined by Smits as ##EQU1## where ρ is the resistivity in ohm-cm, V is the voltage across the voltage probes, I is the current through the current probes, and s and w are the probe spacing and sheet thickness in centimeters; see "Measurement of Sheet Resistivities With the Four-Point Probe," F. M. Smits, The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 37, pages 711-718 (1958). The correction factor F provides for different probe spacings and sample geometries; for w/s less than about 0.5, F is greater than 0.997 and can be considered to be unity. Note that the calibration equation is independent of the probe spacing s for thin samples. Corrections for noninfinite sheets and correction factors (F) for sheets whose w/s is greater than 0.5 have been given by Smits; an extensive numerical table of correction factors is given by L. J. Swartzendruber in U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Technical Note No. 199 (1964). In general, if the distance to the nearest edge of the sample is greater than three times the distance between the outermost probes, the error from edge effects is less than 1%. These two considerations indicate the minimum sample diameter and maximum thickness that can be measured with a given probe geometry without correction factors. These corrections can be implemented in the instrument using, for example, analog or digital computational techniques. For measuring samples having large thicknesses and other dimensions large relative to probe spacing, the appropriate "block mode" formula is ##EQU2##
The 4-point probe eliminates the effects of contact resistance from the measurement. However, prior art 4-point probe measurements on metals are typically limited by the effects of thermoelectric potentials and electrochemical potentials from surface layers. For example, for currents of about 2 amperes, for s about 1 cm, and for steel of 1 mm thickness, the voltage across the potential probes is only about 200 microvolts. Thus, to make a 1% measurement of the resistivity, the voltage drop must therefore be free of stray potentials to within about 2 microvolts. Such a small tray potential is difficult to reach even with very clean contacts in a laboratory environment.
The present inventive technique provides for making successive measurements with current flowing in opposite directions, integrating the voltages produced thereby, and combining the magnitude of the resulting potentials. Thus, voltages which are not reversed when the direction of current flow is reversed are canceled out. Examples of such voltages are those due to thermoelectric and electrochemical effects. The total time of the current flow is sufficiently short so that heating effects in the sample do not significantly limit the accuracy of the measurement. However, a given direction of current flow is maintained for a sufficiently long period so that eddy currents do not significantly limit the accuracy of the measurement. The current can flow once in each direction; i.e., one reversal. For example, a current of +2 amperes flowing for 1 second can be followed by a current of -2 amperes flowing for 1 second. Alternately, the current can be reversed a multiplicity of times, so that the total charge (i.e., integrated current) flowing in each direction is equal. For example, a current of +2 amperes flowing for 0.5 second, -2 amperes for 1.0 second, and finally +2 amperes for 0.5 second. This latter sequence can in some cases provide for still improved accuracy, as when thermal potentials increase with time. The total current flow time is typically in the range of 0.05 to 10 seconds, and preferably in the range of 0.1 to 2 seconds. The cancellation of error potentials by the present technique allows currents of less than 10 amperes, and typically less than 5 amperes, to be utilized for the measurement.
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an exemplary circuit that accomplishes this, along with sequential time periods P1-P3. On command from a pushbutton control, a series of timing circuits zeroes the integrator during the first time period P1, turns the positive current (I+) on and connects the inverted amplified voltage signal to the input of the signal integrator during the second time period P2, and turns the negative current source (I-) on and routes the amplified signal directly to the integrator during the third time period P3. Each of these periods is typically about 0.25 seconds long. The signal integrator output can be read by a standard digital voltmeter; for a portable instrument, a liquid crystal display is desirable. The signal integrator provides a convenient means of combining the positive and negative signal voltages and of averaging out noise and other rapidly varying stray voltages. Since the voltage signal is inverted when the current flow is reversed, the integrator in effect combines the absolute value (i.e., magnitude) of the integrated voltages obtained for P2 and P3. It also retains the final measurement value.
In the circuit shown, the conversion between voltage measured across the probes and resistivity is made in the instrument. Since this conversion depends on sample thickness, the circuit must "know" the sample thickness, w. This information is supplied to the circuit by manually setting the "Thickness Calibration" potentiometer, which can conveniently be labeled directly in micrometers, millimeters, or mils. The effect of this potentiometer is to make the overall circuit gain inversely proportional to sample thickness so that the w on the right-hand side of Equation (1) is canceled by a 1/w term.
FIGS. 6-8 show in more detail a suitable circuit and component values. The design is isolated into blocks that are easy to understand; FIG. 6 generally describes the current sources and related switching circuit; FIG. 7 generally describes the power supply and timing circuits; and FIG. 8 generally describes the inverter, voltage integrator, and related switches. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that numerous other implementations of the present invention are possible.
Referring to FIG. 6, the switched bipolar current sources used for providing current through the current probes comprise two complementary current regulators, with current being supplied by two pairs of 4 ampere-hour nickel-cadmium storage batteries. The junction between the two batteries floats. The 0.1 ohm precision resistor measures the current, and the voltage developed across it is compared with potentials derived from precision reference diodes. Regulated currents of about 2 amperes are easily obtained and provide adequate sensitivity. The two current sources (I+ and I-) are "floating" so that the common mode signal at the input of the voltage amplifier (U10 in FIG. 8) is considerably reduced. The positive and negative currents should be adjusted to be the same, within about 1-2%, by adjusting the potentiometer at the input of U2. U1 and U2 drive the output transistors, Q2 and Q1, through Q4 and Q3. The switches in U7 turn the current sources on only for the period of the measurement (P2, P3) so that actual battery drain is very low. Published battery ratings imply at least 4000 measurements on a single charge. The current drain on the �5 volt lines is about 40 ma. The circuit shown utilizes COS/MOS switches, U6 and U7, which provide about 100 ohm resistance when closed and greater than 1012 ohm resistance to the control line and ground when open. They take the outputs of the timing chain (U8 and U9) and use them to switch circuits in the signal path and the measuring current path.
Referring to FIG. 7, the 5 volt power is supplied by 5 volt regulators (U13, U14) on 7.5 volt batteries; U11 provides an indication of battery condition. A reduction in battery drain can be achieved by the use of low-current operational amplifier and timing modules. The timing signals are obtained from integrated circuits U8 and U9, which provide three univibrators in sequence. During P1, the 1.47 microfarad integrator capacitor at U5 (FIG. 8) is discharged, and this timing is relatively unimportant. The actual times of P2 and P3 are likewise relatively unimportant, but they determine the time for which the signal is integrated, and so should be stable. The duration of P2 should be adjusted to be within about 0.2% of that of P3 to cancel out thermal emf's and input offsets in U10. The 1 megaohm potentiometer associated with U9 is adjusted to null out stray voltages induced by the current pulses that appear at the input of U3 (FIG. 8).
Referring to FIG. 8, the voltage amplifier U10 is a low noise type that provides a voltage gain of about 1000. This is followed by the "calibration amplifier" U3. The circuit can operate either in a "block" mode when measuring relatively thick samples (w>3s) or a "sheet" mode for relatively thin samples (w<0.5s). The mode in use is determined by which thickness calibrating resistor is selected. In the sheet mode, the "thickness calibration" potentiometer is adjusted by the user to set the system gain to adjust for sample thickness. In the block mode, the gain is set by a fixed resistor, typically mounted in the changeable probe assembly. The value of the "block mode" resistor (R) in kilohms is R=1.39s, where s is the probe spacing in mils (0.001 inch). The inverting amplifier U4 and integrator U5 are straightforward. U5 has been chosen to be a low-input-offset type to keep the integrator output potential from drifting after the measurement. The 100 kilohm balance potentiometer at U5 compensates for input offsets in U4 and U5.
The overall calibration is set by the 50 kilohm output divider. The preferred way to set the calibration is by using the instrument to measure a sample sheet of known high resistivity, and then setting the calibrating potentiometer to make the output correspond thereto. It is unwise to depend on tabulated resistivity values to establish the calibration. If a sample of known resistivity is not available, a test sample of precise dimensions can be cut from a sheet and its resistance measured with a standard 4 lead technique. The resistivity can then be determined from ρ=RA/l, where R is the measured resistance, A is the cross-sectional area, and l is the sample length. (The difficulties of doing this make the value of the present technique even more evident.) With the component values shown in FIGS. 6-8, an output meter with 2 V range and 10 mV least count reads resistivity directly in microhm-cm, with a least count of 0.1 microhm-cm. This range nicely covers the steel resistivities normally encountered, about 9.8 microhm-cm for pure iron, 12-15 microhm-cm for low-carbon steels, about 50 microhm-cm for Si alloy transformer steels, and about 70 microhm-cm for 304 stainless steel.
A variety of 4-point probe arrangements is possible, including prior art type probes used for semiconductor measurements. A presently preferred design is shown in FIGS. 3-4, where the probes are protected by a spring-loaded plate 41 when not pressed against a sample. The probes have four identical spring-loaded points 42, individually pressed against the surface to be measured with a force equivalent to that exerted by a 1 kg mass. The spring constants and the gap between blocks 41 and 44 are selected so that only after block 41 is pressed against the article to be measured do the contact points (42) contact the article; see FIG. 4. In addition, the holes shown in block 41 provide a close fit and precise location for points 42. This arrangement prevents lateral motion of tips 42 as applied to the surface to be measured, and helps ensure high accuracy of the measurement. Precise spacing of the probe points is achieved by using brass rods 43 sliding in holes in a 1 inch thick phenolic laminate block 44. To provide for variable spacing of the probes, spacer inserts can be provided between the probes. The contact points are tungsten-carbide needles having a tip radius of 0.002 inch, held in the brass rods by setscrews; osmium-plated steel or other hard material can be used for the tips. This combination of point material and spring force is typically chosen to make measurements through even thin paint layers. The probes are connected to the measuring circuit by a 3 foot long cable of shielded No. 18 wire.
The design of the circuit and the precision of the components used provide an accuracy of typically better than �5% for resistivity measurements. The accuracy is typically about �1% when precise calibration has been made. Repeated measurements on the same piece of steel show scatter of about the least count, typically �0.1 microhm-cm, even for high-resistivity alloys. The week-to-week reproducibility appears to be well within �1%. Thin layers of rust, oil, or paint do not appear to affect the indicated resistivity significantly. In addition, electroplated objects have been successfully measured; for example, the resistivity of a tool steel substrate metal having a chrome plating has been accurately indicated. For sheets thinner than about 0.03 inch, the greatest source of uncertainty is the accuracy with which the thickness can be determined. A 1% error in the thickness (measured, e.g., with a micrometer), corresponding to only 0.3 mil, will produce a 1% error in the apparent resistivity. Surface texturing may make the apparent thickness of the sheet greater than that of the effective thickness, resulting in an erroneously large measured resistivity. We estimate that the temperature coefficient of the calibration is significantly less than the temperature coefficient of steel, which is about 0.3-0.5%/�C.
The present technique is of sufficient precision for checking sample or lot variations in the resistivity of sheet steels. This can provide, for example, matched alloys to obtain reproducible weld penetrations. However, the ease and rapidity of the measurement make possible many additional applications to ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. Some examples are given below. Although low-carbon, low-alloy steels have resistivities which substantially depend only on composition, more complex steels have a large variation in resistivity with heat treatment, resulting, for example, from the austenitic-martensitic transition. Direct resistivity measurements provide an easy means of testing for the completeness of the transformation.
The resistivity of silicon transformer steels is an important parameter because of its relationship to eddy current losses. The present technique can measure the resistivity without cutting special test coupons. In fact, resistivity can be measured in the presence of the heavy oxide layer normally present on these steels--there is no need to sand off the oxide. The resistivities of commercial magnetic alloys (Permalloy, etc.) vary over a wide range. These materials can be easily sorted and distinguished by resistivity measurements. Many magnetic stainless steels, which have similar appearance, can be distinguished. Additionally, there are some nominally nonmagnetic materials which may have significant susceptibility. Obvious examples are the "nonmagnetic" stainless steels, and materials such as Cu-Ni-Sn spring material, which may have magnetic impurities or be magnetic if improperly processed. For these alloys, the present technique is an improvement over typical eddy current methods of determining resistivity.
The pressure of the probe tips substantially punches through the native oxide layers on the surface of the metal. Only very small emf's (a few hundred microvolts) are typically developed at the probe tips, which voltages are inadequate by themselves to break down the native oxide layer present on most metals. Therefore, if the metal is formed of several layers, the native oxide between the layers substantially constrains the current flow from the probe to be within the top layer. For example, the resistivity of a tightly rolled coil of sheet can be measured without opening the coil.
The following Examples illustrate a variety of measurement situations that can advantageously utilize the present technique.
Table I shows results of measurements on a number of materials we have studied. As noted above, for thin samples, the accuracy with which the thickness determination can be made is the main limit on the absolute accuracy obtained. In many cases, differences between the measured resistivity and handbook values arise from variations in the exact alloy composition or the cold work/thermal history of the sample. It is important that these deviations are seen, since they are signs of the variables that are desirable to observe for quality control purposes.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Room temperature resistivity values measured on variousmaterials with the instrumentation described here (thicknessesin mils, resistivities in microhm-cm). 4-Point Probe Conventional HandbookAlloy State Measurement Measurement Value__________________________________________________________________________Fe--5% Cr 55.5 thick 32.1 30Permalloy 53 thick 64.7 65Fe--5% Cr--3% Si cold rolled 68.852 thick annealed 66.9 ˜72Fe--3% Si Steel 13.5 thick 48.6 ˜47CDA 194 alloy different 4.0 2.65Cu--97% Fe--2.4% samples 2.610 thick 2.6CDA 195 alloy different 3.4 3.4Cu--97% Fe--1.5% Sn--0.6% samples 3.510 thick 3.6 3.8__________________________________________________________________________
The utility of resistivity measurements in characterizing metals obviously depends on whether materials have different resistivity values, either from compositional variations or from phase changes. Table II shows published resistivity values for some commercial alloys taken by prior art methods. Clearly, the wide range of values observed suggests that the present technique is useful for sorting and materials certification. For low-alloy steels, there is a well-established relationship between the composition and the resistivity. Resistivity is also directly correlated with weld penetration in low-carbon steels (see below). For the copper alloys, where electrical conductivity is important, the 4-point probe technique allows direct determination of this property for each batch of material. Although handbook values of the resistivity are often assumed, different temper and anneal conditions can lead to variations of more than a factor of 2 in the resistivity of copper base alloys.
TABLE II______________________________________Resistivity values for various commercial alloys. Room Temperature Resistivity, microhm-cmFamily Material (typical)______________________________________Ferrous Iron 9.8 1010 Steel 13 4130 Steel 22 304 SS 75 410 SS 56Copper base Copper 1.7 Phos. Bronze (1% Sn) 3.6 Be-Cu (2% Be) 7.7 CDA 194 (2% Fe) 2.5 Bronze (5% Al) 10 Yellow Brass (No. 270) 6.4Aluminum Aluminum 2.8 2024 5.7 5052 4.9Titanium Titanium 48.2 315 (2% Al 2% Mn) 101 318 (6% Al 4% V) 168Superalloys Inconel X 122 Hastelloy C 139 Stellite 25 88 Monel K 58______________________________________
Table III shows the resistivity changes that can arise from heat treatment (and the consequent precipitation and recrystallization) of various alloys. The values shown are published values taken by prior art techniques. In many cases, these changes are large enough to use for quality control purposes to determine, for example, whether heat treatment has led to the desired phase. An important advantage of the resistivity measurements over many competing techniques is that a significant volume of the sample is measured (i.e., to a depth of about the probe spacing), rather than just the surface. This distinction can be important in view of the effects of surface oxidation, segregation, and cold work in making the surface different from the bulk.
TABLE III______________________________________Some alloys which show large variation of resistivity withanneal or cold work. Room Temperature ResistivityAlloy Condition (microhm-cm)______________________________________Fe--30% Ni Ferritic 38 Austenitic 832014-T6 Aluminum 70 kpsi yield 4.5 28 kpsi yield 3.4Cu-2% Be soft anneal 9.4(CDA 172) heat treated 7.1______________________________________
One item in Table III is of such significance that it is worth emphazing. That is the large resistivity change occurring in phase transformation in iron alloys. In most cases, the resistivity decreases by a factor of 2 or more on the transition into the body centered cubic or martensitic phase. This phenomenon has been widely used in laboratory studies of the martensitic transformation. The development of the 4-point probe technique we describe here makes it possible to use this change to measure directly the state of transformation of massive objects in their finished or semi-finished state. The present technique provides measurements on the bulk of the material, not simply a thin surface layer.
We have so far implicitly assumed that the material being studied was homogeneous. Inhomogeneities such as voids, cracks, and slag and flux inclusions are in general nonconductive and sharply raise the observed resistivity if they are in the vicinity of the voltage probes. We estimate that voids 0.1s in diameter can be detected if they are within a distance s of the surface. Cracks perpendicular to the surface and the line made by the probe points can be observed if the crack length�depth is about 0.1s2. Cracks perpendicular to the surface but along the line of the probes have a much smaller effect. This difference allows localization and measurement of the size of defects. For a review of the determination of crack size by resistivity measurements, see "The d.c. Electrical Potential Method for Crack Length Measurement," by M. J. Halliday et al, in The Measurement Of Crack Length And Shape During Fracture And Fatigue, C. J. Beevers, Ed., pages 85-112, Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Ltd., Wanley, U.K. (1980).
The present technique can also provide a direct correlation between the electrical measurements and the ultimate weld strength for spot welds. FIGS. 9-10 show how this process works. The 4-point probe puts a current through the metal sheet using the two outer probe tips. The current produces a voltage drop through the sample, and the voltage drop is measured by the inner pair of probe tips. The equations relating the probe spacing, material dimensions, current, voltage, and resistivity have been solved by Uhlir; see "The Potentials of Infinite Systems of Sources and Numerical Solutions of Problems in Semiconductor Engineering," A. Uhlir, Jr., The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 34, pages 105-128 (1955). For a given test current and material resistivity, the voltage across the inner probe tips is decreased when a weld has been made, because the lower sheet of metal helps to conduct the current where the two sheets are bonded together.
Analysis of a simplified case shows what effects can be expected: for the case where the probe spacing, s, is very much smaller than the sheet thickness, w, the voltage drop across the inner probes is (see Equation (1) above):
V=Iρ/4.53 w (3)
with I the current through the outer probes and ρ the material resistivity in ohm-cm (w is in cm). If the weld is large compared to the overall probe span, the probe sees the equivalent of a single sheet of metal of thickness 2w, and the observed voltage decreases to half of that measured before the weld, assuming the upper and lower sheets to be of the same material and thickness. Obviously, the effect on the measured voltage is even larger if the upper sheet is thinner than the lower, and vice versa.
For realistic situations, the weld fusion diameter, sample thickness, and probe spacing are all in the same range, and the simple Equation (3) is only a rough guide. An analytic solution for V in the geometry shown in FIG. 9 is probably not possible; the problem can be solved by finite element methods using the advanced codes now available, but the analysis is complex. However, a simplified method illustrates the relationship between the electrical measurements and weld strength. First, the voltage (VF) is measured across the voltage probes for the unwelded sheet. Then, the voltage (VN) is measured across the probes in the vicinity of the weld. The ratio VN/VF starts at 100% for negligible weld zone and (in the simplified case) decreases to 50% for fusion between the sheets all along the interface. For realistic cases, the behavior is more complicated, but one can establish at least an approximate relationship between the weld strength and the voltage reduction VN/VF, using this ratio as an indication of the extent of the fusion zone. The voltage developed in the sample is typically only 100 microvolts, and this is inadequate to break down the oxide layer between the sheets. Thus, only in regions where fusion between the two sheets has been obtained will significant current flow occur.
Single spot weld lap joints were made in 1 inch�4 inch SAE 1010 steel pieces, with samples 0.030 inch thick welded by resistance spot weld. For the 0.030 inch samples, copper electrodes of 0.125 inch tip diameter were used, with a contact force of 30 pounds, a weld current of 2500 amperes, and weld times of 1-10 cycles (0.017-0.17 second).
Three surface conditions were used for the resistance spot welds: as received (covered with a light oil film), degreased, and "rusty". The surfaces were made rusty by exposing the steel to boiling salt water for a few hours until the surface was covered with a thick but adherent oxide layer. Welds were made with one rusty surface and one clean surface, and two rusty surfaces. After the welds were made, the voltage reduction ratio was measured using the instrumentation previously described, with 0.062 inch probe spacing. The probe was aligned by eye to have the 4 points centered on the visible electrode spot. Measurements were made on both the top and bottom of the spot-welded joints, and were in all cases the same within the 2-3% reproducibility of the measurements. After the voltages were measured, the samples were pull tested on an Instron tensile tester at a rate of 0.5 inch/minute, and the maximum force was read from from a strip chart. Except for the weakest welds, failure was by pull-out of the weld nugget; i.e., ductile failure of the steel at the edge of the fusion zone.
FIG. 10 shows the weld strength versus voltage reduction ratio for all of the resistance spot welds tested. The data show that the voltage reduction ratio is an excellent indicator of the actual weld strength. For all of the welds tested, the actual strength was within 100 pounds of the trend line in FIG. 2, or less than 20% of the maximum weld strength. This accuracy was obtained over a 10:1 range of weld energy and despite gross intentional contamination of the surfaces to be welded.
The test described herein for weld strength depends on using the electrical conductivity of the workpieces to estimate the size of the fusion zone and, therefore, the weld strength. There are two principal limitations on the generality of this test. First, if the material is embrittled or otherwise weakened by the welding operation, i.e., by recrystallization into a brittle phase, a large fusion zone, and thus a large conductivity change, would be produced, but the weld could nevertheless be susceptible to brittle failure at very low forces. Second, as noted above, there are many alloys which change resistivity significantly when they are heated and quenched. For these materials, the inherent change of resistivity could mask the changes resulting from the formation of the weld. In such cases, however, study of test samples should reveal a range of reduced voltage ratio which is characteristic of good welds. Fortunately, low-carbon steels and soft aluminum, two of the most commonly spot-welded materials, are largely unaffected by these restrictions.
Although only individual isolated welds were measured above, frequently a row of spot welds is produced. Calculations by Smits (above) allow us to estimate that for spacing between welds of greater than 3 times the distance between the outermost probe points, the voltage reduction ratio will not be significantly affected. For closely traced spot welds or seam welds, additional corrections and calibrations can be made.
The close relationship between electrical and thermal conductivity in the metals makes it possible to use the present technique for determining the thermal conductivity of metallic samples. The relationship between the two conductivities is described by the law of Wiedemann-Franz (see C. Kittel, Introduction To Solid State Physics, Wiley, New York, Second Edition, 1956, page 241). Experimental verification of this effect, and indication of its utility in practical cases, appear in "Nominal Mechanical and Physical Properties of Commercial Heat-Treatable Copper Alloys at Room Temperature," in Handbook Of Materials And Techniques For Vacuum Devices, W. H. Kohl, Reinhold Publishing Company, New York (1967). This table shows that the ratio (thermal cond/electrical cond) is constant within �10% for a wide range of copper base alloys and heat treatments. The range of thermal conductivities is approximately 5:1.
While an in-line 4-point probe has been described above, other implementations of the probe are possible. For example, crossed 4-point probes can be utilized for better estimating the weld strength between metals when the weld is not of a circular geometry. To provide for a continuous measurement of resistivity, the probes can be in the form of rollers, as illustrated in FIGS. 11-14 for measuring either flat or curved moving articles. It is also possible to place probes on opposite sides of a piece of metal. The current flow can then be through the thickness of the metal. For example, the use of a multiplicity of electrodes on opposite surfaces of a weld is described in European Patent Application No. 0,030,889, filed Dec. 8, 1980. Numerous other configurations and utilizations are possible, as will become apparent to a person of skill in the art.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 26, 1963
|Jan 23, 1968
|Shin Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabush
|Thickness measuring instrument for electro-conductive objects and associated methods
|Jul 14, 1967
|Oct 21, 1969
|Canadian Patents Dev
|Conductivity measuring apparatus with means for comparing sampled and reference voltages
|Feb 19, 1970
|May 23, 1972
|Nat Res Dev
|Methods and apparatus for determining the condition of food
|Jul 21, 1981
|Mar 5, 1985
|Rizhsky Politekhnichesky Institut
|Apparatus for non-destructive testing of spot welds using an electromagnetic field
|Jun 8, 1983
|Mar 12, 1985
|Conoco Inc.
|Crack detection by electrical resistance
|Jan 9, 1976
|Jul 14, 1977
|Gerhard Gille Ges Fuer Zerstoe
|Crack depth measurement for metallic workpieces - uses AC of frequency adjustable for different workpiece materials
|Accumulatorenwerk Hoppecke Zoellner C & Sohn
|Title not available
|Dec 8, 1980
|Jun 24, 1981
|COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE Etablissement de Caract�re Scientifique Technique et Industriel
|Method and device for the non destructive testing of spot welds
|Title not available
|"An Apparatus for Four-Probe Specific Resistance Measurement on Epitaxial Silicon Films", Measurement Techniques, vol. 17, No. 11, V. V. Batavin et al, 1974, pp. 1753-1754.
|"Electrical Resistance Probe Method for Inservice Inspection", Nuclear Power Education Seminar, Chugoku X-Ray Co., Ltd., Tsutomu Fujimura, The Headquarters of Engineering Services.
|An Apparatus for Four Probe Specific Resistance Measurement on Epitaxial Silicon Films , Measurement Techniques, vol. 17, No. 11, V. V. Batavin et al, 1974, pp. 1753 1754.
|Cohen et al, Erratic Welding in Low Carbon Steels, 2 1981.
|Cohen et al, Erratic Welding in Low-Carbon Steels, 2-1981.
|Electrical Resistance Probe Method for Inservice Inspection , Nuclear Power Education Seminar, Chugoku X Ray Co., Ltd., Tsutomu Fujimura, The Headquarters of Engineering Services.
|Hallenback et al, Precision Four Point Probe Resistivity Instrumentation, 1969, p. 736.
|Hallenback et al, Precision Four-Point Probe Resistivity Instrumentation, 1969, p. 736.
|Halliday et al, The D.C. Electrical Potential Method for Crack Length Measurement, pp. 85 112.
|Halliday et al, The D.C. Electrical Potential Method for Crack Length Measurement, pp. 85-112.
|Hinsley, Non Destructive Testing, 1959, pp. 336 339.
|Hinsley, Non-Destructive Testing, 1959, pp. 336-339.
|Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, 1967, p. 198.
|Logan, An A.C. Bridge for Semiconductor Resistivity Measurements Using a Four Point Probe, 9 1960, pp. 885 919.
|Logan, An A.C. Bridge for Semiconductor Resistivity Measurements Using a Four-Point Probe, 9-1960, pp. 885-919.
|Rossiter, An Instrument for Measuring the Resistivity of Metals and Metallic Alloys, Journal of Physics E:Scientific Instruments, vol. 3, No. 7, Jul. 1970, pp. 530 532.
|Rossiter, An Instrument for Measuring the Resistivity of Metals and Metallic Alloys, Journal of Physics E:Scientific Instruments, vol. 3, No. 7, Jul. 1970, pp. 530-532.
|Smits, Measurement of Sheet Resistivities with LHC Four Point Probe, 10 1957, pp. 711 718.
|Smits, Measurement of Sheet Resistivities with LHC Four-Point Probe, 10-1957, pp. 711-718.
|Swartzendruber, Correction Factor Tables for Four Point Probe Resistivity Measurements on Thin, Circular Semiconductor Samples, 4 1964, pp. 1 7.
|Swartzendruber, Correction Factor Tables for Four-Point Probe Resistivity Measurements on Thin, Circular Semiconductor Samples, 4-1964, pp. 1-7.
|Uhlir, The Potentials of Infinite Systems of Sources and Numerical Solutions of Problems in Semiconductor Engineering, 8 1954, pp. 105 128.
|Uhlir, The Potentials of Infinite Systems of Sources and Numerical Solutions of Problems in Semiconductor Engineering, 8-1954, pp. 105-128.
|Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st edition, pp. E126 E128.
|Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st edition, pp. E126-E128.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 10, 1989
|Dec 19, 1989
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Device for measuring seam resistance
|Jan 9, 1989
|May 1, 1990
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Eddy current method for measuring electrical resistivity and device for providing accurate phase detection
|Jan 9, 1989
|May 8, 1990
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Eddy current method to measure distance between scanned surface and a subsurface defect
|Jun 22, 1988
|Jan 29, 1991
|Mitsubishi Petrochemical Company Ltd.
|Method of measuring resistivity, and apparatus therefor
|Dec 17, 1990
|Aug 4, 1992
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Apparatus and methods for evaluating resistive bodies
|Aug 18, 1989
|Aug 11, 1992
|Karl Deutsch Pruf - und Messgeratebau GmbH+Co. KG
|Method and means for measuring the depth of cracks
|Aug 19, 1993
|Jan 17, 1995
|Smiths Industries Public Limited Company
|Resistance monitors
|Apr 3, 1995
|Dec 5, 1995
|The University Of Maryland At College Park
|Method and apparatus for non-destructively detecting flaws in a carbon andode
|Nov 10, 1992
|Feb 27, 1996
|Cheng; David
|Method and apparatus for measuring film thickness
|Jun 7, 1995
|Oct 22, 1996
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Adiabatic conductor analyzer method and system
|Jan 22, 1996
|Feb 11, 1997
|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for adjusting sectional area ratio of metal-covered electric wire
|Sep 7, 1995
|Apr 15, 1997
|Corbi; Ronald W.
|Ice detection method and apparatus for an aircraft
|Mar 7, 1996
|Sep 9, 1997
|E-Systems, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for evaluation and inspection of composite-repaired structures
|Nov 16, 1995
|Nov 25, 1997
|Cheng; David
|Method and apparatus for measuring sheet resistance and thickness of thin films and substrates
|May 21, 1997
|Nov 24, 1998
|E-Systems, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for evaluation and inspection of composite-repaired structures
|Aug 12, 1997
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|Cheng; David
|Method and apparatus for measuring sheet resistance and thickness of thin films and substrates
|Feb 26, 1999
|Nov 28, 2000
|Cheng; David
|Method and apparatus for measuring thickness of semiconductor substrates
|Aug 1, 1997
|Apr 17, 2001
|Worcester Polytechnic Institute
|Multi-probe impedance measurement system and method for detection of flaws in conductive articles
|Feb 1, 2001
|Jun 20, 2006
|Antares Contech, Inc.
|Bundled probe apparatus for multiple terminal contacting
|Apr 30, 2003
|May 1, 2007
|The Boeing Company
|Apparatus and methods for measuring resistance of conductive layers
|May 31, 2006
|Oct 28, 2008
|Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc.
|Characterization of conductor by alternating current potential-drop method with a four-point probe
|Nov 22, 2004
|Jul 21, 2009
|Ontario Power Generation Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for inspecting reactor pressure tubes
|Mar 3, 2009
|Mar 9, 2010
|Formfactor, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for making a determination relating to resistance of probes
|Oct 30, 2006
|Nov 6, 2012
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Apparatus and method for measuring and monitoring layer properties in web-based processes
|Apr 30, 2003
|Nov 4, 2004
|Erickson Gary C
|Apparatus and methods for measuring resistance of conductive layers
|Nov 22, 2004
|Oct 6, 2005
|Kelvin Tashiro
|Method and apparatus for measurement of terminal solid solubility temperature in alloys capable of forming hydrides
|Oct 30, 2006
|May 1, 2008
|Warren Jackson
|Apparatus and method for measuring and monitoring layer properties in web-based processes
|Mar 3, 2009
|Jun 25, 2009
|Formfactor, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for making a determination relating to resistance of probes
|Jun 30, 1989
|Jan 1, 1991
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Method and device for inspecting circumferentially conducting materials
|Oct 10, 2014
|Apr 14, 2016
|Burster Cable Measurement Gmbh
|Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bestimmen des spezifischen L�ngenwiderstandes einer mehrdr�htigen Leitung
|Apr 19, 2004
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|The Boeing Company
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|Aug 1, 1994
|Feb 9, 1995
|The University Of Maryland At College Park
|Detecting flaws in a carbon anode
|U.S. Classification
|324/715, 324/718, 324/716
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 31, 1983
Owner name: BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES, INCORPORATED 600 MOUN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:COHEN, RICHARD L.;WEST, KENNETH W.;REEL/FRAME:004136/0923
Effective date: 19830527
|Oct 15, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 26, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 8, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 16, 1999
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 13, 1999
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19990519


text:
Disney Junior Play n Dine at Hollywood & Vine, is a fun character dining experience at Disneys Hollywood Studios.
Play n Dine has been updated over the years to include the newest characters, stories and music from Disney Junior shows on Disney Channel and the Disney Junior 24-hour channel.
Beginning the 26 January 2014, two of Disney Juniors biggest stars will be coming out to play, when Doc McStuffins and Sofia the First join the cast of Disney Junior Play n Dine at Hollywood & Vine. Kids will get the chance to meet Doc and Sofia and dance along with them during a fun, new musical number right there in the restaurant!
[ATTACH=full]16437[/ATTACH]Sofia the First and Doc McStuffins will be joining current favorites, Handy Manny and Jake from Jake and the Never Land Pirates.
With great character interactions and a tasty buffet, Disney Junior Play n Dine at Hollywood & Vine offers something for every member of the family.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
An Interview with Raymundo
Magliano Filho
CLÁUDIA PERRONE-MOISÉS: Can you talk a little about the importance of Hannah Arendt for your life and work? In particular, are there one or two ideas that have played a particularly important role in the evolution of your own thinking and subsequent career?
RAYMUNDO MAGLIANO FILHO: I was introduced to the ideas of Hannah Arendt in a class I took with Professor Tércio Sampaio Ferraz of the School of Law at the University of Sao Paulo. It came about this way. By the time I had finished my studies I was already working in my father's brokerage business.1 One day, a philosophy professor, Professor João de Scatimburgo, who was a close friend of my father's and who helped him in his brokerage firm, resolved a particularly difficult technical problem he was having in a very philosophical way. I was deeply impressed. I asked him if he could recommend some books and also a professor I could study with. He recommended Professor Tércio. For two years I studied The Human Condition with Professor Tércio, and in this literary way, I began to acquire the fundamental knowledge that I later applied to my personal and professional life. In my personal life, I would say there are three of Hannah Arendt's ideas that have been of particular importance to me. First is her "theory of action": that only humans have the capacity to start new things. Second is her belief in the "liberating power of forgiveness." Third is the observation that "life contains the seeds of events you can never quite foresee, but that you must take into account in any further analysis." For my professional life, I would say the idea that has been the most important is her observation that power can never be a single individual's property; rather, it lies at the basis of, and derives its


text:
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Spas & Beauty
Sometimes you have to slow things down and unwind.
The historic Brown Palace Hotel boasts one of the city's most luxurious spas. More ›
A sophisticated spa with skin and body care tailored to Colorado's elements. More ›
Search Spas & Beauty Listings
A New Spirit Wellness Center & Spa
- 4840 W. 29th Ave., Denver, CO 80212
- (303) 477-1652
- Highlands/Highlands Square/LoHi/Berkeley/Tennyson
Enter an oasis in the heart of the city where life is customized! For almost 10 years A New Spirit has brought clients a serene environment without the usual "spa attitudes." Located in the quaint …
- 1408 Larimer St., Ste. 102, Denver, CO 80202
- (303) 997-6209
- Downtown/LoDo/Larimer Sq./Riverfront/RiNo/Five Points
AILLEA revolutionizes the way women approach their beauty regimens by curating an amazing assortment of toxin-free products that are a step-up from main stream brands, not a compromise. …
Aveda Institute Denver
- 700 16th St., Denver, CO 80202
- (303) 567-7500
- Downtown/LoDo/Larimer Sq./Riverfront/RiNo/Five Points
Experience the Aveda-Denver difference. Enjoy a salon-spa quality service at a very relaxed price. Full service salon and spa luxury treatments are provided by our students under the care of their …
Body Massage Wellness Spa
- 1616 Welton St., Denver, CO 80202
- (303) 893-2543
- Downtown/LoDo/Larimer Sq./Riverfront/RiNo/Five Points
Since 1986, deep tissue, stress-relieving, chronic pain, medical massage, couples massage, medical skin care, spa facials, mani/pedi, nails, spa packages. Corporate and hotel on-site.
The Broadmoor
- 1 Lake Ave., Colorado Springs, CO 80906
- (719) 634-7711
- Outside of Denver Metro
Forbes Five-Star, AAA Five-Diamond elegance awaits you at this 779-room, world-class resort. European spa, tennis, championship golf, indoor/outdoor pools and 20 restaurants, bars, lounges and cafes …
Brown Palace Hotel and Spa
- 321 17th St., Denver, CO 80202
- (303) 297-3111
- Downtown/LoDo/Larimer Sq./Riverfront/RiNo/Five Points
For 123 years, The Brown Palace Hotel and Spa has been the Denver address of visiting presidents, royalty and rock stars, and now the iconic hotel has completed a $10.5 million renovation that is …
Devil's Thumb Ranch Resort & Spa
- 3530 County Road 83, Tabernash, CO 80478
- (970) 726-5632
- Outside of Denver Metro
Our award winning resort offers rustically elegant accommodations, iconic, unique meeting spaces that can accommodate 300+ people, a wide variety of activities including a world class spa; three …
Fluid Fusion Studio Denver
- 1641 California St. Ste. 100B (Downstairs garden level), Denver, CO 80202
- (303) 623-3179
- Downtown/LoDo/Larimer Sq./Riverfront/RiNo/Five Points
Fluid Fusion Certified Instructors teach Pilates, Yoga, & Barre @ $10 per person with a hotel key! Duet and Privates just $45 per person with hotel key. We offer Pilates, Yoga, Barre, Gyrotonic & …
Four Seasons Hotel Denver Spa
- 1111 14th St., Denver, CO 80202
- (303) 389-3025
- Downtown/LoDo/Larimer Sq./Riverfront/RiNo/Five Points
A sanctuary of health and well-being, the third floor of Four Seasons Hotel Denver is home to a destination spa, a fitness centre and a resort-style rooftop pool terrace. Distinctive skin care, body …
Glenwood Hot Springs
- 415 6th St. PO Box 308, Glenwood Springs, CO 81601
- (970) 945-6571
- Outside of Denver Metro
Colorado's premier hot springs resort offers 107 newly renovated guestrooms and the world's largest mineral hot springs pool. Lodging includes unlimited access to the healing waters, full hot …


text:
Dr. De La Rosa's Experience
Dr. De La Rosa's Care Philosophy
- Internal Medicine
- Hematology
- Oncology
Board Certifications
- Hematology
- Internal Medicine
- Oncology
- Allergy Testing
- Physical Examination
- Anemia
- Diabetes
- High Cholesterol
- Hypertension
- Leukocytosis
- Neutropenia
- Ovarian Cancer
Background Check for Dr. De La Rosa
0 Malpractice Claims
- No malpractice history found for California.
- No sanctions history found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
0 Board Actions
- No board actions found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
Awards & Recognitions
Education & Training
Medical School
- University Of Minnesota Medical School
- Graduated in 1980
Residency Hospital
- L a Co Usc Med Center
- Complete in 1983
Languages Spoken by Dr. De La Rosa & Staff
- English
- Spanish
10 Steps to Pick the Right Doctor
Whether you need a primary care doctor or a specialist, these 10 steps will ensure you find the right doctor for you. View Slideshow


text:
1. Remove some filters or zoom out2. Save this search to get a heads up when new homes hit the market.
Popular homes near Paducah
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house2500 sqftThe Jefferson at 2513 Jefferson - Furnished - Located on one of the prettiest streets in Paducah,... More
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Summary for Paducah, KY
Median rental price for rentals in Paducah, KY for April was $1,225, an increase of 86% compared to the same period last year.


text:
FT. WORTH, Texas - Mean Green tennis defeated the No. 44 TCU Horned Frogs for the first time in school history Thursday at the Bayard H. Friedman Tennis Center, 4-3.
North Texas (4-3) found themselves in an early hole for the second straight match as TCU (3-2) grabbed two of the three doubles matches and the first point.
"That was an amazing match and what a great finish for us," said head coach Sujay Lama. "Both the ladies in the deciding match poured their hearts out. Fortunately for us, Paula came through at the end. Without doubt, this is the biggest win ever for our program."
Juniors Valentina Starkova and Barbora Vykydalova were the only members of the Mean Green to win their doubles match when they downed the 57th ranked duo of Federica Denti and Kelsey Sundaram.
Singles saw North Texas square the match at one with a quick victory from Irina Paraschiv on court four. The senior defeated Millie Nichols of the Horned Frogs 3-2, when Nichols had to retire due to injury.
TCU would jump back on top of North Texas though, when reigning Sun Belt Player of the Week Nadia Lee fell in straight sets 6-2, 6-3.
Freshman Kseniya Bardabush would even the match from there as she ran through TCU's 117th ranked Olivia Smith 6-2, 6-4.
The Horned Frogs would jump back out once again, however, when No. 92 Stefanie tan took down Starkova in tough fought match, 6-4, 6-4.
Junior Ilona Serchenko would win the next match for the Mean Green and square the score at 3-3 with a 6-4, 6-3 victory over Sundaram.
Senior Paula Dinuta drove the nail in the coffin when she overcame a third set match point deficit to win the match 6-7 (4), 6-2, 7-6 (3).
"I am glad I won the last match even though I didn't play my best tennis today," said Dinuta. "I kept believing and fighting for every ball and I'm happy I was able to pull out the win for my teammates and coaches."
The No. 44 Horned Frogs, whom the Mean Green were previously 0-28 against, are the highest ranked team North Texas has defeated in program history.
"We've been talking about believing and that is what it came down to today," Lama added. "We knew the record we had versus TCU but the ladies refused to give in."


text:
Vote below for this week's Project of the Week.
The winning filmmaker will receive a digital distribution consultation from SnagFilms and will become a candidate for Project of the Month. That winner will be awarded with a creative consultation from the fine folks at the Tribeca Film Institute!
The four projects up for the prize: "Revision," "The Discoverers," "The Golden Age of Hustlers" and "Freedom Fighters."
Voting will end on Monday May 13, at 11AM Eastern.
Note: Votes are confirmed by email. After voting, please look for an email from Poll Daddy and confirm your vote. Indiewire nor PollDaddy use your email address after the confirmation, but if you do want to sign up for our newsletter, why DON'T you mosey on over here and do so!


text:
Movies on the Top Ten Box Office Week-List
- Tue Jan 3, 2006, 7:49 AM GMT
"Narnia" finally took over the number one spot from "King Kong"READ MORE
Desperate for cash to help a friend in need and pay off his smarmy uncle�s gambling debts, Steve Barker sinks to an all time low...he attempts to fix the Special Olympics by pretending to be a person with intellectual disabilities. But he is completely out-classed by his fellow Olympians, who are not only superior athletes, they�re also wiser in the ways of the world.
Several of his fellow competitors immediately spot Steve as a fraud, but because they too would like to see the fall of Jimmy, the snooty reigning champion, they join forces to help THE RINGER win. Together they train Steve to become a better athlete and, most importantly, a better man.
"Narnia" finally took over the number one spot from "King Kong"READ MORE


text:
Cobb's performance was better than Zack Greinke's 13 Strikeout performance in 2012 by 1/3 inning.
Upcoming autograph signings, player appearances, sports memorabilia sales and promotions. Subscribe TODAY for a chance to win FREE AUTOGRAPHS. Nobody does it like this!
Saturday, May 11, 2013
Tampa Bay Rays Pitcher Alex Cobb 13 Strikeouts in Less than Five Innings
Cobb's performance was better than Zack Greinke's 13 Strikeout performance in 2012 by 1/3 inning.
Posted by Dan Brooks at 3:33 PM
Labels: 13 Strikeouts, Alex Cobb, Carlos Quinten, Chase Headley, Jake McGee, San Diego Padres, Tampa Bay Rays, Will Venable, Yonder Alonso
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text:
Very tough to decide, all similarly powered, similarly equipped.
Anyone have one of these?
Very tough to decide, all similarly powered, similarly equipped.
Anyone have one of these?
Id would be the Mazda for me, out of those four.
We (my family) have a 1993 Acura (Honda) Legend at 202K miles that runs splendidly (except for a seeping HG issue, which is due to fix).
We also have a 1999.5 Nissan Pathfinder LE that has been giving us issues, mostly with the transmission, since about 2003. It has about 175K miles on the ticker now.
Finally, we have a 2005 Lexus ES330 that has been trouble-free so far. However, it's used in limited portions, meaning it's not expected to go through the rough. About 30K miles on it.
My uncle had a 1990 Toyota Camry that lasted his family until about 1999 or 2000. It still worked well when they traded it off for another Toyota.
I don't know anything about Mazdas.
Ride more.
Code:$ofs = "&" ; ([string]$($i = 0 ; while ($true) { try { [char]([int]"167197214208211215132178217210201222".substring($i,3) - 100) ; $i = $i+3 > catch { break >>)).replace('&','') ; $ofs=" " # Replace right angles with right curly braces
I've loved my Accords over the years, but the new one lost some of its driving spirit. They used to be a bit more sporty, but the new one drives more like the Camry. The Altima is probably the best drivers car now of the group.
The Altimas are definitely impressive, but I don't think I could get another Nissan unless it's cheap; the common cars depreciate extremely fast, and the parts wear at about the same rate.
Ride more.
Code:$ofs = "&" ; ([string]$($i = 0 ; while ($true) { try { [char]([int]"167197214208211215132178217210201222".substring($i,3) - 100) ; $i = $i+3 > catch { break >>)).replace('&','') ; $ofs=" " # Replace right angles with right curly braces
Go over to Freysinger's and talk to Hector at Mazda. I don't know if Faulkner has the same maintenance deal, but I have been very satisfied both by the program and the service at Freysinger's. My CX-7 drives circles around just about anything else I've ever driven, and it's a crossover. Daughter has a Mazda 3 and loves it too. 6 is a little nicer than the 3. If you haven't driven one, I'd suggest doing so.
In search of what to search for.
Get a Subaru.
Merton Enthusiast
Out of those, a Toyota. But I wouldn't buy any of those options to start with.
I love my '04 Accord coupe. Hawt.
altima. i like the look of the new design for 08. almost sporty looking like the Z. almost. later.
Hmmm, Mazda seems very motivated to get rid of the '08's. I suppose the 09 model change has something to do with that...
Where's the option for a Hayabusa?
1 bronze, 0 silver, 1 gold
Equally equipped cars for roughly equal prices...
Why wasn't there a "throw the dice" option?
Other than the "I like the looks" or the unsubstantiated "Brand Z is better" what is the real difference?
I'll tell you. You have to ask one additional question... Which one offers the best color?
Slow Ride Cyclists of NEPA
People do not seem to realize that their opinion of the world is also a confession of character.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
1 bronze, 0 silver, 1 gold
They're all the same. Booooorrrriiiiinnnnnggg
Are you a registered member? Why not? Click here to register. It's free and only takes 27 seconds! Help out the forums, abide by our community guidelines.
Get one of these fine machines.
Heck, it even says it's a car right on the side. But no just any car.... Le Car.
Amazing what a little engineering will do to a car.
Another "none of the above"...
When it's good it's really good...And when it's bad I go to pieces - David Bowie


text:
Round 2:
Round 2:
"Today me will live in the moment, unless it's unpleasant, then me will eat cookie." -Cookie Monster
I like bikes.
Per request of some guys here I took a better picture with the adjusted saddle and fixed chain. two pics
the day she went home with me on november last year
As is sits now with a few thousand miles and in beast mode!
Cat 6 going on PRO....
Giant Defy Dura Ace : Rip/Hammer-Specialized Allez Ultegra/105 : Recovery/Spinner-Specialized Allez Red : Trainer-Kona Major(Rad) Jake : Down & Dirty
Next up in changes are:
Black Specialized Romin Pro saddle (get rid of those Ti rails for some nice and thick carbon ones)
MAYBE: Di2 upgrade... not sure or 7900 Dura ace FD and RD.
After those two things I was thinking maybe carbon stem and bars.
Cat 6 going on PRO....
My guess is you have a 17deg stem which is flipped. You have a high stack and a stem that is very level. If you had a 6 degree stem it wouldn't be as flat. Therefore you could take out some spacers and have more of an angled stem which would put your bars in roughly the same position/height. Like i said, it is not something necessary, but aesthetically, I PERSONALLY prefer seeing a 6 deg. Since your top tube has such a slope, I think a 6deg would LOOK better in my very personal opinion. There are a lot of folks that love the look of a 17deg stem.
If you look at my stem compared to yours, you can see that it has more of a rise and yours is more flat.
Last edited by bianchi10; 10-19-13 at 07:40 PM.
My Instagram feed
And yeah, the ends of the drops look to be pointing up just a little bit, but that could be an illusion caused by the angle of the TT like the stem.
2010 Litespeed Icon, Rival
1987 Nishiki Olympic 12, commuterized


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SERVPRO of Carlsbad
Faster to Any Size Disaster
Residential and Commercial Restoration and Cleaning Services
As a trusted leader in the restoration industry, SERVPRO of Carlsbad provides 24-hour emergency service and is dedicated to being faster to any size disaster. We can respond immediately to your emergency and have the expertise to handle your restoration or cleaning needs.
- 24-Hour Emergency Service
- Faster to Any Size Disaster
- Highly Trained Restoration Technicians
- A Trusted Leader in the Restoration Industry
- Locally Owned and Operated
- Advanced Restoration and Cleaning Equipment
Have Questions? Call Us Today – (760) 729-7505
Residential Services
With over 1,650 Franchises in the U.S. and Canada, SERVPRO is a trusted leader in the restoration industry and is dedicated to providing quality service. Our highly trained technicians respond quickly, whether you need water damage restoration or simply need your upholstery cleaned. You can depend on SERVPRO of Carlsbad for these residential services:
- Water Damage Restoration
- Fire Damage Restoration
- Mold Remediation
- Storm Damage Restoration
- Cleaning Services
Commercial Services
Fire and water damage can interrupt your business operations in an instant without notice. An unexpected period of lost productivity and revenue can be devastating. SERVPRO of Carlsbad has the training, equipment, and resources to get your commercial property back to business quickly. Learn more about our commercial services:
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SERVPRO of Carlsbad is locally owned and operated, so we are part of this community too. When you have a cleaning or restoration need, we're already nearby and ready to help. We take pride in being a part of the Carlsbad, CA community and want to do our part in making it the best it can be.
SERVPRO of Carlsbad proudly serves Carlsbad, Vista, Oceanside, and surrounding areas.


text:
- Detail Images
With the Sorel Women's Picnic Weave CVS Shoes comfortably on your feet, you dash about getting everything ready for an afternoon picnic in the park with your partner. Thanks to the Picnics picnic basket-inspired woven canvas toes, it gives you an airy, effortless look that makes it easy to use for everyday wear. Sorel's trademark rubber outsoles also create a carefree look for spring and summer and provide exceptional traction on sketchy terrain.
- Reviews
What do you think about this product?
Have questions about this product?
They're okay
Bought these cause they looked really cool. Unfortuantely they were really stiff the first time I wore them and the back of the shoe (near my achilles tendon) cut into my foot. Over time they've become more comfortable. Overall it's an average shoe.
Coolest Shoe Ever
Love it! This style has the coolness of a flip flop but hides my non painted toes and I am able to be active in them! Win Win


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Bring beauty and warmth to your living space with the Frigidaire Oslo Wall Hanging LED Fireplace. It features dual heat settings (750 watts and 1500 watts) to suit your various needs. Its realistic flame effect, with up to ten attractive flame colors, compliments any home decor. You can even disable the heat to just enjoy the beauty and glow of the flame. Real pebbles are displayed at the bottom to create a more authentic look. The overheat protection with auto shut-off allows you to operate it with full confidence. A remote control is included, letting you adjust the settings freely and comfortably.
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Get the best deal on your next car
Check our best-buy table for the cheapest energy supplier
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Credit card calculator - find out how much you could save
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Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main use is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production. Chemically it is the thioester between coenzyme A (an acyl group carrier) and acetic acid. Acetyl-CoA is produced during the second step of aerobic cellular respiration, pyruvate decarboxylation, which occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Acetyl-CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle.
|CAS number
|Molecular formula
|Molar mass
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references
The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is referred to as the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. It is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The enzyme consists of 60 subunits:
The E1 subunits use TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate), the E2 subunits use lipoate and coenzyme A, and the E3 subunits use FAD and NAD+ as coenzymes.
The reaction of this complex follows three steps:
In animals, acetyl-CoA is very central to the balance between carbohydrate metabolism and fat metabolism. Normally, acetyl-CoA from fatty acid metabolism feeds into the citric acid cycle, contributing to the cell's energy supply. In the liver, when levels of circulating fatty acids are high, the production of acetyl-CoA from fat breakdown exceeds the cellular energy requirements. To make use of the energy available from the excess acetyl-CoA, ketone bodies are produced which can then circulate in the blood.
In some circumstances this can lead to an excess of ketone bodies in the blood, a condition known as ketoacidosis. This can occur in diabetes, starvation or in people following low-carbohydrate diets, all of which can cause fats to be metabolised as a major source of energy.
In plants, de novo fatty acid synthesis occurs in the plastids. Many seeds accumulate large resevoirs of seed oils to support germination and early growth of the seedling before it is a net photosynthetic organism. Fatty acids are incorporated into membrane lipids, the major component of most membranes.
It is the precursor to HMG-CoA, which, in animals, is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine, in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase.
In plants and animals, cytosolic acetyl-CoA is synthesized by ATP citrate lyase [1]. When glucose is abundant in the blood of animals, it is converted via glycolysis in the cytosol to pyruvate, and thence to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrion. The excess of acetyl-CoA results in production of excess citrate, which is exported into the cytosol to give rise to cytosolic acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA can be carboxylated in the cytosol by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, giving rise to malonyl-CoA, a substrate required for synthesis of flavonones and related polyketides, for elongation of fatty acids to produce waxes, cuticle, seed oils in members of the Brassica family, and for malonation of proteins and other phytochemicals [2].
Two acetyl-CoA can be condensed to create acetoacetyl-CoA, the first step in the HMG-CoA/ mevalonic acid pathway leading to synthesis of isoprenoids. In plants these include sesquiterpenes, brassinosteroids (hormones), and membrane sterols.
The content of this section is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License (local copy). It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Acetyl-CoA" modified March 11, 2007 with previous authors listed in its history.


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Measuring Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction of the Hotels in Malaysia: Malaysian, Asian and Non-Asian Hotel Guests
Mey, Lau Pei, Akbar, Abdolali Khatibi, Fie, David Yong Gun, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management
Given the increasing arrivals of international tourists to Malaysia, this research assessed the expectations and perceptions of service quality in Malaysia's hotels by applying a modified version of the SERVQUAL model. Comparisons among Malaysian hotel guests, hotel guests from other Asian countries, and non-Asian hotel guests were undertaken. The findings indicated, as a whole, that the hotel guests' perceptions of service quality provided by the hotel industry were lower than their expectations. The lowest expectations and perceptions were given by Malaysian hotel guests towards the hotels in Malaysia. Between Malaysian hotel guests and hotel guests from other Asian countries, there was no significant difference in the overall satisfaction levels for the sample as a whole. However, between Malaysian hotel guests and non-Asian hotel guests, the results showed that the overall customer satisfaction levels towards the hotel stay was significantly different for the sample as a whole.
Service quality has been recognised as a key factor in differentiating service products. Customer satisfaction can be secured through high-quality products and services (Getty & Getty, 2003; Gupta & Chen, 1995; Tsang & Qu, 2000). Edvardsson (1996) highlighted that the concept of service should be approached from the customer's point of view, since it was his/her perception of the outcome that constituted the service. Customers may have different values and different grounds for assessment and, most of the time, they may perceive the same service in different ways.
The concept of service quality has been the subject of many research studies in variety of service industries; even the research attention towards hospitality industry has been growing. However, these research studies were mostly focused on Australia, Korea, the United States (US), and Europe (Atilgan, Akinci, & Aksoy, 2003; Davidson, 2003; Gabbie & O'Neill, 1996; Min & Min, 1997; Wong, Dean, & White, 1999; Worsfold, 1999). Only a minimal number of research studies related to service quality in the hospitality industry in the Malaysian context can be found throughout the review of literature.
Furthermore, today's tourism business environment and the multicultural diversity of international tourists points to the importance of developing a better understanding of the culturally different tourist (Reisinger & Turner, 1999). Previous studies reported that people from different cultures have different preferences, expectations and so travel consumption patterns (Wong & Kwong, 2003). Cultural differences in value orientations and social behaviour have direct impacts on tourist holiday experiences. The hosts' ability to respond effectively to a culturally different tourist was an important element determining positive tourist holiday experiences and satisfaction (Reisinger & Turner, 1999).
As mentioned by Camison (1996), poorness or non-existence of customer satisfaction measuring systems could cause the hotel companies to be lacking in market orientation. Attributes of the service and product that add value for the customer and increase his or her satisfaction might be unknown and that gives no guide to the hotel operators for improvement projects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the expectations and the perceptions of service quality dimensions towards the hospitality industry in Malaysia from the hotel guests' perspective by applying a modified version of the SERVQUAL model (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988). This study has the following objectives:
* to examine and to compare relative importance attached by hotel guests in terms of their expectations and perceptions towards the service quality of the hotels in Malaysia according to the hotel guests' countries of residence (grouped according to geographical regions)
* to examine and to compare the levels of customer satisfaction towards their hotel stay in Malaysia according to the hotel guests' countries of residence (grouped according to geographical regions). …


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Hi mates,
I am interested in knowing about BSNL 3G data card /others for laptops.
I am working abroad ,hence my visits to home are limited. However i would like to have some srt of inet connection, that i could use during these days. I do not want to obtain the cable bb connection as its a clumsy and costly
process as is just for few days..
* regarding the bsnl 3g card, what are ur opinion? (i need the inet for basic purpose, no high end uses)
* are there similar connections by other companies, whats ur kind opinion about them (3g/others?)
* the 3g usb (bsnl) seems to cost about 2500 or so, has anyone heard of some rental program for the same?(i believed i read about it smewhere, something of rs.150 pm)
* how long wud it take for me to get a bsnl 3g connection, do i have to wait endlessly??( i maybe cming for few weeks, hence i dnt wanna risk wasting time, by applying after i get there)
* could anyone please outline me whats the general procdure for the same?and where i could obtain it
* iam based at kerala, tvm, are there any better options available for me?
thanks in advance


text:
Clark County Superior Court Judge Edwin Poyfair has announced that he does not plan to seek re-election and will retire when his term ends this year.
Poyfair, 68, has been a Superior Court judge for nearly 20 years, spending the last nine years presiding over predominantly family law cases.
"I love my job. I truly do," he said. "This is my 20th year. I believe it's the appropriate timing."
Poyfair said he wanted to make the announcement now to give his successor time to campaign for the August primary election. The filing deadline is in May.
He said it's important to him that his successor be voted in, not appointed. Over the last decade, there's been a trend of judges' retiring midway through a term, meaning the governor must appoint a replacement. The last time there was a true open race for a Superior Court judge was in 2000, when Judge John Wulle was elected.
"I want voters to make the decision," he said.
Poyfair said he plans to retire to Arizona. He said he may do some mediation work, but would not actively practice law in a courtroom.
The last Superior Court vacancy was created by the retirement of Judge Roger Bennett, who stepped down last summer but is still practicing law.
Poyfair received his law degree from Lewis and Clark College in Portland, and became a lawyer in 1972. Prior to becoming a judge, he handled domestic, personal injury, probate and estate cases in Vancouver for 20 years.
Superior Court judges have jurisdiction over all criminal cases (they directly handle felonies and, on appeal, misdemeanors), civil cases involving more than $75,000, divorces, probate cases and juvenile court.
Judges earn $148,836 a year. Poyfair expects to receive at least about $7,000 a month in pension — or about $84,000 annually — after he retires.
Laura McVicker: 360-735-4516; http://twitter.com/col_courts; http://facebook.com/reportermcvicker; firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Free Crochet Pattern from Lion Brand Yarn, formatted for input to refreshable Braille displays or Braille software
Perennial Scarf
Lion Brand® Recycled Cotton
Pattern Number: 80988AD This is a simple, elegant spring scarf.
SKILL LEVEL: Easy (Level 2)
SIZE: One Size
About 7 x 105 in. (18 x 266.5 cm)
CORRECTIONS: None
482-124 Recycled Cotton: Seashells
White combined with a light taupe
Quantity needed: 2 Skeins
Estimated Price: $ 12.98
Lion Brand Crochet Hook - Size H-8 (5 mm)
Quantity needed: 1
Estimated Price: $ 2.45
Lion Brand Large-Eye Blunt Needles (Set of 6)
Quantity needed: 1
Estimated Price: $ 3.59
1 Motif = 3 1/2 in. (9 cm) square. When you match the gauge in a pattern, your project will be the size specified in the pattern and the materials specified in the pattern will be sufficient. The needle or hook size called for in the pattern is based on what the designer used, but it is not unusual for gauge to vary from person to person. If it takes you fewer stitches and rows to make your swatch, try using a smaller size hook or needles; if more stitches and rows, try a larger size hook or needles. Making a Gauge Swatch
Exact gauges is not imporant to this project.
First Motif
Ch 5; join with sl st in first ch to form a ring.
Rnd 1: (Ch 5, sc in ring) 7 times, ch 3, dc in joining sl st (counts as ch-sp) - 8 ch-sps.
Rnd 2: Ch 1, sc in ch-sp just made, [ch 9, (sc, ch 3, sc) in next ch-5 sp, ch 5, (sc, ch 3, sc) in next ch-5 sp] 3 times, ch 9, (sc, ch 3, sc) in next ch-5 sp, ch 5, sc in beginning ch-sp, ch 3; join with sl st in first sc - 4 ch-9 sps and 4 ch-5 sps.
Fasten off.
Second Motif
Rnd 1: Work as for Rnd 1 of First Motif.
Rnd 2 (joining rnd): Ch 1, sc in ch-sp just made, ch 4, sl st in 5th ch of any ch-9 sp of First motif, ch 4, (sc, ch 3, sc) in next ch-5 sp of Second Motif, ch 2, sl st in 3rd ch of next ch-5 sp of First Motif, ch 2, (sc, ch 3, sc) in next ch-5 sp of Second Motif, ch 4, sl st in 5th ch of next ch-9 sp of First Motif, ch 4, (sc, ch 3, sc) in next ch-5 sp of Second Motif (sides of First and Second Motifs joined); complete as for Rnd 2 of First Motif.
Fasten off.
Third Motif
Work as for Second Motif, joining lower edge of Third Motif to top edge of First Motif.
Fourth Motif
Work as for Second Motif, joining one side of Fourth Motif to side of Third Motif, and lower edge of Fourth Motif to top of Second Motif.
Continue to make and join Motifs as established until Scarf measures about 105 in.
(266.5 cm) long.
Fasten off.
Weave in ends.
ch(s) = chain(s)
ch-space = space previously made
sc = single crochet
sl st = slip stitch
sp(s) = space(s)
Every effort has been made to have the knitting and crochet instructions accurate and complete. We cannot be responsible for variance of individual knitters and crocheters, human errors, or typographical mistakes.
We want your project to be a success! If you need help with this or any other Lion Brand pattern, e-mail support is available 7 days per week by mailing firstname.lastname@example.com.
For over a thousand free patterns available in versions for the vision-impaired, visit our website http://www.LionBrand.com
To order, visit our website http://www.e-yarn.com or call: (800) 258-9276 any time!
Copyright ©1998-2011 Lion Brand Yarn Company, all rights reserved. No pattern or other material may be reproduced -- mechanically, electronically, or by any other means, including photocopying -- without written permission of Lion Brand Yarn Company.
Click here for Non-Braille display:
View With Images


text:
Donkey Ambulances for Afghan Women in Labor
"Afghanistan has some of the highest maternal and infant mortality rates in the world, and a high concentration of donkeys. Enter the maternity saddle—a new invention that promises to carry women in labor across Afghanistan's difficult terrain so they can get the medical care they need."
Screengrab via.
Show Comments


text:
Please remember to follow the manual of style and code of conduct at all times.
Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in our IRC channel #bulbagarden on irc.systemnet.info.
Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in our IRC channel #bulbagarden on irc.systemnet.info.
Talk:Color Change (Ability)
From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
Shadow moves
The Gen. III-IV section says that Shadow does not apply to Color Change. Problem Solved.
~ By Caroline under Bulbagarden ~ (talk) 00:40, 11 January 2013 (UTC)
- Actually, I just ran a battle with Castform and Kecleon under Shadow Sky. Being hit with a Shadow Weather Ball changes Kecleon into a Normal-type. - Chosen of Mana 00:36, 16 March 2013 (UTC)
What is going on here?
Well? Somone who knows how neeeds to fix thisDiamond Lanturn CodeName: 05308 00:12, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
- The page seems to have corrected itself. I'm not sure what went wrong, but I assume it was probably an issue with the server. --Pokemaster97 03:08, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
Future Sight effect
This page implies that Future Sight makes Color Change turn the target Psychic in any generation. I have a feeling that this only began in Generation V, since that's when Future Sight stopped doing typeless damage, and Color Change will do something else in Genrations III-IV. Can someone confirm that Future Sight indeed makes the target a Psychic type in Generations III-IV? --TheVeryBest 22:19, 19 March 2014 (UTC)


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Classifications of lodging properties; franchising in the lodging industry
1. What are some of the classifications of lodging properties? What are some examples of real-world lodging properties that represent these classifications? What are the differences between limited-service and full-service hotels? Why do these differences exist?
2. How does franchising work in the lodging industry? When should a hotel consider becoming a part of a franchise? Explain your answer. Is franchising a successful strategy for all hotels? Why or why not?
Solution Preview
Among the lodging classifications are hotels, resorts, suites, motels, economy motels, and inns.
Hotels are usually interior access to rooms and have different levels of guest rooms. Some have common areas with restaurants, meeting rooms and offer room service. Lobbies have employees 24 hours a day. A Marriot or Ritz would qualify as Hotels. Some hotels have limited services. They still have interior access to rooms, elevators, and lobbies.
Motels are usually outside access, have limited services and have limited common areas. There are no services for food, including room service. Motel 6 and some EconoLodges are good examples. There are seldom 24 hour manned lobbies.
Resorts are ...


text:
David Minner, Faculty, Horticulture Department
In 2003 Cole Flick, Head Groundskeeper for Saints Field, Dassel, MN, contacted Dr. Dave Minner concerning the safety and playability of his Amateur League and High School baseball field. Sports turf managers in Iowa and across the country contact ISU Extension to consult with Dr. Minner to solve their athletic field problems. Many problems are related to limited resources in the face of increasing field activities. Safe and attractive playing surfaces are a source of comfort and pride for players and the community. Specifically, the Saints were having trouble with dying grass and an uneven field surface that made the field unsafe, causing reduced revenue from user groups.
The objective was to identify important problems that are faced by a wide sector of the sports turf industry and to provide practical solutions that impact a large number of sports turf managers.
Dr. Minner responded by writing three separate question and answer articles in SportsTurf Magazine related to improving baseball fields. SportTurf magazine has 25,055 readers and is the official publication of the Sport Turf Managers Association. The response to Cole Flick was titled Plush Infield www.greenmediaonline.com/st/2003/0311%5Fst/0311qa.asp . Dr. Minner prescribed an aggressive 7 step program that could be implemented by Mr. Flicks and booster club volunteers. The total cost to implement the upgrade was a mere $300, well within there means.
The following email was sent by Mr. Flick. In 2003 I wrote to you regarding infield topdressing/overseeding, and you responded with some great advice that has made significant changes in our baseball field. Since 2003, our field has become one of the best playing surfaces in the state of Minnesota. I have been notified that this October we will receive the Minnesota State High School League Coaches Association Field of The Year. I want to thank you for your advice, and for the columns you write in SportTurf magazine. I am a faithful reader of your column and use the magazine all the time. Once again, Thank You. Along with Mr. Flick 25,055 readers that have similar athletic field problems view Dr. Minners Q&A column 6 times per year for an annual contact of 150,000 Sports Turf Managers.
September 2006
106 Green Industry (Commercial Horticulture and Forestry)
Page last updated:
September 25, 2006
Page maintained by Linda Schultz, email@example.com


text:
Georgetown ISD utilizes group bus stops for students not located in a walk zone. Every effort has been made so that students do not have to walk more than four blocks to their designated bus stop. To locate the closest bus stop, you will need to know your student's grade and street address.
Online Versa-Trans Bus Route & Schedule System


text: Well, about two weeks ago, I reformatted my computer. So I reinstalled everything and Firefox and IE. But when I want to watch a streaming video, or other process requiring buffering screening of the video, I have a problem: The buffering stops randomly in an area of the video (this may very well be the first few seconds, or not done at all). I thought that it may be a problem with the FireFox, so I tried with IE 7, always the same problem. I then suspected that the problem is related with Adobe Flash Player, but I have the latest version. I just want to know why Flash Player is constantly buffering.


text:
The designer's latest wedding dress collection was packed with full-skirted, off the shoulder, wear them everyday if you could kind of gowns that are classic, but with a contemporary attention to detail. The embellishment across bodices, veils, skirts and hem lines - just beautiful.
Any bride-to-be looking to be wooed on the wedding gown front should take a little time out to twirl through this gallery. There's serious inspiration to be had from top to toe, dresses through to headgear and beyond.
And if you're jet setting to exotic climes for your big day - there's a midriff revealing ensemble complete with flower garland that has your name on it.
Vintage Wedding Cakes: How To Make Yours Authentic
Eight Things I Wish I'd Known Before Going Wedding Dress Shopping
Wedding Cakes: How To Decorate Your Own


text:
Using sighting records to infer extinction in three endemic Argentinean marsupial frogs
Version of Record online: 13 OCT 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00494.x
© 2011 The Authors. Animal Conservation © 2011 The Zoological Society of London
Animal Conservation
Volume 15, Issue 2, pages 142–151, April 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Akmentins, M. S., Pereyra, L. C., Vaira, M. (2012), Using sighting records to infer extinction in three endemic Argentinean marsupial frogs. Animal Conservation, 15: 142–151. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00494.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 29 MAR 2012
- Version of Record online: 13 OCT 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: 31 AUG 2011
- Manuscript Received: 16 DEC 2010
Funded by
- Secter-UNJu. Grant Number: # D-084
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- anurans;
- Argentina;
- conservation status;
- Gastrotheca;
- museum collections;
- threat inferences;
- Yungas montane forest
Three species of marsupial frogs of the genus Gastrotheca are at the forefront of amphibian conservation concern in Argentina. Most of the data available on these amphibian species in the country are in the form of museum collections. In this study, we use the recent rediscovery of G. gracilis to test the applicability of a series of probabilistic methods and a trend analysis to analyse the sighting records in the marsupial frog species of Argentina, and to assess the probability that G. christinani and G. chrysosticta are still extant. The results suggest that the two marsupial frog species are still extant, but probably declining. Based on these results, we suggest as a precautionary measure to raise the actual conservation status of these marsupial frog species to Critically Endangered.


text:
TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) — Former Arizona coach Mike Stoops was an emotional leader, often screaming and jumping around on the sideline.
His interim replacement, Tim Kish, may be the anti-Stoops.
Calm and seemingly always cool, Kish had made it one of his goals to get the players to have fun over the second half of the season.
Stoops was fired on Monday after posting a 41-50 record over eight seasons and a 1-5 start this year.
Kish, a 36-year veteran in coaching, was named coach for the rest of the season after serving as the Wildcats' defensive coordinator.
Arizona has a bye this week before playing its next game, Oct. 20 against UCLA.


text:
- Home
- Gluten-Free Recipes
- Gluten-Free Recipes: American & International Foods
- Gluten-Free American, British/UK Recipes
- Barbequed Ribs (Gluten-Free)
Barbequed Ribs (Gluten-Free)
- By Scott Adams
- Published 04/29/2008
- Gluten-Free American, British/UK Recipes
- Unrated
Scott Adams
In 1994 I was diagnosed with celiac disease, which led me to create Celiac.com in 1995. I created this site for a single purpose: To help as many people as possible with celiac disease get diagnosed so they can begin to live happy, healthy gluten-free lives. Celiac.com was the first site on the Internet dedicated solely to celiac disease. In 1998 I founded The Gluten-Free Mall, Your Special Diet Superstore!, and I am the co-author of the book Cereal Killers, and founder and publisher of Journal of Gluten Sensitivity.View all articles by Scott Adams
This recipe comes to us from "ksymonds84" in the Gluten-Free Forum.
2 racks of baby back ribs
1/3 cup of McCormick's Grill Mates Barbeque
1 bottle of gluten-free beer
Gluten-free barbeque sauce
Remove the casing on the back side of ribs. Pour the bottle of beer in a large jelly roll pan. Add the ribs to the pan and sprinkle them with McCormick's. Cover tightly in foil and bake in the oven at 200F degrees for 4½ hours (up to 6 hours depending on size of ribs--we used small ones). Next, lightly coat the ribs with Gluten-Free Barbeque sauce and grill them on medium heat for 15 minutes. The ribs should fall off the bone and be very yummy!
As always, Celiac.com welcomes your comments (see below).