text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|May 17, 2005
|Filing date
|May 19, 2000
|Priority date
|May 21, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|John J. Erickson, Peter A. Daley, Robert W. Gardner, Michael B. Browning, Thomas Baranek, Douglas K. Robinson, Douglas J. McCrosson, Chang Woo Nam
|Original Assignee
|John J. Erickson, Peter A. Daley, Robert W. Gardner, Michael B. Browning, Thomas Baranek, Douglas K. Robinson, Mccrosson Douglas J., Chang Woo Nam
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (16), Classifications (20), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/135,374, filed May 21, 1999.
The invention generally relates to the field of articles comprising phase change material-containing material. It is particularly, but not exclusively, suited for use in shoes designed for use in various athletic endeavors, such as tennis shoes, basketball shoes, golf shoes, etc. It is also suited for work shoes, dress shoes, boots, overshoes, climbing or hiking footwear, and other footwear, as well protective articles.
A long-standing goal has been to provide comfortable footwear for active uses, which can prevent against temperature rise of the feet during such activity. Previously available temperature-controlled insoles are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,460 to Bryant et al. Such footwear articles include phase change-type materials in microcapsules which are in a base material.
The invention is based on the discovery that footwear, protective apparel, apparel accessories and the like, can include an article containing temperature-stabilizing material, or alternatively, components of at least two types, each containing temperature-stabilizing material, which article can effectively maintain an individual or object at a comfortably or suitably low temperature. Temperature-stabilizing material is integral to, and dispersed throughout the article. In certain embodiments at least two types of components have different temperature-stabilizing material having distinct phase change temperatures, chosen to provide maximum protection against temperature increase, for example, to provide a footwear user with maximum comfort under active conditions. The results of this increased comfort include enhanced performance, greater stamina and a higher level of enjoyment of such activities. The specific manner, and locations of temperature-stabilizing material are described herein.
As used in the claims and specification, "normal skin surface temperature" refers to the temperature range of skin surface temperatures (particularly of the foot) from about 88� F. to about 94� F.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.
The inventive articles described herein provide increased resistance to temperature increase of persons or objects in contact with the articles. When employed in footwear, the articles provide increased comfort to the user, by inhibiting temperature rise of the feet which can otherwise occur under active conditions. The inventive articles employed in footwear are directed to providing cooling foot comfort to the wearer under warm ambient conditions, as well as to wearers undertaking physical activity. Further, particularly with respect to footwear containing temperature-stabilizing materials with multiple phase change temperatures, the inventive articles allow fabrication of travel, athletic or leisure footwear which can extend the seasonality or geographic scope of the footwear. Travelers can equally comfortably utilize footwear made with temperature-stabilizing articles in a cool environment and a warm environment. Similarly, footwear useful for an outdoor sport such as golf, for example, can be equally comfortably used in cold and hot weather without the need for alternating footwear. Thus, the temperature-stabilizing articles find utility in travel/adventure shoes, as well as in golf footwear.
Foot temperature inside shoes is influenced by a number of factors, including heat input from a warm surface upon which the wearers walk, heat input from direct sunlight, heat generated from the body which cannot easily be dissipated to the environment through typical shoes made to keep exterior or outside moisture away from the foot, and by frictional forces between the foot and inner shoe surfaces, as well as by other processes. Thus, the foot can be effectively viewed as a microclimate. By controlling and minimizing as many of these heat sources as possible, undesirable increases in foot temperature can be minimized. Above a given temperature, the feet begin to feel uncomfortable. Although this temperature varies according to individual tolerances, temperatures above approximately 95� F. may begin to be perceived as uncomfortable. The goal of the invention is to provide the feet with a quasi-equilibrium temperature which is perceived to be comfortable by the wearer.
In one aspect, the invention involves products, such as footwear, including articles having a temperature-stabilizing material with a phase change temperature, which temperature-stabilizing material are incorporated into a flexible and resilient base material. The phase change temperature associated with the article is selected to minimize the temperature rise of a person or object, particularly during physical exertion of the person. In addition to footwear, the base material can be adapted to be positioned within protective and apparel products such as footwear, helmets, elbow, knee or shin guards, or straps for a backpack, for example.
In another aspect, the invention involves the use of footwear including at least two types of articles, each of which includes a temperature-stabilizing material, each type having a distinct phase change temperature, and each incorporated into a flexible and resilient base material. For example, one phase change temperature can be below normal skin temperature and another phase change temperature can be above normal skin temperature.
The invention as a whole acts to reduce the temperature rise of a person (for example of their feet) during activity. This is accomplished by providing temperature-stabilizing material with specific phase change temperatures or specific positioning of temperature-stabilizing material for the maintenance of a particularly comfortable skin temperature. The article, for example, footwear maintains a perception of coolness for an extended time, against the rise in foot temperature which would otherwise occur.
When incorporated into articles of footwear, the inventive article can be used in, for example, shoes of many general types. Preferred among shoes are those which substantially protect the foot from external conditions. Thus, sandals or other substantially open shoes are not generally useful for the purposes of the invention. Other shoes which are considered useful for the invention are those which, for reasons of their function, require the foot to be substantially enclosed. Such shoes include athletic shoes, including shoes for basketball, tennis, golf, volleyball, baseball, football, soccer, hiking, climbing, and similar indoor and outdoor sports and activities. Other shoes which are useful in the present invention are work shoes, and work boots. Particularly useful are shoes which are to be used in warm environments.
The articles can take the form of footwear components to be deployed in various parts of a shoe. These articles include a base material. The base material can comprise a number of different materials, such as liquids, gels, foamed solids or nonfoamed solids. The base material desirably provides a convenient thermal path between the foot and the temperature-stabilizing material (described below) within the base material. Without a base material, the temperature-stabilizing material is not optimized to receive heat and prevent temperature increases of the foot. A base material can be flexible in parts of the shoe that typically experience flexing during wear. Other parts of the shoe which are not expected to undergo much flexing can include base materials which are less flexible, including ground cork and like materials. These materials can be used, for example, in the sole of the shoe.
Among desirable base materials are flexible and resilient materials such as polymeric material. Useful polymeric base materials such as a moldable foamed organic plastic are envisioned for use in the invention. Examples of acceptable polymeric materials are polyurethane, ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, latex, polyethylene, polypropylene, butadiene, silicone, cellulose acetate, neoprene, epoxy, polystyrene, rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These materials may be foamed or not, according to the particular material selected. Foamed base material has air-containing pockets, or cells, which can either be open or closed, depending on the particular application. A useful material has been found to be a open cell, polyurethane foam obtained from Time Release, Inc. (Niagara Falls, N.Y.).
Particularly useful polymeric base materials for some applications are those with high compression resistance. This property gives good shock absorbing ability without compromising the distribution of temperature-stabilizing material. A polymeric base material with high compression resistance also possesses resistance to impact, contributing to protective properties which are useful in some applications. Such properties are desirable, for example, when an article is used in footwear and is under repeated pressure from ambulation. Preferred compression resistant polymeric base materials have a compression set of 20% or less, for example 15% or less, more preferably 10% or less.
Particularly useful polymeric base materials for some applications are those which are thermoformable, that is, those which can be shaped to assume a desired shape by the application of heat. Thermoformability of polymeric base materials leads to ease and versatility in manufacture of products containing articles employing such materials. Preferred polymeric base materials are thermoformable at temperatures below about 300� F., in order that the particular temperature-stabilizing material not be irreversibly affected by extreme temperatures.
Particularly useful polymeric base materials are those which can be loaded with effective amounts of temperature-stabilizing material. Some known polymeric base materials are limited in their capacity to integrally contain temperature-stabilizing material, since increased loading can compromise the structure of these polymeric base materials. For example, polymeric base materials useful in articles described herein can contain from about 15% to about 35% temperature-stabilizing material by weight, based on the weight of polymeric base material. Preferred polymeric base materials can contain from about 20% to about 35% temperature-stabilizing material by weight, or from about 20% to about 30%. Suitably thin layers of such base materials can contain at least about 400 g/m2 of temperature-stabilizing material such as microencapsulated phase change material. More preferably, useful polymeric base materials include at least about 425 g/m2 of THERMASORB� 83, for example, 450 g/m2 of THERMASORB� 83.
Particularly useful polymeric base materials are those with specific gravities above about 0.75, for example, above about 0.80, or preferably, above about 0.90, more preferably, above about 0.93, for example, 0.922 or 0.934.
Particularly useful polymeric base materials are those with high durometer ratings. The Durometer Hardness Test can be found in ASTM standard D 1706 and D 2240. This test measures depth of indentation under a load when a hardened steel indentor is pressed into a sample with a calibrated spring force. A durometer of type A is used for nonrigid materials. Preferred polymeric base materials have hardnesses, for example, of at least 20 Shore A, or preferably at least 21 Shore A, more preferably at least 22 Shore A, for example 23 Shore A or more, when the base material is unloaded with temperature stabilizing material. When polymeric base material is loaded to 30% by weight with temperature-stabilizing material (for example, THERMASORB� 83), the hardnesses are desirably at least about 5 Shore A, more preferably at least about 10 Shore A, and more desirably at least about 15 Shore A. Excessive hardness can be undesirable for articles used in some applications, either for reasons of potential brittleness or for comfort of the material when in contact with a person. For example, for applications in which the article is used as a footwear component in the insole region of footwear, Shore A hardnesses are preferably less than about 35.
Particularly useful polymeric base materials are those with tensile strength above about 8 kg/cm2, preferably above about 10 kg/cm2, for example, 11 kg/cm2. Particularly useful polymeric base materials are those with elongations of about 800%. Particularly useful polymeric base materials are those with abrasion resistance of 44% (NBS). Particularly useful polymeric base materials are those with tear strength of at least 3 kg/cm, for example at least 3.6 kg/cm, or at least 5.3 kg/cm. Particularly useful polymeric base material are those with resiliencies of at least 40%, for example at least 43% or at least 47%. Preferred polymeric base materials are those which possess the above qualities simultaneously when loaded to about 30% by weight with temperature-stabilizing material, for example, THERMASORB� 83. The test methods for the determination of these properties are the appropriate ASTM test methods.
A particularly useful polymeric base material has a combination of the properties of high compression resistance, resilience, thermoformability, loading, high specific gravity, durability, tensile strength, elongation and abrasion resistance described above. Non-foamed polymeric base materials can be suitable. Non-foamed polymeric base materials do not tend to hold moisture, which can lead to corrosion, bacterial growth, and associated odor, contamination and the like. Suitable base materials have been found to be, for example, butadiene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, natural rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber, ethylene propylene-diene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber and silicone rubber. These materials can be fabricated as solids, gels or foamed solids according to methods known to those of skill in the art. Other base materials which may be suitable include polyurethane, acryl latex, and natural latex. In some preferred embodiments, rubbers are suitable, such as butadiene rubber.
Different polymeric materials can be used as base materials in the inventive articles to be used in different parts of the article. For example, in applications in which the article is employed in a shoe, desirably, a denser, more durable base material, such as a non-foamed material can be used for the insole portion of the shoe. For example, a base material to be used in the insole portion of a shoe can comprise polyurethane, or another resilient polymer. A preferred base material for an insole is polyurethane foam, or in some applications, butadiene rubber applied to a polyurethane foam or other traditional insole.
For upper portions of a shoe, it is desirable that the base material be somewhat less dense, and more breathable than in other portions of a shoe. For example, a base material to be used in the tongue, vamp, or collar portion of the shoe can comprise a styrene-butadiene random or block copolymer, or a styrene-butadiene polymer blend, which can be foamed or not foamed.
Similarly, the densities of foamed polymers can vary from about 3 pounds per cubic foot to about 15 pounds per cubic foot. Preferably, the densities can vary from about 4 to about 12 pounds per cubic foot. The densities of the foamed base material can be different for articles to be used in different parts of a product. For example, the density of the base material to be used in articles such as footwear components used in the insole region of a shoe can range from about 3 to about 15 pounds per cubic foot, but is preferably from about 6 to about 12 pounds per cubic foot. The density of the base material to be used in articles such as footwear components to be placed in the tongue, vamp or collar portions of a shoe can also range from about 3 to about 15 pounds per cubic foot, but preferably lower, in the range of from about 4 to about 8 pounds per cubic foot.
The densities of polymeric base materials that are not foamed can be higher, for example, specific gravities for nonfoamed polymeric base material in an article used as a footwear component in an insole region of a shoe can be at least about 0.75, preferably at least about 0.80, more preferably at least about 0.85, even more preferably at least about 0.88. In other applications in which compressive or other forces are less, the specific gravities of the base material can be less, to lighten the articles or to increase flexibility. Specific gravities for nonfoamed polymeric base material to be used in an upper portion of a shoe (tongue, vamp or collar) can be at least about 0.6.
Similarly, the thickness of the base material can vary from about 0.5 to about 10 mm, preferably from about 1.0 to about 6 mm. For base material in an article such as a footwear component to be used as the insole portion of a shoe, we prefer the range from about 0.5 mm to about 6 mm.
For comfort and feel, the base material can be covered with a number of materials, including fabrics, polymeric materials, and other covering materials which do not substantially impede heat transfer between the person or object to be kept cool and the base material. For surfaces of the article which are not meant to contact the person or object to be kept cool, this restriction does not apply.
The temperature-stabilizing material can be encapsulated in microcapsules (called MicroPCM), or in larger capsules. Microcapsules offer a greater surface area for a given amount of temperature-stabilizing material however, which leads to more efficient heat transfer from the base material. Encapsulated temperature-stabilizing material can be encapsulated in leak resistant microcapsules. Further, the microencapsulated temperature-stabilizing materials can be individually surroundingly encapsulated and embedded within the base material. Additionally, substantially all the microcapsules can be spaced apart from each other, the space between neighboring adjacent microcapsules being base material, or, if the base material is foamed, base material and air or other gas. Microcapsules of temperature-stabilizing material can range in size from about 1.0 to about 1000 microns and are formed according to conventional methods well known to those of skill in the art.
The temperature-stabilizing material can be a phase change-type material. The phase change materials remove some of the heat from the sorbent material simply through storage of sensible heat. In other words, they heat up as the heat source (foot and surrounding shoe material, for example) heats up, removing heat from the heat source. However, the most effective function of the phase change material is in the phase change itself. An extremely large quantity of heat is absorbed by a suitable phase change material in connection with the phase change (that is, change from a solid phase to a liquid phase, or change from a liquid phase to a vapor phase). There is typically no change in the temperature of the phase change material during the phase change, despite the relatively substantial amount of heat required to effect the change, which heat is absorbed during the change. Phase change materials which change from a solid to a liquid, absorbing from the sorbent their latent heat of fusion, are the most practical in a closed system.
Suitable phase change materials for particular applications may be selected from paraffin, naphthalene, sulphur, hydrated calcium chloride, bromocamphor, cetyl alcohol, cyanamide, eleudic acid, lauric acid, hydrated sodium silicate, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, disodium phosphate, hydrated sodium carbonate, hydrated calcium nitrate, Glauber's salt, potassium, sodium and magnesium acetate.
Examples of such phase change materials are paraffinic hydrocarbons having carbon chain lengths of between about 13 and 30 carbon atoms. Additionally, materials such as 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (DMP), and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (HMP) and the like can be used as the temperature-stabilizing material.
Number of
Melting Point
Each of the above materials can be separately encapsulated and is most effective near the melting point indicated. The materials can also be blended within individual capsules or microcapsules to give temperature-stabilizing materials of a virtually continuous range of phase change temperatures. It will be seen from the foregoing that the effective temperature range of the article can be tailored to operate optimally in a specific environment by selecting the phase change temperature and adding microcapsules containing the corresponding temperature-stabilizing material to the article. As mentioned, in one aspect, the products can include at least two types of articles having at least two different temperature-stabilizing materials. According to this aspect, each type of article functions to stabilize a different temperature, and can be located in a different part of the product.
For the present invention, it is desirable that the phase change material used in the article according to one aspect of the invention undergo its phase change at a temperature which is somewhat lower than the skin temperature of person at rest. Resting skin temperatures (including resting foot temperatures) can range from about 88� F. to about 95� F. (that is, from about 31� C. to about 35� C.). Elevated skin temperatures can range from about 90� F. to about 98� F. and above. Therefore it is desirable that phase change material to be used in this aspect of the present invention undergo its phase change at temperatures of about 78� F. to about 100� F. (that is, from about 25� C. to about 38� C.). Preferably, the phase change material undergoes its phase change at temperatures from about 80� F. to about 86� F. (that is, from about 26.6� C. to about 30.0� C.) or from about 92� F. to about 98� F. (that is, from about 33.3� C. to about 36.6� F.).
Microencapsulated phase change materials are available, for example, from Frisby Technologies (Winston-Salem, N.C.). One such suitable material is THERMASORB� 83, which undergoes a solid-liquid phase transition at about 83� F. (that is, 28.3� C.). Another such suitable material is THERMASORB� 95, which undergoes a solid-liquid phase transition at about 95� F. (that is, 35� C.). Another such suitable material is THERMASORB� 65, which has a solid-liquid phase transition temperature of about 65� F. (that is, 18.3� C.). Another such suitable material is THERMASORB� 122, which has a solid-liquid phase transition temperature of about 122� F. (that is, 50� C.). These materials are able to absorb between about 165 and 210 Joules per gram of THERMASORB� microcapsules. These materials can be blended in a polymeric base material to create articles with a range of transition temperatures. Such blends can be made homogeneously (that is, even distribution of temperature-stabilizing materials of more than one type throughout a polymeric base material), or non-homogeneously (that is, concentration of a particular temperature-stabilizing material in one region of a base material, and concentration of another temperature-stabilizing material in another region of the base material). Alternatively, temperature-stabilizing materials can be distributed non-evenly within a base material, so that they are localized, for example, in a region of higher expected heat input, or heat loss than another region having either less, or even no, temperature-stabilizing material.
According to another aspect of the invention, it has been found that it can be important for comfort that there be a perception of coolness to be experienced by the wearer of a shoe immediately upon putting the shoe on. This perception leads to immediate satisfaction with the product and leads to increased confidence on the wearer's part that the shoe inhibits excessive temperature rise of the foot. This perception can be achieved by equipping the footwear with a first type of article having a first phase change material that undergoes a first temperature transition above typical ambient temperature (so that the phase change material is solid when the shoe is at a typical ambient temperature). At the same time, the first phase change temperature should be below that of normal resting skin temperature, so that the phase change material immediately begins removing heat from the foot. Thus, the first phase change temperature will be selected according to considerations of both normal resting foot temperature, and an expected ambient temperature for the environment in which the shoe is likely to be used. These ambient temperatures can range up to about 95� F.
For further benefits according to this further aspect of the invention, the footwear is equipped with a second type of article, having a second phase change material that undergoes a phase change at a temperature above that of normal resting skin temperature but below a temperature at which the feet feel excessively hot (approximately 97� F.). The second phase-change temperature-stabilizer acts to minimize temperature rise of the foot after the foot has reached a somewhat elevated temperature which is associated with vigorous activity.
Generally, the phase-change transition temperatures of the first and second phase-change materials are different from each other by about 5� F. to about 30� F. In a particular embodiment, the first phase-change temperature-stabilizer undergoes a transition from about 75� F. to about 90� F., or preferably from about 78� F. to about 87� F., or more preferably from about 80� F. to about 85� F.
In a particular embodiment, the second phase-change temperature-stabilizer undergoes a transition from about 85� F. to about 105� F., or preferably from about 88� F. to about 102� F., or more preferably from about 90� F. to about 100� F. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the first phase change temperature is from about 78� F. to about 87� F., and the second phase change temperature is from about 88� F. to about 102� F. For avoiding the effects of an extreme heat, a third phase change material can be included with an even higher phase change temperature, for example from about 110� F. to 130� F.
In fabricating articles according to the invention, the desired encapsulated phase change materials are added to a polymeric base material (liquid, solution, suspension, dispersion or slurry) and fabrication is accomplished according to conventional methods which may include foaming. A foamed base material can be formed by selecting a liquid polymer and/or elastomer and then causing it to be foamed. Common methods of foaming are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,460 to Bryant, and other methods are well known to those skilled in the art. Non-foamed polymeric base material can be cured, crosslinked, or otherwise brought to a substantially solid state by means known to those of skill in the art.
The temperature-stabilizing material (for example, MicroPCM) can be added to the liquid polymer/elastomer prior to hardening or curing and mixed therein to insure wetting and equal dispersion throughout the mixture. Alternatively, but less desirably, the temperature-stabilizing material can be placed into a hardened or cured polymer/elastomer by such means as skiving under a knife edge.
One important parameter of the articles is the loading (weight of temperature-stabilizing material per weight of base material) of polymeric base material. High loading can increase the ability of the article to absorb heat, while excessive loading has the potential drawback that so much of the generally more thermally conductive base material is replaced with generally less thermally conductive temperature-stabilizing material that the article does not easily transmit heat to the temperature-stabilizing material. This can result in decreased thermal coupling between the heat source (foot) and heat sink (for example, microencapsulated phase change material, or MicroPCM). Further, high loading can alter the structure of the base material, and thereby its properties, which may be important for the utility of the base material. So there exists a balance between efficient heat transfer through the base material, and base material functionality on the one hand, and heat uptake capability on the other. It should also be noted that, generally, the higher the loading (increasing the capacity for heat uptake), the more energy transfer required to regenerate the phase change material.
Typical concentrations of microencapsulated phase change materials added to the base polymer material in a range from about 20% to about 60% by weight, preferably from about 25% to about 50%. The loading range can be different for different densities of foam, so that a less dense foam will be able to be loaded to a lesser extent while retaining its essential characteristics and properties for use in the invention than a denser foam would be. Foams of density of about 3 pounds of base material per cubic foot will generally be loaded with microPCM up to about 40-50% by weight. Foams of densities of about 9 pounds of base material per cubic foot will generally be loaded with microPCM up to about 50-60% by weight.
The loading can be different for articles to be placed in different parts of a product. For example, for an article used as a footwear component, to be placed in the position of an insole, the loading can be from about 20% to about 60%, or from about 30% to about 50% (that is, 40% microcapsules by weight of base polymer). For an article used as a footwear component to be placed in the tongue, vamp or collar portion of a shoe, the loading can be from about 20% to about 60%, or from about 20% to about 40%.
When the product is a shoe, such shoes can contain from about 2 to about 16 ounces of microPCM per pair of shoes. Thus, a pair of shoes according to the invention can absorb from about 350 to about 4000 Joules of heat. Preferably, a pair of shoes according to the invention is designed to absorb from about 1000 to about 3500 Joules of heat, and more preferably from about 2000 to about 3500 Joules of heat.
The articles can be placed in any part of the product. When the product is a shoe, and the article is a footwear component which can act as a portion of, or the entirety of any of these parts of footwear: an insole, a tongue, a vamp, a collar, sides, a heel, and other portions of a shoe where the prevention of temperature rise of the feet is desirable, and good thermal contact can be made with the foot. Some areas of the foot are more thermally sensitive than others, and the inventive articles as footwear components can be especially effective if incorporated into parts of the shoe meant to contact these areas, for example, the instep of the foot. Certain areas of a shoe will alternatively make good thermal contact with the ground surface and can prevent the temperature rise of the wearer's feet in that way. The method of attachment of the articles is not critical to the invention. Typically, the articles are glued or sewn into the product, for example, into the footbeds of shoes. Shoes can also be made so that the footwear components are integral to the shoes and attachment is not required. General methods of manufacturing shoes are well known to those of skill in the art. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, upon reading this detailed description, how to go about manufacturing a shoe generally described herein.
In a particular example, an article comprising a butadiene rubber base material and microencapsulated phase change material can be incorporated into a shoe insole, for example in the heel region, or in the toe crest. Shoe insoles can be made of a polymeric material having high compression resistance. Suitable materials for footwear insoles include polyurethane, ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, latex, polyethylene, polypropylene, butadiene, silicone, cellulose acetate, neoprene, epoxy, polystyrene, rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In some preferred embodiments, closed cell foamed EVA copolymer is suitable.
In another embodiment, temperature-stabilizing material is dispersed throughout a base material of ground cork and inserted into the sole of a shoe or boot. Typically, an inner portion of a rubber sole can be hollowed out and the rubber replaced with a less dense material without sacrificing the strength of the sole. This less dense material can be a footwear component as described above.
The temperature-stabilizing ability of the articles can be initially realized, or regenerated, by placing the article, or product containing the article, in an environment which is below the phase transition temperature of the temperature-stabilizing material of the article or product, for a period long enough to convert all (or at least part of) the liquid material into solid material.
The invention further provides a method of preventing the temperature rise of a person or object. The method comprises thermally charging (or regenerating) an article substantially as described above. Thermal charging involves ensuring that at least some, preferably all, of the phase change type material is in the solid phase. This can be done by leaving the article, or product containing the article, in ambient temperature which is below the phase transition temperature of the phase change type material, or by placing the article or product in a refrigerator or other cool place for the same purpose. The article or product are then placed in contact with a person or object, for example, with a wearer's feet. Physical activity (including strenuous physical activity such as hiking, climbing, running, walking, engaging in sports including basketball, football, baseball, volleyball, soccer, and the like) can then be undertaken without the temperature rise of the feet which would be experienced while wearing conventional shoes.
The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
The following examples illustrate the properties of certain embodiments of the invention.
The treadmill test was carried out as follows. A test subject was given socks and a pair of shoes to wear. Care was taken that the fit of the shoes was proper, as it had previously been observed that improper shoe fit can give unreliable results.
Foot temperatures were measured by an Agema 570 IR camera in an environmentally controlled room (room temperature was 72� F.; 22.2� C.; humidity 40%). Each test subject sat on a stool, with their calves over another stool to ensure that the feet were suspended in air and not making any contact with the other foot or the ground during measurement. Foot temperatures were recorded as the average recordings of three different areas of the foot: the bottom of the foot, the instep or top of the foot, and the arch of the foot. An initial foot temperature was recorded, prior to exercise, which is the baseline. Immediately prior to exercise, another measurement was taken, which is time zero. Subjects walked at 2.5 mph on a Precor C964 treadmill (no incline) for 45 minutes. Every five minutes, the treadmill was stopped, and the subject proceeded directly to the stools, removed the test shoes and socks and measurement of the foot temperature was undertaken immediately. The subject then replaced the socks and shoes on the feet and continued the treadmill test. After 45 minutes, the subject rested and foot temperature was taken again (resting).
The configuration of the footwear according to certain embodiments of the invention was as follows.
Footwear according to Example 1 is the FootJoy Dry I.C.E. golf shoe with 2.3�0.25 mm of 83� F. phase change material-containing foam in the tongue lining and collar portions of the shoe, and 2.75�0.25 mm of 83� F. phase change material-containing foam in the insole of the shoe.
This particular exemplary embodiment of the invention was compared to footwear without any phase change material present, or with phase change material present only in the insole of the shoe. The configuration of the footwear according to Comparative Examples was as follows.
Footwear according to Comparative Example 1 is the FootJoy DryJoys GX golf shoe, with phase change material in the insole portion of the shoe. This shoe has a 2.75�0.25 mm thick, 9 pound per cubic foot polyurethane foam as the insole, loaded to 40% by weight with phase change material undergoing a phase change at about 83� F. (28.3� C.).
Footwear according to Comparative Example 2 is the FootJoy DryJoy golf shoe without any phase change material incorporated. Footwear according to Comparative Example 3 is the Etonic Difference Tour golf shoe. Footwear according to Comparative Example 4 is the Reebok DMX Trac golf shoe. Footwear according to Comparative Example 5 is the Etonic Difference golf shoe. Footwear according to Comparative Example 6 is the Nike SSL golf shoe. Footwear according to Comparative Example 7 is the Adidas Saddle Stripe golf shoe. Footwear according to Comparative Example 8 is the Nike Air Zoom Tour T≠C golf shoe.
The resulting time-temperature graph is shown in FIG. 4. The baseline temperatures for all of the products without phase change material were in a tight range between 95.07 to 97.47� F. The baseline temperatures for subjects' feet wearing the footwear of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were lower, due to the immediate cooling effect of the phase change material-containing foams in these shoes. As the subjects walked, their feet temperature increases while wearing footwear according to Comparative Examples 3-8 were all greater than those while wearing footwear according to Comparative Examples 1 or 2, or Example 1. After only 5 minutes, the foot temperature of subjects wearing footwear according to Comparative Example 2 was over 1� F. cooler than that of those wearing footwear according to Comparative Example 3, and 4� F. cooler than that of those wearing footwear according to Comparative Example 8. The difference in temperatures had widened by the end of the test, so that the foot temperature of subjects wearing footwear according to Comparative Example 2 was 2.2� F. cooler than that of those wearing footwear according to Comparative Example 3, and 4.4� F. cooler than that of those wearing footwear according to Comparative Example 8.
The footwear containing phase change material in the insole (Comparative Example 1), and in the insole, tongue, and collar (Example 1) resulted in an even more dramatic prevention of the rise of foot temperature of the subjects. These footwear showed a reduction in the subjects' foot temperature from the time they were put on, throughout the test, and to the end of the test.
The footwear according to Comparative Example 1 reduced subjects' foot temperature approximately 4� F. compared to Comparative Example 3, and over 6□F compared to Comparative Example 6.
The footwear according to Example 1 reduced subjects' foot temperature approximately 6 to 6.5� F. compared to Comparative Example 3, and 7.5 to 10� F. compared to Comparative Example 8.
Surprisingly, after 45 minutes of waling, the subjects wearing the footwear according to Example 1 had approximately the same foot temperature as subjects wearing footwear according to Comparative Examples 3-8 had before ever walking.
Butadiene rubber containing 30% by weight (based on the weight of the rubber) of microencapsulated phase change material, or MicroPCM (THERMASORB�, Frisby Technologies; Winston-Salem, N.C.) was prepared and physical properties below were measured by standard testing methods according to ASTM standards. One sample contained THERMASORB� 83 (Sample A) and one sample contained THERMASORB� 95 (Sample B).
Properties of MicroPCM-containing Butadiene Rubber
Sample A
Sample B
Hardness (Shore A)
Specific Gravity
Tensile Strength
Elongation (%)
Tear Resistance
Resiliency (%)
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Sep 8, 1969
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|University Patents Inc
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|Pennwalt Corporation
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|Aug 15, 1989
|Mainstream Engineering Corporation
|Micro-climate control vest
|Jul 13, 1994
|Mar 19, 1996
|Bryant; Yvonne G.
|Moldable foam insole with reversible enhanced thermal storage properties
|Jun 2, 1995
|Aug 6, 1996
|Donna Karan Shoe Company
|Mar 19, 1996
|Jun 10, 1997
|Colvin; David P.
|Thermally enhanced foam insulation
|Sep 30, 1997
|Jul 28, 1998
|Walter Mauch
|Shoe insole
|Feb 21, 1996
|Oct 27, 1998
|Acushnet Company
|Conforming shoe construction using gels and method of making the same
|Jul 14, 1992
|Dec 21, 1999
|Buckley; Theresa M.
|Flexible composite material with phase change thermal storage
|Jul 13, 1993
|Feb 3, 1994
|Buckley Theresa M
|Phase change thermal control materials, method and apparatuses
|Jun 13, 1995
|Dec 21, 1995
|Gateway Technologies, Inc.
|Energy absorbing fabric coating and manufacturing method
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 23, 2007
|May 17, 2011
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with lightweight sole assembly
|Jan 26, 2009
|Jun 12, 2012
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with two part midsole assembly
|Mar 11, 2011
|Aug 19, 2014
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with lightweight sole assembly
|Nov 30, 2012
|Jun 23, 2015
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with insertable lightweight interior midsole structure
|May 23, 2007
|Oct 9, 2008
|Nike, Inc.
|Article Of Footwear With Lightweight Sole Assembly
|Jan 26, 2009
|Jul 29, 2010
|Cook Christopher S
|Article of Footwear with Two Part Midsole Assembly
|Mar 17, 2011
|Wolverine World Wide, Inc.
|Water barrier for footwear
|May 19, 2011
|Outlast Technologies, Inc.
|Fibers and articles having combined fire resistance and enhanced reversible thermal properties
|Jun 30, 2011
|Nike, Inc.
|Article Of Footwear With Lightweight Sole Assembly
|Jul 9, 2013
|Nov 7, 2013
|Msd Consumer Care, Inc.
|Footwear insole for high heel shoes
|May 24, 2007
|Sep 16, 2015
|May 24, 2007
|Sep 18, 2013
|Nike International Ltd.
|Article of footwear with lightweight sole assembly
|May 24, 2007
|Dec 6, 2007
|Nike, Inc.
|Article of footwear with lightweight sole assembly
|May 24, 2007
|Jun 5, 2008
|Nike Inc
|Article of footwear with lightweight sole assembly
|Oct 16, 2009
|Apr 22, 2010
|Verenigde Bedrijven Nimco B.V.
|Laminate material for producing footwear, and device produced therefrom
|Oct 16, 2009
|Dec 1, 2011
|Verenigde Bedrijven Nimco B.V.
|Laminate material for producing footwear, and device produced therefrom
|U.S. Classification
|36/43, 36/2.6, 428/320.2, 36/45
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 13, 2005
Owner name: SILICON VALLEY BANK, CALIFORNIA
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text:
Third Circuit Upholds Online Gambling Ban
By Caitlyn Ross – Edited by Amanda Rice
Interactive Media Entertainment and Gaming Association Inc. v. Attorney General of the United States, No. 08-1981 (3d Cir. Sept. 1, 2009)
Opinion (Hosted by wired.com)
On September 1, 2009, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey decision, which upheld the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006.
Wired.com provides an overview of the case. The Wall Street Journal features an analysis of the decision and its potential effects on online gambling. Additional analysis can be found on ZDnet and Law.com. (more…)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
El Greco Sings
Stearns, Patrick, American Theatre
Musical theatre works about painters are, in a odd sort of way, like movies about baseball stars. There's no reason they shouldn't work, but they rarely do. Goya has been the subject of hugely unsuccessful pieces by Gian Carlo Menotti and Maury Yeston. Frida, a portrayal of Frida Kahlo, was a mixed success last year at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. And just last summer, a musical about Leonardo da Vinci titled Leonardo: A Portrait of Love was all but booed out of London's West End.
Even Stephen Sondheim's Sunday in the Park with George remains a controversial work, but that piece's dramatization of artistic creation was a major reason playwright Bernardo Solano and composer William Harper became convinced that the life of El Greco could be musicalized. Rather than basing the plot on one painting - as did Sondheim - Solano Solano wanted 30 or 40 portraying El Greco's inner life as well as Inquisition-dominated Spain in the 16th century. Thanks to practicality, or perhaps the insistence of set designer Robin Wagner or director Tom O'Horgan, a mere 20 paintings are dramatized as the now-finished El Greco plays at New York's Playhouse 91 through Oct. 17.
El Greco has a budget of $250,000, thanks in part to a grant from AT&T OnStage, and is the most elaborate production ever mounted by the INTAR Hispanic American Arts Center. The cumulative impact of many paintings is essential for the effect the creative team is after.
"The faces in those paintings recur over and over again, and they were, in fact, contemporaries of El Greco - friends friends and family members," said Solano, a playwright whose best-known play is Buena Vista. "So we decided from the beginning that we wanted the story to be told by characters moving in and out of the paintings as they were modeling and being painted. That's a complex thing to do, and we took a lot of liberties. But not much is known about El Greco's personal life, and that made it easier for us in a way, because then we could just let our imaginations go crazy."
The underlying ideological concept of the piece is that the Crete-born painter - who was originally named Domenikos Theotokopoulos and trained in Italy before moving to Spain, where he died in 1614 - tried to create a bridge between earth and heaven through his art. Besides exploring what is still considered a highly dissonant use of color, El Greco created figures that became increasingly elongated, almost resembling flames arching heavenward. After spending some weeks in Spain, particularly in Toledo where El Greco spent much of his creative life, Solano and Harper began to understand why.
"Toledo is this city built on a big rock with high walls," Solano said. "Because of the walls, all you can do is look up and see the heavens above you. That's the natural thing in the city - seeking a connection with the heavens." Maybe that's a high-flown extrapolation, but Solano is the first to admit that he's always been at odds with naturalism. …


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Balance this special occasion treat with smart side dishes. For example, choose a mixed green salad and vegetable.
Serve with a micro-baked potato, topped with BREAKSTONE'S or KNUDSEN Sour Cream and OSCAR MAYER Real Bacon Bits and a tossed salad topped with your favorite KRAFT Dressing.
Instead of microwaving, place ribs in large saucepot. Cover with cold water. Bring to boil. Reduce heat to low; simmer 20 min. Drain. Grill as directed above.
* Nutrition information is estimated based on the ingredients and cooking instructions as described in each recipe and is intended to be used for informational purposes only. Please note that nutrition details may vary based on methods of preparation, origin and freshness of ingredients used.
The flavor was great but they were outrageously tough. I used 2lbs of ribs instead of 4, so I boiled for only 10 minutes instead of 20. I'd recommend boiling them on the stove instead of the microwave and letting them boil for a while, then grill.
Excellent!!!! I don't eat pork but i made this for my husband, and he said its unbelievable! it was super saucy and delicious! I gave this recipe to my friend and she said her husband loved it! I will make this again and again... thanks Kraft-


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If your dreams tend toward the water, we have you covered.
Surfside on Lake Superior offers refined accommodations, warm and friendly hospitality, and all of the creature comforts and amenities you can imagine, including Waves of Superior Spa -- the North Shore's only destination spa. Enjoy four seasons of indoor relaxation and pampering and outdoor activities and adventure in one of Minnesota's most spectacular natural settings.
Surfside is the newest of the Bluefin Bay Family of Resorts, located in the breathtaking Lutsen-Tofte of Minnesota's North Shore. Whether on a romantic getaway, a relaxing retreat, or a family adventure, Surfside on Lake Superior provides the ultimate North Shore vacation experience. You work too long and too hard to settle for anything less than a year-round playground for mind, body and soul. And that's exactly what we've created for you.


text:
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I have not had much experience myself with parking so my review is based on my parents' experience with it when they drop me off and pick me up. Parking is difficult as is to be expected in a big city like Philadelphia.
A Police Force Focused on the Protection of Students – The police force is not really concerned about the presence of underage drinking . Its members are mainly concerned that students engaging in this behavior do so safely.
I live off campus and public transportation is the way to go around Philadelphia. However, I like the fact that if I'm running late, I'm able to jump into my car and grab a metered space. The caveat to this is that it's $2 for every hour with usually a max of three hours. Don't even think about just 'winging' it because the parking authority loves their job.
Greek Life:
Gender Inequity – I don't like how all of the sororities are off campus while the frats are in the center of campus. I understand that women have not always been allowed to attend here, but some things need to change. Its all about location.
Health & Safety:
Great. It's included with tuition and easy to make an appointment.
Local Area:
Great College Town – University City in Philadelphia is fantastic! There are so many different cafe's, restaurants, and historical sights to visit. There are many fraternities, clubs and groups to get involved with on campus.
Off-Campus Dining:
Philadelphia, Little Italy or French Quarter – Restaurants native to Philadelphia come with food from around the country and the world. There are plenty of international options to pick from. There is a Thai place right on campus, which is outstanding. There is also an amazing pizza place in center city (walking distance) known as Giovanni's (right by a huge Five Guys).
Biochemistry and Biophysics – I highly recommend these majors here at Penn. I'm in a biochemistry honors group that is heavy on all of the sciences and really enthusiastic about research, so I came to college and was immediately immersed in everything. It has definitely been a challenge, but the professors, curricula, and the amount of knowledge are topic quality.
Great All Around – I have found the professors, for the most part, engaging, helpful, incredibly knowledge, and interesting people. I have taken 24 courses up to this point, and I would only rate 1 or 2 as not-so-great, but definitely not bad. Penn allows excelling students to excel and for more normal students to also find their place. One amazing thing that I have found is that, no matter what subject you take a class in, you are sure to be challenged and thoroughly engaged by everything about the course.
Health & Safety:
Good for West Philly – I feel totally safe on campus, but there is semi-regular crime right around campus. Considering that we live in West Philadelphia, I think that security does a fine job in maintaining safety. There is petty theft as always, so you have to be careful, but I have always been comfortable enough here.
Party Scene:
Something for Everyone – Whether you want a college party, a night at the clubs, checking out the city, hanging out with friends, or even studying, there are people here that have the same activities they enjoy. All the options mean that you're never bored, making Philadelphia the perfect college city.
Not the Best, but Not the Worst – Philadelphia has fairly decent public transportation, and lots of taxis. If you're used to public transportation, it's pretty easy to learn. The buses are a bit confusing, as they're never on time and don't always go where they say they are. But it is a city, and everything is pretty much within walking distance or by subway/bus.
It's Ivy League – That may sound pretentious, but if you're paying over $50,000 a year for education, you damn well expect there to be good academics. And so I would say that the professors are extremely accomplished, there's awesome courses, and the work is challenging. There are interesting programs and speakers, and lots of research opportunities.
International Relations – I love my major--perhaps because it's something I'm really interested in. But more than that, if you get to know the faculty on a personal level, then you not only meet great professionals in the field, but gain wonderful advisers. They have extensive connections and love to help out their favorites in the major (normally those who participate in the major's extra programs and clubs). So be involved and work hard, and you will be rewarded--often in the form of an internship or job offer.
Party Scene:
Best nightlife is for those who are 21 and older, as many bars/restaurants are wary of underage drinkers. There are a few 18+ clubs, and how much fun you have really depends on who your with. Many fraternities hold open parties, but again, depends on who you're width and whether or no you enjoy the Greek scene. It really depends on your friends, and what your idea of a good time is.
Campus Food:
Ditch the Meal Plan ASAP – The dining halls are a horrible value. You're charged $16/meal unless you get unlimited and half the time you end up eating a sandwich because everything else they have is too gross to eat. Houston Market and the cafes that take dining dollars are good though. You're better off just using dining dollars than getting a full meal plan.
There are parking meters everywhere around campus. It costs too much to park. It's just horrible.
Sports Are Average – Varsity sports at Penn are average because students usually are busy doing work. On weekends and rivalry games (Harvard or Princeton), the crowd is ridiculous (in a good way)!
Bizarre Year – This year was kind of odd in terms of weather. There was a lot of fluctuation from season to season, dry spells to thunderstorms, calm to windy. It can get to you, especially on long walks to class.
WONDERFUL Experience – My parents had a wonderful experience with the financial aid department when I was an undergrad (1994-1997), and I have had the same excellent experience now in grad school. UPenn had a very easy to use online system for loan applications, Student Financial Services is always available, and they really do try to find you as much aid as possible. I could not be more pleased with my experiences here.
Nursing School Unparalleled – I LOVE the nursing school. They really do prepare you to be a leader in the nursing field. You can learn the skills of nursing in other programs, but UPenn Nursing really helps you to excel in the field. The workload is heavy, the curriculum challenging, and the facilities top notch. It all adds up to a terrific experience that prepares you to succeed.
Great Availability – Computer labs can get crowded near finals, but there any many computer labs. The wireless access is what I love! Easy to connect and a VERY wide range. Very reliable network with excellent speed. It's just a shame that you have to pay for printing, but I guess you can't have everything.
Off-Campus Housing:
Getting Better but Expensive – Lots of options, but the better the apartment the more expensive. It's also very hard to find something late in the season.
Everything Is in Walking Distance – You can walk anywhere you need to go on campus and if you decide that walking isn't fast enough, get a subscription to Penn's rent a cycle program or just bring you're on bus. Other than that you can septa, zipcar, train, fly or taxi wherever you need to go.
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia – It's always sunny in Philly. But in all seriousness, the weather is definitely manageable.
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Students seem to be extremely content and do not regret their decision to come to Penn, even though the school definitely has a pre-professional feel. Despite this fact, it is extremely common to find yourself in an intellectual conversation, and the students really do work hard, while remembering that college is about fun as well. The opportunities provided at Penn are astounding; in fact there is almost too much to do. Most students base the reasons for their happiness around the people, the academics, the urban environment, and the endless opportunities. People who enjoy their experience at Penn tend to appreciate city life, socializing, and a busy schedule. Usually, students do not hesitate to endorse Penn, and many feel that everyone should love the school as much as they do.
Many adults call their years as an undergraduate the best four years of their lives. Penn students certainly can not make that prediction so soon, but most would agree that their time at Penn has been the best years of their life so far. Obviously, Penn is not the school for everyone, but the student body consists of interesting, intelligent, and well-rounded people, which creates a stimulating and fun environment for most. If you come to Penn, I can almost guarantee that you will meet fascinating people, find something to be passionate about, and enjoy the benefits of living in a vibrant city. You can also feel confident that an education from Penn will prepare you for what lies beyond your undergraduate years. The Penn Overall Experience is defined by the combination of the rich history and academic rigor of an Ivy League school and the school spirit and propensity for socializing of many other schools. This "work hard, play hard" mentality is what many Quakers, and prospective Quakers, find so appealing.
Compared against the students in the chart, you are in the:
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text:
Category: Monitoring & Testing ×
Subcategory: Environmental Sampling ×
Location: Asia & Middle East ×
Location: Nepal ×
AirCon - Model 2 - Air Sampling Pump for Area Sampling Applicationsby Sensidyne based in St. Petersburg, FLORIDA (USA)
A powerful 2-30 LPM constant flow sampler offering full portability and programmability
Environmental Soil Sampling Kitby Environmental Remediation Equipment Inc. (ERE) based in St. Leonard, QUEBEC (CANADA)
The Environmental Soil Sampling Kit include one Regular Auger, one Mud Auger, and one Sand Auger. A Cross Handle, and three 4' Extensions get you down to the desired sampling depth. Also included is the Split Core Sampler, a Slide Hammer attachment, a stainless steel cleaning brush, two wrenches and a convenient carrying case on wheels.
Model 3950 - Autosamplerby Knauer-Wissenschaftliche Gerätebau based in Berlin, GERMANY
The Autosampler 3950 can inject from up to 768 positions when equipped with microtiter plates (either high or low formats) or from up to 96 standard 2 ml sample vials. Sample carryover is significantly minimized thanks to a highly-effective interior and exterior needle wash procedure. This autosampler is also fast and flexible: one complete sample ...
sampling valveby YODSN FLUID EQUIPMENT CO.,LTD based in WENZHOU, CHINA
Sanitary sample valve Model: welded sample valve, clamped sample valve, threaded sample valve. . . Operation: manual, pneumatic, electric Specification:DIN15-DIN150,1/2'-4', applied to the stainless steel pipeline system Material quality:SUS304, SUS316L Standard:ISO, DIN, IDF, SMS,3A, RJT, AS, BS, BPE Application:pharmacy, beer, food, dairy, ...
Model HR-ELPI+ - High Resolution ELPI+by Dekati Ltd. based in Kangasala, FINLAND
Dekati® High Resolution ELPI+™ (HR-ELPI+™) is a completely new version of the widely used ELPI+™ instrument. The High Resolution ELPI+™ combines features of the ELPI+™ with data inversion algorithm that gives real-time particle number size distribution in up to 500 size classes 6 nm - 10 µm. This makes the High Resolution ELPI+™ a superior tool ...
Flow Through Sample Chamberby BioTector Analytical Systems Ltd based in County Cork, IRELAND
The Flow Through Sample Chamber with Sand Trap is a self-cleaning, simple device which does not require filters or screens and is designed to operate in conjunction with the BioTector sample pump. The BioTector internal sample pump is connected to the Flow Through Chamber's sample head. When this pump runs in the forward direction (i.e. BioTector ...
Kurz - Model Series 220 - Isokinetic Samplings Systemsby Kurz Instruments, Inc. based in Monterey, CALIFORNIA (USA)
Kurz offers a complete isokinetic sampling system to ensure true sample composition — from stack flow monitoring and sample capture to sample flow control. The Kurz Emissions and Sampling System provides accurate sample collection for environmental, process, and nuclear applications. It eliminates under- or over-reporting gas or particulate ...
QuickPro - Sampling Equipmentsby Micro Support Co.,Ltd based in Shizuoka-City, JAPAN
The work done by the hand can be done surprisingly easily, and work is not tired for a long time either. Because the XYZ three-axes operation can be done with the PC mouse, there is no blurring, and an exact operation can be done. It quickly takes out to use it, and a microscope on hand, the stereomicroscope, and the metallurgical microscope, etc. ...
ProHydro - Snap Sampler - Passive Groundwater Sampling Systemby ProHydro, Inc. based in Fairport, NEW YORK (USA)
The Snap Sampler is a patented (US Pat. 7,178,415) groundwater sampling device that employs a unique double-end-opening bottle with "Snap" sealing end caps. This dedicated, in-well equipment is deployed at the desired position in the screen interval with up to six Snap Samplers and six individual sampling bottles. The design allows for ...
Apex Instruments - Model XC-563 - Source Sampling Consoleby Apex Instruments, Inc. based in Fuquay-Varina, NORTH CAROLINA (USA)
Apex Instruments Model 563 Source Sampling Console is the digital equivalet to the XC-522 and XC-572; featuring an AP25 Dry Gas Meter with optical encoder and digital totalizer. The console also features differential pressure tranducers for Delta P and Delta H. The temperature controllers, thermometer and timer all have digital displays. All ...


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In this week's Tee Time Tip, Terry Miskolczi discusses stance. The stance tip is an addition to last week's tip on ball positioning. Your stance for each club is another key to having consistency in your golf game.
For the second consecutive year, University of South Carolina Beaufort pitcher Junior Delatorre has been awarded a scholarship from the American Legion Posts 9 and 207 of Beaufort.
The Beaufort County Board of Education on Tuesday unanimously approved contracts with an architectural firm to design two new Bluffton schools aimed at alleviating overcrowding.
North Carolina-based Hite Associates was awarded a $1.
Young art students and their families gathered in the multipurpose room on Thursday night at Pritchardville Elementary, where more than 700 pieces of art were on display.
Each child's artwork was in a frame and placed on display for purchase.
The Beaufort County Board of Education unanimously approved contracts with an architectural firm to design two new schools – one serving grades PreK-8 and the other serving grades 9-12 – aimed at alleviating overcrowding in the fast-growing Bluffton community.
North Carolina-based Hite Associate...
SPORTS BRIEFS The inaugural Hilton Head Island Golf & Tennis Festival will make its debut Feb. 27 to March 2.
Beaufort County music lovers can usher in the Christmas holidays with a performance of "Handel's Messiah" at the University of South Carolina Beaufort Center for the Arts at 4 p.m. Nov. 24.
The Bluffton Rotary Club held its annual "Happy Feet" event Saturday. Rotarians treated more than 163 students at Michael C.
Mid-afternoon voting numbers on Tuesday indicated a low turnout for the Bluffton Town Council runoff election between incumbent Mike Raymond and challenger and former councilman Fred Hamilton.
On Monday, Beaufort County Council voted to acquire two new ambulances, 10 Lucas 2 mechanical chest compression devices and new computer software that will now allow the Sheriff's office, 911 Communications Center, Detention Center, EMS and Fire Departments be integrated into one system.
The cost ...
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Bluffton Today ©2016. All Rights Reserved.


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 81,349 this week
Skeeter Vaughan (1922–1989)
Skeeter Vaughan was born on December 4, 1922 in Riverside County, California, USA as George Vaughan. He was an actor, known for Like Father Like Son (1987), Revolution (1985) and Journey to Spirit Island (1988). He died on March 8, 1989 in Sequim, Washington, USA. See full bio »
Died:(age 66) in Sequim, Washington, USA


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Online Storage of 7D Raw files
Started May 27, 2010 | Discussions thread
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
Awesomejt • Regular Member • Posts: 292
For personal use, you might consider a service like Carbonite, CrashPlan or several others. They charge a low monthly or yearly fee for unlimited storage from your local computer (internal drives only).
Dropbox is great for syncing files between several computers over the Internet, but their storage plans are a bit expensive as a backup solution.
Combine that with local external drives for local backups and that is a nice and robust backup system.
Jason Taylor
Columbia, SC USA
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"A World Heritage Site" Barkal by uglyscot
Barkal Travel Guide: 15 reviews and 79 photos
Jebel Barkal is a table-topped mountain with an unusual pinnacle ,standing in a flat plain. It lies in the wide bend of the river Nile near the towns of Karima and Merowe. It is made of sandstone and stands about 98 m high. It was a spiritual centre of Ancient Egyptians and the Meroitic kingdom for about a thousand years.
The Ancient Egyptians believed it to be the main residence for the God Amun, who decided who should be ruler, and advised on matters of state, like whether to make war or peace.
On this site were 13 temples and two palaces according to some archaeologists. These include the Great Temple of Amun and the Royal cemetery. Both Ramses the Second and Tuthmosis III made Jebel Barkal the southernmost limit to their kingdom.
Although both kingdoms worshipped Amun , each portrayed him in a different way: to the Egyptians he was a man with a tall feathered crown, or mummiform with erect phallus, but at Barkal he is a man with a ram's head.
The temple of Mut has the figure of Taharqa, a Nubian ruler of Egypt and two standing pillars in the shape of a sistrum, with a woman's face and cow's ears. The inner sanctuary is cut into the mountain.
As well as Jebel Barkal and its pyramids, the World Heritage locations under the Barkal site include Nuri and El-Kurru, both within reasonable distance, especially now that there is a good network of tarmac roads.
The site at Nuri is visible from the road, but cnce there, it is difficult to get close to some of the pyramids as the sand dunes are steep.
In recent years a mummy was stolen from the site, but the thief was apprehended, by the security.We were taken by a guide behind the pyramids where there is a hollow surrounded by stones from whence the mummy was taken.
At Nuri there were once about 80 pyramids, but only 20 are now standing.The tombs themselves were under ground and then topped with pyramidal structures. 52 queens and princes, and 21 kings were buried here, including Taharqa, whose pyramid was the oldest and biggest. The pyramids, now very much broken down, seem to have been built on a pink sandstone base, now covered by sand. [see Nuri page]
In recent years a mummy was stolen from the site, but the thief was apprehended, by the security.
I now have a separate Nuri page.
To get to El-Kurru was more difficult than the other sites. Find the village of El -Kurru and head inside until you reach an enclosed area. In the centre is a heap of collapsed material that was once a fair sized pyramid. Little is really recognisable without guidance. The only man we found who had the key to a locked tomb was knowledgeable about it though. Before the British left, the tomb has been covered to prevent it from rain or flood damage by an elongated mud-brick cover. A second tomb, belonging to Tanwetamani's mother Qaltasha , is not covered but also has equally good wall paintings, I believe . It was deemed too dirty for me to enter.. Husband suspects it is being used as a public toilet. However the tomb of Tanwetamani, the nephew and successor of King Taharqa, can be entered, although with some difficulty. {see El-Kuru page}
- Pros:interesting history
- Cons:much neglected
- In a nutshell:a magical site much overlooked so far.
Reviews (10)
The temple is cut into the rock of the mointain. If there are a lot of tourists, as there were on our first visit, going... more travel advice
The first time I went to Barkal, there was a coach party there too, so the site was busy. In December 2008 we were the... more travel advice
The hotel is situated within a large walled enclosure. It has typical Nubian architecture and decoration with ornate... more travel advice
The village lies behind the mountain, and like others faced the floods of 1988, which caused destruction in the area.... more travel advice
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Comments (9)
How are you Shane? This is an interesting place, the Pyramids look quite good in the photo's. I do hope they look after them, and try to stop people climbing them.
Shane-a really interesting description of these amazing ancient wonders. I had never heard of them before, but will do a google search for more info. Great pictures. Thanks for sharing.
Hi All the information about the rest house are correct , but not the price. it is 500 SDG per room per night for two person with Dinner and Breakfast included. and not per person.
What an amazing site! It's a pity getting to some parts of it seems to be difficult. I think there should be a guard there preventing people from climbing the pyramids. That hotel does sound expensive. Nice updates.
Interesting page on this little known location !
Definitely worth viewing the pyramids, etc., from the outside and they appear to be somewhat different from those in Egypt. Nice descriptions and history!
nice page!
Hello Shane,... just cybered into your Sudan... amazing, will soon check all of it, looks amazing! Have nice weekend, greets RoyJava
Shane, thanks for showing this interesting place ! I enjoyed it !
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What are PSY 39000, PSY 39100, PSY 39200, PSY 49200 and PSY 49800, and how do I register for them?
PSY 39000: Research Experience in Psychology
This is a highly recommended course for all psychology students. PSY 39000 involves assisting faculty and graduate students in their research. Student involvement can include the preparation of experiment materials, conducting experiment sessions, scoring data, or any other research-related activity. Students often will be required to read a few articles related to the research, attend lab meetings, or complete a written assignment. Based on departmental guidelines, during the fall or spring semester students are expected to work three hours per week for every credit earned. Thus, students who enroll in a three- credit PSY 39000 must work nine hours per week. During the 8-week summer session, however, students are expected to work six hours per week for every credit earned. Therefore, students who enroll in a three-credit summer PSY 39000 must work 18 hours per week. Students must complete missed hours if a project begins late, ends early, or experiences interruptions.
The experience gained in PSY 39000 can have multiple benefits:
- helps develop insight about how psychology research is conducted
- teaches research skills and provides valuable hands-on experience
- builds a variety of other skills, depending on the project (e.g., analytical, computing, or interpersonal skills)
- allows evaluation of whether research might be a desired component of a future career
- makes students more competitive applicants for graduate school in psychology and related areas
- makes students more competitive candidates for employment in various fields (e.g., marketing, pharmaceutical sales, human resources, etc.)
- creates contacts for great letters of recommendation (for jobs or graduate school) due to closer contact with a faculty member than is possible in most classroom settings
Lists of PSY 39000 opportunities are available each semester online. Students must contact the faculty members with whom they hope to work and have a registration form signed by the faculty member.
Before signing up for a specific PSY 39000 position, make sure that you know what your most common duties will be and with whom you will have close contact. PSY 39000 activities vary considerably depending on the nature of the project and the person in charge. Some might involve mostly scoring data and involve little regular contact with the faculty member. Others might involve conducting experiments and meeting with the faculty member very frequently.
Either situation provides useful experience, but the more you know about your duties, the better prepared you will be. For example, if you have contact primarily with a graduate student working in the faculty member's lab, you might be able to get a letter of recommendation only from the graduate student, and that is not worth as much as the same letter from a faculty member. If you do little but score data, the kinds of things that the faculty member can include in a letter of recommendation will be more limited than if you have done a good job in a greater variety of duties. You might not care about anything other than getting 3 hours of a good grade with no lectures or tests, but if you have other goals, make sure your particular PSY 390 will help you reach them. Faculty are encouraged to provide all this information prior to registering students. If that does not occur, do not be afraid to ask.
Students may take PSY 39000 at any time in their studies, but many begin taking PSY 39000 in their sophomore year or at the beginning of their junior year. PSY 39000 may be taken several times so that you can gain more experience. Some students choose to work with different professors each time to gain more varied experience, while others will stay in the same lab and help with the various phases of one project. You may take 6 hours for graded credit; additional hours may be taken on a Pass/No Pass basis. A PSY 39000 can be used toward the major requirements if taken for three credits and a grade and subject to the restrictions listed on the Psychology Major bingo sheet.
PSY 39100: Readings in Psychology
In this course, the student does an in-depth study of a topic under the supervision of a faculty member. The student may want to explore thoroughly a topic addressed in a previous course or in a PSY 39000 experience, or to explore one not available in regularly offered courses. The student will read extensively in the research literature on the topic, discuss these readings with the faculty member, and complete a written assignment on the readings. This course is an excellent way to develop an idea for research to be carried out as a senior research project (PSY 49800).
Six hours may be taken for graded credit, with additional hours taken on a Pass/No Pass basis. Students must contact the faculty member with whom they would like to work and have them sign a registration form obtained from an academic advisor.
PSY 39200: Special Topics in Psychology
Faculty often "try out" new courses under the listing of PSY 39200. The specific topics offered in PSY 39200 courses vary each semester. Each specific topic will have a different title and a letter as a suffix to PSY 39200. PSY 39200 may be repeated for credit. Students normally do not need special permission to enroll, but some courses will have prerequisites. Watch the Psychology Club bulletin board on the third floor of PRCE and the web for course announcements.
PSY 49200: Internship in Psychology
Psychology internships offer students the opportunity to bolster their classroom education with experience in an applied setting. Internships involve performing work related to your area of interest in an outside organization. Rather than focusing on what you know, internships emphasize how you can use that knowledge. Credit-bearing internships also involve an academic component that is supervised by a faculty member. Internships generally last for a semester or summer. You can earn one to three credits, depending on the number of hours you work. However, full-time students are discouraged from working more than 10 hours per week during a regular semester, and no more than two credits will be awarded. All internships must involve specific responsibilities and learning objectives. Internship credit will not be given for experience that is unrelated to your education and career goals.
Psychology students are preparing for careers in a variety of areas such as counseling, education, human resources, law, management, medicine, public relations, and social services. Consequently, a wide range of internships are available. Opportunities exist at corporations, non-profit organizations, schools, hospitals, government agencies, etc. Students should select internships that are consistent with their interests and goals. Many students use their own resources to locate an appropriate internship (e.g., family, newspaper listings, etc.). Alternately, the Department of Psychological Sciences has made arrangements with numerous organizations. Details about these internships are available from the Lead Academic Advisor for Psychology, Dr. Janet Proctor.
If you are planning to attend graduate or professional school, internship experience can strengthen your application. Most programs are highly competitive, so prospective students must have credentials that will set them apart from other candidates. Combined with a strong academic record, an internship in your chosen field can provide a competitive advantage.
If you are planning to go directly into the workforce, an internship can increase your marketability. Previous work experience in your area of interest can boost your chances of finding suitable permanent employment.
To qualify for PSY 49200, students must:
- complete PSY 12000, PSY 20100, and PSY 20300
- have a graduation index of at least 2.5
- have a major index of at least 2.5.
Particular internships may impose additional requirements. Students who do not meet the requirements for PSY 49200 can still complete internships, but they are not eligible to receive Purdue credit for the experience. In most cases, students must apply for the internships in which they are interested. If you are selected for the position, you must complete an internship registration form and obtain the consent of a faculty sponsor.
For additional information about psychology internships, please contact Dr. Janet Proctor (email@example.com).
PSY 49800: Senior Research
This course allows seniors to develop an independent project which serves as a senior thesis. Although a faculty member provides guidance, students develop projects of their own. Quality research can set a student apart from other students and might lead to a publishable article. Prior to registering for PSY 49800, most students should have taken PSY 39000 (an introduction to research) and PSY 39100 (a thorough examination of a specific research topic) and will have developed a specific research idea, all under the direction of the faculty member sponsoring the PSY 49800 project. For PSY 49800 to impact applications for further education, it should be taken no later than the semester before applications are due (e.g., the fall semester of the senior year).


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Every swimmer, it seems, wants to wear the suit that has played a part in breaking all those world records. Two-time Olympic gold medalist...
Every swimmer, it seems, wants to wear the suit that has played a part in breaking all those world records.
Two-time Olympic gold medalist Megan (Quann) Jendrick doesn't.
Sure, she owns a Speedo LZR, the head-to-toe suit that has made headlines in the pool and recently in the courts.
But she's keeping hers under wraps, at least for now. The suit is her not-so-secret weapon. She has worn it in practice a few times at the King County Aquatic Center in Federal Way. But not for competitions.
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Jendrick will wait until later this week at the Omaha Swimvitational, or even the Olympic trials that begin June 29 in Omaha, to wear the fast suit.
"It's on purpose I haven't worn it in meets," said Jendrick, who returned to Olympic training in 2005 following an eight-month retirement after failing to make the 2004 Olympic team. "I'm beating the competition wearing the regular [suit] when they're wearing the fast ones. I enjoy doing that."
Jendrick, now 24, is all grown up from the Puyallup 16-year-old who charmed the swim world in winning 100-meter gold in the breaststroke and relay gold in the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Since 2004, she has married high-school sweetheart Nathan Jendrick, coached beginning swimming to 5- to 8-year-olds, rediscovered her love of competition and coped with nagging injuries.
But that hasn't kept her from jumping right back into Olympic-team contention. She plans to swim the 100-and 200-meter breaststroke at the trials and maybe even the 50-meter freestyle. She has qualified for six events.
Her 200 time (2 minutes, 25.36 seconds) in April is second-best in the U.S. and ninth-best in the world. And that came "completely untapered," meaning she was not rested and not wearing the LZR.
The top two finishers in each event at the trials make the team. Jendrick's 100-meter time is 1:07.98, fourth-best in the U.S. behind the 1:06.66 of Bremerton's Tara Kirk. Jendrick thinks it'll take a time in the low- to mid-1:06 range in the 100, and around a 2:23 in the 200, to make the Olympic team. She says her 100 time will get substantially faster with tapering.
"I think I'm in a really good position," she said. "I think in both of them I have a pretty good chance."
Jendrick said nagging groin pulls have made her careful to warm up before swims, and a cyst in her left wrist has not curtailed her training. Her doctor wanted to remove it with surgery, but Jendrick did not want that with trials coming up. Jendrick also rejected painkilling cortisone shots because she didn't want to make the injury worse.
"So I just put up with it," she said, using a different technique to pull herself out of the pool, and modifying pushups to keep from more damage.
In 2004, Jendrick was beaten for a spot in the 100-meter breaststroke. She finished in 1:07.80, and Kirk, who now trains at Stanford, beat her by .11 seconds. Winner Amanda Beard finished in 1:07.64.
Jendrick said the defeat didn't linger.
"After that was done, that was done and out of my mind," she said.
But the run-up to these trials has a different feel.
"In 2004, I felt like I had a lot of pressure on me," she said. "I had something to prove and everyone was looking at me to make the team. I wasn't really having fun. I just felt the pressure of it."
Now, "I'm pretty relaxed about everything."
Jendrick should be. She still has the suit.
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text: E-911 Board Des Moines County to Help E-911 Board By Jason Parrott • May 9, 2012 Des Moines County is being asked to borrow $450,000 on behalf of the county's E-911 Board. Board of Supervisors Chairman Tom Broeker says the agency still owes money to a local bank for some computer equipment purchased years ago. Broeker says a recent state audit revealed that Des Moines County's E-911 Board should not be carrying any debt. He says that means the agency cannot renew the loan, which must take place within the next few months.