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It's now 35 years since an A-Team of lawyers quit Jones Day to set up Crowell & Moring along "more collegial" lines...
IN that time, Crowell has swelled its ranks from 53 breakaway Jones Day attorneys in DC to today's 500, working from seven domestic and two international offices. Co-founder Took Crowell said at the time a main goal was "to create a democratic and more collegial atmosphere." This ethos still permeates the culture today.
The government contracts powerhouse has been top of the Chambers USA rankings in this category for over a decade, but these days boasts strong Chambers-ranked practices across the board in areas including antitrust, litigation, corporate/M&A, healthcare, bankruptcy/restructuring, intellectual property, energy, and transportation. Big-hitting clients include BAE Systems, DuPont, Santander and Amazon.
One current focus is strengthening Crowell's burgeoning litigation and regulation departments, and enhancing the overlapping expertise between these two areas. "We see them as a successful model for our firm," managing partner Ellen Dwyer tells us. "When folks come to the firm for a litigation matter, they are not just getting litigators but people who are intimately familiar on the subject matter of regulatory areas and the issues which could arise. It is a unique combination."
The Work
New starters join two practice areas and typically specialize in one after three or four years. However, the system is adaptable and juniors who wish to specialize sooner can. Conversely, those reluctant to be pinned down after several years aren't uncommon and usually focus on areas which cross paths, like healthcare and litigation. Antitrust and litigation take the most juniors; other options include government contracts, corporate, insurance and environment.
Staffing partners allocate work according to business need and associates' availability. "We indicate whether we're looking for bigger projects, research or something one-off," one interviewee explained. "It's helpful when you're starting out and don't know anyone," another agreed. Once newbies are established, the work flows "more organically. At lunch, a partner I've previously impressed may ask me to help on another matter." Juniors with spare time "can go knock on a partner's door and ask if there's anything to help with."
"I was on a call with a partner and he told me to just chime in."
Government contracts work predominantly focuses on bid protests – challenges to the award of things like military contracts to private equipment and service providers. Associates here conduct a substantial amount of legal research, doc collection and reviews, and drafting. That said, juniors generally were pleased with how much responsibility they were given. "I take the first crack at drafting motions and briefs. They get revised a lot," a litigator emphasized, "but I do get to attempt them." Client contact isn't just limited to preparing emails: "I was on a call with a partner and he told me to just chime in. It was pretty nerve-wracking, but I think I rose to the occasion."
Litigation tasks include "lots of research and writing," both "internal memos and sometimes to the client," and helping prepare cross-examinations. Some sources reported starting out by "writing less consequential documents. Then someone says 'you haven't tried that yet, let's give you the exposure' and soon you're constructing first drafts of appellate briefs."
Training & Development
New associates are treated to 'bootcamp' training sessions which cover "the usual nuts and bolts but also topics such as drafting complaints and persuasive writing." While some found these a helpful introduction, others would have preferred to get stuck in straightaway: "Some of it, like time management, was fairly abstract. There's no substitute for having a go," one novice felt.
"There's no substitute for having a go."
Feedback often comes from seniors, ad hoc, and inevitably some are more forthcoming than others. "I don't have to ask for it," several rookies told us. "They'll tell me when my work is great or not in line with what they want." Others felt they had to take a more "proactive approach in seeking comments but they've always been happy to respond."
In addition to providing mentors, Crowell launched a sponsorship program a couple of years ago to consciously nurture talent, especially women and minorities. Read all about this program in our Web Extras.
"It feels fairly diverse, considering it's a law firm," juniors acknowledged. Crowell is "definitely striving for diversity." Most partners are white males, but "it never feels like an old boys' club. We have strong women in leadership and a strong representation of a few races in the partnership."
The firm's sponsorship initiative (read about it in our Bonus Features) was launched to encourage the retention and promotion of women and ethnic minorities. Associates were broadly positive about its impact so far: "It's a noble endeavor, but it's hard to force into a working structure. Having the conversation and making a concerted effort is definitely a step in the right direction." Managing partner Ellen Dwyer reveals to us that "we're very pleased as already some of those actively sponsored have been promoted, which is a really important measure of success for us."
"We have strong women in leadership."
Current initiatives include the Women Attorney's Network, a diversity speaker series and Crowell's very own Diversity Council. Insiders praised these: "Many diverse attorneys don't have that support network of people with a similar background to themselves. The groups effectively provide that."
Crowellites told us repeatedly that the firm is a place where "we're pushing the upper limits of how successful we can be while still having fun. You're going to work hard for sure, but you'll enjoy the people you work with." Attorneys put this down to the firm's foundation 35 years ago when those 53 attorneys broke away from Jones Day to create a more egalitarian and collegial firm. This "rebellious ethos now trickles down from the top."
"People don't take themselves too seriously. Around Christmas, a group of partners go round the office singing carols." Such good cheer is also apparent during the firm's social events. One of DC's 'cheap booze Thursdays', for example, saw people try to identify partners from a bunch of their childhood holiday snaps. The San Fran office hosts a monthly pizza lunch and (separate) happy hour. Orange County attorneys are a fairly sporty bunch and even have their own basketball team, which one associate proudly described as "okay, for a team of lawyers..."
"'OMG, it's so much friendlier than my old office!'"
"New lateral hires always exclaim 'OMG it's so much friendlier than my old office!'" There is, however, a careful balance to maintain. "You have to know where to draw the line," one junior warned. "Out for coffee with my partner might not feel like we're at work, but back in the office I need to meet their standards."
Hours & Compensation
Crowell sets a billing target of 1,900 hours to be bonus-eligible, including 50 hours of pro bono, with the additional benchmark of 2,400 hours 'all in.' Sources felt this was realistic, and that failure to meet it wouldn't be catastrophic. "They understand it can take a bit of time in your first year." Others suggested the firm looks at the whole picture: "People have fallen short but were very aggressive in pro bono and personal development, and the firm understood. If you fall short in a lot of areas it's a different matter." Compensation is discretionary after the first year.
"They understand it can take a bit of time in your first year."
Some permitted flexibility around office work hours is particularly welcome for those with young families. "I leave early, put the kids to bed, and continue any work afterward," reported one young mom. However "I find it difficult to switch off," another source admitted. "If I'm out at dinner and receive an email I feel I have to respond."
Is over-working a problem at Crowell? Associates felt their first port of call would be to alert their practice group or staffing partner. "I know people have been taken off matters when they're stretched too thin. The firm doesn't want people to take on too much and produce something inadequate."
All associates get their own office. New recruits are allowed to fancy-up their own space according to their taste. Don't expect anything too wacky, though: most tended to stick with framed diplomas, family photographs and their kids' artwork. "I've got one with a Jackson Pollock look to it," one parent quipped about their child's paint-splatterings.
We heard of a few quirks here and there: San Fran partners apparently drape sports' team flags over their doors. In DC "it might just be urban legend but apparently someone has a stuffed shark in their room."
"Apparently someone has a stuffed shark in their room."
Of course, we can't write about Crowell and not mention the rubber ducks which have been a staple of firm life ever since an associate dropped one into the fountain of the DC office several years ago. More yellow plastic friends soon joined this lone bird and now they're everywhere. "Nearly everyone has one or two. Some people literally line them up around their desks – an army of ducks," a second-year chortled.
Weekly firmwide practice area meetings are synced up by phone or video and there is a "decent amount" of cross-office staffing on a daily basis. DC is the biggest by far of Crowell's seven domestic offices; overseas branches are in London and Brussels. There are also affiliations with firms in the Middle East.
Pro Bono
"I was hoping you'd ask about pro bono," one second-year exclaimed. "It was one of the reasons I picked Crowell. Instead of boat cruises on the Potomac, the firm sends its summer associates to visit disadvantaged parts of DC. I found that very telling." Some associates had done 200 hours, way over the expected 50. "Most exceed the minimum requirement." Attorneys receive "daily emails with opportunities, and it's incredibly easy to accept them." They're encouraged to take on matters from the start. "I've had partners indicate that if I'm interested in a pro bono matter they'll happily move my work around so I can pursue it." Projects can get juniors "out of our comfort zones and into the courtroom." In DC, landlord-tenant disputes and assisting homeless shelters are common assignments, while California associates had worked with public law centers on "whatever you're passionate about, from immigration to bankruptcy."
Pro bono hours
Get Hired
Careful recruiting is one way Crowell maintains its culture. Consequently, at OCIs interviewers "primarily look for personality" (a stellar resume is a given, obviously). "There are tons of bright young people who could do the work, but the real question is 'if you were stuck in a conference room at 2am, would you want them there with you'?"
So how can you convey the right image? "Be open about yourself. Prepare to talk about your interests in addition to your experience, as you'll come off more rounded in the interview." Commitment to a future with the firm is important too. Associates who'd applied from outside the region they're now in remembered being grilled on 'why here'? For more advice on getting hired, read our Web Extras.
Strategy & Future
"We're very focused at this time on deepening and broadening our expertise in certain industries," managing partner Ellen Dwyer tells us. "Four areas we're doing that are: healthcare, where we have a significant depth of experience; energy, where we have a significant client base; government procurement; and cyber security."
"In many respects we've moved beyond the billable hour model."
Innovation has been a watchword in recent years, not least in alternative ways to bill clients. Dwyer explains: "We've always been collaborating with clients, but especially over the last several years. Beginning in 2008 we have been able to respond to concerns and needs in particularly difficult economic circumstances. In many respects we've moved beyond the billable hour model so we're able to provide cost predictability and certainty. This has taken the form of many innovative pricing models in collaboration with the client. We have been working on Value Based Billing (VBB) arrangements for a while, and are a recognized leader in the area."
Lawyers also spent 2014 blowing out 35 candles on Crowell's big birthday cake. "2014 was particularly special to us as it was the firm's 35th anniversary," Dwyer highlights. "Crowell & Moring hosted gatherings of our firm community throughout the year and we've used these as an opportunity to reach out to our alumni. We also launched an alumni website." For our full interview with Ellen Dwyer, go to the Bonus Features.
Interview with Crowell & Moring managing partner Ellen Dwyer
Chambers Associate: What have been the highlights from the past year?
Ellen Dwyer: 2014 was particularly special to us as it was the firm's 35th anniversary. Most of our peers are in the hundreds. We spent the year really affirming our values and sense of community and commitment. Crowell & Moring hosted gatherings of our firm community throughout the year and we've used these as an opportunity to reach out to our alumni. We also launched an alumni website. We're pleased that they're now clients of the firm; it's a nice way for them to stay connected.
There's a long list of really nice highlights and accolades we've received; for example, we were identified as one of the top ten summer associate programs by the National Law Journal. We work very hard on our summer associate program to make it productive and give new lawyers the opportunity to learn about the firm and our clients. Our government contracts practice is always premier and was named by Law360 as practice group of the year. The Financial Times awarded us a recognition of innovation in the 'innovative lawyers' category – this was an acknowledgment of our efforts to advance in the area of client pricing in the delivery and service of our matters in a way which is consistent with client expectations.
Internally, we also launched an innovation lab. We're good at finding unique, effective and efficient ways to enhance services so we're furthering that in a more formal way. The lab is an online portal that is available to all members of the firm as a way to propose suggestions for improvement in our operations and service delivery. Some of the innovative ideas may include ways to improve internal interaction and collaboration to enhance client services.
CA: You mentioned innovation in client pricing and enhancing client services. Do you think client needs are changing?
ED: Yes – I would say that's not new to 2014. We've always been collaborating with clients, but especially over the last several years. Beginning in 2008 we have been able to respond to concerns and needs in particularly difficult economic circumstances. In many respects we've moved beyond the billable hour model so we're able to provide cost predictability and certainty. This has taken the form of many innovative pricing models in collaboration with the client. We've been working on Value Based Billing (VBB) arrangements for a while, and are a recognized leader in the area.
One new frontier goes beyond pricing and focuses on the ways we deliver services to our clients. We have a legal project management (LMP) initiative which has been underway for a couple of years. The LMP tool is a vehicle to ensure we're continually communicating with clients about who we're working with so we can accurately budget and price for them. To be successful that requires active management of matters and on-going communication with the client. This requires us to scope matters out with the client at the beginning and then be vigilant about keeping in line with the budget and communicating with them as things progress to ensure we meet expectations.
CA: Given that our readers wouldn't be joining your firm for another couple of years, what's the general strategy going forwards? What do you hope the firm will look like in a couple of years?
ED: I would say that we're very focused at this time on deepening and broadening our expertise in certain industries. Three areas we're doing that in are healthcare, where we have a significant depth of experience, in energy, where we have a significant client base, and in government procurement.
We believe that to continue to be successful we need to recommit ourselves to understanding our clients and the forces impacting their business. We're aligning our practices and opportunities to meet needs in these industries. This approach creates opportunities for all our practice areas.
CA: Last year you told us that the two areas you're pushing at the firm are litigation and regulation. Are these still the areas you're focusing on?
ED: Yes, very much so. We see them as a successful model for our firm. Clients come to us for our deep experience in a number of our different practice areas such as healthcare and antitrust not just regulation.
In terms of litigation and regulation we have both regulatory and litigation capabilities with true industry leaders in the partnership. When folks come to the firm for a litigation matter they're not just getting litigators but people who are intimately familiar on the subject matter of regulatory areas and the issues which could arise. It is a unique combination.
CA: Are there any plans to open new offices?
ED: We don't have any immediate plans. In the past this has been somewhat opportunistic but our real focus at the moment is continuing to build and deepen our talent in our offices.
CA: In the past we've understood there's been a good balance at the firm between its lighthearted culture and also the fact that you're conducting serious work. Is that balance still being maintained?
ED: I hope so. I would describe our culture as very collaborative across the firm, between lawyers and staff and also with clients – we play well in the sandbox. Our culture is a differentiator for us. Clients ask about it: are we able to partner with other law firms on matters? How do we handle the transition of work between law firms? We have a good sense of community and it's become an important and potent aspect in building relationships with clients.
CA: Do you see any challenges which could perhaps threaten or shift that balance?
ED: I don't really. On the culture side we take care with talent coming in and also with the internal messages we put out. Our leadership is vigilant in ensuring we stay true to values and our firm community embraces that.
CA: We've mentioned the introduction of the sponsorship program for the past couple of years. Could you update us on how it's going?
ED: The sponsorship effort continues and is something the senior leadership of the firm is actively involved in driving forward. We're very pleased as already some of those actively sponsored have been promoted, which is a really important measure of success for us. This is the second year we're doing a lot of hard work and trying to install across the firm the best practices which we see developing from sponsorship. Not many firms are doing this particular approach to talent development and diversity. There's a significant effort in the corporate environment but not so much in law. We're trying to reach more people and propel them forward by talking to lawyers about how to earn sponsorship. To push things forward we need to engage our sponsors and we are doing our best to make that happen.
CA: Last year you told us that having a sense of humility helps people thrive at the firm. Do you think that is still the case?
ED: I do, I think it's really essential. I actually continue to think being collaborative and able to team with others is somewhat unique. One thing that distinguishes us from others on a partner level is that our partners are as excited about building opportunities for others as for themselves. That's something which is really important for us. We spend a lot of time cross-selling and generating business opportunities for each other. We can only be successful if we have partners and leaders committed to each other's success. That's really special and quite unique.
CA: Any advice or words of wisdom for our student readers as they try to enter the legal profession? Anything you wish you'd been told or knew before you started as an associate?
ED: That was centuries ago! I guess my only advice would be to gain some life experience before going to law school. I would urge that when you come out of college, find an opportunity to work in an industry of interest to you. You'll be more mature and thoughtful about your potential path in law.
Sponsorship and the problem of inherent bias
Most firms have mentors of some description, and Crowell is no different. But with diversity at partnership level an ongoing disappointment (as it is at all big law firms), Crowell thought it would do something about it.
Welcome: the sponsorship program. Unlike informal mentors, who are basically a shoulder to cry on, sponsors are senior people who consciously look out for their sponsees, become advocates for them, recommend them for high profile work and (all being well) champion them for promotion up the ranks. The idea is to counter 'inherent bias' which historically has seen white men ascend the greasy pole of career progression faster and more permanently than their female and diverse colleagues, not just in the legal profession but society generally.
Sponsorship isn't a new concept. Influential economist Sylvia Ann Hewlett, for example, has written and spoken extensively about the challenges faced by women and minorities in the corporate world, and how to address them.
Crowell's chair emeritus, Kent Gardiner, read a piece by Hewlett about sponsorship as one solution in the Harvard Business Review a few years back. Despite recruiting equal numbers of men and women from law school and running both women's and diversity initiatives, Crowell had found that women and ethnic minorities were often stuck below the partnership, perplexingly not breaking into it in proportionate numbers. Intrigued, the firm launched a survey in conjunction with Hewlett's consulting business to understand its attorneys' attitudes towards career progression.
In response to this investigation, Crowell began educating attorneys firmwide to the problems of inherent bias and the concept of sponsorship. Partners were trained to have greater awareness about inherent bias and to actively seek out talent from both sexes and all ethnic backgrounds.
Crowell's sponsorship initiative is still in its early stages and may take several years to demonstrate clear results. Associates we interviewed were aware of the scheme, and understood the importance of seeking sponsors and cultivating relationships. However, a few were sceptical about how well sponsorship will work in practice. Only time will tell, and we look forward to reporting the results in the coming years.
Get Hired
Managing partner Ellen Dwyer informs us that in order to maintain Crowell's famous culture "we take care with talent coming in. " While academics are an important factor in the recruitment process it's a candidates personality which could make or break their application.
Advice for impressing the firm at OCIs is first and foremost not to be rude: "One candidate jokingly mocked an interviewer for making a mistake," one associate warned us. "That did not go down well." Aside from excellent academics, "personality is a big factor in making the decision at interviews. We can already tell whether someone's qualified from their resume." If the firm doesn't conduct OCI's at your campus, the advice is to "find them at a law fair and be persistent: it pays off."
At callbacks, associates recalled that interviewers were "very interested in hearing about previous work experience." Dwyer reiterates this point, urging college graduates to "find an opportunity to work in an industry of interest to you" before attending law school. She reasons "you'll be in a much better position; you'll be more mature and thoughtful about your potential path in law. Get some real world experience and make an informed choice."
Commitment to a future with the firm is important. As to what kind of person the firm is looking for, one second-year mused: "I think the firm looks to hire a wide range of individuals. However, it's important for them to be mature enough that they won't get lost in the culture. This is a law firm, so demands are going to be made on you and the firm looks to hire people who can handle that without being abrasive."
Associates felt the environment at Crowell was more collaborative than competitive, with one remarking: "I've not come across any of the intense gunners you find in law school." Having said that, associates were quick to point out that "we know we have to work hard. We aren't going to be handed things on a plate. It helps to remember that and stay humble."
Crowell & Moring LLP
1001 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW,
Washington, DC,
Website www.crowell.com
- Head Office: Washington DC
- Number of domestic offices: 7
- Number of international offices: 2
- Worldwide revenue: $368,262,066
- Partners (US): 186
- Counsel/Sr. Counsel (US): 126
- Associates (US): 138
- Summer Salary 2015
- 1Ls: $3077/week
- 2Ls: $3077/week
- Post 3Ls: $3,077/week
- 1Ls hired? Yes
- Split summers offered? Case by case
- Can summers spend time in overseas office? No
- Summers 2015: 17 firmwide
- Offers/acceptances 2014: 15 offers, 14 acceptances
Firm profile
Crowell & Moring LLP is an international law firm with more than 500 lawyers representing clients in litigation and arbitration, regulatory, and transactional matters. The fi rm is internationally recognized for its representation of Fortune 500 companies in high-stakes litigation, as well as its ongoing commitment to pro bono service and diversity. The firm has offices in Washington, DC, New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Orange County, Anchorage, Cheyenne, London, and Brussels.
Recruitment details
Number of 1st year associates: 18
Number of 2nd year associates: 22
Associate salaries: 1st year: $ 160,000
2nd year: Not lock step
Clerking policy: No
Law Schools attending for OCIs in 2015:
We interview at the majority of the top 20 law schools and numerous diversity related and IP specific job fairs throughout the country.
Summer details
Summer associate profile:
The fi rm looks for highly qualified, entrepreneurial candidates with diverse backgrounds. We prefer candidate with law review, journal or moot court experience and/or strong relevant legal employment experience, including judicial clerkships; as well as demonstrated leadership capabilities.
Summer program components:
The diversity in our summer program refl ects the diversity of our firm at large. We want summer associates who take the practice of law and client service more seriously than they take themselves, who will contribute to the life of the firm, and who share our sense of responsibility to the community.
Most of our junior associates come from our Summer Associate Program. We want you to go back to law school knowing who we are, what we do, and how we do it. Work for summer associates includes mostly short-term projects that will allow you to experience as many practice areas and as many lawyers as possible.
Summer associates have the opportunity to participate in workshops and seminars on such topics as The Law Firm as a Business and Negotiations Training. In addition, the fi rm offers summer associates the opportunities to participate in our Public Interest Fellowship program and sign up for Live Events which are real-world activities like court hearings, client meetings, depositions, presentations and negotiations that summer associates may attend in order to observe Crowell & Moring attorneys in action.


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Daniel Ricciardo says his 12th place finish at the US F1 GP was the maximum the car was capable of
- From: SPEED
- November 19, 2012
Perth-born Formula 1 racer Daniel Ricciardo said his 12th place finish at the United States Grand Prix is the best he could have expected after his early elimination in qualifying.
A slow start from the dusty side of the grid in 18th put the Australian on the back foot early, but he carved his way forward with another fighting drive.
"I think I overtook more people in this race than in any other in my whole career!" he said. "It was particularly fun at turn one, which became a favourite passing spot for me, especially one lap when I managed to pass two cars at once.
"I gave it everything I had this afternoon, although it was not enough to finish in the points, but twelfth was probably the best result we could have got today."
Strategy aided his charge, the team electing to run a long first stint on the medium-compound Pirelli rubber before switching to the harder compound for the run home.
"It was very tight in terms of pace between ourselves, Sauber, Force India and Williams," team principal Franz Tost said. "We chose to run long on the Options as the car was running competitively on these tyres.
"Daniel did everything he could to close the gap to those ahead when he was on the Prime and managed to get near to Perez in the final stages, but there were not enough laps for him to pass."
Ricciardo was relieved to close out his first weekend racing at the new Circuit of The Americas with a strong run.
"Until today, the whole weekend had not gone that smoothly and of course, I was particularly disappointed with how qualifying went yesterday. Because of that, I was even more determined to go well today.
"I think we got the maximum out of the car. Deep down, I know I did my best."
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A multiple variable health assessment and descriptive study among college students. Hubbs, Allison N. (2010-06-23)A descriptive study was performed to investigate specific health variables (exercise, stress, alcohol use, and self-esteem) among a college population (n = 74). Study participants completed four online surveys (Core Alcohol ...


text: Photo Gallery First Detailed Pictures: Antarctica's "Ghost Mountains" Hidden under miles of ice, a mountain range in the middle of Antarctica is finally coming into view–thanks to radar data revealing a surprisingly spiky underworld. PUBLISHED January 24, 2010 0 1 / 8 Ghost Peaks Emerge Hidden miles beneath the surface of an ice sheet (shown in blue), the so-called ghost peaks in the middle of Antarctica are finally coming into view, researchers announced last month.Ground-penetrating radar results from 2008 and 2009 have made possible the most detailed images yet (such as the one above) of the Gamburtsev Mountains—and it's a surprisingly serrated range, the experts say.The radar-based images reveal a slightly exaggerated view of the jagged, roughly 8,500-foot-tall (2,600-meter-tall) peaks. The range likely formed millions of years before becoming covered in Antarctic ice, said geophysicist Robin Bell of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, who led America's Gamburtsev Province Project as part of the International Polar Year (2007-08) science program.In size and shape, Bell said, the Gamburtsevs resemble the United States' Cascade Range, home of Mount Rainier (picture).(Also see: "Mystery Deepens Over Unseen Antarctic 'Alps.'")—Richard A. Lovett Illustration courtesy Michael Studinger Eye in the Sky In 2008 and 2009 the international team crisscrossed the Gamburtsev area—roughly the size of New York State—with a radar-equipped airplane, which allowed them to peer through the ice to "see" the underlying terrain.The radar also revealed water pockets beneath the ice, Bell said. That's important, because understanding the subglacial plumbing helps scientists determine what will happen to the Antarctic ice sheet as global warming intensifies. (See "Antarctica Ice Loss Faster Than Ten Years Ago.") Illustration courtesy Michael Studinger Prepare for Takeoff A researcher prepares a plane for radar duty during a 2008 expedition over Antarctica's ice-buried Gamburtsev Mountains.On the surface the ice is often runway flat, revealing nothing of the underlying terrain, which can be as deep as 15,700 feet (4,800 meters).Peering beneath the ice requires modifying the plane with radar antennas mounted to the wings, a bone-chilling job in even the best Antarctic conditions. Photograph courtesy Michael Studinger Ice Cave At the surface, Antarctica can be a fairyland of complex features, such as this ice cave photographed during a Gamburtsev Mountains expedition in 2008.But the landscape beneath the ice has long been a mystery, requiring painstaking work to unmask. "We flew a lot," expedition leader Robin Bell told National Geographic News by email."Twelve months ago, the map was fuzzy," she said. But with multiple flights across a grid 430 miles (700 kilometers) long and 155 miles (250 kilometers) wide, the details began appearing."Slowly the map filled in," she said, "and we saw the mountain range unfold." Photograph courtesy Michael Studinger Snow Day Strong winds on a day in 2009 confined expedition members to camp—and delayed the radar flights that eventually brought to light the hidden peaks, valleys, and streams of the Gamburtsev Mountains.In some places under the Antarctic ice, expedition leader Bell said, it appears that liquid water flows down some of Gamburtsev's ancient valleys."But there are other places where the [moving] ice sheet is simply going to pull the water and drag it right over the ridges and down the other side," she said, "right over the highest peaks." Photograph courtesy Michael Studinger Breaking the Waves Like the tips of icebergs breaking the surface of a pale sea, mountains near the South Pole show that many Antarctic summits—unlike the Gamburtsevs, which lie farther east—remain unconquered by ice.Any kind of scientific study presents unique challenges in Antarctica."We needed to get people, equipment, and fuel into the middle of the ice sheet," expedition leader Bell said. Among the complications: fuel turned to unburnable jelly in the cold and the high altitude made oxygen bottles necessary for breathing.By the time the team was ready to go home, she said, they were exhausted. Photograph by Jack Fletcher, National Geographic Stock Spiked With Mystery In one of the most detailed images yet of Antarctica's ice-hidden Gamburtsev Mountains, a picture based on 2008 and 2009 radar readings shows the peaks in their unexpectedly spiky splendor, though the image's vertical scale has been exaggerated.Studying the mountains' topography can help determine when and how the Gamburtsevs were formed—a longstanding mystery.The existence of river valleys indicates that the mountains predate present-day ice-covered Antarctica, but no one is sure by how much.The Gamburtsevs are likely younger than 500 million years old, Bell said. If they were older than that, they'd show signs of deformation from a prehistoric collision between Australia and Antarctica.Not to mention that, if the Gamburtsevs had been around for 500 million years, they'd have long ago eroded into nothing, she added. Image courtesy Robin Bell Priceless Panorama In what expedition member Michael Studiger called a "million-dollar view," Antarctica's active Mount Erebus volcano peeks out from behind a hill near the Ross Ice Shelf (interactive Antarctica map) in 2008—far from the Gamburtsev Mountains.Team members headed for the remote field camp had to participate in a mandatory two-day survival course near the volcano loosely referred to as Snow School or Happy Camper School.Expedition leader Robin Bell thinks the Gamburtsevs are far older than Mount Erebus. They may have been formed about 250 million years ago, when Antarctica had already eased into its current position above the South Pole.It was a warmer time, Bell said, when erosion could have produced the valleys seen in the new ice-penetrating radar images. Then the ice came and buried the valleys, not to mention the peaks—leaving them, until recently, Earth's last unexplored mountain range. Photograph courtesy Michael Studinger Related Stories Rare Seal Pups Stranded on Shrinking Arctic Ice On World Penguin Day, Could There Be a More Adorable Bird? This Week's Night Sky: See Jupiter's 'Water World' Moon


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A site visit team can conduct a thorough and accurate assessment of the educational program for physician assistants within two days or less. Site visits should provide the site visit team members information on the program, and should provide the team the opportunity to meet and discuss the program with its administration, faculty, staff, instructors, preceptors, and students.
The primary responsibility of the site visit team is to verify, validate, and clarify, if necessary, the information supplied by the program in its application materials. The purpose of the site visit is to assess the program's compliance with the Standards and the nature and manner in which the program's objectives and problems are being pursued.
The actual schedule should not vary from the template provided to the program, and the types of activities listed should be included.
The Program Director must consult with the site visit team chair before final scheduling occurs. This is best handled when the team chair has a copy of the proposed schedule in hand.
Site Visit Template Schedule for Continuing Visits after SSR review (1.2016)
Organizing Materials for Continuing Site Visits (6.2015)
Rationale for Site Visit Sessions for Continuing Programs (2.2016)


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MapInfo Graphical User Interface
- Details
- Parent Category: MapInfo en
- Published on Monday, 03 October 2011 11:55
MapInfo is a leading GIS software market initially developed by MapInfo Corporation now held by Pitney Bowes. Its interface quite easy to use, allows easy manipulation of geographic data.
It has a range of tools Main Toolbar (1) including the selection tools and layer management data and another range of tools Drawings (2) for editing, updating geographic data or creating layout maps.
How to open map in MapInfo
- Details
- Parent Category: MapInfo en
- Published on Monday, 03 October 2011 13:48
One of the most important tasks in a GIS application is to display map before any digital or printed outputs.
When you start MapInfo, the Startup dialog box appears:
Select Open Table (1) and then click Open (2) button.
How to create a shapefile in ArcGIS - Part 1
- Details
- Parent Category: ArcGIS Desktop
- Published on Thursday, 06 October 2011 19:16
So to create your shapefile in ArcCatalog, select the folder in which your file will be stored in the Catalog Tree to the left side of ArcCatalog windows.
Georeferencing raster image in MapInfo - Part 1
- Details
- Parent Category: MapInfo en
- Published on Monday, 14 May 2012 10:44
In this exercise, we will perform the georeferencing of satellite image taken from Google Earth. This is an image of a neighborhood of the city of Casablanca in Morocco. On this image, latitude and longitude (in decimal degrees) have been marked as label points to facilitate georeferencing.
Once MapInfo started, in the Startup dialog box, select Open Table (1) and then Open (2).
Georeferencing raster image with QGIS
- Details
- Parent Category: Quantum GIS en
- Published on Thursday, 17 January 2013 14:34
Georeferencing is the process of assigning geographic coordinates to an image or raster file from aerial or satellite. It is possible for several years, to obtain satellite images for free on the web from Google Earth.
In this exercise, an image capture on Google Earth somewhere over Morocco will be georeferenced. This is the same image used in the tutorial on georeferencing with MapInfo.
It is recommended to calibrate the image in a folder so that all generated files will be stored in that folder.
So to start georeferencing with Quantum GIS (1.8 Lisboa), click the Raster menu (1) > Georeferencer (2) > Georeferencer (3). A large dialog box opens.


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12 April 2016 |
Free Zainab Al-Khawaja and Baby
IFEX Members Americans for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain, Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, and Gulf Centre for Human Rights, along with CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation call on the Bahraini government to free Zainab Al-Khawaja and baby
19 January 2016 |
Bahrain must end harassment of human rights defender Sheikh Maytham Al-Salman
IFEX members call on the Government of Bahrain to stop the judicial harassment of Sheikh Maytham Al-Salman, and to allow human rights defenders to exercise their right to freedom of expression.
30 December 2015 |
Bahraini rights defender Mohammad Al-Maskati faces prison if sentence upheld
Al-Maskati is the founder and former president of the Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights (BYSHR), and is currently a digital security consultant at Front Line Defenders. On 31 December 2014, the Lower Criminal Court in Bahrain sentenced him to six months in prison but he remained free on bail of 100 BHD until the appeal.
19 January 2015 |
NGOs call on Bahraini government to drop Twitter charges against Nabeel Rajab
The international community's response to the current charges leveled against prominent activist Nabeel Rajab has been monumental in denouncing the Criminal Investigations Department and the Bahraini government for their actions.
11 June 2014 |
Renewed call for release of jailed Bahraini journalists
Ahead of the United Nations Human Rights Council's 26th Session, ten free speech and human rights organisations called for the release of Bahraini journalists Hussain Hubail and Qassim Zain Aldeen.
9 April 2014 |
Concern for Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja's health on third anniversary of his arrest in Bahrain
Former president and co-founder of the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights (BCHR) Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja was sentenced to life in prison in June 2011. He continues to be denied adequate medical attention and suffers from severe medical complications as a result of his mistreatment in detention.
19 November 2013 |
End unfair imprisonment of Bahraini human rights defender Nabeel Rajab, eligible for early release
A coalition of groups calls on the Bahraini government to free imprisoned human rights defender Nabeel Rajab, jailed since July 2012, who is eligible for conditional release by 29 November 2013.
15 November 2013 |
Coalition lawyer denied entry to Bahrain to observe rights defender's trial
Naji Fateel was sentenced to 15 years in prison for "the establishment of a group for the purpose of disabling the constitution." A lawyer representing regional human rights groups has been denied entry into the country in order to observe Fateel's appeal.
6 August 2013 |
Bahraini rights groups reach out to international community for help ahead of mass protests
International human rights organisations are urged to attempt to visit Bahrain over the coming week, in order to monitor ongoing protests, especially on 14 August when the country is expected to come under lockdown.
24 May 2013 |
Joint appeal to U.N. protests torture of detained rights defenders in Bahrain
Over 50 NGOs worldwide signed a joint appeal to the U.N. against the ill-treatment and torture of detained human rights defenders, activists and photojournalists in Bahrain, calling for U.N. and Red Cross visits.
18 January 2013 |
President Obama urged to help release Bahraini human rights defenders and activists
In a letter to the US President, 40 human rights organisations called for US support to release 13 Bahrainis, unjustly jailed by the Bahraini government, one of the strongest allies of the US in the region.
17 September 2012 |
End persecution of human rights defenders in Bahrain now, says appeal to UNHRC
NGOs lobbying at the UN call for the release of human rights defenders, and to ensure that those who participate in Bahrain's UPR process do not face reprisals.
5 September 2012 |
Human rights groups call for immediate release of all prisoners of conscience in Bahrain
Rights groups criticise High Court decision to uphold "politically motivated" sentences of 13 imprisoned human rights defenders and political leaders.
17 August 2012 |
Release Bahraini human rights activists now, say international groups
A group of 46 human rights organisations led by IFEX calls on member states of the United Nations Human Rights Council to urge Bahrain to release human rights defenders and peaceful opposition activists.
8 June 2012 |
Rights organisations alarmed over threats to civil society after trip to UN
Human rights defenders, activists, journalists, doctors and lawyers who attended Bahrain UPR events in Geneva in May with IFEX members and partners have been threatened for speaking out about violations.
22 May 2012 |
ARTICLE 19's submission to the Universal Periodic Review
ARTICLE 19 has called on the UN member states to urge the authorities to commit to preventing harassment of journalists and human rights defenders, stop controlling and censoring the media, increase internet freedom and end violations of the right to peaceful protest.
18 May 2012 |
One hundred organisations call to end assault on freedom of speech, and to free all detained human rights defenders and netizens
UPDATE: The president of IFEX member Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR), Nabeel Rajab, was re-arrested and sentenced to three years in prison on 16 August. Many other human rights defenders remain in prison, including BCHR's founder Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja, and his daughter, Zainab Al-Khawaja.
17 April 2012 |
Fifty IFEX members and partners call for freedom for Bahraini human rights defenders, bloggers and activists
In advance of the Formula 1, 50 IFEX members and partners call for detained activists and human rights defenders to be freed, including blogger and activist Abduljalil Al-Singace and human rights activist Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja, founder of IFEX member the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, who is ailing in prison since starting a hunger strike on 8 February.
16 April 2012 |
Grand Prix decision ignores abuses, says Human Rights Watch
The decision to go ahead with the Grand Prix on April 22, 2012, gives the country's rulers the opportunity they are seeking to obscure the seriousness of the country's human rights situation, says Human Rights Watch.
29 March 2012 |
Nine human rights organisations raise freedom of expression demands with Arab League
Among the demands expressed by the rights organisations is the immediate release of human rights activist Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja, whose health is severely compromised after 50 days of hunger strike.
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8 Aug 2013 |
Contempt of court charges used to muzzle critics of judiciary in Singapore
30 Oct 2013 |
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2 Oct 2013 |
Don't miss your last chance to enter the International Day to End Impunity Photo Contest
31 Oct 2013 |
Local rights group launches innovative campaign to end impunity in Bahrain
30 Oct 2013 |
Argentina's new biometric ID system ignores right to privacy
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Mittler Brothers 1000-254 - Mittler Brothers Rear End Accessories
JEGS Part Number: 407-1000-254Late Model Big Ford (Torino) Housing Ends
Mittler Brothers Rear End Accessories
All Mittler Brothers housing ends are machined from premium grade mild steel so there is no fear of cracking when MIG welding is used to attach to the housings.
All housings are 1" Thick unless stated otherwise
Pinion Angle Plate
Just bolt the plate to the right side third member studs. Use a digital level to set pinion angle. The MB Pinion Angle Plate is a quick and simple method to check and set pinion angle. Use this when first setting up chassis or making bar changes. This will allow you to maintain this critical angle. Smart Tool (Digital Level) Not Included.
Mittler Brothers 1000-254
Manufacturer's Part Number:


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Currency Displayed in
Sloan Spa Quad LED Light Strand 50 inch 701564-4-DLO
The 701564-4-DLO has 4 Bullet LEDs and can be "Daisy Chained" to add more LEDs to the Sloan 701678-DLO controller
Manufacturer's 1 year limited warranty free of defects
This product hasn't received any reviews yet. Be the first to review this product!
All prices are in USD.


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It is now getting very annoying for me. Am trying to change my desktop background image but dont know what is the problem am unable to do it. When I go to desktop properties I can click on various background images under desktop tab, and it even show up in the preview box. But as soon as I click on Apple or Ok, my desktop appears only with the background color and not the image.
AM trying to do this from 2 days but it is still the same. Can any one help ?


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Fixed PriceDelivery by April 29, 2013
Looking to build a complicated Wordpress Plugin. Experts PHP knowledge .
Software Development.
A plugin with built in tools like a Keyword density Checker content spinning and rewriting.
Client Activity on this Job
Last Viewed: 3 years ago
Hired: 1
About the Client
United States
Virginia Beach 06:54 PM
Jobs Posted
51% Hire Rate, 1 Open Job
Total Spent
36 Hires, 0 Active


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|Main Features
|Installed Memory
|At least 8 MB
|Interface Type
|PDA Special Features
|Cellular Phone
Use the tools below to refine your search by only displaying reviews with a certain number of star ratings or to only show reviews from a certain time period. Eg click on '1 star' to just display the reviews we have which received a 1 star rating click or 'Within the last month' to display just reviews posted over the last month.
Written on: 19/04/2009 by sujays86 (2 reviews written)
The HP iPAQ RW6815 is a very good product I am using this for 3 three years good sound, video and other features… Read Full Review
As rated by our community of reviewers
" The unit works well for it's size. The price can't be beat. The m... " Read More
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" The Hp200lx was too good...hp had to get rid of it. " Read More
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Written by jcparker
" I had my first Psion 3 in 1992, a 5 in 1997, and a 5mx in 2001; it ... " Read More
Written by RichardCC


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Meet Bill
|Release Date: April 04, 2008
|Running Time: 92 mins.
|MPAA Rating: R
|Box Office: $59,108.00
|Genre: Comedy
Aaron Eckhart
Timothy Olyphant
Elizabeth Banks
Jessica Alba
All Cast & Crew >>
Summary:Meet Bill--a doormat if ever there was one. A man reduced to a mere accessory to his family by working a dead end job at his father-in-law's bank and arguing about his overindulgent love for chocolate with his wife Jess who is loathe to explain her "friendship" with the local news anchorman. But Bill's fate begins to change when he becomes a mentor to a self-assured boy who engineers Bill's recovery with the help of a cute lingerie sales girl named Lucy. Together, the trio confronts Bill's hapless life with humor and energy while forcing him to capture his dream of being financially independent and self-confident.


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Monday, July 21, 2008
Cross of Christ
Whew!! We made it home from our beach vacation Saturday evening. A trip that should have taken us around 8 hours ended up taking us almost 10 hours, because of a big traffic snarl only an hour and half from home. About half of those 10 hours were spent accompanied by the whining and crying of our 15-month-old, who does NOT travel well at all. BUT, like childbirth, it will all be a distant memory when we pack up and do it all over again next year :) It's good to be back home! I did have internet access at the rental house, so I wasn't completely out of the loop, but I still have a ton of catching up to do!! Thanks for all your wishes for a great vacation and safe travel!
Today's card features one of the new stamp sets by Our Daily Bread Designs called Cross of Christ. It was designed by a fellow design teammate, too -- the uber talented Dina Kowal. The cross is the same as the gorgeous watermarks the design team members have been using. Customers liked it just as much as we all did and asked if it could be turned into a stamp. The cross comes in three sizes (this is the smallest), along with a fabulous mixture of sentiments. Be sure to check out the Cross of Christ gallery, where you'll find loads of fantastic projects created by all of the Our Daily Bread design team members.
The card is a tri-fold. I cut windows in the front layers with my rectangle Nestabilities to create a opening to the middle panel, which holds the sentiment. The sentiment panel (which is raised up on dimensionals) has been embossed around the edges with the rectangle Nestability and in the center with a small circle Nestability. The middle panel opens to the card base, where a personal message can be included.
Do you see the sparkly bauble in the center of the paper flower (and the three others on the inside corners of the outer frame)?? They are the coolest!! They look almost exactly like miniature gumdrops! Seriously, you almost want to pick them off the card and have a taste! What are they? They're called "Princess Pops" and they are part of a collection called Sugar and Scraps Embellishments made by Silly Skittles. The various baubles in the collection are very much like Dew Drops, but with lots more choices -- sugared, jeweled, polka-dotted, swirled, etc. You can find them at Pez-A-Doodle Designs. Check them out!! (The clear baubles are from my stash of Dew Drops.)
Here are some additional pictures:
Oh, and if you're still with me, thanks so much for the feedback on Saturday's wild birthday card! It was great to read all the enthusiastic feedback. I'm already seeing it with fresh eyes -- all of yours!
Thanks for stopping by!
Stamps: Cross of Christ (Our Daily Bread Designs); Stitched (SU!)
Paper: Ruby Red, Blush Blossom, and Very Vanilla card stock; "Ella Precocious" dp (Bo Bunny's Shabby Princess Collection)
Ink: Ruby Red, Basic Black, and White craft
Accessories: classic rectangle and circle Nestabilities (Spellbinders), dew drops (Robin's Nest), Princess Pops (by Silly Skittles), sewing machine and thread, paper flower (Prima), stamping sponges, Rough Diamonds Cuttlebug folder (Provo Craft), paper piercer, photo corner punch (Stampin' Up!)
24 comments:
I also have a little one who does not travel well, I hear your pain! Glad you made it home safely though. Amy, this card is absolutely stunning! I really love what you did with it and will definitely CASE this layout. Beautifully done!ReplyDelete
Thank you for this card of faith!ReplyDelete
x x Marie-Josee
Welcome home!!!! And you go right into enabling mode....new pretties....thanks for the link, they're adorable & going on my wish list!!!ReplyDelete
Glad you're home and safe! LOVE this tri-fold card!! I've got to find some of this Bo Bunny DP! Fabulous!ReplyDelete
WOWSERS! This is a jaw-dropping card!!!!!! BEAUTIFUL work! So glad you are home safe!!ReplyDelete
What a wonderful card!!! I was telling myself I will look quickly over blog and I will left comments another day because I don't have much time, but your card made me stop and write :)ReplyDelete
Have a wonderful day!
I just received this stamp set in the mail today! I love your trifold card! Its beautiful! and the colors are awesome!ReplyDelete
This is a fabulous tri-fold card! And red is my favorite color :)ReplyDelete
oh so gorgeous as usual - glad you like the princess pops - these bead pops have quickly become my fave embellie of all time!!ReplyDelete
Wow! Absolute gorgeousness, Amy!ReplyDelete
this is beautiful! love the sponging, the creative fold and the dew drops in the cornersReplyDelete
Stunning card! Glad to see you all made it home in one piece!!ReplyDelete
- Kelley HollandJuly 22, 2008 at 2:23 AM
Glad you are back..I missed you!! Your card is just awesome, as usual!! LOVE it!!ReplyDelete
Great to have you back, welcome home!!ReplyDelete
This is another LOVELY card from you. Love the colour red always makes me in such good mode.
Have a great day
- CherylQuilts at SCSJuly 22, 2008 at 6:21 AM
This is GORGEOUS! Love the colors and love the album-like card. TFS!ReplyDelete
This is absolutly!ReplyDelete
Annett from germany
Welcome back--and what an inspiration this card is! I thought the last one was, but this one is over the top!ReplyDelete
Welcome back Amy!ReplyDelete
This card is BEAUTIFUL! Wow! Those embellishments sure do look yummy! LOL! I've never heard of them before...probably something else we don't have in Canada...bummer eh?!
So beautiful!ReplyDelete
The detail in all of your work is absolutely amazing!
I love the colors in this card and the message!
I love your childbirth analogy!!!! Our vacation is in a couple weeks so I'm already feeling your pain. This card is stunning by the way!!!!ReplyDelete
Gorgeous, Amy, and what incredible details with the folds. Love, Love, LOVE this!!ReplyDelete
So stunning Amy!!ReplyDelete
Oh my this is just beautiful, love all the extra touches given to this and also the neat way it opens!ReplyDelete
Fantastic looking card!!! It's perfect in every way!!!ReplyDelete


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Thoughts on evolution via trade?
View Single Post
June 5th, 2013 (12:16 PM).
Dark-Type Gym Leader
Join Date: Oct 2012
Location: Florida
Age: 24
Gender: Male
Posts: 168
Originally Posted by
Hey guys. This time, I want to ask few simple questions about evolution via trading.
Do you like this idea in every Pokemon game?
Do you guys have or had Pokemon that evolve via trading (those with held specific items too)?
If yes, what Pokemon do you use frequently? More than 1 in your team maybe?
I just wonder what Pokemon of that kind is the most common choice by PC users.
Personally I don't like that idea at all, but again having awesome Pokemon in my team just force me to do it.
On LG I had Haunter and I was building nice team for later gameplay in Emerald, so I traded him and evolved into Gengar, turned out not so bad. I like Gengar a lot, it's my favorite Ghost type.
1. No, I hate it. It requires you to put your trust into someone that you MAY or may NOT know. I once tried to trade-evolve my shiny Machoke to my friend who I knew for 2 years, and he stole it from me. We don't talk anymore.
2. I used to. Now I rely on evolutions that don't require anything but held items or stones.
3. Poliwrath.
In X and Y, nintendo needs to completely remove the trade evolution system, or at least swap it out with something far more trustworthy. No, I'm not talking about the GTS, because that's just full of dumb hacked pokemon, stupid nicknames, and level 100s.
"The entire world will be infected. A new Genesis is at hand and I will be the creator!"
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Written on: 31/01/2012 by kingfi5her1 (1 review written)
Called today (31st January 2012) for lunch and it was closed. Called last year, closed again. Don't think I eill bother again. The banner on the roadside seems inviting. Something wrong somewhere.
Written on: 25/11/2012
It is open again and really is worth trying again
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Healds Hall Hotel Taster Menus " Read More
Written by fussyconsumer
" DRINKERS NOT WELCOME! " Read More
" Soft play is a danger zone " Read More
" Weatherspoons good for a drink not for food " Read More
" Best Place To Eat in Leeds " Read More


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|Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500082 Colour Separations-Offset
- Evaluations:
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Last night on the shop ride, we hit about 30 miles of technical singletrack. It's a great ride and we do it every Wednesday without incident 9 out of 10 times. Last night though was a mess. Tell me why when 11 riders show up in varying ability levels, why there wouldn't be an A and B group? There were four employees from the shop who race regularly, one of which is a pro, along with 3 medium skilled riders and four beginners. We waited and waited and waited for the slow riders constantly!
Through the ride, we had the following problems:
11 (yes 11) blown tubes. Who still uses tubes?! One guy had four flats himself! more than 50% of the time the people with the flats had no tubes or patch kits, nor did they even know how to remove the wheel from the bike.
1 broken chain - twice. This guy used my chain breaker to fix the chain, as he did not have one.
1 crash (a beginner on a *new* demo ellsworth 29'er)
between waiting, fixing, and kibitzing, we made a 30 mile ride take almost 3.5 hours.
I normally love these shop rides, but if no one is going to step up and make things work smoothly, I want to handle it myself. Usually there are only 4/5 of us on the ride, all of whom are good friends, and the group rides at about the same pace. This ride, there was just too much variation in skill level. Aside from splitting into groups and asking people several times if they have replacement tubes and their own trail tools, what can be done to alleviate headaches like this? Any ideas, as well as a gentle and friendly way to present it to the group would be appreciated.


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Air Pollution Control Companies in Mexico
Category: Air & Climate ×
Subcategory: Air Pollution Control ×
Industry: Energy - Bioenergy ×
Location: Latin America ×
Location: Mexico ×
based in Bellevue, WASHINGTON (USA)
Lundberg specializes in the design and supply of Custom Solutions including Engineering, Systems and Equipment for the Process Industries, to meet each client`s unique Environmental, Energy Efficiency and Chemical Processing needs. We offer a full range of services from studies and audits through complete EPC installations. Lundberg has developed a wide range of ...
Anguil Environmental Systems, Inc.
based in Milwaukee, WISCONSIN (USA)
Anguil Environmental Systems is a global provider of industrial air pollution control, emission abatement and energy recovery systems. We design, manufacturer, service and install thermal and catalytic oxidation technologies as well as heat recovery systems for a variety of applications and industries.Anguil Aqua was developed to help our industrial clients with water ...
Advanced Cyclone Systems, S. A.
based in Porto, PORTUGAL
Advanced Cyclone Systems, S.A. (ACS) is a company exclusively dedicated to the development and commercialization of high efficiency cyclone systems, worldwide. The company works in a very close cooperation with its clients in order to design custom made cyclone systems that really solve their unmet needs.
Bionomic Industries Inc.
based in Mahwah, NEW JERSEY (USA)
Bionomic Industries' recently redesigned website. We appreciate your interest in our company and hope you find our new site user-friendly, most informative and helpful in solving your present or future air pollution, emission control, product or waste heat recovery application. As the dominant worldwide leader in providing conventional and advanced gas absorption, ...
Procal - Parker Hannifin Corp
based in Peterborough, UNITED KINGDOM
Procal design and manufacture continuous emissions monitors suitable for applications that come under the European Large Combustion Plant and Waste Incineration Directives. These monitors are also used on US EPA approved sites. Certified under MCERTS for the measurement of NO, SO2, CO, CO2, H2O, and providing information as required for compliance with EN14181, Procal ...
Chemisch Thermische Prozesstechnik GmbH / CTP Air Pollution Control
based in Graz, AUSTRIA
CTP (Chemisch Thermische Prozesstechnik GmbH) is one of the world`s leading companies in air pollution control for industrial applications. CTP was founded in 1985 and since then, its engineers, chemists and researchers have been developing individual technologies to serve customers worldwide, covering all industrial sectors. At CTP, we adhere to high quality standards ...
Clarke Energy
based in Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
Clarke Energy is a multinational specialist in the engineering, installation and maintenance of gas-fuelled power plants. Our facilities deliver fuel efficiency and help reduce carbon emissions. Applications include combined heat and power (CHP) with natural gas, biogas, landfill gas and coal gas. We are a the largest authorised distributor and service provider for GE's ...
IMR Environmental Equipment, Inc.
based in St. Petersburg, FLORIDA (USA)
IMR Environmental Equipment, Inc. is one of the leading manufacturers worldwide for portable flue-gas analyzers and stationary flue-gas analyzers using electro-chemical and NDIR technology. Furthermore, the product range includes leak detectors (HC, refrigerant), thermometers, manometers and anemometers. IMR has almost 30 years of experience designing, manufacturing and ...
Turboden srl
based in Brescia, ITALY
Turboden, a Mitsubishi Heavy Industries company, is a global leader in the design, manufacture and service of ORC turbogenerators, since 1980, which harness heat to generate electric and thermal power from renewable sources (biomass, geothermal and solar energy) and waste heat from industrial processes, engines and gas turbines, particularly suitable for distributed ...
based in Kennesaw, GEORGIA (US) (USA)
ABUTEC, an acronym for Advanced Burner Technologies, is an international manufacturer of Environmentally Friendly Combustion Solutions. ABUTEC specializes in offering high efficiency, low emission, burners and flares to various industry segments and applications. ABUTEC manufactures Infrared Burners, Enclosed Flares, Vapor Combustors, Incinerators, Thermal Oxidizers, and ...
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Let the XPRTs do the work for you


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Big-data processing is performed by composing a sequence of data transformation steps into a processing pipeline. The pipeline is then executed on a distributed system by exploiting parallelism at scale. Many decisions that need to be made by end-users (resource provisioning for the cloud) and cluster management frameworks (meeting job SLOs) need a better understanding of the performance characteristics of such pipelines. The goal of perforator is to enable various performance driven decisions
Data-size estimation for big-data pipelines
Good estimates of data sizes processed through a big-data pipeline are crucial to efficiently manage resources. Apriori estimates are needed for applications like execution-time prediction, SLA driven scheduling and resource provisioning.
Data size estimation for big-data pipelines is challenging because (1) big-data query languages support arbitrary user-defined functions. We observe that about 75% of production pipelines have UDFs. (2) The storage layer used in big-data systems are non-relational and support custom serialization, compression and storage formats. Data sizes not only depend on the number of rows but also on format used.
We propose black box technique for directly estimating the size of data read, written and shuffled by different stages of a big data pipeline. The estimator employs curve fitting to learn the relationship between data sizes at the input and output of operators by observing the behavior on random samples of the actual data. As with any estimation problem there is a trade-off between the cost of estimation and accuracy of estimation. We explore this trade-off and come up with a design that is well suited for big-data systems. We implement our estimator as part of the HIVE query engine and plug into multiple big-data systems (Hadoop, Tez, Impala, Spark).
Evaluation on Big-Bench and production big-data pipelines shows that this technique can estimate data sizes accurately by expending as little as 5% of the resource-time product needed to run the actual pipeline. We predict data sizes to within a factor of 10 in 97% of the cases and significantly outperform the current estimator used by the HIVE optimizer. When employed for resource allocation we find that our estimator can estimate the costs to within 7% of an oracle.
Predictive performance models for SLA aware cluster management
Sharing large Big Data clusters is an effective way to amortize costs and maximize utility. However, this requires large production jobs, with strict SLAs, and latency-sensitive interactive computations, to execute side-by-side. Currently deployed scheduling mechanisms such as fairness and priorities are insufficient to guarantee production SLAs, minimize best-effort job latency, and maintain high cluster utilization.
To address this problem we propose a system that: 1) automatically infers the resource needs of a broad class of production jobs, by means of profiling and white-box modeling, 2) dynamically requests resources, and cope with changing cluster conditions by renegotiating the resources dedicated to each job, and 3) enhances Hadoop admission control to guarantee enough resources are set aside to meet all SLAs.
We integrate our system in Hadoop, leveraging recent advances in the YARN resource manager, and demosntrate broad applicability (Hive, Oozie, MapReduce, Pig) and high precision when handling production workloads from popular benchmarks such as TPC-H and BigBench.
- kaushik rajan, KApil Vaswani, Dharmesh Kakadia, Subru Krishnan, and carlo curino, Performance Modeling and Optimization of Distributed Queries, no. MSR-TR-2014-14, February 2014.


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AC UNITY - Sneak Peek -WIP. by CreedCosplayWatch
©2014-2016 CreedCosplay
There is still some things to change (Edit) But this is just a sneak peek of what i have so fare!
Costume made and worn by me (Jamie oakley)
Costume made and worn by me (Jamie oakley)
This looks great! I love the material you used for the coat! keep it up!!
wow very cool i like that you look at your necklace in the photo
one more thing do you have the digital patterns of the coat? if not, if you do, let me now!
one more thing do you have the digital patterns of the coat? if not, if you do, let me now!
Looks very good! Good button choiche! I love it!
I'm going to be the impatient fan and say WE WANT MORE! Looks very promising!
Absolutely Awesome ! nice fabric choice
Thank you very much I appricate that
Just a quick question, how did you do the pattern for the cream/white vest ? I'm trying to figure it out but it drives me crazy.
Thank you !
Thank you !
Oeh, this looks fantastic! Great job! Love to see the rest!
Thank you! I appreciate it! I'm working on his belts at the moment just trying to see what color i will use. iv seen them in 3 different colors ... Cant wait to see what you have up ur sleeve for Arno


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Always a proud mama, Jessica Simpson shared some adorable snapshots of her daughter Maxwell taken during their Memorial Day celebration on Monday (May 25).
The 34-year-old singer/entrepreneur uploaded the images via Instagram, depicting her 2-year-old girl in a brand new festive swimsuit.
They've never been afraid of publicly displaying their affection for one another and on Easter Sunday (April 5) Jessica Simpson and Eric Johnson were at it again.
The "With You" songstress posted a photo to her Instagram account that depicted her wrapping herself around her hubby and moving in for a flirty smooch.
Over the years she's been unfairly branded as a ditzy blonde bombshell, but it turns out Jessica Simpson is more of a billion-dollar businesswoman.
On Thursday (April 2) the "Come On Over" songstress announced that she sold a majority stake of her JSC Products corporation to Sequential Brands Group, with plans to triple sales by flooding international markets.
She looks hotter than ever these days, and Jessica Simpson is all about showing off her killer body in the new Spring 2015 campaign for her namesake brand.
The 34-year-old entertainer channels her Daisy Duke character for the sexy snapshots, modeling a pair of short denim cutoffs against the Sedona, Arizona backdrop.
She may be married with kiddos, but that's not stopping Jessica Simpson from fully embracing her sexuality- and plastering it all over social media!
The gorgeous "With You" singer posed for some racy photos with her husband Eric Johnson in honor of Valentine's Day, and it looks like they've been reading/watching "Fifty Shades of Grey."
She's in killer shape these days, and Jessica Simpson couldn't be happier to have lost 70 pounds after giving birth to her two kids.
It's been a whirlwind year for Jessica Simpson, and from the look of her latest Instagram post, she's in a very positive mindset. The "Dukes of Hazzard" hottie, who has famously struggled with her weight for years, happily shows off her fit physique in the series of snapshots while wishing her loyal followers a happy holiday.
Taking her hairdo to the next level, Jessica Simpson decided to go totally platinum during her recent visit to the hair salon.
The "With You" singer headed over to Rita Hazan's beauty shop to undergo a dazzling dye job and she posted the results on Instagram.


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Select trailers of interest:
"We did purchase the Haulmark Trailers because we were getting a good value for our money, as compared to other places that we checked." Dan H Madrid IA
Home | Specialty Trailers | EZ Display Specialty Trailers | EZ Display DS2 Bumper Pull Trailer
Here's the perfect trailer for part-time vending at weekend festivals, sporting events, concerts and fairs. Ideal for personal use or by institutions such as schools and corporations. Available as a 7x12' quick-and-easy concession trailer, its value-price ensures that it pays for itself quickly! Bring out the popcorn and sodas, summer is coming, is your organization ready for the fun times?
The EZ-Display model Specialty Trailer with Single 3,500 lb. axle configuration and 2,990 lb. GVWR. This unit is shown with Upgraded Split Awning Doors.
For tag or bumper mount trailers, it is generally accepted that tongue weight is 10 - 15% of the curb weight. Heavily optioned trailer may influence this number to be 20% or more. Also poor, improper or unbalanced loading may contribute. That is why consideration for how payload and features are placed inside of the trailer are very important, not only to tongue weight but overall ride quality.
Check out our new Blog on the Racing Industry!


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Those are Sleek!!! They Look FRESH!!! If These Release to the Public, I'm GONNA COP EM!!! :)
March 11, 2014 BY Brendan Dunne / 9
It looks like the default Swoosh set up as far as the upcoming Nike LeBron 11 Low is concerned will feature the same pattern found back on the "King's Pride" Nike LeBron 11. From what we could discern it wasn't on that pair that King James himself trotted out last night, but he's obviously got access to a whole boatload of exclusives so whatever is seen on-feet there doesn't necessarily reflect upcoming retail joints. Take another look at this aqua flavored Nike LeBron XI Low after the click if you like what you see above.
Source: winzz on NT
Filed under: Basketball LeBron Upcoming Sneakers
Tags: LeBron 11 LeBron 11 Low Nike LeBron 11 Nike LeBron 11 Low
Those are Sleek!!! They Look FRESH!!! If These Release to the Public, I'm GONNA COP EM!!! :)
these look dope
I dig these. If I can, gonna blacken that orange trim in the toe swoosh.
this air bag is so ugly.... why do they always over due the air bag.... this shoe is really a lazy design..... all the XI are a waste of money... the shoe is just all over the place with no direction......
hate to say it but lows actually look better than the regs this year
Lebron 9 lows alllllll over again, but im not complaining I loved the 9's. If these release in a seattle seahwawks colorway or a lava colorway i'd cop immediately.
@JoseBautista you will be able to Nike Id these in a month i bet
Basically a summit lake low top
not bad look better than the hi tops


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Rustic charm and old world sophistication come together to create this distinctive cocktail table.
A rustic feel eminates from this heavily distressed, round cocktail table. The simplistic lines, alluring metal accents and distressed finish give it an authentic, hand-crafted feel. The casters make it easy to move.
Our associates are standing by to assist you.


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Acupuncture offers long lasting relief to migraines
September 18, 2007
Filed under Acupuncture
CM NEWS – Acupuncture has been proved to provide effective and persistent relief of migraine headaches, according to a new study in Italy.
To check the effectiveness of a true acupuncture treatment according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in migraine without aura, researchers of the Department of Medico-Surgical Specialities of University of Padua in Italy compared true acunpuncture to a standard mock acupuncture protocol, an accurate mock acupuncture healing ritual, and untreated controls. Read more
Placebo effect may be at play in acupuncture studies: analysis
June 28, 2007
Filed under Acupuncture
Reuters Health – Acupuncture can bring some relief to people with knee arthritis, but the benefits may be at least partly from a placebo effect, a new research review suggests. Read more
Acupuncture stimulates brain metabolism in dementia patients
June 25, 2007
Filed under Acupuncture, Aging
CM NEWS – Needling specific acupoints may help patients with dementia, a recently published study shows. The acupoint combo seems to increase cerebral glucose metabolism in the brain, as indicated by cerebral functional imaging. Read more
Acupuncture helps mothers breast feed
June 11, 2007
Filed under Acupuncture
CM NEWS – So now not only acupuncture can control pain, it can also help a mother to have a smooth breast feeding experience. Read more
Acupuncture on hypertension 'a clear effect': landmark study
June 7, 2007
Filed under Acupuncture, Heart health
Heartwire – A study billed as the first rigorous, randomized trial in the West to test acupuncture against a sham (fake) needle technique to treat hypertension suggests that, performed properly, acupuncture may produce blood-pressure changes on a par with monotherapy in mild to moderate hypertension. Read more
Massage, acupuncutre ease pain after cancer surgery
April 4, 2007
Filed under Acupuncture, Cancer
UCSF News – Massage and acupuncture are effective in decreasing pain and depression following surgery in cancer patients, according to a UCSF study. Read more
Acupuncture controls chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain
March 3, 2007
Filed under Acupuncture, Men's health
CM NEWS – Researchers have shown in a recent study that acupuncture is effective in alleviating the severity of pain in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Read more


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Mission Statement: The mission of Park University, an entrepreneurial institution of learning, is to provide access to academic excellence, which will prepare learners to think critically, communicate effectively and engage in lifelong learning while serving a global community.Vision Statement: Park University will be a renowned international leader in providing innovative educational opportunities for learners within the global society.CourseMG 420 Labor RelationsSemesterS2E 2011 PEFacultyCaruana, MarkTitleadjunct facultyDegrees/CertificatesB A political Science, USDJ D law USDOffice Location2725 Jefferson Street suite 11, Carlsbad, Ca. 92008Office Hoursby appointmentDaytime Phone760-434-4747Other Phone760-458-0422 (cell)email@example.com@aol.comSemester Dates4-14-11 to 5-8-11Class DaysFridayClass Time5pm to 10 pmPrerequisitesMG 352 HR 353Credit Hours3Textbook: LABOR RELATIONS: STRIKING A BALANCE by John Budd (3rd edition)
Mc Graw Hill, 2010Textbooks can be purchased through the MBS bookstoreTextbooks can be purchased through the Parkville BookstoreAdditional Resources: Oyez.com
McAfee Memorial Library - Online information, links, electronic databases and the Online catalog. Contact the library for further assistance via email or at 800-270-4347.Career Counseling - The Career Development Center (CDC) provides services for all stages of career development. The mission of the CDC is to provide the career planning tools to ensure a lifetime of career success.Park Helpdesk - If you have forgotten your OPEN ID or Password, or need assistance with your PirateMail account, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 800-927-3024Resources for Current Students - A great place to look for all kinds of information http://www.park.edu/Current/.http://nytimes.comhttp://findlaw.comCourse Description: MG420 Labor Relations: Consideration of the development, legal environment, and current problems of the industrial relations system. Emphasis is placed upon the historical evolution of both the union movement and the legislative system that shapes its activities. 3:0:3 Prerequisite: MG 352 and HR 353.Educational Philosophy: I am honored to work for Park and I am looking forward to meeting each of you.
Communication is an essential element of education. As students and professionals we are required to express thoughts and ideas on a daily basis. This class will be taught in seminar style. I will clearly take the lead and moderate classes but each of you will be expected to contribute. All papers must be done using APA format.
Please remember that I work for you. If you need any assistance I am willing to assist you. I am an adjunct and as such I do not have an office on campus. However, I have a law office in town. You may make an appointment there or I can meet you before or after class at the school. If either option is difficult then please feel free to call me and set a telephonic appointment.
Here is how to reach me: Mark V Caruana, J.D.
2725 Jefferson Street, suite 11
Carlsbad, Ca 92008
fax 760-434-9183
office 760-434-4747
cell 760-458-0422
Learning Outcomes: Core Learning OutcomesExplain various perspectives of collective bargaining theories.Discuss the historical and future trends toward labor and management conflict resolution.Evaluate how labor relations theories can be applied to workplace practices including the students own work environment. Instructor Learning OutcomesIdentify and explain the various roles unions have filled in American historyAssess the political dynamics of budgets and the labor vote versus managementDiscuss how capitalism and collective bargaining interfaceAnalyze and be able to critique the role, limits and aspects of public employee collective bargainingExplain negotiation strategies in the collective bargaining settingIdentify the limitations on picketing and demonstrating during the collective bargaining processState the basic elements of employment contracts and their remedies for breachEvaluate the power of injunctive reliefCore Assessment:
Class Assessment: You will be asssessed in four ways.
First, I expect each of you to attend and contribute to the class. Your thoughts are critical to the learning process.
Second you will have a midterm which will focus on the material we have covered in the lectures. The exam will be essays.
Third you will have a comprehensive final, essays again.
Fourth you will be responsible for a term paper. The topic is optional. It might be a current event like the present situation inWisconsin. It might be a historical event like the creation of the NLRB. We will discuss this further in the classroom.
Grading: Class participation......... 20% twenty points
Mid term exam 20% twenty points
Research/term paper 30% thirty points
Final exam 30% thirty points
TOTAL 100% one hundred points
The course grade for students will be based on the overall average of homework and tests taken during the course in accordance with the weighting of the various requirements as stated in the syllabus.
MG 420 Labor Relations
Caruana, Mark
adjunct faculty
B A political Science, USDJ D law USD
Office Location
2725 Jefferson Street suite 11, Carlsbad, Ca. 92008
Office Hours
by appointment
Daytime Phone
Other Phone
760-458-0422 (cell)
Semester Dates
4-14-11 to 5-8-11
Class Days
Class Time
5pm to 10 pm
Credit Hours
Textbooks can be purchased through the MBS bookstore
Textbooks can be purchased through the Parkville Bookstore
Additional Resources:
McAfee Memorial Library - Online information, links, electronic databases and the Online catalog. Contact the library for further assistance via email or at 800-270-4347.Career Counseling - The Career Development Center (CDC) provides services for all stages of career development. The mission of the CDC is to provide the career planning tools to ensure a lifetime of career success.Park Helpdesk - If you have forgotten your OPEN ID or Password, or need assistance with your PirateMail account, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 800-927-3024Resources for Current Students - A great place to look for all kinds of information http://www.park.edu/Current/.
Educational Philosophy:
Learning Outcomes: Core Learning Outcomes
Class Assessment:
The course grade for students will be based on the overall average of homework and tests taken during the course in accordance with the weighting of the various requirements as stated in the syllabus.
All final exams in all School of Business courses will be comprehensive and will be closed book and closed notes. They will constitute 30% of the total course grade and will not be a take-home exam. They will be completed during the test week in the period designated by the registrar or by the Proctor in the case online courses. If calculators are allowed, they will not be multifunctional electronic devices that include features such as: phones, cameras, instant messaging, pagers, and so forth. Electronic Computers will not be allowed on final exams unless an exception is made by the Dean of the School of Business.
Classroom Rules of Conduct:
Course Topic/Dates/Assignments:
Academic Honesty:Academic integrity is the foundation of the academic community. Because each student has the primary responsibility for being academically honest, students are advised to read and understand all sections of this policy relating to standards of conduct and academic life. Park University students and faculty members are encouraged to take advantage of the University resources available for learning about academic honesty (www.park.edu/current or http://www.park.edu/faculty/).from Park University 2010-2011 Undergraduate Catalog Page 92
Plagiarism:Plagiarism involves the use of quotations without quotation marks, the use of quotations without indication of the source, the use of another's idea without acknowledging the source, the submission of a paper, laboratory report, project, or class assignment (any portion of such) prepared by another person, or incorrect paraphrasing. from Park University 2010-2011 Undergraduate Catalog Page 92-93
Attendance Policy:Instructors are required to maintain attendance records and to report absences via the online attendance reporting system.
Park University 2010-2011 Undergraduate Catalog Page 95-96
Disability Guidelines:Park University is committed to meeting the needs of all students that meet the criteria for special assistance. These guidelines are designed to supply directions to students concerning the information necessary to accomplish this goal. It is Park University's policy to comply fully with federal and state law, including Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, regarding students with disabilities. In the case of any inconsistency between these guidelines and federal and/or state law, the provisions of the law will apply. Additional information concerning Park University's policies and procedures related to disability can be found on the Park University web page: http://www.park.edu/disability .
Last Updated:3/13/2011 1:16:17 AM


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How Shifting Occupational Composition Has Affected the Real Average Wage: OES Data from 2002-2007 Reveal That an Overall Shift in Employment towards Occupations with Lower Mean Wages Hindered Growth in the U.S. Real Average Wage and That Wage Growth Was Concentrated in Higher Paying Occupations; the Data Also Show a Shift in Employment from the Middle-Paying Occupations to the Highest and Lowest Paying Occupations
Keller, Rebecca, Monthly Labor Review
Between November 2002 and May 2007, the cross-occupational average hourly wage in the United States increased by $2.46, from $17.10 to $19.56, or by about 14 percent, according to the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program. Adjusting the 2002 figure to May 2007 dollars (1) shows the real average hourly wage increased from $19.48 to $19.56, approximately a .41-percent increase.
There have been numerous studies and programs devoted to understanding this recent slow growth in the Real Average Wage (RAW). Many studies attribute slow wage growth to the increasing cost of employee benefits and health insurance--a phenomenon that results in employees' wages becoming a smaller part of their total compensation. (2) Other studies have analyzed how wage growth relates to income or wage inequality. (3) This article seeks to contribute towards an understanding of RAW growth by quantifying how changes in the occupational composition of U.S. employment have affected the average wage.
This article analyzes occupational wage and employment data from the OES program to understand how changes in occupations' wages and changes in occupations' levels of employment each have contributed to growth in the U.S. RAW. Overall wage growth could stem from increases in the mean wages of particular occupations, from a shift in employment towards occupations with higher wages, or from a combination of the two factors. This article's analysis of OES data from November 2002 to May 2007 finds that a shift in employment towards lower paying occupations hindered U.S. RAW growth, that increases in the real mean wages of individual occupations was the only factor that caused growth in the U.S. RAW, and that most of the average wage growth was due to increases in the wages of the highest paying occupations. This analysis also finds a shift in employment towards the highest paying and lowest paying occupations and away from middle-paying occupations. This article will show which occupations experienced growth and which experienced decline in real mean wages or in share of employment, and how these changes influenced the U.S. RAW. It will also reveal patterns of lower and higher paying occupations and of education and training categories, and give a brief analysis of changes in the average wages of U.S. States.
The OES program estimates national employment and wages by occupation and provides a data set for understanding changes in the average wage over the medium term. The OES program surveys 1.2 million business establishments, using 3 years of data collected in six semiannual panels to produce estimates for over 800 occupations. (4) Because of the survey methods employed, it can be difficult to use the data for time-series analysis, but this study mostly overcomes the issue because it compares wage and employment data 4 1/2 years apart and analyzes cross-industry wage and employment estimates that have been retabulated on the basis of a common coding system. (5) However, between November 2002 and May 2007, OES implemented refinements in occupational coding procedures that have caused some management workers to be moved from one occupation to another. Therefore, some results of this analysis may have been affected by this worker classification change and must be interpreted cautiously.
Change in the U.S. average wage may be due to changes in the mean wages of individual occupations or to shifts in employment among higher and lower paying occupations. An occupation's share of national employment is the percent of total jobs in the Nation for which the occupation accounts. This article uses a "shift-share analysis" of OES data to quantify the effect of changes in mean wages and the effect of changes in employment share on the U.S. RAW from November 2002 to May 2007. (6) OES data previously have been employed to examine the role of occupational composition, or the assortment of shares of national employment held by occupations, in the average wage differentials of U. …