text:
Here are the basic facts of State v. Rasabout from the majority opinion of the Utah Supreme Court, which was issued today:
Andy Rasabout is a member of the street gang known as the Tiny Oriental Posse. On November 1, 2007, Mr. Rasabout, riding shotgun in a Honda Civic, fired twelve shots from a Glock 9 mm semiautomatic pistol at a house and a car parked in front. Lee Tran, whom Mr. Rasabout knew to be a rival in the Original Laotian Gangsters, owned the car and was inside the house at the time. But Mr. Tran was not the only person in danger. Two young girls and their mother were asleep upstairs. Several others were playing cards in the basement. And one man was standing in the carport, enjoying the crisp morning air and a cigarette.
Rasabout was convicted of 12 counts of "unlawful discharge of a firearm." But is each shot a separate "discharge"? Or should the 12 shots together be considered one "discharge"? For more insight on those questions, read below the fold.
This is a matter of statutory construction, but the relevant statute, Utah Code section 76-10-508, does not address these questions expressly. The relevant focus of the Court's inquiry is legislative intent, but what did the Utah Legislature intend when it criminalized the "discharge of any kind of dangerous weapon or firearm ... from an automobile ... within 600 feet of ... a house, dwelling, or any other building"?
The Utah Supreme Court held "each discrete shot" is one "discharge." The majority opinion came to that conclusion via conventional textual analysis, including consideration of the dictionary definition of "discharge." According to the Court, "Under these dictionary entries, the clearest reading of the statute is that discharging a weapon or firearm means shooting a weapon or firearm."
The majority opinion also relied on a close reading of the statute, which refers to a firearm as "any device . . . from which is expelled a projectile by action of an explosive." And, of course, there is the policy argument: "it was reasonable for the Legislature to criminalize each shot fired because each shot carries an independent harm."
None of this seems dispositive, but it's pretty standard analysis from a Court.
Associate Chief Justice Tom Lee agreed with all of the majority's conclusions, but was uncomfortable resolving the statutory ambiguity by reference to the dictionary. You should know why, but the gist of the problem is that the dictionary definition of "discharge" could mean "to shoot" or it could mean "to unload." And the dictionary does not tell us the best meaning in this context. To resolve this problem, Justice Lee turns to corpus linguistics:
In this age of information, we have ready access to means for testing our resolution of linguistic ambiguity. Instead of just relying on the limited capacities of the dictionary or our memory, we can access large bodies of real-world language to see how particular words or phrases are actually used in written or spoken English. Linguists have a name for this kind of analysis; it is known as corpus linguistics.
The fancy Latin name makes this enterprise seem esoteric and daunting. It is not. We all engage in it even if we don't attach the technical label to it. A corpus is a body, and corpus linguistics analysis is no more than a study of language employing a body of language. When we communicate using words we naturally access a large corpus—the body of language we have been exposed to during our lifetimes—to decode the groups of letters or sounds we encounter. The most basic corpus linguistics analysis involves our split-second effort to access the body of language in our heads in our ongoing attempt to decode words or phrases we may be uncertain of. We all do that repeatedly every day.
It is a small step to utilize a tool to aid our linguistic memory. Judges do this with some frequency as well. Naturally. If judges are entitled to consult the corpus of language in our heads (and how could we not?), we must also be permitted to supplement and check our memory against publicly available sources of language.
Yes, yes, yes!
And the result in this case? A somewhat primitive search of Google News and a more sophisticated analysis using the Corpus of Contemporary American English both confirm that "discharge" of a firearm "is almost always used in the sense of a single shot."
Justice Lee has authored other opinions using corpus linguistics (most notably here), but this latest contribution will stand as a landmark defense of the method, mainly because of many excellent challenges raised by Justice Parrish in the opinion of the Court. In the following paragraphs, I interlace two of Justice Parrish's challenges with Justice Lee's responses:
Justice Parrish: Justice Lee argues that we should decide this case against Mr. Rasabout on the basis of the corpus linguistics research he has conducted sua sponte. But because his rationale is so different in kind from any argument made by the parties, Mr. Rasabout has never had a reasonable opportunity to present a different perspective. This violates the very notion of our adversary system, which "assures fairness by exempting a party from the inequity of [losing] on appeal on a ground that [he] had no opportunity to address." "[W]e should not dilute [the protections of our adversary system] by stretching their standards to justify our consideration of [an argument] we find interesting or important." Moreover, deciding this case on the basis of an argument not subjected to adversarial briefing is a recipe for making bad law.
Justice Lee: Independent investigation is foreclosed only as to "facts," not law. That is significant. Judicial analysis of the meaning of language, using corpus analysis or anything else, is aimed at interpreting the law. That is the judge's role. In performing the core function of deciding what the law is or should be, we cannot properly be restricted from consulting sources that inform our understanding.
... To the extent the [corpus] analysis ... encompasses "facts" (e.g., as to the way the verb discharge is typically used in our language in connection with the noun firearm or its synonyms), moreover, our law makes clear that we are free to consider them as a matter of judicial notice. Otherwise my colleagues' opinions also cross the line, as they also consider evidence not presented in the briefs regarding the ordinary meaning of discharge.
... A contrary conclusion would call into question a wide range of opinions of this court and many others. If we were foreclosed from considering outside material that informs our resolution of open questions of law, we would be barred from engaging in historical analysis relevant to a question of original meaning of a provision of the constitution, or from considering social science literature in resolving a difficult question under the common law. Linguistic analysis is no different; to the extent we charge our judges with resolving ambiguities in language, we cannot (and do not) reasonably restrict their ability to do so on a well-informed basis—even on grounds not presented by the parties, and not within the domain of judges' professional training. Such a restriction, after all, would not just foreclose corpus analysis; it would also prevent us from consulting a dictionary or our own experience with language.
Justice Parrish: Additionally, it would be entirely inappropriate for this court to conduct the independent scientific research that serves as the basis for Justice Lee's approach. Justice Lee admits that he is not an expert in this field and does not completely understand its methodologies, but asserts that we must "try." Linguistics is a scientific field of study that uses empirical research to draw findings. And just as with other fields of scientific study, simply trying harder will not lead us to a better answer. The knowledge and expertise required to conduct scientific research are "usually not within the common knowledge" of judges, so "testimony from relevant experts is generally required in order to ensure that [judges] have adequate knowledge upon which to base their decisions." We regularly refuse to conduct legal research, a field in which we are experts. We should similarly refuse our inclination to contrive of interesting research projects that require expertise in fields in which we have no training.
Moreover, as Justice Lee points out, "[m]ost judges are generalists." Indeed, we are aware of almost no one sitting on the bench or practicing law in this state who has the kind of scientific expertise required to reliably conduct the research Justice Lee requires. And issues of statutory construction where "both sides are able to marshal dictionary definitions in support of their view" permeate the majority of cases in this state. But in every such case, Justice Lee would require ad hoc linguistics research that could only be reliably conducted by dueling linguistics experts. Imposing such a significant financial burden on so many of the litigants coming through the doors of our courts would be tantamount to locking those doors for all but the most affluent. Moreover, it would place an unbearable burden upon our already thinly stretched district judges. That is simply unacceptable.
Justice Lee's appeal to linguistics research would not be so disquieting if he were not conducting the research himself, but merely citing findings that have been advanced by the parties, published in a scholarly journal, or authored by a respected source. Such sources include the reports of expert witnesses, published academic articles, and widely available dictionaries. In those cases, findings are subject to review by the relevant field of study or the opposing party's expert before we rely upon them. But if we conduct our own research, the parties are bound by our decision even if our methods or findings are subsequently found to be flawed. Accordingly, it is unfair, and indeed unwise, for us to decide a case on the basis of scientific research that is subject to neither prior review by the relevant field of study or adversarial briefing.
Justice Lee: We judges are experts on one thing—interpreting the law. And the fact that that enterprise may implicate disciplines or fields of study on which we lack expertise is no reason to raise the white flag. It is reason to summon all our faculties as best we can, and to overcome any weaknesses we may possess. This is not a matter of dreaming up "interesting research projects." It is a matter of doing our job—of doing all we can to understand and implement the will of the legislature as expressed in the terms of its statutes, and to convey our grounds for doing so in a written opinion.
That job isn't always easy. It involves not just linguistic analysis but also historical inquiry—e.g., in finding original meaning. Few of us have training in historical research. It may even be said that lawyers and judges "are for the most part extremely bad historians," and may "make up an imaginary history and use curiously unhistorical methods." Yet judges of all stripes engage in historical analysis, particularly in their interpretation of the constitution. So the response to our lack of historical training is not to back away from the enterprise; it is to arm ourselves with the tools necessary to do the best history we can.
We face a parallel problem when it comes to our analysis of the meaning of language. When it comes to training or experience in methods of linguistic analysis, most of us lack specialized training. So there is certainly a risk, to paraphrase Max Radin, of judges using curiously unscientific linguistic methods.
But the proper response to this risk is not the abandonment of the enterprise of linguistic analysis. That enterprise is an integral element of judging. Judges cannot do their job without assessing the ordinary meaning of words. So the question is not whether to engage in linguistic analysis; it is whether to do so with the aid of—instead of in open ignorance of or rebellion to— modern tools developed to facilitate that analysis.
We could continue to judge the ordinary meaning of words based on intuition, aided by the dictionary. But those tools are problematic, for reasons explained above. And the impact of a judge's mere gut intuition is entirely opaque. So it is our current methodology and tools that involve bad linguistics produced by unscientific methods. If the concern is reliability, the proper response is to embrace—and not abandon—corpus-based analysis.
To do so well, we judges must seek to understand this field better. We are not experts. At least I am not; I do not possess a complete understanding of the methodologies at our disposal. But I am convinced that the approach employed above is essential to a more reliable, transparent fulfillment of this judicial task.
Corpus analysis, in all events, is not rocket science. At some level we all do it intuitively in our minds. It's a small leap to check our intuition against examples of real-world language revealed by a Google- or COCA-based search of a body of written English. We don't need much expertise to do that well.
Corpus analysis is like math—at one level it's something basic that everyone does; at another level it's something complicated that only "experts" can do. The type of corpus analysis I am doing—and advocating—is the former. I just think we should be using a calculator instead of doing it in our heads.
As to historical analysis, Justice Antonin Scalia and his co-author Bryan Garner have aptly repudiated the charge that "'no one can reconstruct original understanding precisely'" with a powerful reminder of the judicial task: "Our charge is to try." The same can be said of linguistic analysis. It may not be possible to resolve questions of ordinary meaning with absolute certainty. But we must try. And in so doing we must bring to bear the methods and tools developed in the 21st Century to better understand the meaning of language for this crucial element of judging.
Meanwhile, Chief Justice Durrant had words of praise for Justice Lee:
While I too would decline to use that method in this case, I applaud Justice Lee for his thoughtful exploration of corpus linguistics as a potential additional tool for our statutory interpretation tool box. I am open to the possibility that in certain cases it may well prove useful in our assessment of the ordinary meaning of statutory terms. But I do not consider it necessary in this case, because I find the majority's analysis of the meaning of the term "discharge," an analysis conducted using our long-established methods of statutory construction, to be compelling. And I would further note that although the dictionary alternatively defines "discharge" as "to shoot" or "to unload," the former definition applies specifically to firearms while the latter seems to encompass the more general concept of unloading cargo or emptying a container. Granted, the cartridge of a firearm is in some sense a "container" that can be "unloaded," but in the context of a statute that involves firearms, I am confident the legislature intended the term "discharge" to mean "to shoot," not "to unload." So unlike Justice Lee, I do not believe this is a case where the dictionary "fails to dictate the meaning that the statutory terms must bear."
Further, I am concerned about our use of corpus linguistics in a case where it has not been argued by the parties. Now, it is certainly true, that we may, and often have, employed dictionaries, canons of construction, or other tools for statutory interpretation that have not been argued by the parties. But primary linguistics research seems to me a step removed from these traditional tools. I fear that a sua sponte venture into such territory may be fraught with the potential for error. I think this is illustrated by Justice Lee's critique of the flaws in Judge Posner's sua sponte attempt at such research. The fact that a jurist of Judge Posner's intellect and stature is capable of such missteps suggests to me that, even in those cases where corpus linguistics may be a useful addition to our traditional methods of statutory construction, it would be best employed by us, or by other judges, only after the parties have raised it and argued it. This would allow the respective sides in the dispute to challenge each other's database, methodologies, and conclusions.
Finally, in our exploration of whether or when corpus linguistics should play a role in our interpretation of statutes, it is important that we weigh the potential usefulness of the approach against its potential cost. In some cases, the linguistic analysis may be sufficiently complicated that an expert would be required. This would be an unfortunate cost to add to the already-too-expensive litigation process. But I think that in other cases the lawyers could themselves conduct the linguistic analysis, outline their methods and conclusions in their briefs, and present argument as to why we should adopt their approach over their opponents'. Because so few judges and, perhaps, even fewer members of the bar are familiar with corpus linguistics, I believe it is simply too soon to know whether the benefits of using this new tool warrant the increased expense.
Finally, I wish to make clear that while I would not employ Justice Lee's corpus linguistics analysis in this case for the reasons I have specified, and because of other concerns I have not discussed here nor resolved for myself, I look forward to our continued debate in this area. Should we elect to embark down this path, we should tread slowly and cautiously. And caution dictates that this potential method of statutory interpretation be fully tested in the crucible of the adversarial process, rather than simply applied sua sponte by our court.
This is a fascinating and important set of opinions. I favor Justice Lee's approach, and I think it will not be long until we see it applied more broadly.
This looks like an April Fool's story, but the date is off:
A Hong Kong VC fund has just appointed an algorithm to its board.
Deep Knowledge Ventures, a firm that focuses on age-related disease drugs and regenerative medicine projects, says the program, called VITAL, can make investment recommendations about life sciences firms by poring over large amounts of data.
Just like other members of the board, the algorithm gets to vote on whether the firm makes an investment in a specific company or not. The program will be the sixth member of DKV's board.
I know what you are thinking ... could we see algorithms as board members in the US?
The Delaware General Corporation Law anticipates the question of non-human board members. Section 141(b) of the DGCL provides: "The board of directors of a corporation shall consist of 1 or more members, each of whom shall be a natural person."
The Model Business Corporation Act, on the other hand, provides: "A board of directors must consist of one or more individuals ..." As far as I know, "individual" is not a defined term in the MBCA or by any court interpreting this provision, but I assume it would be interpreted to mean "human being." That could be a nice question for a corpus linguist, if it came to that. Note that the statute does not provide every director must be an individual.
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In a recent opinion, Judge Posner wanted to know more about the meaning of "harboring," and he didn't find what he wanted in a dictionary. "Dictionary definitions are acontextual," he wrote, "whereas the meaning of sentences depends critically on context,including all sorts of background understandings."
I wish he would have cited The Best Student Comment Ever, aka The Dictionary Is Not a Fortress: Definitional Fallacies and a Corpus-Based Approach to Plain Meaning. If he had, he would have discovered corpus linguistics, and that might have led him to the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA).
As it was, he simply turned to Google. While it's true that Google is a corpus -- check out the Web as Corpus Community -- it's not a very good way to do what Posner was trying to do, which was to find the ordinary meaning of "harboring."
Judge Posner should have just called Utah Supreme Court Justice Tom Lee for some tips. Justice Lee has used corpus linguistics in two opinions (see here for the first one), with the help of Stephen Mouritsen (author of the aforementioned comment).
Have I mentioned that I think corpus linguistics is a big deal that is going to transform legal scholarship? If not, I just wanted to get that on the record because I have been telling everyone I know.
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We are talking about word frequencies today in Corpus Linguistics, and as my in-class experiment, I created a Wordle cloud from my most recent article, Private Ordering with Shareholder Bylaws:
If you don't know what the article is about, you can read the abstract, but reading the word cloud gives you a pretty good idea at a glance. Could word frequencies help us find the scholarship that most interests us?
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If you are fascinated by words, you will enjoy Wordnik. Recently featured in the NYT, this site is fun and educational. Just try it.
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Tomorrow is my first class in Corpus Linguistics, the data-driven study of language. I am lucky that Mark Davies teaches at BYU, and grateful that he has agreed to let me sit in on his course. I have blogged about corpus linguistics here, here, and here, but, until now, I have had no formal training in the field.
Today I was reading tomorrow's assignment out of Susan Hunston's Corporata in Applied Linguistics, and I found this sentence in chapter 1:
The main argument in favour of using a corpus is that it is a more reliable guide to language use than native speaker intuition is.
Just two pages later, however, Hunston offers this on the role of intuition:
[Intuition] is an essential tool for extrapolating important generalizations from a mass of specific information in a corpus.
Data + intuition. That's quite a nice description of empirical study generally, and it makes sense that corpus linguistics would follow the pattern.
In addition to reading the first chapter of Hunston, we were assigned to read the last chapter (no cliffhangers in this course), which tells us that corpus linguistics can make life simpler ... and more complex. The source of complexity?
New ideas about language emerge and the old ones need re-evaluation.
This is going to be fun.
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I have blogged twice about corpus linguistics (here and here), but both posts have generated substantial interest, so in an effort to give additional credit where credit is due -- and to facilitate exploration of the application of corpus linguistics to law -- I am linking to Neal Goldfarb's briefs, including the AT&T brief that attracted so much attention recently. Goldfarb is not trained as a linguist, but he has elevated the profile of linguistics through his work as a practicing lawyer. You can read about him here. His blog is called LAWnLinguistics.
For other pioneers in this area, readers may be interested in Clark D. Cunningham, Judith N. Levi, Georgia M. Green & Jeffrey P. Kaplan, Plain Meaning and Hard Cases, 103 Yale L.J. 1561 (1993) and Clark D. Cunningham & Charles J. Fillmore, Using Common Sense: A Linguistic Perspective on Judicial Interpretations of "Use a Firearm," 73 Wash. U. L. Q. 1159 (1995).
By the way, Mark Liberman, Director of the Linguistic Data Consortium at the University of Pennsylvania, is astonished that it has taken lawyers so long to get around to linguistics. Yes, I agree. I am astonished, too.
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Last month I blogged about the "best student comment ever," the first law review article to rely on corpus linguistics as the basis for analysis. [See below for update.] As I have worked with corpus linguistics (through the comment's author, Stephen Mouritsen) over the past few months, I have come to conclude that it will revolutionize the study of law, at least insofar as we are attempting to understand word usages.
Today, my former colleage and current Utah Supreme Court Justice Tom Lee used corpus linguistics in a lengthy concurring opinion (the relevant section starts at page 34). In this opinion, Justice Lee is interpreting the word "custody," and he brings corpus linguistics to the fight. Of course, it's no accident that Stephen Mouritsen is Justice Lee's law clerk, but the bigger point here is that Justice Lee was persuaded -- as I am -- of the value of corpus linguistics to shed light on this interpretive question. Justice Lee's collegues are not enamored with the approach, but you can read the opinions for yourself and see who gets the better of the argument.
This seems to be the first judicial opinion anywhere using corpus linguistics, but it will surely not be the last. If you are as intrigued by corpus linguistics as I am, you might be interested in this paper by Mark Davies, a BYU Professor of Corpus Linguistics who is a leader in this field, on how one might use the Corpus of Contemporary American English. I am told that a similar paper on the Corpus of Historical American English is forthcoming.
UPDATE: As noted by Neal Goldfarb, the first law review article to use a linguistic corpus was written by Charles Fillmore and Clark Cunningham, Using Common Sense: A Linguistic Perspective on Judicial Interpretations of 'Use a Firearm', 73 Wash. U. L.Q. 1159 (1995). Indeed, Mouritsen cites the article in his comment.
Mouritsen's comment differs from the Fillmore and Cunningham article both in its method and its claim. Fillmore and Cunningham use corpus linguistics to examine the word "use" in an attempt to understand what it might mean to "use a firearm." They use the British National Corpus to examine the range of possible meanings of that statutory term in much the same way that a lexicographer might rely on a citation file to find usage examples.
Rather than explore the range of possible uses of a statutory term, Mouritsen relies exclusively on corpus-based data to attempt to demonstrate the "ordinary meaning" of a statutory term in a particular context. His article is the first to do this. Thanks to Neal for raising the issue, causing me to make a more precise statement about the contribution of the Mouritsen piece.
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The best student comment I have ever read was published by the BYU Law Review last year. The Dictionary Is Not a Fortress: Definitional Fallacies and a Corpus-Based Approach to Plain Meaning was written by Stephen Mouritsen, who is now clerking with Justice Tom Lee on the Utah Supreme Court and will start at Cravath this fall. Stephen's comment was cited by the NYT today, though that citation did not do the piece justice. By the way, Stephen and I are writing an article this summer using corpus linguistics. Very cool stuff.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|15 Jun 1948
|Filing date
|13 Jul 1946
|Priority date
|13 Jul 1946
|Publication number
|Fitpold Joseph E
|Original Assignee
|Us Hoffman Machinery Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (25), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
June 15, 1948. J, E, FIT'POLD 2,443,557
DRESS FINISHER Filed July 13. 1946 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR Jbsep/z [1 Fizfpo [6i BY (2%,fiflti r ATTO NEYS
J. E. FITPOLD DRESS FINISHER June 15, 1948.
Filed July 13, 1946 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Joseph ATTORN \S E. Eff cola 7 June 15, 1948. J. E. FITPOLD 2,443,557
DRES-S FINISHER Filed July 15, 1946 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR Joseph E. Fitpold June 15,1948. 7 J. E. FITPOLD 43,
DRESS FINISHER Filed July 13, 1946 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR Joqgp/z E. Fit mold I iamcz J. E. FITPOLD DRESS FInisH-ER June 15, 1948.
6 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed July 13, 1946 INVENTQR Joseph E iii 001d BY I ATT ORN :5
DRESS FINISHER Filed July 13, 1946 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 i "Alli/ 7 INVENTOR fisep/z E. Fitpold BY mafia? I Patented June 15,. 1948 DRESS FINISHER Joseph E. Fltpold. Chicago, Ill., assignor to United States Hoffman Machinery Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware Application July 13. 1946, Serial No. 683,325
This invention relates to apparatus for processing an entire dress or other similar garment, by means of steam and heated air, without the application of pressure from any ironing or pressing surface. More particularly the invention relates to apparatus comprising a reticulate or mesh metal form, covered by a baggy, somewhat porous fabric envelope, over which a garment may be placed and held in suitable position while steam and/or hot air or other fluid conditioning medium is blown outwardly through the bag and garment.
Garment finishing apparatus of the foregoing type has been proposed heretofore. The present application relates especially to improvements in such apparatus, which facilitates the placing of dresses and other garments upon the form and insure better and safer application of steam to the garment.
An object of the invention is to provide improved means for securing and supporting a porous bag upon a heating form and also to insure better and more efficient handling of garments while they are being placed upon or removed from the form.
Another object is to provide simple and effective means for delivering satisfactorily dry steam to the interior of the garment in the condition of fine mist. 7
Other objects will be in part obvious and in part pointed out hereinafter. r
The invention accordingly consists in the features of construction, combinations of elements, and arrangement of parts as will be exemplified in the structure to be hereinafter described and the scope of the application of which will be indicated in the following claims.
In the accompanying drawings in which is shown one of the various possible embodiments of the invention,
Fig. 1 is a front elevation of a preferred embodiment showing a lady's dress draped upon the form to receive a finishing operation;
Fig. 2 is in part a side elevation and in part a vertical section on an enlarged scale, taken on line 2-2 of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a vertical section on line 3-3 of Fig. 1, drawn to a still larger scale;
Fig. 4 is a vertical section on line 4-4 of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is in part a cross-section, taken on line 5-5 of'Fig. 4, and in part a'plan view thereof;
Fig. 6 is an enlarged detail section, taken on line 6-8 of Fig. 2; and
Fig. 7 is a plan view of Fig. 6.
Y The finishing apparatus shown in the draw- 4 Claims. (Cl. 223-70) 2 ings comprises a base I0 upon which is mounted a cylindrical housing I2,-a blower H. with its drive motor l6 and an air intake unit l8. An inner shell 20, centrally located within the housing, receives air from the blower l4; after the air has passed through an air tunnel 22 and been heated by passage through a steam-heated, fintype radiator 24. The shell 20 extends above the walls of the housing l2 and supports the inner raceway 26 of a ball-bearing structure, the outer raceway 28 of which supports an annular sheet steel ring 30 forming the bottom supporting member of a reticulate metal garment form 32. A felt sealing ring 34 bolted to the top of raceway 2t serves to prevent escape of air and steam from inside the shell 20, exteriorly of the garment form 32.
The annular ring 30 carries at its circumference a depending beaded ring 3|, about which the bottom of the porous bag 36 is secured by means of a resilient loop of spring wire 38, disposed within the hem- 40 of the bag.
A downwardly sloping annular metal cover 35 rests upon the top of the housing I2, and completes the enclosure of the space between the wall of the housing and the inner shell.
The body 29 of the garment form 32 is preferably made of flat expanded metal which. is brazed or welded at its lower end to the ring-.20, and at its top to form metal neck and shoulder front plate 4i and neck and shoulder back-plate 42; see Figs. 2, 6 and 7.
A novel feature of the present garment form is the device by which the bag 36 is supported thereon. By. reference to Figs. 1, 2, 6 and 7, it
' will be seen that the shoulder and neck plates i l and 42 are shaped. to provide a deep recess or notch 43 which separates the front plate I from the back plate 42. 'This notch cuts right down through neck and shoulder from side to side and is of substantial depth from front to back of the recess. The bottom of the recess is flat metal continuous. with the front and back walls of the recess.
A bolt or rivetlike member. which passes up through the bottom of the recess 43, as shown, is welded or brazed to the metal of the form, as
at 47, and extends upwardly therefrom.
The porous bag is made with a notch 46. similar to the notch 43, which whenthe bag is placed over the form interfits perfectly with the "said notch 43, the bottom of the notched portion of the bag being perforated to receive the upstandlug shank of the bolt 44. The latter is internally threaded as at 45, and after the bag has been drawn down over the bolt. a sleeve member ll having oppositely extending horizontal flanges 4! at its base is slipped over the bolt, with its said flanges in engagement with the bottom of the bag notch 48. The sleeve member is held in place by a stud III which threadedly engages the threads 45 of the bolt member; a collar ill on the stud, engaging the upper end of the sleeve member, holds the whole assembly tightly in position. The said stud extends upwardly above the collar II to provide a pin 52 upon which a special garment hanger 54 may be seated within the notch. The hanger may be retained in place in any suitable mannen'as by the cooperation of a spring controlled latch with an annular groove 58 in' the pin portion of the stud.
The hanger I4 constitutes a permanent although removable part of -the apparatus. The notch 48 has a greater dimension from front to back than has the garment hanger in the same direction, and the bolt 44 and stud 50 are forwardly oflset from the shoulder center line of the respective notches, whereby a space 51 is left to the rear of the hanger when in place in the garment notch. This space is provided to permit the temporary disposal therein of the ordinary wire hanger, as 58, commonly used in handling and supporting garments of various sorts" during intervals between treating operations in the laundry or dry cleaning plant. On such a hanger dresses awaiting finishing would be carried when needed from any supporting rack to the dressform. As the dress is placed upon the permanent hanger of the form the wire hanger is simply dropped, to rest in the notch until the dress is ready for removal, when by grasping the wire hanger by its hook the dress may be quickly and easily removed from the form without musslng and again hung upon a suitable storage rack, or the like.
. Now referring to 'Figs. 3, 4 and 5, the air intake unit will be seen to comprise the air conduit l8, into which air is admitted through a screened opening, as at 58, and is controlled, as to volume going to the blower M, by a butterfly typedamper Ell. During a treating operation of a garment or a lot of garments, the blower runs continuously, the air supply to the garment form being controlled by adjustment of the damper 60 which provides a wide range This arrangement avoids the inconvenience and expense of constantly switching the motor on and oil for frequent pauses which are often necesof air volume variation.-
' tive relation with a bell-crank lever 12. Lever sary, and assures full volume instantly when needed. The reduced volume of hot air normally passing the closed or nearly closed damper and flowing through the apparatus, at other times, maintains the steam separator and steam delivery device at proper working temperature.
A spring ill surrounding the damper rod 62, secured at one end to the conduit l8 and at the other to the said rod, normally holds the damper in closed position. The outer end of rod 62 carries an arm 83 pivotally connected to a drag link 84, which through an adjustable clevis 65 is connected to the treadle lever 66, which is equipped with a suitable ratchet lock and kickofi releasing device 81. The air control treadle extends out through an opening 88 in the front part of the housing l2, to the left of center, as seen from the front of the apparatus.
Similarly located to the right of center is a steam valve control treadle lever 10 equipped with ratchet and kickoff lock and release device H, which extends within the housing i2 into opera- I2 is pivoted at II within the housing and is pivotally connected at its upper end at 14 to a steam throttle valve drag link II, which in turn is connected to the operating lever I. oi. a throttle valve 11, presently to be described more fully in connection with a steam separator III, a steam delivery nozzle ll and a steam deflector 82, by means of which devices suitably dry steam is delivered as a mist to the interior of the metal form and porous bag, as required. A compression spring 1'8 surrounding the drag link ll normally holds the valve 11 in closed condition.
The steam supply for the apparatus is admitted through a hand controlled valve 83 to pipe l4. connecting with branch pipes 85 and SI, the former pipe leading steam to the radiator 24 and the latter to the upper closed end of the separator 88. A baille 81 extends downwardly from the upper closed end of the separator to divide the upper portion thereof into two semi-cylindrical chambers 88 and N, which connect below the lower end of the bailie with the space 90 at the lower end of the separator structure. Space 00 is connected by condensation branch return pipe ill to return pipe 92 and check valve 93. The return from the radiator is by way of branch return pipe 91 and return pipe 82.
From the dry steam space 89 in the separator, riser pipe 95 connects with the quick-opening throttle valve l1, which by means of a nipple 80 is connected to an especially designed spray nozzle 8i positioned coaxially within the metal form a short distance above the bottom thereof. The opening of valve 11 to the nipple 9e is suitably restricted by means of a reducing bushing or to provide for a wanted degree of superheat in the steam as it leaves the valve ll. Mounted on the nipple 96, immediately below the ball shaped nozzle 8|, these is provided the upturned bronze bowl-like deflector 82 which is suitably supported upon the nipple 96 by an integral collar 9:: and set screw 99. It will be noted that ball nozzle BI is perforated only beneath its diametric horizontal plane so that all steam jets issuing therefrom will be directed downwardly into contact with the upturned surface of the deflector 82.
Since some hot air from the radiator is constantly being blown upwardly through the form and around the deflector and nozzle, the bowl always remains hot enough to ire-evaporate any entrained drops of water leaving the nozzle or having a tendency to condense and collect in the bowl so that the nozzle and bowl can only deliver steam in the form of a fine relatively dry mist, upwardly along the inner surfaces of the form and thence through the porous bag and garment being treated thereon.
The bag 36 is flexible and made of fabric permeable to a fluid medium such as air and/or steam, but woven with suflicient tightness to provide sufiicient resistance to the passage of the fluid to eifect distension thereof and the maintenance of a certain pressure therein. The important function of the bag is to support and distend the garment under treatment to its normal size, and to provide uniform distribution of steam and/0r air to all portions of the garment being treated. The amount of pressure is regulated by the positioning of the damper '80, which damper controls the volume and velocity o! the air entering the bag.
In operation, a dress or other garment, with or without its wire hanger, is placed on the form, over the deflated bag. As the dress form and its regular integral hanger takes up the support of the garment, the wire hanger may be dropped to lie loosely within the notch at the neck of the bag and'form.
When the garment is in position the operator steps on the treadle to open the throttle valve 17, whereupon steam is admitted to the ball nozzle 81 from which it is exhausted through the apertures 33, located below the horizontal center plane of the ball, into the upturned deflector bowl 82, whence it is directed outwardly and upwardly along the inside of the metal form and bag, and through the same and through the garment upon the bag. Thus the bag is ballooned to the shape of the garment, and the steam will pass substantially uniformly through the bag and through the garment to soften the fabric of the garment and allow smoothing out the wrinkles in the garment while in its distended condition. The smoothing out of the garment may best be accomplished by lightly brushing with a small brush orwhiskbroom.
At the time of steaming, or subsequently thereto, the damper 60 is opened the proper amount for admitting air in the desired quantity into the bag 36 for distending all portions of the garment to their proper shape. After the steam is shut off the blast of heated air maintains proper distention and thoroughly dries out the garment, so that the fabric is set to shape by the bag. When this set has been accomplished, the damper 60 is closed to shut off the greater part of the flow of heated air and permit collapse of the garment for ready removal from the form.
It should be noted that claims covering the construction specifically defined or shown in Figures 6 and 7 of the drawings are presented in a division of this application filed August 13, 1947, Serial Number 768,397.
From the foregoing it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to provide means whereby to attain the objects hereinbefore set forth, and accomplish other more or less obvious advantageous results.
As many possible embodiments may be made of the above invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is understood that all matter set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.-
I claim: I
1. In apparatus for finishing garments, a perforate garment form, a flexible porous covering over said form, means for discharging steam within said covering comprising a ball-shaped nozzle mounted in the lower part of said form and having discharge perforations positioned only in the lower half of the nozzle, and an upwardly concave deflector mounted beneath said nozzle and cooperative therewith to direct steam upwardly along the inner walls of said form in the condition of fine mist.
2. In apparatus for finishing garments, a perforate garment form, over said form, means for discharging steam within said covering comprising a steam separator disposed beneath said form, a discharge pipe extending upwardly from said separator into the lower part of said form, a steam nozzle mounted at the upper end of said pipe provided with 4 downwardly directed perforations, and an upwardly concave deflector mounted on said pipe beneath said nozzle and cooperative therewith to direct steam upwardly along the inner walls of said form in the condition of fine mist.
3. In apparatus for finishing garments, a perforate garment form, a base, a cylindrical shell mounted upon said base beneath said ,form, a bearing device cooperatively associated with said shell and "garment form to permit rotation of said form about the axis of said shell, means for introducing heated air under pressure within said shell, and means for discharging steam within said form comprising a steam separatbr within said shell, a stream discharge pipe extending upwardly from said separator to the lower part of said form, a steam nozzle mounted at the upper end of said pipe provided with downwardly directed perforations, an upwardly concave deflector mounted on said pipe beneath. said nozzle, and means connecting said separator with a steam supply.
4. In apparatus for finishing garments, a perforate garment form, a base, a cylindrical shell mounted upon said base beneath said form. a bearing device cooperatively associated with said shell and garment form to permit rotation of said. form about the axis of said shell comprising an inner ball-race mounted at the upper end of said shell and an outer ball-race carried at the lower end of said form, means for introducing heated air under pressure within said shell, and means for discharging steam within said form comprising a steam separator within said shell, a steam discharge pipe extending upwardly from said separator to the lower part of said form, a steam nozzle mounted at the upper end of said pipe provided with downwardly directed perforations, an upwardly concavesdeflector mounted on said pipe beneath said nozzle, and means connecting said separator with a steam supply.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of recordv in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,140,961 Lendle Dec. 20, 1938 2,259,369 Fitzgerald Oct. 14, 1941 2,319,434 Pungor May 18, 1943 2,338,776 Miller Jan. 11, 1944 2,378,565 Locke et a1. June l9, 1945 a flexible porous covering
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|26 Apr 1937
|20 Dec 1938
|Lendle Carl R
|Garment steaming device
|10 Mar 1941
|14 Oct 1941
|Fitzgerald John R
|Quick-operating dial adjustment for garment shaping machines
|23 Feb 1942
|18 May 1943
|Charles Pungor
|Dress steamer device
|12 Jun 1940
|11 Jan 1944
|Us Hoffman Machinery Corp
|Garment steaming and drying device
|7 Mar 1942
|19 Jun 1945
|Us Hoffman Machinery Corp
|Garment finishing apparatus
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|13 Jul 1946
|13 Jun 1950
|Dress finisher
|12 Jan 1953
|27 Dec 1955
|Ben Koffman
|Drapery stretcher and finisher
|16 Jun 1952
|21 Feb 1956
|26 May 1953
|25 Dec 1956
|John T Boyes
|Conditioning apparatus for woven fabric and the like
|17 Dec 1954
|3 Sep 1957
|Wichita Prec Tool Company Inc
|Steam-air garment finisher
|21 Oct 1964
|17 Jan 1967
|Shields Rhea V
|Clothes care apparatus
|19 Apr 1965
|1 Aug 1967
|Glover Jr William C
|Garment finishing apparatus
|15 Sep 1988
|24 Oct 1989
|Adams Charles A
|Cylinderical apparatus for holding table skirting for wrinkle removal
|17 Mar 1993
|30 May 1995
|Urso; Charles L.
|Portable garment finishing machine
|7 Jul 2006
|23 Feb 2010
|Whirlpool Corporation
|Fabric revitalizing method using low absorbency pads
|7 Jul 2006
|15 Jun 2010
|Whirlpool Corporation
|Automatic fabric treatment appliance with a manual fabric treatment station
|12 Apr 2011
|Whirlpool Corporation
|Nebulizer system for a fabric treatment appliance
|24 May 2007
|17 May 2011
|Ingenious Designs Llc
|Garment drying apparatus
|11 Jan 2007
|23 Jul 2013
|Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgeraete Gmbh
|Cleaning device for a component of a household washer-dryer
|29 Sep 2010
|30 Sep 2014
|Whirlpool Corporation
|Modular fabric revitalizing system
|7 Jul 2006
|5 Jul 2007
|Bruce Beihoff C
|Modular fabric revitalizing system
|7 Jul 2006
|19 Jul 2007
|Tremitchell Wright
|Fabric revitalizing method uisng low absorbency pads
|7 Jul 2006
|19 Jul 2007
|Tremitchell Wright
|Fabric revitalizing method using mist
|24 May 2007
|27 Nov 2008
|Ingenious Designs, Llc
|Garment drying apparatus
|28 Jan 2010
|Whirlpool Corporation
|Modular fabric revitalizing system
|19 Mar 2010
|29 Jul 2010
|Whirlpool Corporation
|Fabric revitalizing method using mist
|11 Jan 2007
|9 Sep 2010
|Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh
|Cleaning Device for a Component of a Household Washer-Dryer
|29 Sep 2010
|27 Jan 2011
|Whirlpool Corporation
|Modular fabric revitalizing system
|15 Jun 1952
|28 Jun 1956
|Kleindienst & Co
|Vorrichtung zum Daempfen und Buegeln von Kleidungsstuecken
|10 Feb 1955
|8 Dec 1960
|Wichita Prec Tool Company Inc
|Daempf- und Blaspuppe fuer Kleidungsstuecke od. dgl.
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Today we have a cool game called Shoe Bingo! Inspired by the content here on Shoeaholics Anonymous and created by the folks over at Pick Me Up Magazine (where you can learn how to play Bingo online) As you can see, all of the essential shoe styles you should have in your wardrobe have been included in the game. Simply select the squares of shoe styles that you already own or would like to own. Once you complete a row horizontally, vertically or diagonally, you've got yourself shoe BINGO! … [Read more...]
Rebecca Minkoff Bardot Colorblock Flat Sandals as on Jessica Alba
I hope you all had a safe and happy 4th of July yesterday! While I was barefoot at my aunt and uncle's lake house (and unplugged from the world wide web), Jessica Alba was spotted wearing these cute Rebecca Minkoff Bardot Colorblock Flat Sandals, which are currently on sale at ShopBop right now, while out to breakfast with her daughter in Brentwood, California yesterday (photo). Colorblock Flat Sandals … [Read more...]
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Shoes are a girl's best friend and thank goodness this summer is all about fun, boho chic with a twist of bright colors! Pardon my girlish scream but there is something about the talk of summer and shoes that gets me excited. Before you let your feet hit the ground running, here are four trends you don't want your tootsies missing out on: … [Read more...]
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Updated 11pm 12-13
Tallahassee Fire Department says the cause of the fire was electrical.
An elderly man lived alone in the home and will now reside with his brother who is also his next door neighbor.
December 13, 2010
At 10:28am on December 13, 5 units from the Tallahassee Fire Department responded to a reported mobile home fire in the 1900 Block of Jefferson Road. Firefighters arrived to a single wide completely destroyed by the fire. The fire was reported by someone passing by who saw flames coming from the home. No one was home at the time of the fire and the cause of the fire is being investigated.
No injuries were reported during the incident.


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Req No.2014-1301Job LocationsCambridgeDepartmentTechnical Support MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS JOB The right job isn?t about location or benefits or responsibilities. The right job is about personality, character, motivation, fulfilment. It?s about what inspires us, what we?re4/17/2016 Cambridge, MA Save This Job
Opportunity overview With a growing client list of business clients as well as partners and resellers in the AP Automation space, ERP space, and banking space, we?re looking to add an inside BDR to our organization. You will foster greater demand & add focus to the prospecting4/16/2016 Cambridge, MA Save This Job
We are looking for a Security Engineer who can provide hands-on technical engineering and ownership of the growing cloud security program, across multiple providers. You will work closely with our Product Management group as well our Cloud Operations team5/29/2016 Waltham, MA Save This Job
The Senior Customer Success Manager (CSM) is responsible for ensuring the overall success and ongoing renewals for Carbon Black's growing enterprise customer base. The Senior CSM's primary focus is to own the renewal business for their designa5/26/2016 Waltham, MA Save This Job
Cambridge, Massachusetts Job Description You?re a respected leader and a sought after collaborator. You have have a track record of designing useful, usable and delightful solutions in complex domains, and seeing that work through from concept to implementation. You?re knowledge5/26/2016 Cambridge, MA Save This Job
Human Resources Boston, MA, United States What's it like working for Zipcar? We've got nearly 1 million members around the world, some of which are probably your friends. Walking around the city, you can see people using your product every day. When you tell people at parties5/2/2016 Boston, MA Save This Job
Philo is a young San Francisco-based startup building the future of television ? letting you watch your favorite shows on all the devices you care about with intelligent search, insightful discovery, and effortless sharing. Philo?s leadership consists of founding team members4/17/2016 Cambridge, MA Save This Job
Location: Acton, MA Type: Full Time Apply Virsec is looking for a QA engineer with strong background in Testing web applications and Customer Support Do you see yourself in a role that will help reshape the world of cyber security? We?re building the future of cyber security,4/12/2016 Acton, MA Save This Job
Location: Acton, MA Type: Full Time Apply Virsec is looking for a QA engineer with strong background in Testing Embedded Software Do you see yourself in a role that will help reshape the world of cyber security? We?re building the future of cyber security, and we?re looking4/12/2016 Acton, MA Save This Job
High-tech search company in downtown Boston has an immediate need for a Hands On Systems Engineer. The company has a successful scientific computing search product and has recently launched a second product. They are looking for a Systems Engineer to head up their4/4/2016 Boston, MA Save This Job
Sales Waltham, Massachusetts Description Are you looking to get your foot in the door to a super cool and exciting company! Growing up did you always outperform your friends when it came to selling candy, lemonade, Girl Scout cookies, etc.?! Are you looking for a way to build3/22/2016 Waltham, MA Save This Job
The Sales Development Representative is responsible for identifying and qualifying sales opportunities for Carbon Black's sales organization. This is accomplished through outbound calling and e-mailing. With plenty of leads provided, the Sales Development5/23/2016 Waltham, MA Save This Job
Who You Are You are a team player who loves working with data and unlocking the information that it holds. You enjoy ?tinkering? with technology and are never satisfied with a process as there are always better, smarter, faster ways of accomplishing something. You are very5/20/2016 Boston, MA Save This Job
Job Description Application Consultant - Entry Level TimeTrade is growing and that?s great news for you! We are looking for someone to add to our Service Delivery team. We don?t want just any someone, we want extraordinary!! Are you vibrant, hard working, and looking for a new5/20/2016 Tewksbury, MA Save This Job
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Headquarters Disruptor Beam is building a new generation of games for every screen, based on popular universes like Game of Thrones and Star Trek. This is an opportunity to join a rapidly growing company, alongside a veteran team, working with some of the most iconic brands in5/17/2016 Framingham, MA Save This Job
Headquarters Disruptor Beam is building a new generation of games for every screen, based on popular universes like Game of Thrones and Star Trek. This is an opportunity to join a rapidly growing company, alongside a veteran team, working with some of the most iconic brands in5/17/2016 Framingham, MA Save This Job
Opportunity overview At MineralTree we encourage creativity, value innovation, demand teamwork, expect accountability and cherish results. If you are a take charge, take initiative, get stuff done individual we want to talk to you! We have high aspirations for the company and5/16/2016 Cambridge, MA Save This Job
Waltham, Massachusetts Job Description All Covered, a division of Konica Minolta is focused on enabling the success of small and medium-sized businesses through the effective use and management of technology. The company is the US industry leader in the provision of IT Services5/11/2016 Waltham, MA Save This Job
CyberArk is looking for an experienced IT Professional to join our Cloud Services team as DevOps Engineer, responsible for running and managing our existing SaaS offering, as well as expanding SaaS offering to include additional products. The ideal candidate is familiar with IT5/11/2016 Newton, MA Save This Job


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Japan's unemployment rate stayed at a relatively low 4.1 percent in May, the government said Friday, indicating the corporate sector's eagerness to hire more workers amid growing hopes for economic recovery.
An official at the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications took a cautiously optimistic view of the job market, saying it has been picking up for the past few months, though the number of unemployed remains high.
The seasonally adjusted jobless rate slid to 4.1 percent in March, its lowest level since November 2008, two months after U.S. investment bank Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. went bankrupt, triggering the global financial crisis.
Looking ahead, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's economic policies dubbed "Abenomics," centering on drastic monetary easing and massive fiscal spending, are expected to help bolster the real economy, which could invigorate the labor market, analysts said.
The depreciation of the yen on the back of the Bank of Japan's aggressive credit easing may galvanize exports, a key engine of economic growth, and a possible recovery in corporate profits could prompt more firms to expand employment, they added.
"Given that the U.S. economy is growing, Japan's exports are likely to bounce back," said Takeshi Minami, chief economist at the Norinchukin Research Institute.
"With corporate performance improving, Japan's jobless rate may steadily hover below 4 percent from the end of this fiscal year," which will end in March, he said.
The yen dropped against the U.S. dollar by 23.4 percent from a year earlier in May, according to data released by the Finance Ministry.
A falling yen usually supports exports by making Japanese products cheaper abroad and increasing the value of overseas revenue in yen terms.
In January, Abe's government endorsed an economic stimulus package entailing 10.3 trillion yen in central government funds in an attempt to add around 2 percentage points to Japan's real gross domestic product and create at least 600,000 jobs.
The outlook for Japan's economy, however, has become cloudy as Japan's stock markets have widely fluctuated recently, hampering a pickup in the employment situation.
If Tokyo shares move downward, that could cause business sentiment to deteriorate and make companies reluctant to boost the number of new hires, economists said.
In May, the number of unemployed people fell 10,000 from April to 2.70 million in the reporting month, the ministry said in a preliminary report, while the number of people with jobs increased 20,000 to 63.03 million.
By industry, consumer-related services such as entertainment and the information and communications sector added jobs, but construction and education businesses reduced payrolls, the ministry said.
Separate data showed the country's job availability improved for the third straight month. The ratio of employment offers to seekers climbed to 0.90 in May from 0.89 in April, which means 90 positions were available for every 100 job seekers.


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Democrats Plan More Tax Hikes; Chuck Schumer Previews What He'd Do in a Second Obama Term
Byline: THE WASHINGTON TIMES
If re-elected, President Obama and Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. will raise taxes on small business in order to sustain the ginormous federal government they have built. The White House duo have done nothing to avert Taxmaggedon, the massive tax hike scheduled to go into effect on Jan. 1. Worse, the administration's congressional allies are preparing to push Mr. Obama even further should he win a second term.
The No. 3 Democrat in the Senate, Chuck Schumer, said Tuesday that he intends to eliminate tax deductions and credits without lowering the top two marginal tax rates. The New York Democrat thinks it's more important that Uncle Sam pocket the extra cash that would be generated. The promises of lower rates amount to little more than happy talk when the math behind them doesn't add up, he told reporters at the National Press Club. This is the trap of traditional tax reform, and we must not fall for it. It is an alluring prospect to cut taxes on the wealthiest people, reduce the deficit and hold the middle class harmless, but the math dictates you can't have it all. He also called for raising investment taxes in this weak economy.
Mr. Schumer even suggested his speech could create a breakthrough in the standoff between the two political parties. The lure for Republicans to come to the table around a grand bargain should be the potential for serious entitlement reform, not the promise of a lower tax rate in tax reform, he explained. Republicans weren't impressed. A tax reform framework that lowers rates and closes loopholes has support from both parties, including the Obama administration, responded House Speaker John A. …


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Fiction Writer, Poet
Presque Isle, ME
Richard Lee Zuras earned the MFA as the McNeese Fellow under the auspices of Pulitzer Prize winner Robert Olen Butler. He also did graduate work at the University of Colorado, George Mason, and the University of North Dakota where he worked under James Robison. Currently he teaches at the University of Maine @ Presque Isle as Professor of English and Creative Writing. He has completed his debut novel entitled The Bastard Year. In addition, Richard is the advisor to the new Film Studies program and he has written box-office reviews for the on-line site www.fusedwire.com


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I like Scream as cheesy as it is!
Favorite Halloween Movie?
Comments (10)
Nightmare before Christmas!!!!!!!!
Jack & Sally Rock!!!!!!!!!!
I like all scary movies, but I just watched The Orphan and that was GOOD!
Single mama to Campbell Avery 6/25/06 (edd 8/22/06) 20 days in the NICU
Jennings Wilson Knox 2/11/10 (edd 4/11/10) 42 days in the NICU
Nightmare on Elm Street! but anything gory would be awesome.
Did anyone see Zombieland? LOVE IT!
Mommy to Phoebe & Daphne
I agree with Nightmare on Elm Street. I cannot believe my mom let me watch those! Freddy visited my dreams many times.
It's like that time he stuck his finger in his butt then wiped it on my shirt, I just can't live�like that! ~my dh.�
Last year DH & I were watching NOES and DD was in her bouncer faced away from the TV. She streatched to see the TV & actually LAUGHED at Freddie!
That's my girl! lol
Mommy to Phoebe & Daphne
I like all the Saw movies! The just keep coming lol
♥♥Jessica ♥♥
I do! 1/21/06, Baby Nathan 9/1/07, TTC#2 since 5/09
We like Hocus Pocus!
Mommy to Four Princes and Four Princesses!
1989 1991 1993 1996 1998 2000 2005 2007
Erickalynne - I have been wanting to see Orphan - so it was good? I love scary movies! I am thinking of making tonight grown-up movie night. We are going to see MJ's "This is It" around 6 and I think we'll get "The Orphan" on demand at home after that. Is it as scary as it looks, I hope?
We watch Harry Potter - I can't do scary movies. I also like Hocus Pocus and I will pretty much watch whatever comes on on ABC Family or Disney.
Enjoying Mommyhood!!


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Synopsis: A child is kidnapped. At the police station, Sylvia and Bernardo, the victim's parents, and Rosa, the main suspect and Bernardo's lover, give contradictory evidence which will take audiences to the gloomiest corners of desires, lies, needs and wickedness in the relationship of these three characters.
Creative Advisors on this year's labs, which encompass film projects from six countries, include Robert Redford, Miguel Arteta, Ed Harris, Kasi Lemmons and Lynn Shelton.Read More »
To help sift through the number of new releases (independent or otherwise), we've created the Weekly Film Guide. Below you'll find basic plot, personnel and cinema information for today's fresh offerings.Read More »
Brazilian filmmaker Fernando Coimbra's debut feature film, A Wolf at the Door (O Lobo atrás da porta), was the big winner at Miami International Film Festival's 31st editionRead More »
Mundial, the Mexico City-based 50-50 co-venture Canana made with IM Global, was set up nine months ago to sell 8 to 10 Iberoamerican pix internationally. Cristina Garza, its inter...Read More »


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|OneMediaHub is a free service that simplifies your digital life. IMPORTANT: ONLY FOR USE WITH ONEMEDIAHUB.COM. SEE MORE INFO BELOW. If you are connecting to servers other than OneMediaHub.com (e.g. AOL, Community Edition, etc.), do not download this app. An app called 'FunV10' in the Market may be used to connect to servers other than OneMediaHub.com. After installing OneMediaHub on your smartphone, tablet, or computer, your pictures, videos, files, contacts, and calendar are automatically secured in the cloud, and available on your other mobile devices, computers, and the OneMediaHub.com website. With the OneMediaHub app, you have all your important stuff with you to view, manage or share with your friends and family no matter which device you happen to be carrying. No more worries about losing valuable memories or records. No more disappointing moments as you try to show or share a picture that you took on your 'other' device. OneMediaHub has your stuff backed up and accessible from any device. Features include: • Auto-upload of pictures, videos and files from your device to the cloud • Visual presentation of all pictures, videos, and files in the cloud via lightweight thumbnails allowing you to selectively view, download, share, and more • Sharing of pictures, videos and files via email or to facebook, twitter, youtube and more • Your contacts and calendar in sync across your smartphone, tablet, and computer • Apps for Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS, Symbian, Windows, and Mac OS • Website for managing all your digital content from any modern web browser OneMediaHub is provided by Funambol, Inc.
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landing spot. will be interesting to see how he does.
The team the team the team
- Member for
- 5 years 45 weeks
- Blog
- View recent blog entries
Recent Comments
|28 weeks 5 days ago
|Poor Damn Billy Sims
That Metrodome turf cost Billy Sims his career. He was unbelievable. Shame he didn't get a longer career.
|2 years 15 weeks ago
How many beers in a Two-Four?
.....None for you, eh!
|2 years 38 weeks ago
|He attends Cretin Derham
He attends Cretin Derham Hall, a well known Catholic school here in Minnesota. They have produced some impressive athletes including Paul Molitor, Joe Mauer, Chris Weinke, Seantrell Henderson, Steve Walsh, and Michael Floyd.
|3 years 35 weeks ago
|A terrible decision
This will make it all the more enjoyable to beat them in a bowl game soon!
|3 years 44 weeks ago
|Benton Harbor?
I grew up spending my summers near Traverse City. There are some amazing places, the Sleeping Bear Dunes, Petoskey, Charlevoix, et al....But I recently took a trip from Minneapolis to New Hampshire. Our family stopped in Benton Harbor and we were really impressed with the beaches there. The sand was very fine and the water was warm! The entire Lake Michigan coast is fantastic!
|4 years 3 weeks ago
Far too few Napolean D. references on the blog!
|4 years 12 weeks ago
|Home Brew!
Brewed some beers at the Vineland Brewery in St. Paul, MN.
Just opened a hoppy ale..."100% Evil"!
|4 years 12 weeks ago
|2 year starting QB in HS
Ran the wishbone at Plymouth Salem HS under legendary coach Moshimer in the late 80's. Moshimer ran coaching clinics on how to run the wishbone, including for Bo!
I was too slow to ever play for Meechigan, but was recruited by schools like Kalamazoo.
Great memories and learned a lot about life through my experiences.
|4 years 22 weeks ago
It is Festivus, fergodsakes!
|4 years 22 weeks ago
|Sick (and tired)
of half of the threads being filled with complaints about the post! (eg, "that was posted yesterday") Not sure why so many people feel the need to correct everything, especially after it was already pointed out. What's so hard about ignoring it and moving on to the next wonderful Mgoblog thread!?
|4 years 26 weeks ago
|Those who stayed are champions!
No pressure today. This team has been through so much and today will be a glorious celebration of all their hard work!
Can't think of a group of Michigan players that I am more proud of!
Go Blue!
Beat Ohio!
|4 years 26 weeks ago
|We need him to succeed
...up to The Game. I hope he is as successful as Cooper! I want to stroll in to their dumpy stadium and beat an undefeated team. Sweet Buckeye tears!
|4 years 26 weeks ago
Something tells me there are no discussions like this on an Ohio blog. I posted a "Worst State Ever" image on my Facebook wall and the responses involved explaining why with references to Warren G. Harding, Rutherford B. Hayes ending Reconstruction, the second "W" term and Amish on Amish violence!
Beat Ohio!
|4 years 26 weeks ago
|That is Awesome!
...the grafitti, not the wall of course!
It's a fascinating history. I grew up in Plymouth up through graduating HS. I didn't know about this wall's existence or history until much later in life despite it being, well, right under my nose. I'm curious as to how well known it is in the Detroit metro area today? I left in '88 (went to university in NY and then lived in Ecuador for 5 years before settling in Minneapolis. Minneapolis has it's own segregation history...the Mississippi river served as the 8-mile wall here.
|4 years 26 weeks ago
|4 years 26 weeks ago
|"right under the noses of the entire world..."
It wasn't hard to do when the U.S. was openly anti-semetic. Parks often had signs up that read "No jews or dogs allowed in the park" and housing deeds all over the country were filled with racial exclusion clauses which typicall stated that no "negroes or jews" can enter the house unless employed a servant. These exclusion laws were not outlawed until the 1960s. Look up Detroit's "Berlin Wall."....aka 8 Mile which was the racial red-line that segregated the city.
|4 years 27 weeks ago
|Hey, what's the big
Hey, what's the big idea....arrogance is OUR game! /s
|4 years 27 weeks ago
|See you in the Rose Bowl!
Can't wait for a Michigan v. Arizona Rose Bowl!
|4 years 27 weeks ago
|"This Michigan team is close to being among the best I have ever
Great post, but I can't agree with that. I would say that this is one of the most enjoyable, deserving groups I have ever cheered for. Their legacy will not be that they were one of the best teams, but arguably one of the most important teams in that they prevented Michigan from becoming Notre Dame for 20 years of mediocrity. Bo would have loved these guys for perservering; never quiting, and being true "Michigan Men". That being said, there have been some unbelievably great teams the past 40 years, and I don't think this squad could compete with at least a dozen of them.
Beat Ohio and win a big bowl game and they may end up being my all time favorite Michigan team!
|4 years 27 weeks ago
I'm thankful for growing up watching him and learning life lessons through how he led this program. Even 5 years after his death, he continues to influence people and define our program.
|4 years 27 weeks ago
I feel a beating coming on!
Meechigan: 41
Ohio: 3
|4 years 32 weeks ago
|Well done!
You beat me too it!
|4 years 32 weeks ago
|I'm officially worried...
They have ZERO yards passing and they are in the 4th quarter and WINNING! There O and D lines look impressive. We need to keep improving in the trenches and get Denard going if we are going to win the rivalry game.
Keep working!
Go Blue!
|4 years 35 weeks ago
|Best Wishes
I'm a die hard Michigan fan (from Plymouth, MI), but I have lived in Minneapolis since '99. I thought the Gophers finally hired an excellent coach. I wish him and his family all the best and hope he can bring the Gophers back to relevance so Michigan can really enjoy winning the Brown Jug!
|4 years 36 weeks ago
|This is Michigan...
We expect to be ranked.
It will be tremendous when we are a legit top ten team at the end of the year, win the B1G, and a real Bowl Game.
Until we prove that, this is not news.
|4 years 37 weeks ago
Vince Lombardi?
|4 years 37 weeks ago
|Very Classy!
Although it may not have been the best played game I have ever seen, both teams showed TREMENDOUS character. We will all remember this one!
Best of luck Irish.
|4 years 37 weeks ago
|Very Classy!
Although it may not have been the best played game I have ever seen, both teams showed TREMENDOUS character. We will all remember this one!
Best of luck Irish.
|4 years 38 weeks ago
I'll take team dilithium over individual dilithium anyday!
|4 years 38 weeks ago
|I got some flack for this yesterday....
for pointing out that it seemed silly for the national media to vote for Herron on stats alone....it's a team game after all, so all these individual awards are silly...but as I suggested, the film might show that Herron didn't have such an amazing day. If you're going to give an individual award, I'd give it to Kovacs.
Now, I'll wait for Brian's UFR as the gospel noble truth on this matter /s.
...and perhaps an apology from the user who bashed me.


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ROSEBURG, Ore. (AP) — Bones found on a Southern Oregon ranch are being tested to determine whether they are those of a Roseburg man missing since 2009.
The Roseburg News-Review (http://bit.ly/HQsd0L) reports that a rancher found clothing and ID Monday belonging to Clayton Pankey, last seen at a gasoline station in Sutherlin.
Searchers found skeletal remains nearby. They were sent to the state police forensic lab in Portland.
After he disappeared, Pankey's van was found abandoned at a spot that's about 10 miles from the ranch where the clothing, ID and remains were found.
Information from: The News-Review, http://www.nrtoday.com


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Mmmmmmmmmmm.....pancakessss.....baconnnnnn.......breakfast of champions
Originally posted by Whyfi "Who needs thumbs when you can lick yourself?"
Talent is a wonderful thing, but it won't carry a quitter.
Stephen King
...I'm off to open the bike co-op and cruise the comic-con. All of you whiners htfu, please.
Originally Posted by the Mock Turtle
I enjoyed hot toast with my bare hands.
Talent is a wonderful thing, but it won't carry a quitter.
Stephen King
I am literally watching the roads dry out before my eyes. I may get to go ride in an hour or two.
Talent is a wonderful thing, but it won't carry a quitter.
Stephen King
The PIG that I am, I've been there..Originally Posted by WhyFi;16559981 I also grabbed the hot handle with my bare hand.
...oh yeah, coffee and an almond croissant.
Originally Posted by the Mock Turtle
I got nuthin.
See, this is why we can't have nice things. - - smarkinsonWhere else but the internet can a bunch of cyclists go and be the tough guy? - - jdonTitanium Division
Nothing here.
I still have a cold. Thanks for the encouragement, but I still have the "blehs". Has Mr. @rjones28 coughed up details on the bike derailment?
Originally Posted by The Raven
The lady who lives downstairs is unemployed and miserable and she deals with this by talking loudly all of the time and by yelling about how much of a brat her daughter is some of the time. My first thought is always "I need to get that girl on a bike so she can get the hell out of here." My second thought is "I need to get on my bike so I can get the hell out of here." I think this thinking will become even more prevalent when it starts to warm up here and everyone has their doors and windows open. Who knows but what the girl and I could both be riding centuries by September.
In other news, I made a very unhealthy breakfast of ground beef in brown gravy served over fried potatoes and brought it down to the shop so LoP could open early. Gosh, I'm crazy about that guy. Maybe I should serve him more quinoa so he'll be around longer but this was so delicious.
"Nothing compares to the simple pleasure of a bike ride."- John F. Kennedy


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The injury to Jones means opportunities for younger linemen, including Clinton McDonald, Jaye Howard and Greg Scruggs.
RENTON — The Seahawks' defensive line, which has gone relatively unchanged through the first 14 games of the season, was dealt a surprising and substantial blow Thursday when Jason Jones was placed on injured reserve.
Jones, a backup defensive lineman, was often used as an interior pass rusher in Seattle's nickel defense, and his three sacks were tied for third-best on the team. The 26-year-old had been dealing with knee soreness following last week's game against Buffalo and did not practice Wednesday, but coach Pete Carroll gave no indication early in the week that it could be a season-ending injury.
The news was particularly noteworthy because starting defensive tackle Alan Branch has been recovering from an ankle injury, though the six-year veteran was able to return to practice Thursday.
"We'll get a chance to take a look at some of the younger guys now," said defensive coordinator Gus Bradley, ahead of Sunday night's game against NFC West rival San Francisco.
- Designed in Seattle, this $1 cup could save millions of babies
- Trump, Clinton win Washington state primary
- Reed brother led detectives to bodies believed to be Arlington couple
- Your vote counts so little in Tuesday's primary election, John Oliver joked about it on 'Last Week Tonight'
- Ivar's looks to sell, lease back two venerable restaurant sites
Most Read Stories
Jones, who signed a one-year deal in March after four seasons with Tennessee, underwent knee surgery in the offseason, which led to some lingering issues in training camp. He missed two games in the middle of the season due to an ankle injury.
Defensive tackles that could see an expanded role for the Seahawks are Clinton McDonald, rookie Jaye Howard (who has been inactive most of the year) and Hebron Fangupo, a 6-foot-1, 323-pound player signed to the active roster Thursday.
Rookie Greg Scruggs, a seventh-round pick out of Louisville, is also expected to see more time on the defensive line against a physical 49ers offense.
"My biggest thing has been waiting for my opportunity and my chance, and so it's come," said Scruggs, who has two sacks. "Now I just have to apply everything that I've been doing."
"You thrive on the opportunity to perform under pressure. One of the biggest knocks on me was I always had potential in college to be a first-round pick, but when big games came around, it was almost as if it was a slump. I've been fighting that my whole life and I think that this is an opportunity for me to go out and really show that I can play on the big stage and I can play under pressure."
• Cornerback Richard Sherman did not practice Thursday, but it was not an injury-related absence. ESPN's Adam Schefter reported this week that Sherman will have his appeal heard Friday regarding a possible four-game suspension for violating the league's substance-abuse policy.
• The Seahawks released tight end Evan Moore and promoted tight end Sean McGrath from the practice squad. Moore had one catch for six yards in 14 games this season, including one start; he was signed to Philadelphia's active roster Thursday. McGrath, an undrafted rookie free agent out of Henderson State, spent the first 15 weeks on the practice squad.
• Receiver Bryan Walters, who attended Juanita High School in Kirkland, was signed to Seattle's practice squad Thursday.
Joshua Mayers: 206-464-3184 or email@example.com.
On Twitter @joshuamayers.


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- 76Promote
Canvas Print
Bird of Paradiseby Interopia
Fine art print on bright white, fine poly-cotton blend, matte canvas using latest generation Epson archival inks. Individually trimmed and hand stretched museum wrap over 1-1/2" deep wood stretcher bars. Includes wall hanging hardware.
Wonderful design!
Thank you, everyone
Thanks, maggs. I like your fantasy tree.
Thanks, MoonBrook. I like your Echo Chambers
Fantastic piece of photography, beautifully framed and balanced. Keep up the amazing work!
Thank you, Tobias. I like your CUI logo #1.
Thank you, David. I like your Coffee Talk.
Thanks so much, Margaret!
This is amazing!!!
Thanx for saying so, MN!
Incredible. Love it!
Thanks, brenda. I really like your abstract illustrations.
Gorgeous, gorgeous, gorgeous!!!
Thank you so much, Helen and Brooke! I will check out your posts now.
This is so cute :)
Thanks for your comment, Anica.
Really lovely
Thanks, faye
Nice work !
Thank you, GeraldineB!
beautiful capture!
thanks, milanova. i guess i was just in the right place at the right time
so cool!
thank you for saying so, dedman; i admire your work as well
This is amazing!
appreciate it, Cordula
thank you, echoes. i like your nature animals too!
Wow - Beautiful work. Class!
appreciate it, 2012!
See More Comments


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'MasterChef Junior'
Hey, Rachel and Guy did it over on the Food Channel, so now Fox offers up a junior edition of their "MasterChef" series, featuring 24 cooks between the ages of 8 and 13. The judges panel includes Gordon Ramsay, Joe Bastianich and Graham Elliot. Series premiere, 8 p.m. Friday on Fox (seattletimes.com/tvlistings).
Doug Knoop, Seattle Times staff
email@example.com or on Twitter @dougknoop
Also on Friday
- Seattle's vanishing black community
- Infections are the culprit in Alzheimer's disease, Harvard study suggests
- Designed in Seattle, this $1 cup could save millions of babies
- Bellevue School District seeks to fire football coach Goncharoff over scandal
- 1,000 fraternity, sorority members trash Lake Shasta campsite
Most Read Stories
"MLB Baseball," 7 p.m. (ROOT): Oakland Athletics at Seattle Mariners (Live).
"The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" (2005), 7:30 p.m. (ABC Family): Children join forces with the lion mystic Aslan to free the land of Narnia from the White Witch's wintry spell. Based on the novel by C.S. Lewis.
"Shark Tank," 9 p.m. (ABC): Chic fashion accessories for dogs; a Breathalyzer app; gourmet mango preserves; an update on the creator of spa-quality body scrubs.
"America's Next Top Model," 9 p.m. (CW): Previously unseen footage includes flirtations, confessions and meltdowns.
"Blue Bloods," 10 p.m. (CBS): Frank pushes to have a cop killer brought to justice, but Erin drops the charges and releases the suspect due to lack of evidence.
"Hello Ross," 10 p.m. (E!): Guest singer Gloria Estefan.
The New York Times


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Video: What to Eat at Brooklyn Flea
If you're in town this holiday weekend, the Flea is open for business.
The Macy's fireworks may be exploding over the Hudson for the benefit of the people of New Jersey (again!), but at least Brooklyn has better food. Eric Demby assures us that the Brooklyn Flea is open for business on Saturday (Fort Greene) and Sunday (Williamsburg), with plenty of stuff to buy and eat. To further entice you, watch this fine short documentary about the Flea's food vendors by Food.Curated's Liza de Guia.
[Brownstoner via Food.Curated]


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Way Too Small
Nice jacket and there is also a skirt that matches at Overstock. There were very nice when I received them but both of them were at least one size too small, maybe 2 sizes too small. I usually order the same size for suits and have never had a problem until I ordered this brand.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? Better in person
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Good Quality
- How accurate was the sizing? Not accurate
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Like the different colors but yet conservative
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