text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Sep 2, 1975
|Filing date
|Oct 25, 1973
|Priority date
|Oct 25, 1973
|Publication number
|Fleming Sydney Winn, Yau Wallace Wen-Chuan
|Original Assignee
|Du Pont
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (21), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent [19] Fleming et al.
[ 1 Sept. 2, 1975 [54] METHOD FOR OPERATING AN ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION INFRARED SYSTEM [75] Inventors: Sydney Winn Fleming; Wallace Wen-Chuan Yau, both of Wilmington, Del.
[73] Assignee: E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.
22 Filed: Oct. 25, 1973 [2]] Appl. No.: 409,379
[52] US. Cl. 356/74; 250/343; 356/51 [51] Int. Cl. C01,] 3/42; GOlN 21/26 [58] Field of Search 356/51, 74, 96;
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,803,384 4/1974 Braunlich 250/345 ELECTRONIC CHASSIS Primary ExaminerRonald L. Wibert Assistant ExaminerF. L. Evans [5 7 ABSTRACT In a method for operating an attenuated total reflection infrared system for measuring the concentration of a constituent in a liquid process stream wherein a sample of the stream is irradiated with a beam of radiation at a wavelength, corresponding to the characteristic absorption wavelength of the constituent, the improvement comprises intentionally irradiating the sample with a beam of radiation at a wavelength longer than the characteristic absorption wavelength of the constituent.
5 Claims, 14 Drawing Figures lll RECORDER PATENTED 35F 2 I975 SHEET RECORDER ELECTRONIC CHASSIS FIG- FIG-1A.
PATENIEDSEP z vs 3,902,807
FIG- 3 INFRARED TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM IOO PERCENT TRANSMISSION O a I l l l 3 4 A a 5 s WAVELENGTH, a m
FOR COMPARISON SEP 21975 3 9 8 O 7 SHEET Fl 6- 4A TRANSMISSION PATENTEDSEP 2191s SHEET 4 FIG-5A REFRACTIVE INDEX (RELATIVE TO n VALUE) n vs.7\.lN REGION OF AN- ABSORPTION BAND PATENTED 2 75 SHEET X \\\.|\I.VA\ F I U o D N I V. E% T A U 7 X\ A G C O .0 PRO 2 dFF n 5 N 5% 0.. I: D7 E: l2 nn A R PO dF m r 2 O. 8 4. 2 O 8 6 4. 2 O 6 4 2 O 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 Z 2 Z l. l l. I B
REFLECTANCE r PATENTEDSEP'ZIQYS 3 902 807 SHEET 6 LO F I 6 6 A 7L0 4.40 COG 0.08 040 2.86
r REFLECTANCE PATENTEDSEP' 21975 3, 902,807
SHEET 7 F l 6- 6 B TRANSMISSION RATIO PATENTEDSEF 2187s SHEET REFLECTAN CE TRANSMISSION RATIO BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a method for on-strearn monitoring of the conc entration of a preselected constituent in a liquid process stream where the concentration of this constituent is measurable by means of infra red radiation absorption determinations. More specifically, this invention concerns an infrared (IR) process monitoring system employing an improved attenuated,
total reflection (ATR) technique and a method for selecting this improvement to provide increased mea-. surernent sensitivity.
Infrared absorption techniques have in the past found extensive application for a variety of process monitor ing activities. Spectrographic analysis of materials in the infraredregion has been found to be a very useful analysis tool. Specific absorption bands for constituents in a sample are characteristic of each constituent so that photometric analysis of a sample, at the wavelength of a particular absorption band characteristic of the constituent of interest has been the technique used in many analytical instruments. This type of analysis has until very recently generally been limited almost entirely to the near-infrared region of the spectrum l-3 micrometers) because most mid-infrared absorption bands (3-10 micrometers) are too intense to permit transmissionmeasurements at normal process concentrations. More recently an instrument employing the principle of attenuated total reflection (ATR) has enabled the use of the mid-infrared range of wavelengths where more intense and definitive absorption bands are generally available and without the necessity of employing excessively thin sample configurations. When applied to the monitoring of a process stream and the associated control of an end product, this ATR-IR technique has exhibited sensitivity which was equivalent tothe sensitivity which was realizable only through pre-existing laboratory analysis. However, in order to further improve the precision of process control, increased sensitivity of the ATR-IR monitoring technique was considered important.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION evaluation.
The selection of the wavelength offset in the filter might be done empirically. However, this would require an expensive array of filters and excessive time in gathering andevaluating experimental data for each concentration range for each chemical constituent to be monitored.
I A novel featureof this invention is the technique for selecting the appropriatewavelength difference .between the transmission peak of the filter and the ab sorption peak: of the absorption band of the chemical constituent to be monitored. This technique comprises calculations of the ATR-IR responses as a function of wavelength for values of concentrations of the solution constituent which is to be monitored.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TI-IE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1 and 1A illustrate schematically a typical prior art ART-IR monitor to which thisinvention is applicable;
FIG. 2 is an optical ray diagram for a single reflection prism used in the preferred embodiment of the ATR instrument; I
FIG. 3 is an infrared transmission spectrum characteristic of methylene diphenyl isocyanate/polyether glycol (MDI/PEG) solutions illustrative of an application of this invention;
FIG. 4A is a typical plot of transmission curves versus wavelength showing changes to be expected for various concentration levels of MDI according to the Lambert- Beer law. The concentration levels are expressed decimally and range from 10 to percent;
FIG. 4B shows a typical filter transmission curve and combined filter and solution transmission curves for varied concentration levels of MIDI expressed decimally plotted on the same Wavelength scale as FIG 4A and placed in line just below the curves of FIG. 4A for comparison purposes;
FIG. 5A is a plot of refractive index versus wavelength showing the excursion ranges of refractive index in the region of a strong absorptiion band, the several curves being for varied levels of solution concentration;
FIG, 5B is a double plot of penetration depth (dp) as a function of wavelength first on the assumption that the index of refraction remains at a base-line value which results in the plot shown as asolid line anda second plot where values of dp are calculated on the basis of change in index of refraction of the solution as a function of wavelength which second plot is shown as a dashed line in this figure;
FIG. 6A is a plot of reflectance versus wavelength for values of concentration ranging from 1 to 20% (the upper set for l-l0% with 1% intervals and the lower set for 140% with 5% intervals), the data being calculated for the values of A w ar n, and n as shown;
FIG. 68 repeats the lower family of curves from FIG 6A and provides below this on the same wavelength scale a plotof filter transmission versus wavelength and of combined (filter plus solution) transmission on the same wavelength scale similar to 4B; here. the filter has no wavelength offset but the reflectance curves of FIG. 6A are used to compute the filter plus solution curves for varied concentrations as shown;
FIG. 6C is a similar plot except that now the filter has a peak wavelenth of 4.48 micrometers (a wavelength offset M 0.08); t
FIG. 6D is also a similar curveto FIG. 6B except now the 4.56 (M 0.16);
FIG. 7 contains three plots of effective absorbance versus concentration which are calibration curves for three levels of filter wavelength and therefore wavelength ofiset; and
FIG. 8 contains two plots of S versus wavelength M; the upper plot for C l8% and the lower plot for C 14%. These plots illustrate the peaking of the slope" curves in wavelength ranges from which a choice of filter wavelength and, therefore, wavelength offset can be made to optimize sensitivity for the illustrated conditrons.
DESCRIPTION OF TI-IE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1, the apparatus utilized in the practice of this invention is an infrared photometer arranged to employ the principle of attenuated total reflection (ATR) in a sample cell. Typically, it comprises an infrared source of radiation 10, optical focusing means 12 and a chopper and filter wheel 14 containing two'filters 15 and 16. The chopper wheel 14 is mounted on a shaft for rotation by motor 17 and arranged so that filters 15 and 16 alternately intersect the beam of radiation coming from the source 10. A mirror 18 is placed to reflect radiation coming through the filters on toward the input face of a prism 20. The reflection face of prism 20 is sealed to analyzer sample cell 22 via gasket 23. The reflection face is located and used as the window of sample cell 22. The output face of prism 20 passes the reflected light beam through optics 24 and into photoelectric detector 26. Detector 26 is electrically connected to an electronic chassis 28 which comprises amplifiers, a wave shaping circuit connected to a magnetic pickup adjacent the chopper and a demodulator circuit in order to provide a signal to a recorder 30. The signal is a function of the concentration of the material 21 being monitored as it passes through the sample cell 22. In order to make the apparatus suitable for monitoring process fluids at elevated temperatures in a commercial manufacturing plant, the choice of material for prism 20 is important. In the case of the preferred embodiment, the prism material was chosen to be sapphire since it stands temperatures in excess of 1000C., has good mechanical strength and is chemically inert. In addition, as will be discussed later, it has an index of refraction value, n,, which is larger than the index of refraction of the process fluid to be monitored. In the particular case discussed below, a single reflecting prism was employed. However, in other applications, multiple reflection prisms have been employed to advantage. For example, a prism having a total of 12 reflections was used in an instrument for monitoring the concentration of polyacrylonitrile in dimethylformamide.
The present invention will be illustrated specifically in terms of a process monitor for precise measurement of the concentration of methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI) in a reactive 'mixture with polyether glycol (PEG). Furthermore, the preferred embodiment employs a two wavelength sample analysis technique (as indicated by the two filters 15, 16 in the chopper 14 of FIG. 1A. In an alternate embodiment, the filter wheel 14 could be located in the light pathbetween prism 20 and detector 26. In this case, the radiation from the sample would be analyzed at a wavelength longer than the characteristic absorption wavelength as described for the preferred embodiment. In accordance with prior art practice one wavelength (the analytical) is selected corresponding to the absorption band wavelength for the chemical constituent whose concentration is to be monitored. The other wavelength (a reference) differs from that of the absorption band and provides compensation for radiation intensity changes in the source or for contaminant materials, e.g., water in some process streams which might affect both wavelengths essentially the same. However, single wavelength photometer systems can also be adapted to irradiate the ATR sample cell and measure the concentra- 4 tion changes in the process stream. Both types of systems can be made to give improved response through the useof the present invention as described below.
The ATR principle which permits a sample under measurement to be optically thin without being physically thin, makes use of the fact that a beam of radia tion in a dense optical medium (prism 20) can be totally reflected at an interface, at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle and still be attenuated through interaction of the evanescent wave with an adjacent optically less dense medium (sample). As illustrated in FIG. 2 (not a completely exact illustration but one useful for illustration) an incident beam I is projected into prism 20a at an angle of incidence 0, is reflected at the interface between the prism with an index of refraction n and a less dense medium 21 with an index of refraction n and then appears as reflected beam I. If the less dense medium 21 is completely transparent, no energy is lost on reflection and the full intensity of the beam is returned to the denser medium (prism 20a). If, however, the less dense medium exhibits absorption at the wavelength of the incident beam I of radiation, attenuation will occur just as though the beam had been transmitted through a thin section of the sample material being monitored. This reduction in energy is sensed in the reflected beam I as described above. The evanescent wave ordinarily penetrates into the second medium only a fraction of a wavelength and, therefore, attenuation is typically small for a cell using the ATR principle as compared to a cell using the transmission principle. Multiple reflection prisms as noted above are sometimes used to provide an increase in effective sample thickness and dispersion effects both of which can provide improved sensitivity. However, multiple reflections normally require a longer optical path through the prism entailing a loss in transmission which can offset part of the gain. Thus, prism choice is a compromise of these considerations and of the ease of mounting in the sample cell. In the preferred embodiment described below, a single reflection prism is employed.
The present invention uses an analytical filter 15 (FIG. 1A) which provides intentionally adjusted radia tion with a peak wavelength longer than the known or typical absorption band peak wavelength of the solution constituent which is being monitored. In the illustrative case to be discussed below, the transmission spectrum as shown in FIG. 3 contains an absorption band 40 which has a peak wavelength A as shown. The selection of the wavelength offset for the analyzing filter is based on computations of the effect of changes in attenuation of an internally reflected beam which results from refractive index dispersion in the region of such an absorption band. Detailed description of this method follows.
In FIG. 4A are typical transmission curves showing changes expected for various concentration levels according to the Lambert-Beer Law: I/I where [/1 is the ratioof transmitted incident radiation intensity, a, is the absorption coefficient at the peak absorption wavelength, C is the concentration in volume percent expressed decimally of the absorbing constituent to be monitored and t is the thickness of the sample through which radiation passes (in this case, calculated for a cell thickness of I micrometer).
FIG.4B is drawn immediately below FIG. 4A on the same wavelength scale. This plot shows, first, the transmission curve fora filter having a peak transmission at the same wavelength as that of the transmission curves of the absorbing medium shown in FIG. 4A above. It is apparent then that, as concentration increases (e.g., C going from 0.1 to 0.6), the area under the combined curves such as curve (for the filter plus 0.3 concen tration) or B (filter plus 0.4 concentration) it is reduced. This area represents the energy which would be transmitted through a samplecellkSensing this energy level provides the means which hasin the past com monly been employed for determining concentration in an absorbing medium. v 7
Since ATR involves the interaction of the evanes-f cent wave, shown in FIG. 2 above, with sample mate rial in contact with the prism, the dispersive effects of the absorbing sample material have been found to be significant. This significance can be visualized by examination of FIG. 5A which shows the change in refractive index, n of an absorbing medium in the spectral range of an absorption band. Total reflection in the prism occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle 0 where, for the FIG. 2 case, sin 0 n /n FIG. A shows the excursion ranges of n as a function of wavelength in the region of a strong absorption band. Specifically, these functions were calculated for concentration ranges of MDI as indicated on the figure. The absorption peak for MDI is nominally at 4.40 pm. At a 0.20 concentration the n value at shorter wavelengths departs from a norm or base line value of 1.485 to a value 7% lower (1.385), passes through the base-line value (n of 1.485 at the absorption peak (A 4.40 pm) then rises to a value 7% higher (1.585) at a wavelength longer than A before approaching the n value at still longer wavelengths.
The effects of these variations in refractive index of the sample (n are clearly demonstrated by examining plotted values computed for penetration depth (1,, as shown below. It has been found that the penetration depth of the evanescent wave is given by the express1on:
x 27rn,(sin 0n I where m n /n I The intensity of the evanescent wave decreases exponentially from the surface. The value of (1,, given by the above expression is that distance at which the energy has fallen to the fraction l/e of its value at the surface. This penetration depth for the parameters of the illustration example (sapphire prism and MDI solution) is shown in FIG. 5B. First, the solid line shows the value of 01 calculated under the assumption that the index of refraction of the MDI solution is constant at a base line value 11 for the concentration selected in this example (0.20) and for an angle of incidence of the radiation of 75. However, for this same situation, the values of d which take into account the change in index of refraction n shown in FIG. 5A will vary a's'shown as the dashed line of FIG. 58. From this it is apparent that at wavelengths longer than A there is much greater pene tration into the sample than at wavelengths shorter than A Thus, there is a much greater penetration into the sample at these longer wavelengths where the M value approaches that of the-prism. Thus, the sample is significantly more absorbent than at wavelengths shorter than A consequently the effective absorption conditions which result will not be the same as those l a peak wavelength which is longerthan that of the absorption peak. These considerations also provide a method for selecting this wavelength offset. The analysis supporting these considerations follow:
REFLECTION FROM AN AB SORBING MEDIUM In a dispersive, absorbing medium, the refractive index n is complex and can be written as:
where 'n is" the real part of the refractive index of the absorbing medium and is the absorption index. This latter term, is related to the absorption coefficient, (1,, of Equation 1 as follows;
I) I v in which A denotes the wavelength of radiation in vacuum.
By using this complex refractive index in Fresnels Law, the reflectance ratio after one reflection at an interface has been derived by I. Simon (J Opt. Soc. Am. 41, 336,-1951), and in Wendlant and Hechts book Reflectance Spectroscopy, Interscience Publisher, N.Y., 1966. Note in these references, there is an error in the expression for (a) or P by a factor of 2 which is corrected for in Equation (6). The results are as follows:
a I? 20 cos 0+ c05 0 l a +b +2acos0+cos 6 a I; 2a sin 0 tan 6 sin 0 tan' O "ll a b 20 sin 6 tan 6 sin 0tan 6 (4b) and nuturn! 1/2 ("l where 6 a the angle of incidence,
r r Ethe ratio of light intensity after a single reflection to the intensity of incident light with polarization perpendicular and parallel to the reflecting interface, respectively, r sasingle reflectance ratio for unpolarized light. The quantities (a b and (a) are related to n n and 0 as follows:
I and where, as defined previously, n a n /n n is the refractive index of the absorbing medium and n is the refractive index of the first medium (the ATR crystal) which is essentially not an absorbing medium in an ATR analyzer. P and P will be referred to as first and second reduced parameters, respectively.
For the case of multiple reflections which are often used in an ATR analyzer, the overall reflectance ratio R can be written as follows:
u ll nmurul 1/2 i R where k a number of reflections.
Equations 1 through 7 permit one to determine reflectance ratios in terms of known values of n andx. In order to describe internal reflection in the region of an absorption band adequately, the variation of n and Kin this region must be included in the above analysis. Since, as mentioned supra, n in particular, in exceedingly difficult to measure in an absorption band, the following derivation was developed to provide a means for predicting n from measurable quantities.
COMPLEX REFRACT IVE INDEX AT AN ABSORPTION BAND From the classical dispersion theory, the following relation can be predicted:
where n baseline refractive index at m, interpolated from measured values on either side of the absorption band,
e, m the charge and the mass of the electron,
f, N the strength and the number of oscillators,
m F peak frequency and half-width of absorption band (in wave number units), measured at low concentration, and
m variable frequency.
Separating the real and imaginary parts of Equation (8) gives the following:
arm/2 It has been observed that the quantity B relates very simply to the extinction coefficient of a dilute solution of the absorbing species. It can be determined from an IR transmission measurement of a dilute solution. (The dilute solution concentration level should be chosen such that, with a convenient cell thickness, a transmission reading in the mid-range, e.g., 40-60%, of the instrument results. With the absorption band being weak for a dilute solution, the refractive index dispersion is small and Equation (10) can be approximated as:
Br( (0/2) I By using Equation (3) and converting the frequency to wavelength, Equation (1 1) becomes:
where and D and D are called first and second dispersion factors.
It is readily apparent that both n and are complicated functions of concentration C. However, Equations (13) and (14) implicitly define the extent of refractive index dispersion and theshape of the distribution as a function of concentration C in terms of measurable parameters (a A w,,, n n The use of small computers which are becoming readily available, (a typical examplebeing the Hewlett-Packard 9100B),
simplifies the calculation procedure and permits many solutions to the equations to be achieved in a very short time.
CALCULATION OF ATR RESPONSE As shown, the dependence of ATRresponse on concentration is affected by the refractive index dispersion, and initially it appeared to be quite a complicated problem to calculate this response. Fortunately, it was observed that the reduced parameters, (P and (P in Equations (5) and (6), needed to calculate the reflectance in Equations (4a, b and c) are expressed in terms of the dispersion factors D and D and as shown above, these dispersion factors can be calculated from Equations (13) and 14) from measurable parameters. Thus, ATR response can be calculated without having to solve for n and explicitly from Equations (13) and (14).
Calculation is, therefore, greatly simplified and entails the following steps:
I. For values of C in the range of interest, calculate D and D from Equations (13) and (14) as functions of A ranging above and below A II. Calculate (P,) and (P from Equations (5) and (6) for a value of above critical (0,) [For example,.in FIG. B, the value chosen for 0 was 75 with an indicated 0,. 64.2]. dd
III. Calculate reflectance of single reflection from Equations (4a, b, c) as a function of A for values of C. IIIA. When required, calculate reflectance for the applicable number of multiple reflections from Equation (7a, b, c) as a function of A for values of C. FIG. 6A is a plot of r vs. A for values of C ranging from 1 to 40% (the upper set for 1-10% with 1% intervals, and the lower set for 140% with 5% intervals) as determined by following the steps I-III above for the values of A,,, co a n,, and n for concentration levels indicated on each curve. Note that'the peak of the low concentration curve (C 0.05) is at a A of 4.42 m which is close to the absorption peak A, of 4.40 pm. The peak for C 0.40, however, had broadened and shifted to a A of 4.50 1.1.m. The extent of the shift, viz. 0.10 pm, is seen to be significant when it is remembered that the absorption band half-width, m for this case is 0.08 p.m as shown.
As discussed in the description of FIG. 4A, the wavelength distribution of the energy with which the sample is irradiated also has a distinct contribution to the measurement sensitivity. Sample irradiation with a strictly monochromatic source even if possible would result in a loss in sensitivity when there is a shift in response of the sample with concentration due. to dispersion effects, as just discussed. Thus, it is advantageous to irradiate the sample with energy from a source, whereby through use of a filter the desired wavelength distributionis produced with an appropriately chosen peak transmission wavelength and bandwidth. Referring again to FIG. 4B the area under the filter curve represents the total irradiating energy, and since the area under bi-lobal curves A and B represents the energy remaining after absorption, this remaining energy is sensed and used to determine sample concentration, since the area (energy) reduction is a result of the absorptionby the sample. Intuitively, it can be visualized that a reduction in filter bandwidth would reduce the areas of the lobes and increase the sensitivity in this transmission example. However, such intuitive reasoning applied to the situation in which ATR dispersion effects are encountered can be very misleading and further analysis forms a more concrete basis for filter selection.
If a Gaussian wavelength distribution is assumed for the filter, the transmission spectrum of the filter T A would be:
A A 2 T =Toexp where T I peak filter transmission, A,, w; I peak wavelength and half-width of filter G E 0.3607; a numerical constant E 1/(4 In 2) Or, this can also be expressed as the filter transmission, H as follows:
I-1,= the filter transmission from Eq. 15b.
R reflectance r from Eq. 4 for single reflection or R from Eq. 7 for multiple reflection. The polarization, P, i I! or natural) which is used will determine whether 4a, b, or c or 7a, b, or c will be applicable.
A a the variable wavelength and the summations, Z A are calculated in small wavelength increments covering the effective range of the filter.
FIG. 6B is a plot similar to FIG. 413 with transmission curves, using a filter with a peak wavelength A,= 4.40, whereby with A,,=A;A,, and thus A =0, shown in relation to reflectance curves of FIG. 6A. Similarly, FIG. 6C is for the response with a filter with A,= 4.48 (A 0.08), and FIG. 6D is for the response with a filter with Instrument calibration curves plotted in terms of A,. vs. C are shown in FIG. 7 for the values of A, illustrated in FIGS. 68, C, D. It is shown (curve 1) that for low concentration levels that zero offset provides good sensitivity. This is to be expected since the dispersion effects at low concentration levels are minimal and the ATR analyzer would have a response similar to a normal transmission analyzer. This set of curves clearly shows that improved response for higher concentrations or for strong absorption levels (where ATR provides the effective thin sample) is achieved by using an intentional mismatch between the irradiation wavelength and the absorption band wavelength and that the mismatch should be such that the irradiation wavelength is longer than the absorption band wavelength.
The choice of mismatch, from the most elementary consideration of the data shown in FIG. 7 would be de cided by consideration of the slope of the calibration curve in the region of concentration of interest. If low to medium concentrations are to be monitored, A values between those of curve 1 and curve 2 would be appropriate. If an essentially uniform response through a wide range of concentrations is required, then a choice of M as represented by curve 2 would be appropriate for a concentration range from about 61 6% for example. Similarly, curve 3 indicates improved response for high range concentration, e.g., 16-30%, with reasonable linearity.
Since the slope of the curves of FIG. 7 are indicative of sensitivity, when monitoring to maintain a mixture in a condition where the concentration of a constituent should be maintained relatively constant at a given level (for example, inthe present process employed for illustration the MDI concentration is desired to be maintained at 18% 10.5%) the choice of wavelength offset is simplified by computing and plotting a slope parameter S,,,,, which is equal to C/ Co as a function of wavelength. Referring to FIG. 7, it can readily be seen that at a concentration of 18% the sensitivity with (Curve 1) is very poor since the calibration curve has flattened out in this range of concentration. Curve 2 with )\,,=0.08 and curve 3 withh A,,=O.l6 each have apparently good sensitivity in the 18% range as indicated by the slope of these curves at that concentration. Selection of a wavelength offset value by inspection of such calibration curves can provide improved sensitivity; however, as shown in FIG. 8, plots of S vs. A, exhibit distinct maxima of the slope parameter. The upper plot of FIG. 8 shows that, for C =l8%, A A from essentially 0.075 to 0.20 will have a maximized sensitivity. The lower plot of FIG. 8 shows a narrow range of A from essentially 0.075 to 0.125 for C,,=l4%.
It is obvious that a similar choice of A, can be made by considering calibration curves plotted in terms of effective transmission T and the corresponding slope parameter 8., which is equal to FIGS. 6 and 7 show that concentration levels up to 40% can be monitored with the parameters shown. When a higher concentration range is to be monitored, it would be advantageous to choose a larger angle of incidence 6 which will have the effect of diminishing the effective sample thickness of the more absorbent higher concentration sample. The calculations should be repeated for this larger 9, the appropriate calibration plots prepared, and the selection of an appropriate A value for optimizing sensitivity by the methods discussed for the previous example.
In summary, the technique for selecting the appropriate wavelength difference between the transmission peaks of the filter and the absorption peak of the absorption band of the chemical monitored is as follows:
I. For the assumed value of concentration C, calculate a first dispersion factor D and a second dispersion factor D each as a function of wavelength ranging above and below the peak wavelength of the absorption band characteristic of the constituent to be monitored;
II. Calculate a first and second reduced parameter P and P for the value of the angle of incidence of radiation 6 which has been chosen.
III. Calculate the appropriate reflection ratio for the polarization configuration to be employed in the instrument and for the single or multiple number of reflections characteristic of the prism employed in the apparatus as a function of the wavelength for the value of concentration, C, to be monitored;
IV. Prepare a plot of reflection ratio as a function of wavelength. The difference between the wavelength at the peak of this plot and the absorption peak A provides a first approximation of the wavelength offset that should be introduced by proper selection of the filter in front of the light source for the ATR instrument.
V(a). Assuming a Gaussian wavelength distribution for the filter transmission spectrum, calculate the response of the system in terms of effective absorbance, A,., through a wavelength range encompassing that of the filter and of the absorption band for an appropriate range of solution concentration and for a series of appropriate filter wavelength offset values, A,,. A plot of A vs. concentration for each selected wavelength offset, )w, provides a series of calibration curves which, by inspection, will permit selection of the offset, A whereby the response (as indicated by the particular calibration curve) will be sufficiently linear and have reasonable sensitivity (slope of curve) in and through the range of concentration to be monitored.
V( b). When measurement of concentration changes about a particular concentration level, C is the process monitoring requirement, the choice of appropriate filter wavelength offset, A for improved response sensitivity is determined by calculating umbe- .1.
also provide a series of calibration curves (in terms of T instead of A from which 1,, can be selected by inspection as described for A versus C. Similarly in V(a), a slope related parameter, S would be provided by calculating AT, AC/ C,,.
Plotting S versus 1; would provide a curve with a maximum indicative of A for the optimized measurement sensitivity.
The choice of T or A is optional; some workers in the field can relate more readily to absorbance units than transmission units and vice versa.
The usefulnes of this invention has been proven in an application to a manufacturing process wherein, as noted above, the concentration of MD] is monitored in order to control the MDI to PEG ratio. Before the use of ATR-IR, laboratory analyses were necessary which resulted normally in a 2 /2. hr. lag time between sampling and the analytical results. The sensitivity of this laboratory analysis technique was found to be about 10.03%. When the ATR-IR apparatus was used in its conventional form, the response time was found to be one minute and the sensitivity approximately 120.02. When the improved ATR-IR instrument of this present invention was employed, the response time remained at 1 minute and the sensitivity was improved to a level of about i0.005%. It is obvious that improved sensitivity of this extent results in increased product quality and reduced variability in the product. Although the invention is illustrated in terms of monitoring the concentration of MD], many other solution types where a distinctive infrared band is available may be monitored by means of the apparatus improved according to this invention. It is apparent that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention which is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
1. In a method for operating an attenuated total reflection infrared system for measuring the concentration of a constituent in a liquid process stream, said constituent having a characteristic absorption band with a peak wavelength, which when viewed by internal reflection is distorted toward longer wavelengths as a consequence of refractive index dispersion and, wherein a sample of the stream is irradiated with a beam of radiation the improvement comprising: intentionally irradiating said sample with a beam of radiation offset to a range of wavelengths longer than the characteristic absorption band peak wavelength of said constituent in place of a beam centered at said peak wavelength thereby compensating for the distortion of the absorption band to improve the sensitivity of the system.
2. The method as defined in claim 1, said characteristic absorption band peak wavelength being in the range of from about 3 to about 10 micrometers.
3. The method as defined in claim 1, said constituent having a characteristic absorption band peak wavelength of 4.40 micrometers and being intentionally irradiated at a wavelength of 4.48 micrometers.
4. The method as defined in claim 1, said constituent having a characteristic absorption band peak wavelength of 4.40 micrometers and being intentionally irradiated at a wavelength of 4.56 micrometers.
5. In a method for operating an attenuated total reflection infrared system for measuring the concentration of a constituent in a liquid process stream, said constituent having a characteristic absorption band with a peak wavelength, which when viewed by internal reflection is distorted toward longer wavelengths as a consequence of refractive index dispersion and wherein a sample of the stream is irradiated with a beam of radiation, the improvement comprising: intentionally analyzing the beam of radiation emanating from the sample over a range of wavelengths longer than the characteristic absorption band peak wavelength of said constituent in place of analyzing over a range of wavelengths centered at said peak wavelength thereby compensating for the distortion of the absorption band to improve sensitivity of the system.
, I Pag e'IOf Z HT UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. 3,902,807 Q DATED September 2, 1975 vE (5) Sydney Winn Fleming, Wallace Wen-Chuan Yau It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
a C01. 2, line 7 "ART-IR" should read A'I'R-IR Col. 2, line 29 "absorptiion" should read absorption 9 Col. 2, line tO should read Col. 2, line t3 "n," should read n Col. t, line insert after "transmitted",
Q to
Col.5, line 7 delete "it".
Col. 5, line 43 Equation should be numbered Col. 6, line 23 equation (2) should read n '=n (l-ir Q Col. 6, line 27 insert after "and" r Col. 6, line 28 insert after "term," r
Col. 6, line 29 delete "Equation 1" and insert Lambert-Beer Law
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 26, 1972
|Apr 9, 1974
|Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie
|Method of continuously measuring organic substances in water,and device for carrying out the method
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 6, 1978
|Sep 30, 1980
|Goehde Wolfgang
|Apparatus for measuring cytological properties
|Jul 5, 1983
|Jul 2, 1985
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Portable infrared spectrophotometer
|Feb 6, 1984
|Oct 1, 1985
|The Johns Hopkins University
|Fiber optic fluid impurity detector
|Jun 10, 1983
|Mar 11, 1986
|Corning Glass Works
|Visible sample chamber for fluid analysis
|Dec 26, 1985
|Nov 3, 1987
|Research Corporation
|Blood glucose monitor
|Jul 5, 1991
|Jun 1, 1993
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho
|Accessory and crystalline element for attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy
|Jul 1, 1994
|Aug 20, 1996
|Nippondenso Co., Ltd.
|Oil deterioration detection apparatus and apparatus for detecting particles in liquid
|Sep 6, 1996
|Sep 29, 1998
|Finmeccanica S.P.A. Azienda Ansaldo
|System and a method for monitoring combustion and pollutants in a thermal plant by means of laser diodes
|Jul 9, 1998
|Jan 28, 2003
|Nikon Corporation
|Method and apparatus for surface inspection
|Mar 27, 2002
|Jan 11, 2005
|Euro-Celtique, S.A.
|ATR crystal device
|Jul 27, 2004
|Sep 20, 2005
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|System and method for accurately reproducing color
|Sep 4, 2002
|Aug 14, 2007
|North Carolina State University
|Single pass attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared microscopy apparatus and method for identifying protein secondary structure, surface charge and binding affinity
|Oct 21, 2004
|May 20, 2008
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method and system for diffusion attenuated total reflection based concentration sensing
|Mar 27, 2002
|Dec 19, 2002
|Kevin C. Bynum
|ATR crystal device
|Sep 4, 2002
|Aug 21, 2003
|North Carolina State University
|Single pass attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared microscopy apparatus and method for identifying protein secondary structure, surface charge and binding affinity
|Jul 27, 2004
|Jan 13, 2005
|Hewlett-Packard Indigo B.V.
|System and method for accurately reproducing color
|Oct 21, 2004
|Apr 27, 2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method and system for diffusion attenuated total reflection based concentration sensing
|Oct 30, 2008
|Jun 25, 2009
|Smith Ronald T
|Beveled Tip Surgical Wide-Angle Illuminator
|Dec 18, 2008
|Oct 20, 2010
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Evanescent field modulation in a biosensor
|Jan 14, 1987
|Jul 16, 1987
|Levin Herman W
|Evanescent wave background fluorescence/absorbance detection
|Nov 3, 1992
|May 13, 1993
|Novo Nordisk A/S
|Apparatus for ex vivo measurement of blood sugar levels
|U.S. Classification
|356/300, 356/410, 250/343, 356/51
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Item Size: one-size Weight:55Kg/121.3Lbs Height:171cm/67.3in Bust:34A Waist:71cm/28.0in Hips:89cm/35.0in Overall Fit:True to Size
Very beautiful floral midi skirt. I was very happy with the fit and quality of the material. This skirt can be used for both casual and dressier events depending on how you style it.
Item Size: one-size
Great skirt very classy great quality, price and it very unique pattern.
Very elegant and "spring" skirt with a belt. Excellent approached. A little spoiled impression fastener in a skirt (inaccurately sewn). For the rest, I am very pleased!
I like this floral skirt. It is a lovely midi skirt. I would wear it with a with a cardigan.
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text:
This is what baby Emma from Friends looks like now
The twins who played Ross and Rachel's accidental baby are now 13-years-old
The twins who played Ross and Rachel's accidental baby are now 13-years-old
As the BBC recreates the pairing of Bailey and The Shrimp, Mike Higgins recalls meetings that defined the decade
There's a price to pay for his happy childhood, and his characters foot the bill. Jonathan Romney meets Hollywood's master of discomfort
Jennifer Aniston's dad has praised Justin Theroux as a "charming young man".
Readers review this week's big film
Jennifer Aniston's beloved dog Norman has died.
Cinema chains could refuse to show major films in a showdown with two leading studios over home viewing.
Jennifer Aniston showed off a new short haircut in Spain today.
Jon Hamm sparkles in Mad Men but falls flat on the big screen. He's not the only one to fail at the cinema, says Ben Walsh
Jennifer Aniston thinks she is responsible for the "ugliest haircut ever".
Doesn't Jennifer Aniston ever get tired of playing Rachel from Friends?
When Daniel Stier went to Paris to photograph the 'Olympics of hair', the results were a long way from the 'cut and blow-dry' school of styling.
Old assassins never die, they just shoot from a new hip
This column's preferred soft-rock crooner, John Mayer, was upset to read the esteemed online organ The Huffington Post hinting he'd reunited with ex-girlfriend Jennifer Aniston last week.
Her latest film is yet another flop. Even so, she's doing well compared to her former co-stars, reports Guy Adams in Los Angeles
The diet industry might seem like a modern invention but the slimming craze can be traced back to your great-grandmother's day.
Don't bank on the multiplex to assuage World Cup misery, says Ben Walsh – Hollywood comedies just aren't funny anymore


text:
California Ballet's 'The Nutcracker'
- When Multiple dates from Dec 14 - Dec 22, 2013 [days & times]
- Where San Diego Civic Theatre, 1100 Third Avenue, San Diego Map | Website
- Age limit All ages
- Categories Dance, Family, Holidays, Theater
- Cost $40 - $90
Above: Promotional graphic for California Ballet's The Nutcracker.
California Ballet's glittering production of "The Nutcracker" at the Civic Theatre is the most highly attended The Nutcracker in San Diego County.
Choreographed by Director Maxine Mahon with Music Director John Stubbs conducting, "The Nutcracker" is the perfect way to celebrate the holiday season with family and friends.
Patrons can meet the cast at our Sugar Plum Parties immediately following the 1:00pm, 2:30pm, and 5:30pm performances.
This year's production of "The Nutcracker" will feature Guest Artists ABT Principal Cory Stearns and Freelance Artist Sergey Kheylik.
Accompanied by the Classics Philharmonics:
Saturday, Dec. 14th at 2:30pm & 7:00pm
Sunday, Dec. 15th at 1:00pm* & 5:30pm
Accompanied by the San Diego Symphony:
Wed. through Fri. Dec. 18th through 20th at 7:00pm
Saturday, Dec. 21st at 2:30pm & 7:00pm*
Sunday, Dec. 22nd at 1:00pm* & 5:30pm*
*Thirty minute pre-performance lecture begins one hour prior to performance.
Adults: $90, $65, $55, $40
Children 12 & under: $68, $48, $40, $30 (must be at least 4 years old to attend)
Location: San Diego Civic Theatre, 1100 Third Avenue at B Street San Diego CA Google Map


text: I have just purchased a computer, for few days it was running without any problems. But now I have a problem in my computer. I think there is a Monitor display problem because when I switch on my computer monitor never gives any display. I think there is no problem with RAM and graphics card. "HZ" is displayed in the box which moves all over the monitor. My computer configuration is intel 2.7 hz dual core, intel D946GZIS mobo, geforce 9600 GT graphics card and 2gb ram. What may be the problem? Any advice. Help will be appreciated.


text:
Rick Scott
Secretary of State John Kerry said Thursday that elected officials who ban the words "climate change" are unwilling to face the facts, a non-so-subtle dig at Florida Gov. Rick Scott's administration. Continue reading
With a little over a week to go until midterm elections, early voting happening in California and more than 30 other states, is causing both Republicans and Democrats to shift their campaign strategies. Continue reading
ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. — The Florida governor's race was spinning wildly on Thursday, almost as fast as that electric fan former Gov. Charlie Crist insists on bringing along to campaign appearances.
Continue reading
With a resounding Democratic primary victory and a critical party switch, former Florida Gov. Charlie Crist moved a step closer to winning back his old job. His Republican challenger, Gov. Rick Scott, scored his own big win. The Sunshine State matchup is expected to be one of the most expensive and negative of the cycle. Adam Smith of The Tampa Bay Times joins Gwen Ifill to discuss the race. Continue reading
Syndicated columnist Mark Shields and New York Times columnist David Brooks analyze the week's news with Judy Woodruff, including the impending automatic spending cuts due to hit next week and immigration reform. Continue reading


text:
Bo-Katan Meme by MirtaGevFettWatch
©2011-2016 MirtaGevFett
I made this picture of Bo-Katan from The Clone Wars and it reminds me of a lot of internet memes like courage wolf, philosoraptor and advice puppy. I dont feel like adding text to it though so if you guys want to come up with something, be my guest.
Good image/picture. Here's my idea:-
Above:- "Lucas wanted to make Mandalorians pacifists."
Below:- "We'll see about that."
"We want you to Death Watch!"
I hear you want to negotiate.
you're adorable.
you're adorable.
Possible meme
"I don't need a weapon to kill you."
"I don't need a weapon to kill you."
Speaking of making this a meme, mind if I use it to make one (or a few) of my own jokes with it?
sure thats what its hear for
You could turn it into those memes that have text on top and bottom with this as the pic in the middle.
"Are you trying to run?"
"Aww, that's so CUTE!" *blast*
"Are you trying to run?"
"Aww, that's so CUTE!" *blast*
May I ask on what kind of helmet she is wearing?
Mandalorian. its from clone wars so im sure its just some random sh*t still badass looking
do you by any chance know the name of this episode and when it's coming now?
A friend in need. and next friday
I like
is this from star wars?


text:
American Heritage is proud to host the
National Portal to
Historic Collections
Recently added:
In association with the
American Association for State and Local History
"Save America's Treasures" has been totally eliminated—the largest Federal program supporting preservation of such treasures as the original Star Spangled Banner and George Washington's tent.
65% of Americans don't know what happened at the Constitutional Convention, according to a recent survey by Newsweek.
The "Teaching American History" grants—the largest Federal program supporting history education—have been completely eliminated.
Visits to the Top 20 Civil War battlefields have dropped in half from 1970 to 2009 according to official National Park Service statistics.
40% of Americans can't identify whom we fought in World War II, according to a recent survey by Newsweek.
A quarter of Americans believe Congress shares power over U.S. foreign policy with the United Nations, according to a recent Annenberg survey.
"There is little that is more important for an American citizen to know than the history and traditions of his country," John F. Kennedy wrote in American Heritage.
The "We the People Program," which touched some 30 million students and 90,000 teachers over 25 years, has been completely eliminated.
Two-thirds of Americans could not correctly name Yorktown as the last major military action of the American Revolution, according to a recent national Gallup survey.
The National Heritage Areas and Scenic Byways program, the only major Federal program encouraging visits to historic places, has been completely eliminated in Congressional committee.
The New Orleans Times from March 12, 1865 Eight Page folio. Articles featuring accounts of General Sheridan's victories in the Shenandoah Valley against General Early, and the capture of Early's force. Includes a series of letters from General Grant to Secretary of War Stanton describing the Battles in the Shenandoah. Also, reports on the capture of Fort White and Georgetown South Carolina. Inside includes article on the military movements inside Richmond meant to "current the impending flood of Union troops."
The Richmond Whig, Richmond, Virginia from April 10, 1865. News of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. "The Grande Finale! Surrender of General Lee with the remnants of his Army! The War Virtually Ended! Form the Capitol of the Confederacy comes the news that the war between the states has come to a close. The Richmond Whig reports that General lee accepted Grant's proposals for their surrender,"
© Copyright 1949-2016 American Heritage Publishing. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Crop Insurance Legislation Wins Approval of Full Senate
de Senerpont Domis, Olaf, American Banker
WASHINGTON -- Legislation that will help protect agricultural lenders against the risk of crop failure was approved by the Senate last week.
The Senate-passed bill attempts to replace the current system of ad hoc disaster relief with low-cost federal crop insurance. Under the bill, farmers must purchase insurance in order to qualify for agricultural subsidies.
Currently, when crops fail, uninsured farmers gamble that Congress will grant ad hoc disaster aid to their area. However, if the funds are not mandated, farmers end up with nothing, and agricultural lenders often end up with a bad loan.
The Senate passed the Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act by voice vote late Thursday, squeezing it in before passing the crime bill and leaving for recess.
The House passed a similar measure on Aug. 5. The bill is now cleared for both chambers of Congress to meet in conference and hammer out their differences on the legislation.
Although the conferees have not been named yet, the conference committee could meet as soon as the week of Sept. …


text:
My husband has just wrapped a movie, the third in a franchise he created ten years ago. I'm covering some of the behind-the-scenes bases. "Associate Producer" is a vague title that can mean a number of things. You can find Part I here.
If it made any sense at all, I would have titled this post "This Is The Person Who Does Everything Under The Sun," but that's not an official film credit.
This is S. You may remember her from the red lipstick post. Though she shares the same title as these guys, her job couldn't be any different. S. always juggles a hundred balls at a time, but on the movie her main function is to wrangle the talent. And, as I'm sure you can imagine, with this cast that is a major undertaking.
S. has a great relationship with the nine boys that make up the main talent for the movie. She is responsible for getting them where they're supposed to be, then handling their every need/want/request once they're there. They love her and trust her. She is loyal to them and it is returned.
Aside from this movie, S. - for all practical purposes - runs The Gorilla's production company. I beam with pride that I originally hired S. in 2003 as The Gorilla's personal assistant. (This was before The Gorilla and I were dating, and I was still working in production.) Very quickly, S. became indispensable. Along the way, we also became good friends. She has worked for The Gorilla ever since, first as an assistant, then was critical as the production company grew, and later as a producer for the numerous television shows the company was producing.
Another role S. has taken on for the movie is the public relations liason. Even though The Gorilla and most of the talent have publicists, they work through her when organizing press and promos. That role also encompasses working with brands that will be will be making merchandise for the movie. (We'll cover that topic later, because it's an interesting part of the promotion process.)
You simply can't put S. in the typical Associate Producer box. She all but runs our entire life. If I need anything - from a restaurant recommendation to tracking down The Gorilla on set - she is the first person I dial.
So maybe she doesn't fit your typical AP role - she is so much more than that - but everyone should have an S. in their life. That is, if they want anything to get done.


text:
Re: How do I access my apps wishlist?bklvr896 Dec 17, 2011 6:54 AM (in response to bayhamster)
bayhamster wrote:
I have a NOOK color. Browsing through apps I've added many to my wishlist. But I can't figure out how to access my Apps wishlist. My books wishlist is on my B&N web page. Does anyone know how to access the Apps wishlist?
I haven't tried to do this, but I would suggest you post this question on one of the Nook Color boards where the Nook Color owners hang out. This board is for the Nook Simple Touch eInk reader and since it doesn't run Apps most users probably aren't going to have an answer for you.
Here's a link to the Nook Color General Discussion. You can get to the other NookColor Boards by clicking on browse bookclubs above and then scroll down to the Nook Color section.
Re: How do I access my apps wishlist?bayhamster Dec 18, 2011 6:51 AM (in response to bklvr896)
Thanks! Not sure how I ended up here.


text:
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Le Mat Cavalry
Considered the most awesome hand-held firing weapon ever produced, this nine-shot with a 20-gauge, single-shot barrel was a favorite among Confederate cavalry officers. Its features include a polished blue finish with a case-hardened hammer and trigger; checkered, oil-finished walnut grips; lanyard ring; and trigger guard with spur.
Le Mat Cavalry$1,065.00


text:
- 60Promote
Simple Times.by Josh Franke
American Apparel T-shirts are made with 100% fine jersey cotton combed for softness and comfort. (Athletic Grey and Athletic Blue contain 50% polyester / 25% cotton / 25% rayon)
Looks really cool as a stretched canvas!
thanks Bouke~
retro wonderful!
cool pattern!
great pattern!
thanks guys~
realy like the pattern!
Looks great, and digging the colors! Nice work buddy! :)
yeah man :)
thanks guys~:
nice design and colours
awesome pattern!!!!!love the colors!
Reminds me of bed sheets i had in 1983. Actually.. this site should allow us to make bedsheets, if they did i would get these... NOW!
This is really good.
Wow, your work is awesome! Great color scheme and design :)
w o n d e r f u l
That's so cool!! ;)
cool J
thanks everyone!
great colours! really like this one!
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text:
Key things you need to know aboutDr. Burnette Jr.:
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Hospital Quality
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- Lake Charles Memorial Hospital
- 1701 Oak Park Blvd
- Lake Charles, LA 70601
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 87.4% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
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Your feedback will help other patients make informed decisions, and let the doctor know how he's doing.
8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
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text:
The flying boats of Pembroke Dock
In the 1930s and 40s one west Wales town played host to the largest flying boat base the country had ever seen - maybe even the world. That town was Pembroke Dock and for nearly 30 years residents of the community woke each morning and went to bed at night with the deep throated roar of Pegasus engines rolling in over the town and reverberating off the waters of Milford Haven.
Mk I Sunderland of 210 Squadron on Atlantic patrol c.1941 (Images provided by Pembroke Dock Sunderland Trust)
The town of Pembroke Dock burst into existence in 1814, its main purpose being to build warships for the Royal Navy. The dockyard of the town was in existence for just 112 years but in that time it created dozens of giant battleships - including the Duke of Wellington, the largest woodenwall ever built - and no fewer than four royal yachts for Queen Victoria. At one stage the yards employed over 4,000 men with dozens more, throughout the county, depending on the place for their livelihood.
When the dockyard closed in 1926 it left the town it had spawned without hope or reason for existence. Then, in 1931 the RAF announced that they were establishing a flying boat base in the eastern end of the old yard - the sheltered expanse of deep water, the very thing that had brought the ship builders to the region in the first place, was, it seemed, ideal for the seaplanes of the time.
The coming of the flying boats could never hope to replace the economic security provided by the Admiralty dockyard but it did offer some slim consolation to the people of the town. It meant work for many; it meant businesses could thrive and prosper; it meant the town was alive again.
The RAF had meant to stay for just a few short months, but remained in west Wales for 29 years. The first aircraft based in the town were the Supermarine Southamptons of No. 210 Squadron. New barrack blocks and wide slipways were built inside the old dockyard walls and two huge hangers were erected, enormous structures that can still be seen today.
Many famous airmen served at PD, as the flying boat base soon became known. Wing Commander Bob Leckie was the first station commander but perhaps the most renowned of these was Arthur "Bomber" Harris, the air marshall who later went on to mastermind the Allied bombing offensive against Germany in World War Two.
As might be expected, the base at PD saw its greatest hours during the war. Throughout those turbulent and dangerous times, giant Sunderland flying boats - and the odd Catalina - patrolled the Western Approaches, searching out the deadly U Boats that were threatening Britain's very existence. For the crews of these huge machines, patrols were long, cold and arduous and contact with the enemy was rare.
When the Sunderlands did encounter opposition, however, the battles were life and death affairs. In one well known incident in 1942 a single PD Sunderland was attacked by no fewer than eight JU88s while over the Bay of Biscay. The Sunderland, bristling with guns, was no easy target and in the fight three German planes were shot down, a fourth being badly damaged. And although damaged the Sunderland managed to get back to PD.
Mark V Sunderland on take off, in 1945.
When peace came again in 1945 the base at PD began, inevitably, to lose its importance. Aircraft design had moved on and seaplanes, always at the vagaries of weather and tide, clearly had a limited operational lifespan. Nevertheless, Sunderlands from PD undertook the vital role of supplying members of the British North Greenland Expedition in 1952. The expedition and the job of the PD aircraft were well recorded in local and national press.
Mark V Sunderland over Royal Yacht Britannia, mid 1950s.
The sight of the beautiful white flying boats moored on the haven off the town - or, occasionally, powering down the estuary as they lumbered gracefully into the air - are images that that impinged themselves into the minds of all Pembroke Dock children. The giant aeroplanes seemed to symbolize security and strength and were as much a part of growing up in the old dockyard town as games of football or cricket on the Barrack Hill, overlooking the yards.
The air station at Pembroke Dock finally closed in March 1959, the land where the workshops and hangers stood being given back to the Admiralty. Yet Pembroke Dock was not quite finished with flying boats.
In 1963 Sunderland M2824, originally having served with No 201 Squadron in Pembroke Dock, was presented to the town by the French Navy. A trust was established, local air cadets (including the author) began work cleaning and polishing and the plane was opened to the public as a living memorial and museum. Each year thousands of tourists and locals visited the aircraft but, finally, as time and age began to make themselves felt, in 1971 she was dismantled and taken to a new home at Hendon Museum.
These days the old dockyard and the flying boat base operate as the terminal for ferry boats across the Irish Sea. Many of the buildings put up by the RAF are still there, however, and the Sunderland Trust operates a small visitor in the western end of the yards. At the moment it might be little enough to mark the passing of such a huge operation but, like the PD base itself, it will surely grow and grow in the years ahead.
You can find out more about the flying boats of Pembroke Dock and the Flying Boat Visitor Centre on the Pembroke Dock Sunderland Trust website.
Comments Post your comment
Comment number 1.At 17:27 3rd Aug 2011, alandee wrote:
This comment was removed because the moderators found it broke the house rules. Explain.
Comment number 2.At 07:57 4th Aug 2011, rmacmhor wrote:
This brings back some memories Phil! Where I lived in the '40s and '50s was right beneath the track the Sunderlands would take when coming in to land on the main stretch of the Haven between the Weare and Newton Noyes. I can hear the roar of those Pegasus engines to this day. Sometimes the Sunderlands seemed so low that you could reach up and touch them.
Out on the Haven in a boat, where I spent a lot of time, two launches would come down from the Dockyard and clear the take off area – I was cleared from the 'No 7 Buoy' fishing mark many times when a Sunderland was taking off. A friend of mine used to tell a tale of when he was out doing a spot of 'night fishing' and the launches didn't spot him. The Sunderland roared straight towards him and took off when still a fair distance away but as it went right over his head, water was still pouring off its hull and nearly swamped him.
Sadly, I think it was in 1954, I was witness to a Sunderland crashing on take-off one morning just before I left for school. I can still picture her, off Pwllcrochan flats, with just the tailplane sticking skywards out of the water. Terrible sight.
Sometime later in the '50s I remember an American seaplane carrier paying a courtesy visit. I think the seaplanes she had on board were called Marlins and they had extreme difficulty taking off in the calm waters of the Haven when there was no wind. The Sunderlands would run rings round them in these conditions.
It's so good that the Sunderland Trust is keeping the memory of these marvellous aircraft alive.
Comment number 3.At 10:41 11th Aug 2011, Gareth wrote:
My uncle didn't have good memories of being stationed there. He was driving an officer behind a transporter truck with one of them on board. The monster came off the back of the transporter and into the car he was driving. If he hadn't taken quick evesive action both of them would have been killed.


text:
CAMPAIGN EXTENDED TO 5/31/12!!!!!!Take your chance to save money!!!American users can get their prototype produced at Pentalogix with a 10% discount by entering the promo code OFF10PCB on quote! Simply click on the "PCB Service"-button in your EAGLE, get connected to the element14 PCB service and send your quote request to Pentalogix.Read moreThe offer is valid until 5/31/12
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text:
Bel Ami (2012)
Critic Consensus: Bel Ami contains some soapy pleasures but it overall rushes through the narrative and suffers from a vague central performance by Robert Pattinson.
Tickets & Showtimes
Bel Ami Trailers & Photos
Movie Info
|R (for some strong sexuality, nudity and brief language)
|Directed By:
|Nick Ormerod, Declan Donnellan
|Written By:
|Rachel Bennette, Guy de Maupassant
|In Theaters:
|Jun 8, 2012 Limited
|On DVD:
|Aug 7, 2012
|Box Office:
Watch it now
as Georges Duroy
as Madeleine Forestier
as Clotilde de Marelle
as Virginie Rousset
as Monsieur Rousset
as Rachel the Prostitut...
as Charles Forestier
as Suzanne Rousset
as Suzanne Rousset
as Francois Laroche
as Comte de Vaudrec
as Louis
as Solicitor
as Paul the Butler
as Police Commissioner
as Nanny
as Bishop
as Chief Cashier
as Laurine de Marelle
as Innkeeper
as Priest
as Dancer
as Dancer
as Dancer
as Dancer
News & Interviews for Bel Ami
Critic Reviews for Bel Ami
All Critics (88) | Top Critics (27) | Fresh (25) | Rotten (63)
The supposedly cunning protagonist registers as a cipher, and the directors' tendency to shoot dialogue scenes in close-up blunts any understanding of the social milieu he's trying to conquer.
The women are all elegant and intelligent, they know the ways of the world, and they know Georges' history. Why do they find him attractive? We don't, and that failure is the downfall of the film.
Pattinson's passion is bloodless, his rakish George Duroy a font of undelivered potential.
Good actors flit in and out of the movie - particularly Kristin Scott Thomas and Colm Meaney - but no one seems able to conquer the essential silliness of it all...
Unfortunately the rather ludicrous camp characteristics of the story, such as Uma Thurman rolling around on Egyptian cotton sheets shouting "Look at the grain exports to Algiers!" are never fully recognised...
Audience Reviews for Bel Ami
A rushed and insipid soap-opera with lame performances, especially by Robert Pattinson, who is a terrible actor completely miscast as an ambitious seducer, unable to show how his character feels and what could possibly draw those refined women to him beside his looks.
Super Reviewer
I like movies based on this era, but the subject of this movie was senseless to me...
Super Reviewer
Started off slow, but really was worth sticking with. I am not a fan of period movies in general, but was interested to see Robert Pattinson in something other than Twilight movies. Also quite like Christina Ricci.
This is a really well acted movie. Robert is quite convincing and you do see that all is not smiles as he seems to be on the surface. The women are also well written and convincing. The sex scene with him and Uma is quite brutal in an unexpected way. Actually hard to watch even though nothing is really shown.
Quite a dark little movie.
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Google+ is now coming to Google Voice
Via Scoop.it – internetbillboards
Google made a brief announcement today stating that Google Voice would be getting Google+ integration. On the official Google Voice blog, we read that the two services will be linked by bringing information from your social Google+ circles into your Google Voice telephony account. "To help make it even easier for you to organize your contacts, today we're adding Google+ Circles to Google Voice," writes Googler Tom Ford. "Circles give you more control over how you manage your callers; for example, calls from your 'Creepers' circle can be sent straight to Voicemail, only your 'College Buddies' circle will hear you rap your voicemail greeting, or you can set your 'Family' circle to only ring your mobile phone."
Via venturebeat.com
Tags: Circle, Google, Google Voice Blog, GoogleVoice, Mobile phone, Searching, Voicemail0


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Handling isolation in your worklife
Jul 4th
By Steve Woodruff, {grow} Community Member
I was speaking with a fellow consultant a while back, and the subject wandered over to one of the difficulties of being a solopreneur/small business owner.
Ever feel alone out there, hacking your way through the weeds? Yeah – join the club.
Now, neither of us would go back to working for others, and we've freely chosen the paths we've taken. So this is not a lament. It's just a fact of life. It can get pretty lonely out there when you're not part of a localized, physically present team.
As a solopreneur, I love my alone time, and I also get energized by meetings with clients and partners. I enjoy the intellectual and social stimulation of the occasional conference. I remain in active contact with many colleagues and friends via social networks.
But, I think the issue is more than just physical isolation. From what I see, it's the continuous weight of having everything on your shoulders – alone.
It's. All. Up. To. You.
In a larger company, you can fulfill a certain role while others fulfill theirs. There is concentration and distribution of effort. Shared effort, shared resources, shared direction; and lots of things get done without you driving them or even knowing about them.
For the solopreneur, that's another world. Now, it's all up to you. Apart from some things you can outsource, this plane goes nowhere unless you are the pilot, flight attendant, baggage handler, fueler, ticket agent, and air traffic controller. Every day. All day. That gets wearisome. And sometimes, you feel so overwhelmed that you just want to crawl under the covers and take a nap – right?
"Hmmm … I think the dog needs another walk." "I wonder what's new on Facebook?" "Time for another Starbucks run!" It may look like a form of escape, and … well, truth be told, it often is. Because building a business in isolation is a heavy load.
And for the small business owner who has some employees but often has no peers to talk to, there is a similar kind of loneliness – plus all the dynamics of supporting and driving a team (one reason why I plan to remain solo!) As I talk to a growing number of folks in that category, my eyes have opened to the need for coaching and peer support. We each carry a lot of weight that family, friends, employees, and clients often cannot understand.
I really wonder at times how many promising businesses we lose to isolation burnout.
So, what's the solution?
I'm not sure there's a single answer, but the starting point is this: just as cash flow is vital to your ongoing success, so is (peer) relational flow.
Whether you find your support network locally, virtually, or by a combination of the two, make it a priority to de-isolate. Independence is a good thing, but cultivating a level of interdependence may be the key to remaining sane. We all need fuel, and we all need to fuel others. Periodic breakfasts and lunches with clients and partners; Skype or Google+ Hangout sessions with far-flung people in my network – these are all ways that help keep me energized. Doing the work I love fulfills me – but in the downtimes, in the unending business development efforts, in the reversals – it can get discouraging.
But maybe there's something else that we can get better at doing. Let's look at our social networks, and take note of the many connections that we know who are in solo mode – maybe we need to more purposefully reach out and ask folks how they're doing. How they're REALLY doing. We tend to assume that everyone else is doing just great – but if you're ready to throw in the towel today because of loneliness and isolation, then it's a safe bet that five other people you know are just trying to keep up a brave front (while crumbling inside), too.
So – how are you doing? Really doing? Let's keep each other company on the journey!
Steve Woodruff is a long-time reader of {grow}, the world's only Clarity Therapist, and a builder of business opportunity networks. Interact with Steve on Twitter and get your regular dose of clarity at SteveWoodruff.com
Top illustration courtesy Flickr Creative Commons and loufi.
Second illustration courtesy Flickr Creative Commons and lovingyourwork
In praise of the naked business
May 5th
I have a confession to make.
I run my business from a chair. I'm not kidding.
Writing books. Preparing speeches. Blogging. Consulting with companies from all over the world. It all happens right here.
It wasn't always this way. I have loved having a private, beautiful, quiet office but when I moved a few years ago, I put off setting up the desk for a few weeks as our lives settled into a new home. Weeks turned into months. Months turned into years. I found that I didn't need all that stuff. I discovered that my desk was simply a place to hold photos, books, and files and I can do all of that on an iPhone.
Consequently, my beautiful desk has remained under cloth sheets in the garage for four years. I have come to embrace the simple, mobile business life. The world headquarters for Schaefer Marketing Solutions is wherever I am sitting.
By contrast, I recently visited the glorious offices of a Fortune 500 Titan. Up on the 50th floor of a skyscraper, many of the private offices had a leather couch, beautiful art, and tasteful decor. Quite a shock to my senses. It occurred to me that they really don't need any of that stuff. Just get a good chair and wi-fi would do it, right? They could profit from living in my world for a little while!
I've come to take pride in this simple business approach. I can beg and borrow a meeting room when I need it. I commandeered the family dining room when I had to spread out documents, outlines, and research while writing a book. I thrive with almost no overhead. I run a naked business.
Naked on the run
We have our house up for sale (time to down-size) and the unpredictable flow of potential buyers has disrupted my nakedness. The other day I had a solid morning of interviews to help promote my new book, Born to Blog. The hub-bub of the local coffee shop certainly would not do. I needed a very quiet space. So I moved my company headquarters to my father-in-law's house.
"Do you have wi-fi?" I asked my elderly father-in-law.
"I believe so," he said.
At that point, I should have known this was going to be trouble … but I went ahead and set up shop any way.
He did indeed have wi-fi and I began my first radio interview, which was to last 30 minutes. As soon as I got on the call his grandfather clock started gonging. And it was noon! 12 gongs! LOUD gongs!
I grabbed my laptop, and ran out the nearby door to his back deck to escape the clanging clock.
As I was concentrating on the interview questions, a neighbor with a snow-white handlebar mustache came wandering across the yard. "Is Orville home?" he yelled. I frantically pointed to my headphones. He looked puzzled. I guess he thought I was hooked up to my computer as some sort of hearing aid because then he started to yell loudly at me, "Is Orville home?"
I ducked back into the house. The phone started ringing. Yes, he still has a home phone. And an answering machine. But not just any answering machine. This is an answering machine that yells "The phone is ringing! The phone is ringing!" I cannot completely explain this. I think they must have bought this off a late night infomercial or something. "My phone is ringing and I can't get up!" Or something like that.
I ducked back outside, still towing my laptop. Another neighbor had just fired up his riding lawn mower. I ducked back inside the house desperate to find a corner of peace and quiet.
The phone was ringing again. A voice came on the answering machine. "Orville, I just wanted to let you know there is a strange man talking to himself on your back porch. Are you safe over there?"
I ran out the front door, as a huge garbage truck came barreling down the street. I ran back inside.
Seeing me run all over the house, my father-in-law concluded that my interview must be over. "Can I make you a salad?" he asked in his booming voice. I muted the call and explained to him that I was still working. As my mother-in-law started her vacuum cleaner.
I ran into the bathroom and closed the door. Finally, I had a quiet space. Small. But quiet. The lights flickered. And when out. The power, and the wi-fi, was gone.
Naked revisited
OK. Maybe I do need that office.
I was traumatized by this experience, or maybe I am simply looking for an excuse to treat myself to a real office again. Perhaps I was a bit hasty about this naked business thing.
As we prepare to move again — hopefully for the last time in a LONG time — I'm re-considering the idea of a big ol' manly office. A moffice. Or, I guess "mofo" for short? My mofo — a place to escape into business bliss!
I've proved that I can successfully create, consult, and coach on a global scale without the trappings of leather and fine art. However, as I enter the next phase of my career, it might just be enshrined in mahogany after all. Moffice 2.0?
How do you work? Naked or covered up? Go.
Trash talk: 5 business lessons from a 10-year-old entrepreneur
Apr 24th
By Ryan Hanley, {grow} Community Member
In my small hometown, Thursday was recycling day. Every Wednesday night the town folk would collect all their bottles and cans and walk them out to curb in a blue recycling bin to be picked up the next morning. Dirty and cracked by years of abuse from weather and indifferent garbage collectors, the blue bins were nothing more than an eyesore in our quaint town.
Yet to me, a 10-year-old boy of humble beginnings, those blue bins represented opportunity!
My town was 30 minutes from the nearest grocery store and most people were too lazy to make that long drive to return their bottles and cans for the five cent deposit. That's were I come in.
Our brains work differently as a child. We don't consider what other people think. We know what we like and the majority of our day is spent thinking of ways to get it — without regard to outside judgement, criticism, or questioning.
In my child brain every single bottle and every can was a little piece of opportunity. Opportunity to NOT be the poor kid in the neighborhood. We forget as adults that opportunities are made of our own doing, they're never given … and at 10 years old, living in a small town in Upstate New York, a couple extra dollars in my pocket meant LOTS of opportunity.
Trash talk
So every Thursday I'd wake up at 4:30 in the morning, get bundled up, and head out with a pocket full of garbage bags to collect that valuable trash.
I saw myself as industrious and entrepreneurial, however, the disapproving looks I received through the blinds of my neighbors windows told a different story. I didn't care. I saw opportunity at the bottom of every dirty, sticky, broken blue plastic bin.
As the weeks passed I began to see patterns. I knew who the drinkers were, I knew who put the most cans and bottles in the containers. This made my stop at a particular house more efficient. I started to ride my bike through the neighborhoods during the day and plot out my course so I could cover more ground and optimize profits.
On a good day I was collecting three to four garbage bags full of bottles. Dragging the full plastic bags behind took too much time, so I paid a friend a dollar for his old toy wagon and my collection numbers went even higher through this supply chain innovation. At the height of my bottle collecting career I was making 20 dollars a week, averaging 400 bottles on a single collection run.
A business is born … and lost
These days, a 10-year-old with 20 dollars in their pocket isn't that impressive, but in 1991, I felt rich. Do you think my friends made fun of my career in garbage when I was buying them all bubble gum and baseball cards? Heck no.
A couple of them even offered to go into business with me so I franchised my bottle collection routes into a couple promising neighborhoods that I didn't have time to reach on my own. I had started my first business.
After eight months of fat pockets and escalating revenues, my neighbors began to catch on to what I was doing. Whether from their own greed or disapproval in my line of work, the bottles started to dry up. Blue bins in front of houses I used to bank on for large stashes of bottles began to turn up empty … and just like that my first career was coming to an end.
To make matters worse, I had my first competition. An adult in town figured out my game and began collecting bottles himself. He had a car. I was scorched by superior technology.
It was time to find an adjacent market.
I had bought so many baseball cards with my bottle earnings that I was now hustling them back to friends and schoolmates for a profit. My second business was born!
Five fantastic lessons
Here are five entrepreneurial lessons you can learn from my 10-year-old self:
- Stay focused on the opportunity. If I had been self-conscious and allowed the public perception of a kid walking cold streets collecting garbage dissuade me from the opportunity, how many future opportunities would I have missed out on?
- Don't buy into this "You only get one opportunity" nonsense. You get as many opportunities as you make for yourself. Opportunities are made, not given.
- Every opportunity isn't sexy or popular, but success has a way of washing clean the dirt of humble beginnings.
- Don't romanticize opportunity. In my case, opportunity was waiting at the bottom of a dirty blue recycling bin. I just had to reach down inside and take it.
- Know when to hold 'em. Know when to fold 'em. I couldn't beat out an adult in the car but my second business was creatred from that disruption.
So that's my story. Where is the strangest place you've found opportunity? Have you ever NOT taken on an opportunity because of what people would think?
Ryan Hanley is the Director of Marketing for the Murray Group Insurance Services, Inc. You can connect with Ryan on Google+ or visit his blog Content Warfare.
The best digital business idea that just never worked
Mar 26th
A paperless society? Not if the recent SXSW conference was any indicator.
I know this sounds crazy, but paper is still the preferred communication method at the world's biggest interactive gathering. Every attendee is handed a printed program guide as big as a phone book. Start-ups and filmmakers paste posters on every column and leave flyers on all the tables. Everybody still wears a paper name tag.
But the strangest hold out of all is the business card.
I probably passed out (and received) 250 business cards at the event. Nobody offered a "digital" card and nobody asked for one, even though that "bump" technology of transferring from one mobile device to another has been around for a few years.
I found this so odd … especially when I returned home and manually had to enter all that information into my contact list. Doesn't that just seem like the biggest waste of time? "Bumping" a business card is such a great idea. But it never worked. Why?
It interested me to the point that I posted the issue on Facebook. Some of the responses were illuminating. Here is what a few {grow} community members had to say about the obvious staying power of business cards:
Gary Schirr YEARS ago businesspeople used to exchange info electronically using their Palm organizers…what happened???
Ahna Rebekah Hendrix I prefer business cards at this point because they remind me of the individual versus just putting a number/name in my phone. The apps where you take a picture are still odd to me – I'm not trying to snap the picture of a new contact just to remember them.. We are somewhere in the middle, but I much prefer b-cards still.
Jason Falls I actually prefer going through the cards I collect when I get home. Helps me remember who the people are and to follow up with them. (Just finished doing that a few minutes ago!
Kristen Margo Daukas At least with physical cards, you can flip thru them and if you don't know the person, if you've written a note it will jog your memory. Once you put it in the phone and trash the card, it's even more lost in a sea of data. Personally, I like that are one or two things that are still tangible.
Brian Vickery I've mentioned just getting a custom QR code for the phone that folks could scan – but it would be so foreign to most people. Secondary consideration is to then include one on the business card to at least save the tech-savvy folks from having to type in the information.
Craig Lindberg Wonder how the etiquette for the card exchange like that in Japan can be updated to mobile? Or maybe they have already. Important rituals sometimes don't translate into digital.
When I think about the future, I usually assume we will be surrounded by a digital layer that we will literally be able to absorb and record at will with some device. But I wonder if we will always have business cards?
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I made these for a family dinner and everyone loved them. They are rich but delicious.
Not impressed. Was a heavy cake (which was okay on its own) but did not go well with the blueberry topping.
I made this for a 4th of July party and everyone was raving about it. Out of 6-7 desserts, it was the first and only one completely eaten! No one even knew that I used fat free cream cheese and light miracle whip! I'll definitely make again, but next time I might use more cream cheese or less cake mix. I didn't get much cream cheese in the bite that I got.
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My computer screen blacked-out.
So I did what any normal writer would do. I jumped on top of my kitchen table and screamed, "Nooooooooooo!"
I actually knew it was coming. So did 'Band (my new nickname for the husband.)
"Janet," he would say, "you better back up your computer soon. We need to get you a new one."
"It's fine," I answered defiantly, as I tipped my laptop screen forward at an unnatural 70-degree angle, which is the only angle at which the computer screen backlight could be seen.
My 'Band was wrong. I was right. Tilting the screen forward so I could continue to see my screen worked for nearly eight months, give or take a few tilts. I obviously did not need a new computer.
At least not until last week.
The 'Band accompanied me and Ag (my silver computer) to The MacExperience store at Greenwood Park Mall. The very, very young man who was obviously a repair genius was most helpful. When he referred to my Ag as "vintage," I thanked him for acknowledging her special qualities.
The very, very young genius also laughed and acknowledged my genius for squeezing the last amount of use out my little Ag by realizing I could see her screen by tilting it forward 70 degrees.
When he told us how much it would be to repair her as opposed to purchasing a new, faster version with mega-more memory — the 'Band planted his hands firmly on my shoulders, looked me straight in the eye and spoke slowly and deliberately: "Janet, it's time."
The 'Band then steered — maybe even prodded — me to look at the shiny new displays.
While the very, very young computer genius was answering my 'Band's questions about megahertz, gigahertz and dual-core Intel, I was going through the inner turmoil of deciding whether I wanted to stay with a 15-inch screen or change to a 13-inch.
The 'Band suggested I stick with the 15-inch since my eyes were nearing vintage age, much like my old laptop. The very, very young genius smiled at my 'Band's comment, and I suddenly came to the realization that this young man may not actually be a true genius after all.
My eyes started to glaze over when I had to make numerous gut-wrenching decisions: (1) to purchase one with a "retina-display" or not, (2) to purchase one with a 750 GB 5400-rpm hard drive (that would accept the now-vintage technology of CDs) or a 256 GB flash storage.
Any lesser woman would have fallen in anguish to the floor.
I am currently writing this column on my 'Band's borrowed computer. Ag is sitting next to me near my bay window, keeping me company. I look at her scratched, silver, aged body and remember the good times we shared: finding the seat next to a wall plug to take notes in class while finishing grad school, writing a column while traveling at night on a train in India lying in a four-person sleeping unit, watching movies on our 21-hour drive to Canada.
Ag was a good friend.
Janet Hommel Mangas, the third of seven children, grew up on the east side of Greenwood. The Center Grove area resident and her husband are the parents of three daughters.


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Well after riding year round for 1.5 years now you would think I would have this figured out. Actually I just about do have it figured out with one exception...the feet.
Today I tried out an experiment for an initial test run to bring back the memories from last year about winter riding. It was the first decent cool morning of the fall, 36 degrees when I left home and it was suppose to only get into the low to mid 40s, and it was suppose to possibly even rain during the day, it did.
I came up with an idea Monday evening of putting on a wetsuit and trying it out. I knew last winter I was wearing a neoprene hood and gloves all winter long and they worked great. I don't know why I never thought about the full body wetsuit I had laying around. I guess I was too busy thinking the smart move was to try to stay as dry as possible instead of trying to stay warm even when your wet...dumb on my part. I decided to try it today and ended up riding 85 miles with it on, even in the rain. At one point I was standing out talking with another cyclist, he wasn't out biking at the time, for 30-45 minutes with temps in the lower 40s and still stayed warm...this was toward the end of the ride. The only part of me that got cold was the feet. I think I have found my winter riding gear...except the feet, all neoprene head to ankle/toe. Designed to keep you warm even when wet, and design to help keep the water off you from the outside to a certain extent. It acts as natural windbreaker, full body windbreaker since I'm wearing a full body wetsuit. Just like I remember it from last year.
Yes, just like I remember it...including the cold feet. Even putting on the neoprene booties today, admittedly with holes in the ankles and one having a nice size hole in the toe thanks to being used for several years for whitewater kayaking, they didn't work worth a crap today. I had on a pair of 'thermal socks' underneath the neoprene booties. Admittedly, the socks were soaked when I took them off. Some of it may have come from the rain but I think most of it must have come from sweat. I didn't get any rain until I was talking with the other cyclist and my feet had been cold LONG before that.
I realize living in snow country you do have to fight the snow element, err sand and salt on the roads yet alone any remaining snow that is melting. You have to keep the shoes dry first and then keep the feet warm. By keep the shoes dry and keeping the wind off the shoes helps to a certain extent to keep the feet warm.
Shortly before coming up the idea for the wetsuit back on Monday I saw a pair of both neoprene toe warmers and full neoprene bike booties in the bike shop. I looked at both but both were too small for my size 13/48 shoes. The toe warmers wouldn't fit all the way over the cleats. As for the booties it was pretty obvious by holding them up to the shoes that even the L/XLs were too short.
What do you do to keep your feet warm/keep the wind/rain/salt/sand off the shoes? The principles are simple but the execution seems to be much more difficult.


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1 Jan 1970