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Red-haired people have a higher risk of skin cancer
Researchers in Boston investigated why redheads exist and why they're at such high risk of skin cancers. They also explain how some people with red hair and fair skin may not need much, if any, sunlight exposure to put them at risk.
Norman Swan: People with red hair and fair skin have a high risk of melanoma. The question is why? And if there's such a risk, why are redheads so common in the community?
David Fisher is chairman of the Department of Dermatology and director of the Melanoma Center at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.
David Fisher: The key risk factor we believe is not the hair colour because melanoma is not thought to arise in hair follicle melanocytes, that is to say pigment cells that reside in the hair follicle, but instead melanoma is thought to arise in the pigment cells that are in the skin. And it is the cells that produce the pigment for the skin that are at risk. We tend to focus on the red hair, fair skin scenario because we understand the gene. The red hair gene is a gene that produces a protein that has been known for many years to control pigmentation or really to regulate a switch in the pigment cells between the production of red or red/blonde pigment at one extreme versus brown/black pigment at the other extreme. And this receptor, when it is non-functional, that is to say when it's not actively stimulating the cell, results in a baseline of red/blonde pigment production. At the other extreme when this receptor is firing like crazy it instructs the cell to produce brown/black pigment.
Norman Swan: So you move to a red haired, fair skinned mouse model.
David Fisher: That's right, and…
Norman Swan: I've never seen a redheaded mouse.
David Fisher: You know, you might have, you may be surprised. The same gene that's responsible for the red hair, fair skin phenotype in man is responsible for many of the rusty coloured animals you see out in nature. You know, if you see golden retrievers or certain cows, birds, it's actually not rare, and in fact one of the fascinating aspects that we are very interested in is even the evolutionary biology…
Norman Swan: Why did it occur in the first place.
David Fisher: Not only why did it occur but why has it been beneficial to man. The high incidence in certain populations almost certainly suggests that in human evolution it was good to be a redhead. Probably in certain settings during evolution if you did not have the read hair gene you would be at a disadvantage. The reason that we think this must have been advantageous is that as human populations migrated to high latitudes, such as northern Europe and other high latitude locations…
Norman Swan: You had to suck in the vitamin D from the sun.
David Fisher: You needed to suck in the UV radiation in order to make vitamin D, exactly, as you say. And in fact if you did not, 100,000 years ago, absorb sufficient UV radiation in your skin to produce vitamin D, you would die in childhood of vitamin D deficiency, and presumably that's where this selection occurred. Unfortunately that no longer has the same evolutionary pressure because redheads frequently now are exposed to very intense UV radiation.
Norman Swan: And do animals with red fur develop melanoma?
David Fisher: That's a great question. You know, it's funny, just this morning I received an email from somebody who studies horses. For certain breeds of horses there are high incidences of melanoma that occur, and I had just heard this morning about a chestnut horse and the fact that this has an over-the-roof level of melanoma as compared to genetically matched mice that don't share that gene…
Norman Swan: Horses you mean.
David Fisher: Excuse me, horses, yes. And in fact they had done a very complex genetic analysis to try and understand what that gene might be. And it sounds like exactly the same redhead gene in man.
Norman Swan: The theme here that you've been alluding to is that red haired, fair skinned people are more susceptible to the sun and therefore they don't protect themselves against UV radiation to the same extent and that's why they've got higher levels of vitamin D, that was the hypothesis you were exploring with your mice and found to be partially wrong.
David Fisher: That's exactly right. We began to wonder where the risk of being red haired and fair skinned arose, why is it that these individuals have an elevated melanoma risk?
Norman Swan: So they studied this in mice which possessed the red-haired gene and also looked at a gene which is often mutated in melanoma called BRAF. This was to simulate a high-risk melanoma situation which is similar to what might occur in humans. David Fisher again.
David Fisher: In humans and in other species, including mice, if you activate the BRAF mutant gene as a single event and do nothing else, the consequence is that you get a mole, you get a benign mole which almost never would convert into malignant melanoma. If you have even one, the statistical odds suggest it would probably be due to a BRAF mutation, though not always. But these are stable and these are not melanoma. If you introduce now a second gene together with BRAF, and there are a variety of combinations of second genes you can do, now instead of activating BRAF only and getting a benign mole, if you add BRAF plus one of these second genes, the combination produces melanoma.
But those studies were all carried out in black mice, which is the typical laboratory strain that people tend to use, and we wanted to study this in genetically red haired, fair skinned mice. And when we did this what we found…and I should say we expected that we would need to add either a second gene or substitute ultraviolet radiation and let it be the second mutation producing stress on the system and then we could identify what are the actual mechanisms that occur in melanoma in the red hair, fair skin context. But to our surprise what we found is that in the redhaired mice when we activated BRAF as a singular event and did not provide any second gene mutation and did not provide ultraviolet radiation, to our surprise more than half of the mice developed melanoma.
Norman Swan: So they didn't need sunlight.
David Fisher: They got absolutely no sunlight, and yet they were coming down with invasive melanomas. The only variable in our experiment was that the mice were not black, they were red. So something about being in the red hair, fair skin context was dramatically elevating the risk of melanoma.
Norman Swan: Scary.
David Fisher: It was scary. And so we wondered how could it be that the red hair gene was elevating the risk of melanoma? Is it the pigment itself or is it something else that the red hair gene might be doing to contribute?
Norman Swan: David Fisher and his team got rid of the red pigment and just the red pigment in the mice and the melanoma risk disappeared. Remember this is in mice and doesn't detract from the importance of sun exposure in you or me. So one of the things they're working on now is a cream which might switch on the pigment gene and make the skin more brown.
David Fisher is director of the Melanoma Center at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.
- David Fisher
- ABC Science Unit
Further Information
- Presenter
- Dr Norman Swan
- Producer
- Brigitte Seega
Comments (3)
valerie yule :
25 Nov 2013 8:36:27pm
Celts have red hair or black hair, like Scandinavians have fair hair and Chinese have black hair.
Celts have spread everywhere, but in Aberdeen, Scotland, for example, redheads abound. Every school class has from 1-6 redheads - every shade of red from orange to scarlet.
Does an American researcher know this?
(Altho there was a village in Korea which has red heads, which are believed to be due to a Dutch shipwreck many years ago.)
hjt :
26 Nov 2013 10:46:32pm
There are several ways, genetically, that humans can have skin light enough to allow enough penetration of UV light to produce vitamin D in places of very low UV levels, a long way from the equator.
There are pale north Asian skins (with black hair) in the arctic living Inuit and the like. There are Nordic blonds with pale hair and skin (but producing black (eumelanin) pigment in tiny amounts, rather than producing red (pheomelanin)). And there are reds (of various shades and various eye colours) with red pigment in hair and little pigment in skin. The "red" is recessive to "black" (be it dark or blond) in exactly the same way as chestnut is recessive to bay/black in horses, and so can appear unexpectedly in families. Once people started migrating about the world those northern European/British/"Celtic" people with the red gene in some of them took the colour variant to places where it is harmful (Australia, West Indies etc). However the reds among us in high UV lands don't have to die early of melanoma because we have sun blocks and surgery. Even though reds may get melanoma without a lot of UV exposure, the high UV exposure really ramps up the risk of melanomas and other skin cancers. (A small cohort of redheads brought up in the Queensland sun is a nice little earner for a plastic surgeon.)
Genetic studies of Neanderthal people's DNA shows some of them had the red gene and were thus redheads.
Like a lot of genetic variants the gene for red hair and pale skin confers advantages and disadvantages and the balance of these depends on the environment in which the person lives. In this case the gene is selected for in low UV environments and selected against in high UV environments.
Rooster :
28 Nov 2013 10:35:39pm
My wife's a dyed in the wool redhead several years ago i noticed a odd looking spot on her arm i was concerned she wasn't (ignorance is bliss). I noticed over the course of time it started to change colour and shape, finally got her off to the dermo who surgically took a plug from it sent it off for pathology.weeks went by i asked my wife any news on the pathology ? she replied "if it was problem he would have called" so i brought pressure to bare only to find to the dermo and our surprise it was Melanoma.
Fortunately after having removed it with some margin she was left with a lovely scar but the good news that it was in-situ and hadn't invaded the derma.
she still hasn't taken on board redheads and UV aren't a good combination.


text:
To the Editor:
—In 1943 I was stricken by coronary thrombosis followed by cerebral embolism, which resulted in right hemiplegia and complete aphasia. I was a shut-in within a paralyzed body and a shut-out from the world outside. It was then, by using my left hand, that I devised a code of communication, 21 hand signs. It was two and one-half years later, however, before I could express myself orally and tell an artist how to make the drawings that became the "Hand Talking Chart." I should like medical colleagues who have aphasic patients to have the chart if they wish. During the last seven years, the chart has been distributed nationally and internationally by the cooperation of editors of medical publications, and I have received hundreds of favorable reports on its use. Aphasic patients can communicate their basic needs and desires, thus dispelling their fears, helping them to a
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text: After much anticipation, I finally received the official word that I got into DENSI 2013! So 120 more days until I get to connect with my DEN family in Vermont. I am really excited! An entire week of intense professional development and such fun events to look forward to this summer!


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The weather has been nothing short of great over the past couple of weeks. The humidity has been low and the winds mostly light. If you then take these ingredients and mix them with a good stock of fish, you are about to make something good.
The final key ingredient is the bait needed to catch fish, pogies. It is a widely accepted fact live bait fishing with pogies is the most effective way to catch kings as well as many other species. The problem we have often faced in years past is the lack of pogies.
The offshore fishing this summer has been nothing short of phenomenal. The weather has been cooperative and the kings, Mahi-mahi and cobia have been available for anglers live-bait fishing from 5-20 miles offshore.
As I said last week, I think a key ingredient to the exceptional fishing this summer has been the abundance of menhaden along Brunswick County beaches. If the food is present, the fish will not be far.
Results of the Stableford event July 6: 1. Wanda Krasniewicz, 60 points; T-2. Theresa Georgens, Donna Stangroom, 58; T-3. Emily Campbell, Becky Seibert, 55. Chip-in: Kathy Rosenberg, Dogwood No. 3. Birdies: Grace Byrne, Dogwood No. 4; Moe MacDonald, Azalea No. 2; Donna Stangroom, Azalea, No. 9.
North Carolina is a fabulous state. The east has hundreds of miles of beaches and hundreds of golf courses. The rolling hills of the midlands boasts horse farms, thriving cities, university complexes and more golf courses.
The far western part of the state is mountainous. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park straddles the border of North Carolina and Tennessee, and has more golf courses.
Editor's note: This week Golf Gab begins a periodic series that will profile the professionals at Brunswick County courses.
Gene Weldon is a jovial guy who gets the job done. He is the director of golf at Thistle Golf Course. His position requires a multitude of skills, both technical and interpersonal.
The Beachcombers played at Carolina Shores (team two low nets each hole). In first at 28-under par were Stu Cleveland, Paul Michal and Jim Beairsto. In second at 23 under were Bob Smith, Ed Kinney and Bill Cameron. Low gross: Cleveland, 75; Michal, 83; Ed Kinney, 87; Beairsto, 89. Low nets: Cleveland, 59; Cameron, 64; Kinney, 65; and Michal, 66. Golfer of the week was Cleveland.
Summer is in full swing and the fish are well aware. The fishing over the past couple of weeks has been excellent, particularly for king mackerel, but as the heat has continued, the fish are beginning to push back offshore to deeper, cooler water. The king mackerel bite was nothing short of spectacular at the 65-foot hole and Shark Hole all last week.
The hottest action for inshore anglers continues to be on speckled trout and flounder. Specks are pretty much a morning catch. They are staging runs after sunrise on the piers, in the surf and around the creeks. You won't stay on them for very long, however, as they will turn off once the sun gets high in the sky.
The Beachcombers played at Cypress Bay. Low gross: Stu Cleveland, 81; Bob Byrne, 86. Low nets: Larry Bollinger, 62; Cleveland, 67; Bob Smith, 69. Team two low nets per hole: Ed Hennessey, Cleveland, Smith and Jim Beairsto. Stu Cleveland was golfer of the week.
The Brick Landing Plantation Ladies Golf Association played a circle nine game July 2. Players circled three par-3s, three par-4s and three par-5s prior to play. Total of circled holes, minus one-half handicap, determined the winners.
I'd heard rumors about him, whispers in the locker room, hushed conversations in the 19th Hole Grill. Was he really as good as they said he was? Did he really have that perfect swing? Could he hit 75 balls in a row without a miss? Did he possess the stamina to pound ball after ball in the 90-degree heat?
The answer is a resounding, Yes!
Ty Walker is the 2-year-old son of Brian and Crystal Walker of Brick Landing Plantation. I met him and his parents at the practice area last Thursday.
Copyright © 2016
The Brunswick Beacon is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Brunswick County, North Carolina and surrounding areas.


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------ iPad's auto-correct is my enema.
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Join Date: Oct 2009
Posts: 285
Gamertag: DarthVillainous
Achievement Guide and Roadmap
Just a little tipple... 10 Drank first rum
Hi all, this is my first guide. I know there's another one posted, but it's full of grammatical errors, and the author hasn't updated it in over a week. So, without any further ado:
Est. Achievement Difficulty: 4/10
Offline: 50 (1000G)
Online: None
DLC: 6 (100G) (2 DLCs with 3 achievements each at 50G per DLC pack)
Approximate amount of time to 1000G: 50-100 hours (an actual playthrough should be about 30-50 hours)
Minimum number of playthroughs needed: 1 and a partial second
Number of missable achievements: Anything not marked "Story-related" is missable; however, most of these should be easily acquired during normal gameplay. The exceptions are Pirate With Muskets and Voodoo Pirate, which are mutually exclusive. Also, All-Rounder requires more than one playthrough.
Glitched achievements: None. However, there are a few issues with Exterminator from the Air Temple DLC that may prevent quest completion (and thus, getting the achievement) if you aren't careful. See the achievement info for further details. Some people may also encounter problems with The Cunning Captain in the main storyline that prevent quest completion; see the achievement info for details and workarounds.
Do Cheats Disable Achievements? There are no cheats.
Risen 2 is an underrated pirate-themed RPG, the sequel to Risen. People who are only after achievements might want to avoid it, however, since two achievements (Big Game Hunter and All-Rounder) require lots of grinding and will make getting 1000G a long slog. Anyone who likes RPGs or fantasy, however, will likely enjoy the game.
Step 1
Start a playthrough, and get up to the point where you have to choose between siding with the Inquisition (in which you get muskets) and the Natives (in which you get Voodoo). Make a new save before you choose, since maxing out both the Firearms skills and Voodoo skills in one playthrough is impossible, as the two are mutually exclusive. In addition, Pirate With Muskets and Voodoo Pirate are also mutually exclusive, but can be easily obtained by reloading a save from before you choose, and simply picking the opposite faction from the one you went with initially.
Step 2
From here, just play through the game. However, try to spend as little glory (xp) and gold as possible, as you will need 61,000 of the former and around 17,000 of the latter in order to get all the skill achievements. See All-Rounder and Voodoo Wizard for details.
Step 3
Once you've played through the game and beaten it, assuming you followed the guide (or were simply thorough, and did every quest you could) you should have every achievement except for the last 3. To get these, reload your save from before you made your faction choice, and choose the opposite one and do the quest you're immediately given. That will get you 1 achievement (Pirate With Muskets or Voodoo Pirate); for the others, you will have to max out whichever skill is associated with that faction (see All-Rounder for details), as well as grind out your remaining monster kills for Big Game Hunter.
Pretty self-explanatory. Just acquire a rum through any means and drink it.
Big Game Hunter 50 Killed 2000 monsters
This, along with All-Rounder, is one of the two big time-consuming, grinding achievements. You have to kill 2000 monsters across all playthroughs; note you do not have to save the game, as all kills will stack. If you really want to grind this out in one location, a good place to do it is at the entrance to the Water Temple, as there are at least half a dozen enemies at the entrance, and you have your entire crew to help. Another good spot to do this is at the end boss, as she will periodically spawn anywhere from 3-10 enemies. Just don't kill her and wait for her to spawn her henchmen, then kill them.
To give you an idea of how long it will take, I had around 800 kills after doing all the other achievements through 1 1/2 playthroughs. Took about 8-12 hours to grind the rest out.
Bane of the Beasts 30 Killed 500 monsters
See: Big Game Hunter for details. You should get this in one playthrough, assuming you don't rush through it.
Pet Cemetery 10 Killed 20 ambient animals
Easy enough. Whenever you see any animals (non-hostile monkeys, turkeys, rats, and tame warthogs), just kill them. Alternatively you could find one, save your game, kill it, and load without saving, then rinse and repeat.
However, do note that there have been reports that the re-loading trick may not work for this achievement. Even if it doesn't, it shouldn't present any real problem in the long run, as there are more than enough animals in the game to get the achievement naturally.
Deep Sea Fisherman 10 Killed 50 sea monsters
Again, pretty self-explanatory. Simply kill 50 crabs, sand-devils, Sunken Ones, or Leviathans. As with any of the "kill x number of this" achievements, you could simply reload one section over and over again, though you shouldn't need to.
Crab Catcher 10 Killed 10 giant crabs
Same as the other "kill x number of this" achievements, only kill 10 giant crabs. To kill them easily, you should have learned the "kick" skill from a skill trainer; then, when the crabs come at you, simply hold LT and press Y to kick them. You'll flip them for several seconds, during which they are extremely vulnerable.
Alternatively, you could also have Patty in your party (as she has the kick skill), or Venturo (since he can just shoot them with his musket). You could also shoot them with a musket yourself, if you're following the Inquisition path.
If you can't be bothered to send a text with your friend request, then I can't be bothered to accept it.
Currently boosting: Battlefield Bad Co., Halo Wars, Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge, Quantum of Solace, Riddick, Saints Row, Resident Evil 5-6, SSF4, & Unreal 3.
Last edited by Darth Villainous; 08-31-2012 at 12:17 AM.
Join Date: Oct 2009
Posts: 285
Gamertag: DarthVillainous
Beginner 10 Killed 10 monsters
See: Big Game Hunter for details. This should be one of the first achievements you get.
Legendary Hero 20 Collected 20 legendary items
There are 20 legendary items in the game, along with one other if you have the Treasure Isle DLC. You have to get all 20 of them to get the achievement (if you have the DLC the legendary item from that counts, meaning you only need 19 from the base game).
For a guide to them all, see here: http://guides.gamepressure.com/risen2/. Scroll down the menu bar on the right side of the page until you get to "Legendary Items."
Storyteller 10 Collected 10 legendary items
See: Legendary Hero for details.
Treasure Hunter 10 Found first treasure in the game
A treasure is only obtainable when you have a treasure map and a shovel. Once you have both, simply activate the quest on your map (press X on the quest screen to mark any quest as currently active), and go to the location it indicates. Once there, you should see a red "X" marked on the ground. Just stand over it and press A (there will be no prompt to do so), and you'll dig up the treasure.
Made of Money 50 Acquired 300,000 gold
You won't get this much gold naturally in one playthrough, but fortunately, as with all the other "get x number of this/kill x number of this" achievements, everything you get across all playthroughs stacks without you needing to save. Thus, you can get this easily by getting a good number of items in your inventory, saving in front of any vendor, selling them all your items, and then simply reloading your save and repeating the process. It does not have to be 300,000 in your inventory at one time.
Cash Cow 30 Acquired 100,000 gold
See: Made of Money.
Skinflint 10 Acquired 1000 gold
See: Made of Money.
Protector 10 Won duel against Severin
Easy enough. Severin is located in the main courtyard in Caldera outside the room you start the game in. When you talk to him, offer to help train his students and he'll challenge you to a duel. Accept it and beat him. If you're having trouble early on, you can always come back once you've levelled up a bit.
Digger 10 Dug up 50 treasures
Seeing as there aren't 50 treasures in the game, the best way to do this is to save right before you dig one up, re-load your save once you've dug it up, and repeat the process.
Kleptomaniac 10 Picked 100 locks
To pick locks you'll need a lockpick (acquired during the "Freeing Largo" quest on Tacarigua) and enough points in your "thievery" talent to pick that particular lock. Then, find a locked chest and play the lock-picking mini-game. There are more than enough locked chests (and a few doors) to get this naturally during a single playthrough; however, you could always do the save-and-load trick used in other achievements if you want to get this out of the way.
If you can't be bothered to send a text with your friend request, then I can't be bothered to accept it.
Currently boosting: Battlefield Bad Co., Halo Wars, Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge, Quantum of Solace, Riddick, Saints Row, Resident Evil 5-6, SSF4, & Unreal 3.
Last edited by Darth Villainous; 08-27-2012 at 06:46 PM.
Join Date: Oct 2009
Posts: 285
Gamertag: DarthVillainous
Crack Shot 10 Hit 10 times in one game in the shooting mini-game
The shooting mini-game is offered by 2 characters: Barney at the Pirate's Den on Tacarigua and Henri on Antigua. Simply hit all 10 targets (but don't shoot any bombs) that are thrown across the screen. Easy enough. If you're having trouble, keep your crosshair in the center of the screen when waiting for a target (in order to minimize the distance the cursor has to travel), and use the right thumbstick to aim. Note that you don't have to have the exact center of the crosshair on the target to hit it; anywhere in the circle will do.
Drunkard 10 Won drinking duel mini-game 10 times
The drinking duel mini-game is offered a few places, the easiest of which to find is probably from Morgan in the bar near the dock on Antingua. Simply challenge him 10 times and beat him. Easy enough. When going for the bottles, make sure to grab them from the middle, rather than the edges.
Birdbrain 10 Used parrot 5 times
To get the parrot, you'll have to have the Parrot Trainer skill, which requires you to have a cunning level of 8, and then buy the skill (which comes with a free parrot) from Flannigan on Tacarigua. From there, simply equip the parrot and use it 5 times; it does not have to be used in battle.
Tour Guide 10 At least 5 crew members on the ship
Easy enough, simply have 5 crew members on your ship. 4 of these are unmissable; for the fifth, you'll have to talk to Bones in Maracai Bay and get him to agree to join, unless you have either of the DLCs, which will each give you an extra crew member (though in the case of Treasure Isle, that crew member is only temporary).
All-Rounder 30 Learned each skill once
This, along with Big Game Hunter, is one of the two grinding achievements. To get this, you'll have to buy every single skill in the game across all playthroughs. It is not doable in one playthrough, as to buy every skill for an attribute requires you to have level 10 in that attribute, and there is simply not enough xp in the game to do this. Also, having max Firearms and Voodoo is impossible, as the two are mutually exclusive (you can have a few skills in Voodoo if you choose Firearms, and vice-versa, but not all of them). Thus, the simplest way to get this achievement is:
1. Save up 61,000 glory (xp) as this is the amount required to get to level 10 in an attribute (the xp needed will be a little less if you happen to have the legendary item for an attribute).
2. Save up around 17,000 gold, the amount needed to buy all skills for a particular attribute.
3. Once you have both above steps done, save your game in a new slot. Then max out any one attribute, and proceed to buy all the skills for that attribute from the various skill trainers in the game. This done, re-load your game without saving, and move on to the next attribute.
Regular-level trainers (for level 7 and under skills) are found on almost any island. However, there is only one master-level trainer for each attribute (for level 8-10 skills). They are:
Blades - Admiral Alvarez on Antigua. Note there is a bug with him, in that he will not offer to train you any further if you have told him you have all the Titan Artifacts. The only way around this is to load a previous save. Also note that you have to finish with Slayne's questline before he will offer to train you.
Firearms - Godin in the High Council in Caldera.
Toughness - Bones (initially in Maracai Bay, later on in your crew if you offer him a position).
Toughness - Alister on the top floor of Booze's bar at the Pirates' Den on Tacarigua (not a master level trainer, but he is the only NPC who will teach you the Distiller skill).
Cunning - Flannigan at the Pirates' Den on Tacarigua.
Voodoo - Osamu in Maracai Bay.
If you're having trouble finding someone, you can always go into the characters section of your journal (under Logbook), and set a marker for any type of teacher. It will show you all the ones who are on the island you're currently on.
4. Firearms and Voodoo are mutually exclusive. You can only max out one or the other on a single playthrough; thus, you will have to start another game to get the one you didn't choose. Or, you could simply reload a save from before being forced to choose between the Inquisition and the Natives, and play from there.
If you can't be bothered to send a text with your friend request, then I can't be bothered to accept it.
Currently boosting: Battlefield Bad Co., Halo Wars, Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge, Quantum of Solace, Riddick, Saints Row, Resident Evil 5-6, SSF4, & Unreal 3.
Last edited by Darth Villainous; 08-31-2012 at 12:22 AM.
Join Date: Oct 2009
Posts: 285
Gamertag: DarthVillainous
Voodoo Wizard 20 Learned everything about voodoo
To get this achievement, you need to get this attribute raised to level 10 (or level 11, if you have the legendary item for it). This will require 61,000 glory (xp). The best thing to do, therefore, is to save up that much xp, save your game, then max out the attribute you want. From there you can reload your save, and max out the others one at a time.
Rogue 20 Learned everything about cunning
See: Voodoo Wizard
Tough Bastard 20 Learned everything about toughness
See: Voodoo Wizard
Gunslinger 20 Learned everything about firearms
See: Voodoo Wizard
Blademaster 20 Learned everything about blades
See: Voodoo Wizard
Mr Industrious 50 Completed 250 quests
As simple as it suggests. Simply do every quest you can find. For a full quest list, see here: http://guides.gamepressure.com/risen2/
Necromancer 20 'The Split Soul' completed
To do this, you have to have Bones in your crew. Talk to him until he mentions something about a white scarf. Later on, while in the Underworld, you will find his other half. Simply talk to him until you get the option to mention the white scarf. Once this is done, talk to him in the real world again to complete the quest.
Cheese Knife 20 'The Cunning Captain' completed
Story-related, unmissable. Note there is a bug people sometimes encounter with this that makes the duel at the end of this quest line unwinnable (you can't hit him and he can't hit you). There are two workarounds for this:
1. Reload a save from the beginning of the Isle of Thieves, making sure to follow Slayne the whole way and not go exploring on your own until after the cutscene with the chest.
2. During the duel, either lure your opponent out onto the fields where there are monsters and stand next to your enemy so the monsters hit him while they're trying to hit you, or attack the townsfolk and do the same thing, so they're the ones attacking him. Make sure to have plenty of healing items. Once your opponent is defeated, you can simply run away from town until they stop chasing you (everything should be ok once you have the option to fast-travel); when you return, the townsfolk will no longer be hostile.
Tub Captain 20 'Build a Raft' completed
Story-related, unmissable.
Friend of the Gnomes 20 'The Gnome Eater' completed
Talk to Kaan (the Gnomes' chieftain) on The Isle of Thieves, and he'll give you this quest. This boss fight is very difficult (I found it to be by far the hardest in the game), especially since the creature will eat any weapons you have equipped except the Titan Spear. The best way of doing it, then, is to climb up to the back of a tiny little ledge on the right side of the clearing (it has what appears to be the head of a fallen statue lying upside down in front of it), and keep throwing the spear at the monster. If you're positioned correctly near the back, it shouldn't be able to hit you, even if it climbs up the wall itself. The parrot is also apparently useful here, though I didn't use it myself.
If you can't be bothered to send a text with your friend request, then I can't be bothered to accept it.
Currently boosting: Battlefield Bad Co., Halo Wars, Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge, Quantum of Solace, Riddick, Saints Row, Resident Evil 5-6, SSF4, & Unreal 3.
Last edited by Darth Villainous; 08-31-2012 at 12:25 AM.
Join Date: Oct 2009
Posts: 285
Gamertag: DarthVillainous
Provisions Master 20 'Ship's Equipment' completed
Story-related, unmissable.
The Hand of God 20 'The Greedy Captain' completed
Story-related, unmissable.
The Right Hand 20 'Chaka Datu's Legacy' completed
Talk to any of Datu, Hakeke, or Zaalu in Maracai Bay to start this. (Though Hakeke and Zaalu may or may not offer the quest to you, depending on what faction you're with).
Captain 30 'A New Ship' completed
Story-related, unmissable. Note there is a bug during the "sabotage the cannons" phase of the quest, whereby Benito will not leave his post during the night (as he is supposed to). You therefore cannot sabotage the cannons stealthily, and thus have no alternative but to beat him up (try to lure him down the forest path to his right, to avoid having the whole city attack you) and sabotage the cannons while he is down.
Harpooner 20 'The Titan Weapon' completed
Story-related, unmissable.
Liberator 10 'Free Hawkins' completed
Story-related, unmissable. Note that if you don't have a thieving skill high enough to get the key, you can apparently blow the cell door open with a cannon or a bomb.
Voodoo Pirate 20 'The Ancestors' Blessing' completed
Story-related, unmissable if you are on the Native/Voodoo path. Unobtainable in that playthrough if you are not.
Knight in Shining Armour 10 'Rescue Patty!' completed
Story-related, unmissable.
If you can't be bothered to send a text with your friend request, then I can't be bothered to accept it.
Currently boosting: Battlefield Bad Co., Halo Wars, Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge, Quantum of Solace, Riddick, Saints Row, Resident Evil 5-6, SSF4, & Unreal 3.
Last edited by Darth Villainous; 08-27-2012 at 06:58 PM.
Join Date: Oct 2009
Posts: 285
Gamertag: DarthVillainous
Secret Achievements
Monkey Dance 10 Used monkey 20 times
To get the monkey, you'll have to have cunning at level 6, and buy the skill from Flanngan on Tacarigua. From there, simply equip the monkey, send it out, and then return it to your character. Rinse and repeat.
Seafarer 10 Travelled by ship 20 times
Pretty self-explanatory. You can either get this naturally or just sail back and forth between two locations.
The Curse Is Broken! 50
Story-related, unmissable.
Lord of the Tentacle 50
Story-related, unmissable.
Ghost Pirate 20
Story-related, unmissable.
Artefact Hunter 20
Story-related, unmissable.
Detective 20 'Garcia's Masquerade Uncovered' completed
Rather than posting details here, which would provide major spoilers, I'll simply post a link to the walkthrough here: http://guides.gamepressure.com/risen...e.asp?ID=15080. Note that this IS missable, and also sets up a pretty difficult fight. Make sure to have lots of healing items and good weapons before doing this.
Bookworm 20 'Following Garcia's Trail' completed
Story-related, unmissable.
Pirate with Muskets 20 'Four Muskets against Crow' completed
Story-related, unmissable if you are on the Inquisition side. Unobtainable in that playthrough if you are not.
Pirate 20 'Become a Pirate' completed
Story-related, unmissable.
He Really Exists! 20 'Find Steelbeard' completed
Story-related, unmissable.
If you can't be bothered to send a text with your friend request, then I can't be bothered to accept it.
Currently boosting: Battlefield Bad Co., Halo Wars, Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge, Quantum of Solace, Riddick, Saints Row, Resident Evil 5-6, SSF4, & Unreal 3.
Last edited by Darth Villainous; 08-27-2012 at 06:59 PM.
Join Date: Aug 2008
Posts: 1,711
ok so im 2 hours in and thinking have i just gone back to the past with this rpg i know its a year old but come on, i am on the caldera island and doing the clothes quest for the locked up pirate so i activate the quest and it says mark it on the map (which i did buy) so i do that but its not marked on the map so how the hell if all the 250+ quests in this game are not marked on the map are you supposed to find them. do i just randomly hunt around trying to find the said area in the quest??, if so this is going to be a frustrating game to say the least.
Over 150 Games 1000 Pointed
Join Date: Oct 2010
Location: California
Posts: 3,048
Game is on sale this week. But 30-50 hours just for a normal playthrough, without worrying about 100% on achievements?!?!? Who has this much time to spend on one game when we're getting two free games a month?
Even at $5, might have to pass. Thanks for the guide and letting me know what I might be getting myself into...
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text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|19 janv. 1988
|Date de dépôt
|14 juil. 1986
|Date de priorité
|14 juil. 1986
|État de paiement des frais
|Numéro de publication
|Marc H. Popek, Kenneth D. Springer, William R. Beaudet, Ralph D. DiStefano
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Harris Corporation
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (12), Citations hors brevets (4), Référencé par (20), Classifications (37), Événements juridiques (4)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. 84-C-6015. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
This invention relates to an apparatus, and a method for making the apparatus, for providing a stripline circuit having spaced-apart terminals so that a circuit element having closely spaced leads can be connected via stripline to other devices or to connectors.
Microstrip and stripline are increasingly popular transmission line media for short distance, low power applications, including RF microwave circuits and high speed digital circuits. Stripline consists of a printed conductor between two ground planes, typically formed from copper-clad polyethylene sheets. Electrically, stripline has properties similar to coaxial cable transmission lines.
Microstrip, a popular transmission line due to ease of fabrication and circuit assembly, uses dielectric substrates with a metal either deposited on or etched away to form the circuit line conductors. Microstrip has a single ground plane with a dielectric layer sandwiched between the circuit conductors and the ground plane. Generally, the attentuation characteristics of microstrip are greater than that of stripline, and also the power handling capability of microstrip is lower. Stripline provides inherently better crosstalk (i.e., neighboring channel interference) performance because the field within a stripline conductor is totally contained between the two ground planes. Although crosstalk interference is greater with microstrip, the exposed microstrip conductors are convenient for attaching circuit elements, and thus microstrip is typically used for applications requiring the attachment of circuit elements to the board. However, to reduce crosstalk in a microstrip embodiment, thin signal traces and a thin microstrip board are used.
In the prior art, microstrip is used to provide RF signals to transducers of an acousto-optic Bragg cell. In some applications, the Bragg cell may have 64, 128, or more, transducers each to receive a different RF signal. Because the microstrip conductors are exposed, it is relatively easy to attach the Bragg cell transducers thereto, but crosstalk performance is less than optimum because the microstrip has a conductive ground plane on only one surface. Microstrip can also be used to interface VHSIC (Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit) elements and to connect VHSIC elements to other devices. Because microstrip is a form of transmission line, it provides the necessary high-speed performance for VHSIC configured devices or any high-speed circuits.
Because stripline offers improved crosstalk performance characteristics over microstrip, it is desirable to use stripline in lieu of microstrip whenever possible. Since the stripline conductor is sandwiched between the two ground planes, access thereto creates difficulties. One technique for resolving these disadvantages is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,209,291. In this invention the circuit element is built directly into the center conductor of the balanced stripline transmission line by cutting a hole in the center conductor and placing the element within the hole. U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,390 discloses assembling the discrete components on the center conductor and cutting away a pocket in the dielectric to provide clearance for these circuit components. Lastly, U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,383 discloses a hybrid stripline using discrete and distributed circuit components. The discrete components are fixed to one ground plane with the leads protruding through openings in the ground plane and the attached dielectric. The leads are soldered to the circuit between the ground planes by using an access opening in the ground plane on the opposite side of the circuit board from where the discrete component is mounted. This access opening is sufficiently large to receive a soldering tip for soldering the component lead to the stripline circuit.
In another stripline embodiment access holes can be provided to the inner conductor by plated-through holes from one of the ground planes. A disadvantage associated with this technique is that the two boards comprising the stripline board are ideally extremely thin (to reduce crosstalk) and the copper conductor thickness is also reduced, thus the plated-through holes have a very brittle contact with the inner lines. It is therefore easy for this contact to be broken by board flexing associated with normal use.
It is well-known in the art that a standard printed circuit board can accommodate leads spaced at approximately 10 mils but such printed circuit boards do not provide acceptable high-frequency performance. At high frequencies the circuit traces act as distributed circuit elements, creating impedance problems, and the close spacing degrades the crosstalk performance.
In essence, the problem is to develop a technique for interfacing a plurality of RF signals to a circuit element having closely-spaced leads (for example, 64 RF signal lines for an acousto-optic Bragg cell). As discussed above, this has been accomplished in the prior art by using microstrip (because microstrip conductors are exposed). The present invention accomplishes the same result using stripline, which offers improved operating characteristics over microstrip. For example, stripline has a lower impedance, which ensures lower losses and a wider bandwidth than available with microstrip or conventional printed circuit boards. The physical contact between the circuit element and the ground plane allows heat to be conducted away from the circuit element by the ground plane.
It is an objective of the present invention to provide a stripline interconnection apparatus (and a method for making the apparatus) for connecting a circuit element having closely spaced leads to other devices. This invention solves the problem of accessing the buried signal line of the stripline conductor so that the circuit element can be attached to one end of the signal line, and a connector for attaching this circuit element to other devices can be connected at the other end of the signal line. The signal lines are closely-spaced at the circuit element attach point and spaced farther apart at the connector end.
The stripline access for attaching the circuit element is obtained by cutting a different-sized rectangular hole in each of the two conductive ground planes before these ground planes are laminated together. These rectangular holes, which are cut near the center of the ground planes in one embodiment, reveal the ends of the stripline signal line for bonding the circuit element thereto. To access the signal lines at the periphery of the ground planes (i.e., outwardly away from the rectangular holes) additional access holes are cut in the top ground plane and dielectric before lamination. These additional access holes reveal conductive pads of the signal line, thus providing a connection point for an electrical connection to the leads of the circuit element. This technique eliminates the plated-through holes and the disadvantages associated therewith. The signal line circuit begins at the pad and runs to the rectangular hole where the other end of the signal line is exposed. Thus, the signal line is exposed only at the conductive pad, where a wire or connector can be attached, and at the rectangular hole in the ground plane, where the circuit element is attached. The exceptional crosstalk performance of the stripline is not significantly degraded by exposing these small portions of the signal line.
The present invention may be better understood, and the further advantages and uses thereof more readily apparent, when considered in view of the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments, taken with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a top view of a first embodiment of a stripline interface conductor constructed according to the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the stripline interface conductor of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a top view of the upper ground plane of a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 4A and 4B show a top view of the signal line conductors that are hidden beneath the upper ground plane of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 depicts a method for constructing a stripline interface conductor according to the present invention, and
FIG. 6 is a top view of another embodiment of a stripline interface conductor constructed according to the teachings of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, a stripline interface 10, illustrated in FIG. 1, interfaces multiple RF signals to transducers on a Bragg cell. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the stripline interface 10 can be used for any application where a circuit device having closely-spaced leads must be interconnected in a high-speed environment to other circuit elements. Stripline is preferred over microstrip because the former reduces line impedance and electrical crosstalk. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the stripline interface 10 includes an upper ground plane conductor 12, a dielectric layer 13, a signal trace 14, a dielectric layer 15, and a lower ground plane conductor 16. The thickness of these various layers of the stripline interface 10 is exaggerated in FIG. 2 for clarity. A circuit element 18 is shown in FIG. 2, and also in FIG. 1 where dashed lines indicate that the circuit element 18 is obscured by the stripline interface 10. As will be discussed further below, the various layers illustrated in FIG. 2 are sculpted to provide access to the signal trace 14.
In one embodiment the circuit element 18 is a Bragg cell having a plurality of transducers located thereon. As is well known in the art, accoustic waves are launched into the Bragg cell by transducers bonded to the material and responsive to RF signals. Light incident on the Bragg cell can perform signal processing operations such as frequency channelization since the light exiting the cell carries the phase and amplitude information of the RF analog signals input thereto. Auxiliary lenses perform an optical Fourier transformation onto a detector array that senses the power spectrum of the RF signals. The transducers are shown generally by the reference character 20 in FIG. 1. A single transducer is also indicated by the reference character 20 in FIG. 2.
As discussed above, it is necessary to connect each transducer 20 to an RF signal. In the present invention this is accomplished by first cutting a single rectangular access opening 22 in the upper ground plane conductor 12 and the dielectric layer 13, thus exposing the signal trace 14. A smaller access opening 24 is cut in the lower ground plane conductor 16 the signal trace 14, and the dielectric layer 15 to provide access to the Bragg cell transducers 20. The access openings 22 and 24 are designated in FIG. 1 and can be seen in FIG. 2. When the circuit element 18 is attached to the lower ground plane conductor 16, the access openings 22 and 24 permit access to the transducers 20. Bond wires 25 are run between each transducer 20 and a bonding point 26. Since the access openings 22 and 24 are of different sizes, a portion of the stripline signal trace 14 is revealed. Each junction 26 is the termination point for a signal trace in the signal trace 14. The signal traces 14 are shown in FIG. 1 by dashed lines to represent that they are obscured by the upper ground plane conductor 12. The other end of each signal trace 14 terminates in a pad, designated by reference character 30. The pad is formed in the signal trace 14 and is revealed by cutting a hole 53 in the upper ground plane conductor 12 and the dielectric layer 13. The hole is clearly visible in FIG. 2. Coaxial cable connectors, other connective devices, or other circuit elements can be attached to the pads 30 to provide a signal to or carry a signal away from each transducer 20. It is desirable to place the access openings 22 and 24 at a distance from the pads 30 that is dependent on the spacing of the leads of the circuit element. Thus the signal traces 14 form a spoke-like pattern around the circuit element such, that there is sufficient distance between each pad 30 for easily connecting a connective device.
As can be seen, this invention allows the use of stripline where heretofore only microstrip could be used, to provide interconnections to closely spaced transducers on a Bragg cell or other circuit devices having closely-spaced terminals. In another embodiment, the circuit element 18 represents a VHSIC (Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit) chip also having closely spaced leads. Stripline provides improved high-frequency performance over the well-known printed wiring board techniques for incorporating a VHSIC chip into a functional circuit. Stripline is also advantageous over microstrip because it offers lower line impedance, wider bandwidth, and better crosstalk performance.
FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B illustrate a second embodiment of the stripline interface 10; in FIG. 3 the stripline interface is designated by reference character 10'. The elements of FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B are identical in structure and function to the elements bearing identical reference characters in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 3 illustrates the stripline interface 10' including the upper ground plane conductor 12 and the pads 30. The pads 30 are formed in the signal traces 14 and are visible through holes cut in the upper ground plane 12. The access opening 22 is also cut in the upper ground plane 12. Also visible is a smaller access opening 24, which is cut in the lower ground plane 16; the lower ground plane 16 is not visible in FIG. 3. The stripline interface 10' also includes a plurality of holes designated generally by reference character 40. These holes pass though the upper ground plane conductor 12, the dielectric layers 13 and 15, the signal trace 14, and the lower ground plane conductor 16. After the stripline interface 10' is laminated together (as will be discussed hereinafter) wires are laced through the holes 40 to connect the upper and lower ground planes 12 and 16, respectively, providing a single ground.
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the signal line layer 14 and the signal traces 14 thereon for the embodiment of FIG. 3. The signal traces 14 begin at the point where the rectangular holes 22 and 24 are cut in the upper and lower ground planes 12 and 16, respectively, and each signal trace 14 terminates at a pad 30. As can be appreciated from a study of FIG. 4A, the closely spaced conductors of a circuit element, such as a Bragg cell, can be connected to other devices through the spoke-like signal traces 14 radiating from the center of the stripline interface 10'. The holes 40, which are also illustrated in FIG. 4A, pass between signal traces 14 so as not to interfere with the continuity of these conductive paths.
FIGS. 3 and 4A illustrate an embodiment of the present invention where the stripline interface 10' accommodates a single circuit element having closely-spaced leads. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the advantages offered by this invention are easily extendable to an embodiment where a plurality of circuit elements having closely-spaced leads are mounted on a single stripline conductor, so long as there is sufficient distance between the closely-spaced leads and the pads 30 such that enough room is available for connecting a connector or other circuit element to the pads 30.
Construction of the stripline interface 10 according to the teachings of the present invention is best illustrated with reference to the exploded view in FIG. 5. As is well-known by those skilled in the art, the upper ground plane 12 and the dielectric layer 13 are commercially available as a single piece designated by the reference character 56. First the upper ground plane conductor 12, the dielectric layer 13, and a prepregnated bond film 52 (available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing; 3M Center; St. Paul, MN 55144) are perforated to make holes 53 for exposing the pads 30 (see FIG. 3). Also at this time, the rectangular access opening 22 is formed. A piece 58 comprises the dielectric layer 15 having a copper clad face in which the signal traces 14 are etched, and the lower ground plane 16. A rectangular hole such as the rectangular hole 24, is cut in the lower ground plane conductor 16, the dielectric layer 15, and the signal trace 14. Next the holes 40 (See FIG. 3) are cut rn the upper ground plane conductor 12, the dielectric layers 13 and 15, the prepregnated bond film 52, and the lower ground plane 16. The holes 40 are not visible in FIG. 5 because the FIG. 5 cross-section is formed by a plane cutting through the signal traces 14.
In one embodiment the signal traces 14 are five mil wide, and the signal traces 14 are one mil thick. A special etching technique, as described below, is necessary to produce lines of this dimension. A selective gold deposition process is required to manufacture the stripline interface 10 to provide a stripline circuit having closely spaced conductors. Conventional 1 oz. copper-clad circuit board is chemically reduced to 0.5 to 0.75 oz. After thorough, cleaning, photoresist is applied to expose the conductor pattern, i.e., the signal traces 14. The photoresist is removed leaving the thin copper layer 0.007-1.0 mil with the gold conductors. The gold conductors act as a resist material to etch the thin copper layer. A 20% ferric chloride is the etchant solution. A brushing technique is used to uniformally etch the thin copper layer. This technique eliminates undercutting of the conductor lines that is associated with the conventional printed wiring board etching. The well-defined signal traces 14 ensure lower losses and reduce line impedance and electrical crosstalk. The six layers illustrated in FIG. 5 are then pinned together and alignment is checked using X-ray alignment techniques. The pinned assembly is X-rayed from an axis normal to the plane of the stripline interface 10. The holes 40 are the alignment key as they are located between the signal traces 14. Pressure and heat are then applied so that the prepregnated bond film 52 laminates the elements of the stripline interface 10 together. This is accomplished by drawing a 14.5 psi vacuum and holding the temperature at 260° F. The unit is then cooled and the vacuum i released.
The ground planes 12 and 16 are connected together by lacing wires 70 through the holes 40. See FIG. 6. The stripline interface 10 is then ready for application of the circuit element 18 and connection of the bond wires 25 to the signal traces 14. A wire 60 is connected between a signal trace 28 and a connector or another circuit element (not shown in FIG. 5), thus completing the stripline interface between the circuit element having closely spaced terminals and another circuit element.
To minimize crosstalk, in one embodiment the layers illustrated in FIG. 5 have the following approximate thickness:
The upper ground plane 12--1 mil
The dielectric layer 13--4 mils
The prepregnated bond film layer 52--3 mils
The signal traces 14--1 mil
The dielectric layer 15--5 mils
The lower ground plane conductor 16--1 mil
While we have shown and described several embodiments in accordance with the present invention, it is understood that the same is not limited thereto but is susceptible of numerous changes and modifications as known to a person skilled in the art, and we therefore do not wish to be limited to the details shown and described herein, but intend to cover all such changes and modifications as are obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art.
|Brevet cité
|Date de dépôt
|Date de publication
|17 mai 1963
|28 sept. 1965
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Low inductance diode mounting
|21 juin 1971
|12 févr. 1974
|Motorola Inc
|Hybrid strip transmission line circuitry and method of making same
|6 mars 1974
|23 sept. 1975
|Rca Corp
|High frequency semiconductor device having improved metallized patterns
|21 mars 1975
|18 mai 1976
|Varian Associates
|R.f. transistor package having an isolated common lead
|9 sept. 1977
|18 avr. 1978
|Communications Satellite Corporation
|Symmetrical stripline package
|10 janv. 1978
|23 oct. 1979
|Nippon Electric Co., Ltd.
|Semiconductor device having a highly air-tight package
|6 juil. 1979
|4 nov. 1980
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|High power microwave integrated circuit receiver protector with integral sensitivity time control
|13 oct. 1978
|31 mars 1981
|The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland
|Packages for microwave integrated circuits
|7 juin 1979
|17 nov. 1981
|Raytheon Company
|Microwave diode with high resistance layer
|15 juin 1983
|23 avr. 1985
|Motorola, Inc.
|Metallization and bonding means and method for VLSI packages
|20 juin 1983
|5 nov. 1985
|Mayo Foundation
|Leadless chip carrier apparatus providing an improved transmission line environment and improved heat dissipation
|29 aoűt 1984
|3 juin 1986
|Magnavox Government And Industrial Electronics Company
|Coplanar and stripline probe card apparatus
|Flook ECL User s Handbook, Fairchild, pp. 5 5 through 5 9 and 5 21.
|Flook ECL User's Handbook, Fairchild, pp. 5-5 through 5-9 and 5-21.
|Handbook of Tri plate Microwave Components Wild, Butler, Sommers, Nelligan and Wilson.
|Handbook of Tri-plate Microwave Components Wild, Butler, Sommers, Nelligan and Wilson.
|Brevet citant
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|Date de publication
|22 févr. 1988
|19 sept. 1989
|Citizen Watch Co., Ltd.
|IC-packaged device
|22 févr. 1988
|17 avr. 1990
|Harris Corporation
|Process for fabricating a sculptured stripling interface conductor
|11 mars 1994
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|British Technology Group Limited
|Attaching an electronic circuit to a substrate
|4 oct. 1995
|30 sept. 1997
|Gemplus Card International
|Method of manufacturing a hybrid chip card
|12 mars 1997
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|Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc.
|Apparatus for and method of suppressing power surges utilizing electrical striplines
|12 aoűt 1997
|22 juin 1999
|Cushcraft Corporation
|Planar microstrip Yagi antenna array and process for making same
|23 mars 1998
|21 mars 2000
|Matsushita Electronics Corporation
|Semiconductor device and wiring body
|16 juil. 2002
|9 janv. 2007
|Sae Magnetics (H.K.) Ltd.
|Wireless suspension design with ground plane structure
|17 févr. 2009
|1 mars 2011
|Cascade Microtech, Inc.
|Probe for testing a device under test
|4 juil. 2011
|1 oct. 2013
|X2Y Attenuators, Llc
|Method for making internally overlapped conditioners
|1 aoűt 2011
|19 nov. 2013
|X2Y Attenuators, Llc
|Arrangement for energy conditioning
|30 sept. 2013
|7 avr. 2015
|X2Y Attenuators, Llc
|Internally overlapped conditioners
|15 nov. 2013
|28 avr. 2015
|X2Y Attenuators, Llc
|Arrangement for energy conditioning
|1 aoűt 2011
|19 mai 2015
|X2Y Attenuators, Llc
|Arrangement for energy conditioning
|19 aoűt 2011
|9 juin 2015
|X2Y Attenuators, Llc
|Energy conditioning circuit arrangement for integrated circuit
|16 juil. 2002
|22 janv. 2004
|Hernandez Manuel A.
|Wireless suspension design with ground plane structure
|27 avr. 2005
|2 nov. 2006
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Reduced cost printed circuit board
|17 févr. 2009
|29 oct. 2009
|Cascade Microtech, Inc.
|Probe for testing a device under test
|22 sept. 2008
|25 mars 2010
|Fridy Joseph M
|Integral antennas in metal laminates
|13 mars 1998
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|Wiring substrate for semiconductor device with externally wired leads
|Classification aux États-Unis
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne
|14 juil. 1986
Owner name: HARRIS CORPORATION, 1025 WEST NASA BOULEVARD, MELB
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:POPEK, MARC H.;SPRINGER, KENNETH D.;BEAUDET, WILLIAM R.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004578/0609
Effective date: 19860701
|20 aoűt 1991
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|19 janv. 1992
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|24 mars 1992
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19920119


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Update on ElizabethElizabeth is requesting a new loan to be able to invest in the business, buying raw material for the production of hot corn drinks, breads and pupusas (stuffed tortillas), since daily they use sugar, corn, seasonings, chicken and oil among other ingredients.
She considers that through the previous loan she was able to improve the profitability of the business, as it gave her the necessary resources to be able to maintain the merchandise at hand. She considers that her family has also seen benefit since they have had higher economic profits.
Ella considera que a través del préstamo anterior logró mejorar la rentabilidad del negocio, pues le dio los recursos necesarios para poder mantener la mercadería a la mano, de la cual considera que también su familia se a visto beneficiada ya que han tenido un mayor ingreso económico.
Previous Loan DetailsElizabeth sells atol for a living. She lives in the family home with her children, who are seven and ten years old. She does this work for a living because she needs to have an occupation that makes money for her children's needs. Her schedule is from 6:00 a.m. to 10 a.m. She is asking for ... More from Elizabeth's previous loan »
Additional Information
Concurrent and Successive Loans
Our Field Partners often work with borrowers over a series of loans as the borrowers build credit, take out bigger loans, and expand their businesses. In order to make it easier for our Field Partners to post loans for borrowers who have been listed on Kiva before, we allow them to post successive and concurrent loans for their Kiva borrowers. This means that our Field Partners are able to post a borrower's second, third, etc., loan on Kiva without having to re-enter all of the borrower's information.
This borrower has been listed on Kiva before, so you'll see an updated loan description, as well as excerpts of the original descriptions from earlier loans. Most borrowers take out loans consecutively, meaning that they receive a second loan after having repaid the first. However, sometimes our Field Partners give out concurrent loans, allowing borrowers to take out one primary loan and a secondary "add-on" loan along with it. These "add-on" loans are typically smaller than the borrower's primary loan and serve a different purpose. Because Field Partners can now post loans as successive and concurrent loans, you will be able to track borrower progress over time and see the various ways a borrower is working with our Field Partners through funds from Kiva's lenders.
About El Salvador
550View loans »
US Dollars
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 14 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- May 24, 2012
- Listed
- Jun 16, 2012
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Ended:
- Jun 18, 2013
Photo from previous loan
Kiva allows our Field Partners to re-use the same photo for individual borrowers that have been posted on Kiva's website once before in a 24 month period, and we allow them to re-use group photos for up to 24 months, provided that 80% of the current group's membership is represented.
Taking, collecting, and uploading photos of borrowers is one of the most challenging elements of using Kiva for our Field Partners. In order to make Kiva easier for Field Partners to use, we have allowed them to post successive and concurrent loans without taking a new photo of the borrower if the criteria above are met.


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They are legion in the Atom netbooks. Rarely has a processor as is unanimous on one segment. With virtually no choice: for a netbook, it's Atom N270 at 1.6 GHz and enough. In other words, when there is a netbook running another architecture, our eyes light up with curiosity. With the same question: what happens to AMD challenger to distract the Atom?
In the MSI U210 netbook, AMD Athlon MV-40 Neo is clocked, as the N270, at 1.6 GHz. The AMD certainly supports 64-bit and virtualization technologies, but it must be admitted that this does not really count in a netbook.
MSI is not the first comer in the world of netbooks, but after a wind that had caused a sensation, it must be admitted that the mark was somewhat left behind by his two brothers Taiwanese Asus and Acer.
With a simple design and roundness, the U210 is a nice machine that has the format with 11.6 inches. Anything bigger than a basic netbook, this size gives a much better typing comfort (wider keyboard) and reading (screen resolution of 1366x768 pixels instead of 1024x600 pixels).


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Swati PharmaView mapMain Market, Pushkar, Rajasthan(Verified Supplier)
Call Us: +91-8042966948
Products & Services
Related Product Categories
Ask Price
Ask Price
Ask Price
Company Profile
We are suppliers, exporter and manufacturer of dried flowers and petals like rose and marigold, gulkand rose, jam rose water, rose syrup, seena leaves, dried and fresh amla indian goose berry. Our all product is 100 percent natural and best quality. Our company belive in best quality and longterm business relation with clint through quality, rates and service.
Fact Sheet
|Year of Establishment
|Legal Status of Firm
Sole Proprietorship (Individual)
|Nature of Business
|Number of Employees
Upto 10 People
Rs. 50 Lakh - 1 Crore ( or US$ 100 K - 200 K Approx.)
Contact UsSwati PharmaMukesh MantriCall Us: +91-8042966948
View mapChoti Basti, Main Market,
Pushkar - 305022
Rajasthan, India
Pushkar - 305022
Rajasthan, India
Send your enquiry to this supplier


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The Deal
- $59 for a 70-minute hot-stone massage and a sugar or salt foot scrub ($125 value)
Jo Jo's Massage
Susan Zhao understands massage therapy. Licensed to practice in New York, Florida, Virginia, and Georgia, she divides her time between attending to clients' needs and overseeing the three Jo Jo's Massage locations that she founded. At these spas, Susan's staff uses a wide range of massage modalities intended to indulge and relax visitors, provide therapeutic relief, or even a bit of both. During hot-stone massages, a therapist treats troublesome areas with heated stones, which radiate heat to soothe tightly knotted muscles located deep beneath the surface. Reflexology treatments target specific areas along the feet with focused pressure, attempting to trigger the nerves that help heal organ systems throughout the rest of the body.
58% of 62 customers recommend
"Be ready to be delighted. Best message I had in a long time. Thank You"
"Excellent deep tissue massage. Rooms were clean and tech was courteous and professional. Highly recommended for serious massage treatment."
"It was the best message I have ever had. I would recommend Jo Jo's to everyone."


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