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The endless conversation about big-time football appears to be reaching a point of decision and change. While some would like to see big-time football disappear from the collegiate enterprise, this is not likely or desirable. We like our football, our constituents like our football, the nation tunes into our football, and for many universities, nothing is more visible or engaging about their operations than their football.
So we will have football. Success in the big-time has created a variety of conflicts between ideal models for amateur competition and real behavior that the current system finds increasingly difficult to manage. Much of the difficulty stems from the problem of money: too much of it. The money is not going away because we like our football, but we need a better model to manage the money and the game.
Part of the difficulty comes from trying to reconcile the notion of a college-based student activity with the exceptionally high profile and revenue of a previously unimaginably popular and commercial viable enterprise. Football at the top level of American's institutions, exemplified by the five major athletic conferences, is a big business that depends for its success on the recruitment, retention, and development of superb athletes who must also function as students.
Among the many issues and controversies (academic, ethical, financial, and operation) that complicate our current operating arrangements, refined over many years, is the mismatch in the eyes of our constituents between the revenue scale of the football enterprise and the compensation provided football players (especially the celebrity players of the most successful teams). The current model limits compensation to direct payments for tuition and other college expenses and the indirect compensation by providing players with a high-cost platform for the development of their potential professional value and their possible future value from a professional contract.
Boxed in by our definition of amateur student-athlete, we have found it difficult to construct imaginative ways of reflecting market circumstances that affect the players. We sometimes think that without the strict amateur definition, the college football enterprise would collapse into an uninteresting minor league activity divorced from its academic sponsorship. This may well underestimate the potential creativity of the university, which has, in other contexts, developed mechanisms that could provide a useful model for the football dilemma.
Any model would need to (1) address the market issue of the value of football players within the five major conferences, (2) redefine the organic connection between college education and the student-athletes in the football enterprise, and (3) retain the connection between football and the rest of the college intercollegiate athletic enterprise.
Fortunately, universities have mechanisms for dealing with similar issues that might be adapted to meet the needs of the football enterprise. Think, for a minute, about the university medical center hospital. In many cases this is a separate not-for-profit enterprise, affiliated with the university. Its relationship with the parent university is contractual, and transactions that involve university and hospital are done not through university internal governance mechanisms but by contract that specifies how the hospital economy and the university economy will interact.
The agreements also specify how the academic activities of the university in medical education and research will engage the hospital and how the hospital activities related to patient care and other services will engage the university.
But the two enterprises are financially, legally and operationally separate organizations. They may well have interlocking boards of directors/trustees, but the labor and financial structure of the hospital is not the same nor is it constrained by the circumstances of the university, and the university's labor and financial structure is not the same nor is it constrained by the circumstances of the hospital.
Adapting this notion to football, imagine that we spin off the football enterprise out of our university and athletic department into a private not-for-profit corporation affiliated with the university, let's call it the University Football Corp, or UFC (and we could substitute the name of the University for each institution's football not-for-profit). We license our name and trademarks to our UFC, we lease our football-related sports facilities to the UFC, we contract for various management services that the university may provide the UFC. The coach and other athletic personnel who operate the football activity will be employees of the not-for-profit UFC, and will not be constrained or managed by the university. The financial structure of the football enterprise will require that it be self-supporting. This should not be a problem for the football programs in the five major conferences since almost all of them do indeed make a profit, even if their universities' intercollegiate sports programs over all lose money.
Students who perform as football players will be employed by the UFC not-for-profit to perform football duties, but requirements for a football player employee will include an age limit between 18 and 24, eligibility limits, enrollment in the university, maintenance of academic good standing, and progress toward a degree. This is not unusual for other student employees of the university.
The football employee will receive a two-part compensation. The first part will be equivalent to the full cost of attendance at the university, to match the requirement that the football player be a student. This amount will be paid by the UFC not-for-profit to the university that will award the financial aid as it would for any student. The second part will be variable and will depend on the market value of the football player to the UFC not-for-profit. This second amount can vary by season and the market for college-age football players, and might well follow norms and procedures established in the National Football League.
This model bears a close resemblance to what we do for medical students, for faculty physicians, and for other university people who have duties and obligations associated with an independent hospital affiliated with the university.
Where is the NCAA in this model? Like hospitals, the UFC not-for-profit will be regulated by an external agency, in this case the NCAA, that will establish the game rules as it does now, and specify the academic eligibility requirements for football players to be considered students, but the NCAA will not regulate payments to players. These will be managed by each institution's UFC, but probably in accord with rules established by the five major conferences. The NCAA may well require these organizations to have transparent and independently audited financial records so that the public is clear about the way in which the athlete who is also a student is being paid and managed and clear about the financial arrangements between each UFC and its parent university.
Football players must be students in good standing and making appropriate progress toward a degree and can only have four years of eligibility, but they can test their value in the commercial sports marketplace at any time and choose to leave for professional work.
Once hired for professional play, of course, they will no longer be eligible to participate in the university-related not-for-profit UFC.
Athletes within the UFC can also contract for commercial endorsements and other sports-related (but not sports competition) activities and earn stipends or fees, but they must do so through the UFC not-for-profit so that the organization can identify conflicts of interest or commitment. Similarly, employees of the UFC (coaches, athletic directors, and others) can earn outside income related to sports but must report this income and receive approval for outside commitments from their institution's UFC (again to prevent conflicts of interest and commitment). Alumni and other fans can contribute to the football enterprise, either to support players or to subsidize athletic facilities, but again, always through the institutional UFC to ensure transparency.
The UFC not-for-profit will create various funds and arrangements for player health and safety and compensation for injuries or other insurance-related functions. Whether it decides that it is better to hire the football players as employees or deal with their football participation as independent contractors will be an issue to be resolved as the market for football players indicates. Either solution would work, although of course the players are likely to emulate the professional marketplace and create a union to represent their interests. In some universities this would mirror the union representation of other student employees. Players can have agents, lawyers or other advisers to help them negotiate the contracts that govern their college-related football participation, although not the academic requirements that define them as students. The five major conferences may well establish salary caps and other financial constraints proved useful in the professional marketplace.
Because each UFC football enterprise is affiliated and ultimately controlled by its parent university, if indirectly through its board appointments, and because it is required to manage its enterprise through contracts with the university that are publicly available, the university can reap the benefits of big-time football without the constraints of trying to fit the football juggernaut into the university's normal academic infrastructure. However, the university can require that the football UFC provide a significant payment to the university for the use of its name and other marks, a payment that will serve to subsidize the university athletic program for other sports as happens currently.
Finally, because this arrangement puts the academic scholarships for football players who must be students inside the university (but paid by the UFC not-for-profit), the current commitment to women's sports driven by Title IX requirements to keep scholarships reasonably equivalent will remain.
Any university can create this model and participate, although they will need conference support, television revenue, and other characteristics of big-time programs to succeed. Such an opportunity may well help institutions decide that they want good football but not big-time football.
While endless details will need to be worked out, as were required to create the arrangements that govern independent not-for-profit hospitals affiliated with major research universities, the model offers an approach to the growing difficulty of managing big-time football within the current university context.
John Lombardi is president emeritus of the University of Florida and served most recently as president of the Louisiana State University System. He is the author of the forthcoming How Universities Work (Johns Hopkins University Press).
It is fashionable to talk of "bubbles" these days -- unsustainable, somewhat speculative ventures nearing the bursting point: the dot-com stock market bubble in 2000, the housing crisis bubble of a few years ago, and maybe a college tuition bubble today. Broadly defining "bubble," maybe we are nearing one in major-college intercollegiate sports.
If you ask alumni of the University of Oxford, Moscow State University, the University of Tokyo, or even the nearby University of Toronto, to describe their most successful intercollegiate sports team, you likely will get blank stares. While amateur, intramural sports activities occur at campuses around the world, the U.S. is unique in having hugely popular, high-revenue collegiate teams. While Great Britain has both top and secondary-level football (soccer) teams, as is the case in American baseball, in the high-revenue American sports of football and basketball, there are overtly professional teams as well as ostensibly amateur college teams comprising so-called "student athletes."
Yet this model is undergoing a good deal of strain:
In a competitive labor market, workers usually earn on average roughly what they add to their firm's revenues. Professional football, baseball and basketball players, for example, sometimes receive salaries reaching several million dollars annually. Top-flight college football and basketball teams generate revenues rivaling those of professional teams, but the workers receive scholarships worth at most $50,000 annually, and that's only at the most expensive institutions. Very good football and basketball players are very lucrative at top sports schools, so coaches able to recruit them receive a large portion of the millions of dollars that ordinarily would go to the athletes. It is not too far-fetched to say that middle-aged adults are exploiting the children under their guidance.
The NCAA enforces this practice. The NCAA forces players to sign a contract in effect abrogating their labor bargaining rights. Even income earned from, say, t-shirts featuring the name and number of the athlete revert to the colleges. A lawsuit challenging this practice filed by the former UCLA basketball player Ed O'Bannon is moving forward, with very high-powered lawyers representing O'Bannon and other athletes.
If the lawsuit is certified as a class action as early as next month, the stakes become huge, and in one plausible scenario the NCAA could be forced into bankruptcy. More likely would be an out-of-court settlement costing the NCAA and maybe major conferences many millions of dollars. The long-term impact would likely move some of the income received by coaches to players, perhaps also crowding out non-revenue sports funded from football or basketball profits, etc.
Even the NCAA's own data suggest that only 22 major programs break even or make a profit. In the second-tier athletic conferences, such as the 13-university Mid-American Conference (MAC), schools typically need $10-20 million annually to balance their athletic budget, increasingly met by student fees that can approach $1,000 a year. A survey of students at MAC member colleges directed by David Ridpath suggests that most students are unaware of the extent of the fees, and unhappy when informed of them, given their general low level of interest in collegiate sports and the increasing financial strains of attending college.
The spectacularly tawdry sex scandal at Penn State that led to the imprisonment of the former coach Jerry Sandusky is the worst example of immorality run amok, but dozens of colleges have been found guilty of violating the NCAA's rules -- giving money to athletes, making illegal recruiting visits, etc. It is not uncommon to read "Ohio State admits to rules violations," or "Miami faces NCAA sanctions."
Increasingly, the public perception of universities as intellectual oases, centers of learning and moral probity, is being tarnished by intercollegiate sports.
What to do? Why haven't university presidents, who nominally run the NCAA, done anything? First, they are afraid of losing their jobs if they anger their fanatic fans (and sometimes their boards). Second, they love the funds from television contracts and other sports commercialization of their schools -- money may trump principle. I know several ex-university presidents strongly promoting reform, but few actively serving ones.
Still, as costs rise faster than revenues, as scandals persist and grow ever more spectacular, and as multimillion-dollar coaches become ever more arrogant and plutocratic, change will likely come, probably ultimately for the good of college sports, higher education, and the nation.
Richard Vedder directs the Center for College Affordability and Productivity, teaches economics at Ohio University, and is an adjunct scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.
Advisers who work with football players predict a new NCAA academic rule will have negative outcomes -- among them, that athletes will choose easier courses and majors.
On the first Wednesday of February, big time college football coaches in America sign the latest batch of phenoms to restock the shelves and renew their fans' dreams of future championships. The sporting public is fascinated by this annual ritual of unofficial verbal commitments, recommitments, de-commitments and signings of the National Letter of Intent by 17-year-old late adolescents who represent new hope for college teams.
Recruiting sites rank the potential harvest of each university and the recruiting acumen of each head coach. Special television shows are created for the speculation of who is going where. All of this hoopla and speculation often occur before any serious considerations are made regarding the players' academic preparation and institutional fit on campus and in the classroom. It has become common for high school juniors to verbally commit to coaches before they ever step foot on campuses.
Inside football offices, recruiting coordinators and coaches gather to conceive ever-more-elaborate enticements to impress and convince prize recruits that their athletic programs' value their talents more than the school down the road. The futures of head coaches ride on the talents of the athletes. This year's prize for successful antics goes to Missouri Coach Gary Pinkel, who arrived at the high school of the nation's top recruit, Dorial Green-Beckham, in a helicopter. One wonders which school Green-Beckham would have chosen if Coach Pinkel had arrived in his car.
Making Peace With the NCAA
A longtime critic of the association
praises the recent decision
to let big-time sports programs
offer multi-year scholarships.
College programs, with the support of their athletic departments and administrations, will cast aside propriety and logic to woo high school stars with perceived talent. With the help of boosters, coaches too often resort to unethical behavior to persuade athletes to sign National Letters of Intent (NLI). The recruiting frenzy infects boosters who are intent on helping head coaches bag their game.
The most recent allegations from a former University of Miami booster and convicted felon Nevin Shapiro may implicate as many as 114 players for illegal inducements and extra benefits including parties for players, bounties for injuring opponents, and arranging prostitutes for recruits and abortions for the girlfriends of players. One of Shapiro's alleged targets in 2004 was Willie Williams, a talented linebacker with a history of legal problems. After considerable angst, University of Miami President Donna Shalala permitted Willie Williams to enroll at Miami in spite of 11 juvenile arrests. The competition to sign the most athletically talented athletes is so fierce and intense that the criminal history of the players seems to be of little consequence to many college coaches and their administrations. Under pressure from celebrity coaches and major donors, directors of admissions and college presidents often capitulate.
Another recent example of the zeal for athletic talent is the case of Chris Collins; a talented high school linebacker who was arrested for aggravated sexual assault of a 12-year-old after his high school prom. After the withdrawal of a scholarship offer from the University of Texas at Austin, Mr. Collins simply committed his talents to Oklahoma State University, where he played for the Cowboys for two years until he pleaded guilty to the charges and was convicted as a sex offender. Coaches use the rationale that athletes can be rehabilitated and deserve a second chance. While it is doubtful that second chances would be afforded to non-scholarship players, it makes one wonder what sort of crime a talented recruit would need to commit to become disqualified for a second chance. The need to win football games trumps criminal history and reason.
In 2009, at the request of the University of Tennessee football offices, two football hostesses traveled to the high school games of recruits to entice them to join the volunteers. In 2004, the University of Colorado attempted to lure recruits to campus through well-coordinated parties involving call girls and allegations of rape, launching several ineffectual changes in NCAA recruiting practices and legislation.
As unscrupulous as these recruitment activities may be in college football, it is sadly well-documented that the identification of prospects in men's basketball starts earlier and that prospects are more likely to be represented by handlers who restrict access to their players to the highest bidders.
Recruiting has become high-pressure coercion of young adults by celebrity coaches. We offer some suggestions to ensure academic primacy and fairness in the recruiting process.
Ban verbal commitments until the prospective athlete has been deemed admissible to the four-year institution. When a coach offers a recruit a scholarship, he acts as an agent for the university. A celebrity coach's offer of a scholarship to a recruit is a powerful implied offer of both admissions and financial aid. It places enormous pressure on the director of admissions and the president of the university to admit the committed recruit irrespective of his academic qualification or institutional fit. To deny admission would certainly create media headlines and angry fans and donors.
Instead, require the institutions' examination of academic records and a tentative approval of admissions before offers of athletic-related aid are extended to recruits. Scholarships should not be offered unless there is some assurance that the recruit will be admitted to the college of his choice and that he has a reasonable chance of graduating. Without a serious review of the recruit's academic qualifications, his verbal commitment will often rule out the recruit's options to attend other colleges.
With the NCAA's passage of the ability for institutions to offer multiyear financial aid grants, athletes will once again be afforded a measure of security to pursue a meaningful education without fear of losing their scholarships. As such, it will become crucial for coaches and institutional admissions officers to make accurate decisions about the long-term academic and athletic viability of recruits. Poor assessments will result in costly and expensive mistakes to sport teams.
Abandon the National Letter of Intent and Releases for Transferring. The NLI document clearly disadvantages the athlete. By signing the contract, the recruit ends the formal recruiting process. The document presumes that the student-athlete has committed to the institution, and it attaches eligibility penalties for attending a different school or transferring prior to the completion of an academic year. Should the coach who recruited him leave for a more lucrative job such as Greg Schiano's departure from Rutgers for the NFL, the student remains bound to the institution under penalty of loss of athletic eligibility. In spite of signing long-term contracts, coaches often abandon their obligations to take offers of million-dollar raises at other institutions. Universities do not penalize their National Merit Scholars for transferring or changing their minds about enrolling, nor should they penalize their athletes. Signing a financial aid agreement is adequate protection for the student to receive a scholarship, while offering him the freedom to transfer without a penalty of loss of eligibility. While the National Letter of Intent may be good for photo opportunities, the current contract unfairly favors the interests of the coach and university.
Maryland coach Randy Edsall refused to release three players to schools in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and non-conference schools that Maryland was scheduled to play in the upcoming two seasons. Coach Edsall felt free to leave Connecticut to accept the job at Maryland without any restriction whatever. Athletes should be afforded the same freedom to transfer to explore other schools and programs as their coaches and the student body.
Redesign official visits to follow those offered to the general student body. Abandon the orchestrated entertainment offered by hosts and volunteer recruiters. Official visits for prospective athletes should be designed to be learning opportunities about the institution and the athletic program rather than the circus and party atmosphere they have become. Recruits should stay in campus residential facilities rather than five-star hotel suites. Their visits should be the same process offered to prospective students by the campus and simulate common campus life.
Limit official visits to three institutions. Prospective athletes may take as many as five official visits paid by the institutions. Today, official visits often are formalities for verbally committed prospects to be entertained at the cost of the institutions. By the official visit season of the athlete's senior year, most have visited campus on unofficial visits, attended the coach's athletic camps, attended multiple games, and narrowed down their choices. We believe that de-emphasizing and reducing the number of official campus visits would represent a cost savings to institutions and possibly reduce the party atmosphere.
Require police background checks of recruits and all athletic personnel. Information which could legally be gathered on the past criminal activities of recruits should be sought and reported to the president of the university before offers of admissions or financial aid are executed. Police background checks should periodically be conducted for coaching staffs and all full-time athletic staff. The instant celebrity attached to big time college sport coaches and athletes may influence inappropriate off-the-field behavior that endangers the reputation and integrity of the university. Athletic programs that have been embarrassed by recruits and athletic staff are slowly adopting this practice, but we recommend that it become established national policy.
We should expect athletic staff to represent our universities to recruits with accurate depictions of campus and athletic life without taking advantage of youth who are too often from disadvantaged backgrounds. For when the press conferences and celebrations fade, star recruits encounter the stark regimen of athletic program routine and are often disillusioned by the unfulfilled promises of their coaches.
The reality does not mirror the hype they heard from their coaches. When recruiting has ended, athletic programs will often attempt to reduce the expectations of highly recruited athletes, but the athletes are often left feeling betrayed. Campus, classes and sport do not quite measure up with what was described. The academic major they had hoped to pursue interferes with athletic commitments and academic majors are changed to accommodate athletics. Their hopes of playing time often do not materialize immediately as they were told, and recovering from injury in rehabilitation becomes their new reality. Institutions should eliminate the party atmosphere for prospective athletes, and ensure that campus visits represent the reality of campus life without gimmicks.
Gerald S. Gurney is assistant professor of adult and higher education at the University of Oklahoma and immediate past president of the National Association of Academic Advisers for Athletics. Jerome C. Weber is Regents Professor of Education and Human Relations at Oklahoma.
For decades I have used events like March Madness, the NCAA's season-ending basketball tournament, to bash the NCAA for transforming big-time college athletes into underpaid employees in a multibillion-dollar industry. Even worse, in my opinion, was the myth that these athletes were merely engaging in an extracurricular activity during their free time, like members of the drama club.
Much to my surprise the NCAA, under the leadership of President Mark Emmert, has recently enacted financial aid reforms that may have brought my years of NCAA-bashing to an end. Critics have argued that the changes amount to little more than "window dressing," but a strong case can be made that the revival of multi-year scholarships represents one of the most significant educational reforms in recent NCAA history.
In 1956, the NCAA decided to openly subsidize college athletes by offering scholarships covering room, board, tuition and fees. But it was not until the introduction of one-year renewable scholarships in 1973 that coaches could cancel aid for just about any reason, including injury or poor athletic performance. At this point scholarships became binding contracts.
Over the next four decades, one-year renewable scholarships have provided the burgeoning college sports industry with a reliable and disciplined source of cheap labor. Athletes who do not meet a coach's performance expectations are often encouraged to transfer or simply stripped of financial aid. Coaches' jobs often depend on getting rid of "dead wood."
It is difficult to overstate the kinds of demands coaches can make on players as a condition for the yearly renewal of financial aid. Coaches ask that athletes play with injury, and control their lives on and off the field. Because each season is a tryout for financial aid the next, sports takes priority. An NCAA survey carried out a few years ago found that big-time college football players spend an average of 44.8 hours a week on their sport in addition to time in the classroom.
A number of reform organizations, including the Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics, have recommended a return to multiyear scholarships over the years, but to no avail. The NCAA ignored such suggestions in deference to coaches who feared losing control over their players. Media pundits generally labeled proposals to return to multiyear scholarships as quixotic. Only two years ago, two ESPN basketball analysts, Andy Katz and Fran Fraschilla, assured me on "Outside the Lines" that the idea had no traction.
Rationalize Sports Recruiting
Recent scandals and embarrassing
escapades show that big changes
are needed in how big-time
programs recruit players,
two professors argue.
All of the skeptics have been proved wrong; the media silence is deafening. In the wake of one of the most tumultuous years in college sports, which included conference realignment motivated by greed, several lawsuits that challenged the NCAA on antitrust grounds, and a massive scandal at Penn State that raised questions about the role of big-time college sports in university governance, multiyear scholarships made a Rocky Balboa-like comeback.
The fact that the NCAA's scholarship proposal barely survived an override vote lends credence to the argument that the NCAA has finally done something significant. For decades, universities have denied canceling scholarships for injury or poor performance. If they were telling the truth, why did so many oppose this new policy? The large number of dissenting votes suggests that in many schools, scholarship athletes have become expendable commodities.
The NCAA's new legislation makes the adoption of multiyear scholarships optional, thus allowing athletes and their parents to chose between a one-year contract and a multiyear educational gift. If highly talented athletes choose programs that offer multiyear scholarships over those that do not, the NCAA will have rigged the recruiting game in favor of academic values. And this is how it should be.
At schools that decide to adopt multiyear scholarships, college athletes will be students, not cheap labor. Coaches will have to focus on teaching and player development because they will have to live with their "recruiting mistakes." Federal Graduation Rates, the best measure of whether athletes graduate within six years from the university they entered as freshmen, will likely increase dramatically. And even though these scholarships can be canceled if an athlete voluntarily withdraws from sports, no court of law will mistake them for employment contracts.
Much more remains to be done. Academic standards must be raised to prevent special admits from playing as freshmen, and the minimum GPA for playing college sport should be 2.0 in all conferences. The clustering of athletes in classes that give high grades for little or no work -- a practice for which faculty must take responsibility -- should be eliminated. Faculty senates should review coaches' rules of conduct to make sure they are consistent with academic best practices. The list could go on, but the NCAA has taken a huge step toward meaningful reform.
Allen Sack, professor and interim dean in the College of Business at the University of New Haven, played on Notre Dame's 1966 national championship football team. He is also president elect of the Drake Group, a faculty organization committed to academic integrity in collegiate sports.
On Feb. 26, the University of Kentucky men's basketball team defeated the University of Florida. Immediately after the contest, on their home court of Rupp Arena, Kentucky officials presented Coach John Calipari with the game ball to commemorate what was purported to be his 500th career victory. Officials from the National Collegiate Athletic Association, however, strongly disapproved of Kentucky's laudatory gesture, saying that the evening's victory actually marked Calipari's 458th career win.
Leading up to the National Collegiate Athletic Association's annual convention this week, most of the discussion among colleges that belong to Division III has focused on the future of the membership at the NCAA's nonscholarship competitive level. Largely overlooked has been proposed legislation
to limit the use of male practice players which may well be the most controversial piece of legislation voted on at this year's convention.
The Division III proposal is fairly moderate: the currently unrestricted use of male practice players would be limited to one day a week during the traditional championship season, and the number of male participants would be limited to half the starting squad size (rounded up, in the case of uneven starting numbers). Since the last convention, when the proposal was tabled for more data, I have kept my ear to the ground on discussions at the national level, most of which centered around responses from members of Division I. In the microcosm of my own Division III conference, we have recently revisited the arguments pro and con as well. I respectfully offer two reasons to support this legislation, and a recommendation for taking the discussion further on campus regardless of the outcome of the vote:
1. It creates a level playing field for those who aspire to higher competitive levels.
What is athletics about in Division III? As a component of the broader educational experience, there is first and foremost a participation opportunity. Once established, there is the chance to achieve a higher level of success within that opportunity. In other words (in the scope of this discussion about women's athletics), you do your best to assemble a group of women who are interested in a sport (in addition to getting a college degree), educate and train them in the rules and skills of performing that sport, match them up against a group of women of like interest, and see who wins the game. There are a number of tools at hand—coaches, the weight room, nutrition counseling, summer leagues, private lessons—to help achieve higher levels of competency. The fact that we have coaches who have gone beyond these standard tools to the use of male practice players to push our women "to the next level" during the 19-week Division III playing season is a situation that bears scrutiny.
This legislation would scale back the arms race that has stepped precariously into the realm of potential Title IX violation. It certainly does not eliminate the opportunity for female athletes, if they choose, to seek practice and even competition opportunities against stronger, faster, taller young men. It simply "limits" it to the remaining 33 weeks of the year when they are not "in season" with their college teams, and it ensures that healthy women are not sitting on the sideline while men take their places in practice situations.
2. It encourages a shared institutional commitment to building roster sizes of women's teams and discourages stopgap strategies.
Good financial planning is predicated on a variety of sound spending, saving and investment practices. If you are trying to eliminate debt, it is not sound practice to use a credit card to pay those bills. Male practice players are the credit cards of building solid rosters of female athletes. For institutions struggling with recruiting or retaining female athletes in any given sport, use of male practice players is a short term fix at best; reliance on them only delays improvement by masking the underlying problem. While weak recruiting efforts by a coach may be at fault at some institutions, it is wrong to place the blame solely on the coach or the athletics department. Recruiting in Division III is an institutional responsibility based on the divisional philosophy that athletes are students first, and there must be a coordinated effort (including a "spend money to make money" approach with recruiting budget allocations) in programs where a team or teams are consistently falling below viable roster sizes.
It is important to note that there are more than 6 million girls participating in high school sports in this country, yet there are only 166,000 participating in college athletics--less than 3 percent of the pool. The rationale that "girls just don't want to play" does not hold sway in the face of these numbers. Injuries can also decimate healthy rosters—but that can happen with men's rosters too. Is the solution to allow part-time students or some other such stop gap measure if this happens with a men's team? I don't know too many people in Division III who would support that option, but if we are obligated to treat our men and women equitably, then perhaps that discussion must be on the table as well, or we need to eliminate such quick fixes altogether.
The proposed legislation allows for women's teams who might have a roster equivalent of less than two full starting squads to practice in a scrimmage setting with male practice players once a week; coaches would use other drills and skill instruction the remainder of the time. It also allows bona fide coaches (whether paid or voluntary) to participate in scrimmage-type situations at their discretion. In other words, you can use your credit card to manage temporary shortfalls, but there are spending limits, and everyone needs to work together to find better cash flow for the long haul.
Regardless of your institution's position, this proposal should at minimum prompt a healthy and objective re-visitation of gender equity and Title IX practices in the athletic department. Last year, an e-mail inquiry sent through the National Association of Division III Administrators' listserv to members asking them to identify the Title IX coordinator on their campuses raised a red flag on the lack of knowledge of this subject. The majority who responded indicated that they (mainly athletics directors or senior woman administrators) were primarily responsible for this duty. The fact is, Title IX is a federal law that affects far more than just athletics, including academic policies, student services, housing, financial aid, and all student organizations. It is thus highly unlikely that an athletics department staff member would be responsible for all of these areas, in addition to athletics. This misunderstanding can have serious institutional consequences.
I would suggest that institutions use discussion of this legislative proposal as an opportunity to do a Title IX and gender equity review of their athletic departments. A recently released study authored by John Cheslock, Ph. D., of the Center for the Study of Higher Education, University of Arizona (with support from the Women's Sports Foundation) analyzing Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) data indicates that Title IX compliance is far from a fait accompli. Presidents, chancellors, athletic directors and Title IX coordinators can take a look at how their institution is graded in this study to get an initial sense of their athletic departments' level of compliance. It should also prompt an examination of institutional compliance using the "three-prong" test approved by the Office of Civil Rights. A comprehensive Q&A regarding gender equity and Title IX compliance along with other educational resources can be found on the NCAA's Web site.
Thirty five years after the passage of Title IX, there is still plenty of evidence to suggest that gender equity practices continue to bear examination both within and outside of athletic departments on our campuses. Considering that the provision of equitable participation opportunities for males and females is one of the core tenets of the Division III philosophy, limiting the use of male practice players would be a good faith demonstration of Division III's commitment to this important principle.
Donna Ledwin is the commissioner of the Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference and a member of the NCAA Minority Opportunities and Interests Committee. She is also the mother of a 10-year-old daughter who lives to play ice hockey.
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These first aid Adventure Medical Kits are super lightweight and offers basic wound and blister management supplies in a waterproof and ultra lightweight bag. Don't hit the trail without one.
The Ultralight / Watertight .5 is perfect for one-to-two-day solo trips when you need an ultralight kit with enough supplies to treat common injuries. Packaged in a rugged, yet lightweight silnylon bag with a DryFlex™ waterproof liner, the UL / WT .5 will stay dry whatever the elements. The silnylon bag has enough room to add other first aid and survival items and provides rugged protection for the DryFlex liner. Ideal for hiking, kayaking, backpacking, mountain biking and climbing.
Ultralight/Watertight Contents
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text:
eridan and sollux have very different opinions on the weather
eridan and sollux have very different opinions on the weather
Requested by @acostoss though he told me to put her face down ass up.
the a greek snow goddess, Chione. She's so anime I'm going to cry.
Maybe he's born with it. Maybe it's Maybelline
Holy moses, I want to buy a tablet now.
On amazon all the tablets are cheaper during December! and everything goes down to roughly half price!
@TalTal19 So pretty and neat ♥ Q W Q
@Arachne you make that look so graceful faskljsal He's WORTH IT //hairflip
Uhh all I've been doing is pixels lately fkajfall //my tablet sucks so all done with mouse ;A;
I need to do something proper soon but my hands can't co-operate ;A;
CL Y U MAKE THEM UN-TRANSPARENT? //sobb
So I watched a batman and superman movie and drew this, I found it too funny not to scan in.
I couldn't find a pencil OTL I am such a retard fmkasmgdmg
Than I found out I left it behind my ear gkagal I so smart.
Plus no scanner because I am a poor, poor rabbit //sawb
@Lotto DUDE I LOVE IT YOUR POST ON PAGE ONE ITS HOT I like how you worked the strechmarks with the arms and hair Its a cool peice
@August I like yours alot too on pg two
Koishi for a cool dude who gifted me Portal on Steam~
Drawn on doodle or die with a mouse
Actually drew something.
Nothing special.
Since I just had to post it in the other thread anyways:
@Momimochi haa- mmffff- tss- ha... Beautiful .___.


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Moose auction bidding open in Vt.July 18,2013
The Associated Press
MONTPELIER - Vermont's 2013 moose auction is open for bids.
The auction for five moose hunting permits is open until Aug. 21 with a minimum bid amount of $1,500.
Winners will choose to hunt in one of several wildlife management units open to moose hunting. They'll be able to choose to hunt during the Oct. 1-7 archery season, or in the Oct. 19-24 regular season.
Bids do not include the cost of a hunting license or moose hunting permit fee.
Information about the auction can be found at www.vtfishandwildlife.com.
Proceeds from the moose hunting permit auction help fund Vermont Fish and Wildlife educational programs. Winning bids are typically at least $4,000.
The lottery drawing for 355 regular moose season permits and 50 archery season permits will be held Aug. 1 in Montpelier.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER Former gubernatorial candidate Dan Feliciano plans to run for state auditor as a... Full StoryHONOLULU Hawaii could become the first state in the United States to enter gun owners into an... Full StoryNORRISTOWN, Pa. Full Story
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African Wildlife Safaris
Africa is full of great opportunities to see wild animals. By joining one a wildlife conservation safari, you will have a unique experience while knowing that your trip is support local conservation programs.
Why an African Wildlife Safari?
From lions and cheetahs to ocean species like whale sharks, humpback whales, and penguins, Africa offers unparalleled opportunities to see and learn about animals.
You can visit famous reserves like Kruger National Park, community-run conservancies, game reserves, and iconic spots like the Serengeti, South Africa's Robben Island and the Okavango Delta.
What Is SEEtheWILD?
We're a non-profit organization that promotes conservation travel through wildlife tours that help protect endangered species. We work with quality tour operators who have passed our criteria to ensure low environmental impact.
Contact us with any questions about African Wildlife Safaris.
Feature African Wildlife Safaris
Wildlife Safaris
- Tanzania: The Great Migration
- South Africa Penguin Research
- Great African Primate Expedition
- Kenya: Hyenas to Humpbacks
- South Africa Lion Research
- South Africa Wildlife Research
- Seychelles Conservation Expedition
- Namibia Wildlife Experience
- Ultimate Namibia Safari
- Madagascar Discovery
- Botswana Culture & Wildlife Safari
- Khulula Rhino Conservation
- Hanchi Horseback Conservation
- Mutogomeli Rhino Conservation
Photo credits: Mogens Trolle/Dreamstime, ClaireCphotography/Dreamstime


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Skip to Main Content
Home > Same Day Appointments
1325 S Cliff AvenueSioux Falls, SD 57117-5045View a map605-322-8000
You never plan on feeling sick, but with Avera Same-Day, you can plan on seeing a doctor or other provider today when you call now to set up an appointment. Avera Same-Day sees patients for:
When you call, we'll ask for your symptoms to help us find the right provider to best serve your needs.
Same-day appointments are available in Sioux Falls and participating area Avera clinics. Calls received after 4 p.m. may be directed to Avera Urgent Care or other after-hours services.
Your well-being is important to us. Avera offers additional immediate care depending on the time of day and the type of care needed. These options include:
Avera Urgent Care provides evening and weekend care for common health needs, including:
Urgent Care locations:
Urgent Care hours:
You're too busy to get sick, so we're making it easy to connect with a provider, no matter the time or location. Best of all, you don't have to be an established patient with Avera to use this service.
Learn more about AveraNow
AveraNow (formerly CuraQuick) is available at various Hy-Vee locations throughout Sioux Falls.
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Item Size: M Weight:70Kg/154.3Lbs Height:172cm/67.7in Bust:34B Waist:65cm/25.6in Hips:105cm/41.3in Overall Fit:True to Size
Cute! The fabric is so fresh.
I have a thing for straight lines navy and white like these, they are casual and elegant at the same time ( I really don't know how they can be , but they are!!). With the right combination this skirt can became a very amazing outfit!
This skirt is classic piece. It reminds me of summer and just chilling on the beach :D
needa grow my hair for this :3
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Faculty/Staff Permits
Employees may purchase an employee permit, valid from Sept. 1 through Aug. 31. The employee permits may be payroll deducted from pre-tax dollars for faculty, staff and LTEs at a cost of $265 per year or $140 per semester. Graduate assistants are not eligible for payroll deduction. Please refer to the map for employee / commuter / visitor lot locations.
If you leave the University, you must return your permit(s) to the Parking Services office to prorate your payroll deduction for parking or receive a refund.
Employee permits may be placed on a movable plastic hook (carpool permit) for an additional fee.
Employees have the option to obtain secondary annual permits. The additional permits may be used on vehicles brought on campus on a temporary basis. At no time are the primary and any secondary/subsequent permit(s) allowed to be used on campus at the same time. Failure to comply with this regulation will result in a $30 ticket for each vehicle.
All employee/commuter/visitor lots are closed from midnight until 6 a.m.* Vehicles parked in employee/commuter/visitor lots after midnight will be ticketed and towed.
*Lot 34 is open until 2 a.m. Monday through Thursday during each 14-week academic session.
Reserved Parking
Reserved spaces are available for faculty and staff in Lot 4/4a and in Lot 7 at the annual cost of $390. Additionally, reserved spaces in the ramp are available at the annual rate of $440. Contact Parking Services at email@example.com or (920) 424-4455 for details. Reserved permits are valid only in the assigned lot/space from 6 a.m. to midnight Monday through Friday. However, weekdays from 4 p.m. to midnight, vehicles with these permits may remain in their assigned area or park in any employee, commuter or visitor lot. Reserved spaces are subject to availability. Unsold spaces will be offered to students.
Monday/Wednesday/Friday Permits
These permits work the same as an employee permit but are valid only on the weekdays listed. The cost for the MWF permit is $165 for the year or $90 for one semester. (Vehicles parked on day(s) not listed on the permit are subject to a $15 Permit Not Displayed ticket.)
Tuesday/Thursday Permits
These permits work the same as an employee permit but are valid only on the weekdays listed. The cost for the TT permit is $110 for the year or $60 for one semester. (Vehicles parked on day(s) not listed on the permit are subject to a $15 Permit Not Displayed ticket.)
Shuttle Lot Permits
Persons using the Shuttle Lot permit must park in Lot 35 (AxleTech) or Lot 39 (Campus Services) and may ride our 20-minute shuttle or walk to work. An annual Shuttle Lot permit costs $155, or one semester costs $80. (Shuttle may be viewed live at www.uworide.com or with the Ride Systems mobile app). As an added benefit, this permit is valid in any employee, commuter or visitor lot from 4:00 p.m. – midnight. This permit is not available to those who work in an adjoining building to a shuttle lot.
Evening Permits (4 p.m.-midnight)
Evening permits are available for $65 for two semesters or $35 for one semester.
Motorcycle/Moped Permits
Motorcycle/moped permits cost $20 per year or $10 per semester. Motorcycles and mopeds must be parked only in designated areas, not in regular car stalls. These designated spaces are conveniently located in lots 6a, 7, 11, 13, 18, 23, 25, the South Gruenhagen area and the High Avenue parking ramp. These spaces are available April 15 through Nov. 15.
Mopeds may be parked in approved bicycle racks but they still must properly display valid University motorcycle parking permits. Do not operate mopeds on sidewalks. Driving on a sidewalk is in violation of Wisconsin State Statute 346.94, and such a violation would result in a fine and points against your driver's license.
Interim Permits
Interim parking permits are available for $30. Full-year permits include the interim sessions at no additional cost.
Summer Permits
Summer parking permits for employees, commuters or resident students are available for $50 for the eight-week session or $25 for four weeks or $55 for the full summer. Full-year permits include the summer session at no additional cost.
Short-term Parking Permits
One-day permits and five-times cards (which allow the purchaser to park five times and have no expiration date) are available in the Parking Services office for $3 per day or $15 per five-time card. Permits are valid 6 a.m.–midnight.
Special Permits
Anyone who brings a vehicle other than the one for which a regular permit has been issued must obtain a temporary parking permit for the day from the Parking Services office.
Permit Placement
A carpool permit, when the vehicle is parked on campus, must be hung in the driver's window (see picture below) so it is clearly visible to enforcement staff. Failure to display the permit will result in a "permit not displayed" ticket and a $15 fine. The replacement cost for a lost permit is $40, plus an additional fee if a new carpool hook is requested.
Window decals (non-carpool permits) must be placed on the outside of the driver's side window (see picture below). Affixing a decal by taping, clipping or tucking in is not considered permanently or properly displayed and may result in a ticket.
Any permit that is not properly displayed may result in a ticket.
Parking permits are never to be transferred or sold to another person but may be transferable to another vehicle with prior permission of Parking Services.
Replacement Permits
If an individual purchases a different vehicle, he/she must bring the old permit, or identifiable portion thereof, to the Parking Services office for replacement at no cost. Those requesting a replacement permit without returning the old permit will be charged $40, plus an additional fee if a carpool hook is requested.
A prorated refund may be issued for the return of an identifiable portion of the parking decal.
Fees are subject to change.


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25 November 2010
I don't think I can go to this.
19 September 2010
25 November 2010
I think it's not for free anymore and this would be on a *screen* screen, not on a rinky-dink laptop screen like I have. 🙂 And it's $10 for the entire show which would be cool. It's just too bad the 7:30 show is sold out.
19 September 2010
25 November 2010
I think now you have to pay for it. Plus, if I go to the theater, chances are good I'm with other Beatles fans.
If I watch it at home, I'm with my cat, who sometimes gets jealous.
19 September 2010
StarWisher said:
I think now you have to pay for it. Plus, if I go to the theater, chances are good I'm with other Beatles fans.
If I watch it at home, I'm with my cat, who sometimes gets jealous.
True, True. Is your cat Smart..My Music teacher always tells us stories of her stupid cat.
As if it matters how a man falls down.'
'When the fall's all that's left, it matters a great deal.
I don't want this to get overused, but I think it'll be necessary now and then.
As I've said before, I don't mind freewheeling discussions about The Beatles/music/other stuff. But when people start discussing their music teacher's cat it really does break the flow of a thread. Don't take it personally.
For everyone else, use the image (it's not really a smiley) sparingly. It would be a shame if people got slapped down as soon as they made a remark that wasn't directly relevant to the original subject of a thread, but y'know...
9 June 2010
19 September 2010
21 April 2010
Was the Washington DC concert on Itunes and upgrade from what has been available in the past? My best version is a composite of bad parts ok parts and the good clips from Anthology.
It is no longer available for free on Itunes. You have to buy the box set. Is the Itunes version available any where? I don't feel too guilty downloading something today that was available for free a few months ago.
1 May 2011
As far as i can remember the concert was an upgrade and more complete to what had been out there previously. I would love to see all of it as my computer kept halting during watch so any hint of where to go to see it would be great.
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text:
Researchers Are Developing Ways to Edit...
It Remains Extremely Challenging to Identify...
To Know Where Biosimilars Are Going,...
Understanding New 21st Century Institutional Designs...
French genome engineering firm Cellectis bioresearch established a U.S. subsidiary located at the Cambridge Innovation Center in Cambridge, MA. The subsidiary will be responsible for promoting the firm's targeted genome engineering products and services throughout the U.S.
Cellectis bioresearch specializes in cell-line development of meganuclease-based targeted integration products. It generates stable and isogenic cell lines for use in applications spanning drug discovery, gene function reserach, and protein production. The firm's flagship cGPS® and cGPS Custom full kits comprise the required cell lines, integration matrices, and meganucleases for users to carry out targeted gene integration.
Establishment of the U.S. subsidiary is the latest phase in an obvious strategy by Cellectis bioresearch to promote its products and services globally. In September the firm teamed up with New Delhi-based Helix BioService to promote its products and services in India. Also in September it partnered with Ontario firm Cedarlane to promote its research kits in Canada. During the same month Cellectis bioresearch announced the $2.2 million cash acquisition of U.S.-based Cyto Pulse Sciences, which specializes in the development of electroporation technology.The latter's Pulse Agile technology will be used in combination with the meganuclease platform.
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"Spain's Best Kept Secret! ssshhhh!" Albarracín by blint
Albarracín Travel Guide: 37 reviews and 69 photos
Aragon is one of the least touristy provinces in Spain though I cannot understand why. It borders France, Pais Vasco, Barcelona, Castilla y Leon and a lump of Valencia. Therefore it is surrounded by 5 different languages or dialects! The countryside is highly interesting and it has a long and varied history. It is the birth place of King's and on the other side saw the worst fighting during the civil war!
Now it is a place of magic, but remember: That's a secret!
Albarracin is the best place to visit; though don't expect ANYONE to speak English. This is a Spanish tourist town!
Although I HATE the thought of this wee town being taken over by foreigners I can't help myself! I have to tell you all about it..........!
- Pros:NO foreign tourists!!!!!:-)
- Cons:It's cold
- In a nutshell:Aragon has captured my heart!
Reviews (13)
A hat, Gloves, a very warm coat, scarf and walking shoes. It is as cold as Britain in the winter. I went in December... more travel advice
Try and travel in the daylight because the countryside is absolutely stunning. I have always wanted to go to Utah to see... more travel advice
This is the only house in the whole of Albarracin that is not painted pinkie orange! I bet the people who live here are... more travel advice
Don't be put off with the name. I don't exactly know why it's called Casino but hey! As you enter you'll see two rooms... more travel advice
Been to Albarracín?Share your travels with the world!
Comments (12)
This looks a very interesting town to visit, wonderful old buildings!
Wow! What a beautiful place. I would love to step back in time here. Hope your birthday is memorable.
Lovely photos of a town I had never heard of. Thanks for the introduction. Paul
Hi, I am from Zaragoza, Capital city of Aragon. Thank you very much for your nice words about that little part of "my ancient Kingdom".
What amazing architecture. Looks simply stunning.
Great page about Albarracin, this little town and the surroundings are increidibles
Absolutely wonderful photos of this wonderful place. Very nice page! Greetings from Warsaw.
Hehe I know the secret, backpacked through there in 2001...Great pics :)
Spirited tips .... Peace, Doc
What a great page on a lovely city...I'm glad I discovered this secret. ;-) Chocolat , is that one of my favorite movies? well done.
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text:
Spinocerebellar ataxia 3
- Machado Joseph disease
- Nigrospinodentatal degeneration
- Azorean neurologic disease
News & Events
On this page
NCATS Co-Sponsored Conferences
American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy (ASGCT) 19th Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 04, 2016 - Saturday, May 07, 2016
Location: Washington, DC
Description: Save the date and plan to head to Washington, DC on May 4-7, 2016, for the premiere gene and cell therapy conference in the world. Taking place at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel, the ASGCT 19th Annual Meeting will feature ground breaking clinical trial results, cutting edge technology advancements, social networking events, and much more. Join over 1,900 of the worlds top gene and cell therapy professionals for four full days of educational offerings including plenary lectures given by Dr. David R. Liu and 2015 Japan Prize recipients, Dr. Alain Fischer, and Dr. Theodore Friedmann.
Gordon Research Conferences CAG Triplet Repeat Disorders and the associated Graduate Research Seminar, Saturday, June 22, 2013 - Friday, June 28, 2013
Location: Waterville Valley Resort, Waterville Valley, NH
Description: The 2013 Gordon Research Conference on CAG Triplet Repeat Disorders will bring together top scientists from around the world to discuss high-impact, interdisciplinary research on CAG Triplet Repeat Disorders. The objective of the conference is to promote scientific discussion and facilitate interdisciplinary exchange by bringing leading researchers in the field together with a broad range of experts representing; clinicians, diagnosticians, neurobiologists, pathologists, geneticists and molecular biologists.
2011 Neurobiology of Disease in Children Symposium: Childhood Ataxia, Tuesday, October 25, 2011
Location: Savannah, GA
Description: The overall aims of this NDC symposia are to (1) review scientific advances and determine their relevance to current and future clinical practice in child neurology; (2) coordinate efforts among various clinical and basic science disciplines, lay organizations, and the NIH to review current research initiatives and define future directions; and (3) disseminate symposia proceedings to ensure that clinical and basic science disciplines are informed about scientific advances, current research initiatives, and future directions. NDC symposia have brought together clinicians, scientists, caregivers, and NIH program officers to determine how research findings can be translated to enhance clinical understanding and affect clinical practice.
Third Genome Dynamics in the Neurosciences Conference, Sunday, July 18, 2010 - Thursday, July 22, 2010
Location: The Hilton Metropole, Brighton, England
Description: The goal of this meeting was to integrate basic processes of DNA damage signaling and repair and clinical aspects of neurological and neurodegenerative disease. The program was designed to bring together leading scientists with primary interests in DNA damage signaling with those working in specific related neurodegenerative disease areas as a means for integrating these fields. It was anticipated that this would generate insights into how normal processes of genome maintenance in the brain contribute to the prevention of a wide range of diseases.
2009 Triplet Repeat Disorders Gordon Conference, Sunday, May 31, 2009 - Friday, June 05, 2009
Location: Waterville Valley, NH
Description: The top two priorities of this conference were training and the communication of cutting-edge science in the area of CAG triplet repeat disorders. The focus of this conference was on areas of rapid advancement and latest developments. Speakers were selected for their expertise, recent contributions to the field, and ability to provide lively presentations. The structured discussion leaders were instructed to focus on issues that cut across each presentation in a session.
- Machado Joseph disease
- Nigrospinodentatal degeneration
- Azorean neurologic disease


text: Hello guys, I am having nokia 700 product code - 059L7H2 and was eagerly waiting for the new Symbian Belle FP1. It has arrived in the market for some of the smartphones from nokia. For nokai 700 the Belle has arrived but for some product codes the Belle is not available right now?


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School-Based Obesity Prevention: Research, Challenges, and Recommendations
Budd, Geraldine M., Volpe, Stella L., Journal of School Health
The epidemic of obesity is worsening in the United States (1) despite serious health and social consequences. (2) The economic costs incurred by the problem and its treatments are steep (3) and may be underestimated. (4) The prevalence of American children classified as "at risk for overweight" or "overweight" has tripled in the past 20 years (5) and currently exceeds >30%. (2) The serious and lifelong health complications of excess body weight suggest that providing resources for primary prevention in children is advantageous. Schools are an important venue for primary prevention because approximately 6 hours a day are spent in the school environment, 1-2 meals are consumed there, and resources such as school nurses and physical education programs are already in place. (6)
Evaluation of the prevention research already conducted in school-based populations provides information useful to school health officials. The research methods of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) is judged to be the most rigorous of the research world. Findings produced in these types of studies are most likely to be reproducible in other settings. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the school-based RCTs aimed at reducing body weight or preventing weight gain. First, basic childhood obesity assessment is reviewed, followed with an overview of the successful school-based RCTs. Challenges and future recommendations are then discussed.
In children and adults, body mass index (BMI) has been shown to be a valid measure of adiposity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend using gender- and age-based BMI (weight [kg]/ height (2) [m]) percentiles to evaluate children for overweight and at risk overweight. (1) The CDC identifies 2 levels of overweight for children: (1) at risk for overweight defined as a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles and (2) overweight defined as [greater than or equal to] the 95th percentile. (7) The CDC avoids using the term "obesity" when referring to overweight in children and adolescents because children are growing and could be stigmatized if categorized as obese. Internationally and in adults, a BMI of 25 or higher, and a BMI of 30 or higher define overweight and obesity, respectively. (8) At the population level, the term childhood obesity is used; thus, this paper uses the term obesity synonymously with overweight in children.
Identification of the relevant literature began by performing a literature search for the years 1985-2004 in MED-LINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Initially, the key words searches included "obesity," "prevention," and "child." Subsequently, the key word "obesity" is replaced with "weight management." Thirteen peer-reviewed articles were found in CINAHL, 12 in PsycINFO, 140 in MEDLINE, and 6 in the Cochrane Systematic Literature Review. Other sources of articles included bibliographies of identified papers and review articles, as well as recent book chapters on obesity prevention in children and adolescents. Additional searches were conducted on the Web sites of professional organizations and governmental agencies. Every attempt was made to include all the studies that met the inclusion criteria.
Publications of studies with BMI as an outcome measure were reviewed. Criteria for including studies consisted of the following: (1) RCTs, (2) studies including BMI for age and gender as an outcome, (3) studies conducted in US schools during the school day, (4) studies with children in elementary, middle, or high school, and (5) publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
Bandura's (9) social cognitive theory (SCT) was the theoretical perspective cited most often. This framework suggests that an individual can summon self-efficacy, or thoughtful motivation, planning, and action to stimulate behavior change. …


text:
Category: Air & Climate ×
Subcategory: Air Pollution Control ×
Keyword: gas conditioning ×
Location: Africa ×
Location: Niger ×
Adsorption Filter Housings for Air and Gas Re-Conditioningby contec GmbH Industrieausrüstungen based in Bad Honnef, GERMANY
Application: Requirements appropriate conditioning of analysis and reference gases.
ANKERSMID - Model ADS Series - Digital Gas Conditioning Systemby Ankersmid Sampling / M&C Products B.V.B.A based in Wilrijk, BELGIUM
The Ankersmid digital gas conditioning system is a compact, • low-maintenance, self-monitoring and completely equipped units is suitable for variable and continuous operation in most applications.
AGT - Model MAK 10-1-TF1-EC1-FM1 - Sample Gas Conditioning Systemsby AGT Thermotechnik GmbH & Co.KG based in Erkelenz, GERMANY
1 Gas path (PTFE/PVDF). 125 Nl/h per gas path. 1 condensate pump, 1 filter, 1 flowmeter. 1 Electronic control, 3-pole MAK-alarm-contact. Wall-mount housing, mobile version.
AGT - Model MAK 10-2 - Sample Gas Conditioning Systemsby AGT Thermotechnik GmbH & Co.KG based in Erkelenz, GERMANY
MAKs are compressor coolers for highest demands of sample gas quality. With optional components (pre-separator, filter, flowmeter, acid dosage, humidity sensor, sample gas pump) you can upgrade MAK sample gas coolers to complete integrated sample gas conditioning systems. The flexible, modular design ensures optimal compatibility to all ...
Ankersmid Sampling - Model ACC400 - Gas Conditioning Systemby AquaGas Pty Ltd based in CURRUMBIN, AUSTRALIA
The ACC400 design enables up to 4 heat exchangers and peristaltic pumps to be installed either at the factory, or at a later time, without any problem. The exchangers and pumps can be connected in series or parallel depending on customer requirements. An electronic system not only monitors the dew point, but also the ambient temperature. Extremely ...
Ankersmid Sampling - Model ACC100 - Gas Conditioning System ACC100by AquaGas Pty Ltd based in CURRUMBIN, AUSTRALIA
Single or dual heat exchanger compressor gas cooler.
BORSIG - Fuel Gas Conditioning Unitby BORSIG Membrane Technology GmbH based in Gladbeck, GERMANY
Fuel gas taken from the sources available at site and in particular in remote production locations often does not meet the high quality standards required for pipeline injection or for utilisation in modern high efficiency gas turbines or engines. The BORSIG Fuel Gas Conditioning Technology provides a non-sophisticated, cost effective and highly ...
JohnCrane INOVIT - Gas Conditioning Unitsby John Crane based in Morton Grove, ILLINOIS (USA)
Dependent on the process and operating conditions, gas conditioning unit (GCU) modules can be added to the standard INOVIT™ brand gas seal system to provide an integrated system that will further protect the gas seals. Each system incorporates appropriate design modules to provide maximum compressor reliability and performance during normal ...
Wahlco - Flue Gas Conditioning Systemsby Wahlco, Inc. based in Santa Ana, CALIFORNIA (USA)
Flue gas conditioning is Wahlco's traditional core business and the product line which formed the basis of the company's founding. FGC systems allow coal fired boilers to burn a wider variety of coals, including lower cost high ash coals and low sulfur coals which avoid the cost of scrubber installations, without affecting the performance of the ...
MicroMist - Evaporative Gas Conditioningby Envirocare International, Inc. based in American Canyon, CALIFORNIA (USA)
Evaporative Gas Conditioning (EGC) is a technique for conditioning flue gas prior to electrostatic precipitators or fabric filters to reduce gas volume, lower the temperature, and improve particulate collection. Finely atomized water is evaporated in the gas stream to lower its temperature and raise the moisture content.


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Chevrolet Tracker Reviews
Chevrolet Tracker Reviews and Owner Comments
I've owned my current 2002 Tracker with a 2 liter engine and 5 spd transmission for over 7 years now. I bought it with 81K on and it was obvious it had been driven hard and put away wet when I bought it. BUT... the engine had no timing chain noise at start up (tell tale sign it needs a new timing chain, gear and tensioner kit) so I bought it. This was the 7th Tracker/Sidekick/Grand Vitara type vehicle I have owned since 1994. They are all essentially the same truck with minor badge differences. These vehicles are spartan in design and creature comforts, but they are durable and well engineered trucks that IF properly maintained will last through 300K miles, easily. The key to getting this type of long term use from these trucks is regular and PROPER maintenance, particularly when it comes to the oil changes and filters. The engines on the '99 and newer trucks have timing chains, hydraulic tensioners, and guides on them. The engines (both 2 liter and 2.5 liter are interference engines, meaning IF your timing chain fails, your engine will have valve damage because they will contact the pistons. You need to run 5X20 oil in them until they reach about 150K miles, then switch to 5X30 to account for slight bearing wear. DON'T buy cheap filters. Buy filters with the anti-drain back valves in them. The trucks will need a timing chain kit at or around 150-160K miles. Do it. Keep your diff, transmission and transfer case box gear oils changed regularly and your truck will carry you for hundreds of thousands of reliable miles. Don't perform the maintenance and you will experience the costs for repairs that lack of maintenance eventually costs everyone. The people who rate these trucks across the board as low quality, have either purchased a used vehicle which has not been properly maintained, then they experience the failure and repair expenses... OR the people buy them expecting them to have the creature comforts of a Denali, when they were never intended for that market niche. The air conditioners in these trucks are marginal at best. BUT if you have one replaced and you take your truck to a cheapee national garage chain to repair it... they probably aren't putting the 2-3 ounces of compressor oil in the pumps during installation and they burn up. A new compressor, installed on these trucks should never cost you more than $700 even at today's market prices. If you paid more... you got robbed and didn't do your homework. Don't complain about it being your truck's fault. I love my Tracker. It is reliable, capable and dependable. Not to mention it still gives me 24MPG on the highway even after all the modifications I have added to it such as higher differential gears, a rear mechanical locker, OME suspension, larger tire mud tires, etc. For a bare-bones little truck with basically just air conditioning and a radio, the hi-Lo transfer case enables it to go where some Jeeps cannot even travel. You can't find trucks of this quality on the market anymore. I'll keep mine. Thank you very much.
I am the original and only owner of my 2003 Chevy Tracker LT (2.5 ltr) model and now have 169,852 miles on it. I am very happy overall with this vehicle. At 155k did I start to have oil leak issues, stemming from my valve cover gasket. The only low mileage issue I had was the battery cables to the engine go out and that cost me $290. Other than wear and tear on brakes, no big issues. I change oil regularly and do not abuse the vehicle. The exterior paint is peeling off, and I noticed that at around 145k, but that depends on waether and how often it is washed/waxed, but really think it's just he way paint is. This suv has been extremely reliable!
overall I've been satisfied with my tracker. it's simple and easy to work on. so far, after 2 years I have only had to buy a battery and tires. in some places the paint is coming off.normal.
I love my tracker which originally came from Michicagan.
Seriously, I bought this car when it was 1 year old in 2001. It has been by far the best car I have ever owned. It now has 141,000 miles on it. I just replaced the catalytic converter, the serpentine belt, the brake pads and shoes, & the air filter and she is running like a brand new car. I still have a few other maintenance things to do like diagnose the AC and the Shocks/Struts. Once those are done she will really purrrrr!
This is the second Tracker that I've owned, fist was a 1992, both new when purchased. I have 70,000 on my 02 & have performed all of my scheduled maintenance. I have never had a problem with either and am completely satisfied. When I turn the key, it takes me where I've wanted to go.
best car I've ever owned I bought it used it used eight years ago and I've never had a problem the only cost was consumables.
I bought my tracker used and have it for 5 years now and I love it. However we have had a few minor issues mostly just to do with proper care and maintenance that all vehicles go thru. However we have had one annoying issue nothing mechanical it has to do with a constant wet front passenger floor board. Not sure where the water is coming from we have checked the drain hose from the A?C We have replaced the condensor and Air conditioner with all new hoses? Where can our leak be coning from?
I have owned this used from a dealer it sat in the lot for over a year I learned later when the idle arm pulley went. They changed it because it was under warranty but I replaced serpentine belt about 7 times due to not be in alignment. The AC condenser went that cost around $900 bucks no warranty. Then it went a year later now no AC. the car has 114,000 on it now and I have changed oil on a regular basis. The car runs like a top but it does drift in high winds. Good gas mileage 24 mpg on highway. Good small SUV with 4x4 features hi/lo transfer case. Cars these days are few and far between with AWD instead of 4x4.
I have an 2001 Chevy Tracker,that I bought when it had 49,000 miles and had been wrecked. Front grill and bumper needed to be replaced. The insuance company total it out, so it has a rebuilt title. I have not had any major problems with this Tracker, what it has been doing in the last 3 years is the lights will flicker inside and outside, so I think I may have a voltage regulator going out. Just this summer with our hot temperture we had, it started to not start after driving a while or would die if I let it idle.If I let it set for 15-20 minutes, than it would start up and run without a miss. Will be replacing the camshaft sensor. I will not complain about this auto because it now has 207,000 miles and the oil has not been changed for over 19,000 miles, but winter is coming up and i need to get it ready....Also this is the second tracker that I have owned the other was a 1993 it had over 200,000 miles when I sold it to my sister and she still drives it. The only repair on it was a new alternator. I love my trackers....
worst car i ever bought. in less than 6 months the engine needed to be replaced and the place i bought from dosnt cover it. its an over all bad car that i couldnt even recomend for any of its features.
This thing is a true SUV, with an emphasis on utility. I bought it used (but well maintained) and find it very good for what it is. It's currently got 120K miles and I'm going to redo the shocks/struts, as it just sways a bit. As it really is designed for off road (and is RWD when the 4WD is not engaged), it does tend to wander a bit in the wind on bridges.
Best liked car we ever owned. Towed many times behind motorhome with 4wd in neutral. A pleasure to drive. Also had 19 99 tracker identical body and features, towed many thousand miles. Our second best liked car.
This car is one of the worst cars I've ever owned! Piece of crap.
The most dependable vehicle I have ever owned. My only complaint is the rough ride, but what can you expect from a short wheel base four wheel drive. The windshield seem to be a rock magnet.


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Newcastle v Villa: Lambert on why Bennett offers extra options
Joe Bennett will give Villa extra options after coming back from injury, says Paul Lambert.
Lambert was pleased to see Bennett return to training a fortnight ago after a long spell on the sidelines with troublesome knee and back problems.
Bennett was Villa's first-choice left-back in the previous campaign but has been beset with problems since pre-season.
Antonio Luna was signed in the summer while Ryan Bertrand has taken on the main man mantle since his January move from Chelsea.
Bennett returned to the starting line-up for the away clash with Cardiff - but in the unusual position of left winger.
Lambert was pleased with his performance and admitted this week that his versatility gives him food for thought in the coming weeks and months ahead.
He said: "Joe gives us options.
"He was out for a long time and that game will have done him the world of good.
"He lasted for about an hour or so.
"He's back and we threw him in because he gave us a bit of balance on that side. I thought he did very well.
"I was pleased for him because he played well despite being out for that length of time and having not really played many games at all this season.
"He had the problem with his knee and then his back. But that's his first real test in earnest in four months or so.
"There's not an issue for him with his confidence. We only took him off because of match fitness."
Snap up match tickets for Villa v Norwich.
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Grafton Gifts Fans with Short stories,Grafton Gifts Fans with Compelling Short-Story Set
Memmott, Carol, Tribune-Review/Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
Every two years, fans of Sue Grafton's Alphabet mystery series are over the moon. They don't need detective skills to know 2013 is time for the next installment in the crime-solving adventures of detective Kinsey Millhone.
"V Is for Vengeance," the most recent in Grafton's popular series, was released in 2011. "W Is for ..." is due later this year, title and release date to come. But right now, Grafton is giving her fans something terrific while they wait.
"Kinsey and Me: Stories" was published privately in 1991. The 300 copies were for Grafton's friends and family. This is its first publication for the general public.
It gathers in one place nine previously published short stories, mostly in magazines and anthologies, about the super sleuth.
It also offers a closer look at what makes Grafton tick. The 13 semi-autobiographical Kit Blue stories included in the collection go a long way toward explaining why the book is called "Kinsey and Me," not Kinsey and Kit.
"If Kinsey is my alter ego, Kit Blue is simply a younger version of me," writes Grafton in an introduction that precedes the Kit stories. …


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Bo Pelini called it unusual.
Joe Ganz compared it to a video game.
Nate Swift said he's never seen it before.
"It" is the 3-3-5 defense that New Mexico State will bring to Memorial Stadium on Saturday night. While the football conversation about the Aggies usually begins and ends with their prolific passing offense, much of the conversation at Tuesday's press conference centered on the defense the Huskers will face.
What is it? Why run it? Will it work? Let's look to the Internet for answers.» Continue Reading
→ Visit Big Red Network for your daily Husker football fix.


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Based on 5 reviews
This was my first Ledbury purchase, and will not be my last. The fit was perfect, the materials are very soft, and the placement of the second button I really like. I went on to purchase a few more shirts and a couple of ties. Every shirt I have bough I was able to dress down for a casual setting, and also dress up for special occasions. Even wore a Ledbury shirt on my wedding day! It's a great company with great customer service. Most companies don't care after you make the purchase, but Ledbury has made sure I was happy every step of the way.
What can I say about this shirt that hasn't already been said? The fit is incredibly good. I get compliments on it even from people who are normally quite indifferent to me. I wish this site would charge less for alterations as 35" sleeve is pretty long for a 16" shirt. By comparison, Hugo Boss sells 16 shirts with a 32-33 sleeve. If you have disproportionately long arms, bully for you. Even so, it's worth shelling out the $10 for alterations because this is a knockout product.
Amazing shirt. Fits and feels like a $400 shirt. Buy it!
Nice color combination. beautiful fabric. Fits me pretty well. Wish the shirts came in size 15.75 for a more exact fit for me
Amazing shirt, incredible quality. Buy it!


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Police release more details in fatalityMay 09,2013
The Associated Press
ENOSBURG — Investigators say a crash that killed a Vermont teenager last month happened when the Jeep he was riding in tried to avoid an oncoming pickup, but ended up with both vehicles swerving and colliding.
Police say 53-year-old Patrick Prue of Franklin was driving the pickup in the Route 105 accident in Enosburg. Prue, who was not injured, was charged with driving while under the influence with death resulting.
Seventeen-year-old Brandon Gleason, the front passenger in the Jeep, died. He was a senior at Enosburg Falls High School and was the state's Mountain Division basketball player of the year this past season.
Investigators say when the Jeep's driver swerved to avoid the crash, Prue also swerved back into his lane and struck the Jeep.MORE IN This Just InWATERBURY CENTER The Harwood golf team closed out the regular season Wednesday on its home... Full StoryCOLCHESTER Green Mountain Valley School standout Ellie Urdang scored with nine seconds left in... Full Story
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Bring a buddy.4.55 / 5.00 10,302 Views
Yugi and Kaiba have a duel to the death!4.46 / 5.00 38,472 Views
Vampire Pixel in the Neon City
A sinister deal is underway in the underbelly of Neon City4.34 / 5.00 11,702 Views
Sonic: I am in my true form Sigma your no match for me die. Anyways its great I love this series.
epic but its almost made my ears bleed .-.
WARNING: This show will melt your face and ears with sheer blistering awesome!
In all seriousness, the voice overs and writing were a bit corny even then and some of the sound effects are a bit repetitive in places. But the animation is still amazing, and the overall story is pretty good, even outdoing the source material in places. And considering this was made almost a decade ago and is still as awesome as it was then...I defy you to say that about 90% of even PROFESSIONAL material. I STILL get chills watching Sonic's transformation into True Hyper Sonic, and the battle itself is still glorious to behold every time I watch it.
Ye I remember watching this kind of flashes like in 2007. I think I've watched this 1000000 times, but it neva gets old, the actors voice are SICK, I remember back in the days I was imitating sonic and sigma ... same to other flashes made by LgdVegetto. Anyways the only thing I cannot belive is that I didn't wrote a Review yet lol
I was talking to somebody at Sonic BOOM in NYC about old Sonic flashes and this came up in the discussion. This is hugely nostalgic for me, and the action really holds up well. Especially in the later parts because you really need to pay attention to take it all in (that's how fast and flashy the fighting is).
Genius, sir. This series will never be duplicated. It's still one of my favorite sprite series - if not my favorite.