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|Cricket players -- Great Britain.
|Cricket players -- India.
|Cricket players -- West Indies.
|Cricket players --Caribbean Area
|Cricket players --Caribbean Area.
|Crime--Caribbean Area.
|Crime--Great Britain--Race relations.
|Crime--Great Britain.
|Crime--Netherlands Antilles.
|Crime--Puerto Rico.
|Crime—Trinidad and Tobago.
|Crime -- Caribbean Area
|Crime -- Caribbean area.
|Crime -- Politics and government -- elections -- Social aspects -- Economic aspects -- Jamaica.
|Crime –Trinidad and Tobago.
|Crimes aboard aircraft—Haiti--20th century.
|Criminal law
|Criminal law-- Great Britain.
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Add some variety to your fitness routine with these upper and lower leg exercises from The American Council on Exercise. We have a large selection of leg exercises that will will help you strengthen and build muscle throughout your legs including your hamstrings, thighs, shin and calf muscles. Start taking advantage of this free information today! If you are looking for full workout routines that incorporate these leg exercises, check out our Workouts section.
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When it comes to training the core, there is a lot of conflicting advice out there. According to ACE pro Jonathan Ross, the core is best trained with an inclusive approach, like this fun and effective core workout experience featuring the TRX Suspension Trainer.
Losing weight requires you to change your current eating pattern and habits. To make this process easier, here are 16 of our best diet tips to help you lose weight and maintain the weight loss over th
Do you struggle to drink enough water each day? Maybe you're too busy to drink or just don't like the taste of water. Getting in your recommended 2 to 3 liters of water a day can be a challenge, but you can do it by using these four proven strategies to help you boost your...

subset: commoncrawl


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You are always welcome on Audiko.net! We offer you to download a free Slon in Sadez ringtones for your iPhone or mobile. Select your favorite fragment from your favorite hit - Športaj, gibaj, EPP, A je to banka, or any other track. It's possible to gain your ringer both in the MP3 and m4a formats, supported by both mobile phones and iPhones. Just select a track, and choose free Slon in Sadez ringtones download option.
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text:
GOLF GALLERY: Happy homecoming
After a long absence, the LPGA Tour will make a return to San Diego County this week
LA JOLLA ---- Megan Mahoney feels like a kid again. At least this week she does.
The executive director of the San Diego Junior Golf Association was a young teen when the LPGA Tour last visited San Diego and was lucky enough to be a standard bearer three times during those years two decades ago.
The LPGA makes its return this week to Torrey Pines Golf Course with the Samsung World Championship, an elite tournament featuring many of the top 20 players in the world. Mahoney, of course, can't wait.
"San Diego is so lucky to have the Buick Invitational here in our backyard, but the LPGA has been lacking since the early 1990s, so this is going to be a great opportunity for all the young kids in San Diego to see the top 20 (players in the world)," Mahoney said.
Mahoney will be a hole captain and said many local junior players will be volunteering, just as she did 20 years ago.
"Unless they've been to the (Kraft) Nabisco (Championship in Palm Desert), our kids have missed out on the LPGA so this is going to be a cool experience for them," she said.
The $1 million tournament is a 72-hole event featuring the winners of the LPGA' s four majors and players from the top 20 on the money list. Paula Creamer, the defending champion, Lorena Ochoa, Julie Inkster, Cristie Kerr and Karrie Webb are among those in the field.
San Diego has a strong history with the LPGA, as it has staged 25 events, including the 1964 U.S. Women's Open at San Diego Country Club, won by local legend Mickey Wright.
Tournaments have been staged at 11 different venues, the last coming in 1993 at Mission Valley's Stardust Country Club (now Riverwalk).
Torrey Pines South hosted the $175,000 Inamori Classic in 1983, a tournament shortened to 54 holes because of bad weather. Patty Sheehan won at 10-under-par 209, beating Inkster by two shots.
A lot has changed on the South Course since then. Not only has it grown longer in distance, the kikuyu grass brought in for the 2008 U.S. Open has made the track even longer, especially from the rough.
Head pro Joe DeBock said South Korean In-Kyung Kim, who's ranked fifth on the money list, was in town recently and played a round with three of DeBock's assistant pros. Playing from 6,700 yards, the distance of the tournament, she shot even-par 72.
"And she squeezed out a 72," he said. "They told me she had to get up and down on almost every hole."
Kim is not a long hitter, but her execution hinted at how Torrey Pines is going to play this week.
"It's going to play long," he said. "And the thing is if you miss a drive, you don't get home (in regulation)."
DeBock was referring to the penal rough, which he describes as "sticky" this time of year. He said a ball landing off the fairway has a 50-50 chance of staying up.
"You're either going to get a good lie or (the ball) is going to fall down," he said. "If you hit into it, it's going to be a half-shot or a full-shot penalty."
Creamer has never played Torrey Pines before this week and knows from watching the Buick Invitational and U.S. Open on TV just how punishing the track can be, especially when mistakes set in.
"It's a difficult golf course," she said. "Pars are going to be very important. People are going to make mistakes. People are going to make bogeys. You're going to have to go out and be conservative.


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Zeke Dsgns Clothing Designer
Corey NotaristefanoPhotographer Male Geelong, Victoria, Australia
My Website: Flickr: The BeardedMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/coreynotaristefano
Mayhem # 2597444
About MeHi, my name is Corey, I am an Australian born photographer with a down to earth easy going personality. I love meeting new people and making new friends especially with creative types. I am very relaible and hard working and I strive to do whatever I can to get the job done.
I specialise in portraiture and street style photography. I have experience in shooting skateboarding, surfing and music culture and thoroughly enjoy doing so. I also have shot several weddings and large events.
I love to travel so don't let distance be an issue even if outside the UK.
Paid work is desirable however I will give time for prints or cd if I feel it is beneficial to my career.
Look forward to hearing from you in regards to a shoot. please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com
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text:
Introspective and poignant, "The Wine of Solitude" is the most autobiographical of all of the novels from the celebrated author of "Suite FranCaise."
Beginning in a fictionalized Kiev, "The Wine of Solitude" follows the Karol family through the Great War and the Russian Revolution, as the young HElEne grows from a dreamy, unhappy child into a strongwilled young woman. From the hot Kiev summers to the cruel winters of St Petersburg and eventually to springtime in Paris, the would-be writer HElEne blossoms, despite her mother's neglect, into a clear-eyed observer of the life around her. Here is a powerful tale of disillusionment -- the story of an upbringing that produces a young woman as hard as a diamond, prepared to wreak a shattering revenge on her mother.
A Vintage Paperback Original.
About the Author
Nee en 1903 a Kiev, Irene Nemirovsky connait le succesdes son premier roman, David Golder (1929), puis avec LeBal (1930). En juin 1940, elle se refugie dans un village duMorvan avant d etre arretee par les gendarmes francais, puis assassinee a Auschwitz, l ete 1942. Agee de treizeans, sa fille ainee, Denise, emporte dans sa fuite une valisecontenant une relique douloureuse: le manuscrit ultime desa mere, Suite francaise, inedit jusqu en 2004, qui obtint atitre posthume le prix Renaudot.
Sandra Smith is the translator of all twelve novels by Irene Nemirovsky; a new translation of Camus L Etranger (The Outsider, Penguin UK); and The Necklace and Other Stories: Maupassant for Modern Times (Liveright). Her translation of Nemirovsky s Suite Francaise won the French-American Foundation and Florence Gould Foundation Translation Prize for Fiction, as well as the PEN Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize. After ten years as a Fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge, Smith now lives in New York.
Praise For…
Praise for The Wine of Solitude:
"A precocity and acuity of perception shine through."
—The New Yorker
"Wonderfully atmospheric . . . . Némirovsky evokes the places of her childhood with a sensuous clarity that shows how much she learned from Tolstoy and Proust. . . . A captivating and searingly honest portrait of the artist as a young woman."
—The Guardian (London)
"Strangely haunting . . . . Profound, exquisitely wrought. . . . A pitch-perfect evocation of adult duplicity."
—The Independent (London)
"Fiercely brave. . . . [Here is] the birth of a writer, shaped by war and revolution, told with the devastating cynicism of a young woman in a corrupt and greedy social world, where mothers openly flaunt their lovers and children are humored and ignored. . . . The characters are multidimensional."
—Shelf Awareness
"Breathtaking. . . . Némirovsky's powers of social observation, [her] implacable eye for the nuances of human conduct . . . make The Wine of Solitude so memorable."
—The Financial Times
Praise for Irène Némirovsky:
"Extraordinary. . . . Némirovsky achieve[s] her penetrating insights with Flaubertian objectivity."
—The Washington Post Book World
"Stunning. . . . [Némirovsky] wrote, for all to read at last, some of the greatest, most humane and inclusive fiction that conflict has produced."
—The New York Times Book Review
"Némirovsky's scope is like that of Tolstoy: She sees the fullness of humanity and its tenuous arrangements and manages to put them together with a tone that is affectionate, patient, and relentlessly honest."
—O: The Oprah Magazine


text:
Imagine Browsing for Fresh Produce on Grocery Store Roofs
How would you like to have really fresh vegetables picked the same day without having to go to the farmer's market or a garden? Produce in your local grocery store travels on average 1500-2500 miles from the farm to your plate, losing nutrients in the process.
As awareness grows about the benefits of fresh, organic produce and it becomes more difficult to avoid genetically modified ingredients in packaged foods there has been a growing interest in what is known as slow food and the eat local movement.
We can help make fresh produce a reality by supporting Daniel Burstein of The Tomato Upstairs' idea to grow vegetables and other produce on the rooftops of local grocery stores. Daniel's idea made the top five out of thousands of submissions in GQ magazine and Ketel One's A Gentleman's Call program.
If Tomato Upstairs gets the most votes they receive $100,000 to make their idea a reality!
While the other four ideas are all worthy, none of them is as important as The Tomato Upstairs because food is one of only three true necessities in life: safe water, healthy food, and shelter. Furniture and making bread are nice as are jobs, but we NEED food to survive.
This project would be the alpha test that could create jobs and provide fresh produce around the world. Some vegetables and herbs grow prolifically and could make nutrient rich food available at a price anyone could afford. Healthy food makes healthy people and that in turn could reduce health care costs.
If you use Facebook, please take a minute each day to vote for The Tomato Upstairs.
You can read more about them at www.TheTomatoUpstairs.com Web site and vote for The Tomato Upstairs on Facebook.
Many people believed that fruits and vegetables is good for our health. Many fresh fruits helps to enhance our immune system. It protect's us from any kind of sickness. Fresh fruits importer also believed that fruits makes our skin look more younger. While fruits help us maintain our beauty, vegetables on the other hand help us survive or protect us from any kind of major diseases. Fresh fruits importer also believed that eating vegetables everyday help us survive in this world. One of these vegetables is garlic. Many garlic importer says that eating garlic helps our body to maintain a good blood circulation. Well then it is good for people who has poor blood circulation like high blood. One of the main protein source is rice. Rice is the main dish on the table but you what rice is one of main perfect source of energy. Many rice importers believed that eating rice every meal can help a man to do his/her work much longer than a man who only ate bread. It simply says that eating fresh fruits, fresh vegetables and rice at the same meal helps people enhance there immune system and helps survive in this polluted world.


text:
Community needs nonprofit center
Published: Tuesday, March 4, 2008 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Monday, March 3, 2008 at 9:29 p.m.
To The Editor: I believe that it would be in the best interest of our community to sell the Pardee Care Center to a nonprofit group such as Lutheran Services for the Aged.
It is a group that sets its standards and ethics on sound Christian beliefs and morals. It is well-known for its dedicated and loving service.
Having lived in a retirement center for the past four years that is owned by a large profit-making corporation, I have seen fees go up and promised services not rendered.
There is lack of concern and compassion by the upper management which has control of the money. There is so much waste and unwise spending.
I hope and pray that we will have a nonprofit care center in our community.
Carol Johnson
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 11, 1993
|Filing date
|Aug 7, 1991
|Priority date
|Aug 9, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Bernard Gauthier, Marc Lebreton, Remy Le Gallo
|Original Assignee
|Bull S.A.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (5), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to communications controllers, and particularly to a communications controller for use with an ISDN (integrated services digital network).
Data transmission networks, also called telecommunications networks or communications networks, typically include a plurality of units, generally called data terminal equipment (DTE). The latter are also referred to as terminals or stations. A computer connected to such a network is considered to be a terminal. Terminals communicate with each other via a transmission line. An S0 -type link, which is defined by Recommendation X431 of the CCITT (Consultative Committee on International Telegraphy and Telephony) is a transmission line that includes two pairs of telephone wires, one being dedicated to sending messages and the other being dedicated to receiving messages.
The various terminals of a network send information messages and receive those sent by others. A message is composed of a set of elementary blocks of binary information called frames. Each frame includes a structured array of data including data which defines its beginning and its end, the address of the intended receiving terminal, the address of the sending terminal, the data length, and other useful information.
A current technological trend in the field of data transmission networks is the digital transmission of both voice and data over a common infrastructure. This is due essentially to the progressive introduction of digital techniques into the field of telephony. The integrated service digital network (ISDN) has been introduced in response to this trend.
The ISDN is now used principally in Europe and more particularly in France. A communications link of the S0 -type, also called an S0 interface, is one of the standardized links within ISDN. It is used in particular for communications between computers and terminals.
An LS0 link of this type has a data transfer rate of 288 kbps (144 kbps in each direction, send and receive) and has three separate channels, namely two B-type channels for transmitting data at a rate of 64 kbps and one D-type signalling channel at 16 kbps. The principle of the LS0 link is time-multiplexing, as defined in the aforementioned Recommendation X431.
A computer typically includes at least one processing unit, an input/output processor, a random access memory, and a read only memory associated with the processor, an input/output controller, all of these elements forming a host system. There are commonly several peripherals cooperative with the host system, such as disk memories or input/output peripherals that facilitate communication of data with a user (such as screen terminals, printers, etc.), each of these peripherals being associated with corresponding peripheral controllers.
All the component parts listed above (aside from the peripherals) are disposed on a set of boards whose dimensions are standardized. These boards are generally connected to one bus of the parallel type which provides communications between the various processors and data transport between the various boards, as well as providing the electrical power supply thereto.
One bus commonly used in present-day practice is called MULTIBUS II, a registered trademark of the Intel Company. The architecture of such a bus is structured around a principal bus of the standardized parallel type according to IEEE 1296 Standard. This principal bus is designated PSB.
As computer networks become more common, the number of computer terminals increases accordingly. This has necessitated the development of programmed communications controllers for reducing the load on the computer's processing unit. Such controllers manage the messages sent by the various terminals to the telecommunications network to which the computer is connected, as well as managing the messages coming from terminals on the network. In current practice, such a communications controller is built around a microprocessor connected to one or more memories, which has a basic program (simpler than that of the central processing unit) containing specialized modules allowing the bus common to the various component elements of the computer and the network transmission line to be managed, and having facilities for constituting message queues (in the memory associated with the microprocessor). This program must also allow a large number of processes to be executed simultaneously and for this purpose must rapidly generate numerous interrupts, which involves high performance mechanisms for changing the microprocessor context, as well as multiple interrupt levels. Such a program, which can be called communications software, is for example the program called CNS used in the products in the Bull S.A. Company's DN-7XXX series and also in the CNS-A0 and CNS-A1 products in the DPS-7000 computer series made by the same company.
In the case where the computer has a MULTIBUS II type bus, the communications processor is connected to it. It is disposed on a board connected to the PSB bus through a coprocessor, for example, of the MPC 82309 type (manufactured by the Intel Company) communicating in message mode with the other functional component parts of the computer.
Since the S0 -type interface is still relatively new, a communications controller which both connects to a Multibus II and manages one or more of these interfaces is practically nonexistent.
A communications controller is provided for use with at least one host system associated with a bus and a plurality of terminals, connected together through an S0 -type link, that allows transfer of a large number of frames to each of the channels of the link to be handled simultaneously at a data transfer rate matched to that of the link. The communications controller is connected between a bus with at least one host system and a plurality of terminals of at least one network (RE1 -RE2) connected together through at least one time-multiplexed digital link comprising a plurality n of data channels managed according to protocols determined and supported by at least one transmission line. The communications controller includes: a base unit connected to the bus, which manages and effects the transfer of frames over all the channels in the link; and a peripheral unit connected to the base unit and to the transmission line, for providing time-multiplexing and demultiplexing of the various data channels, and for transmitting data to the network or receiving data from the network. The base unit includes: a first processor for frame transfer commands to transfer the frames from the host to the network and vice versa, the processor being conneoted to the bus and associated with a first memory for storing the frames before their transfer, and managing the transfer of frames to the various channels assigned thereto; and a second processor in communication with the first, for transferring each of the frames, channel by channel, from the first memory to the peripheral part, then the network, and vice versa, the peripheral part having a coupler for all the channels controlled by the second processor, connected to the transmission line and receiving the data from each frame, buffer by buffer, coming from or going to the first memory, providing multiplexing or demultiplexing of the data upon sending or upon receiving.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description, in conjunction with the accompanying figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is a highly simplified block diagram of a computer having the communications controller according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the physical structure of the communication controller according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the peripheral part of the communications controller according to the invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the structure of the program and microprogram assembly of the communications controller according to the invention;
FIG. 5a is a simplified flowchart of the operation of a microprogram module assigned to one data channel of the LS0 link, allowing transfer of frames over this channel;
FIG. 5b is a diagram of the simplified structure of the microprogram module whose simplified flowchart is shown in FIG. 5a,
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the mechanism whereby the program and each of the microprograms assigned to each of the channels communicate with each other;
FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 are memory map diagrams that illustrate the operation of the communications controller according to the invention when frames are sent or received, i.e. when frames are sent from the computer to the network using the LS0 communications link and vice versa;
FIG. 10 is a time chart illustrating the various successive operations carried out by the communications controller according to the invention when frames are sent; and
FIG. 11 is a time chart illustrating the various successive operations carried out by the communications controller according to the invention when frames are received.
With reference to FIG. 1, a data processing system ORD is connected to a set of k networks of different types, RE1, RE2, . . . , REk by a plurality of k links of different types. The structure of the system ORD is deliberately simplified and includes: the host system HOST constituting its central system; and a network link concentrator CONC managing and effecting the transfer of frames from the host to these networks RE1, RE2, . . . , REk and vice versa. This concentrator CONC is also called the network line concentrator. It should be noted that the concentrator CONC can also connect other hosts than HOST to networks RE1 to REk, for example to host HOSTB shown in dashed lines in FIG. 1.
The concentrator CONC includes: a central unit SCOM which administers and manages the concentrator CONC. In particular, it loads all the programs and microprograms associated with each of the boards constituting the concentrator CONC into this unit when they are initialized; a bus PSB, preferably of the Multibus II type; a communications controller assembly CCR allowing the concentrator CONC (and hence HOST) to be connected to the various networks REk. It comprises the communications controller CCS according to the invention allowing it to be connected, in the embodiment described here, to two ISDN networks RE1 -RE2 each using an S0 type communications link.
Concentrator CONC is here considered a terminal of the two networks RE1 -RE2, communicating with the other terminals of the two networks RE1 -RE2.
The host can be connected either directly to bus PSB through a coprocessor MPC 82309, or through a central communications coupler CCC, particularly in the case where several hosts are connected to the concentrator CONC (CCC is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 1).
The frames coming from the host HOST intended for networks RE1 -RE2 reach the communications controller CCS through the bus PSB. The communications controller CCS divides each of them into a plurality of data buffers, and manages and transfers this set of frames over the various data channels of the two S0 type links. These data are time-multiplexed by the controller CCS. The controller CCS thus multiplexes the frames sent by host HOST for both the S0 type links. From the functional standpoint, it will thus be considered in the remainder of the text that these two S0 type links behave like a single link having B type channels B and B2 and D type channels D1 for the first link, and B type B3 and B4 and D type D2 for the second. To simplify, channels B1, B2, D1, B3, B4, and D2 will hereinafter be designated C1 through C6, respectively.
With reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, the communications controller CCS according to the invention comprises a base unit BA and a peripheral unit PER as can be seen in FIG. 2.
Base unit BA includes:
an interface IF1 with bus PSB, of the Multibus II type, defined by IEEE Standard P 1296, for example composed of MPC 82309 (see above);
a first microprocessor MP1 of the 68030 type made by the Motorola Company, associated with a first random access memory MV1 with a four megabyte capacity;
a second microprocessor MP2 associated with a second random access memory MV2 with 512 kilobytes of memory, operating in the master mode; and
an interface IF2 allowing a dialogue between first and second microprocessors MP1 and MP2, allowing physical matching of the signals transiting through internal bus BI1 of first microprocessor MP1 with those transiting through internal bus BI2 of second microprocessor MP2.
Peripheral unit PER includes:
a coupler CO controlled by second microprocessor MP2 of base unit BA; and
a first and a second physical connection device to first network RE1 and second network RE2, respectively, namely ADS1 and ADS2.
Coupler CO is in fact composed of two identical couplers CO1 and CO2 which, in the embodiment of the communications controller according to the invention, are formed by three serial communications controllers each belonging to the peripheral part of a 68302 microcontroller made by the Motorola Company. (It is known that a 68302 microcontroller is in fact formed by the combination of a 68000 microprocessor and a peripheral part formed of serial communications controllers). Thus, controller CO2 is formed by the three serial communications controllers SCC4, SCC5, SCC6 (see also FIG. 3) of a 68302 microcontroller whose 68000 microprocessor is none other than MP2, while controller CO1 constitutes the peripheral part formed of three serial communications controllers SCC1, SCC2, SCC3 of a second 68302 microcontroller whose 68000 microprocessor is not used.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, coupler CO1 is connected to network RE1, namely to telephone lines LE1 and LR1 through physical connection device ADS2 formed by transceiver circuit TC and transformer TR. The S0 type transceiver is a circuit of the MC145474 type made by Motorola.
Coupler CO1 is connected to transceiver TC via an interface known as IDL (interchip data link).
An outline of the operation of the communications controller CCS is as follows:
First processor MP1 controls the transfer of the frames sent by the host HOST intended for either of networks RE1 or RE2 ; thus, it receives the frames from bus PSB and stores them in its random access memory MV1 while they are being actually transferred to either of the two aforesaid networks. Conversely, it receives in its random access memory MV1 the frames coming from either of these two networks before sending them via bus PSB to the host HOST. The first processor divides each of the frames into a plurality of buffers such as BF1, BF2, . . . , BFn. MP1 assigns a totally random physical location to each of them in random access memory MV1. As soon as one of data channels C1 to C6 (see above) is available, the first processor asks the second processor MP2 to transfer the frame in question from the random access memory MV1 to the coupler CO1 and then to the network RE1 or REz through the internal buses BI1, BI2 and the interface IF2 in the appropriate channel, for example C1. It is clear that the first processor MP1 proceeds in the same way with each of the frames, for each of the channels C1 to C6. In other words, the first processor MP1 manages transfer of each of the frames it receives from the PSB or from one of the two networks RE1 -RE2 through the various channels C1 to C6 assigned to each one, for both sending and receiving. It is clear that, in receiving, physical locations in MV1 are assigned, also randomly by MP1, to the various buffers BF116, BF12, . . . , BFm of each frame, these locations being different from those assigned to BF1. . . BFn. When sending, second processor MP2, having received the transfer request from the first processor MP1, transfers the frame in question, buffer by buffer, over the channel assigned to this frame, from the first memory MV1 to the peripheral part PER.
When receiving, MP2 transfers the frame coming from one of the two networks RE1 -RE2 in the appropriate channel, buffer by buffer, from the peripheral part to MV1.
The peripheral part PER, for example via first coupler CO1, looks for the buffers of the frame in question in MV1 and transfers them to network RE1 or RE2 through the serial communications controller SCC1 associated with the channel assigned to the frame sent. When receiving, MP2 transfers, buffer by buffer, in the appropriate channel, from the peripheral part to MV1. In the preferred embodiment of the invention described here, serial communications controller SCC1 can manage a maximum of 8 buffers simultaneously both when sending and when receiving. This controller receives the buffers in parallel if they are coming from memory MV1 or serially if they are coming from network RE1 -RE2. It serializes or deserializes them as the case may be. Coupler CO1 multiplexes or demultiplexes the data received by the various serial communications controllers SCC1 to SCC6. In fact, coupler CO1 can receive several frames simultaneously at each of its controllers, or more precisely several sets of buffers corresponding to several frames.
First and second processors MP1 and MP2 carry out their work on instructions from a communications program CNS (see above) and a microprogram AML, respectively.
When communications controller CCS is switched on, communications program CNS and microprogram AML which are stored in disk memories MD of concentrator CONC, are loaded into each of random access memories MV1 and MV2, respectively. This loading is done through bus PSB. Of course, this loading takes place once the board corresponding to communications controller CCS has been initialized. This initialization is done under the control of a microprogram stored in a PROM-type programmable memory installed in base unit BA and not shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 for simplicity's sake.
The communications software is in fact the operating system of communications controller CCS. This software organizes the link between host HOST and microprogram AML which is more specifically responsible for transferring each of the frames to channels C1 to C6.
We will now consider FIG. 4 which shows very schematically the links between the communications program CNS and the microprogram AML.
The microprogram AML has a nucleus NY, a communications interface IC for dialogues between communications program CNS and microprogram AML, as well as a plurality of microprogram modules, also called tasks, namely TC0, TC1, TC2, . . . , TC7. Microprogram modules TC1 through TC6 each correspond to channels C1 through C6 defined above. They are thus responsible for transferring the frames assigned to each of these channels from memory MV1 to peripheral part PER and vice versa. Tasks TC0 and TC7 are specific to the board containing controller CCS. Thus, task TC7 serves to configure ISDN channels C1 to C6. This means that instead of, for example, using each of the two 64 kbps channels C1 and C2 handled respectively by SCC1 and SCC2, it may be desirable to use only one 128 kbps channel C1 +C2 handled by the controller SCC1 aIone, BCC2 then being inactive. TC7 is thus responsible for implementing such a configuration if necessary. The role of TC6 will be explained below.
Each task corresponding to a channel is a task independent of the others. The sequence of tasks is organized in real time by nucleus NY.
Microprogram AML, which receives its commands from the communications software installed in memory MV1, is seen by this software as a set of 8 independent tasks. Nonetheless, tasks TC0 to TC7 can function simultaneously under the command of the nucleus NY. Each of these tasks hence has direct links with the nucleus NY but none with the others.
The microprogram module IC manages the interface with program CNS. It deals with the requests coming from the latter and switches them to the various tasks corresponding to the various channels so that they can be executed. Symmetrically, it is responsible for transferring states or data coming from the channels corresponding to each of the tasks intended for the CNS program.
Exchanges between base unit BA and peripheral unit PER are defined by command descriptors. A command descriptor corresponds to a given frame and defines the operations that must be accomplished on this frame (see below).
The command descriptors occupy, in memory MV1, random locations determined by communications program CNS. The physical addresses of these locations and the corresponding locations themselves are not released until the frames associated with these command descriptors have been released (have been sent in full in the case of a send or received in full in case of a receive). Thus, a command descriptor COM1 corresponds to a frame TR1 (see FIG. 6), a command descriptor corresponds to a frame TR2, a command descriptor COM3 corresponds to a frame TR3, etc.
For a given channel C1 to C6, the command descriptors are chained through chaining pointers. In other words, command descriptor COM1 is chained to descriptor COM2 by a chaining pointer PC1, command descriptor COM2 is chained to command descriptor COM3 by a chaining pointer PC2. A chaining pointer is none other than the logic address occupied by the command descriptor following the descriptor containing the chaining pointer. Thus, chaining pointer PC1 indicates the logic address of command descriptor COM2 and chaining pointer PC2 indicates the logic address of command descriptor COM3, etc.
It is known that a frame is composed of a plurality of data packets or buffers. In the embodiment described here, each buffer has a maximum of 200 8-bit bytes. For example, frame TR1 has (see also FIG. 6) buffers BF1, BF2, . . . , BFn. Likewise, frame TR1 is composed of buffers BF11 to BFm. Each buffer is associated with a specific physical location in memory defined by a buffer descriptor. Thus, buffer descriptors DB1 to DBn correspond to buffers BF1 to BFn. Likewise, buffer descriptors DB11 to DBm correspond to buffers BF11 to BFm. Of course, the buffer descriptors occupy different physical locations in the memory MV1 where they are located than the buffers with which they are associated. Thus, DB1 occupies a different location in memory than buffer BF1, etc.
Moreover, by misuse of language, the individual skilled in the art assigns the same name to the buffers as to the physical locations assigned to them in memory MV1.Thus, for example, BF1 designates both a buffer or data packet and the physical location where it is stored in memory MV1. Container and content thus have the same designation, and this applies also to the command descriptors and buffer descriptors.
Each command descriptor has a pointer to the descriptor of the first physical buffer corresponding to the first data packet of the frame. Thus, command descriptor COM1 contains pointer PB1 defining the address of buffer descriptor DB1, namely the address of the physical location occupied by this descriptor in memory MV1. Likewise, command descriptor COM2 contains pointer PB2 defining the physical location of buffer descriptor DB11.
Each buffer descriptor contains a pointer to the following buffer descriptor. Thus, buffer descriptor DB1 contains pointer PCB1 defining the address, i.e., the physical location occupied by buffer descriptor DB2. This pointer is designated PCB1.
In conclusion, a command descriptor such as COM1 to COM3, includes:
a chaining pointer to another command descriptor such as PC1, PC2, etc. This pointer is adapted to be used by communications interface IC and is at the head of the descriptor;
a pointer to the descriptor of the first physical buffer, such as PB1, PB2, etc.;
a total byte count of the useful data in the physical buffer chain, in other words the total number of bytes contained in the frame formed by buffer chain BF1, BF2 to BFn, or BF11 to BFm, etc.;
an index indicating the actual start of the data in the first physical buffer, i.e. for example the physical address of the beginning of the data in first physical buffer BF1 in memory MV1 ;
an indicator showing whether the command is an immediate command. The immediate commands are commands that do not involve the use of data packets designed to be transferred to the network or coming therefrom. These immediate commands can for example be a command to activate a channel with a view to receiving or a command to deactivate this same channel on reception, as soon as a frame has been fully received and transmitted to the CPU;
a status field indicating the result of executing the command, i.e. whether or not the command has been correctly executed; and
a command bit field including the command code; there are several types of commands which will be defined below, to which a particular code corresponds.
Other than the immediate commands (channel activation on reception and channel deactivation) defined above, there are two other types of commands, namely a data send command and a purge command relative to data sending when, for some reason or another, sending over a channel must be stopped. This purge command is an immediate command.
The format of the command descriptors is defined when the board carrying communications controller CCS is initialized and is defined by task TC0, namely the microprogram module corresponding to channel C0. Once this format has been defined upon initialization of communications controller CCS, the command descriptor format is immutable.
The format of the buffer descriptors such as DB1 to DBn or DB11 to DBm is defined by communications program CNS. It includes:
a chaining pointer to the next buffer descriptor, for example, chaining pointer PCB1. This pointer is a logic address that defines the memory location of the corresponding buffer descriptor, namely DB2 ; and
a start index defining the physical location occupied in memory by the start of buffer BF1. Likewise, buffer descriptor DB2 contains a start index defining the start of the physical location occupied in memory by buffer BF2.
A start index is obtained as follows:
The address defining the physical location occupied in memory MV1 by buffer BF2, for example, (the same reasoning applies to the other buffers), which can also be defined as the physical address of buffer BF2, is obtained by adding to the logical address defined by pointer PBF2 of this same buffer contained in the associated descriptor DB2, a logical magnitude Δ1. Thus, if I2 is the start index of BF2, one can write I2 =PBF2 +Δ1 :
the index defining the end of the physical location occupied by the corresponding physical buffer. Hence, DB1 contains the index defining the physical location of the end of buffer BF1 ;
the total size in number of bytes of the corresponding buffer. DB1 thus contains the total number of data bytes contained in buffer BF1.
Just as in the case of the command descriptors and the buffer descriptors, any logic address is also a physical address.
First memory MV1 also contains several memory zones operating according to the FIFO memory principle. These memory zones are defined by communications program CNS. MV1 in fact contains three FIFO memory zones, namely FG, FREC, and FREP. Each of these FIFO memory zones contains a certain number p of elements. Each element contains the address of a command descriptor and the channel number corresponding to the command defined by this descriptor. The CNS program, for each FIFO memory zone, thus defines the address of the start of this memory zone, the index of the head element, namely the address of the head element, the index of the tail element, namely the address of the tail element, as well as the number of elements contained in this FIFO memory zone. Thus, for example, FIFO memory zone FG contains the p elements E1, E2, E3, . . . , Ep (see FIG. 8). Thus, the CNS program defines the address of the start DEB of FIFO zone FG, the index of head element E1, the index of tail element Ep, and the number of elements p. The same obviously also applies to FIFO memory zones FREC and FREP which contain the same number of elements p. Element E1 thus contains the address of command descriptor COM1 as well as the channel corresponding to the command defined by this descriptor, for example channel C1. Element E2 contains the address of command descriptor COM2 and the address of the corresponding channel, in this case C1 (see above). Element E3 contains the address of command descriptor COM3 and the corresponding channel, namely C1, . . . , and so forth for elements E3 to Ep.
Second memory MV2 also contains, in addition to the set of microprograms defined above, a number of FIFO memory zones, equal in number to the number of data channels, namely C1 to C6. Hence it contains 6 FIFO memory zones, namely FC1, FC2, . . . , FC6 (see FIG. 8).
Each FIFO, FC1 through FC6, contains the addresses of the command descriptors corresponding to the associated channel as well as the number of this channel. Thus, FIFO FC1 contains the address of command descriptor COM1 and the channel number corresponding to this command descriptor, i.e. channel C1, as well as the address of COM2 and channel number C1, etc.
The information contained in each of FIFOs FC1 to FC6, which information is defined above, is transferred thereto from FIFO memory FG of MV1 under the conditions described below, in conjunction with the operation of communications controller CCS according to the invention. Moreover, the information contained in each of FIFOs FC1 to FC6 is transferred to serial communications controllers SCC1 to SCC6 under the conditions to be defined below.
With reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, FIG. 5 is a simplified flowchart of operations OP1 through OP5 implemented when each of tasks TC1 to TC is executed. Operation OP1 is an operation initializing the task effected by nucleus NY. Operation OP2 which follows operation OP1 allows each of the procedures that can be implemented by task TC1 (TC1 to TC6) to be established, i.e. either a frame send procedure or a frame receive procedure or a procedure to activate or deactivate the corresponding channel. In this operation, the task will look for the addresses of the procedures for handling either the CNS program commands upon a send request or the addresses of the procedures handling the actions triggered by a processor MP1 interrupt, when it is necessary to receive a frame from network RE1 -RE2.
Upon operation OP3, the task waits for an event. This event can be either a CNS program command, for example when the program wants to send a frame to the network, or a microprocessor MP2 interrupt for reception of a frame from the network. In the first case (CNS program command) one is dealing with event EV0. In the second case, one is dealing with event EV1 The way in which events EVe or EV1 occur is shown in detail below in the description associated with FIGS. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.
Once either of operations OP4 or OP5 is terminated, operation OP3 is returned to.
Memory MV2 also contains a description table TDT describing each task TC1 to TC6. This description table is created dynamically each time one of tasks TC1 to TC6 is launched, i.e. it is established whenever nucleus NY calls on one of tasks TC1 to TC6 TDT includes the following four major parts:
Part PRCH: this part defines the protocol used on the channel. It will be remembered that a communications protocol is composed of the access rules to the various terminals in a network, which rules govern dialogues between the terminals. A protocol sequences conversation between these terminals without hierarchizing it. Various types of protocols are known. The protocol in widest use is the HDLC protocol (high level data link control) standardized according to CCICC Recommendation X25, Yellow Book, Vol. XIII.2, November 80 and according to international standards defined by the International Standardization Organization (ISO) under the following designations: IS3309-2, IS4335, IS6159 and 6258. This HDLC protocol is more specifically used in networks RE1 and RE2.
Part CEV0 : this part contains the addresses of the procedures handling event EV0. It is created when procedure-establishing operation OP2 occurs.
Part CEV1 : this part contains the addresses of the procedures handling event EV1. It is created when operation OP2 occurs.
Part PCA: this part contains the information necessary for task TC1 for managing the buffers in a frame: it contains in particular the number of buffers that each of the serial communications controllers can send without interruption--eight in the embodiment described here.
Each serial communications controller SCC1 to SCC6 has buffer descriptors in the same number as the maximum number of buffers that can be sent without interruption, namely eight. Thus, serial communications controller SCC1 has buffer descriptors DBC1, DBC2 to DBC8. The same applies to the other serial communications controllers SCC2 to SCC6.
Each of buffer descriptors DBC1 to DBC8 has the addresses of the buffer descriptors contained in MV1 corresponding to the command descriptor which is handled by the task of the corresponding channel, namely TC1 Buffer descriptor DBC1 thus contains the address of the buffer descriptor DB1 corresponding to command descriptor COM1, whose command is executed by task TC1 associated with channel C1. Moreover, the first command descriptor of serial communications controller SCC2 contains the address of the first buffer descriptor corresponding to the command descriptor whose command is handled by the task TC2 corresponding to channel C2.
Each of the buffer descriptors of the various serial communications controllers also contains the number of bytes in the corresponding buffer. Thus, buffer descriptor DBC1 contains the number of information bytes contained in buffer BF1.
The data contained in each buffer of memory MV1 are transmitted, with each send, over line LE1 (or LE2) under the control of SCC1 for channel C1, SCC2 for C2, etc.
The functioning of communications controller CCS will be better understood in the light of the explanations furnished below in relation to FIGS. 6 through 11.
We will thus consider an event EV0 and assume that it is desired to send from CCS a frame TR1 composed of 10 buffers BF1 to BF10, and that this frame is sent by communications controller C1, thanks to task TC1. Sending of the frame includes the following successive phases:
First processor MP1 prepares, under the instructions of communications program CNS, starting at time t0 (FIG. 10), command descriptor COM1. The information contained in this command descriptor will occupy in memory MV1 a physical location prepared for the purpose by the CNS program when the board containing communications controller according to the invention CCS is initialized. Thus, as stated above, to this command descriptor COM1 there corresponds a plurality of buffer descriptors DB1 to DB1e to which buffers BF1 to BF10 correspond. The buffer descriptors are thus prepared by first processor MP1. (The physical locations reserved for the buffer descriptors are prepared in the same way as the physical locations of the command descriptions when CCS is initialized.) Moreover, the bytes corresponding to the ten buffers in frame TR1 are stored in each of the physical locations corresponding to buffers BF1 to BF10. As soon as buffer descriptors DB1 to DB10 corresponding to command descriptor COM1 are prepared, phase PH2 ensues.
The CNS program puts into FIFO FG, in first element E1, the address of command descriptor COM1 as well as the corresponding channel number, in this case the number of channel C1, namely one, for example. Once element E1 is filled with this information, first processor MP sends an interrupt ITREQ to second processor MP2, at time t1. As far as the sending of frame TR1 is concerned, communications program CNS has finished its job for the time being. Phase PH3 then ensues.
In this phase, the instructions executed by processor MP2 are those of communications interface IC. As soon as interrupt ITREQ has been received by MP2, microprocessor MP2 transfers the information contained in element E1 of FIFO FG to FIFO FC1. It is clear that the information contained in FIFO FG of MV1 corresponding to command descriptors associated with any of channels C1 to C6 can be transferred from FIFO FG of MV1 to any of the six MV2 FIFOs. Indeed, processor MP1, under the control of the CNS program, can prepare several frames TR2, TR3, etc. simultaneously, with their associated command descriptors and buffer descriptors. Moreover, for a given channel, for example for channel C1 (but it is obvious that the same applies to the others) several command descriptor addresses can be transferred simultaneously, as can the corresponding channel number in FIFO FC1 corresponding to this channel C1. As soon as this information has been transferred to FIFOs FC1 to FC6, phase PH4 ensues.
Communications interface IC alerts corresponding task TC1. The instructions will then be carried out by second processor MP2, under the instructions of TC1. Task TC1 will look for the address of command descriptor COM1 in FC1, then analyze the command descriptor itself in memory MV1 to examine the nature of the command, e.g., send or receive, or immediate or nonimmediate command. Task TC1 finds in this command descriptor the address of buffer descriptor DB1, and looks in this buffer descriptor for the address of corresponding buffer BF1. It then places the address of the latter in buffer descriptor DBC1 of SCC1 It also places there the number of bytes corresponding to buffer BF1, which it finds in descriptor DB1. The task thus continues looking for the addresses of buffers BF2 to BF6 in buffer descriptors DB2 to DB6 and transfers this information to buffer descriptors DBC2 to DBC6 of SCC1. When DBC6 is full, task TC1 makes an interrupt request DITDMA of processor MP1 (this interrupt request, which takes place once the sixth buffer descriptor is full, is provided in the microprogram corresponding to this task. It is arbitrary that the interrupt request takes place after the sixth buffer descriptor is full, and so the interrupt request could also take place after the fifth buffer descriptor is full, for example. Thus, it is clear that this interrupt request could take place after any other buffer descriptor of SCC1 was full).
Although interrupt request DITDMA has taken place, task TC1 continues to fill DBC7 and DBC8. Since interrupt request DITDMA took place at time t2, as soon as DBC8 is full, second processor MP2, under the control of TC1 instructions, sends SCC1 a send request DMAEM at time t3. Phase PH5 then ensues.
SCC1 looks for buffers BF1 to BF8 in MV1 and sends them to network RE1 -RE2. When sixth buffer BF6 has all been sent, the interrupt corresponding to interrupt request DITDMA is sent, and is called ITDMA. It is sent at time t4. Starting at this time, while SCC1 continues to send seventh and eighth buffers BF7 and BF8, task TC1 fills buffer descriptors DBC1 and DBC2 of SCC1 with the addresses of buffers BF9 and BF10 which it finds in buffer descriptors DB9 and DB10 and with the corresponding number of bytes. When buffer descriptor DBC2 has been filled in this way, task TC1 requests an end-of-frame interrupt DITFIN at time t5. When last buffer BF10 has been sent, then second processor MP2 sends an end-of-send interrupt designated ITFIN, at time tn. Phase PH6 then ensues.
Immediately after end-of-send interrupt ITFIN, task TC1 sends the contents of FIFO FC1, namely the address of command descriptor COM1 plus the corresponding channel number C1, to FIFO FREP of MV1 In parallel, the task sends the send status of the frame to command descriptor COM1 contained in MV1. Indeed, in the command descriptor there is a location provided for the purpose, and this location is empty at the beginning, namely at the time the CNS program is preparing COM1 (see phase PH1).
Once this is done, task TC1 sends to first processor MP1 a signal indicating that transmission of frame TR1 is complete, this signal being called CPUREQ and being sent at time tn+1. Phase PH7 then ensues.
Task TC1 then looks in FC1 to see whether there is an address of another command descriptor and the corresponding channel number. If there is, phase PH1 ensues for sending another frame, TR2 for example. If there is not, operation OP3 ensues, i.e. task TC1 is placed in the event waiting position.
It is clear that the other tasks TC2 to TC6 can operate in parallel with task TC1.
We will now consider event EV1 and assume that controller CCS receives a frame TR11, containing 10 buffers BF11 to BF20, from network RE1 -RE2.We will also assume that microprocessor MP1, on instruction from the CNS program, allows activation of channel C1 in the receive mode. Reception of frame TR11 proceeds according to the following successive phases:
The task corresponding to channel C1, namely TC1, has just assigned itself a free location in memory MV1 for a command descriptor, then a free location for a buffer descriptor, and places in the command descriptor occupying this free location, which is designated COM11, the address of the physical location occupied by the first buffer descriptor, designated DB11, then assigns itself a total of eight buffer descriptors, namely DB11 (already named) to DB18. Task TC1 chains these buffer descriptors together in the same way as DB1, DB2, etc. were chained together. Task TC1 also assigns itself eight buffers, each corresponding to the buffer descriptor, namely BF11 to BF18. It will then place the addresses of each of buffers BF11 to BF18 in the eight buffer descriptors DBC11 to DBC18 of SCC1, with an interrupt request DITDMA1 (time T1) when the address of buffer BF16 is written in buffer descriptor DBC6. When the buffer addresses are Written in all the buffer descriptors of SCC1, task TC1 indicates to SCC1 by interrupt PR (time T2) that it is ready to receive frame TR11. The next phase PH12 then ensues.
The information received from network RE1 -RE2 is transferred directly to the physical locations of buffers BF11 to BF18 as long as there are no end-of-frame interrupts sent by the terminal sending over the network, said end-of-frame interrupt being decoded by SCC1. When sixth buffer BF16 corresponding to buffer descriptor DBC6 has been filled, an interrupt ITDMA1 is sent (time T3). Buffer descriptors DBC11 to DBC16 are then reinitialized, and made to correspond to six new physical empty-buffer locations BF19 to BF24 in MV1.
Phase PH13 then ensues.
During reception of the tenth buffer (BF20), end-of-frame interrupt ITFTR occurs (time Tn). Task TC1 places in command descriptor COM11 the status of the frame received, i.e. indicates whether this frame was correctly received and whether or not it contains errors, as well as the total number of bytes it contains. The next phase PH14 then ensues.
Task TC1 places in FIFO FREC of first memory MV1 the address of command descriptor COM11 as well as the number of the channel corresponding to this descriptor, i.e., 1. Phase PH15 then ensues.
Task TC1 releases the buffer descriptors of serial communications controller SCC which are unused (BF21 to BF24) and which had been prepared following interrupt ITDMA1. As soon as they are released, processor MP2 sends an interrupt CPUREQ to the first processor at time Tn+1, which signifies that the entire frame TR11 has been transferred to the MV1 buffers. Frame TR11 is then at the disposal of the CNS program.
Other modifications and implementations will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed. Accordingly, the above description is not intended to limit the invention except as indicated in the following claims.
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|Apr 2, 1985
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Peripheral interface adapter circuit for use in I/O controller card having multiple modes of operation
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|Nov 18, 1986
|United Technologies Corporation
|Coherent interface with wraparound receive and transmit memories
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|Feb 10, 1987
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Shared memory with two distinct addressing structures
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|Jun 23, 1987
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Bus interface
|May 20, 1986
|Oct 13, 1987
|American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories
|Method and apparatus for providing variable reliability in a telecommunication switching system
|Sep 29, 1988
|Mar 27, 1990
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Apparatus and method for data flow control in broadcast data transmission system
|Feb 28, 1990
|Dec 11, 1990
|Fujitsu Limited
|Demultiplexing device of synchronous multiplexing system
|Feb 9, 1988
|Mar 19, 1991
|Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation
|Multipurpose bus interface
|Oct 3, 1990
|May 5, 1992
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|LAN controller
|Apr 25, 1988
|Nov 2, 1988
|AT&T Corp.
|Programmable protocol engine
|Citing Patent
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|Sep 28, 1993
|Feb 6, 2001
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Central processing unit for a process control system
|Nov 27, 2000
|Mar 21, 2006
|Nec Corporation
|High speed timeslot assignment unit and method for a TDMA communication system
|Nov 21, 2007
|Aug 12, 2009
|Datang Mobile Communications Equipment Co., Ltd
|Method and system for transmitting data in tdm mode
|Nov 21, 2007
|Apr 18, 2012
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|Method and system for transmitting data in tdm mode
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|Method and system for transmitting data in tdm mode
|U.S. Classification
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Owner name: BULL S.A.,, FRANCE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GAUTHIER, BERNARD;LEBRETON, MARC;LE, GALLO, REMY;REEL/FRAME:005864/0726
Effective date: 19910912
|Jun 14, 1994
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 28, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 27, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 29, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
In this session, we focus on the topics and issues you should address when building your Microsoft Windows Rights Management Services (RMS) deployment plan and infrastructure. We review sample architectures with an emphasis on
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text:
Directions to Theoxenia Hotel - MessologiAddress: 2, Tourlidos Str. Messolongi, Etoloakarnania, Greece
Average rating: 0%
Rooms from: US$ 77.33
Directions to Theoxenia Hotel - Messologi
THEOXENIA hotel is next to the famous lagoon of Messolongi and very close to the city center. The main attraction of the region is of course the lagoon. It is divided in three different parts, the lagoons of Klesova, Mesologi and Etoliko. This whole marine region, along with the cultivable beaches that surround it, is a very important biotope. The small islands that are hidden inside the lagoon are Klesova, Vasiladi, Ae-Sostis, Shenias, Prokopanestos, Tholi, Paleopotamos, Dolmas and Poros, uninhabited small islands that played an important role during the liberating fight of the Greeks. On these islands there are vivariums that produce the famous fishes of Mesologi. You can visit all these vivariums in a day with a motorboat. The lagoon covers an area of 131 m2. Its production reaches 800.000 kilos of fish, 100.000 kilos of eel and 1.500 kilos of roe. The lagoon is also the best place for a good walk, especially during sunset, when the colors of its water take you to exotic places. -FROM AIRPORT HEAD SE FOR 2.1 MI.THEN TURN LEFT AND THEN TURNRIGHT TOWARD THE NEW NATIONAL RD PATRON/PYRGOU FOR1.6MI.TURN LEFT TOWARD THENEW NATIONAL RD PATRON/PYRGOU FOR0.2MI.TURN RIGHT TOWARD THE NEW NATIONAL RD PATRON/PYRGOUFOR 289FT.TURN LEFT AT NEW NATIONAL RD PATRON/PYRGOU FOR14.2MI.SLIGHT RIGHT AT PATRON FOR 11.3MI.CONTINUE ON NEWNATIONAL RDATHENS/PATRAS FOR 0.7MI.TAKE THE EXIT TOWARD RIOUTOLL ROAD.KEEP LEFT AT THE FORK TO CONTINUE TOWARD RIOU ANDMERGE ONTO RIOU TOL ROAD.CONTINUE ON E55/E65 BRIDGERIOU/ANTIRIOU CONTINUE TO FOLLOW E55.AFTER 21.5MI TURN LEFTAND THEN RIGHT.TURN LEFT TOWARD MAVROKORDATOU FOR2.5MI.HOTEL IS LOCATED AT THE CITY CENTER.


text:
Where any belligerent, obnoxious male tool goes through the process to bro-verload their truck with absurd rims, almost as if to reach the sky. This attempted form of showing off finesse yield no success nor results towards attracting members of the opposite sex; only their gay selves.
Bro: Instead of stocking up on Birkenstock sandals, Tapout, and my knack of always wearing sunglasses indoors/outdoors/day/night, I invested in giving my truck skyrims.
Dude: Kill yourself.
Dude: Kill yourself.
po Sir Flavour Јануар 1, 2012
Giving a rim job on an airplane.
"Hey Patrick, how did your flight go?"
"It was great! Joined the mile high club, and gave John a Skyrim."
"It was great! Joined the mile high club, and gave John a Skyrim."
po Raxim Август 28, 2014
A rim-job given on an airplane
I gave Tommy a Skyrim on our flight from London to Singapore.
po Zweifel8 Јануар 9, 2012
A sexual act wherein the anus and asscrack are slathered in marshmallow fluff prior to a rim job
She wanted some s'mores, I wanted a rim job, so I compromised by letting her give me a Skyrim.
po mosshollow Децембар 9, 2011
A game made by Bethesda Shitworks in 2011.
It's about a Swedish nigga who runs around killing dragons
It's about a Swedish nigga who runs around killing dragons
"Damn I was-a playing Skyrim last-a night-a and I found-a one hundred dragon souls"
po poopookid Новембар 2, 2014
The act of having one's anus licked while on an airplane.
"So did you join the mile-high club?"
"Nope. Just gave her a Skyrim."
"Nope. Just gave her a Skyrim."
po Rep_Boehner Мај 25, 2013
The term used to describe the sexual act of rimming while on a flight.
"My boyfriend gave me a right ole skyrim during our flight to New York. One of the best I have had!"
po Neo Phoenix Мај 6, 2012


text: Happy 300th Blog Post Anniversary to us! Well according to my WordPress Dashboard, this is the 300th Post for the Gabe and Ashley blog!! I think that's an achievement. I remember back to why we started this blog. We began moving December of 2004 packing our car to head to LA. We started this blog (originally with Typepad, but they wanted to charge me $50/yr for less functionality then I get from wordpress for free) with the idea that our families in Washington and Arizona (or wherever they may be) could check in and see what we were up to in Los Angeles. The great thing is that my grandparents are online (yes, I think my Grandma is our most avid reader, sorry to embarrass you), my parents are both online, all my brothers are online and pretty much most of Ashley's family is online as well. I think boone and garrett both had blogs setup before I did, but I think having us all blogging inspired each other to post on a more regular basis. Well so far we feel good about the blog and we plan on keeping it going so that others can see our family grow. Thanks for visiting and for your participation (we also managed to have 316 + comments on our blog over the past two years).


text:
Access to Land, Capital, Equipment Barriers to Farm Entry
Posted: February 24, 2012
The couple shared their personal story during a breakout session at the annual Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture (PASA) conference held in State College February 1-4.
They turned to the PASA's brand new land linking program, Farm Lease Connection. After months of meetings with the guidance of Marilyn Anthony, PASA's southeast regional director and founder of the land leasing program, setting collaborative goals for how the land will be managed, and building a relationship, TJ and Chris began farming the Lundale Farm in Northern Chester County and had a successful season in 2011, and look forward to continue to build their CSA for 2012.
Anthony stressed the importance of truly making a land owner - farmer connection before entering into a binding agreement. Shared goals are absolutely necessary to ensure the success of the relationship. The Farm Lease Connection is a tool to help land owners and farmers put themselves out there - like a mix between eBay and eHarmony - by providing a thorough application for each party who is seeking the other. Anthony helps match applicants on the Farm Lease Connection site based on geography and their personal and professional goals for their farm. She did warn conference goers though - it takes up to two years to form a relationship, make an agreement, and the farming begins.
It is necessary for aspiring and beginning farmers to be innovative in the ways they acquire resources needed to begin and expand their farms. Accessing land, capital, and equipment is not always easy.


text: I was deeply saddened to hear about Mick's passing. Due to lack of funds and no chance of US holidays over the last few years, I've not been active on any of the Disney forums, here and elsewhere, for a long time, but have had text chat and joke exchanges with Mick almost weekly (sometimes daily) until his last message, last week. I'll miss his warped sense of humour, his wonderfully non-PC jokes and his extremely warm personality enormously. God bless you, Mick, RIP mate.


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Shapeways: Bring your creativity to life in 3D http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php Shapeways: Bring your creativity to life in 3D Winged Tear (Ring) http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=54196&th=10886#msg_54196 <![CDATA[I came up with the idea for this ring about 6 months ago. It is now late for my sister's birthday, but that's ok. I think she will still like the ring, since her favorite color is purple. Also, she is inclined to like anything I make for her. Siblings are like that.

 Here is the ring before polishing and setting of the amethyst:

 Here is the ring after polishing and setting:

 Overall, I am pleased with the silver printing. Polishing does seem pretty important, though. The silver glossy didn't have the mirror shine that the final product has. I may have to look into hand polishing to save money next time.

 EDIT: I did actually order silver glossy (how could I forget?)]]> TurtlesAreCool 2012-09-18T02:54:34-00:00 Re: Winged Tear (Ring) http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=54216&th=10886#msg_54216 <![CDATA[Very nice! I also find it more cost effective, if you want a good polish, to polish yourself. ]]> Youknowwho4eva 2012-09-18T13:00:53-00:00 Re: Winged Tear (Ring) http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=54218&th=10886#msg_54218 <![CDATA[What sort of tools are necessary to do the polish yourself? I attempted lapidary at one point, and it was terribly boring and slow. I'd like to think I have a reasonable amount of patience, but I guess that doesn't extend to cabbing by hand.]]> TurtlesAreCool 2012-09-18T14:10:10-00:00 Re: Winged Tear (Ring) http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=54219&th=10886#msg_54219 <![CDATA[I used a dremel, with the polish wheel and polish material it came with. Then I used a cloth to get it to a real good shine. It took me a while, but I feel now I could do it in an hour or so.]]> Youknowwho4eva 2012-09-18T14:17:29-00:00 Re: Winged Tear (Ring) http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=54222&th=10886#msg_54222 <![CDATA[That's a very sweet ring!]]> cedricms 2012-09-18T16:13:16-00:00 Re: Winged Tear (Ring) http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=55039&th=10886#msg_55039 <![CDATA[

TurtlesAreCool wrote on Tue, 18 September 2012 14:10

What sort of tools are necessary to do the polish yourself? I attempted lapidary at one point, and it was terribly boring and slow. I'd like to think I have a reasonable amount of patience, but I guess that doesn't extend to cabbing by hand.

 I use a rock tumbler... with stainless steel shot, water and a drop of detergent... Brings up a wonderful shine.

 Glenn
 ]]> lensman 2012-10-08T17:52:32-00:00 Re: Winged Tear (Ring) http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=55046&th=10886#msg_55046 <![CDATA[Yeah, I hear a rock tumbler is one of the better tumblers because it polishes the entire piece evenly. Have you gotten the same results with your rock tumbler? What kind/brand do you have? You know anything about the vibratory tumblers? I know those are more expensive but as fas as quality compared to the rock tumblers....?

 For polishing, right now im using a dremel tool, with some polishing wheels and when the red rouge polishing compound ran out I purchased a bar of DIALUX NOIR - BLACK LABEL for my final polish. Its a black rouge and very pleased with the results.]]> SGDesigns 2012-10-08T21:29:30-00:00 Re: Winged Tear (Ring) http://www.shapeways.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&goto=55057&th=10886#msg_55057 <![CDATA[Oh, yes, the rock tumbler does a fantastic job. I got a used Lortone from a local rockhead. Some advice: Buy true stainless steel shot in mixed shapes (I got mine from Rio Grande) - the stuff that doesn't rust. It really couldn't be easier to use; just turn it on and let it run anywhere from 30 minutes to a few hours depending on the piece and what needs to be done (I also make fine silver jewellery).

 I've read about vibratory tumblers and simply figure their cost can't be justified for my own limited use.

 Glenn]]> lensman 2012-10-09T01:29:56-00:00


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Airhole Balaclava - Kids'View Larger Image
- Reviews
What do you think about this product?
Have questions about this product?
Kids are cold? Get an Airhole
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Did you know that up to 50% of your body heat can escape thru your face? Stay warm. Get an Airhole.
The Airhole Balaclava keeps you warm with style. The Patented Airhole lets you breathe easy with minimal freeze on the inside. Another great feature of the balaclava is the hinge at the top of the jaw. You can pull the front face part down with out having the top pull back on your forehead. Genius.
It says Kids', how big/small is it...
It says Kids', how big/small is it really?


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The email comes with headers that carry important information that can tell from where the email was sent and possibly who sent it.
For that, you would need to find the IP address of the sender.
How to find the IP address of the sender in your Hotmail account ?


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Kevin Nash returning to WWE
When asked if he would be interested in a return to WWE, Kevin Nash flat out stated that he indeed has one more run in him. The former world heavyweight champion stated that he is going to do one final tour with World Wrestling Entertainment after he finishes up healing his body. Nash stated that he is currently working on his shoulder and neck. He is good friends with Triple H, so the possibility cannot be ruled out.
October 31, 2015


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Feel like home at Audiko, where you may aquire ringtones for free for your cell. Today we have a ringtone of "Heaven" by Nas as well as 1421 other ringtones by Nas. "Heaven" is the best track from the "God's Son" album that was issued by Nas at their studios together with other 11 tracks. You can listen to all 3 Nas – "Heaven" ringtone variations available here and download it for free directly to your mobile. You can also examine other 13 albums produced by Nas for all time. "Heaven" is referred to Hip-Hop, and you may listen to a huge amount of Hip-Hop albums absolutely for free. And finally, we have collected lyrics for this track and you can view it here as well. So feel free to browse, listen, download ringtones at Audiko.net. Make your phone sound cool!
Nas - Heaven
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"Jelenia Góra" Jelenia Gora by wroclawiak
Jelenia Gora Travel Guide: 11 reviews and 45 photos
I've visited Jelenia Góra four times so far. The city is famous for its arcades lining the beautiful Market Square.
The strange thing about Jelenia Góra is that it expands its territory to become a bigger city.
I visited a village called Jagniątków and I was told that Jagniątków (a village at the foot of the Giant Mountains) was not a village any more from 1998 but a district of Jelenia Góra. There are other cities that "lost their independence" as Sobieszów and Cieplice Śląskie Zdrój (1976) and became the districts of JG.
I think it's not only typical for Jelenia Góra but for other Polish cities.
For more information visit the Jelenia Góra Tourist Information Page
- In a nutshell:http://citik.jeleniagora.pl/en/
Reviews (5)
Entering the gate is like crossing to another world. The building façades are renovated and the street leading to the... more travel advice
St. Erasmus and Pancras' Church is the oldest church in the town and is dedicated to two martyrs. The first church was... more travel advice
The Market Square is the nicest place in the center of Jelenia Góra. I enjoyed being there. Take a glas of beer and... more travel advice
by train: direct trains to Wroclaw, Warsaw, Cracow, Gdansk by bus: time table - only in Polish przystanek... more travel advice
Comments (1)
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Fixed PriceDelivery by April 19, 2013
Say"I am a nurse" in your application. Or say anything why you fit for this task.
I am looking for a nurse or medical writer who can write 800-words nursing assistant article for $5. Keywords are provided. References and formatting are provided also.
It must pass Copyscape. I will run a test that it is not plagiarized.
Can pass the tight deadlines and preferably have lots of hours to finish the project. Must be available on Skype most of the time. This is an urgent job and should start immediately upon hiring.
I will consider Filipino writer because I am also a Filipino.
Best Regards
Skills: test
About the Client
Cebu 07:03 PM
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Easter Cupcakes
One of the easiest treats to dress up for holidays and birthdays is the cupcake. All you need is food coloring, cake decorator gel and frosting, and a little imagination.
Easter Cupcakes
- Your favorite box cake, any flavor
- Red, blue, yellow, and green food coloring
- White icing (recipe below)
- Green, black, pink and orange decorator gel
- Yellow and white decorator frosting
- Decorating tip
- White and multi-colored sprinkles
- Multi-colored non pareil sprinkles
- Yellow and blue sugar
- Circus Peanuts
- Red licorice whips
- Red and white gumdrop
- Cupcake liners
For White Buttercream Icing:
- 16-ounce package confectioners sugar
- 6 tbsp butter or margarine, softened
- 3 to 4 tbsp milk
- 1 1/2 tsp vanilla extract
- 1/8 tsp salt
Prepare cake mix as directed. If desired, you can make colored cupcakes with either a flavored mix, such as cherry, or add a few drops of red food coloring to a prepared white mix to make pink, blue to make light blue, and so on. Put cupcake liners into muffin tin and fill liners as directed on box cake mix. Bake as directed and allow to cool thoroughly before frosting and decorating.
Prepare the white icing by following the recipe below. When finished, separate into five small dishes. Add a few drops of food coloring to each bowl and stir until thoroughly mixed. You can make pink , light green, light blue, purple, and yellow, or mix to make whatever colors you like.
White Buttercream Frosting:
In a medium bowl, with mixer at medium-low speed, beat all ingredients until the icing is smooth and of easy spreading consistency. Add a few drops of red food coloring, 3 for light pink, 6 or so for dark pink.
Decorating Cupcakes:
That's really not much to decorating cupcakes, especially in the eyes of your admiring children. Just a dollop of frosting is artistic enough for them! Here are a few simple tips that will help you decorate your holiday cupcakes.
Piping - Using the tip on the decorator frosting, pipe strips across the frosted cupcake to decorate like an Easter egg.
Sprinkles - The beauty of sprinkles is that there is no perfection involved. SImply drop them and let them ly where they fall. Use contrasting colors, and mix colors when pleasing. A great way for kids to decorate with sprinkles is to have them dip the top of the cupcake right into the container of sprinkles.
Sugars - Using colored sugars is easy, and doesn't have to be messy. Simply dip the entire top of the frosted cupcake into the sugar for a blanket look. Dip the edges of a frosted cupcake to create a border, and then decorate with a sprinkling of non pareils.
Bunny - Cut the bottoms off of two circus peanuts for the bunny's ears. Cut two small pieces of circus peanuts for the cheeks (see photo). Cut the tip of a gumdrop for the nose, and cut two teeth from a white gumdrop. Use licorice whips for whiskers and black decorator gel for the eyes.
Frosting only - Use the different colored frostings to decorate one cupcake. Spread half of a cupcake with one color, and carefully spread the other half with another. You can also spread a full coat of one color, and dot the center with another. Get creative and try swirls or other shapes by using only frosting.
Be sure to store your cupcakes in a tightly covered container so they do not harden or go stale. That is, if they last that long!
- Category
- Desserts, Cupcakes
- Cuisine
- North American


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LONDON (AP) — Some residents living around London's Olympic Park are getting troops and surface-to-air missiles on their rooftops.
British security officials identified potential sites for the missiles on Monday and announced plans for security tests during the week.
The potential sites include Lexington Building in Tower Hamlets, the Fred Wigg Tower in Waltham Forest, Blackheath Common, Oxleas Wood, William Girling Reservoir and Barn Hill in Epping Forest.
British Gen. Nick Parker said the government would only use the missiles if needed.
London is hosting the Summer Olympics from July 27-Aug.12.


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Will "The Flash's" Season Finale Send [Spoilers] To Prison?
TV, Comic Books
Showing results 59-62 of 62
The Top Cow panel at Wizard World Philly was a treat for fans of the publisher, with Ron Marz, Nelson Blake and other Cow luminaries sharing news about new series, "Pilot Season," not to mention Top Cow's first all-ages title.
Troy Hickman talks about the first installment in Top Cow's Pilot Season 2008 - whereby readers vote for one-shots they wish to see expanded to ongoing series - "Twilight Guardian," on sale now.
In the latest CBR Boat Show video interview, Top Cow's Rob Levin and Filip Sablik reveal how voting for Pilot Season will be handled through MySpace and what the future holds for the initiative. Updated
Archives: All | Comic Books | TV/Film | Video Games | Web Comics


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North Charleston City Gallery to Exhibit Works by Randy Akers
The North Charleston City Gallery will host an exhibition of mixed media paintings by Savannah, GA, based artist Randy Akers from June 2-30, 2016. The exhibition is free and open to the public.
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Will meet at Fort Dorchester High School for this Special City Council meeting on Tuesday, May 31 at 5:30pm.
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North Charleston's FREE 4th of July Festival at Riverfront park features nationally recognized musical guest, family activities, and concludes with the largest fireworks display in the State.
Learn more
For rental information or to set an on-site appointment, please contact Richard Campbell at 843-740-5853. An event contract, which includes detailed information on spaces and fees, is available for download at the bottom of this page.
Riverfront Park is open to the public year-round and has become a favorite destination for residents and visitors. Set on the banks of the beautiful Cooper River, the park is adjacent to the historic homes once occupied by Charleston Naval Base officers, surrounded by graceful grand oak trees and peaceful river vistas. The park boasts a magnificent contemporary Performance Pavilion, expansive lawn, and Picnic Shelter, which provide a wonderful outdoor setting for small and large scale events, such as the City's 4th of July Celebration, the North Charleston Arts Festival Grand Finale, concerts, festivals, family reunions, weddings, birthday parties, and more. Other park attractions include ten acres of walking paths, a fishing pier, a boardwalk, a fenced-in dog park, an oversized sandbox, and children's play fountain.
In addition, Riverfront Park is home to the Greater Charleston Naval Base Memorial, erected in honor of the countless military personnel and civilians that served the United States and the Greater Charleston region while the Charleston Navy Base was operational. The Memorial is the only location in the United States that displays both the Lone Sailor and the Homecoming statues. The park also hosts the North Charleston Cultural Arts Department's annual National Outdoor Sculpture Competition and Exhibition. The eleven month exhibition (May through March) features large-scale contemporary sculptures by established and emerging artists from across the country. Areas of the park available for rental through the Cultural Arts Department are the Performance Pavilion and lawn, the Picnic Shelter, and the boardwalk.
This general-use facility is located just around the corner from the Meeting Place at 4820 Jenkins Avenue. Formerly home to the Charleston Area Model Railroad Club, the building now hosts weekly film screenings by the Greater Park Circle Film Society. The one story concrete building features a large open room suitable for meetings, presentations, and small events. Free parking is available in the marked spaces lining Jenkins Avenue.
Quarters K was built in 1937 as Charleston Naval Base housing for officer families. Four identical homes were built near the bank of the Cooper River. The design of the living quarters mimics that of homes built near the Panama Canal during the early 20th Century. The layout of the interior included 3 upstairs bedrooms and 2 baths, and a distinctive "T" shape living area through the center of the home with large windows completely throughout the entire house.
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Posts from Cookbook Recipe
Recipe: Jeffrey Alford & Naomi Duguid's Lettuce Salad with Hot Beef Dressing
Recipes from The Kitchn
Here's the final recipe in our series of fresh ideas for lettuce. It was a lot of fun to page through some of our favorite cookbooks, looking for crunchy, crispy lettuce recipes that offered a new twist on this basic green.
And oh boy, we may have saved the best for last. This recipe may look a little strange on the surface, a little unexpected, but let me tell you: I ate this 10-minute stir-fry twice this week, and it's on the menu for next week too.
Recipe: Alice Waters' Baked Goat Cheese with Spring Lettuce Salad
Recipes from The Kitchn
I first visited Chez Panisse about ten years ago, a new cook stepping with some awe into what felt like a founding palace of American cuisine. But part of the beauty of Alice Waters' Chez Panisse is that for all its history and accolades it has remained what it was created to be: a bustling, cozy, unpretentious neighborhood bistro. And every time I've gone back, I've left inspired to cook more, and to cook better — and what's a better sign of a good restaurant than that?
Recipe: Nigel Slater's Five-Spice Chicken & Pea Shoot Salad
Recipes from The Kitchn
Lettuce is so much more than salad, you know. This week we're bringing you five very different recipes that show off lettuce in different ways, and today's may just be my favorite: Nigel Slater's cross between a salad and a stir-fry, with chicken cooked in a flash with ginger and garlic, and folded together with barely-wilted lettuce and pea shoots.
It's a super fast meal bursting with garlicky, spicy flavor, and packed with greens.
Recipe: Bar Tartine's Chicory Salad with Anchovy Dressing
Recipes from The Kitchn
One way to subvert the usual lettuce narrative is to do something wholly unexpected with it, as in the baked lettuce and onion tart we shared with you yesterday. Another way is to expand the idea of lettuce itself — as in this crisp, bitter chicory salad from the bright minds behind Bar Tartine in San Francisco.
Recipe: Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall's Lettuce, Green Onion & Cheese Tart
Recipes from The Kitchn
During our month devoted to the glory of vegetables, we wanted to call out a few common yet perhaps under-appreciated vegetables and show a fresh, diverse set of ways to enjoy them. Last week, it was radishes; this week, lettuce. As Jill argued passionately yesterday, lettuce is not just the background to a decent salad. It's not a bland way to shovel in your vegetables. Lettuce has a sweetness and a flavor all its own — and it deserves to be appreciated on its own terms.
So let's start with one of the more unusual ways I've seen lettuce used: stuffed in a cheesy, savory tart.
A Week of Lunches from Ottolenghi
Meal Plans from The Kitchn
Yotam Ottolenghi and his London cafes embody the most modern ideal of lunch: colorful, vegetable-forward, Mediterranean-inspired. To open one of his cookbooks, such as Plenty or Jerusalem, is to feel like opening the door into one of his delis — overflowing with fresh, smart food that is wholesome and inviting.
This week we asked Ottolenghi to share some of his favorite lunch recipes with us, and today we have them all for you. From a chickpea sauté to a savory cauliflower cake, these make-ahead lunches will make eating out look boring in comparison.
Recipe: Mindy Segal's Banana Nilla Cookies
Cookie Recipes from The Kitchn
When we have overripe bananas at my restaurant, HotChocolate, we cook them down and make a purée, which we then use in cakes, sherbet, or frosting — like I do here. I've always been somewhat fanatic about how well butterscotch and banana pair up, so I applied the combination to a simple Nilla Wafer-inspired sandwich cookie.
Recipe: Lemon-Herb Fish Fillets on Crispy Potato Rafts
Weeknight Dinner Recipes from The Kitchn
I was inspired to make these potato "rafts" after seeing them in an old copy of Cook's Illustrated. I love how the potatoes fuse together in the oven and become supremely crisp, tender, and garlicky. I like to use sole or halibut on top, but any firm and flaky white fish will do, like cod, haddock, or striped bass.
Recipe: Dark Chocolate Bark with Pistachios, Rose Petals & Walnuts
Passover Recipes from The Kitchn
I am always looking for a show-stopping dessert that will wow my company, and this recipe does just that. A sheet of silky chocolate bark — sprinkled with crushed bright green pistachios, light pink rose petals, and neutral walnuts — broken by hand or with a wooden mallet. It is beautiful, delicious, and fun to eat.
And believe it or not, it's also really easy to make!
Recipe: Grand Central Bakery's Biscuit Jammers
Breakfast Recipes from The Kitchn
In the past, I've had a troubled relationship with biscuits. My favorite baked good seemed just beyond my reach. Until now.
Folks, you were tempted by the photos of Piper Davis making these jam-filled biscuits, "jammers," during her kitchen tour a while back and now I'm bringing you her pitch-perfect recipe. Your world will be forever changed for the better!


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Phase Change Memory (PCM)
Abbreviated as PCM, phase change memory is a type of non-volatile memory that is much faster than the common flash memory, and it also uses up to one-half the power. It works by using a semiconductor alloy that can be changed rapidly between an ordered, crystalline phase having lower electrical resistance to a disordered, amorphous phase with much higher electrical resistance. Because no electrical power is required to maintain either phase of the material, so phase-change memory is non-volatile.
Abbreviated as PCM, phase change memory is a type of non-volatile memory that is much faster than the common flash memory, and it also uses up to one-half the power. It works by using a semiconductor alloy that can be changed rapidly between an ordered, crystalline phase having lower electrical resistance to a disordered, amorphous phase with much higher electrical resistance. Because no electrical power is required to maintain either phase of the material, so phase-change memory is non-volatile.
This emerging non-volatile technology pioneered by Intel, Numonyx, Samsung and others — could turn out to be a low-cost, more reliable, faster, and just plain better alternative to flash memory. Some industry insiders even believe PCM has the potential to accelerate the data storage market's slow transition from hard disk drives (HDDs) to solid state drives (SSDs).
EnterpriseStorageForum.com has been covering storage networking for more than a decade. In this "Phase Change Memory: The Next Big Thing in Data Storage?" featured article, Herman Mehling offers an overview of phase change memory (PCM) and discusses its potential use in enterprise data storage environments.
What Exactly Is Phase Change Memory?
PCM offers high performance and low power consumption, combining the best attributes of NOR, NAND and RAM within a single chip, said Ed Doller, the chief technology officer of Numonyx, a joint venture created by Intel and STMicroelectronics. He said those attributes are: bit-alterable; non-volatile; fast read speed; fast write/erase speed; and good scalability.
Bit alterable: Similar to RAM or EEPROM, PCM is bit-alterable — meaning that stored information can be switched from one to zero, or zero to one, without a separate erase step. Flash memory technology requires a separate erase step in order to change information.
Non-volatile: PCM is non-volatile, as are NOR flash and NAND flash. PCM does not require a constant power supply to retain information, while RAM does.
Read performance: Similar to RAM and NOR flash memory, PCM features fast random access times. This enables the execution of code directly from the memory, without an intermediate copy to RAM. The read latency of PCM is comparable to single bit per cell NOR flash, while the read bandwidth can match DRAM.
Write/erase performance: PCM will achieve write throughput speeds faster than NAND and with lower latency. These features, when combined with a no separate erase step (bit-alterable), will deliver significant write performance improvement over NOR and NAND flash.
Scalability: Scaling is another area where PCM offers a difference. Both NOR and NAND rely on floating gate memory structures, which are difficult to shrink. As the memory cell shrinks on flash, the number of electrons stored on the floating gate shrinks. Because PCM does not store charge (electrons), it is immune to the charge storage scaling issue.
Recently, Intel and Numonyx researchers demonstrated a 64MB test chip that stacks, or places multiple layers of PCM arrays within a single die. The layering of arrays provides the scalability to reach higher memory densities while maintaining high performance rates.
So far, the cost of NAND flash technology has been driven to extremely low levels through the use of leading edge lithography, but it remains to be seen how much lower it can go. That is why many are looking for alternatives.
Read more about Phase Change memory (PCM) on Enterprise Storage Forum
Based in Nova Scotia, Vangie Beal is has been writing about technology for more than a decade. She is a frequent contributor to EcommerceGuide and managing editor at Webopedia. You can tweet her online @AuroraGG.
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