text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 12, 2009
|Filing date
|Oct 22, 2004
|Priority date
|May 29, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael James Wagner, Louis Joseph Rendek, Jr., Robert Ellis Doe, Dawson W. Cagle
|Original Assignee
|Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc., The George Washington University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (35), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (4), Classifications (21), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application. Ser. No. 60/514,538, entitled "Fullerene-Based Secondary Cell Electrodes", and filed Oct. 27, 2003 , and this application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/703,527 , entitled "Fullerene-Based Secondary Cell Electrodes" and filed Nov. 10, 2003 ,now U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,003 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/866,492 , entitled "Fullerene-Based Secondary Cell Electrodes" and filed May 29, 2001 now abandoned. The disclosures of these patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electrodes for lithium ion secondary (i.e., rechargeable) cells. In particular, the present invention relates to the fullerene-based anodes for lithium ion secondary batteries.
2. Description of the Related Art
Lithium ion secondary cells or batteries are commonly used as power sources in portable electronic devices. Such rechargeable cells generally use a lithium transition metal oxide (e.g., lithium colbaltate) positive electrode and a negative electrode composed of a highly porous carbonaceous material, typically graphite. However, the carbonaceous material may also include other carbons, metal and/or a pyrolyzed organic material. A lithium ion-soluble electrolyte is provided between the two electrodes, and the cell is charged. During the electrochemical process of charging, some of the lithium ions in the positive electrode migrate from the positive electrode (serving as the anode) and intercalate into the negative electrode (serving as the cathode). During discharge, the negative charge held by the negative electrode (now serving as the anode) is conducted out of the battery through its negative terminal and the lithium ions migrate through the electrolyte and back to the positive electrode (now serving as the cathode). While it is understood that the terms "anode" and "cathode" apply to each of the negative and positive electrodes depending upon whether the cell is being charged or is discharging, hereinafter the term "anode" is used to refer to the negative electrode and the term "cathode" is used to refer to the positive electrode.
Lithium ion batteries possess a number of advantages over other rechargeable cells, such as nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), nickel-cadmium (Ni—Cd), lead-acid, and lithium cells. For example, the use of lithium in lithium ion cells provides a higher specific energy density for these cells, about three times more than Ni—Cd and lead-acid batteries and about two times more than Ni-MH batteries. The use of lithium also provides a higher cell voltage of up to 4 volts. In comparison, Ni—Cd and Ni-MH batteries provide about 1.2 volts, and lead-acid batteries provide about 2 volts. Lithium ion batteries have a much longer shelf life, self-discharging at about Ľ to about ˝ the rate of Ni—Cd, Ni-MH and lead-acid batteries, and also experience little or no memory effect. Further, lithium ion batteries are relatively environmentally benign, since they contain no lead, cadmium or mercury, and are considered safer than rechargeable lithium cells due to their use of lithiated carbon material in place of metallic lithium.
While the current lithium ion battery technology is a considerable improvement over other secondary battery technologies (e.g., batteries employing nickel and lead), there are some disadvantages associated with such batteries. In particular, while lithium ion batteries with graphite anodes exhibit a high initial reversible capacity, the reversible capacity of the batteries rapidly fades over a number of charging and discharging cycles. While not being bound by any particular theory, this rapid capacity fade is believed to be caused by exfoliation of graphite and/or irreversible electrochemical reduction of electrolyte that occurs to form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer at the anode. Thus, the use of conventional lithium ion batteries is not suitable for use in applications requiring long term battery usage involving a large number (e.g., several thousands) of charging and discharging cycles.
It is therefore desirable to improve the cycling characteristics of lithium ion batteries so as to maintain high reversible capacity values (e.g., at or close to the theoretical value for graphite of 372 mAh/g) as well as high intercalation/deintercalation efficiencies of lithium ions over multiple battery cycles.
Therefore, in light of the above, and for other reasons that become apparent when the invention is described, an object of the present invention is to provide a composition for forming an electrode with enhanced electrochemical properties.
Another object of the present invention is to form an electrode with the composition that exhibits enhanced performance when implemented in a battery.
A further object of the present invention is to form a lithium ion secondary battery with the electrode that has a high reversible capacity that does not significantly decrease or fade over multiple cycles of the battery (e.g., several thousand cycles).
The aforesaid objects are achieved individually and in combination, and it is not intended that the present invention be construed as requiring two or greater of the objects to be combined unless expressly required by the claims attached hereto.
In accordance with the present invention, a composition for constructing an electrode is formed including a carbonaceous material combined with a fullerene material including fullerene species having a carbon content of Cn, where n≧100. Preferably, the fullerene material has a carbon content of Cn, where 100≦n≦250. The carbonaceous material preferably includes graphite, while the fullerene material preferably includes a fullerene soot manufactured by at least one of an arc discharge process (e.g., the Kratschmer-Huffman process), a laser desorption process, and a combustion flame generation process. The composition is heated to a temperature of about 100° C. or greater to facilitate reaction and/or diffusion of the fullerene material with the carbonaceous material. In addition, the heat treatment is applied to the composition to remove a selected amount of lower molecular weight fullerenes (i.e., fullerene species having a carbon content of less than C100) from the fullerene material by sublimation. Other extraction techniques (e.g., chemical extraction, chromatography, etc.) can also be utilized to extract different ranges of molecular weight fullerenes (e.g., lower molecular weight fullerenes) from the fullerene material of the composition. The composition may further include additional materials such as binder materials.
An electrode including the composition is used to form a lithium ion battery. Preferably, the electrode composition includes fullerene material in an amount no greater than about 30% by weight of the composition. Lithium batteries formed with electrodes including the composition formed according to the invention exhibit enhanced performance when compared with conventional lithium ion batteries.
The above and still further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of a specific embodiment thereof, particularly when taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
In accordance with the present invention, a composition with enhanced electrochemical properties for use in constructing an electrode for a lithium ion secondary cell is formed by combining a carbonaceous material and a fullerene material, and then heat treating the composition at a temperature of about 100° C. or greater. Preferably, a majority of lower molecular weight fullerenes, or fullerene species having a carbon content of Cn, where n<100 (e.g., C60, C70 and other C<100 fullerenes), that were initially in the fullerene material are removed from the composition by sublimation during the heat treatment process, while at least some higher molecular weight fullerenes, or fullerene species having a carbon content of Cn, where n>100 (i.e., C100+ fullerenes), remain in the composition. More preferably, the fullerene material is subjected to one or more suitable extraction processes to further remove a majority of molecular weight fullerenes having a carbon content of Cn, where n>250 (i.e., C250+ fullerenes). Thus, it is most preferable that the composition include fullerene species having a carbon content of Cn, where 100≦n≦250, since fullerenes in this molecular weight range provide very desirable electrochemical properties for the resultant electrode formed in accordance with the present invention.
The term "carbonaceous material", as used herein, refers to any carbon based material that is suitable for forming an electrode including, without limitation, graphite, lamellar graphite, pitch, coal pitch, coke, carbon black and/or other electrical conducting carbon materials, carbon-arc generated soot, and any combinations thereof. Graphite is a preferred material for forming the anode in a lithium ion battery because of its ability to provide an initial high reversible capacity for the battery. Optionally, the carbonaceous material may include graphite mixed with other carbonaceous materials. For example, the carbonaceous material may include primarily graphite combined with a small amount (e.g., about 1% to about 5% of the electrode composition) of one or more other electrical conducting carbon materials (e.g., carbon black).
The term "fullerene material", as used herein, refers to any product materials that are formed utilizing a fullerene generating process. The product materials include fullerene compounds and also any other carbon compounds generated in the process, such as incomplete (i.e., not completely formed and open) carbon shells. Exemplary fullerene generating processes include, without limitation, high-intensity laser desorption, arc discharge (e.g., a Kratschmer-Huffman process), and combustion flame generation. Optionally, the fullerene material, upon being formed by the fullerene generating process, may be further processed to separate or extract certain groups of fullerene compounds and/or other material from the fullerene material by any convenient means including, without limitation, diffusion methods, cooling of saturated solutions, precipitation with a solvent, sublimation or electrochemical methods, liquid chromatographic separation, and combinations thereof. Chemically or physically modified fullerene compounds such as fluorinated fullerenes or adducts and derivatives (such as, for example, those described in Cardulla et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 80:343-371, 1997; Zhou et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2:1-5, 1997; Okino et al., Synth. Metals 70:1447-1448, 1995; Okino et al., Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials, vol. 3, 1996, pp. 191-199; Haddon et al., Nature 350:320-322, 1991; Chabre et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:764-766, 1992; Gromov et al., Chem. Commun. 2003-2004, 1997; Strasser et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 102:4131-4134, 1998; Cristofolini et al., Phys. Rev. B: Cond. Matter Mater. Phys. 59:8343-8346, 1999; Wang et al., Synthetic Metals 103(1):2350-2353, 1999; Wang et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 413:571, 1996; Kallinger et al., Synthetic Metals 101:285-286, 1999; Kajii et al., Synthetic Metals 86:2351-2352, 1997; and Araki et al., Synthetic Metals 77:291-298, 1996, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties) can also be included in the fullerene material, as well as polymeric, copolymeric and crosslinked fullerene compounds and compositions. These compounds per se have been described in the prior art. The fullerene material can also include all physical forms of materials, including, without limitation, solids, gases, vapors, solutions, emulsions, powders, thin films and the like.
Preferred fullerene materials for use in forming the composition of the present invention are fullerene soots or fullerene soot material obtained, for example, from an arc discharge process such as the Kratschmer-Huffman process (see, e.g., W. Kratschmer et al., Nature 1990, Vol. 347 and W. Kratschmer et al., Chem Phys. Lett. 1990, Vol. 170, Issues 2-3, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties). The fullerene soots that are formed by an arc discharge process contain a wide variety of fullerene compounds, including, without limitation, C60, C70, C76, C78, C84, C90, C94, C100-250, and C250+, where a majority of fullerene species in the fullerene soot includes C60 and C70 (see, e.g., F. Diederich et al., Acc. Chem. Res. 1992, Vol. 25, No. 3). Fullerene soot further contains other soot materials, such as open and incomplete carbon shells that have not completely closed to form fullerenes.
While the use of fullerene compounds in anodes for lithium ion batteries is generally known in the art, what has not been known prior to the present invention is that performance of the anode can be enhanced by providing an electrode composition including fullerene material combined with a carbonaceous material, where the composition has been heat treated at a temperature of about 100° C. or greater so as to enhance the electrochemical properties of the composition. The heat treatment of the composition facilitates the reaction and/or migration or diffusion of fullerene material with the carbonaceous material to yield a modified and enhanced product. In addition, heat treatment of the composition removes at least some fraction of the lower molecular weight fullerenes (i.e., C<100 fullerenes, such as C60 and C70 fullerenes) from the composition. Large amounts of certain lower molecular weight fullerenes in an electrode composition have been determined to be detrimental to electrode performance. Thus, it is preferable that the composition is heat treated to achieve a composition product with a reduced concentration of lower molecular weight fullerenes (i.e., C100 fullerenes), while maintaining at least some of the higher molecular weight fullerene compounds (i.e., C100+ fullerenes) within the composition product. More preferably, the composition is subjected to heat treatment so as to reduce the C<100 fullerene content (e.g., C60 and C70 fullerenes) in the final composition product by at least about 50% of the initial C<100 fullerene content within the fullerene material.
The electrode composition is formed in accordance with the present invention by combining fullerene material, preferably fullerene soot material obtained, for example, from an arc discharge process (e.g., the Kratschmer-Huffman process), with a carbonaceous material, preferably including graphite. The fullerene and carbonaceous materials are mixed, utilizing a ball mill or other suitable mixing process, to form a generally uniform and homogenous blend or composite. The amount of fullerene material in the electrode composition can range anywhere from 1% or less to 99% or greater by weight of the composition. The amount of fullerene material that is combined with carbonaceous material to form the electrode composition influences the performance of the electrode and the lithium ion battery that utilizes the electrode. In particular, the performance of a lithium ion battery is enhanced when the electrode composition in the electrode includes fullerene material in an amount no greater than about 50% by weight of the electrode composition. Preferably, the weight percentage of the fullerene material is no greater than about 20% or about 30%, most preferably no greater than about 10%, of the electrode composition. Depending upon how the electrode composition is processed utilizing heat treatment and/or other techniques as described below, enhanced performance of the anode can be achieved with weight percentages of fullerene material in the electrode composition of no greater than about 5%, about 4%, about 3%, about 2% or even about 1%.
After sufficient mixing of the processed fullerene material with the carbonaceous material to form a composite, the composite is subjected to a heat treatment process to sublime certain fullerene compounds and suitably combine the composite materials (e.g., by reaction and/or diffusion of fullerene and/or other carbon compounds with the carbonaceous material). Heat treatment of the composite involves heating the composite to a temperature of about 100° C. to about 1100° C. or greater for a selected period of time. For example, the electrode composition may be heated at temperatures of about 100° C., about 200° C., about 300° C., about 400° C., about 600° C., about 800° C., and/or about 1000° C. The selection of one or more specific heating temperatures for the electrode composition will be determined based upon a number of factors including, without limitation, the amounts and types of fullerene material, carbonaceous materials and/or other materials that exist in the electrode composition. Heat treatment of the composition is preferably carried out for a period of about 1 minute to about 24 hours or more. Most preferably, heat treatment is carried out for a period of about 3 hours or more. However, shorter or longer heat treatment periods are also possible in forming the electrode composition.
The heat treatment process is also preferably carried out in a vacuum (e.g., about 10−4 kPa) to facilitate separation and removal of lower molecular weight carbon compounds (e.g., C<100 fullerenes) that sublime from the fullerene material. In addition, the heat treatment process may optionally include a controlled cooling of the composite from an upper threshold temperature to about room temperature at rates of about 1° C./min to about 10° C./min. However, slower or faster cooling rates may be used as desired. The fullerene material may be heat treated prior to or, alternatively, after combining with graphite or other carbonaceous materials to form the electrode composition. While heat treatment can be carried out any one or more times during the formation of the electrode composition and the electrode, it is preferred that the composition is subjected to heat treatment at least once after forming the composite of the fullerene material and carbonaceous material.
After heat treatment of the composite, a suitable amount of binder material is preferably added to the composite to facilitate binding together of the carbonaceous and fullerene materials in the composite. Any suitable binder material may be utilized including, without limitation, polymeric binders such as polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylates, substituted derivates thereof, copolymers and any other suitable combinations thereof. An exemplary binder that is suitable for combining with a fullerene soot/graphite composite is polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP). The amount of binder material to be provided in the electrode composition is preferably about 1% to about 15% by weight of the electrode composition.
Any suitable method may be utilized to sufficiently combine the binder material with the carbonaceous and fullerene material composite to form a generally uniform and homogenous electrode composition. In an exemplary method, the binder material is first dissolved in a solvent (such as ethyl acetate, cyclopentanone, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and/or other suitable solvents), followed by the addition of the carbonaceous and fullerene material composite to the solvent. The fullerene and carbonaceous materials are combined with the binder materials in the solvent utilizing any suitable process (e.g., agitation, sonication, etc.). A slurry is formed including the mixed carbonaceous, fullerene and binder materials and the solvent, and this slurry is uniformly applied (e.g., via a doctor blade) to a current collector or other suitable substrate to form the electrode. The electrode is then dried for a sufficient period of time and preferably under suitable vacuum (e.g., about 10−4 kPa) to substantially remove the solvent and any other residual moisture from the composition.
The formed electrode is cold pressed (e.g., at about room temperature) at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 200 kilopascals (kPa) and about 300 megapascals (MPa)) and for a sufficient time (e.g., between about 1 second and about 8 hours) prior to being implemented for use in a lithium ion battery. Optionally, the electrode may be pressed at an elevated temperature (e.g., between about 0° C. and about 250° C.) to achieve a more homogenous distribution of the binder within the electrode composition. Preferably, the temperature during heat pressing will be below the melting point of the binder material (e.g., about 140° C. for PVDF-HFP) so as to maintain the integrity of the composition during pressing. It has been determined that performance of the electrode can be enhanced by heat pressing the electrode in this manner, with an increase in reversible capacity being observed in comparison tests between cold pressed and heat pressed electrodes.
Optionally, the fullerene material may be processed in order to remove or extract a certain amount of lower and/or higher molecular weight fullerenes (e.g., C<100 fullerenes and/or C250+ fullerenes) from the fullerene material prior to its mixing with carbonaceous material and being subjected to heat treatment. Any number of suitable extraction techniques, such as those generally described above, may be utilized to remove a selected amount of fullerenes of a particular molecular weight range from the fullerene material.
Chemical extraction techniques are particularly useful for separating lower molecular weight fullerenes from fullerene material to yield a processed fullerene material product with a reduced number of C<100 fullerenes. For example, two well known extraction solvents are toluene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB). These two solvents are compatible with a number of extraction techniques including, without limitation, continuous extraction of solids with Soxhlet apparatus. The use of toluene and TCB as solvents for separation of fullerenes is described by F. Diederich et al., Acc. Chem. Res., 1992, Vol. 25, No. 3, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In the toluene extraction process, a majority of C<100 fullerene content can be solubilized and extracted from the remaining insoluble fullerene soot, whereas larger molecular weight fullerenes (i.e., C100+ fullerenes) and other carbon material remain in the insoluble fullerene material. In other words, at least 50% of the C<100 fullerenes that were initially in the fullerene material can be solubilized and extracted by toluene from the insoluble fullerene material.
While toluene extraction is useful in separating lower molecular weight fullerenes from the fullerene material, the presence of toluene in the insoluble fullerene material product can be detrimental to the electrode composition when implemented in an electrode for a lithium ion battery. To prevent or minimize any negative effects, the insoluble fullerene material is treated with a suitable solvent (e.g., acetone) before and/or after the toluene extraction process to remove any residual toluene as well as any water and/or soluble hydrocarbons that may have been initially present in the fullerene material.
Extraction can also be carried out utilizing other solvents so as to remove and/or isolate selected molecular weight groups of fullerene compounds within the fullerene material. For example, fullerene material can be subjected to TCB extraction to remove C<250 fullerenes as soluble extract from insoluble fullerene materials. The TCB extraction may be used in combination with toluene extraction, for example, by performing TCB extraction after toluene extraction. Processing the fullerene material in this manner yields a TCB extract product that includes C100-250 fullerenes and/or other fullerene material (e.g., incomplete carbon shells in the C100-250 molecular weight range), and a TCB insoluble product that includes C250+ fullerenes and/or other fullerene material (e.g., incomplete carbon shells in the C250+ range). Alternatively, the fullerene material may be subjected to only TCB extraction to yield fullerene material extract and insoluble fullerene material. Other extraction techniques and/or fullerene generation techniques may also be utilized to further isolate one or more particular molecular weight distribution ranges of fullerene material for use in forming electrode composition of the present invention. The selection of certain molecular weight ranges of C100+ fullerene material (e.g., fullerene species having a carbon content of Cn, where 100≦n≦250) can further enhance the electrochemical properties and performance of the resultant electrode composition. Thus, the invention encompasses the use of any molecular weight range or ranges of C100+ fullerenes combined with graphite and/or any other carbonaceous material to form an electrode composition.
As noted above, selection of a specific heat treatment temperature for the composite of fullerene material and carbonaceous material will depend upon a number of factors including, without limitation, the amounts and types of fullerene material, carbonaceous materials and/or other materials that exist in the electrode composition. For example, when forming a composite of graphite and fullerene soot that has not been subjected to any chemical or other extraction process, the heat treatment process is preferably carried out at a temperature of about 600° C. or greater, most preferably about 1000° C. or greater. A fullerene/graphite composite that includes insoluble fullerene soot obtained from toluene extraction is preferably carried out at a temperature of about 600° C. or greater, most preferably about 1000° C. or greater. A fullerene/graphite composite including fullerene soot extract obtained from TCB extraction is preferably subjected to a heat treatment process at a temperature within a range of between about 100° C. and about 400° C. A fullerene/graphite composite including insoluble fullerene soot obtained from TCB extraction is preferably subjected to a heat treatment process at a temperature of about 600° C. or greater, most preferably about 1000° C. or greater.
Another factor that can affect the electrochemical properties of the electrode composition, and thus the performance of the electrode, is the extent to which fullerene material used to form the electrode composition is exposed to oxygen. Fullerenes have been discovered to be highly reactive with oxygen, including atmospheric oxygen. Molecular oxygen from the atmosphere or other sources can be absorbed on the surface of fullerene molecules, resulting in the partial oxidation of the fullerene and dimerization or polymerization. The related art describes the use of C60 or C70 fullerenes to make some types of fullerene-based electrodes, and has described how to synthesize and purify them. However, no mention is made in the prior art that the materials are to be synthesized and manipulated in the absence of air at all stages. Brief exposure of fullerenes to oxygen may result in a reaction that is only partial, leaving most of the material undisturbed. However, the quantity that does react can negatively affect the electrochemical activity of the bulk fullerene material, making the oxidized fullerene material less useful for battery electrodes.
Thus, it may be desirable in certain scenarios, and depending upon a particular application, that the fullerene materials used to manufacture the electrode composition, as well as electrodes and batteries incorporating the electrode composition, be kept away from oxygen during all stages of production, including fullerene material synthesis and/or processing, formation of the electrode composition and the electrode, cell manufacture and packaging. Providing at least one of a vacuum pressure environment (e.g., subjecting the fullerene material to a vacuum pressure of about 10−4 kPa) and an inert atmosphere environment (e.g., argon or helium), will ensure that fullerenes within the fullerene material are maintained in a substantially oxygen free environment and do not become oxidized prior to or during production of the electrode and battery in which the fullerene material is used.
The electrode formed with the electrode composition as described above can be implemented for use in a lithium ion secondary battery having any conventional or other selected battery design. In particular, a lithium ion secondary battery may be constructed with an anode including the electrode composition as described above and a positive electrode including a lithium transition metal oxide, where the electrodes are each connected via electrical terminals to a load source and are separated from each other by a suitable lithium ion-soluble electrolyte. During charging of the battery, lithium ions migrate to and intercalate into the anode, while lithium ions deintercalate from the anode and migrate back to the positive electrode during discharging of the battery.
A useful physical parameter that provides an indication of the operational performance of the anode and the lithium ion battery is the reversible capacity of the battery. The reversible capacity, described in units of milliamp hours per gram or mAh/g, represents the amount of lithium ions per gram weight of active material (i.e., the amount of the electrode composition provided in the electrode) that is removed or deintercalated from the anode during a discharging cycle of the battery (i.e., after loading cycle and intercalation of the anode have occurred). In other words, the reversible capacity provides an indication of the charge that can be delivered by the battery during a particular cycle.
While conventional anodes formed from graphite yield a relatively high reversible capacity for lithium ion batteries in the initial charging and discharging cycles, the reversible capacity rapidly decreases or fades over a number of cycles, thus limiting the life of the battery. Incorporating fullerenes into the graphite anode in a known manner as described in the related art, without any processing of the fullerenes as described in the present invention, may provide some enhanced improvement in the reversible capacity. However, the reversible capacity for these fullerene electrodes still decreases considerably over repeated cycles, rendering these electrodes unsuitable for use in batteries requiring a selected level of performance over a long period of use.
The use of an anode in a lithium ion secondary battery, where the anode includes an electrode composition formed in accordance with the present invention, significantly enhances the performance of the battery. In particular, the reversible capacity is substantially maintained over multiple charging/discharging cycles. In addition, controlling the weight percentage of the fullerene material within the electrode composition within the previously described ranges will further enhance the reversible capacity of the anode and thus improve battery performance.
The following examples demonstrate the enhanced battery performance that is achieved when utilizing anodes formed with an electrode composition in accordance with the present invention. In each of the examples, the electrode composition was formed with fullerene soot (manufactured utilizing the Kratschmer-Huffman arc process), graphite and a binder material. Specifically, raw fullerene soot was obtained from Materials & Electrochemical Research (MER) Corporation (Tucson, Ariz.) and BuckyUSA (Houston, Tex.). The graphite utilized to form the electrode composition was Timrex SFG-15 synthetic graphite obtained from Timcal America Ltd. (Westlake, Ohio).
In this example, raw fullerene soot (obtained from MER corporation) was combined with SFG-15 graphite at a weight percentage of 20% fullerene soot to 80% SFG-15 graphite. The raw fullerene soot was mixed together with the graphite material utilizing a planetary ball mill (Fritch model LC-106A, 80 mL chrome steel bowl, 2 g material, utilizing four 15 mm chrome steel balls at 100 rpm and 30 minutes milling time). The graphite/fullerene soot composite was then heat treated in a fused silica tube under dynamic vacuum (10−4 kPa) and at a temperature of 1000° C. for 3 hours. This heating process resulted in the sublimation of at least some lower molecular weight fullerenes (i.e., C<100 fullerenes) and other carbon compounds, which formed a black deposit on the cool end of the silica tube, thus separating this sublimed material from the fullerene/graphite composite material. The sublimed fullerene material was prevented from recombining with the fullerene/graphite composite material, such that the heat treated composite material was substantially free of C<100 fullerenes. Thus, the C<100 fullerene content in the heat treated fullerene/graphite composite was at least less than 50% of the C<100 fullerene content in the composite prior to the heat treatment. While a heating temperature of 1000° C. was used, it is noted that lower or higher heating temperatures are also effective in achieving sufficient separation of lower molecular weight fullerenes from the composite material.
After the heat treatment, the graphite/processed fullerene soot composite was mixed with 5% by weight polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP, average Mn ca. 110,000, available from Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.) copolymer binder dissolved in 2 ml 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP, ACS reagent grade, 99+% Assay, available from Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.) in a borosilicate flask with vacuum attachment. The mixture was homogenized by agitation in an ultrasonic bath (model FS30, 130 W, Fisher Scientific Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.) for 20 minutes while under dynamic vacuum (10−4 kPa). The resultant slurry was then spread on a copper current collector (99.9% pure copper, available from Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, Mass.), using a custom doctor blade set-up, to form a circular active material of the electrode composition with a diameter of about 7/16 inch. The electrode was then dried at 130° C. for 1 hour under dynamic vacuum (10−4 kPa), removing solvent and residual moisture, and pressed at about room temperature and 5,000 psi (34,470 kPa). The active material had a thickness of approximately 50 micrometers and weighed 3.90 milligrams. A second electrode was prepared in a similar manner as described above, except that the active material was entirely SFG-15 graphite (i.e., contained no fullerene material). The active material of the second electrode was of similar thickness as the active material for the first electrode and had a mass of 5.27 milligrams.
The cell assembly and charge/discharge cycling tests were conducted in argon-filled dry boxes, fitted with re-circulating systems to keep oxygen and water content within the dry boxes below about 1 ppm. A three-electrode cell setup was constructed for each electrode, with the prepared fullerene-graphite electrodes serving as the working electrode in each cell. Each three-electrode cell included a custom-made borosilicate tee fitting to house the cell components. Each of the counter and reference electrodes was constructed by pressing a ˝ inch diameter disc of lithium foil (0.75 mm thick, 99.9% pure lithium, available from Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, Mass.) on the end of a stainless steel electrode (˝ inch diameter). The lithium ends of the counter and reference electrodes were then inserted into the opposing open ends of the tee fitting. The working electrode (i.e., including the composite active material) was pressed between the lithium ends of the counter and reference electrodes and separated by a microporous polypropylene membrane separator (Celgard® 2400, Celgard Inc., Charlotte, N.C.), with the copper current collector of the working electrode extending through the third opening of the tee fitting. A nearly constant tension was applied to the reference and counter electrodes to hold them in place within the tee fitting utilizing support blocks that engaged the opposing ends of the reference and counter electrodes (i.e., the electrode ends that extended from the opposing openings of the tee fitting) and retaining springs extending between and attached to the support blocks. Ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (1:1 w/w) solution containing 1.0 M LiPF6 supporting electrolyte (<10 ppm H2O, Ferro Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio) was added to each tee fitting to cover the electrodes and serve as the electrolyte. Each opening of the tee fitting was sealed with a suitable liquid-tight plug member, and the electrodes were connected in a conventional (three electrode) manner to a battery test system.
The charge/discharge cycles were controlled and measured using the following battery testing systems: Model BT2000 available from Arbin Instruments (College Station, Tex.) and Model MC-4 available from Maccor, Inc. (Tulsa, Okla.). The cells were cycled at about 25° C. and were first charged (i.e., lithium loaded into the active material of the working electrode) at 0.71 mA/cm2 (0.69 mA) to a cut-off voltage of 20 mV vs. lithium metal. Charging was continued at a constant potential of 20 mV vs. lithium metal for 3 hours and then the cell was rested for 1 h. Discharging (removal of lithium from the active material of the working electrode) was carried out at a constant current of 0.71 mA/cm2 to a cut-off voltage of 1.5 V vs. lithium metal. The cells were then rested for 1 hour, completing one cycle. Subsequent cycles were run using the same charging and discharging procedures as the first cycle. Multiple cycles were performed to provide an indication of variations in reversible capacity throughout the cycles.
The measured data for the two cells (i.e., the fullerene/graphite electrode cell and the graphite electrode cell) is provided in
In this example, the performance of lithium cells including varied weight ratios of fullerene material to graphite in the working electrode was studied. The electrodes and cells were prepared in the same manner as described above in Example 1 (including the heat treatment at 1000° C. to extract a large portion of the lower molecular weight fullerenes from the graphite/fullerene composite), with the exception that the amount of fullerene to graphite content varied per electrode.
In particular, six electrodes were prepared with active material formed by the following weight percentage combinations of raw fullerene soot material to SFG-15 graphite material: 90:10 (i.e., 90% graphite, 10% raw fullerene soot), 80:20 (i.e., 80% graphite, 20% raw fullerene soot), 60:40 (i.e., 60% graphite, 40% raw fullerene soot), 40:60 (i.e., 40% graphite, 60% raw fullerene soot), 20:80 (i.e., 20% graphite, 80% raw fullerene soot), and 100:0 (i.e., no fullerene material in the electrode composition). The active material for each of the electrodes had a thickness of about 50 micrometers and a mass in the range of about 3 to 9 milligrams. Six lithium cells were prepared utilizing the six working electrodes including varying fullerene soot/graphite ratios, and the cells were charged and discharged over multiple cycles utilizing the same technique described above for Example 1.
The measured reversible capacity vs. the number of cycles tested for each cell is plotted in
In this example, the performance of lithium cells was studied, where the cells included fullerene material that was subjected to varying toluene and heat extraction processes. The fullerene material used to form the electrodes was fullerene soot obtained from BuckyUSA, with active material being formed with a weight percentage ratio of 80% graphite to 20% fullerene soot.
In one process, raw fullerene soot was subjected to a continuous Soxhlet extraction with toluene (HPLC grade, 99.8% Assay, Fisher Scientific Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.). The raw fullerene soot (about 10 g) was loaded into a cotton cellulose extraction thimble (123 mm high, 43 mm interior diameter, 1 mm thick, Whatman Scientific catalog number 2800432) and placed into a Soxhlet extraction tube equipped with a water-cooled condenser and a round bottomed flask charged with toluene solvent. The solvent was brought to reflux and the extraction was allowed to proceed for 48 hours.
In a variation of the toluene extraction process, Soxhlet extraction with acetone (99.5+% Assay, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, Mass.) was performed on the raw fullerene soot for 48 hours immediately prior to and again immediately after continuous extraction with toluene. The combination of acetone extraction with toluene extraction substantially removed toluene from the processed fullerene soot material as well as water and/or soluble hydrocarbons that may have been initially present in the fullerene soot.
The extracted fullerene soot material for each Soxhlet extraction process was mixed with graphite in the same manner described above in Example 1. Heat treatment was also applied to the graphite/fullerene soot composite and electrodes were formed in the same manner described above in Example 1, with the exception that the heating temperature was varied depending upon the electrode being formed. In particular, an electrode A was formed with active material including insoluble fullerene soot processed utilizing toluene extraction as described above, where the active material was heated at 1000° C. Electrodes B and C were formed with insoluble fullerene soot obtained from a combined acetone and toluene extraction as described above, where the active material for electrode B was heated at 300° C. and the active material for electrode C was heated at 1000° C.
An electrode D was also formed, where this electrode included only graphite (i.e., no fullerene material). The graphite electrode was heated to a temperature of 1000° C. under vacuum; however, it is noted that this heat treatment of the graphite electrode had no observed effect on its performance.
Five lithium cells, each including a respective one of electrodes A-D, were prepared in the same manner described above in Example 1. The active material for each of the electrodes A-D had a thickness of about 50 micrometers and a mass in the range of about 3 to 9 milligrams. The cells were charged and discharged over multiple cycles utilizing the same technique described above for Example 1.
The measured reversible capacity vs. the number of cycles tested for each of the cells including electrodes A-D is plotted in
The examples demonstrate a significant improvement in battery performance when utilizing electrodes formed with an electrode composition in accordance with the present invention. These electrodes do not experience rapid capacity fade that is common with conventional graphite electrodes. Thus, electrodes formed in accordance with the present invention yield a much longer battery life with a performance level that is sustained over multiple cycles, rendering the battery useful for a number of long term applications. In addition, the ratio of fullerene material to carbonaceous material in the electrode composition can be controlled to further enhance the reversible capacity of the electrode employed in a lithium ion battery.
Battery performance can be further enhanced by using fullerene material in the anode that has been subjected to one or more suitable extraction techniques, as described above, so as to include certain molecular weight groups of fullerenes. In particular, the use of fullerene species in the anode having a carbon content of C100-250 yield a coulombic efficiency that is slightly better over the initial few charging/discharging cycles of battery operation in comparison to anodes formed with fullerenes having a carbon content of C250+. The coulombic efficiency measures the electrode capacity that is lost during each charging/discharging cycle and is defined as the ratio of unload or discharge capacity to intercalation or charging capacity.
Having described preferred embodiments of fullerene based secondary cell electrodes and their methods of manufacture, variations and changes will be suggested to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings set forth herein. It is therefore to be understood that all such variations, modifications and changes are believed to fall within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Xerox Corporation
|Liquid ink compositions
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|Whewell Christopher J
|Synthetic carbon allotropes: graphite intercalated with buckminsterfullerenes
|Apr 2, 1993
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|Valence Technology, Inc.
|Fullerene-containing cathodes for solid electrochemical cells
|Dec 24, 1991
|Apr 19, 1994
|Sri International
|Process and apparatus for producing and separating fullerenes
|Jan 25, 1993
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|The Research Foundation Of State University Of New York At Buffalo
|Halogen-doped superconductive fullerenes
|Apr 23, 1993
|Mar 7, 1995
|Pegasus Refractory Materials, Inc.
|Process for the synthesis of fullerenes
|Jun 15, 1994
|Sep 5, 1995
|Nec Corporation
|Magnetic recording medium comprising a solid lubrication layer of fullerene carbon having an alkyl or allyl chain
|Mar 19, 1993
|Nov 28, 1995
|Materials And Electrochemical Research Corp.
|Electrochemical fullerene system
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|Mitsubishi Cable Industries, Ltd.
|Lithium secondary battery
|Jun 7, 1995
|Sep 9, 1997
|Showa Denko K.K.
|Solid polymer electrolyte, battery and solid-state electric double layer capacitor using the same as well as processes for the manufacture thereof
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|Cabot Corporation
|Modified colored pigments and ink jet inks, inks, and coatings containing modified colored pigments
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|Nanogram Corporation
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|Reflective and conductive star polymers
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|Lithium manganese oxides and batteries
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|Materials And Electrochemical Research (Mer) Corporation
|Hydrogenated fullerenes as an additive to carbon anode for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
|Mar 1, 1999
|Aug 28, 2001
|The University Of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
|Nanotube-based high energy material and method
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|Lithographic apparatus, optical element and device manufacturing method
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|Additive to negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery, negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery and, using the negative electrode material for lithium secondary battery, negative electrode and lithium secondary battery
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|Citing Patent
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|Sep 11, 2012
|The George Washington University
|Hollow carbon nanosphere based secondary cell electrodes
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|May 27, 2014
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method of synthesis of a fulleride of metal nano-cluster and material comprising a fulleride of metal nano-cluster
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|Michael Wagner
|Hollow Carbon Nanosphere Based Secondary Cell Electrodes
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|Vladimir Davidovich Blank
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|U.S. Classification
|429/231.8, 429/213, 977/735, 252/502, 977/734
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 9, 2005
Owner name: ITT MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES, INC., DELAWARE
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NBA Finals: Comparing Heat to Thunder
We're three games into the Mavericks-Heat series, enough to do some comparisons with the five-game Thunder-Mavericks series. Most interesting is how the Thunder defended Dallas, compared to how Miami is defending Dallas.
Let's take it player by player.
J.J. Barea:The primary reason Dallas trails two games to one, instead of leading two games to one or even 3-0, is that Miami has won the battle of the backup point guards. Mario Chalmers has outscored Barea by an astounding 33-13. Barea torched the Thunder, making 22 of 46 shots, with 15 assists and just three turnovers. Barea averaged 11.4 points a game against OKC. He's averaging 4.3 points a game against Miami, making just five of 23 shots, with five assists and four turnovers.
Jason Kidd: Both the Thunder and Heat did a decent job of not letting Kidd get off on open shots. Against the Thunder, Kidd made 15 of 39 shots, 38.5 percent. Against the Heat, Kidd has made eight of 23 shots, 34.8 percent. But Miami has put much more defensive pressure on Kidd. In three games, Kidd has 21 assists and 12 turnovers. In five games against OKC, Kidd had 43 assists and 10 turnovers. Per-game, that's twice as many turnovers against Miami as against the Thunder, with more assists per game (8.6-7.0). Both Dallas point guards were much more effective against the Thunder than they've been against Miami. Clearly, OKC's defense must improve — on keeping point guards out of the lane and on putting more pressure on the ball.
Tyson Chandler: Chandler's forte' is rebounding; offensive rebounding, to be exact. In three games against Miami, Chandler has 11 offensive rebounds and 11 defensive rebounds. In five games against OKC, Chandler had 19 offensive rebounds and 34 defensive rebounds. So considering the higher scoring and higher-paced games against the Thunder, no discernible difference. Rebounding was OKC's strength against Dallas. The Mavs have 29 offensive rebounds in three games Miami; they had 50 in five games against the Thunder, but with many more shots.
Shawn Marion:The similarities are amazing. Marion is shooting 50 percent (19 of 38) against Miami, averaging 15.3 points a game. Against the Thunder, Marion shot 50 percent (29 of 58) and averaged 14.2 points a game. Matched up against LeBron James some of the time and Kevin Durant a lot of the time. Remarkable.
Dirk Nowitzki: Nick Collison did yeoman's work on Nowitzki. But the numbers are stark. The Heat is doing a much better job against Dirk. He's made 28 of 61 shots against Miami (45.9 percent) and all 24 of his foul shots. Nowitzki is averaging 28.3 points a game. Dirk shot 55.7 percent from the field against OKC (49 of 88), made 59 of 61 foul shots and averaged 32.2 points a game. The Thunder fouled Dirk much more often and allowed him to shoot much more effectively. OKC did keep Nowitzki off the boards; he has averaged 10 rebounds a game against Miami, just 5.8 against the Thunder.
Jason Terry: Terry did not shoot great OKC; he has shot worse against Miami. Against the Heat, Terry has made 13 of 34 shots, which is 38.2 percent. He's 4-of-12 on 3-pointers. Against the Thunder, Terry made 24 of 65 (36.9 percent); he was 4-of-12 on 3-pointers.
Peja Stojakovic: Totally ineffective against both. Peja is 1-of-5 shooting against Miami and looks totally overmatched. Against the Thunder, Peja was 10 of 32, including five of 21 on 3-pointers.
DeShawn Stevenson: He's been a thorn in Miami's side, having made 6-of-10 shots, including 6-of-9 on 3-pointers. Against OKC, the Thunder begged him to shoot — Stevenson made just six of 28 shots, including 5-of-21 on 3-pointers.
So what to make of the comparisons? Clearly, Miami has more defensive answers for Nowitzki than did the Thunder. Collison did a decent job against Dirk; Serge Ibaka was completely lost. Miami throws Udonis Haslem and Joel Anthony and, in limited doses, LeBron. And like I said, the Thunder didn't defend Dallas' point guards anything like Miami has. That's one area where I think the Thunder can make major strides; Russell Westbrook, in particular, can get a lot better defensively, and so can the collapsing defenders who help clog the lane.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thrift shop owner chargedOctober 02,2013Thrift shop owner
is facing charges
The owner of a thrift shop in Rutland will appear in court today to answer to a pair of criminal charges, according to city police.
Jon Bilodeau, 44, owner and operator of Sweet Revival on West Street will appear in Rutland criminal court today for arraignment on charges of receiving stolen property and unlawful mischief.
Police say Bilodeau is charged with knowingly receiving jewelry that was stolen during a burglary in the city. After receiving the jewelry, Bilodeau allegedly removed stones from their settings.
Sweet Revival specializes in buying and selling second-hand merchandise including electronics, clothes, jewelry and gold.MORE IN This Just InWASHINGTON Many of Americas young adults appear to be in no hurry to move out of their old... Full StoryBENSON The town will not return to the days of having a reputation of being the wild west of... Full StoryMIDDLEBURY Commuters are advised of nighttime road closures tonight and Thursday. Full Story
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"Birth" (2004)
Savides' unparalleled mastery of the camera is evident from the very first frames of Jonathan Glazer's "Birth," as we wordlessly glide behind a man jogging through a deserted, snow-covered Central Park. Accompanied only by Alexandre Desplat's jaw-dropping score, it evokes the eerie Steadicam shots of "The Shining," but placed in the naturalistic outdoor setting of the park, takes on another, even more mystical dimension. What makes this sequence even more of a marvel is that it isn't some showy one-off. Throughout "Birth," time and time again, Savides creates glowingly magical images and Glazer, in his infinite wisdom, lets us luxuriate in them. Grab any moment from the film, frame it, hang it on the wall, and it will become the discussion piece for your next dinner party. "Birth" is a story of reincarnation and love set amidst Manhattan's upper class, and whether he's shooting an austere apartment hallway or star Nicole Kidman (sporting a tellingly "Rosemary's Baby"-esque hair style) sitting in the bathtub, the images both take your breath away and contribute to the movie's overall feeling of unease and dread. The movie's centerpiece moment, though, in terms of storytelling and camerawork (and the seamless braiding of the two), is when Kidman goes to the opera and the camera hones in on her, staying on her face as she watches the opera. The shot holds for a nearly unbearable amount of time and her expression says everything you need to know about what's going on inside of her. It's an image so dazzling and heartbreaking that you can't imagine anyone but Savides capturing it.
"Zodiac" (2007)
Savides' first collaboration with David Fincher was the wildly over-the-top "The Game," a kind of hyper-intelligent fuck-you puzzle-box thriller about a very rich man put through his paces by a shadowy organization under the guise of an elaborate role-playing game. For their next feature together, Savides and Fincher went the complete opposite direction, not wholly abandoning the stylistic flourishes that made Fincher such a beloved film world figure, but stripping back much of the bullshit to present a just-the-facts-ma'am look at the decades-long hunt for the notorious Zodiac serial killer. What Savides accomplished with "Zodiac" is mind-blowing – this is a movie with scenes spread across locations and time periods, each requiring a different historically representative look, and often with the Fincher-approved embroidery of intricate visual effects (many of which go undetected they're so seamlessly integrated into the frame). What's even more astounding is thinking about how this was the first time that Fincher had used digital -- up until this point his films were all shot with celluloid -- at a time when the format still looked, in lesser hands, crunchy and flat. This wasn't some bedroom chamber piece; this was a rich historical epic, and needed to look appropriately grand. Savides did it all. There are so many amazing shots running through our minds right now – one of the opening shots from inside Darlene's car, fireworks exploding behind suburban roofs; the tracking shot of the cab (whose driver would meet his fate at the corner of Washington and Cherry), which pivots as the cab turns; the way Savides captured the droplets of water that dot Jake Gyllenhaal's face as he knocks on Mark Ruffalo's door at the end of the movie. These are moments that contribute to the emotional and intellectual heft of the movie, not showy shots that are dissected in film class. Fincher and Savides, with "Zodiac," made stylization subtle, which of course makes it all the more effective. "Zodiac" is an American masterpiece; unthinkable without Savides' significant contribution.
"Somewhere" (2010)
We have to confess to not being totally wild about Sofia Coppola's "Somewhere" when it hit two years ago; a somewhat shallow picture that felt like the "Lost In Translation" director going over old ground with diminishing returns. But that's not to say that her first collaboration with Savides (their second, 2013's "The Bling Ring," will serve as the DoP's final film) wasn't absolutely glorious looking. Having brought a digital sheen to the 1970s with "Zodiac," Savides brought old-fashioned 1970s grain to the contemporary tale of Stephen Dorff's ennui-struck movie star and his daughter (Elle Fanning), with a beautifully-lit take on LA by day, and thrilling neon cityscapes of the city by night. The handheld camerawork is loose, almost casual, but as much as in anything else in Savides' cinematography, he's able to capture an iconic image amidst it; Dorff's sports car racing around a track, the actor sat caked in plaster for a special effects fitting, Fanning miming drinking a cup of tea underwater. Even for those of us who feel lukewarm about the film, it's stunning work, and we can't wait for their second team-up, even with the heavy heart that it turned out to be Savides' swansong.
Commercials & Music Video Work
The commercials and music video worlds often provide a platform for filmmakers to step up to bigger and better things, but rare is the talent who can show off some of their most memorable work in such a short frame. Savides started as a fashion photographer, but his first big break came from Ridley Scott, who hired him for the Miller Genuine Draft commercials he was directing (the two would later work together in the features world on "American Gangster"), and the cinematographer took off from there. And it speaks to Savides' remarkable skill set that he was able to make such a remarkable impression in the short format. Iconic and groundbreaking videos for Michael Jackson's "Scream," Nine Inch Nails' "Closer," Fiona Apple's "Criminal" and R.E.M.'s "Everybody Hurts" found Savides behind the camera, but that's not all. When directors dipped into advertising, they brought him along too. John Hillcoat collaborated with Savides for his memorable, Malick-ian Levi's spots for their To Work campaign. The cinematographer exercised different muscles for Martin Scorsese's Alfred Hitchock homage "The Key To Reserva" and Savides worked with Wong Kar-Wai and delivered the short "The Hire" for BMW. And while the Academy never recognized his efforts, his peers in these industries did with Savides earning three MTV Music Video awards, a Clio Award and many more. The diversity of his work speaks volumes, and you can check it out below.
- Rodrigo Perez, Drew Taylor, Kevin Jagernauth, Oliver Lyttelton


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Senate Report: Bold Policies To Reduce the Number of Demented Canadians
According to a report just released by the Canadian Senate,
"In the past three to four decades there has been a drastic increase in the proportion of demented Canadians. Statistics Canada data reveals that almost two thirds of Canadian adults are now demented. Sadly, the increase in dementia rates among children is also dangerously high. About 13% of children between the ages of five and 17 are demented while another 20% are somewhat dull. These numbers reflect at least a two-fold increase in the proportion of demented adults and three-fold increase in the proportion of demented children since 1980."
Just replace the word "demented"with the word "obese" in the above paragraph and you will instantly see what is wrong with this report, which happens to in fact be about obesity, and not about Canadians at risk of or living with dementia.
Only when speaking about "obesity crisis", would an official report composed by professional writers on an important medical condition still use the name of the condition as an adjective.
Indeed, the use of "people-first language" to describe someone living with a condition rather than being defined by that condition has long been accepted in the case of virtually every other condition.
Thus, we speak of people living with addictions rather than of addicts, of people living with diabetes rather than of diabetics, of people living with psychosis rather than of psychotics, of people with arthritis rather than of arthritics, of people living with cancer rather than of the cancerous, you get my drift.
Enough has been written on this issue here, here, here, here, here and here.
A report that wants to be taken seriously as addressing the concerns and struggles of Canadian adults and children living with overweight or obesity could perhaps begin by ensuring that it uses the proper language.
This is not to say that the report does not indeed make bold and important policy recommendations – it does, from taxing sugar-sweetened beverages to limiting advertising to children, to rewriting Canada'a Food Guide to food labeling to tax benefits to promote physical activity (and more). It even addresses (although in passing) the need to provide better treatments to people living with overweight or obesity.
Just which of these policy recommendations will actually find their way into legislation and how much difference they'll actually make remains to be seen especially as the recommendations come with no actual funding for their implementation.
More on some of the "bolder" recommendation in future posts.
In the meantime for anyone interested, the full report is available here
Edmonton, AB
Health Benefits Of Intentional Long-Term Weight Loss?
Despite the difficulties inherent in achieving AND maintaining long-term weight loss, the health benefits for those who manage to do so are widely believed to be substantial.
While the health benefits associated with intentional weight loss for some complications of obesity (such as elevated lipids and diabetes) are well documented, high-quality studies to back many other potential health benefits are harder to find.
Just how well (or poorly) the putative health benefits of long-term intentional weight loss are documented for each of the many conditions associated with obesity, is now detailed in a comprehensive review of the literature that we just published in the Annual Reviews of Nutrition.
The 40 page long review, which includes almost 250 relevant publications, supports the following main findings:
- Defining and assessing clinically relevant obesity and weight change are challenging tasks. In a given individual, there is often little relationship between the magnitude of obesity and measures of health.
- Despite its modest effect on long-term weight loss, behavioral modifications thatimprove eating behaviors and increase physical activity constitute a cornerstone for integral and sustainable weight management.
- Intentional weight loss is associated with a clinically relevant reduction in blood pressure, improvement in cardiac function, and reduction in cardiovascular events. The duration and magnitude of weight change required to achieve a significant benefit are still unclear.
- In individuals with impaired glucose metabolism at any stage, intentional weight loss achieved by any means is associated with a proportional reduction in T2DM prevalence, severity, and progression.
- Intentional weight loss is consistently associated with a clinically relevant reduction in triglycerides and increase in HDL cholesterol. The effects of weight loss on LDL cholesterol are less consistent.
- Overall, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is commonly associated with excess weight and can show marked improvement with behavioral, pharmacological, and/or surgical weight loss. Very rapid weight loss, however, may worsen liver histology in some patients. Simi- larly, gallbladder disease is not only common in patients presenting with obesity but also highly prevalent after intentional weight loss.
- Obesity is widely recognized as a key modifiable risk factor for osteoarthritis, with sig- nificant improvements in pain and function reported with weight loss.
- Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome tend to improve with moderate weight loss; however, complete resolution is not common and is related to very significant weight loss.
- Asthma and COPD are clearly associated with obesity. Sustained weight loss seems to be associated with a significant improvement in asthma symptoms. Data for COPD are rather limited.
- Pregnant women who under go bariatric surgery seem to be less likely to present obstetric complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and macrosomia.
- Data on weight loss and suicide are controversial. Caution may be in order when con- sidering bariatric surgery in patients with a history of suicide ideation or attempt.
- Data suggest that long-term weight loss is associated with an improvement in health- related quality of life. The amount of weight loss required to achieve a significant change, however, remains controversial.
However, there are many other issues where putative benefits of intentional weight loss remain even less clear than with the above.
For many conditions we will likely not know the long-term benefits of obesity treatments till better treatments become available and are tested in affected individuals.
Obesity Is Not Smoking – Period!
The recent appointment of the Hon. Sarah Hoffman (NDP) to the post of Health Minister in Alberta has (as expected) prompted a wide range of remarks regarding her suitability for the job – not because of her qualifications as an administrator (these are uncontested) – but her size!
In a slurry of comments ranging from misguided misogynistic remarks (sadly, including by members of the former government) to outright personal insults, the social media frenzy around this topic is anything but unexpected.
The general story line is that someone living with obesity, who is thus obviously "unhealthy", is not qualified be a health minister.
Indeed, one letter writer in the Edmonton Journal likens putting someone living with obesity in this position, to appointing a health minister who smokes – a fatal (but common) misconception of what obesity actually is.
For one, smoking is a behaviour – living with obesity is not!
When you inhale the smoke of a cigarette you are doing something (a behaviour) – when you gain (or lose) weight, it is something your body does (whether you want it to or not).
This distinction is fundamental: when I stop smoking, I become a non-smoker – end of story!
When I try to lose weight, my body will do everything it possibly can to resist losing weight. My appetite will increase, my metabolic rate will slow down, my body temperature will decrease, my thyroid function will decrease, my sense of taste and smell will increase, as will my risk-taking behaviour and my susceptibilty to stress. All of these changes (often referred to as the "starvation response") will work day-and-night to "sabotage" my efforts and in 95% of people who set out to lose weight, these mechanism will eventually win out – even years after starting on their diet.
Every person I know who has ever lost a considerable amount of weight and is keeping it off, describes this as a daily on-going struggle. They are well aware that even the slightest interruption to their routine, an illness, an injury, a new medication, even just relationship issues or financial stressors and – boom – their weight is back, whether they like it or not.
This is why the WHO, the FDA, the AMA and a growing number of health organisations around the world are now calling obesity a chronic disease, because sadly, we have yet to find a cure for this condition.
Despite what celebrity pundits and the weight-loss industry may want you to believe, there are no easy solutions and try as they may, most people with excess weight will have to fight hard simply not to get any heavier.
So for one, even if Sarah Hoffman wanted to lose a few pounds, the chances that she will keep them off on her own in the long term are slim (unless of course she happens to belong to the lucky 5%). If she is looking for medical treatment, even surgery, I wish her good luck trying to access those services here in Alberta – welcome to the waiting list!
The other assumption underlying the criticism of Minister Hoffman, is the notion that obesity is a direct reflection of someone's health behaviours – i.e. eating too much junkfood or not exercising.
Believe me that I have seen many patients in my clinic, who rarely (if ever) touch junk food, who spend hours in the gym, and still weigh in at 350 lbs or more. There is (and has been for a long time) enough scientific evidence to support the fact that people vary remarkably in their susceptibility to weight gain (and weight loss). The amount of weight gained by eating exactly the same amount of excess calories can vary as much as 5-fold between individuals.
So for all we know, Sarah Hoffman (like most people living with excess weight) is already well-informed and concerned about her diet and I'd hardly be surprised if, despite her busy schedule, she does manage to squeeze in as much physical activity into her daily routine as she possibly can.
But, irrespective of all of the above, there are simply so many different causes of weight gain (from genetics, to mental health, to sleep deprivation, to stress, to eating norms and culture, adverse childhood experiences, to medications – even perhaps the bugs that happen to live in your gut), that judging someone about their health knowledge or behaviours by looking at their size is truly laughable.
Indeed, who better to have as a health minister, than someone living with a chronic disease?
Would anyone seriously object to Sarah Hoffman's appointment as Health Minister, were she living with diabetes, chronic kidney failure, coronary artery disease, HIV/AIDS, depression or for that matter cancer (even lung cancer)?
The only real difference between obesity and any of the above conditions is that obesity is visible for anyone to see (and apparently fair game for anyone to comment on).
Whether or not Sarah Hoffman turns out to be a capable and competent health minister remains to be seen – I am certain that neither her success nor failure will have anything to do with her size.
Perhaps it will take a Health Minister living with obesity, to finally create a health system, where people living with obesity are treated with compassion and respect and, most importantly, can find the help and treatments that they need.
Edmonton, AB
Plan Your Personalized Program For The Canadian Obesity Summit Now
If you are planning to attend the 4th Canadian Obesity Summit in Toronto next week (and anyone else, who is interested), you can now download the program app on your mobile, tablet, laptop, desktop, eReader, or anywhere else – the app works on all major platforms and operating systems, even works offline.
You can access and download the app here.
(To watch a brief video on how to install this app on your device click here)
You can then create an individual profile (including photo) and a personalised day-by-day schedule.
Obviously, you can also search by speakers, topics, categories, and other criteria.
Hoping to see you at the Summit next week – have a great weekend!
Gurgaon, Haryana
Type 1 Plus Type 2 diabetes Is Not Type 3 Diabetes?
Last week at the 8th Annual Obesity Symposium hosted by the European Surgery Institute in Norderstedt, one of the case presentations included an individual with type 1 diabetes (no insulin production), who had gained weight and subsequently also developed increasing insulin resistance, the hallmark of type 2 diabetes.
In my discussion, I referred to this as 1+2 diabetes, or in other words, type 3 diabetes.
Unfortunately, it turns out that the term type 3 diabetes has already been proposed for the type of neuronal insulin resistance found in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
As discussed in a paper by Suzanne de la Monte and Jack Wands published in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology,
"Referring to Alzheimer's disease as Type 3 diabetes (T3DM) is justified, because the fundamental molecular and biochemical abnormalities overlap with T1DM and T2DM rather than mimic the effects of either one."
These findings have considerable implications for our understanding of Alzheimer's disease as a largely neuroendocrine disorder, which may in part be amenable to treatment with drugs normally used to treat type 1 and/or type 2 diabetes.
In retrospect, I believe, whoever came up with the term type 3 diabetes for Alzheimer's disease, should perhaps have called it type 4 diabetes, given that the 1+2 diabetes is now increasingly common (and well studied) in patients with type 1 diabetes, who go on to develop type 2 diabetes (which, as discussed at the symposium responds quite well to bariatric or "metabolic" surgery).
Edmonton, AB


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Are there any restaurants with things going on like some kind of entertainment? thanx
Are there any restaurants with things going on like some kind of entertainment? thanx
There's also the German band at the Biergarten restaurant in EPCOT German pavilion. And there used to be a guy playing piano during dinner at the Hollywood Brown Derby in the Studios.
Can't think of anymore right now. Maybe later.
Tom (... thinking...)
There is a musical group with Middle Eastern Dancing at the Marrakesh in Morocco, too. The German buffet entertainment is Alpine, so you'll need to enjoy that sort of Bavarian music. We find it fun, but some don't.
There are characters at many meals, which qualify as entertainment (by Disney standards).
Yep, but only on certain evenings. The musical groups vary, as well. Oh, and Bongo's Cuban Cafe at DTD will have music on certain nights too.


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[issuu width=420 height=274 showHtmlLink=false proSidebarEnabled=true backgroundColor=%23222222 documentId=120607221700-cf023e9b096b4195b7c8f42d80617df8 name=summer2012 username=jencarroll tag=birthdays unit=px v=2]
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{drumroll, please!} Hurrah! I'm so excited to (finally) unveil the Summer 2012 issue of Celebrating Everyday Life with Jennifer Carroll to you!! I have been giving you very tiny sneak-peeks of the publication over these last couple of weeks and am just so happy to share the entire magazine with you now. It's a true labor of love {emphasis on the labor!} but I'm very proud of how it turned out and hope you will find some inspiration among these pages. There are ideas for a Storybook Princess party, 4th of July Celebration, Dessert Under the Stars party, lots of yummy recipes, fun articles about selecting wine for your next barbecue, growing herbs and even what to do when life hands you lemons!!
I really want to thank my friends who contributed – you all are AWESOME!!! I also want to thank my family for supporting me in this. As a work-from-home mom doing all the brainstorming, designing, creating, not to mention a fair amount of photography as well as the entire layout and publishing process – on my own, I can tell you this was intense. Working on a project of this magnitude – your emotions can run away with you. I would worry and fret but in the end it has all come together and while there are still little bits I would tweak, I can see that that could be an endless cycle so I've decided to step away from the camera (I was still shooting a bit even this morning!) and keyboard and just publish it already 🙂
I invite you to share this with your friends and family – tweet it, facebook it, pin it, blog about it! Just please always link back here (i.e. don't download the magazine and link to it on your site). Also, if you do blog about it, please send me a link – I'd love to see your write up!
Thank you for supporting me in my dream. I am more grateful than I can express.
Happy Celebrating!
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Needed a laptop to run in tip top shape, as I start my dissertation next semester.
Needed a laptop to run in tip top shape, as I start my dissertation next semester.
I know! A little exciting and overwhelming. I finally found a chair, as I have a difficult topic (for some).
Finding a chair is a critical piece. Are you able to communicate well with your chair, or did you end up with the person by default? Not that that would be insurmountable, but it's always preferable to have someone who understands and supports your thesis while having critical thinking skills that are productive and not just critical.
Hope that made sense!
I actually wanted this person, as this person is an expert in the field. The person has been faculty at my school, but now only teaches one class (on my topic). The other time is spent in the field.
Unfortunately, I think most of correspondence will be through the phone or net, as we do not live close.
Well, that will be good. It will help you learn to write with clarity and persuasion, and back up your statements with evidentiary data.
Oooh, this is exciting!
I know. I have to start researching during Christmas break (that's one of the many things I will be doing school related).
You've come a long way, Billie. I remember when you were just a kid in undergrad!
Oh goodness, that was so long ago!


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Developer- and Publisher-specific Articles: Cyanide Studio
New gameplay footage released from Space Hulk: Deathwing
The heretical voices have been temporarily silenced, but Genestealers still threaten the Imperium. The Emperor wills their eradication, and a new Space Hulk: Deathwing gameplay trailer from developer Streum On Studio will show players the way. The upcoming first-person shooter is an adaptation of the Space Hulk boardgame, and the latest video offers a look at how they modeled the rules for the digital version, with info on enemies, squadmates, and the localised damaged system. As a Librarians, players will search the Olethros with an AI squad to hunt down relics and Genestealers in a story co-written by Gavin Thorpe.
The Reikland Reavers show off their moves in Blood Bowl 2 trailer
Cyanide has rolled out the first gameplay footage from Blood Bowl 2. The video features the human Reikland Reavers squaring off against orcs, demonstrating some of the 75 different skills. There's also a glimpse of what the new engine brings to the series, including cheering fans, a dynamic camera, and improved animations. The official site has also been relaunched, offering more info on multiplayer and the eight playable races.
Terminators, Genestealers square off in Space Hulk: Deathwing trailer
A first-look video has been released from StreumOn's upcoming first-person shooter Space Hulk: Deathwing. The slow-mo-heavy CGI trailer, titled Rise of the Terminators, gives a peek into the battle between Terminators and Genestealers that players will get to take part in when Deathwing is released later this year for console and PC. No word on which consoles, though.
Genestealers closing in! New Space Hulk: Deathwing trailer released
Focus Home has released a new trailer for Streum On's Space Hulk: Deathwing, a new first-person shooter set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe. The Summer Trailer was created using UE4 engine and features a Librarian of the Deathwing, the game's protagonist, battling a wave of Genestealers alongside his fellow Deathwing Terminators squadmates. As a loyal Librarian of the Emperor of Mankind, players will travel through the chaotic Warp to battle Genestealers as they gather relics, unlock new weapons, and evolve through four skill trees.
Catch a glimpse of Styx in action in Styx: Master of Shadows teaser
Cyanide Studio has released its first teaser for their upcoming action title Styx: Master of Shadows. The 200-year-old Styx is a practiced assassin and expert thief, and his latest goal is the Amber stored within the heavily guarded Tower of Akenash. Being the rogue that he is, the teaser's minute-plus of footage features Styx stealing from and taking down the elves and humans that patrol the tower.
Goblins to get their time in the spotlight in Styx: Master of Shadows
Of Orcs and Men's goblin trickster Styx will be starring in his own adventure for PC, Styx: Master of Shadows. As the 200-year-old thief, players must sneak into the Tower of Akenash to steal its precious Amber. The tower is miles high and heavily guarded, so Styx will need to undertake missions to reach the top, including stealing precious artifacts and assassinating its human and elven inhabitants. Cyanide plans for the action to be open and fluid, with levels designed so that players have numerous ways to accomplish their tasks, while a six-skill-tree system allows players to customize Styx's talents. A dynamic AI will require that Styx stick to the shadows, but from there, he can lay traps to make a guard's death look like an accident—or toss caution to the wind and just stab them (he is a dirty, dirty goblin after all).
New Warhammer 40K shooter announced, Space Hulk: Deathwing
The Space Hulk series will be returning as a first-person shooter with Streum On Studio's Space Hulk: Deathwing. The E.Y.E: Divine Cybermancy developer will be porting over the boardgame using the latest Unreal Engine with the assistance of Cyanide Studio. Deathwing will allow players to battle Genestealers inside of a Space Hulk as a Librarian from the Dark Angels, gaining new skills, abilities, and equipment as their Space Marine works their way through the craft's myriad passages.
Of Orcs and Men shows dynamics of teamwork in new trailer
Orc warrior Arkail and Styx the Goblin's unique relationship is highlighted in the latest trailer for Of Orcs and Men. Arkail provides the muscle of the group while Styx compensates for his smaller stature with quick wits and fast feet, but both are needed for the requisite post-pummel high-five. I can only assume there will be plenty of … okay, probably low-fives … during their quest to assassinate the Emperor of Mankind. Also, I really like that this is titled "Buddy Trailer".
Of Orcs and Men storms the gates with new screenshots
The Spiders and Cyanide co-developed action-RPG Of Orcs and Men is showing off more goods today with five new shots. The latest batch features the dynamic duo of Orc warrior Arkail and Styx the Goblin—hey, they have names now—battling the forces of man and beast on their quest to assassinate the Emperor.
Of Orcs and Men gets with the bashing in four new screenshots
Following last month's five-shot batch, Cyanide and Spiders have released four new screenshots from their upcoming action role-playing game Of Orcs and Men. The latest crop of images is one of many, giving gamers a better look at the adventure that awaits them in their quest to destroy the Empire of Men.


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Did you hear on Twitter? Carole Samaha wins the "Best Music Video" MEMA Award
She was already a winner in our book, but now she has another award to prove it. Carole Samaha's clip for "Wahshani Biladi" (I Miss My Country) snagged her a MEMA Award (Middle Eastern Music Award) for the category of "Best Music Video".
The celebrating songstress sent out a social media statement of gratitude for all her fans that have supported her every step of the way and voted for her to win the prestigious award, according to the Middle East news portal Elaph.
The Lebanese "Lady" can stand a little taller now that her video directed by Vern from France has given her some extra props. An official ceremony will be held to present the awards of MEMA at the beginning of June.
The Egyptian aviation company Egypt Air has even chosen to use the song in their official promotional campaign for their flights.
This momentous occasion comes off the back of two grand performances in Amsterdam that were off the chain.
Now we wonder if her song "Ha Sha'bak" (Your People) will keep her success continuing in 2014.


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"Pakostane" Pakostane by vkrajcin
Pakostane Travel Guide: 5 reviews and 27 photos
Pakostane is situated at the Adriatic coast and it has unique location between the sea and the lake called Vransko jezero. Pakostane is surrounded by natural beauties of national parks and it has the charm of a small Dalmatian place.
In the comforts of the Mediterranean nature and the beauty of the Pakostane Rivera, everybody can find his own piece of the summer paradise, children playing on the sand, adults in the shade of the pine wood, and those in love in hidden coves of lonely islets.
Gourmets can enjoy in domestic food; cheese, smoked ham, lamb meat, and lovers of seafood in fresh fish, shells, scampi and good Dalmatian wines.
If you are interested at the local sports games, you are free to join in and compete, as well as participate in the summer "fiestas" and entertainment programs.
If you like bicycling and nature, there are unique bicycle paths which circle through the Vransko Lake Nature Park.
- Pros:Special attractions are trips to surround-ing national parks and nature parks.
- In a nutshell:It is a nice Dalmatian place which is worth visiting.
Reviews (5)
Next to the lake is the modernly equipped motor camp Crkvine with the restaurant offer of excellent fish... more travel advice
The Days of Knights Vranski is traditional manifestation which takes place in late August. Knight games are held over... more travel advice
If you want to have a drink at a decent place than U Gabre is nice place to visit. It is situated at the Promenade. It... more travel advice
For those who love bicycling and nature, there are unique bicycle paths which circle through the Vransko Lake Nature... more travel advice
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I designed a PCI card and specifically followed the PCI spec recommended finger dimensions. Compared to other PCI cards I have compared my board to, the fingers on my board are too short .180" compared to .220" and the bevelled board edge is also visibly different. Why would PCI recommended dimensions be misleading here? Anyone? Thanks.
Why don't you post your fab drawing and we can take a look?


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Scooped by
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onto Peer2Politics
This is a great article about how the computer has changed things and shifted the innovation from big companies to smart and creative people.
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In order to set up a laboratory in a garage, people depend on a multitude of objects, networks, and people.
From www
Open Source Hardware Association @oshwassociation #OI2conf16 Anyone here at the EU Open innovation event ? https://t.co/JTY8RJpvwO
From medium
I'm in a high speed train from Paris to Barcelona: I've got 6 hours to digest one city before meeting the next one.
From aeon
The hacker ethos is wild and anarchic, indifferent to the trappings of success. Or it was, until the gentrifiers moved in
It may not, as promised, predict the future. But this fresh and insightful book illuminates the present in unexpected, revelatory ways
THE PHILOSOPHY OF ECOVILLAGES The social and ecological costs of modern development have inspired creative new ways of living in the 21 st century. While those of us with modern lifestyle
From opensource
A look at how Linux and open source software are changing in-vehicle infotainment through GENIVI and the Automotive Grade Linux (AGL) workgroup.
From www
Every generation has a group of crazy people set to 'make a difference and have a positive impact'. These creative entrepreneurs, young innovators, change-makers (they have many names), have all in common a different vision for our economies and businesses: more sustainable, more social, more inclusive and, especially, more collaborative.
From www
A sci-fi-inspired prefab with an efficient edge is grounded in real-world technology.
From www
Innovation advisor Navi Radjou and economist Jeremy Rifkin will be joining delegates at the International Summit of Cooperatives in Quebec.
From medium
At a recent KPMG Robotic Innovations event, Futurist and friend Gerd Leonhard delivered a keynote titled "The Digital Tr…
From www
Humans are more likely to work with smart machines in the digital enterprises of the future than be ousted by them, but the possibility of economic and social disruption needs to be on the political agenda.
Every so often I am invited to write a piece that in effect answers the question, "Why the commons?" I invariably find new answers to that question.
We exceptionally republish the whole article by Marcelo Rinesi: "Volkswagen didn't make a faulty car: they programmed it to cheat intelligently. The difference isn't semantics, it's game-theoretical (and it borders on applied demonology).
From medium
Part 3 of a 3 part series of reflections on OuiShare Festival.In my 20s I had the impression that my reality was fundamentally illegible to the academics o…
The world is changing quickly and there is great need for people everywhere to visualize how it is happening and, consequently, help it come to fruition
Communication is the tool we use to navigate change in this perishable, impermanent world. We talk about what's happening and what's coming. We use words to rally and activate citizens; to inform a…
Semtech Welcomes Leadership from Global Operator Orange in Setting Open Standards for IoT Networks in Europe
In September 2015,
In Procomuns 2016 it is well understood that the "Sharing Economy" is a flawed model, while the Commons Collaborative Economy is a totally different game.
From bigthink
By mid-century there will likely be 9 billion people on the planet,
consuming ever more resources and leading ever more technologically
complex lives. What will our cities be like? How will we eat?
From www
Question of TTIP comes up and it potential to spoil the NHS' status. Recorded from Question Time, 19 May 2016.
The Renewable Energy sector is growing as fossil fuel becomes less appealing due to cost parity with renewables, driving evolution to sustainable societies.
From www
This video shows a very interesting concept of how you can build an open hardware multimeter, which lets you get considerable accuracy at a cost that is somewhat lower than existing commercial multimeters.
From www
Blockchain technology is the most important invention in computing in a generation because, for the first time in human history, we have at our disposal a truly native digital medium for peer-to-peer value exchange. Blockchain, a vast global platform based on a distributed ledger, establishes the rules -- in the form of computations and heavy duty encryption -- that enable two or more parties to transact or do business without needing a third party to establish trust.
Open Source Governance: Creating a Prosperous World at Peace Robert Steele, Open Source Observatory (European Union), 23 May 2016 Open source solutions – primarily in software but increasingly also in hardware – cost roughly one tenth of...
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Hey all,
I recently whipped out my copy of CTP to play again. Had issues at first, but after changing the compatibility setting it ran fine......at first. I am able to set up a couple cities, but then the game freezes on me and I have to shut it down.
Anyone else having this issue? I added the Forever Future Mod hoping it would fix things but nothing changed.
Any help is appreciated


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Unknown AdventureThis orchestral movie soundtrack tells a story, from wonder-filled beginnings to dramatic heights. Worthy of big-screen productions.https://www.smartsound.com/filmscore/images/fcp_b08_200.jpgSingle10810-ST$ 39.9510810-EX$ 59.9510810-W$ 149.95Instrument: Orchestra, French Horn, Acoustic, Instrumental Genre: Orchestral Emotions: Mysterious, Ominous, Expansive, Suspenseful, Drama, Hopeful, Fantasy Production Types: Cinematic, Suspense, Action-Drama
Unknown Adventure from the album Richard Band Vol 8 - Heroic Adventure
On The EdgeWith driving timpani and dissonant horns, this cue supplies tension and power. Tailor made for climactic moments with focussed suspense.https://www.smartsound.com/producer/images/PS26_200.jpgSingle7509-ST$ 39.957509-EX$ 59.957509-W$ 149.95Instrument: Orchestra, French Horn, Percussion, Acoustic, Instrumental Genre: Orchestral Emotions: Edgy, Ominous, Dissonant, Dramatic, Incessant, Powerful, Suspenseful, Drama, Angry, Abstract Production Types: TV/ Film Drama, Suspense, Action-Drama
On The Edge from the album Fear And Uncertainty (PS26)
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