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What drives an actor or actress to go to certain extremes for roles? That is the question I hope to answer with this article.
Over the years we have witnessed actors such as Christian Bale and even the deceased Heath Ledger transform and mold themselves into a totally diverse image. It sounds simple on paper, but it isn't. The transformations that these people put themselves through are extreme. It can be tremendous weight loss or even plastic surgery.
But why do this? Is it a result of an obsession or is it overzealous passion for their work? Maybe it is a combination of the two. Recently, the forty-three year old actor Matthew McConaughey landed the role of an HIV victim in a movie called "The Dallas Buyer's Club". For the role, he had to lose around 30 pounds. He successfully completed this task. McConaughey now looks like a totally different person and is sometimes it's hard to recognize him, but he was successful in capturing the image of an HIV victim.
Some people look at these cases and are disgusted. Some are even amazed. Though, I think they all wonder hard as to why these people do what they do. I have a relatively simple answer that you may or may not agree with. It is like I said, the combination of obsession and passion. Of course this could vary depending on the actor or actress in question, but for the most part it is the answer. These hardcore professionals apparently love what they do. That love is committed, passionate, and unflinching. It is the motivation that causes actors like Christian Bale to lose over 60 pounds for a role.
This may surprise you but I believe that some of us "normal" people can actually relate even if it is only to a certain extent. Most people have a passion for something. This passion could be for something as simple as shoes or it can be for collectibles. I personally have a passion for many things like cars, video games, and movies. If I count the number of video games I have and times that number by $60 (the price of video games currently) I would probably have a good amount of money. But do I regret it? No, I do not. Games have been an important part of my life and will be until the day I die. Is that so different from an actor going to extremes for a role? No, I believe it isn't. Sure, the level of intensity is obviously different but it is still the same concept.
So what do you think? Do you think that my answer is correct? If not, I am curious as to what yours may be. Also, tell me about your own passions.


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The view from the roof of the Calgary Tower
CFL 2012 Western Finals BC Lions vs Calgary Stampeders at BC Place on November 18, 2012. For more info, visit gigapixel.com
Calgary is extending its Light Rail Transit system and part of that expansion includes building a 1.5 km elevated guideway for the trains (see www.westlrt.ca ). This pano shows the yellow Launching Truss used to lift and place pre-cast concrete segments that form the guideway.
The CFL's 102nd Grey Cup between the Calgary Stampeders and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats at BC Place on November 30, 2014. The image is made up of 640 photos (32 across by 20 down) stitched together, taken over a 30-minute span, and is not supposed to represent one moment in the game. The image resolution is 121,237 x 53,68...
You might spot a few things: Canadian flags, corporate logos, cars, and windows ;).
www.matthewbruckerphotography.com/Portfolio/Portfolio / 95 image composite stitch using the GigaPan Epic Pro with a Canon 5D Mark III and 70-200 f/2.8 I IS at 200mm. Taken during the last 30 minutes of the "golden hour" (the last hour before sunset) from Crescent Heights.

subset: commoncrawl


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: Club:
~>{*Shiny Hunters Club}<~
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May 22nd, 2009 (9:24 AM). Edited May 22nd, 2009 by It's Just Fufu.
It's Just Fufu
Nostalgia is powerful.
Join Date: May 2006
Location: The Ghetto (Shinies are here!)
Age: 22
Nature: Hasty
Posts: 1,496
Congrats on your shinies, Alinthea, especially your shiny Palkia. Platinum has such nice sprites.
Speaking of Platinum, I purchased my own Platinum yesterday, but I started SRing for Piplup just an hour ago. I really hope Piplup shines soon, there are so many other targets I'd like to hunt for! Anyone want to race for a shiny starter?
Edit: Still going strong for Piplup. I've decided to make a small change on my Diamond version, however; when I get bored of SRing, I will breed for another shiny Porygon. I'm really liking the Porygon line again all of a sudden, and I have some excellently IV'd parents, so I will use the Matsuda method. This around, I'll be sure to keep my game in Sleep Mode, too, to see if it helps at all.
Credit goes to ShinysHunters Forum for the image.
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JavaOne Track Highlights: Java Development Tools and Agile Techniques Track
By Yolande Poirier-Oracle on Sep 08, 2015
The JavaOne 2015 Content Catalog is live. We've got hundreds of great sessions covering all things Java related. To help you find exactly what you're looking for, be it Server-Side Development, Security, or anything in between, the sessions have been placed into 8 tracks. The tracks at this year's conference are designed to be the ultimate guide to help you stay on top of the latest innovations in Java technologies. This is the eighth and final post in a series on the tracks being offered at this year's conference. Last week, we looked at the Java Clients and User Interfaces track. Today, let's look at the Java Development Tools and Agile Techniques track and a few featured sessions.
Looking for ways to improve your Java development productivity? Writing code that works is essential, but working to write good code doesn't have to be as hard as it once was. Modern Java development tools and agile development techniques are constantly making this process easier. On the Java Development Tools and Agile Techniques track, we've compiled a series of sessions that will help you master these developments and improve your productivity. You'll learn to use tools like IDEs, monitoring, testing, and performance environments, and you'll learn practices like test-driven development, behavior-driven development, domain-driven design, application lifecycle management, continuous integration, and more.
On this track, be sure to look out for "Using Automation Tools for Code Quality Improvements for Java Applications" by Oleksandr Chelombitko and Oleksandr Lipanov from Softarex Technologies Inc. This featured session will help you improve the quality of your source code. Using codEnforcer, source code can be analyzed and improved independently of any other tools used in the development process. This session is a hands-on lab, meaning that you'll get firsthand experience, bridging the gap between learning and doing. Also on this track is "Development Horror Stories," a Birds-of-a-Feather Session hosted by Simon Maple and Oleg Shelajev from ZeroTurnaround. Come share your most horrific development story and what you did to fix it. You'll hear from other developers on their horror story and fix in this session. Why just learn from your own mistakes? Take advantage of this session and avoid future catastrophe.


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Alexander Higdon
Position: TE
Height: 6-5 Weight: 247 lbs.
Born: September 9, 1966 in Cincinnati, OH
High School: Princeton
College: Ohio St. (school history) (Higdon college stats)
Drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the 3rd round (56th overall) of the 1988 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (15060th overall since 1950)
Other SR Links: College Football at Sports-Reference.com
Output includes all passing, rushing, and receiving plays.See all Alex Higdon Super Bowl plays using the Super Bowl Play Finder


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New Outboard Blocks secured offshore Gabon
Ophir Energy plc ("Ophir" or "the Company") announces it has expanded its footprint offshore Gabon by signing exploration and production sharing contracts for two additional blocks.
Ophir has interests in six blocks in Gabon: Mbeli, Ntsina, Manga, Gnondo, Nkouere and Nkawa. All of these are located offshore in the North Gabon basin in water depths of up to 2,500 metres.
Ophir has a 40% operated interest in the Mbeli and Ntsina Blocks, a 70% operated interest in the Gnondo and Manga Blocks and a 100% operated interest in the Nkawa and Nkouere Blocks acquired in 2014. All of the Blocks are located offshore in the North Gabon basin in water depths up to 2,500m.Close
Across the six blocks, Ophir has identified three play fairways: the northern pre-salt, the Ogooué delta extension and the Cretaceous structural / stratigraphic plays.
In 2014 over 10,000 sq km of 3D seismic data was acquired over all blocks. The prospect inventory is been refined and ranked on this and legacy data during 2015. Incorporation of these prospects into the Ophir portfolio will determine the drilling programme for 2016/2017.
Ophir has previously drilled five wells in Gabon. There were three wells in the 2014 campaign, the Padouck-Deep 1 exploration well tested the pre-salt prospectively in the Ntsina block and encountered thicker than expected sandstones, however there were no hydrocarbon shows. The Affanga Deep-1 well was an extension of the proven Ogooué Delta play in the Gnondo permit and encountered poor reservoir characteristics. The Okala-1 well encountered a thick section of Aptian salt as prognosed and well developed sandstones in the Gamba and Dentale formations, but there were no significant hydrocarbon shows in the target reservoirs. Post well studies have shown that all wells have encountered a thermo-genic hydrocarbon front.
Analysis of the 2014 campaign has enhanced the understanding of the deepwater distal margin play of the North Gabon basin. The data acquired during the 2014 drilling campaign indicate the presence of oil-prone source rocks and suggests that this is potentially a future oil province.
The 3D seismic data captured in 2014 will further enhance the technical understanding and help to determine whether Ophir decides to conduct further drilling operations in Gabon.


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Join spankwire.com today for FREE, and gain added functionality
that members enjoy.
Passwords are case sensitive.
I like the new boobs
I think her new tits look great. They're big, but not huge, her aureola look perfectly proportional, and when she lays back tthere isn't even a hint of a scar. I prefer big titted pornstars, but I'll admit that I've seen plenty of subpar boob jobs.Alexis's does not deserve to be called that.
they should've shrunk those sand-dollar nips!!!
for the fucker that gave me a -1... I was jus stating that her gettin implants ruined the reason why i liked her in the first place. doesnt mean i still wouldnt fuck her
damn... i hate to say she was a dime before this. now im not sure. shes still beautiful. but fuck.
she was perfect b4
WHY?!!!!!! DAMN! another beauty who now looks like a blow up doll. First Ice and now Alexis, Damn!
the bigger the tits the bigger the pay day
thumbs up to the tits
that is a shame.... she had a perfect look and ruined it with these rock hard fakes
yeah sadly i have no idea what she looked like before but she is one of the porn mistakes lol
This is upsetting. She was one of the most gorgeous, natural chicks in porn. Now she has fucking weather balloons on her chest.
her boobs were fine before. whatever though, her ass is her best feature.
shit, i whupped my thang for an hour...
Gawd those are nasty tits. Can't think of anything really to recommend this girl.
hers look great.
wtf she took a poll on her website and the majority of fans were against the boob job
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Recently, I had to get a new battery. When I did, I ended up having to take my car to the dealership to have the Idle Air Control Valve cleaned. Since then, there has been a hesitation on acceleration in the car. Also, when it is started, it also hesitates for a second before idling normally. I want this fixed. What should I try or look for to fix the issue? I appreciate any help. Darren
by SouthernGent in Easley, SC on June 28, 2011


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The Art of Musical Maintenance 12 Poster and Show
I am very proud to announce that I am making the official poster for "The Art of Musical Maintenance 12" Rock Poster Show at The Goodfoot in Portland, Oregon. Some of my best rock posters from the last year will also be in the show.
Every year, Jason Brown of The Goodfoot and The Peoples' Art of Portland gathers the best of the best in the Rock Poster medium to make a massive art show. I love this show; walking into The Goodfoot, one is offered the one of the greatest visual feasts in the Rock Poster world. Hundreds of the best rock posters of the last year, created by the best of the best, framed and arranged, artist by artist, in the perfect setting. Nothing encapsulates Portland, or Rock'n'Roll for that matter, more than this show! It's the a great way to dig some art, drink a beer with friends, and perhaps bring home a super-cool momento from your favorite band or artist.
"Siren" The Black Edition : Chuck Sperry x Pangea Seed
The non-profit organization PangeaSeed Foundation and supporting artist Chuck Sperry are pleased to offer a highly exclusive fine art print to help support our efforts to help save our seas via art and activism (ARTivism).
"Siren" The Black Edition is a limited edition fine art print signed and numbered by the artist. We are very pleased to be offering number 1 of the extremely rare edition of only 2 prints in existence. This beautiful seven color screen print measures 18×34 inches on black satin paper.
Read more about the artist's inspiration for "Siren" HERE
Celebrate Black Friday by helping to save our seas. Proceeds from the sale of this extremely rare fine art print will directly benefit PangeaSeed's ongoing educational programs.
Thank you for your consideration.
– PangeaSeed Team
Chuck Sperry x Pangea Seed: "Siren" Art Print
Long ago, on November 5, 1965, prominent climate scientists Roger Revelle, Wallace Broecker, Charles Keeling, Harmon Craig, and J Smagorisnky met with US President Lyndon Johnson and warned him of their findings on Climate Change. By 1974, Wallace Broekner had modeled his prediction for the affects of accumulated carbon dioxide on the global surface temperature of the Earth. His predictions remain accurate to this day.
As of 2015 we have experienced a 1 degree centigrade rise in temperature worldwide, as Broekner predicted.
In the last few seasons we have witnessed the California Drought, a record fire season, and the Pacific Blob (a 2-7 degree rise in Pacific Coastal water temperatures).
I am alarmed by the state of our planet's environment. I grew up with the warnings. The predicted changes are here now.
It's clearly time to act. Please be mindful and give your care to the environment. It's time to do what you can to become a good steward of the environment. I am always happy to contribute my time and energy to Pangea Seed! Their efforts in helping to save the seas deserve our support and good energies!
read more:
Rolling Stone, "The Point of No Return: Climate Change Nightmares Are Already Here"
The Guardian, "Scientists Warned The President About Global Warming 50 Years Ago Today"
The Rock Poster Society • Festival of Posters 2015 • Release Information
Luna, The Fillmore, San Francisco, 2015
12 x 35
Edition of 125
6 colors on cream paper
Signed and Numbered
Sold Out – Thank You!
Luna, The Fillmore, San Francisco, 2015
12 x 35
Blue Opal Edition of 25 (detail photo)
6 colors on metallic blue opal paper
Signed and Numbered
Sold Out – Thank You!
Luna, The Fillmore, San Francisco, 2015
12 x 35
Parchment Edition of 20 (detail photo)
6 colors on parchment paper
Signed and Numbered
Sold Out – Thank You!
Full images of the variants below (This is such a tall poster I felt the detail photos above would help people in the release).
Luna, The Fillmore, San Francisco, 2015
12 x 35
Blue Opal Edition of 25 (full photo)
6 colors on metallic blue opal paper
Signed and Numbered
Luna, The Fillmore, San Francisco, 2015
12 x 35
Parchment Edition of 20 (full photo)
6 colors on parchment paper
Signed and Numbered
The Rock Poster Society, Festival of Posters
I will have many surprises, rarities, variants, unreleased variants, one-of-a-kind test prints, and black & white tests to offer exclusively at TRPS on Saturday, October 24, 2015!
San Francisco's annual Fall Classic, the TRPS Festival of Rock Posters is set to go for Saturday October 24th, 2015 at the San Francisco County Fair Building (aka Hall of Flowers) in beautiful Golden Gate Park.
Featuring rock poster artists and dealers from around the country, this is the biggest rock poster event of its kind anywhere. Those of you who have attended this show in the past know that this is the one not to miss. We bring in the best of the best, and you'll find everything from vintage psychedelic treasures to the best of the modern silkscreen movement. This year's version promises to offer another stellar lineup.
The location is at the corner of Ninth and Lincoln on the South edge of the Park, not far from the Haight, the DeYoung Museum, and the Academy of Sciences. There are plenty of great restaurants close by, too. Make it a weekend and bring the family to enjoy the great weather, an awesome poster event, and everything else San Francisco has to offer.
It's been a very busy time for shows! Below are some recent shows from my bio page. If you would like to read more, click for some selected press reviews.
Muses In Paris, Chuck Sperry Solo Show, l'Oeil Ouvert Gallery, Paris, September 17 through October 11.
"Gig Poster Power," London Design Festival, group show, Clinic Design Agency, London, September 21 through September 25.
Pearl Jam Poster Show, "The Poster Printed Will Remind Me," group show, Reeperbahn 116, Hamburg, September 23 through September 26.
Muses Los Angeles, Beyond Eden Art Fair, Spoke Art Gallery, Barnsdall Park, Los Angeles, October 3 and 4.
Spoke Art x Chuck Sperry at NYCC, New York, October 8 to October 11.
"Contaminazione Tra Arte e Musica," Rock Poster Art, group show, Collection of Stefano Marzorati, La Permanente, Milan, October 10 through October 11.
In one month, I've been in shows in four countries, New York City and Los Angeles, and a major release out of Japan – I just can't help myself, and I apologize – lol ….
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Our Mission is to Help You Help Animals
With many worthwhile animal causes to support, it's easy to feel overwhelmed and powerless. By banding together like-minded folks with a strong, collective voice, the goal of BtC4Animals is to ignite and accelerate the change we can make as individuals at a pace that doesn't overwhelm.
BtC4Animals highlights one monthly list of causes and provides information on how readers can help. Calls to action don't require money or more than 15 minutes to complete and typically involve actions like signing a petition or participating in a letter-writing campaign for the protection of voiceless domesticated pets, farm animals and wildlife alike.
Our Core Foundation: YOU
Your role is simple and most important. Answer the monthly calls to action. Tweet about them, post them to Facebook or write a blog post. Each act, great and small, spreads the word and creates an enormous impact. Following these simple ideas, you'll be the shoulders that lift our champions toward their goal!
Blog the Change Events
Blog the Change, for writers and readers alike, takes place on 1/15, 4/15, 7/15 and 10/15 annually. If you have a blog, join us in any way that inspires you. Write about actions you have taken personally. Promote a shelter in need. Publicly announce new commitments and inspire others to join you. This is your chance to rally people around a cause near and dear to your heart. Learn more…
BTC4A History
In March of 2010, more than 50 bloggers partook in an experiment, the Be the Change Challenge, choosing one day of action and blogging about a plethora of animal needs. The list of creative, ambitious and actionable solutions offered a tangible feeling of solidarity to make the world a better place for animals in need. What was missing was a way to reconnect.
Inspired by the strength and support of this passionate animal community, Kim Clune of This One Wild Life wanted to recapture the energy of that day, to create a central place to share information regularly, to bring people together to make a difference for all animals, domestic and wild.
Kim shared her thoughts with Amy Burkert of GoPetFriendly.com, and together, they felt an unmistakable energy, a creative spark and the determination to bring their ideas to fruition. Kim developed a website to create a community connection through quarterly Blog the Change events. Amy brought Cause of the Week to the table.
On May 24th, 2010 we began to grow our Facebook presence, setting the stage for the website launch on June 28. Within the scope of a year, volunteer writers and cause scouts coalesced to from Team BTC, making this a community-run website managed by Kim with valuable, democratic input by all. By 2011, the BTC community had grown more than 12,000 supporters strong, and the work of each important member was duly recognized when BTC4animals.com was nominated Best Cause Blog for the 2011 Petties Awards.
Created to represent a movement rather than a leadership, in November of 2013, the torch was passed from Kim Clune to dedicated alumni volunteers Vicki Cook, Kim Thomas and Peggy Frezon. In that year, the team focus slowly shifted away from the weekly blog posts and more toward the fast pace of social media, where causes could be shared as quickly as they cropped up. Kim Thomas nurtured the growth of our community with tremendous dedication and success fro 2011 to the present, making the space our communication hub. In April of 2014, after Kim Clune launched her local dog rescue, she stepped forward full force from her temporary advisory position, to implement monthly cause roundups and continue the well established Blog the Change events.
Welcome to our vision, our contribution to Be the Change — a movement with no leaders, no limits and all the possibility in the world. We hope you find it useful.
Team BTC and the BTC community
You guys rank right up there with a raw meaty bone! – The Road Dogs


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Crawley Make History as Tubbs Strikes Again; Boss Evans Thinking Big after Striker Sinks Torquay
Byline: Ian Stokes
Tubbs (39)
WATCH OUT the big boys -- Crawley Town, the millionaires of the Blue Square Premier, are still on the warpath.
'They'll be taking paracetamols about meeting us,' said boss Steve Evans after Matt Tubbs' 25th goal of the season knocked out League Two Torquay. 'Don't worry, even if we go to Old Trafford in the fifth round, we'll go there to win.'
Tubbs kept up his remarkable goal-a-game season when he fired home Dannie Bulman's defence-splitting pass.
FA Cup veteran Bulman played in the 2001 semi-final with Wycombe when they were beaten by Liverpool. He gave another intelligent midfield display to push league leaders Crawley into the last 16 for the first time in their history.
In a tempestuous tie at packed Plainmoor, both sides finished with 10 men after referee Darren Deadman sent off Torquay's Chris Zebroski and Crawley's Dean Howell, both for two bookings, in the second half.
The hero of the tie should have been Torquay goalkeeper Scott Bevan.
Giant Bevan saved two penalties in the space of six minutes, one from Tubbs and another from Craig McAllister, to keep Torquay in contention. But the nearest they came to a goal was an angled volley against the bar by left-back Kevin Nicholson in the 87th minute.
Tubbs fired a warning in the 37th minute, when he shot wide from a McAllister flick.
Then, when Bulman's through-ball beat defenders Guy Branston and Mark Ellis two minutes later, Tubbs made no mistake. Branston and skipper Lee Mansell kept tackling hard but Torquay were punchless up front until manager Paul Buckle sent on Billy Kee to partner forlorn lone striker Elliot Benyon early in the second half.
Zebroski was sent off for handball in the area in the 61st minute but Bevan dived low to his right to keep out Tubbs' spot-kick. …


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The Gym leader you mostly struggled?
View Single Post
January 26th, 2013 (1:33 PM).
Join Date: Jan 2013
Gender: Male
Posts: 29
it always depends on the team i'm using but the ones i can think of are:
bugsy: scyther can be a real pain without a solid counter
whitney: miltank gives me more trouble with charm + stomp than rollout tbh
morty: gengar for the same reason as scyther
bw2 cheren: "pff.. now i have to beat puppies..."
*work up* *work up* *work up*
"ffffffuuuuuu.......!!!!! tepig! run for your life!"
i like to play underleveled, that's why i have trouble beating scyther and gengar at times.
unless i have something to inflict paralysis or at least one pokemon resistant to the main attacks, chances are that i'm in trouble.
but that's exactly what keeps the journeys fun and interesting =D
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EVERETT CARLL LADD, JR., is professor of Political Science and director of the Social Science Data Center at the University of Connecticut. He is the author or coauthor of numerous books and journal articles on American politics and the political process listed in the front of this book. Professor Ladd has been a visiting professor at Yale University and has held fellowships from the Social Science Research Council, the Ford Foundation, and the Guggenheim Foundation. In addition, he is a research fellow of the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. He is currently a member of the Executive Council of the Inter‐ University Consortium for Political Research (ICPR).
SEYMOUR MARTIN LIPSET is the George D. Markham Professor of Government and Sociology and a member of the Executive Committee of the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. He has held fellowships from the Social Science Research Council, the Ford Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He has been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Education, and the National Academy of Sciences. He is currently vice-president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and chairman of the Section on the Social and Economic Sciences of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has been on the councils of the American Political Science and the American Sociological Associations. Two of his works have received awards: Political Man (the Maclver Award) and The Politics of Unreason (the Myrdal Prize). The First New Nation was a National Book Award finalist. His books have appeared in eighteen languages.


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BOSTON Blind and visually impaired public school students don't usually get the chance to participate in sports the same way their sighted peers do.
But 19 teens from Massachusetts and Connecticut recently flexed their muscles in a week-long "adaptive" sports camp at Perkins School for the Blind in Watertown. They tried tennis, track, golf and got to ride bikes as fast and free as they wanted.
Going Tandem
On a beautiful spring day with puffy white clouds overhead, a bunch of teens snapped on protective headgear and prepared to pedal.
Fifteen-year-old Michael tried a side-by-side tandem bike. He said he rides a regular bicycle at home but only up and down his driveway because he's vision-impaired.
Cycling is one of the adaptive sports Michael and the other teens are trying at Camp Abilities at Perkins.
Through the week Michael's been at the camp, he's been able to rip around the track, lap after lap.
"I enjoy going fast," he admitted with a smile.
Michael can let loose because he has the help of a sighted co-pilot.
He got to run races as well.
"Today was a competition day, and I did a 50-yard run and a 70-yard race, and I won both of those," he beamed.
Those wins were firsts for Michael. He's a junior at Lunenberg High School, where he's the only visually impaired student. He isn't participating in physical education classes there this year, but he has in the past.
"In middle school, they'd either have me go with a guide, or they'd adapt it for me, or they had me do something else," Michael explained. "I've done lifting weights. I can do that."
When You're Blind, P.E. Is 'Really Boring'
Seventeen-year-old Lina is graduating from Chelmsford High School in June and related to Michael's experience.
"When I did have P.E. it was really boring because I didn't have an adaptive P.E. teacher or anything. But I wish I had had gotten a chance to experience P.E. in a fun way — like everyone else does," said Lina, who lost her sight when she was 2 years old.
"So often kids who are visually impaired are either with a teaching assistant in the corner of a gym or left to do things like keep score rather than participating in teams with their peers," said Dorinda Rife, superintendent of education programs at Perkins. "This is an opportunity for our kids to learn about what they can do with peers."
Rife said experimenting with blind and visually impaired peers reduces the risk of embarrassment.
'I Can Do This'
Visually impaired students aren't usually as fit as kids with sight, noted Megan O'Connell, the Perkins teacher and Camp Abilities coordinator who brought the national program to Perkins.
The camp was originally created in 1996 by Lauren Lieberman, a professor of sport studies at SUNY Brockport. Now there are 15 sites, including Massachusetts, New York, Arizona, Puerto Rico and Ireland.
"Our goal is to empower kids and give them self-advocacy tools to go home, to go back to their public school."
"Our goal is to empower kids," O'Connell explained, "and give them self-advocacy tools to go back home, to go back to their public school and adaptive P.E. or P.E. teachers or P.T.s — whomever they're working on human movement with — and to be able to advocate for themselves that, 'I can do this, I can participate.' "
"And then hopefully that's going to translate at home and at school," added Susan Brophy, an adaptive P.E. teacher in the Chelsea public school system. She spent the entire week assisting at Camp Abilities.
Brophy said she takes her high school students on all kinds of athletic adventures.
"Outrigger canoeing, rain or shine, hot or cold. And I also have a couple of students who've been to Camp Abilities. One of them we trained for a 5K a few years ago," Brophy recalled proudly. "It's pretty awesome."
Challenging Stereotypes
Outside of the camp, participation in sports by the visually impaired is actually pretty rare.
Mark Lucas, executive director of the U.S. Association of Blind Athletes, said that 60,000 kids are blind in the United States and more than two-thirds sit on the sidelines during their P.E. classes because so many coaches and schools don't know how to add adaptive sports to their curricula. That's why programs like Camp Abilities are critical for bringing about change, Lucas said.
According to a federal report, only 25 percent of visually impaired students in grades 7-12 play one or more seasons of sports per year, compared to 59 percent of students without disabilities.
Lucas said playing sports helps break down stereotypes beyond high school.
"Ability breaks down those stereotypes. In the United States, 70 percent of people who are blind and visually impaired are unemployed," Lucas explained. "A lot has to with the negative stereotypes that we have about people who are blind. We focus on their disability first and not their abilities."
An Unlikely Tennis Ball
One of the toughest sports to conquer is tennis, according to Perkins adaptive P.E. coordinator Matt LaCortiglia. At Camp Abilities, the game is played with a specially designed ball.
"It's basically a foam ball cut in half and then a ping pong ball with some BBs in it was inserted in the middle and then put together and re-taped," LaCortiglia said. "It's not highly technical but it does work."
But then there are times when LaCortiglia wishes the ball worked a little better.
"Sometimes the ball doesn't bounce kind of evenly — takes a bounce off to the side and stuff," he said. "Some of the positives are that it is soft, so the kids aren't really worried about it hitting them, which is kind of a big thing because with a lot of sports where there's objects flying in the air there's some hesitancy, which is expected."
Playing Despite Setbacks
Sore muscles are expected this week, especially for the kids who aren't used to being so active.
Then there's 17-year-old Nicholas of Attleboro, who's very athletic. He said he runs at least three miles daily and loves wrestling, biking and weightlifting.
Nicholas' sight loss isn't as dramatic as some of the other campers.
"In my left eye I can only see light and shadows. In my right eye there is no peripheral so it's just straight ahead," he said, adding, "It's not that bad."
Nick, who's heading to college in the fall, shared his opinion on adaptive sports.
"I actually have a weird view on adaptive stuff for people with visual impairment. I think they're going too far," he said. "I think people are trying to do too much trying to help everyone, and people should try to do more things for themselves."
That said, the teen admits he's had fun at Camp Abilities trying new sports and making new friends.
Thirteen-year-old Kaylene uses one word to describe how she feels after four intense days of tennis and biking.
"Exhausted!" she said through a very satisfied smile.
Video Extra: One of the sports at Camp Abilities is Goal Ball, which is specifically designed for blind and sight-impaired athletes. Here's an example of what the sport looks like:


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13 Insane Viral Videos Starring Russians (Vol. 2)
Welcome back to a series of dozens of videos in a collection of only the best videos from Russia. The Japanese have the market cornered on the weirdest videos on the internet, Americans have the dumbest and most narcissistic and Russians have what are undoubtedly the most insane, intense, "holy sh*t" videos on the internet.
All of Russia is a Jackie Chan movie. So enjoy this second installment of thirteen insane viral videos from Russia. Stay tuned for more!
- 1
The Airbag in Couch Prank
- 2
The Luckiest Driver in Russia
- 3
Car Flipped By Trolley Car Cable in Russia
- 4
Man Falls Off ATV, Has to Chase It
- 5
Russian Workout Fail
- 6
Drunk Tarzan
- 7
Russian Driver Destroys Road Rage Bully's Door
- 8
Russian Super Pedestrian
- 9
Russian Traffic Accident Dispute
- 10
Russian Martial Arts Fail
- 11
How Not to Jump Out of a Tree
- 12
Swift Effective Road Rage
- 13
Russian Motorcycle Band


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WR Randy Moss agrees to deal with 49ers
SANTA CLARA, Calif. Randy Moss is ready to show the world he can still be that dynamic deep threat who once dominated NFL defensive backs.
Even after a year away. Even at age 35. Even with a reputation he says isn't all it's made out to be.
Moss is getting a another chance in the NFL, signing a one-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers on Monday only hours after he worked out for the team and with former NFL quarterback and current coach Jim Harbaugh.
"I'm not a free agent. I'm a guy straight off the couch, straight off the street," Moss said. "One thing I want the sports world to understand is the love and passion I have for football."
Moss will fill a big void for the reigning NFC West champions in Harbaugh's version of the West Coast offense.
While he didn't go as far as to promise not to pout when times are tough, he did say all the right things, and that he plans to be a positive presence in a locker room known for its blue-collar, unselfish approach. Moss has no interest in reflecting on his past, either.
This is a fresh start.
"The thing about me being here is they've done their research on me. When it comes to the worldwide sports media, I've gotten a bad rap," Moss said. "They've done their homework on me or they wouldn't have brought me in here. ... (The questions were) more of me not being a team player and things like that. I don't want to get into that."
Moss got a good vibe about the organization from the moment he was picked up at the airport Sunday night, calling it a "no-brainer" to sign. He said the organization quickly decided to "pull the trigger" - and it's a low-risk, high-reward move for San Francisco.
"Harbaugh is a young, enthusiastic coach. I love enthusiasm," Moss said. "A lot of things stood out to me."
It seems Harbaugh's throws were on target, too.
"Jim Harbaugh makes 49ers veteran emergency board: Best coach's workout in NFL history (especially while wearing khakis & a sweatshirt)," Niners CEO Jed York tweeted.
Moss, who worked out last Tuesday with the New Orleans Saints, spent a year out of football and last played for New England, Minnesota and Tennessee during a rocky 2010 season.
He said he enjoyed playing catch with Harbaugh, a 15-year NFL pro in his day.
"Yes, he can still bring it at his old age. I don't know, he's probably sitting there with an ice pack or something on his shoulder right now," Moss said. "He can still wing it."
The 49ers can sure use him. San Francisco's receivers managed just one catch for 3 yards in a 20-17 loss in the NFC championship game to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants at Candlestick Park on Jan. 22.
York told reporters earlier Monday at team headquarters his team needed "someone to stretch the field." The athletic, 6-foot-4 Moss fits the bill.
Moss said he initially retired for "personal reasons outside of football" and considered making a comeback late in the 2011 season before ultimately deciding to give his body more time to train. He suffered a shoulder injury during 2010 with New England.
Moss always believed he could still perform.
"It was a decision to get back in the game because I still love the game and think I can play at a high level," he said. "It was obvious they liked what they saw. I don't want to let them down."
The 49ers also are working to re-sign quarterback Alex Smith, the No. 1 overall draft pick in 2005, and have reportedly made him a three-year offer. Smith's representatives haven't returned multiple messages seeking an update on the status of negotiations.


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Firefox 3 is two to three times faster than its predecessor and offers more than 15,000 improvements, including the smart location bar, malware protection, and extensive under-the-hood work to improve the speed and performance of the browser, says Mozilla CEO John Lilly. Among the new features, he lists:
° The new Firefox 3 smart location bar "learns" as people use it, adapting to user preferences and offering better fitting matches over time.
° The Firefox 3 Library archives browsing history, bookmarks, and tags, where they can be searched and organized.
° One-click bookmarking and tagging make it easy to remember, search and organize web sites.
° The new full-page zoom displays any part of a web page, up close and readable.
° Firefox 3 is built on top of the new Gecko 1.9 and uses less memory while it's running.
° New malware and phishing protection helps protect from viruses, worms, trojans and spyware
to keep people safe on the web.
° Firefox 3's one-click site ID information allows users to verify that a site is what it claims to be.
° Firefox 3 lets users customize their browser with more than 5,000 add-ons. Firefox Add-ons
allow users to manage tasks like participating in online auctions, uploading digital photos, seeing the weather forecasts, and listening to music, all from the convenience of the browser. The new Add-ons Manager helps users to find and install add-ons directly from the browser.
 "Macsimum News" is a proud supporter of [url=http://planetgumbo.org/]Planet Gumbo[/url], which feeds the hungry. We urge you to help them in their efforts.
Macsimum News has a presence on Facebook. Why not sign up? Log in to [url=http://www.facebook.com/home.php]Facebook[/url], go to Groups and type in Macsimum News to get there from here.


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Complete ABS plastic Body kit for your 2001-2002 Suzuki GSXR 1000./636/636
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I am having such a hard time drinking. It's not that I do not want to drink, but I am just not at all thirsty. The thought doesn't cross my mind that I need to drink because the urge isn't there. Then if I force myself to drink I feel water logged. Does anyone else have this problem? Any suggestions?
Not Thirsty?
Harmony Monet Sha-Ron (3/2/2010), Melody Shaelyn (4/5/2011)��My girls are my world. I have never felt so blessed!!!
Comments (8)
I carried water with me at all times, and just got into the habit of it. You are more apt to drink it if you have it on hand. So try having it with you, instead of having to go get it when you are thirsty. I know what you mean. Thats a LOT of water to have to drink!
Wife to Chip 1.9.09.
Mommy to Lyric 10.30.09. & Layla 11.30.10
How much water are we supposed to drink a day. I keep hearing different amounts. My doctor said as long as I don't get dehydrated I'm drinking enough. But how do I know if I'm dehydrated?
You can figure out how much water you need to drink a day by going to this link.
I normally just keep a bottle of water on hand. THey sell water flavorings if you just don't like the taste or want something that will make you want to drink :D
TTC w/ pcos & male infertility since "09"
Hope is the companion of power, and mother of success.
I have the exact same problem. I keep getting dehydrated, but I just can't make myself drink! I keep a bottle of water with me all the time, but if I'm not thirsty, it makes me sick, flavored or plain. Hopefully someone has an idea, because it's awful!
~Heather~ mommy to Colin (2/2005) and Parker (11/2009)
I keep a drink with a straw in it-I find it's easier to take a sip or two with the straw when I see it, rather than drinking a glass all at once or anyting like that.
The other thing I like to do is instead of using ice, I use frozen fruit. Peach slices, frozen berries, grapes, melon-whatever I feel like (I get it in the freezer case at the grocery store or freeze some things myself.) A handful of that instead of ice cubes and as it defrosts, I get the flavor of the fruit in the water. And then I can eat the fruit at the bottom when I'm done.
"Trying to have a conversation with you would be like trying to argue with a dining room table..."
make sure you drink lots, my amniotic fluid was low because i wasnt drinking enough and trust me its better to be drinking the right amount now than it is to try and get your fluid level up later....the bladder doesnt hold as much as long lol
Heidi single mom to Lucas (5.2.09) and Lydia (4.12.10)
I absolutely hate drinking water - always have... adding lemon or lime to it helps but the biggest thing for me is - it has to be super-cold. Once it warms up, if I haven't finished a bottle -- the open one goes back in the fridge and I start a new cold one.
It makes for a lot of open bottles in the fridge but at least I am drinking it :>
Joined 09/26/09� & "COLOURBLIND"
Beware the thought police!
"The whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought"- 1984


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A Historian's Historian: An Unorthodox Traditionalist, John Lukacs Challenges Both the Right and the Left
Patterson, Margot, National Catholic Reporter
Visiting Kansas City, Mo., to give a lecture on World War I, John Lukacs is reading The New York Times when we meet. "It's a chore--reading the paper today," says Mr. Lukacs, putting the newspaper down. "I read it with a slightly sickly feeling in my stomach. What's in the paper has less and less to tell me that will interest me."
At age 84, Mr. Lukacs can be forgiven a certain world-weariness. The author of 25 books, the Hungarian-born historian has spent a lifetime studying the condition of the world, a condition that does not generally improve much. World War II has been a major focus for him--he's written nine or 10 books on that topic--and so is the nature of historical knowledge, another subject he's written about voluminously. "The how in history is always important," he muses. "This is what no machine can answer. In every question the how and why are combined."
The man whom David McCullough, the Pulitzer-prize winning author of Truman and John Adams, once referred to as "the greatest living American historian" came to the United States in 1946. Except for occasional visiting professorships, he spent his career teaching at Chestnut Hill College, a small Catholic college for women. Now retired, Mr. Lukacs continues to write. In 2005, he published Democracy and Populism: Fear and Loathing, a brilliant tour de force that flits back and forth between observations on contemporary American politics and reflections on 20th-century history and such towering figures of the age as Churchill, Stalin and Hitler. In 2007, he published George Kennan: A Study of Character, a biography of the American diplomat and historian with whom Mr. Lukacs maintained a long and close friendship. He's currently at work on a book called Last Rites, about which he will disclose only the title--"It may be the only good thing about the book"--and that it may well be his last one.
Readers of Mr. Lukacs' books, many of them such as The Duel: The Eighty-Day Struggle between Churchill and Hitler and Five Days in May, 1940 absorbing narrative histories appealing to a broad audience, know that he believes the historical significance of communism has long been overrated. America's entrance into World War I in 1917 was a far more decisive event in his view than the Bolshevik Revolution that took place that same year. "Twenty-eight years after the Russian Revolution, the only country that was communist was Russia," he noted. Communist intellectuals were everywhere in the West, but their influence was very limited. They were like chicken droppings, he said; the emergence of communist regimes in the Third World owed more to anticolonialism than to the power of Marxist ideas.
Nationalism, not communism, was the principal political force of the 20th century, he said, and with it populism, the danger of which he believes is underrated. Hitler was perhaps the most popular revolutionary leader in history, he writes in his book The Hitler of History. While the baffle between liberalism and conservatism dominated the 19th century, Hitler realized earlier than most that the chief forces in the 20th century would be nationalism and socialism and that of the two the former was stronger. Mr. Lukacs notes that it took the short-term alliance of Western liberal democracies and communist Russia to defeat the dynamism of National Socialist Germany in 1945. "Now of course we are all national socialists," he remarks, observing that nationalism as a sentiment and socialism in the form of the welfare state have become almost universal.
Mr. Lukacs came to his interest in history and wariness of mass politics partly through experience. He grew up in Budapest, the son of a doctor and a mother who was a Jewish convert to Catholicism. Despite being raised a Catholic, during World War II, he was forced to serve in a Hungarian labor battalion for converted Jews. Conscripted into the Hungarian army when Hungary was allied with Germany, he became a deserter and survived the Siege of Budapest. …


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Your bilingual naturalist guide greets you at the airport and assists you through customs. During lunch he/she introduces you to the islands and specifically the flora and fauna you can expect to encounter at your first destination: Las Bachas Beach.
On the sandy white beaches of Las Bachas get a close look at a sea turtle nesting area and a lake frequented by leggy pink flamingos and other migratory birds. Afterward, cool yourself off with a dip in the deliciously blue Pacific Ocean (snorkeling). As this is your first evening on board, the crew invites you to a pre-dinner cocktail on the yacht before the welcome dinner. If the night is clear, as it usually is, the stars above are sure to dazzle - look for the Southern Cross, the Big Dipper (turned up-side down!) and Orion.
Early in the morning enjoy breakfast before disembarking at Genovesa or Tower Island, which is located in the northeastern part of the Galapagos.
Anchor at Darwin Bay, located on the southern part of the island, which is actually the caldera of an extinct partially-eroded volcano. While the origin of the name Tower is not known, one can imagine it had something to do with the towering cliffs that encircle it. The tour is a long, fairly-easy walk, but it is usually hot and dry here, so you may want to carry some water. After a wet landing on a coral beach the trail begins in an area where there are several swallow-tailed gulls. As you walk back from the beach, look out for a variety of Opuntia cactus and mangroves, following the walk there is time for snorkeling. Visit El Barranco during the afternoon then return to the boat for dinner.
Bartolome Island, which at its highest point is 114 meters, is one of the most photographed vistas in the archipelago. This island is quite young and quite volcanic, therefore it's relatively unpopulated; only a small handful of die-hard plant and animal species have survived long enough to call this lava-land home.
After the visit to Bartolome Island you can go snorkeling off its golden sand beach - and you may even swim with penguins. In the afternoon visit nearby Sullivan Bay. At the turn of the century a huge lava flow spilled right down to the sea and today you can stroll across this black volcanic expanse, admiring its time-frozen ripples, bubbles and ropes.
Early in the morning arrive on Daphne Island, a cone formed by the accumulation of volcanic ash, which is home to thousands of birds such as blue footed boobies, frigate birds, tropic birds, and many more. Your ship navigates around this volcanic cone, so binoculars are recommended to get a good look at the birds. Daphne has been a great research site on which many scientists have spent years studying the behavior of Darwin's finches.
After this visit move on to the next site, Black Turtle Cove, which is a red mangrove lagoon on Santa Cruz and is a nursery for many sharks and rays. It's also a great location to observe mating sea turtles during nesting season. Expect to see large groups of resting White-Tip Reef Sharks, schools of Golden Rays and Spotted Eagle Rays, and a few marine bird like blue footed boobies and pelicans. The water very calm so we often used paddles instead of the loud panga engines to move around the area.
After lunch navigate for a couple of hours to Cerro Dragon, where as soon as the ship arrives - weather permitting - you can go snorkeling and shortly after that make a dry landing on lava rocks. Cerro Dragon is a small bay on the west coast of Santa Cruz and got its name from the many land iguanas that live in the area. Land iguanas are endemic to the Galapagos Islands where they have found good mating and nesting areas.
Following breakfast on board, disembark the Aida Maria and transfer to the Baltra airport for your independent flights home.


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Thanks for the roving report Tink.
I so wish that we could make it to the F&WF this year but it now seems very unlikely that we will.
It must be great to be living on the doorstep so that you can come and go as you please....I am so envious.
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6 year old mare with some beginning training. Very bright - quick and eager to learn. Excellent bloodlines - award winning ancestry. Chestnut with…Make an Offer
Great eventing prospect, Jax is a 12-year-old, 15.2 HH, black-and-white Dutch warmblood cross. Jax has a dressage foundation and was bought as a step up…$3,000
Ginger is an extremely sweet, fancy pony looking to take a special little rider to the top. She has been backed and lightly jumped by young event rider…$2,500
Athena is a lovely young Welsh Pony by Quicksilver. She has been backed and jumped up to 2'6 (with plenty of scope for more) by young Event Rider Chelsea…$2,500
Good home only! For sale or trade-good Western Tack, OBO ~ Beautiful 10 yr old Paint mare broke to ride, best with confident rider, young rider or old…$1,800
Black & white tobiano homozygous gypsy vanner stallion being offered. Sweet & willing personality that he passes on to his foals, stands near 14.3hh,…Stud Fee: $550
" A Da Vinci Moment" is now available at stud. Da Vinci is a registered Tennessee Walking Horse. Excellent gait smooth ride. Has good minded and well tempered…Stud Fee: $450
For sale. Tennessee Walking Horse mare. Annie is six years old and stands at 16 hands. Annie is registered with TWHBEA. Sired by All Sky Watch. This gal…$2,200


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AHA: FDA Drops Clopidogrel Bomb at AHA
ORLANDO -- The FDA has issued a public health advisory warning patients and physicians that concommitant use of clopidogrel (Plavix) and omeprazole ... more
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Every new birth year is a cause for a celebration. In Logic's case, turning 24 can simply be celebrated by giving his loyal Ratt Pack a new track for them to vibe to or gathering his labelmates for a new freestyle for his fans to spazz out to. Logic chose the latter and released "24."
QuESt, Castro, Jon Bellion and Logic all celebrated in the studio and the outcome resulted in a fierce freestyle over 6ix production from each emcee. It is far better to give than to receive. As you can see, below, the fans agree too.
Ya'll are crazy! #24Freestyle is still trending after 2 hours. #VMG @YesIamQuESt @cdotcastro @jonbellion https://t.co/BtlEyvzrox
— "'σgic(TM) (@Logic301) January 27, 2014


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Big Daddy's Brew & Que to open at Bayshore on Friday
Big Daddy's Brew & Que, the new barbecue restaurant at Bayshore Town Center in Glendale that I told you about last month, debuts officially at 11 this morning.
It replaces Ovation restaurant at the iPic Theaters, toward the north end of the shopping center at 5800 N. Bayshore Drive, off N. Port Washington Road. The restaurant serves the general public, not just movie-goers. »Read Full Blog Post(755)
Katy Perry; Motorhead; Trivium; Toad the Wet Sprocket; Brett Dennen; Brandy Clark
Katy Perry »Read Full Article
Candy Chang's 'Before I Die...' comes to Milwaukee
There is something about a death that can be focusing. For New Orleans artist Candy Chang, the loss of a dear friend, initially lead to a long period of grief and depression that eventually turned to gratitude and clarity.
She wanted to know what was important, to her and to those in her around her. So the artist, known for her placemaking projects and urban planning ideas, painted the side of an abandoned building with chalkboard paint and stenciled the words, "Before I die I want to..." onto it. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
On Tap Today: Ben Sollee at Shank Hall
Cellist Ben Sollee takes his "Ditch the Van" tour to Shank Hall tonight. Photo provided by Shank Hall. »Read Full Blog Post


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Nada Nassar Bassim is a highly qualified haute couture fashion designer. She completed her studies in Lebanon, worked for "Grands Couturiers†in Paris and was established in Lebanon since 1999.
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view phone+ 961 1 484963 / +961 3 325337
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For twelve years, Gaby Saliba has shaped fashion in his own way. Eternally seduced by the Lebanese woman, he propels her beauty even further, creating sublime dresses for her that will highlight her elegance, values and lifestyle…
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view phone+ 961 1 805635
Antelias, Metn, Mount Lebanon
view phone+ 961 3 722766


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UNDERWOOD — Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery will have its annual open house from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. on Sept. 17.
Approximately 50,000 tule fall chinook are expected back to the hatchery along the Columbia River in eastern Skamania County.
The facility is open daily from 7:30 a.m. until 4 p.m. for the public to view adults leaping the fish ladder and take a closer look at them in the holding ponds.
Spawning is scheduled from Sept. 15 through 30. The best time to watch the crews spawn the fish is in the morning, as the process often ends by 2 p.m.


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Whoo hoo! Up and over the steep side on Mt. Hamilton!
Whoo hoo! Up and over the steep side on Mt. Hamilton!
Too bad its so far to the finish. Like last year I would expect a group of about 5 to ride in together.
That's funny. I rode Mines from Livermore out and back Saturday. Was thinking about heading up that side of Hamilton.
Hamilton AND Sierra Road - that'll be enough to eliminate quite a few riders on time gap.
Hamilton will be fun to watch but Sierra will still make the selection.
not a real mountain stage
Can someone post a topo of this?
Originally Posted by Moderator
these are the profile graders.
Last edited by BigSean; 11-13-07 at 12:31 PM.
900 feet of climbing?
Originally Posted by Moderator
Soooo.... how many feet of climbing is it?
Originally Posted by Moderator
Last year it broke it up to about 5 riders. I would expect more of the same this year. Providing the top climbers are all time trialist's I agree. Levi made up alot of ground on the Sierra Rd climb last year and got to the top first. No point in going at it alone as its too far from the finish, unless ya got a few minutes lead. Unfortunately there does'nt seem to be a place around here to host all the festivities at a mt top finish, or perhaps its about the $$$.
The back side of Mt Hamilton is a 2000' climb over 4.3 miles. It's a steep one- 8.8% average. I think it is harder than Sierra. Del Puerto isn't that hard except for the last 2 miles which are about 8.5%.
I think that the pack will come back together before Mt Hamilton, then a group will get away on the climb. There'll be a chase down the east side of Mt Hamilton but the group that catches back on will not be that large. That group will split again on Sierra and there won't be enough horsepower left to catch the lead group by the finish (unlike what happened two years ago).
This is not a great mountain stage but it does provide some great opportunities to breakaway specialists.
Of course it isn't a mountain stage in Tour sense. If this race were that hard you would not get such a quality field this early in the season.
They're moving in the right direction. Every year the race gets a bit better. I expect they'll be able to "afford" a genuine mountain-top finish eventually. I was surprised by the genuine desire and combativeness of the riders last year; I look forward to this year's edition being even more competitive. One thing I love about it is watching the Tour teams take on the American continental teams -- and last year watching Haedo basically earn his way into the big league.


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An evaluation of GO annotation retrieval for BioCreAtIvE and GOA
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Published: 24 May 2005
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© Camon et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd 2005
Published: 24 May 2005
The Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) database http://www.ebi.ac.uk/GOA aims to provide high-quality supplementary GO annotation to proteins in the UniProt Knowledgebase. Like many other biological databases, GOA gathers much of its content from the careful manual curation of literature. However, as both the volume of literature and of proteins requiring characterization increases, the manual processing capability can become overloaded.
Consequently, semi-automated aids are often employed to expedite the curation process. Traditionally, electronic techniques in GOA depend largely on exploiting the knowledge in existing resources such as InterPro. However, in recent years, text mining has been hailed as a potentially useful tool to aid the curation process.
To encourage the development of such tools, the GOA team at EBI agreed to take part in the functional annotation task of the BioCreAtIvE (Critical Assessment of Information Extraction systems in Biology) challenge.
BioCreAtIvE task 2 was an experiment to test if automatically derived classification using information retrieval and extraction could assist expert biologists in the annotation of the GO vocabulary to the proteins in the UniProt Knowledgebase.
GOA provided the training corpus of over 9000 manual GO annotations extracted from the literature. For the test set, we provided a corpus of 200 new Journal of Biological Chemistry articles used to annotate 286 human proteins with GO terms. A team of experts manually evaluated the results of 9 participating groups, each of which provided highlighted sentences to support their GO and protein annotation predictions. Here, we give a biological perspective on the evaluation, explain how we annotate GO using literature and offer some suggestions to improve the precision of future text-retrieval and extraction techniques. Finally, we provide the results of the first inter-annotator agreement study for manual GO curation, as well as an assessment of our current electronic GO annotation strategies.
The GOA database currently extracts GO annotation from the literature with 91 to 100% precision, and at least 72% recall. This creates a particularly high threshold for text mining systems which in BioCreAtIvE task 2 (GO annotation extraction and retrieval) initial results precisely predicted GO terms only 10 to 20% of the time.
Improvements in the performance and accuracy of text mining for GO terms should be expected in the next BioCreAtIvE challenge. In the meantime the manual and electronic GO annotation strategies already employed by GOA will provide high quality annotations.
The number of proteins requiring functional characterization in the UniProt Knowledgebase [1] is still growing. Although proteins can be electronically annotated using existing resources [2], the most reliable and detailed annotation is still manually extracted from the literature by a team of experts. The problem with knowledge archived in the literature is that it is represented in scientific natural language where a variety of text phrases can be used to describe the same concept. Traditionally, this information could be deciphered by humans but was not easy to interpret computationally. Furthermore, the number of biological databases has also increased so that up-to-date annotation relies on the ability to integrate information from multiple sources.
Currently, one of the most important advances in database annotation, querying and interoperability is the development and use of structured vocabularies. In this regard, one of the most successful is the 'Gene Ontology' (GO) [3, 4]. Since 2001, the GOA database [2, 5] at the EBI has used GO to provide consistent descriptors for proteins in its UniProt Knowledgebase in the categories of molecular function, biological process and cellular component.
With the success of GO's integration into the analyses of microarray [6, 7] and mass spectrometry data [8], academic and pharmaceutical institutions are keen to fast-track the assignment of GO terms to large datasets. Consequently, a new generation of tools have been developed which aim to predict GO annotations using interacting networks [9], existing protein features [2, 10], sequence [11] and semantic similarities [12]. Numerous text mining systems [13–15] have also attempted this task or reported results on aspects of this task.
While some of these tools are useful, others demonstrate a lack of understanding of how GO is used and queried by a biologist. For example, the GO term 'cell adhesion' (GO:0007155) has been experimentally verified as a process involving the protein ICAM1 but to assign that GO term automatically to every paper that mentions the protein ICAM1 is simply incorrect. Every article that mentions ICAM1 will not experimentally verify that process within its text; instead, it might simply describe the sequence. Annotating GO terms to biomedical literature in this way is not useful to curators, as the GO term is often not attached to a 'relevant' paper. For developers of automatic information extraction and retrieval techniques, however, this strategy might form part of a useful intermediate step to limit the number of GO terms to be searched in a given piece of text.
So what do GO curators really need? A useful tool would allow curators to retrieve all 'relevant' papers which report on the distinct features of a given protein and species and then to locate within the text the experimental evidence to support a GO term assignment. Given that GO is not designed for text mining, it is of no surprise that exact text strings of many of the 18,000 GO terms will not be found verbatim in the literature. Despite these difficulties, GOA is often asked to evaluate various automatic GO retrieval and extraction systems. To encourage their comparison and development and to save time in individually evaluating the different strategies, the GOA team was delighted to take part in task 2 of the BioCreAtIvE (Critical Assessment of Information Extraction systems in Biology) challenge.
BioCreAtIvE task 2 was designed to assess if automatically derived classification using information retrieval and extraction could assist biologists in the annotation of the GO terminology to proteins in UniProt. For the training set, participants were provided with papers linked to GO annotations from human proteins already publicly available [5]. For the test set, we annotated 286 blind (not yet released) human proteins with GO terms using the full text of 202 Journal of Biological Chemistry articles. We manually evaluated 22,000 segments of text, which were provided to support the correct GO term and protein predictions. In this paper, we give a biological perspective on the evaluation, explain how we manually annotate GO using literature and offer some suggestions to improve the precision of future text retrieval and extraction techniques. Finally, we provide the results of the first inter-annotator agreement study for manual GO curation, as well as results assessing our current electronic GO annotation strategies, to help to establish a threshold for the text mining technology.
One of the distinguishing features of the UniProt Knowledgebase is the high level of annotation and database cross-references that are integrated with each entry. It therefore makes sense that the large-scale assignment of GO terms to the proteins in UniProt should exploit the existing knowledge stored in these entries [2]. Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers and Swiss-Prot keywords have been manually curated into UniProt entries for many years. A manual mapping of GO terms to these existing vocabularies allows GO terms to be retrofitted to appropriate UniProt records. Similarly, UniProt records contain cross-references to the InterPro and HAMAP (High-quality Automated and Manual Annotation of microbial Proteomes) databases [16, 17]. This is because the associated sequence contains features (signatures and domains) which provide evidence for their membership in a particular protein family. Based on a review of the literature of the well-annotated family members, GO terms are manually mapped to InterPro and HAMAP records. These mappings are released monthly with every GOA release and provide a useful first pass electronic GO annotation in the GOA database. As of March 2005, this strategy provided 69% GO coverage of UniProt records for over 85,000 species [5]. Surprisingly, BioCreAtIvE participants did not appear to exploit these released GO annotations to help limit the GO lineages that might be found in the test set papers. Later in this paper, we will explore the accuracy of these electronic GO annotations and compare the results to the text mining systems used in BioCreAtIvE.
Electronic techniques are efficient in associating high-level GO terms to large datasets. On the other hand, manual curation provides more reliable and detailed GO annotation but is slower and more labour-intensive. It is clear that the manual curation process requires automatic assistance. However, before attempting to develop strategies to help curators make more rapid GO assignments, it is important to first understand current manual approaches.
Each GO consortium member uses slightly different techniques in locating papers suitable for manual GO annotation [18, 19]. The following describes the approach of the GOA curators. First we have to decide which human proteins to prioritize for GO annotation. We concentrate on 3 categories, (a) those which have no GO annotation, (b) those which have disease relevance and (c) those which are important for microarray analyses. Having chosen the protein accession to annotate, we now need to find relevant scientific papers. The first step is to decide if the papers already linked within the UniProt entry are relevant for GO annotation. The decision on whether to read the full text of a paper is based on the curator's interpretation of the text used in the paper title or abstract. The journals cited in UniProt/TrEMBL records are inherited from EMBL/DDBJ/GenBank databases [20] and so may describe the sequence rather than GO function, process or component. Papers that reference the sequence are accompanied by a remark located in the reference position (RP) line, which says 'SEQUENCE FROM N.A.' (nucleic acid). On the other hand, UniProt/Swiss-Prot records are manually supplemented with documents to support the annotation stored in the comment (CC) lines. In these cases, the remark in the RP line might also indicate the type of information extracted from a paper e.g. 'SUBCELLULAR LOCATION', 'FUNCTION', 'INTERACTION'. It should be noted, however, that the use of the word FUNCTION in Swiss-Prot is not the same as 'Molecular Function' usage in GO. Frequently, GO process terms can be extracted from FUNCTION CC lines.
In addition to the papers archived in the UniProt records, the NCBI PubMed advanced search [21] is queried to find papers that support supplementary GO annotation. Various combinations of the gene and protein, full and abbreviated names are searched. Initially, searches are limited to 'Title' or 'Title/abstract' and to 'Human entries only'. Electronic GO annotation and information in UniProt/Swiss-Prot CC lines often provide curators with an insight into the types of functions that could be extracted from the literature. With this information to hand, curators are able to refine their search options to find more than enough relevant papers for GO annotation. In GOA, our current aim is to find the most recent papers which provide experimental evidence for the unique features of a given protein. Our approach is protein-centric rather than paper-centric as it is not necessary to read all the relevant papers that might be used to assign the same GO term. In the future, however, adding more papers to experimentally verify a given function will provide greater confidence to the GO annotations. A good source of a complete set of functional annotations is often retrieved from recent review articles. These reports often have links to relevant papers with experimental verification. Any papers that report new data are fed back to the UniProt curators to add to the original entry.
Most GO Consortium members would agree that the most difficult task in searching the literature is finding papers that have experimental information for a given species. Often, the species 'name' (e.g. human) is not mentioned in the 'Title' or 'Abstract' and occasionally, not directly mentioned in the full text. On these occasions, the method section of the paper has to be read and perhaps the taxonomic origin of a cell line identified before any attempt at GO curation. Filtering 'Human entries only' via PubMed is not always accurate. In addition, authors do not always cite the most up-to-date gene nomenclature e.g. use of upper case letters for human gene symbols [22]. This is likely to affect the precision of automatic 'gene product' entity extraction techniques.
Once a relevant paper is found, the full text is read to identify the unique features of a given protein. The majority of papers will mention more than one protein; however, a curator will concentrate on capturing the information pertinent to the main protein chosen for annotation. Most curators still prefer to print out papers rather than view papers online. This is simply to limit computer eye strain and because a curator can quickly scan and select the most relevant parts of the document for curation. Words or short phrases which can be converted to GO terms are highlighted by hand and the correct GO term identifier (ID) is documented in the paper margins for review.
GO terms are chosen by querying the GO files with the QuickGO web browser [2, 23] or with a local copy of DAG-Edit (official GO editor with browsing capability)[3]. Before assigning a GO term, the definition must be read to check its suitability. Obsolete GO terms (children of obsolete molecular function (GO:0008369), obsolete cellular component (GO:0008370), obsolete biological process (GO:0008370)) are not used in annotation. When electronic or manual GO annotations become obsolete, they are manually replaced with an appropriate term [24]. The reason for the obsoletion and suggestions for replacement GO terms are documented in GO comment lines. If a useful term is missing from the ontology, an existing GO term is in the incorrect hierarchical position or a definition needs to be refined, a curator request is sent to the GO editorial office using SourceForge [3, 25].
The GO Consortium avoid using species-specific definitions for GO nodes; however some function, processes and component are not common to all organisms. Inappropriate species-specific GO terms (e.g. germination GO:0009844) should not be manually annotated to mammalian proteins. Sometimes these inappropriate terms can be distinguished by the sensu (in the sense of) designation (e.g. embryonic development (sensu Magnoliophyta, GO:0009793). Curators are cautious when manually assigning these terms. To avoid generating inappropriate GO term assignments, the text mining community should read the GO Consortium documentation on the subject [26].
If a curator is unsure of which process term should accompany a function term, they can consult the 'Often annotated with' section of the QuickGO browser. Here, GO terms that are assigned in tandem are displayed. These are also referred to as common concurrent assignments and are calculated on our existing manual and electronic GO annotations [2].
Important regions of a paper for GO annotation and the type of GO evidence codes that can be typically extracted from these regions.
Region of Paper
GO Evidence Code
Non-traceable author statement (NAS) Traceable author statement (TAS)
Non-traceable author statement (NAS) Traceable author statement (TAS)
All GO evidence codes [27]
All GO evidence codes [27]
Figure Legend
All GO evidence codes [27]
Materials and Methods
Identify species (via cell line). Identify GO evidence code according to experiment used.
If no functional annotation can be found for a given protein after an exhaustive literature search, the GO terms molecular_function unknown (GO:0005554), biological_process unknown (GO:0000004) or cellular_component unknown (GO:0008372) can be assigned with GO evidence code ND ('No Data').
It is clear from the above that the manual GO annotation effort has many steps, which could be assisted by automatic information extraction techniques. For these reasons, BioCreAtIvE organizers designed a biologically motivated task which asked systems to identify the proteins in the text, to check if any functional annotation was present and to return the GO term ID representing this information and the evidence text that supported the annotation.
To train systems to perform this task accurately, thousands of manual GO annotation examples were required. The training data provided to participants is documented online [28]. Essentially, the training set was extracted from the publicly available non-redundant human GO annotation dataset (gene_association.goa_human.gz) [5]. It consisted of approximately 9000 manual GO associations linked to UniProt accessions, PubMed IDs and GO evidence codes. It was advised that GO annotations with GO evidence codes 'Inferred from Sequence/Structural Similarity' (ISS), 'Inferred by Curator' (IC) judgment and 'No Data' (ND) should be ignored.
It is important to note that historically, most of the human GO annotations in the GOA database were generated before 2002. Approximately 6000 manual annotations were integrated from the former Proteome Inc. (now Incyte Genomics), which may or may not have been extracted from full text, while an additional 3000 proteins were annotated by UniProt curators from abstracts only, as part of a fast-tracking strategy. These annotations can be identified in the GOA database with GO evidence codes NAS or TAS [27]. Since 2002, full text articles are always read but the annotation and thus the creation of a large and useful training set is slow. These data can be identified in GOA by extracting terms with the GO evidence code, IDA, IEP, IMP, IGI or IPI [27]. As a result, the number of useful training data will be relatively small and will represent relatively few GO terms. Furthermore, the relevant passages of the text used in curation were not marked in the training set. As such, the training data was not equivalent to the task allocated (marked passages not provided). This was unavoidable given current annotation approaches and may have affected the precision and recall abilities of some systems in the first BioCreAtIvE challenge. However a positive outcome of the BioCreAtIvE evaluation is that marked passages useful in GO curation have been manually verified and made available for future training.
Table 2
estrogen receptor activity
PubMed: 11181953
estrogen receptor activity
PubMed: 11181953
One difficulty in creating the test set was that curators were often restricted to a single article per protein. Normally, a curator would seek verification of author statements from more than one paper. As a result, some articles were slightly over annotated compared to the normal curation process.
The test set was released to the BioCreAtIvE organizers on 3 November 2003. It was advised that participants should not use versions of GO archived in the CVS repository beyond this date. This was to ensure that the same GO ontology files were available to both the annotators and participants. The test set was suppressed from the monthly GOA release until January 2004.
BioCreAtIvE organizers created an online evaluation tool for task 2. For subtask 2.1, the tool displayed the UniProt accession in the test set, along with associated 'known' GO terms and documents. Participants were expected to return a segment of text (the evidence text) from the document that supported the annotation of the 'known' GO term. The provision of evidence text was critical for the evaluators as it provided a basis for rejecting or accepting that finding. Evidence text was visible to evaluators by means of a red text highlight. The full text surrounding the evidence text was also visible in black or blue font. The evaluation tool was easy to use and was designed with the evaluators to closely resemble a curation aid that might develop from this technology. Two GOA curators evaluated subtask 2.1. There were 9 distinct users for this task but 21 separate runs were submitted for evaluation.
Evaluation criteria for GO and protein predictions.
Criteria for GO term assignment
Criteria for protein association
The GO term assignment was correct or close to what a curator would choose, given the evidence text.
The protein mentioned in the evidence text correctly represented the associated UniProt accession (correct species).
The GO term assignment was in the correct lineage, given the evidence text, but was too high level (parent of the correct GO term) e.g. biological_process or too specific.
The evidence text did not support annotation to the associated UniProt accession but was generally correct for the protein family or orthologs (non-human species).
The evidence text did not support the GO term assignment. Note: The GO term may have been correct for the protein but the evidence text did not support it.
The evidence text did not mention the correct protein (e.g. for Rev7 protein (ligand) incorrect evidence text referred to 'Rev7 receptor') or protein family.
Summary of mistakes and curator comments following the task 2 evaluation.
Predicting obsolete GO terms
Strip obsolete GO terms, i.e. children of obsolete molecular function (GO:0008369), obsolete cellular component (GO:0008370), obsolete biological process (GO:0008370) [25]
Predicting GO terms from Materials and Methods e.g. 'pH' value yielded 'pH domain binding' (GO:0042731), 'CHO cell line' yielded numerous GO terms containing 'acetylcho line'.
Only look in certain sections of the paper for features. See Table 1 for GOA.
Predicting plant GO terms to human proteins e.g. germination (GO:0009844)
Look at GO Documentation on sensu [24] and strip out unnecessary GO terms.
Highlighting too much text
Set limit on evidence text highlight to be useful for curators. Limit to <5 lines.
Over-predicting GO terms from one line of text
More important to curator to choose a higher level term that is correct than to be too specific and incorrect.
Common GO terms predicted out of context e.g. text 'mapped to chromosome 3q26' yielded GO component term 'chromosome' GO:0005694. Text indicates chromosome number, not where the protein functions. e.g. text '249 amino acid' yielded multiple GO terms i.e. 'amino acid activation' GO:0043038.
Most papers will mention chromosome location and the amino acid length of a sequence.
Do not predict GO terms from text if words 'chromosome' or 'amino acid' in evidence text is accompanied by a number.
Choosing first paragraph of paper as supporting text
Although a lot of information can be found in introduction of paper, the task was to choose the highlight which supported the GO term.
Whole paragraph highlights do not speed up the curation process. Limit to <5 lines.
Difficulty in interpreting word order e.g. 'RNA binding protein' yielded the incorrect GO prediction 'protein binding'
Difficulty in predicting correct taxonomic origin of protein.
This can also be difficult for a curator, given lack of evidence in text.
Too many low confidence runs
Only submit data with high confidence level for evaluation. Limit participants to their best run/technique. (little difference between runs, repeat evaluations)
Inter-annotator agreement.
GO terms
Curator 1 +2
Curator 1+3
Curator 2+ 3
Same Lineage
New Lineage
Comparison of BioCreAtIvE test set manual annotations with electronic GO annotation predictions.
Total IEA annotations
Exact term
151 (0.24)
62 (0.16)
Same lineage > granularity
24 (0.04)
10 (0.03)
3 (0.11)
Potentially Incorrect/Correct
Same lineage < granularity
273 (0.43)
170 (0.44)
1 (0.04)
Total same lineage
297 (0.47)
180 (0.47)
4 (0.15)
Potentially Incorrect/Correct
New lineage
187 (0.29)
143 (0.37)
5 (0.19)
Potentially Incorrect/Correct
Total potential incorrect
211 (0.33)
153 (0.40)
8 (0.30)
Total minimal correct
424 (0.67)
232 (0.60)
19 (0.70)
Manual verification of electronic GO annotation reliability on 44 proteins.
Grand total
Total Proteins
Total Proteins (+ predictions)
29 (0.65)
25 (0.56)
11 (0.25)
Total Proteins (- predictions)
15 (0.34)
19 (0.43)
33 (0.75)
No. GO terms predictions
107 (0.63)
53 (0.30)
11 (0.06)
Exact term
Same lineage
New lineage
The GOA database currently provides 69% GO coverage of the UniProt Knowledgebase using in-house electronic and manual annotations as well as annotations integrated from GO Consortium members including MGI [18], SGD [19] and FlyBase [29]. The analyses presented in this paper indicate that these techniques have high precision (90–100%) but every year, the number of new proteins requiring GO annotation increases. As such we need to develop new techniques to increase GO coverage without compromising on high quality annotation. We used the BioCreAtIvE functional annotation challenge as an opportunity to help the research community, which might in turn ultimately help us to speed up our curation progress. The results of BioCreAtIvE task 2 indicate that the prediction of GO terms and provision of supporting text evidence is a difficult task. However, given the simple mistakes that were made and the creation of relevant training data during the evaluation [30], the improved performance of text mining systems in the next BioCreAtIvE challenge is inevitable. To supplement this training data and limit the expense of future evaluations, a tool that would allow curators to highlight and even link several important sentences that support a GO annotation might be useful. Ultimately, future functional annotation challenges could be evaluated semi-automatically by matching the highlighted regions of text.
Although GO was not designed with text mining in mind, it does try to create a vocabulary for biological research that could be deciphered by both humans and machine processing. The complications in matching exact GO terms in the literature might be resolved when the GO Consortium implement their plans to decompose the GO phrases into individual words or concepts and properties and by the mapping of more synonyms to GO terms [31].
Improvements in the performance and accuracy of text mining should be expected in the next BioCreAtIvE challenge. In the future we hope it will offer a useful supplement to the manual and electronic techniques already employed by GOA.
We would like to thank Alfonso Valencia, Lynette Hirschman, Christian Blaschke, Alexander Yeh and Mark Colismo for organizing the BioCreAtIvE challenge and would also like to praise the community effort of the GO Consortium.
The GOA project is supported by grants QRLT-2001-00015 and QLRI-2000-00981 of the European Commission and a supplementary grant, HG-O2273 from the National Institute of Health (NIH).
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
About a week ago, I noticed a bump (almost like a large pimple underneath the skin) on my baby's butt near his butt crack (sorry, don't know how else to explain this). It is not red or hot or anything that would lead me to believe that he has an infection. I'm just nervous about what it could be. Has anyone else seen anything like this on their baby and what did the pediatrician say it was? It scares me!
He will be going for his well-baby visit next week and I think it can wait to ask until then but I was just looking to see if anyone else had seen/felt this before.


text:
Advice please - i am aware that the transit is very reliable (next model up from smiley face transit) and been made aware that the LT35 is also reliable... but which one do i choose??? Fuel economy is a must but reliability is even more important! Had a citreon relay and it was worst van ever!!!!! Any advice would be appreciated plz? (ps., sorry to mess the thread up with a question not related to this thread!)
LT35's are more reliable than most of the new stuff on the market because the engine is simple. The reason they don't pull so well from low revs is the waste gate turbo which is more reliable then the variable vane stuff on newer vans. I can afford a Crafter but will have an LT every time because of the simple, inexpensive engineering. Plug in boxes are naff and always will be, remap is the only way to do it!
Early CDI engine sprinters are cam chain, not belt so servicing is a doddle
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Thanks to the added broad-spectrum protection and fragrance-free formula of La Roche-Posay Anthelios 60 Ultra-Light Sunscreen Fluid, it comes out as our Best Reviewed over Clarins UV Plus HP SPF 40 Day Screen.
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text: I am having an issue with the update of the Google Chrome. While i am trying to update the Google Chrome to the latest release of the same at that time i am getting the error 0x8004070C with the same. I am unable to update the Google because of this installation error 0x8004070C. If any one is having any idea about the same then please help me with the same. Thanks in advance.


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- Published: Chapel Hill, N.C. : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2012.
- Year Published: 2012
- Description: 285 p. ; 21 cm.
- Language: English
- Format: Book
ISBN/Standard Number
- 9781565129993
- 1565129997
- Cats -- Anecdotes. -- Michigan -- Lowell
- Cats -- Anecdotes. -- Behavior -- Michigan -- Lowell
- Pets -- Anecdotes. -- Michigan -- Lowell
- Human-animal relationships -- Anecdotes. -- Michigan -- Lowell
- PETS / Cats / General
- HUMOR / Form / Essays
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Kitty cornered : how Frannie and five other incorrigible cats seized control of our house and made it their home
by Tarte, Bob.
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Disappointing; not funny
I've read many pet memoirs. Generally, they are touching, funny, revealing insights into the relations between humans and their furry companions. With the raves on the jacket-and the amusing cover--I thought this would be greta for a good laugh. Perhaps the author's sense of humor is just too dry, or nonexistent, but I did not find this funny, nor even very amusing. Sort of straight up anecdotal, with no particular reason for me to find the story interesting or entertaining.
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