text:
Talents View in Talent Calculator
- Evanesce
- Flameglow
- Ice Ward
- Cauterize
- Living Bomb
- Incanter's Flow
- Meteor
45 sec cooldown Instant
Fade into the nether, avoiding all attacks against you for 3 sec. Castable while another spell is in progress and unaffected by global cooldown.
Replaces Ice Block.
Replaces Ice Block.
Protects you with fiery energy, absorbing up to 1,014 damage from each attack against you, up to 20% of each attack.
Ice Ward
40 yd range 1% of base mana
20 sec cooldown Instant
Protects a friendly target for 30 sec. The next 3 melee attacks will trigger a Frost Nova, freezing all enemies within 10 yds for 5 sec.
Fatal damage will instead bring you to 35% health and then burn you for 28% of your max health over 6 sec. This effect cannot occur more than once every 2 min.
Living Bomb
40 yd range 1.5% of base mana
The target becomes a Living Bomb, taking 3,448 Fire damage over 12 sec. When this effect ends, or the target dies, it explodes to deal an additional 2,757 Fire damage to the target and all other enemies within 10 yards.
May be spread by Inferno Blast.
May be spread by Inferno Blast.
Incanter's Flow
Magical energy flows through you while in combat, building up to 20% increased damage and then diminishing down to 4% increased damage, cycling every 10 sec.
40 yd range 1% of base mana
45 sec cooldown Instant
Calls down a meteor which lands at the target location after 3 sec, dealing 12,921 Fire damage, split evenly between all targets within 8 yards. Also burns the ground, dealing an additional 1,292 Fire damage every 1 sec for 8 sec to enemies in the area.
Major Glyphs
Glyph of Inferno Blast
FirePassiveYour Inferno Blast spell spreads Pyroblast, Ignite, and Combustion to 1 additional target.
Glyph of Combustion
FirePassiveIncreases the duration of the damage over time effect and the cooldown of Combustion by 100%.
Glyph of Dragon's Breath
FirePassiveIncreases the damage done by Dragon's Breath by 100%.
Minor Glyphs
Glyph of Conjure FamiliarPassiveTeaches you the ability Conjure Familiar.
Conjures a familiar stone, containing either an Arcane, Fiery, or Icy Familiar.
Glyph of IllusionPassiveTeaches you the ability Illusion.
Transforms the Mage to look like someone else for 2 min.
- Blazing Speed
- Ice Barrier
- Ring of Frost
- Cold Snap
- Ice Nova
- Incanter's Flow
- Comet Storm
Blazing Speed
25 sec cooldown Instant
Suppresses movement slowing effects and increases your movement speed by 150% for 1.50 sec. Castable while another spell is in progress and unaffected by global cooldown.
Ice Barrier
3% of base mana
25 sec cooldown Instant
Instantly shields you for 1 min, absorbing 16,745 damage. While the shield holds, spellcasting will not be interrupted by damage.
Ring of Frost
30 yd range 2% of base mana
45 sec cooldown 2 sec cast
Summons a Ring of Frost for 10 sec at the target location. Enemies entering the ring will become incapacitated for 10 sec. Limit 10 targets.
Cold Snap
3 min cooldown Instant
Immediately resets the cooldown of your Ice Block, and Frost Nova spells, and heals you for 22% of your maximum health. Usable during most loss of control effects, and unaffected by global cooldown.
Ice Nova
40 yd range
Causes a whirl of icy wind around the target enemy or ally, dealing 8,614 Frost damage to all enemies within 8 yards, and freezing them in place for 2 sec. A primary enemy target will take 100% increased damage. Max 2 charges.
Replaces Frost Nova.
Replaces Frost Nova.
Incanter's Flow
Magical energy flows through you while in combat, building up to 20% increased damage and then diminishing down to 4% increased damage, cycling every 10 sec.
Comet Storm
40 yd range 1% of base mana
30 sec cooldown Instant
Calls down a series of 7 icy comets on and around the target, each of which does 3,446 Frost damage, split between all enemies within 4 yards of its impact point.
Major Glyphs
Glyph of Icy Veins
FrostPassiveYour Icy Veins now grants 30% multistrike instead of spell haste.
Glyph of Deep Freeze
FrostPassiveYour Deep Freeze spell is no longer on the global cooldown, but its duration is reduced by 1 sec.
Glyph of Ice BlockPassiveWhen Ice Block terminates, it triggers an instant free Frost Nova and makes you immune to all spells for 3 sec.
Minor Glyphs
Glyph of MomentumPassiveYour Blink spell teleports you in the direction you are moving instead of the direction you are facing.
- Health356880
- Mana160000
- Intellect 5649
- Spell Power 7575
- Crit 20.07%
- Haste 11.91%
- Mastery 33.23%
- Multistrike 5.48%
- Versatility 2.33%
- Intellect 5649
- Spell Power 7575
- Multistrike 5.48%
- Crit 20.07%
- Haste 11.91%
- Mastery 33.23%
- Versatility 2.33%
- Strength 713
- Agility 951
- Intellect 5649
- Stamina 5948
- Damage 268–500
- Attack Power 0
- Speed 1.43
- Spell Power 7575
- Mana Regen 22120
- Armour 905
- Dodge 3.00%
- Parry 0.00%
- Block 0.00%
- Crit 20.07%
- Haste 11.91%
- Mastery 33.23%
- Spirit 1157
- Bonus Armor 0
- Multistrike 5.48%
- Leech 0.00%
- Versatility 2.33%
- Avoidance 4.32%
Recent Activity
- Completed step of achievement Admiral.
- 1 day ago
- 1 Quagmirran kills (The Slave Pens)
- 08/05/2016
- Obtained Ornate Weapon.
- 06/05/2016
- 17 Siamat kills (Lost City of the Tol'vir)
- 13/04/2016
Player vs. Player
- 40296 Honourable kills
Challenge Mode
Raid Progression
Last updated on 23/05/2016


text:
Wayne County Man Charged With Drug Trafficking
Posted: 09/10/2014 - A man is charged with drug trafficking after deputies received a tip from a concerned person.
Posted: 09/10/2014 - A man is charged with drug trafficking after deputies received a tip from a concerned person.
Posted: 09/09/2014 - Deputies in Wayne County say they followed an extension cord plugged into one woman's outdoor outlet all the way in through a neighbor's window.
Updated: 09/08/2014 - The deal is expected to lower power bills of thousands of eastern North Carolina residents by reducing debt for the North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency, which is managed by ElectriCities.
Updated: 09/08/2014 - Authorities arrested a man they say sexually assaulted a child.
Updated: 09/04/2014 - Timothy Srickland, who had been the pastor of a Mount Olive church, has been sentenced to 12 and a half years in prison followed by five years supervised release.
Posted: 09/04/2014 - A coalition of North Carolina environmental groups is suing Duke Energy under the federal Clean Water Act over pollution leaking from the company's coal ash dumps.
Updated: 09/02/2014 - Highway 264 westbound in Wilson County was closed after a crash just after 8 this morning.
Updated: 09/02/2014 - Police say they're investigating the fatal shooting of a man found on the street late Monday night in Goldsboro.
Posted: 09/02/2014 - The Governor is slated to make two economic announcements Tuesday.
Updated: 09/04/2014 - Police say several people kidnapped, beat and then shot a man, forcing him to withdraw money from the ATM.
Updated: 08/26/2014 - Wayne County deputies, with the help of the SBI, know where the fire started in Sharon Kascsak's mobile home, but are unable to determine the exact cause.
Posted: 08/22/2014 - Teenagers gathering at the Elm City library to take advantage of its free Internet are apparently doing more than accessing web sites.
Updated: 08/21/2014 - The Wilson Police Department has charged eleven people after gun violence in their community.
Updated: 08/18/2014 - There's now a bidding war for Family Dollar, with Dollar General offering about $9.7 billion for the discounter in an effort to trump Dollar Tree's bid.
Updated: 08/15/2014 - Monday marks the start of a 15-month construction project to help improve and revitalize the downtown area of Goldsboro.
Updated: 08/14/2014 - A historic courthouse in Wilson damaged by last winter's snowfall and recent summer downpours is getting a much needed renovation.
Updated: 08/14/2014 - If you see smoke, emergency officials, and plenty of commotion around Goldsboro Thursday, take note that the Seymour Johnson Air Force base is doing training exercises.
Updated: 08/14/2014 - Superior Judge Milton Fitch issued a "status quo" order this afternoon as the town of Belhaven and the NAACP sought a temporary restraining order against Vidant and Pantego Creek, LLC.
Updated: 08/12/2014 - Members of the Seymour Johnson Air Force base along with local and state officials will break ground at a new medical facility that is on the air force base.
Updated: 08/08/2014 - The Wilson Police Department and the U.S. Marshal's Violent Fugitive Task Force arrested and charged the sixth suspect with first degree murder in the death of 7-year-old Kamari Jones.
Updated: 08/07/2014 - Deputies say a concerned citizen called authorities when Oscar Juarez-Perez was spotted with a four-year-old child at his home on Jimmy's Drive in Seven Springs.
Updated: 08/13/2014 - New information on a burglary suspect shot by a homeowner. The man is now facing charges in the case.
Posted: 08/07/2014 - Groundbreaking ceremonies will be held in Wayne County Thursday morning for two new middle schools set to officially open next year.
Updated: 07/31/2014 - Wayne County deputies say Florencio Gomez was arrested Wednesday on charges of statutory rape and sex offense with a defendant six years older than the victim.
Posted: 07/29/2014 - Terrance Melton is the fourth and final suspect wanted in the murder of Linwood Jones in April.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Director, Pediatric Pulmonology
Ranked a Best Children's Hospital by US News & World Report in Pediatric Pulmonology for 2013-2014, the Robert T. Stone MD Respiratory Center at Akron Children's Hospital is seeking a Division Director to lead and expand our Pulmonology Division.
The successful candidate will have earned an MD or DO degree and eligible to be state licensed in the United States.Board certification in Pediatrics Pulmonology (preferred) or Adult Pulmonology plus a minimum 5 years of dynamic management/leadership experience required.The Division Director will provide leadership, oversight and management for the Division's clinical activities, ensuring that the highest quality clinical care is provided in an environment that fully embodies the principles of family-centered care. The Director will direct the Division's strategic planning initiatives for program development, quality, safety and risk management initiatives and develop and support the plan for recruitment and retention of clinical staff, human resource planning and career development.
A Team of Individuals
At Akron Children's Hospital, we value everyone for who they are and for the contributions they make. We strive to achieve the best solutions for each patient's unique medical needs – and it takes a variety of strengths, ideas and backgrounds to do so. Learn More >


text:
|Last Year
|Yes, much better than last year's getaway
|Oh yeah this year...at The Claiborne House Bed and Breakfast in Virginia
Take her some place special ~ Book your special getaway online 24/7 on our website www.ClaiborneHouse.net and we'll turn the lights down low, the A/C on high and you can snuggle under the soft linens.
BED AND BREAKFAST of VIRGINIA
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text:
Goldman Beats On Solid Top Line Results; Average 2012 Employee Pay Rises To $399,506
Unlike JPM, there is little that can be faulted with Goldman's just released Q4 earnings, which saw total top-line surge to $9.24 billion on expectations of $7.83 billion, while net earnings printed at $2.822 billion, or $5.60 diluted, nearly double the $1.458 billion reported in Q3 and far above the $978MM in Q4 2011. This beat was driven by solid performance around the board, which was to be somewhat expected: after all this was a quarter of success for the world's most connected hedge fund, which saw one of its own rise to the top of the world's most venerable central bank: the Bank of England, and is certainly pining to have a Goldmanite replace Shirakawa as head of the BOJ in one month. Rhetoric aside, Goldman's performance was impressive, posting the best results since Q1 2012, when total revenues hit $9.9 billion. Increases were seen across all segments, with Investment banking rising to $1.4 billion, Equities up to $2.3 billion, Investment Management at $1.5 billion, and Investing and Lending, aka Prop (yes, the firm discloses it has a prop group, much to the dismay of many people out there apparently) of $1.973 billion. The only weak spot was FICC which while posting a solid $2.0 billion in revenue, actually declined from the $2.2 billion in Q3.
It is not immediately clear just what drove Goldman's outperformance to such highs. We will have to wait for the 10-Q release to guess just how many $100MM+ trading days the firm had, especially since VaR declined from both Q4 2011, $135, and Q3 2012, $81 to just $76. Something just does not add up.
Finally, while the comp benefits accrual taken in Q4 was only $1.976 billion, or 21.4% of revenues, on a blended TTM basis and based on the firm's 32,400 employees (down from 32,600 in Q3), this means that the average Goldman bonus in 2012 will be just under $400,000. This is up from $367,057 a year ago: a nearly 10% increase. At least someone's wages are going up.
Full revenue breakdown:
Full trailing 1 year compensation average:
- advertisements -
Almost as shocking as the DIP we are going to have at the open..... almost.
Another opportunity to buy gold. It's like clockwork really.
Those GS boys get paid in paper......suckers.
Yes, gold is also on sale this morning. I agree.
You mean to tell me the bankers actually got it right?
Who. Fucking. Cares.?
The idea that this is capitalism is so fucked up it hurts the eyeballs. When the printer finally runs dry and the true extent of the misallocation of wealth becomes evident to even the most myopic in America (which i guesstimate to be +200 million) I hope to God/Allah/Budda/Frankinweenie that there be a changin happnin aroun dem dere parrtz.
The squid had a good quarter. That's about as surprising the sun rising in the morning and setting at night. I'm glad they get a bonus increase so they can trickle on us some more.
It was all Stolper
wow, how could they live on $343,000. glad those tough times are over.
A $400K bonus for producing nothing but debt and misery?
Nice work if you can get it.
What bothers me the most is there will be no day of reckoning for these people. They will live long lives, fat, rich and happy while the masses fight for scraps and beg for health care.
If there is a God - he sure hates poor people.
To paraphrase St. Augustine of Hippo, this is the City of Man, not the City of God. If I worked at GS, I'd be more worried about my afterlife in the City of God.
I thought Goldman Sachs was doing God's work, so why would the Goldmanites have to worry about their ticket into the City of God?
Anyway, St. Augustine of Hippo was a jerk. Not only did he believe God picks those who get salvation at random, but he also believed anyone who got it bad had it all thanks to themselves. Dead babies, innocent war victims and terminally ill people who spent their whole lives helping the poor and needy included. Hardly someone I'd like to paraphrase.
Really? 300,000 laid off in the financial industry with more on the way. I guess the salesman that helps a corporate hedge his commodity/rates/fx exposure is really putting taxpayers at risk. If you want to hate the mortgage traders .. I get it .. but to broad brush the rest is ridiculous ....
yes, but WHICH god?
just to be clear...this profit, represents losses for goldmans clients..also..all work done by goldman has been in an environment when the global economy is pants..clipping the ticket on the broken ferris wheel..well done
The Vapmire Squid always wins. It dictates/owns the US government. If Goldman doesn't like it, its doesn't happen.
Is there a job application available for the "God's Work" gig? Or do you have to know somebody important to get in on it?
Shirley Goldman has an EEO policy in effect...right?
One company maketh not an economy.
Fraud does really well until it gets you 99 years in the slammer.
The great vampire squid is untouchable (and unjailable - oh, except for the scapegoat brown guy - Raj)
The Devil has a printer and his name is Bernanke. $400k per soul, that's a bargain stretched over eternity.
May those causing the most misery in this world to feed their greed find a lightpole in their near future...
Goldman beats and the S&P500 drops? you can't even trust the algos any more...
In what sense is GS a bank? I have never known anybody with a GS checking account. Is Phoenix that much of a backwater location?
The fiat currency regime is great for those in the middle of it all. TBTF, and too powerful to stop. It's good to be the king. Taxpayers will work many long hard hours to pay off the bankers who will drive this country into the dirt while they extract every bit of capital they can. They have their own collection agency with guns, otherwise known as the US gov.
"this means that the average Goldman bonus in 2012 will be just under $400,000"
Nearly half the worlds population, 2.8 billion people, survives on $2 per day.
You know, I love the smell of money in the morning and rotten bodies in the afternoon. Smells like..........capitalism.
I am long America, so I have to be short GS. Long term.
I dont understand what it is that these fellows create of value to justify such huge pay outs.
But they "earned" it. After all, doing "God's work" and ripping the faces off the muppets is labor intensive; not to mention purchasing all those captured regulators and politicians.
When the big banks are able to get free money from the Fed to loan out at interest and gamble in prop trades, the surprise is not when they make money, but when they don't.


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I sure hope that this will be a great opportunity for everyone to see some of "Don's Scenes" from his productions of his classic hits "Tales From Kutcharitaville". You know that Rickles and Johnny Carson together produced those comedy hits about their friend "Mr. Kutchie Pelaez" and their wild and crazy exploits of Kutchie's Key West and The World of Key Lime Pies from the perspective of (Johnny Carson, Don Rickles, Kutchie Pelaez and Steve Martins Eyes!) What a Hoot Those Classic Hits Surely Were. Don't miss them, be sure to tune-in next month. We Laughed Until We Cried Watching Those Funny Movies. "The Tales From Kutcharitaville", I Think That They May Still Be Available In A Boxed Set. Maybe Try Amazon. Good Luck. You Know, It's No Wonder That Everyone Calls "Kutchie Pelaez"..The Most Interesting Man In The World! You Know That Kutchie Drinks Those Wonderful Mixed Drinks Named In His Honor Called "Kutcharitas". Hell Of A Lot Better Than Any Mexican Beers. And Much Stronger To Boot! ....1-4-U-2....


text:
May 25, 2016
This comes after a special workshop Wednesday afternoon where Bay High administrators presented the board with Bay Magnet program data from the 2005-2006 school year.
The board requested the data before they'll consider granting Bay High's request for funding for a magnet coordinator.
Gov. Jeb Bush cut the grant that funded the position last summer.
The magnet program, which was established in 2000, offers specialized classes in law, culinary arts, drama, and music, just to name a few.
Under normal circumstances the coordinator position ends when funding dries up, but some board members say if there are enough students to fund the position, than they should have a coordinator.
Board members will vote on the position during next Wednesday's regular meeting.
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text:
The BA (Hons) Animation course helps you combine visual ideas with sound and time to create an on screen experience for your audience. On this course you learn: ideas generation, visual storytelling, storyboarding, scriptwriting, sound design, character design, character animation, experimental animation, 2D animation, 3D animation, stop motion animation, film editing and compositing.
At your fingertips you will have the power of software suites such as Adobe and Autodesk which are renewed annually. Specifically in animation we use Maya, Mudbox, TV Paint, After Effects, Photoshop, and Premiere Pro. We also use pencils, paper, clay and anything else that communicates a brilliant idea!
- What are we looking for in candidates?
- Image gallery of student work
- Staff
Typical career opportunities open to graduates include work in animation, TV and games design, illustration, and the creative and communications industries. Here are some of the organisations we've worked with:
The resources and equipment in Animation fully support the aspiration for high end productions to be created. Students are encouraged to work to industry standard and aspire to award winning animations.
Facilities include:
Students also have full access to a range of high-end audio and video recording facilities through our Media store.
|Job title
|Ross Winning
|Head of Digital Media
|Don Adamson
|Principal Lecturer - Student Experience
|Faramarz Amiri
|Course Leader - Interactive Media, Computer Games Design
|Franny Armstrong
|Professor of Film
|Steve Arnott
|Senior Lecturer- Animation
|Brian Cattell
|Senior Lecturer - Computer Games Design
|Jim Davis
|Senior Lecturer - Interactive Multimedia Communication
|Denise Doyle
|Senior Lecturer - Digital Media
|Paul Hale
|Senior Lecturer - Computer Games Design
|Adam Kossoff
|Reader - Moving Image
|Emily Mantell
|Course Leader - Animation
|Tracy McCoy
|Course Leader - Video & Film Production
|Samantha Moore
|Senior Lecturer - Animation
|Phil Nichols
|Senior Lecturer - Video & Film Production
More detailed information about the course
Watch our video about preparing for a Portfolio Interview
Course leader: Emily Mantell, email@example.com


text: Recently I have purchased HP designjet 800ps printer. It was working fine for few days but later it started up with problems. So now I want to reinstall the printer with drivers. I am looking for drivers for my hp designjet 800ps printer. I have a laptop and I am planning to connect my HP printer to my HP laptop which is running 64-bit Windows 7 Operating System. I am not able to find it. Actually I have searched on the HP website to get Windows 7 64-Bit Drivers for Designjet 800PS Printer, but I got an error message and nothing happened. I looked for 32 bit and 64 bit but I couldnt find any of them. Does anyone have any information or help regarding this matter. Any suggestions would be always appreciated.


text:
Commute to Downtown Tinton Falls
Most errands can be accomplished on foot.
About your score
This location has a Walk Score of 73 out of 100. This location is Very Walkable so most errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is a 24 minute walk from the North Jersey Coast Line at the RED BANK stop.
Nearby parks include John Parker Park, Riverside Gardens Park and Marine Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from this location.
Rail lines:
North Jersey Coast Line
0.9 mi
Bus lines:
0.2 mi
0.2 mi
0.6 mi
0.6 mi
0.8 mi
Car shares:


text:
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Date: 1957-02-21
Description: Interior view of the "TV Center" with the proprietor and televisions on display.
Description: One-page wine list from the Green Bay Turn Verein, a German gymnastic society, with a background image of a mustachioed male figure holding a flag with an...
Date: 1910 ca.
Description: Elmer S. Hall and his daughter, Olive Hall, in the County Clerk's office.
Date: 1983-09 ca.
Description: Elevated view of a Green Bay Packers cheerleader with two pom poms raised above her head. The Packers' cheerleaders were known as the Sideliners from 1977-...
Date: 1934-08-09
Description: Franklin D. Roosevelt speaking from a stage to a crowd. On the stage from left to right are: Louis Howe, Governor Schmedeman (in white), Senator Robert M....
Date: 1917 ca.
Description: Four views of the Lawson Military Tractor 2 (MT2). Two views are of the Lawson parked on the ground and two views show the Lawson flying in the air. In the...
Date: date unknown
Description: Aerial view of City Stadium, former home of the Green Bay Packers from 1925 to 1956. Currently it is the home of the Green Bay East High School football te...
Date: 1895 ca.
Description: A man sits on a stool and milks a cow outdoors near a fence. Another cow investigates the camera lens in the foreground.
Date: 1961-12-29 ca.
Description: Four men examining various Packers memorabilia, including images of the first Packers team from 1919, the team from 1929, other unidentified team lineups,...
Date: 1919 ca.
Description: Exterior view from field across pond towards Alfred Lawson's aircraft plant, with buildings and smokestacks. Men are working with a pile of lumber on the l...
Date: 1920 ca.
Description: View of the harbor. On the left is a grain elevator and wood pulp on the wharf. In the center background is the Northern Paper Mills and to the right are...
Date: 1930 ca.
Description: Elevated view of the Green Bay & Western Railroad roundhouse.
Date: 1954-12
Description: Rochelle Alpert, daughter of Holocaust survivor, Pela Rosen Alpert, lighting Hanukkah candles.
Date: 1965
Description: A traveling display about the NASA manned space program on exhibit at Austin Straubel Airport. Included in the exhibit is a model of a space capsule and a...
Date: 1996-08
Description: Green Bay Packer player, Gilbert Brown, surrounded by four boys, including Parker Hren (second boy from the right).
Description: Three-quarter view from front right of a Lawson Military Tractor 2 (MT2) in a field. In the background an automobile is parked near a building.
Date: 1936 after
Description: Three commercial fishermen in a boat lifting a trap net. In the bottom right foreground are the hands of another man holding the opposite side of the net f...
Description: Elevated view of drafting tables for aircraft design, presumably inside the Lawson plant. There are several stools, desks and tables set up in the corner o...
Date: 1898 ca.
Description: Albert Weise's residence, with wooden sidewalk, and two kids standing on the front porch posing for the photographer.
Date: 1851 ca.
Description: Several men sculling a boat near Fort Howard that has an American Flag, barracks, and various related military buildings enclosed behind a wall.
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text:
1st time homebuyer
I am wanting to know what can I do to buy my wife her dream house. Since Jan.2013 she has been working hard to improve my score to get this house she found for 159,900. She as paid off 3 of the 4 accounts in collection and got them deleted off my credit report. We are waiting on the most recent one to be deleted the first of March. So that should make the score go up more.She also have each account that was deleted in writing stating paid in full and to be delete. My score has gone up tremendously from where she started. My eq 565 Tu 659 ex 620
I make around 32,000 and have about 19,000 of debt which include a car loan with a balance of 17,000. If anyone has some positive information for me please share it. I need some advice n FHA and USDA loans as well.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 30, 1994
|Filing date
|Jan 9, 1992
|Priority date
|Jun 12, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Steven C. Jasper, James A. Butler
|Original Assignee
|Motorola, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (82), Classifications (19), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/537,199, filed Jun. 12, 1990, now abandoned.
This invention relates to communications methods. In particular, this invention relates to so called quadrature amplitude modulation, or QAM, which is a modulation technique used to convey information, including digital information, using less bandwidth than other types of modulation such as FM or AM.
QAM is well known in communications art and combines characteristics of both phase modulation and amplitude modulation to reduce the bandwidth required to carry a certain amount of information in an information-bearing signal. In QAM, information is conveyed using changes in both the amplitude of a carrier wave and the relative phase angle of the carrier signal with respect to a reference angle. Using QAM modulation to convey digital data, 2, 3, 4, or more, bits of digital information can be conveyed per QAM signal element.
Multi-carrier QAM is a technique in which an information-bearing signal, such as serial digitized voice, digital data from a computer or other machine for example, is divided up into multiple, separate, frequency division multiplexed QAM signals. Each QAM signal occupies a discrete frequency band (with each of the bands being substantially frequency adjacent to the others) and carries a portion of the information in the information-bearing signal.
A problem with QAM-based communications systems, including multi-carrier QAM, is consistently and coherently demodulating information in a QAM signal. A QAM signal conveys information using both the amplitude of a carrier wave and the phase angle. The magnitude and phase angles of a carrier, are represented as vectors (which have a magnitude and phase angle with respect to some reference axis) that point to various points or loci on a Cartesian plane, each locus on the plane identifies a particular binary value. Each vector can be represented as a carrier having a particular amplitude level with a carrier signal at some distinct phase angle.
For example, a vector having a unit length of one at a forty five degree angle with respect to the x-axis might "point" to a point identified as representing a binary value or pattern of 0010. A vector with a unit length of one-half and at forty five degrees might point to a point identified as representing a binary value of 0110. A vector with length equal to one, at zero degrees might represent 0000, and so on. The relative magnitude and phase angle of a carrier signal correspond to the relative magnitude and phase of a vector that points to a particular point in a plane, which represents binary values assigned to the point. (A transmitted signal, that represents a vector that points to a particular point on a plane, which point is established to represent some binary value, is detected, demodulated and decoded by the receiver to yield the binary value represented by the vector.) Vectors of varying magnitude and phase angles can represent multiple binary values. (The number of discernible amplitudes and phase angles will increase the number of bits of information representable by each QAM signal element. Increasing the number of possible amplitude levels and decreasing phase angle differences will increase the transmitter power required.) Sending streams of vectors, represented as bursts of amplitude and phase-modulated RF carrier, is a way of sending streams of digital information. (Multilevel QAM is well known art. See for example "All About Modems" copyright 1981 by Universal Data Systems, Inc. or other digital communications texts.)
To coherently detect information from QAM elements in a QAM signal, a receiver must be able to accurately differentiate between amplitude variations in the carrier wave as well as phase angle changes. In many environments, phase jitter or phase shift may accompany fading and multi-path signal propagation. A receiver must be able to reliably detect phase angle changes and carrier amplitude despite fading and multi-path propagation. When multi-carrier QAM is used, each QAM signal may experience its own fading requiring that each QAM signal have its own synchronizing sequence.
A synchronizing sequence of QAM signal elements that permit a receiver to synchronize to, or lock up with, the QAM transmitter may assist the receiver in locating the relative timing of an information stream. Arbitrary synchronizing sequences for a QAM receiver may provide no real benefit however, if the synchronizing sequence requires relatively complex computational activities to be carried on by the receiver. A QAM communications system that simplifies the complexity of a QAM receiver would be an improvement over the prior art.
In a multi-carrier QAM information system it may be necessary to provide synchronization information in each of the subchannels to permit a receiver to coherently detect information in each subchannel. A synchronizing sequence that is adapted for use with multichannel QAM would be an improvement over the prior art. A QAM receiver that must detect the synchronizing sequences might be simplified if the synchronizing sequences are chosen to reduce computational complexity required to identify signalling sequences in multiple QAM channels. Other benefits from a preferred synchronizing sequence are also realized as well, including simplified automatic frequency control for the receiver IF stages and improved synchronization timing.
There is provided herein a method of permitting simplified acquisition of timing and frequency synchronization by a QAM receiver. The method includes providing a signal vector synchronizing sequence that is a stream of QAM signal elements, to a QAM information signal, and in particular to substantially each QAM channel of a multi-carrier QAM system. The synchronizing sequences are selected to minimize computation time required by a QAM receiver.
In a multi-carrier QAM system, QAM subchannels centered about a center frequency (When a base-band QAM signal is up-shifted in frequency, the QAM subchannels comprising a multi-carrier QAM system can be shifted by slightly different amounts whereby the channels can be frequency centered about some frequency.) are paired. One QAM subchannel of a pair of subchannels, the first subchannel, has a center frequency, f1, offset from the center frequency f0 of the multi-carrier signal by some amount--Δf1. The other QAM subchannel of a pair of subchannels, the second subchannel, has its own center frequency, f2, offset from the center frequency f0 of the multi-carrier signal f0 by an amount equal to +Δf1.
The synchronizing sequence is comprised of complex vectors and their complex conjugates. The QAM signal vector synchronizing sequence in the first subchannel and the signal vector synchronizing sequence in the second subchannel are complex conjugates of each other. (Multi-carrier QAM systems that have four, six, eight, or more, QAM subchannels, have signal vector synchronizing symbols in substantially each pair of subchannels that are complex conjugates.) The vector synchronizing sequences are chosen so that when they are added, or summed, prior to transmission, the addition of the paired signal vector synchronizing sequences produces a resultant signal that has only a real component, i.e. a signal with no imaginary component, on the real axis. Detection of the synchronizing sequence can be simplified by designing a receiver filter that looks only for the waveform produced by vector pairs having no angular component.
In a multi-channel informational system that carries QAM symbols in each channel, the synchronizing sequence added to each channel that is comprised of pairs of complex numbers and complex conjugates a QAM receiver must look for only a particular wave form to detect the timing of a QAM information stream.
Secondary benefits of the pairing of QAM subchannels about a center frequency for the multi-carrier QAM system and the use of complex vectors and their complex conjugates in the paired QAM subchannels includes improved automatic frequency control for the receiver and improved synchronization of the receiver to the transmitted QAM symbols.
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a four-subchannel QAM transmitter.
FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the transmit spectrum from the transmitter of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 shows a representation of synchronizing sequences and information present in each of the subchannels shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a QAM receiver that might be capable of demodulating the information present in the information shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a fractional part of the receiver shown in FIG. 4.
FIGS. 6A and 6B show embodiments of a sync matched filter.
FIG. 7 shows a signal constellation for a 16 level QAM communications system.
FIG. 8 shows a representative phasor diagram of vectors produced by the synchronizing sequence shown in FIG. 3.
FIGS. 9 shows a transmit spectrum for a three-subchannel QAM signal.
FIG. 10 shows a transmit spectrum for a six-subchannel QAM signal.
FIG. 11 shows a method of generating an AFC control signal.
FIG. 12 shows an alternative method of generating an AFC control signal.
FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a four subchannel QAM transmitter (10). The QAM transmitter (10) formats information from a serial data source (12) into four subchannels, wherein each subchannel carries a fractional amount of the information in the original serial bit stream (12). The serial bit stream (12) may originate from virtually any particular source. The serial bit stream might be digitized voice information, data from a computer or the like, or any other similar source of such information.
The serial data of the serial bit stream (12) is formatted by a serial to parallel converter and QAM symbol formatter (14), which formats the serial bit stream (12) into 4 different QAM signal streams (14A, 14B, 14C, and 14D), wherein each QAM signal stream is comprised of a stream of QAM symbols. Each of the QAM symbols on outputs A, B, C, and D of block 14 are complex valued QAM symbols, each QAM symbol having a relative magnitude and phase angle to represent a plurality of bits and being represented as a phasor or vector having a magnitude and a relative phase angle. (QAM or quadrature amplitude modulation is well known in the art and is a modulation technique by which several data bits of information can be represented by a single quantity.)
Turning to FIG. 7, there is depicted a constellation map of 16 locations on a coordinate system each one of which is assigned a unique binary bit pattern of the 16 possible bit patterns representable by a four-bit binary word. Since the outputs of the QAM symbol formatter (14) represent four-bit binary words, there are sixteen possible different output vectors or symbols that correspond to the 16 possible binary values. Every possible bit pattern is assigned a location on the coordinate system shown in FIG. 7. A complex vector, having a magnitude corresponding to its length, and a phase angle corresponding to its angular displacement from a reference axis, represents the bits that it "points" to at a particular constellation point. Successive vectors that each have magnitudes and phase angles can thereby be used to represent successive bit patterns output from one of the outputs A, B, C, or D by pointing to appropriate constellation points.
For example, a 4 bit pattern of all zeroes, produced in the process of converting 16 consecutive serial bits from bit stream (12) to 4, 4-bit words could be represented by a vector with magnitude M1 at 45 degrees. In a radio system, this vector M1 would typically be transmitted as a carrier wave of a certain magnitude corresponding to the magnitude of M1 and with a certain relative phase shift of φ1, which magnitude and phase shift can be identified by a receiver as for example a 45 degree phase shift from some reference value.
A second 4 bit pattern produced by combining 4 other bits from the serial bit stream 12 might be represented by another vector M2 having a smaller magnitude but at the same relative phase angle as the vector M1. In transmitting just two successive complex valued vectors such as M1 and M2 instead of 8 bits, many digital information symbols or bits can be transmitted in a shorter time period.
The outputs A-D from the QAM symbol formatter block (14) are considered to be secondary information signals which secondary information signals are, by virtue of the conversion in block 14, multi-valued complex QAM signal streams, each stream being comprised of a plurality of individual QAM symbols.
Each of the 4 secondary information signals (14A-14D) output from the serial to parallel converter block (14) contains a fractional amount of the information in the serial bit stream (12) and is used to modulate a carrier signal forming thereby 4 QAM subchannels, each subchannel being centered about its own center frequency.
Synchronization symbols are inserted into each of the QAM signals (14A-14D) by a sync insertion block (16) as shown. (The actual synchronization symbols can be generated by a microcomputer, a suitable digital signal processor or other comparable device.) Since the output from the serial to parallel converter block (14) are four streams of complex valued QAM symbols, the synchronization symbols inserted by the sync and symbol insertion block (16) into the four streams (14A-14D) are also discrete complex QAM samples of information. The QAM symbols output (16A-16D) from the synchronization symbol insertion block (16), which include the QAM symbols from block 14 and the embedded sync symbols, are coupled to a pulse shaping filter (18) which band limits the frequency spectrum of the composite signals from the synchronization symbol insertion block (16) and the serial to parallel symbol convertor block (14).
The outputs of the pulse shaping filters (18A-18D) are coupled to modulators (20A-20D), each of which multiplies the outputs of the corresponding pulse shaping filters (18A-18D) by a sinewave quantity equal to e.sup.(j2πfi t) where i runs from 1 to 4. The outputs of each of these modulator stages (20A-20D) is a complex zero IF signal carrying a fractional amount of the information in the serial bit stream (12) but centered by virtue of its modulation about a center frequency corresponding to the modulating input frequency to each of the modulator stages (20A-20D). The output of each of the modulator stages (20A-20D) corresponds to a QAM subchannel that carries discrete and periodic QAM symbols. The output of each of these modulator stages is summed together in a Summer (22) to form the complex zero IF output signal that is eventually transmitted from the antenna (28).
The complex zero IF output from the summer (22) is frequency shifted by an IF up-converter, or modulator (24) to some carrier frequency, f0, amplified by an RF amplifier (26) for subsequent broadcasting on antenna (28). Each of the QAM subchannels broadcast from the antenna occupies its own frequency spectrum as a result of the modulation process used in the transmitter (10).
FIG. 2 shows a representation of the transmit energy spectrum output from the transmitter (10) shown in FIG. 1. The frequency spectrum output from the transmitter (10) is as shown in FIG. 2 with four subchannels (32, 34, 36 and 38) centered about a center frequency f0. Note that each subchannel (32, 34, 36 and 38) has its own center frequency f1 +f0, f2 +f0, f3 +f0, and f4 +f0 respectively (42, 44, 46 and 48 respectively).
The invention disclosed herein lies in both the use of synchronization symbols and the selection of the values of the synchronization symbols so as to optimize the performance of a QAM communication system.
FIG. 3 shows a representative diagram of the information that might be present on each of the subchannels 1 through 4 shown in FIG. 2. Note that subchannel 1 (52) is shown with a series of synchronizing sequences designated S11, S12, through S1n. (These synchronizing sequences might be described as a sequence of symbols, represented as vectors that permit synchronization, or, signal vector synchronizing symbol sequences.) Subchannel 2 (54) has its own series of synchronizing symbols S21, S22, through S2n. Similarly, subchannels 3 and 4, (56 and 58) have sync symbols S31 through S3n, and S41 through S4n respectively. These synchronizing sequences are complex values added to the information to the subchannels 1 through 4 and are preselected values to simplify detection and decoding by a QAM receiver.
As shown in FIG. 3, the synchronizing sequences are added as a header to the information in a frame, or time slot, used to transmit the QAM. Alternate embodiments of the invention would include interleaving the synchronizing sequences in the data, placing the synchronizing sequences in the middle of the data stream or at the end of a data stream. FIG. 3 also shows that each QAM subchannel has a synchronizing sequence. Alternate embodiments of the invention would include appending such synchronizing sequences to less than all of the QAM subchannels. For example, only channels one and four, or, only channels two and three, shown in FIG. 3, might have sync sequences added to them.
FIG. 4 shows a simplified block diagram of a simplified block diagram of a QAM receiver. A frequency preselector (62) detects the RF energy in the transmit spectrum shown in FIG. 2 and presents this information to an IF stage (64) as shown the output of which is a zero IF signal, comprised of streams of complex quantities known or referred to as an in-phase and quadrature components of a zero-IF signal. This zero IF down converter (64) might include an automatic frequency control input that permits it to track shifts in frequency of the signal received by the receiver. A sync detection circuit (66) monitors these zero IF signals to find timing synchronization of the QAM symbols shown in the subchannels of FIG. 3. (Information in the QAM subchannels is transmitted as discrete packets, which are finite time periods of amplitude modulated and frequency shifted or phase modulated carrier signals. The sync detection circuit (66) includes circuitry to precisely identify, from the synchronizing sequences added to the information in the QAM subchannels, when information in the QAM subchannels should be sampled for detection.)
The zero-IF signal from the zero-IF converter 64 is coupled to four subchannel receivers that each include subchannel mixers (65a through 65d) and receiver pulse-shaping filters (67a through 67d). The subchannel mixers multiply the zero-IF signal by a signal, e-j2πf it, where fi is the subchannel center frequency for the respective subchannels, one through four; t is time. The output of a subchannel mixer is a signal centered about zero hertz, which is filtered by a pulse shaping filter, (67a through 67d) to remove noise and any undesired subchannel signals.
The output of the pulse shaping filters is sampled at a rate determined by the sync detection circuit (66). The sampled outputs of the pulse shaping filters are input to symbol detector blocks, (69a through 69d) that estimate the information symbols originally transmitted.
Automatic frequency control is provided by an AFC block (68). The AFC block (68) receives the sampled output of the pulse shaping filters during the times when sync symbols are present, as determined by the sync detection block (66). Stated alternatively, the AFC block only utilizes sync symbol samples, xij, (where i is the subchannel number and j is the sync symbol number) from the pulse shaping filters when sync symbols are present. The sync symbol samples, xij, correspond to the originally transmitted sync symbol vectors, Sij. The output of the AFC block is coupled to the zero-IF converter (64), or to possibly other frequency shifting stages between the preselector (62) and the symbol detectors (69a through 69d) to track received signal frequency shifts.
FIG. 5 shows a simplified block diagram of a sync matched filter and other circuitry associated with the sync detector (66) of FIG. 4. After being down-converted to zero-IF by the zero-IF down converter (64), a complex zero IF from the IF (64) of the receiver (60) is input to a synchronization matched filter (660) which is a filter whose impulse response closely approximates complex conjugate of the time reversed transmitted composite waveform. (Whatever signal appears at the antenna of the transmitter has a net composite waveform from the addition of the QAM subchannels, including synchronization sequences. The synchronization matched filter (660) tests only for the waveform from the transmitter due to the sequences of synchronization symbols Sij where i is the subchannel number and j is the synchronizing symbol time index, or number, sent. This filter (660) does not test for information in the QAM frame.)
The output of the synchronization matched filter (660) is coupled to a magnitude squaring block (670) which computes the square of the amplitude of the synchronization matched filter (660) output and allows the determination of the power level of the signal detected by the synchronization matched filter (660). The output of the magnitude squaring block (660) is compared against a threshold in a comparator (680) to determine whether or not the synchronization matched filter (660) has found a synchronization pattern from the transmitter (10). (As shown in FIG. 5A, the threshold can be chosen to discriminate against noise.)
Still referring to FIG. 5, the output of the magnitude squaring block is also coupled to a peak timing detector circuit (690). The peak timing detector circuit (690) finds the time of the occurrence of the peak output value from the magnitude squaring block. The time of occurrence of the peak output value from the magnitude squaring block provides timing information of the QAM symbol times to enable accurate symbol sampling by the receiver (60). (In FIG. 4, the output 692 of the sync detection block (66) controls when symbols are to be acquired.)
In the preferred embodiment, the receiver elements shown in FIG. 4, excluding the preselector (62) and zero IF (64) are performed by a digital signal processor, such as a Motorola DSP 56000.
It has been determined that if the subchannels shown in FIG. 3 are paired in such a way that subchannels are equally displaced about a particular frequency, f0 (40) are loaded with synchronization vectors that are complex conjugates of each other, the waveforms produced by the addition of the modulated synchronization vectors requires a simplified receiver that must only identify a signal representing a resultant vector that has only real quantities. For example, referring to FIG. 2, if subchannel 1 and subchannel 4 are considered first and second halves of a pair of channels, both equally displaced from f0 and therefore centered about the center frequency f0 (40), and if subchannel 2 and subchannel 3 are considered as the first and second halves of a second pair of subchannels, both equally displaced from evenly displaced about fo, loading a complex vector S11 into the synchronizing symbol for subchannel 1, and loading its complex conjugate S41 into subchannel 4, (where S11 *=S41 where the * denotes conjugate) produces (subsequent to pulse filtering and modulation) upon their addition a resultant signal that will have only a real component. Similarly, loading a complex vector S21 into subchannel 2 and its complex conjugate S31 into subchannel 3, (where S31 =S21 *, where * denotes the conjugate) produces upon their addition a resultant signal that similarly has only real components to it.
Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a map of vectors and complex conjugates of these vectors that are used to simplify synchronization and timing detection for the receiver. The first synchronizing vector S11 is arbitrarily chosen at a 45 degree angle with a particular magnitude of M1. Its complex conjugate is used as the synchronizing symbol for subchannel 4 and is shown as S41. The synchronizing symbols for subchannels 2 and 3 are also shown with the synchronizing vector for subchannel 2 represented by S21 and synchronizing vector for subchannel 3 shown as S31. Similar diagrams could be shown for other symbols ocurring at a particular time, comprising synchronization sequences, i.e. S12, S22, S32, S42, etc.
Simplified detection of the transmitted symbol timing and synchronization by inclusion of complex vectors and conjugates is accomplished by the synchronization matched filter shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6a, the complex zero IF, denoted as the real portion (A) and the imaginary portion (B) is coupled to a complex filter comprised of elements 662, 664, 666, and 668. Each element has a real scalar input and real scalar output. The impulse response of this complex filter is matched to the quantity s(t)=sr (t)+jsi (t) where sr and si are the real and imaginary components, respectively of s(t). S(t) represents the waveform of the composite of the synchronization symbol elements sent by the transmitter. The impulse response of the matched filter in general is approximately equal to s*(-t)=sr (-t)-jsi (-t). Since the input to the matched filter is a complex signal, the actual implementation requires four real-valued filters as shown in FIG. 6a.
A simplification of the receiver shown in FIG. 6a, and one which is made possible by the use of complex synchronization vectors and their complex conjugates in paired, or matched, QAM subchannels, in accordance with the method of the invention, is shown in FIG. 6b.
In FIG. 6b, the complex zero IF signal is coupled to a filter comprised that is matched to the waveform produced by synchronization vectors that are complex conjugates of each other and which when modulated and added together prior to transmission produce a constant phase waveform. The filter shown in FIG. 6b is considerably simpler than that shown in FIG. 6a.
Alternate embodiments of the QAM system would include splitting an information signal such as a binary information stream (12) into perhaps an odd number of subchannels. FIG. 9 shows 3 subchannels with first and second subchannels evenly displaced about a center frequency f0. The third subchannel must of course be centered about f0 for the sync matched filter of FIG. 6b to detect synchronization. An odd number of subchannels requires that the synchronizing sequences inserted into subchannels 1 and 2, be complex conjugates of each other. Since the resultant of these two synchronizing sequences when added together yields a real value, the synchronizing sequence added to subchannel 3 must be real valued.
Another alternate embodiment of the transmitter shown in FIG. 1 (which would also require of course the accompanying circuitry and the receiver) might include a transmitter with several subchannels such as that shown in FIG. 10. Six subchannels might be centered around f0 with the subchannels grouped as 2 and 3, 1 and 4, and 5 and 6. The addition of complex vectors and conjugates of these complex vectors would still produce a resultant synchronizing vector that would reside on the real axis.
It should be noted that in any multi-carrier QAM system described herein not all of the paired subchannels need to have the complex vector/complex conjugate vector synchronizing sequences added to them. Of any multi-carrier QAM system, at least one pair of the paired subchannels must have the synchronizing sequence described herein added to it to permit simplified synchronization detection. (The requirement that the subchannels be centered about a center frequency still holds.)
Using synchronizing sequences with a multi-carrier QAM system permits an improved automatic frequency control signal to be derived from the synchronizing sequences. Since the transmitter and receiver each attempt to demodulate signals at some frequency f0, the f0 frequency of the transmitter and receiver may be slightly offset with respect to each other, an AFC control signal by which the receiver (or possible the transmitter) operating frequency can be adjusted improves the QAM system performance. (The AFC control signal generated by the receiver might possible be returned to the transmitter where it could possibly be used to shift the transmitters f0 to align with the receivers f0.)
Referring to FIG. 11, having detected the synchronizing sequences, there is shown the steps required to derive an AFC control signal from successive received signal vector synchronizing symbol sequences, xij (where x is a sync symbol and where i the QAM subchannel number, and where j is the sync symbol number) also referred to above as synchronizing sequences above, in a QAM signal. The successive synchronizing sequences used to calculate the AFC signal must be temporally adjacent, i.e., they must be adjacent, in time, to the other symbols used in the calculation.
For all successive samples of synchronizing symbols, calculate a series of numbers equal to the difference in actual phase angle, between pairs of temporally adjacent synchronizing vectors, xij. (Where i=1 to 4 for a four subchannel QAM system and where j=1 to n, where n is the number of sync symbols.)
For each of said N QAM subchannels, there is an expected phase angle difference between synchronizing symbols. The receiver will normally know this expected phase angle difference in advance. The method of generating an AFC control signal generation requires that for each of said N QAM subchannels, the expected phase angle difference between successive synchronizing vectors, Sij, should be subtracted from the actual phase angle difference between temporally adjacent synchronizing vector samples, xij, forming thereby a series of numbers representing phase angle errors. (If the f0 frequencies of the transmitter and receiver were identical, the actual phase angle differences would be equal to the expected phase angle differences. Since the f0 's are likely to be different, there will be angular differences other than the expected values.)
The series of numbers obtained from this previous step is operated upon to form a weighted average phase angle. In the preferred embodiment, each of the differences forming this series was multiplied by a scalar value proportional to the product of the amplitudes of the temporally adjacent sync symbols xij.
After forming the weighted average, the resultant is divided by by a factor equal to 2πT, producing a frequency error signal, where T is the time between successive synchronizing vectors in the subchannel, and where phase angles are in radians. The result of this operation is an estimate of the frequency offset between the receiver and transmitter. This estimated frequency offset may be further filtered to produce an AFC control signal.
An alternative method of generating a weighted average phase angle is shown in FIG. 12 and reproduced in part below. Herein, each synchronizing symbol vector xij is multiplied by a quantity equal to the complex conjugate of the previous synchronizing vector xi,j-1. Each of these vector products is rotated by the negative of the expected phase angle difference between the corresponding sync symbols, Sij and Si,j-1, forming another vector. A sum of all these vectors, for all sync symbols and for all subchannels is formed. The phase of this resultant vector (y) is the weighted average phase angle. ##EQU1## where i is the number of subchannel; j is the synchronizing vector number;
n is the number of sync vectors per subchannel;
x(i,j) is the j'th synchronizing vector sample in QAM subchannel i;
x* is the complex conjugate of the vector x;
ejarg[S(i,j)S*(i,j-1)] is a unit amplitude vector, the phase of which is the expected angle between synchronizing vectors;
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|Htc Corporation
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|Htc Corporation
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|Htc Corporation
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|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Communication system, transmitter, communication method, and transmitter detection method
|Jun 12, 2012
|Htc Corporation
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|Motorola Mobility, Inc. ( N.D. Ges. D. Staates Delaware )
|Zeit- und bandbreitenskalierbares Schlitzformat f�r mobile Datensysteme
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|Motorola, Inc.
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|Motorola Inc
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|U.S. Classification
|375/261, 455/59, 375/344, 455/71, 375/354
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 9, 1992
Owner name: MOTOROLA, INC., ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:JASPER, STEVEN C.;BUTLER, JAMES A.;REEL/FRAME:005973/0343
Effective date: 19920109
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|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 31, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 1, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Mar 5, 2011
Owner name: MOTOROLA SOLUTIONS, INC., ILLINOIS
Effective date: 20110104
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:MOTOROLA, INC;REEL/FRAME:025906/0245


text:
You are a fan of happened voxel ? Come to discover the best forums happened voxel on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of happened voxel . You can also build a forum happened voxel and create your online discussion.
If there's one spark of hope left in my grasp -I'll hold it with both hands. It's worth the risk of burning to have a second chance.
shining, moment, forum, free, smile, because, #happened


text:
ViewTube: Watch Videos On Social Websites In A Separate Popup [Chrome]
If you like watching videos on popular social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and Google+ then, ViewTube is a Chrome extension that will enhance your video watching experience by letting you watch videos in a new and unique way. The handy tool basically plays the video in a pop-up that can be moved around and placed anywhere on the page, so you are no longer stuck at the same part of the page until the video ends. With it, you can read posts and watch videos at the same time without losing focus. Moreover, you no longer have to stop commenting or reading your feeds, since you'll always have the video in front of you. More after the break. Read More


text:
Honeymoon Period
|Celebrate your six-month anniversary with LOST PLANET 2.
If you don't feel like waiting six months for this achievement, you can do the following:
|Rate this achievement
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User Score is based on 530 user ratings.


text:
The Labor Relations Office in Central Washington University's Human Resources Department handles labor affairs involving non-faculty.
- collective bargaining
- contract interpretation and consultation
- grievance administration
- management training
- labor/management relationship building and strategizing
The labor relations staff provides information and support to both management and employees, whether currently represented by a labor union, not represented, or considering representation.
For questions or assistance contact:
Don Anderson, Director - Faculty & Labor Relations
(509) 963-2290 or firstname.lastname@example.com
Eric Galbraith, Human Resources Consultant - Faculty & Labor Relations
(509) 963-2138 or email@example.com
Lorraine Chavez, Human Resources Consultant - Staff & Labor Relations
(509) 963-2266 or firstname.lastname@example.com
HR Partner supporting your division.


text:
Reality hits bottom: a show on the DMV
Some things you can't make up.
Tru TV is going to do a series on the one place you want to avoid even more than a proctologist's waiting room.
"California DMV: Field Offices" will go behind the scenes with the people who work (very slowly) at the motor vehicle bureau.
The only conceivable reason I can imagine for doing this show is that it comes from Ashton Kutcher's production company and Tru TV thinks this will be a gateway to further business with him.
Guess what Tru TV. You've been Punked.


text:
Energy and Global Warming News for October 1st: Gulf waters contain carcinogens linked to oil spills; Clean energy could power rural India
Gulf waters contain high levels of carcinogens linked to oil spills
University researchers said on Thursday they recently found alarming levels of cancer-causing toxins in an area of the Gulf of Mexico affected by BP's oil spill, raising the specter of long-lasting health concerns.
Oregon State University (OSU) researchers found sharply heightened levels of chemicals including carcinogens in the waters off the coast of Louisiana in August, the last sampling date, even after BP successfully capped its runaway Gulf well in mid-July.
Near Grand Isle, Louisiana, the team discovered that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) — which include carcinogens and chemicals that pose various risks to human health — remained at levels 40 times higher than before the area was affected by the oil spill. The compounds may enter the food chain through organisms like plankton or fish, a researcher said.
"In a natural environment a 40-fold increase is huge," said Oregon State toxicologist Kim Anderson, who led the research. "We don't usually see that at other contamination sites." The PAH chemicals, which are often linked to oil spills, are most concentrated in the area near the Louisiana Coast, but levels have also jumped 2 to 3 fold in other spill-affected areas off Alabama, Mississippi and Florida, Anderson said.
Clean Energy Could Power India's Poor Rural Communities, New WRI Report Finds
Demand for clean energy products is rising among India's rural communities, according to the Power to the People analysis released today by Centre for Development Finance at the Institute for Financial Management and Research (CDF-IFMR) and the World Resources Institute(WRI). The study focuses on the energy needs of India's rural poor, or those living at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) in rural areas, which make up more than 114 million households and nearly 60 percent of India's total population. The analysis finds that companies supplying clean energy products-including solar lanterns and energy efficient cooking stoves-to the rural BoP market, have seen annual gross revenue grow by an average of 36 percent per year since 2004.
"Clean energy firms in India can capture the market that serves the BoP by providing environmentally and user-friendly energy solutions that will reduce health problems through lower air pollution, and lower fuel costs, while generating additional public benefits, such as lower greenhouse gas emissions," said Kirsty Jenkinson, director of the Markets and Enterprise Program at WRI. "This report will help investors recognize the tremendous market opportunities in this nascent, but fast-growing sector."
To estimate the current state of India's clean energy market and potential for growth, CDF-IFMR and WRI conducted field research among rural BoP consumers in 26 small towns and villages in India and across four other countries. The teams also collected financial data from 15 Indian companies across four sectors-small decentralized renewable electricity producers, home-scale solar electricity providers, solar- powered lantern manufacturers, and energy-efficient cooking stove producers.
According to the report, the Indian BoP is currently spending $4.8 billion per year on energy, mainly for fuels that are harmful to the environment and hazardous to personal health as well as for services that are unreliable. Installed at the community level, small hydro and biomass gasification can supply energy to a local area without depending on the grid. At the individual level, solar lanterns and energy-efficient cook stoves can replace dirty fuel sources such as kerosene lamps and cooking stoves fired by wood or dung. The transition to clean energy sources among India's rural poor offers significant growth potential for investors while also promising to provide tangible environmental, health and lifestyle benefits to the rural BoP in India.
Reduce Energy Use by 50 Percent or More in Commercial Buildings
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and its National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) recently published two reports which offer valuable recommendations toward cutting energy consumption by as much as 50 percent in large offices and hospitals. Technical Support Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings reports that a 50 percent energy savings can be achieved in both low-rise and high-rise office buildings in an extensive range of U.S. climates. Research was performed in 16 cities that represented different climate zones, such as hot and humid, hot and dry, marine, cold and humid, and cold and dry.
In order to reach the 50 percent energy-savings target, researchers simply reduced lighting power density in office spaces and utilized occupancy sensors throughout infrequently occupied spaces; installed high-efficiency boilers, chillers, air distribution units, and service water heating equipment; and reduced plug loads by purchasing high-efficiency electronic equipment which shut off when not in use. Large Hospital 50% Energy Savings: Technical Support Document reports the technical research conducted and the resulting design instructions that will help large hospitals reap energy savings of at least 50 percent above the standard.
As with large office buildings, the report found that 50 percent energy savings can be achieved in large hospitals spanning all eight U.S. climate zones. Energy savings range from 50.6% to 61.3%, with the smallest savings in humid climates and extremely cold climates.
Foresight Finances 2.6 MW PV Plant in Italy
Financing is under way and connection is planned before the year-end to qualify for Italy's current 20-year feed-in tariff. juwi Energie Rinnovabili, a subsidiary of juwi Holdings, and the thin-film module manufacturer First Solar are also participating in the project.
"This transaction continues to demonstrate banks' appetite for lending to solar projects sponsored by equity providers with a relevant track record," said Jamie Richards, solar fund manager, Foresight.
Debt financing for the wind farm came from a division of the Intesa Sanpaolo Group and the transaction involved Foresight's Rome and London offices. "This transaction continues to demonstrate banks' appetite for lending to solar projects sponsored by equity providers with a relevant track record," said Jamie Richards, who manages Foresight's solar funds.
"Our PV specialist local teams in Rome and Madrid are now also applying their experience to the UK PV market where Foresight is currently finalising project funding packages." Foresight's European Solar Fund invests in Italy and Spain, where it claims to have completed transactions for more than 30MW in operating and construction stage assets.
Soaring Chinese economy at odds with climate goals
Just last year experts at the International Energy Agency proposed a target for China's carbon emissions to peak in 2020 before declining if the world were to be saved from devastating climate change. Too late now. Figures from energy firm BP showed earlier this year that Chinese emissions will steamroll through the Paris-based IEA's 2020 peak target next year, nearly a decade early, with no sign of slowing down.
China, which hosts U.N. climate talks next week for the first time, is promoting what it calls ambitious plans to boost energy efficiency and curb emissions. But its supercharged growth means even with rapid efficiency gains it cancels out other global efforts to combat climate change. China already emits a quarter of the world's CO2, the main gas contributing to global warming, making it the world's top emitter ahead of the United States. Its emissions have more than doubled since 2000.
Higher emissions from China and other big emerging economies, plus the failure of rich countries to slash emissions, could pump greenhouse gases to levels which scientists say augur a dangerous rise in average global temperatures by more than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 F).
The IEA's suggested target for China of 8.4 billion tonnes of CO2 per year by 2020, which would then fall, is in line with most other research for a safe peak, said Michel den Elzen at the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. But the latest figures released by BP and den Elzen's agency in June show China will hit that figure in a matter of months, rather than over the next decade.
Tougher rules for offshore drilling
The federal government is adopting a drilling safety rule and a workplace safety rule, imposing stricter requirements on offshore drilling operators, the Interior Department announced Thursday.
Energy industry officials said that they would review the regulations but that federal officials can now lift the ban on deep-water drilling in the Gulf of Mexico without fearing the consequences. "In light of these new regulations, we strongly encourage the Obama administration to lift its economically devastating moratorium and move forward with responsible deep-water exploration in the Gulf of Mexico," said Bruce Vincent, chairman of the Independent Petroleum Association of America.
Environmentalists countered that even strict rules wouldn't make offshore drilling acceptable in all areas of the United States. "The next critical step in making our oceans and beaches safer from drilling is to declare all new areas off limits for drilling," said Michael Gravitz, oceans advocate for Environment America. "The safest drilling of new places like the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, eastern Gulf of Mexico or the Arctic is no drilling at all."
The drilling safety rule – which takes effect immediately – dictates specific procedures aimed at preventing a blowout, including cementing and casing practices and the appropriate use of drilling fluids. It also increases oversight of mechanisms – such as the blowout preventer – that would shut off the flow of oil and gas in an accident, and it requires operators to secure independent and expert reviews of well design, construction and flow-intervention mechanisms.
11 Responses to Energy and Global Warming News for October 1st: Gulf waters contain carcinogens linked to oil spills; Clean energy could power rural India
Mr. Nutter spoke about the relationship between disaster preparedness, disaster relief and electoral results. The record showed that people reward politicians for disaster relief, but not disaster preparedness, he said.
It is far more politically advantageous to wait for the worst to happen — and then offer help — than to offer means by which the disaster might be averted in the first place, he said. People were grateful for money spent cleaning up a catastrophe, but resentful of expenditure aimed at averting catastrophe.
A couple of NGOs paid the roughly $200,000 for each of two villages to have some diesel powered electric light in the evenings. One of the diesels runs on refined jatropha oil; the other was modified to run correctly using raw jatropha oil. In both locations the jatropha is grown, picked and pressed locally.
Carcinogens in the gulf waters don't alarm me nearly as much as the ones coming out of the tailpipe of the car next to me and up my nose. I am amazed that many people seem to think the exhaust fumes we breath every day are no big deal. It is considered normal. I sometimes wonder how much of an improvement we would see in public health if we had zero automotive emissions.
Paul: Thanks for the link @#1. Fascinating.
It's something I've long believed, but didn't know anyone had actually studied the idea.
Well, if Mr. Nutter is correct then global warming is probably going to have to get a lot worse before we (in the US) do much about it. What a depressing thought.
And every once in a while, there's some good news.
Our biggest river would probably have stopped flowing to the sea for a few years because of the drought, the decade's lack of flow is due to the gross mismanagement over many years.
The depressing part is that this year's bonus rains will give some quarters reason to argue that there's no need to restrict extraction for their own (temporary) economic activities.
The presence of huge levels of carcinogens in the Gulf means that the people who live there will almost certainly soon face the same horrors as the people of Basra and southern Iraq and of Fallujah. There the cancer rates and those of,often hideous, birth defects, have skyrocketed, the cause in these cases being depleted uranium and other horror weapons inflicted on these populations.The perpetrators in both cases are the same-the representatives of the global parasite elite whose wealth and power is based on hydrocarbons. For that wealth, to protect its power, which wealth and power they monopolise, they will destroy whole societies, like Iraq,kill millions, sentence untold generations to genetic terror (depleted uranium is dangerous for billions of years)and premature deaths from cancer and other diseases. And they will sentence their own citizens, such as the unfortunates of the Gulf, to a similar if less dire fate, to protect the same fount of unimaginable wealth.
Moreover, germane to our obsessions, they are fanatically determined to defend that hydrocarbon wealth even to the detriment of the entire human population and all future generations. The Gulf, Fallujah and anthropogenic climate change are all symptoms of the same terminal disease-market fundamentalist capitalism and the inhuman psychopaths who benefit from it to the detriment of all others.
Report: State of Climate Prediction
A report recently released by the National Research Council called "Assessment of Intraseasonal to Interannual Climate Prediction and Predictability" examines the current state of climate forecasting-over time periods of a few weeks to a few years. It makes suggestions on how these forecasts might be improved.
Alarming as the news of increased carcinogens in the Gulf is, it's good that it's public knowledge. Imagine if all the research teams had signed with BP, and their reports were embargoed for three years…
Its little things like this below that are going to cascade also and be almost as bad as the big hits. Wild life is struggling because the extrem weather is effectively reducing their food supply.
Bear kill upsets Castlegar mayor


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For inserting a slideshow into a WordPress Post or page cSlider couldn't be simpler or more flexible. It copes with combined text and graphics with ease.
The problems are in the details.
- The next and previous icons are vertically positioned at the top of the slider not in the middle.
- The code loads its own copy of jQuery instead of using the version WP loads.
- The 'Nav' display is positioned on the left - I'd prefer to be able to select the position (left right or center).
- The code uses tables for layout.
- The slider does not scale responsively
It really is a shame, because cSlider really is good. If the above problems were fixed this would be my recommended slider plug-in, and I'd give it five stars.