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Branch Ear Cuff - Left
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Nature-inspired and a delight to see, this ear cuff is a stunning option for chic accessorizing.
- Plated ear cuff.
- Branch with leaves motif.
- Gold-plated metal.
- Imported.
- Measures approximately 2.75" in length.
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Reviewed by 1 customer
Comments about BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP Branch Ear Cuff - Left:
I love the look of this ear piece but the top of my ear got quite red and sore after 1 hour of use.
- Size and Fit:
- True to size


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Notre Dame NG Nix always at the center of things
SOUTH BEND, Ind. (AP) — Notre Dame nose guard Louis Nix III's younger brother gave a class presentation about his brother being the quarterback for the Fighting Irish. Nix thinks coach Brian Kelly should give him a shot at being quarterback on goal-line situations.
For now, though, Kelly is depending on the 6-3, 326-pound lineman to be a key player in goal-line situations when the Irish are on defense, like in the overtime win against Stanford. He also forced a key fumble against Michigan.
Nix is sixth in tackles on an Irish squad ranked 11th in the nation in defense. He held a contest on Facebook earlier this year to come up with the nickname "Irish Chocolate," saying all great players have nicknames.
The fourth-ranked Irish (8-0) play Pittsburgh (4-4) on Saturday.

subset: commoncrawl


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Billabong Borderline T-Shirt
Sorry, this product is currently not available on buckle.com.
- Embroidered Billabong logo v-neck t-shirt
- 58% Cotton, 42% Polyester.
- Machine wash cold. Do not bleach. Dry low. Do not iron imprint.
- Made in Mexico.
Have a Question?
- Chest measures 40" on a size medium.
- Center back length measures 29".
- Model pictured is 6'1" and is wearing a size medium.


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The driver side door lock does not respond to either the interior lock switch or the remote switch on the key. The other door locks work intermittently. I'm being quoted $290 to replace the "actuator" (I think that's what they call it) but they're not sure that's the total problem. Has anyone had this problem or has anyone done this repair? Thanks
by djohns12 in San Diego, CA on March 18, 2009


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The Intrudersby Dave E. Phillips
Protect your iPhone with a one-piece, impact resistant, flexible plastic hard case featuring an extremely slim profile. Simply snap the case onto your iPhone for solid protection and direct access to all device features.
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Gentry liberalism, so hot just a year ago, is now in full retreat, a victim of its hypocrisy and fundamental contradictions. Its collapse threatens the coherence of President Barack Obama's message as he prepares for his State of the Union speech on Wednesday. read more »
The Death Of Gentry Liberalism
The Kids Will Be Alright
America's population growth makes it a notable outlier among the advanced industrialized countries. The country boasts a fertility rate 50% higher than that of Russia, Germany or Japan and well above that of China, Italy, Singapore, North Korea and virtually all of eastern Europe. Add to that the even greater impact of continued large-scale immigration to America from around the world. By the year 2050, the U.S. population will swell by roughly 100 million, and the country's demographic vitality will drive its economic resilience in the coming decades. read more »
Florida: From Hard Times in the Sunnier Climes
By Richard Reep
Florida's era of hard times continues. Last week we held a "Jobs Summit " here in Orlando but heard little but self-congratulation by politicians like Governor Charlie Crist. He praised the Legislature's budget cuts but had little to claim when it came to reviving the economy. read more »
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America's Agricultural Angst
In this high-tech information age few look to the most basic industries as sources of national economic power. Yet no sector in America is better positioned for the future than agriculture--if we allow it to reach its potential.
Like manufacturers and homebuilders before them, farmers have found themselves in the crosshairs of urban aesthetes and green activists who hope to impose their own Utopian vision of agriculture. This vision includes shutting down large-scale scientifically run farms and replacing them with small organic homesteads and urban gardens. read more »
If I Were Sheikh Mohammed
On January 15th, Dubai's ruler, Sheikh Mohammed bin-Rashid bin-Maktoum responded to an article written by the author and Joel Kotkin suggesting the United Nations should move its headquarters from New York to Dubai. Dubai issued a formal statement, "The emirate would welcome talks with officials at the organisation to inform them of the facilities and advantages that Dubai can offer." read more »
Denmark, and the US, in 2010
Denmark is a good microcosm. It holds lessons for us here in the States, good and bad. I felt that way when I first lived there in 1971, when I researched my doctoral dissertation there in 1977, and I feel that way now.
Denmark is a mixed-economy (free market competition with a large public sector), social welfare, multi-party democratic country that, because of its small size and international exposure, is affected more quickly and deeply by social, economic and political forces at work in the Western (and wider) world. read more »
Copenhagen: the Fall of Green Statism
Now we have the Copenhagen deniers. These are people who won't accept that the UN's climate change process has been derailed. The highest emitting nations refuse to be bound by an enforceable treaty. Instead of bedding down a replacement for the near-defunct Kyoto Protocol, they asked for a rain check. read more »
Stop Coddling Wall Street!
By all historical logic and tradition, Wall Street's outrageous bonuses—almost $20 billion to Goldman Sachs alone—should be setting a populist wildfire across the precincts of the Democratic Party. Yet right now, the Democrats in both the White House and Congress seem content to confront such outrageous fortune with little more than hearings and mild legislative remedies—like a proposed new bank tax, which, over the next decade, seeks to collect $90 to $100 billion. This amounts, on an annual basis, to about half of this year's bonus for Goldman's gold diggers alone. read more »
Move the United Nations to Dubai
The opening last week of the world's tallest building, the half-mile-high Burj Dubai, has largely been greeted with guffaws and groans. The Daily Telegraph labeled it "the new pinnacle of vanity"--"a purposeless monument to the subprime era." The Wall Street Journal compared it to the Tower of Babel. (When the Empire State Building was completed in 1931, in the throes of the greatest financial crisis of the 20th century, it was met with similar jeers. The then-tallest building in the world was called the Empty State Building, and it remained vacant for several years.)
Yet the Burj's completion--indeed the whole wild enterprise known as Dubai--could signal a potential opportunity to the global community: turning the place into the headquarters for that other misguided ship, the United Nations. read more »
Will Anyone Stand Up for American Industry?
"Esau for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. For ye know how that afterward, when he would have inherited the blessing, he was rejected: for he found no place of repentance, though he sought it carefully with tears." - Hebrews 12:16-17
Built from 1933-1936, the Bay Bridge linking San Francisco to Oakland was an engineering marvel of its day. A complex series of multiple spans, when it opened – six months ahead of the more famous Golden Gate Bridge – it was both the longest suspended bridge deck in the world and the longest cantilever bridge in the world. The western suspension bridge section, technically two bridges in one, had to settle for being only the second and third longest suspension bridges in the world. read more »


text: 000 FXUS62 KGSP 271048 AFDGSP Area Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC 648 AM EDT FRI MAY 27 2016 .SYNOPSIS... Moist southerly flow will lead to continued warm temperatures and mainly afternoon chances of showers and thunderstorms today. After a dry day on Saturday, a period of cooler and wetter weather may develop late in the weekend through early next week as Atlantic low pressure moves toward the South Carolina coast. && .NEAR TERM /THROUGH TONIGHT/... As of 645 AM EDT, brief patchy dense fog has been added to the mountain valleys around daybreak, otherwise the forecast remains on track. A 500 mb ridge will persist over the southeast through the near term period, but with weak low pressure development off the FL coast north of the Bahamas. Under the high pressure over our area, mainly mountain convection is expected today with showers triggering in and near the southern mountains in upslope flow this morning and then better ridge top showers and thunderstorms this afternoon with heating and low level wind convergence. Mountain SBCAPE values should again rise into the 1000 to 1500 J/Kg range this afternoon. The severe potential will be relatively low but weak steering flow will likely produce some heavy rainers. Will feature fairly solid precipitation chances over the mountains and taper these off quickly farther east. Maxes will be about a category above climo again today under partly cloudy skies. A band of dry mid level air should work inland from the coast tonight. Any lingering evening PoPs over the mountains should taper off fairly quickly. Mins will remain above climo, but with better radiating conditions developing over the lower piedmont late in the night. && .SHORT TERM /SATURDAY THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT/... As of 300 AM Friday...The latest operational models are in good agreement on a tropical disturbance (which as of this writing has an 80% chance of becoming a named storm within 48 hours per NHC) drifting NW toward the SC coast on Saturday. The SFC low pressure center looks to be not far SW of Charleston by 00z Sunday. How strong the system will get is still uncertain...as it looks to take a while for it to organize. In any case, there should be a ring of subsidence around the system and over our area during the day. so saturday looks like a dry and warm day for the most part. Highs a couple categories above normal. Saturday night and Sunday...models start to diverge on the handling of the tropical system...with the GFS bringing the center into southern SC and stalling out...while the ECMWF make a right turn and drift toward the NE across the coastal plain. The stalls the low offshore thru F84 hours. With all that said...there should be a general increase in moisture...especially across the I-77 corridor Sunday. I will forecast generally chance PoPs for Sunday...with some low-end likely east of Charlotte. Temps will feature above normal lows and near normal highs. && .LONG TERM /MONDAY THROUGH THURSDAY/... As of 315 AM Friday...There is still a lot of uncertainty on where the tropical system will go early in the medium range. The 00z ECMWF has just come in holding onto a track that stays close to the coast in eastern SC/NC. While the GFS drifts the low inland across SC, then stalls it just north of Savannah, GA. This results in the GFS being much more unsettled than the ECMWF from Monday thru Wednesday. By Thursday, the ECMWF brings a weak cold front in from the NW, while the GFS still has the front back over the MS valley. They both show increasing PoP though. The GFS because of remnant tropical moisture and the ECMWF because of the front. So I went with the Superblend PoPs...which are slightly above climo Monday-Wednesday. Then high-end chance to low-end likely on Thursday. Temps will continue to be near or slightly above normal for highs and well above normal for lows within the moist regime. && .AVIATION /12Z FRIDAY THROUGH TUESDAY/... At KCLT, a FEW VFR clouds have lingered around 6 to 7 kft through daybreak. Scattered bases will lower with heating and convective cloud development through the day. Brief cigs will be possible at times, but SCT conditions are expected on average. The cumulus will thin with the loss of heating through evening. Precipitation chances appear small given some capping aloft and the lack of a significant trigger. Light south to southeast flow will briefly pick up from the SSW with mixing today, but with speeds generally less than 10 kt. Elsewhere, brief IFR fog may continue for an hour or two past daybreak at KAVL and in the other mountain valleys, but this this lift and scatter quickly. Otherwise, SCT to BKN VFR clouds at 6 to 7 kft will be predominant through the period, with some lowering today with heating and convective cloud development. The best chance of thunderstorms this afternoon will be near KAVL with southeast upslope flow and wind convergence. KHKY will also see a small afternoon chance. Will keep the Upstate TAFs dry for now given just a bit more capping and less of a trigger, but isolated nearby convection will be possible from mid to late afternoon. Clouds will thin and scatter through evening as deeper drying pushes in from the east. Expect mainly southerly flow through the period at less than 10 kt. Another round of IFR restrictions is quite possible in the mountain valleys tonight with drying at mid and upper levels. Outlook: Mainly VFR conditions will prevail through the period, but patchy morning fog chances continue at KAVL. Scattered afternoon SHRA/TSRA coverage will return on Sunday, with increasing chances into early next week. Confidence Table... 10-16Z 16-22Z 22-04Z 04-06Z KCLT High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100% KGSP High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100% KAVL High 91% High 100% High 100% High 100% KHKY Low 50% High 100% High 100% High 100% KGMU High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100% KAND High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100% The percentage reflects the number of guidance members agreeing with the schedule TAF issuance flight rule category. Complete hourly experimental aviation forecast consistency tables and ensemble forecasts are available at the following link: www.weather.gov/gsp/aviation && .GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... GA...None. NC...None. SC...None. && $$ SYNOPSIS...HG NEAR TERM...HG SHORT TERM...ARK LONG TERM...ARK AVIATION...HG


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Barry R. Masters
Einstein's genius lay in his ability to bridge the gap between radiation in space and radiation-matter interactions. He explained the interaction between light and matter by the absorption and emission of light quanta, thereby explaining several perplexing physical phenomena.
Albert Einstein during a lecture in Vienna in 1921.
Albert Einstein was one of the foremost scientists in a century dominated by science. His work influenced our understanding of the physics of the universe, modern electronics and the quantum nature of reality. Perhaps it was his boundless imagination that enabled him to have such a broad reach.
Indeed, throughout his life and career, Einstein pursued independent thought. In 1901, he wrote: "German worship for authority … is the greatest enemy of truth." In Einstein's Autobiographical Notes, which he wrote at age 67, he noted his "suspicion against every kind of authority…and [that] attitude which has never left me." This theme is recounted in another Einstein quote from 1925: "The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, an almost fanatical love of justice, and the desire for personal independence—these are the features of the Jewish tradition which makes me thank the stars that I belong to it."
While it was Einstein's relativity theory that put him on the world's stage, he made several critical contributions to the field of optics. Between 1905 and 1916, he put forth the light quantum hypothesis, demonstrated the wave-particle duality of light, and proposed the concept of stimulated emission—an idea that took 40 years to be proven in the form of the laser.
In his 1905 publication, "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light," Einstein used Boltzmann's statistics to postulate that the entropy of blackbody radiation can be considered as a gas of independent "quanta of energy," with each quantum proportional to the frequency of the corresponding wave. His concept of discontinuous energy in space contradicted Maxwell's widely accepted continuous wave theory.
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz observed that ultraviolet light incident on his spark-gap resonators enhanced their capacity to discharge. His assistant Wilhelm Hallwacks confirmed and expanded on this hypothesis in 1888, when he demonstrated that ultraviolet radiation caused neutral metals to acquire a positive charge.
In 1899, Joseph J. Thomson at Cambridge University investigated the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the production of "corpuscles" [electrons] from a metal plate in a Crookes tube. He measured a current from the plate that increased with the frequency and intensity of the radiation. He was the first to write that the ultraviolet-induced photoeffect results in the emission of electrons.
Meanwhile, at the University of Kiel, Philipp Lenard demonstrated in 1902 that if radiation of sufficiently short wavelength (from a carbon arc lamp) is incident on a metal's surface, then electrons are emitted. The number of electrons ejected increases with light intensity, and below a specific frequency of radiation no electrons are emitted. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is independent of the intensity of the incident radiation over an intensity range of 1,000 and rises with increasing frequency of the radiation.
Einstein set the energy of each light quantum in modern notation as equal to hv, where h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency of the light. To quote Einstein: "Monochromatic radiation of low density (within the range of validity of Wien's blackbody radiation formula [valid for hv/kT »1]) behaves, in a thermodynamic sense, as if it consisted of mutually independent radiation quanta of magnitude [hv]."
He wrote: "When a light ray spreads out from a point source, the energy is not distributed continuously over an increasing volume [wave theory of light], but consists of a finite number of energy quanta that are localized at points in space, move without dividing, and can only be absorbed or generated as complete units." Einstein used the term light quantum (ein Lichtquant), which is an indivisible packet, to describe this.
However, it was the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis who coined the term "photon" in a paper published in the journal Nature in 1926. Only in 1916 did Einstein discuss the momentum, p=hv/c and the zero rest mass of the light quantum.
With Einstein's light quantum hypothesis, he explained the photoelectric effect in a way that the prevailing wave theory of light could not. In the photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected from the surface of a metal when radiation of a threshold frequency is incident. Einstein then continued: "If monochromatic radiation behaves … as though the radiation were a discontinuous medium consisting of energy quanta of magnitude hv, then it seems reasonable to investigate whether the laws governing the emission and transformation of light are also constructed as if light consisted of such energy quanta. Einstein assumed that light interacts with matter by the emission or absorption of his posited light quantum.
He used his light quantum hypothesis to postulate a new mechanism: Light quanta penetrate the surface layer of matter, and their energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the electrons. In the simplest case, a light quantum transfers its entire energy to a single electron. He assumed an electron in the interior will decrease its kinetic energy when it reaches the material surface. Then it must perform work, φ (a function of each material, called the work function), to overcome the attractive forces holding it in the material in order to leave the surface; the maximum kinetic energy of such electrons is hv – φ.
In modern notation: eV = hv – φ, where e is the charge of the electron and V is the retarding potential necessary to stop the fastest photoelectrons. The work function is the electron binding energy to the material; it varies with different materials. This is the first equation in the quantum theory of radiation-matter interactions. In 1912, Arthur L. Hughes who worked at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge measured the maximum velocity of photoelectrons from various metals and verified Einstein's photoelectric equation. A modern application of the photoelectric effect is the ubiquitous photomultiplier tube, which is a low-light detector.
The first confirmation of the quantum hypothesis occurred in 1907 when Einstein showed that energy quantization can be applied to materials (condensed matter). In addition, he explained the anomalous temperature dependence of the specific heats of solids (i.e., that they decreased with reducing temperature) by assuming that they consist of a lattice of quantized oscillators. Einstein's formula was in good agreement with the experimental results provided in 1910 by Walther Nernst and his assistant Frederick A. Lindemann. This was the first confirmation of the quantum hypothesis in an area of physics other than radiation.
Einstein's 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics cited his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." But in 1905, many physicists—including Max Planck, Hendrik A. Lorentz, Max von Laue, Wilhelm Wien and Arnold Sommerfeld—doubted Einstein's hypothesis. They based their objections on the interference of light, which required a wave interpretation.
Both Planck and Lorentz accepted that radiation interacts with matter in a quantized manner, but they could not conceive of individual light quanta that propagated as a wave. Interestingly, in 1909, Johannes Stark proposed localized energy quanta in X-rays, and he also supported Einstein's light quantum hypothesis. Einstein at the 1911 Solvay congress stated: "I insist on the provisional character of this concept [light-quanta]."
In 1916, Millikan's experiments validated Einstein's equation for the photoelectric effect; nevertheless, he did not accept the hypothesis of light quanta. The physics community did not completely embrace Einstein's theory until Compton published his paper on the Compton effect in 1923.
The origins of the wave-particle duality of light are found in Einstein's 1909 paper on energy fluctuations. Einstein built on his theoretical methods to calculate fluctuations of energy and momentum with respect to his analysis of Brownian motion (1905), and he applied these methods to blackbody radiation. He boldly generalized his 1905 fluctuation theory of mechanical systems (Brownian particles) to nonmechanical blackbody radiation. These insights led in 1909 to Einstein's conception of light with both particle and wave attributes.
He investigated the energy fluctuations of blackbody radiation that was contained in partial volume V of an isothermal cavity at temperature T. Starting with Planck's blackbody distribution law, Einstein wrote the variance of the energy fluctuations as:
where 〈 〉 represents the statistical average, E is the radiation energy of frequency between v and v + dv, and c is the vacuum velocity of light. This is known as Einstein's fluctuation formula for blackbody radiation. He reasoned from statistical mechanical analysis that the first term after the equals sign referred to the quantum properties of the radiation. This term, linear in average energy, is found in the high frequency limit in which Wien's law is valid. Einstein concluded that radiation, in particular its energy fluctuations, is consistent with a gas of independent particles—i.e., light quanta.
He reasoned from dimensional analysis that the second term, quadratic in average energy, is from the interference of waves. This term is obtained in the limit of low frequency radiation. In 1916, H.A. Lorentz rigorously derived the second term. Einstein's equation showed that both quanta and waves occur in blackbody radiation; this later became the modern concept of "wave-particle duality." In 1909, Einstein wrote "…the next phase in theoretical physics will bring us to a theory that light can be interpreted as a kind of fusion of the wave and emission theory…"
Arthur Compton (left) with graduate student Luis Alvarez in 1933.
In 1916, Robert A. Millikan experimentally verified Einstein's photoelectric theory with high precision, extending the previous experiments of Lenard. He showed that the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is proportional to frequency. His plots of the stopping voltage for photoemission vs. the frequency of the incident radiation followed Einstein's predicted linear dependence, and for different metals, the values of "h" were in agreement and equal to the numerical value that Planck calculated in his 1901 paper. He also showed that the number of photoelectrons is proportional to the intensity of the radiation.
Arthur Holly Compton investigated the scattering of X-rays and γ-rays by light elements. His theory of 1923, which used Einstein's light quantum hypothesis, showed that the energy of the scattered quantum is less than that of the incident quantum, and the difference is the increased kinetic energy of the recoiled scattering electron. Compton derived an equation that related the increased wavelength of the scattered beam to the angle between the incident and scattered beam.
He assumed that each electron scatters a complete quantum of radiation. An X-ray quantum of frequency v0 is scattered by an electron of mass m. The scattering electron is assumed to be initially at rest; after the collision with the quantum of radiation, the electron recoils. The energy of each ray is hv0, and the momentum of the incident ray is hv0/c, where c is the velocity of light, and h is Planck's constant, and that of the scattered ray is hvθ/c as an angle θ with the initial momentum.
He then invoked the conservation of energy and momentum for the scattering process, and derived his scattering equation in terms of wavelength:
Compton validated his theory with a series of precise measurements and wrote: "The beautiful agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the scattering is more striking … There is not a single adjustable constant connecting the two sets of values." He found that the increase of wavelength is independent of the wavelength. Compton then concluded: "The scattering of X-rays is a quantum phenomenon." Furthermore,
"… the theory indicates very convincingly that a radiation quantum carries with it directed momentum as well as energy." The quantity h/mc is called the Compton wavelength and has a value ≈ 0.0241 Å.
For his discovery, which soon after came to be known as the Compton effect, he shared the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics with Charles Thompson Rees Wilson, who invented the cloud chamber method of visualizing ions and the tracks of ionizing particles.
Nine years after Einstein conceived of the light quantum, he returned to the problem of light-matter interaction; specifically, the transitions between energy states of molecules and the role of light quanta in these processes. In 1916, he postulated stimulated or induced emission—which is, of course, the basis of laser function.
In induced emission, a molecule in an excited state interacts with an electromagnetic field, causing the molecule to transition to the lower energy state; its energy is transferred to the field. The photon created in the process is identical in frequency, phase, polarization and direction as the photons in the incident field. Typically, at thermal equilibrium, the rate of light absorption is greater than that of stimulated emission, since lower energy states of the atom are more populated than higher energy states.
But for the special case of a laser, a population inversion is achieved, in which the number of higher energy states is greater than that of lower energy states; in that instance, the rate of induced emission is greater than that of absorption. This condition permits optical amplification, a prerequisite for laser function.
How did Einstein derive induced emission? Einstein's 1916 publication, "Emission and absorption of radiation in quantum theory," contained his so-called "Einstein coefficients," and his prediction of the process of induced emission. This paper introduced a probabilistic approach to quantum physics. At that time, the concept of energy transitions in atoms mediated by the absorption and the emission of light quanta was not commonly accepted by the physics community. Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom did not utilize the idea of the photon; in fact, Bohr rejected that concept until the early 1920s.
Einstein assumed a collection of molecules in thermal equilibrium; they can absorb radiation of frequency vnm and go from state Zn to state Zm, and they can emit radiation of frequency vmn and go from state Zm to state Zn. He assumed a process with upper and lower energy states, and transitions between the two. The number of molecules in the upper and the lower states are constant. At thermal equilibrium, the same number of molecules per unit time will absorb radiation as the number that will emit radiation.
He then distinguished between two types of transitions. The first is when the emission of radiation occurs in the absence of external influences. He made the analogy to Rutherford's law of radioactive decay. In this instance, the number of transitions per unit time is: AmnNm, where Amn is a constant characteristic of the combination of states Zm and Zn, and Nm is the number of molecules in the state Zm. In modern terms, this is the process of spontaneous emission, which occurs when no external radiation is present, and Amn is called the "Einstein A coefficient." The resulting photon can be emitted in any direction.
The second transition is due to the interaction between the molecules and incident radiation; in modern terms, it refers to the processes of absorbing radiation and the stimulation of radiation. Einstein assumed that the effect of the incident radiation is proportional to the radiation density ρ (the spectral density or the radiation energy per unit volume in the frequency range between v and v+dv) or the effective frequency to drive the transition between states.
The radiation field can cause a loss or gain of energy in the molecules. While the gain of energy of a molecule (absorption) is intuitive, the process by which radiation interacts with a molecule in the excited state and induces a transition to the ground state is not. The rate of stimulated emission is proportional to the radiation energy density.
Einstein began by asking: How can the principle of microscopic reversibility—which states that the rate of energy transfer from lower to upper states must equal that from upper to lower states for every transfer—be applied to radiation in equilibrium?
In stimulated emission, the emitted photon has the same frequency, direction and polarization as the incident one. Einstein required that the process of stimulated emission occur in order for the energy levels of a molecule in equilibrium with the radiation field to be given by the Boltzmann distribution and to be consistent with the Planck blackbody distribution law.
If the Einstein coefficient for stimulated emission was zero, there would not be a Boltzmann distribution of states at thermal equilibrium. The number of transitions Zn → Zm per unit time is Bmn Nnρ, and the number from Zm → Zn is Bmn Nmρ, where Bnm (stimulated emission) and Bmn (stimulated absorption) are constants related to the combinations of states Zn and Zm. In modern terms, these are called the Einstein B coefficients. At thermal equilibrium, the number of molecules gaining energy must equal the number losing energy; the following equation describes all of these processes: Amn Nm + Bmn Nmρ = Bnm Nnρ.
Einstein remarked on the simplicity of the hypotheses and the generality of the analysis. He invoked the "Boltzmann principle:" The probability Wn of state Zn is given by: Wn = pne–En/kT, where En is the energy of state n, k is the Boltzmann constant, pn is the statistical weight of the state Zn, and T is the absolute temperature. This gives the numbers of molecules in the two states in terms of their energy difference:
He deduced that the probabilities of induced absorption and emission are equal: pnBnm= pmBmn. The Einstein coefficients are independent of radiation density. Einstein used these equations to derive Planck's blackbody distribution law; he noted that the transitions between the two states are mediated by a light quantum of definite frequency v, thus he derived the equation: εm– εn = hv, where h is a constant (Planck's constant). This equation, which related the energies of two atomic states and the energy of the absorbed or emitted radiation, is the Bohr frequency condition, which previously was only assumed by Bohr.
Einstein showed that the ratio of Amn/Bmn is proportional to v3 and given by:
There are several physical conclusions that follow from his derivation. From this cubed dependence on frequency, we conclude that the larger the energy difference between the two states, the higher the probability for spontaneous emission as compared to stimulated emission.
Assuming thermal equilibrium with the radiation, if hv » kT, then spontaneous emission is much more probable than stimulated emission. Conversely, if hv « kT, then stimulated emission can predominate; for the visible spectrum, this naturally occurs in stars.
Einstein suggested that the Einstein coefficients Amn and Bmn could be calculated if a new version of electrodynamics and mechanics was available that is in agreement with the quantum hypothesis (a new quantum mechanics). In 1927, Dirac used his version of quantum mechanics to give an expression to Einstein's B coefficients, and in the second paper derive the expression for Einstein's A coefficient (spontaneous emission).
Experimental verification of Einstein's concept of stimulated emission came decades after Einstein theoretically predicted it. In 1954, Gordon, Zeıger and Townes ınvented the maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), which operated in the microwave region. And, in 1960, Theodore H. Maiman produced stimulated emission in a ruby crystal as part of the first laser.
Credit is also due to Gordon Gould, who while a graduate student in physics at Columbia University developed the concept of an optical resonator in the form of a Fabry-Pérot interferometer constructed with two mirrors. Gould discussed his work with Townes. Several months later, Townes and Schawlow independently developed the same concept; they called their device the "optical maser." Gould, who obtained patents on his invention, suggested that the gain media between the mirrors could be pumped (by atomic collisions) to achieve a population inversion and thus achieve laser action.
The 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics was shared by Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov and Aleksandr M. Prokhorov for their independent work on the laser.
Einstein's seminal works in optics have transformed our understanding of light as well as our ability to harness it for applications in a broad range of areas, including medicine, telecommunications, electronics, and beyond. His work on stimulated emission contributed to the development of the laser—one of the most important scientific breakthroughs of the past century. His explorations into light-matter interactions in the early 1900s established one of the most shocking ideas in 20th century physics—that we live in a quantum world in which light can behave as both a particle and a wave. His works revealed a universe that is more amazing and complex than anyone could have imagined.
Barry R. Masters is a Fellow of AAAS, OSA and SPIE. He is a visiting scientist with the department of biological engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
>> A. Einstein. "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light," Annalen der Physik 17, 132 (1905).
>> A. Einstein. "On the Present Status of the Radiation Problem," Physikalische Zeitschrift 10, 185 (1909).
>> A. Einstein. "Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Quantum Theory," Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 18, 318 (1916).
>> A. Einstein. "On the Quantum Theory of Radiation," Physikalische Zeitschrift 18, 121 (1916).
>> A. Einstein. Out of my Later Years, Philosophical Library, N.Y. (1950).
>> R.H. Stuewer. The Compton Effect, Turning Point in Physics, Science History Publications, N.Y. (1975).
>> A. Pais. 'Subtle is the Lord…' The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, University Press, N.Y. (1982).
>> Z. Rosenkranz. The Einstein Scrapbook, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (2002).
>> J. Stachel. Einstein from 'B' to 'Z', Birkhäuser, Boston (2002).
Publish Date: 01 July 2012
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The Prophet Glenn Beck Has A Message From God: 'I Am Coming And I Will Settle Scores'
On Friday, Glenn Beck spoke at Liberty University's convocation where, in between crying jags, he announced that his charity, Mercury One, would be donating $50,000 to the school because its students give Beck hope for the future.
For most of his speech, Beck, a Mormon, lectured the large audience on what it means to be a Christian, beseeching them to live their lives in such a way that they can "demand miracles, expect miracles, call down miracles" in the name of "the awesome power of Jesus Christ and the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob."
Later, Beck recounted the "Restoring Courage" event he put together in Jerusalem back in 2011, saying that he had no idea why he held it other than that God told him to.
Saying that he was overwhelmed by the fact that he was to be among "the first Christians to ever speak at the Temple Mount," Beck had no idea what he was even supposed to say ... until God finally told him that the message that he was supposed to deliver was that "I am coming and I will settle scores":
In 2012, Liberty's decision to invite Mitt Romney to speak at its graduation ceremony sparked protests from students and alumni, so it was genuinely amazing to watch the audience at Liberty now shower Beck with applause as he preached Mormon theology from the stage during convocation, at one point declaring that "nobody in the Grand Council" chose to come to earth from Heaven in order to be an accountant or make t-shirts for a living, which is a distinctly Mormon theology.
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In what is one of the more ironic twists of fate in the short but fast life of the Internet, the most popular Web sites have nothing to do with entertainment, education or shopping, but with finding information. These sites, with names like Alta Vista, Excite, Infoseek, Lycos and Yahoo, have become so popular that the companies running them are the darlings of Wall Street, with stock valuations in the billions of dollars.
But for anyone who has used these search sites, the results can be frustrating. While simple to use, the search engines cough up a laundry list of sites and documents, many of which have little to do with the actual subject matter.
"The search engines on the Web, such as Yahoo and Excite, are lightweight, meant for recreational use only," explained Ron Weissman, vice president of strategies and corporate marketing for Verity Corp., a search engine software firm. "They only search HTML (Hy-perText Markup Language) tags and text."
The poor accuracy of Internet search engines may lead some organizations to wonder about the practicality of search and retrieval systems if workers have a difficult time finding what they want. But Weissman says not to worry. Highly sophisticated search engines are available that understand business rules, recognize word patterns and search for thematic concepts in the hunt for the right information.
These quasi-intelligent tools can be used to search everything from intranets, document management systems and word processing files, to newsfeeds, e-mail and even graphical images and video.
How the engines search varies from product to product, although most rely on at least several recognized query techniques. Verity's core product, Verity Information Server, indexes, searches and retrieves information on Web and file servers stored in a variety of formats. Information Server uses a combination of query operations including Boolean, proximity, frequency, concept, weighted and fuzzy word searching. It also provides a selection of query formats, such as commas that string together keywords, to help workers find the needle in the haystack.
Fuzzy searching involves pattern matching so that a search for "legislature" will also recognize misspelled versions of the same word, such as "ligislature" or "legisleture." Misspellings often crop up in documents scanned into computers using optical character-recognition software.
Proximity searches look for two or more words in the same sentence or paragraph or for one word that's within two or three words of another. Concept searching looks at the words in a document to infer what the document is about. This technique avoids the problem with keyword searches, which can't tell the difference between a Macintosh apple and the Macintosh computer. To aid those navigating through a search, Information Server will rank hits by relevancy, highlight keyword terms, and cluster and summarize search results.
Add-on tools, such as Verity's Intranet Spider, which indexes Web sites and file servers at a rapid clip, and the Agent Server, which monitors the Internet and intranet sites and automatically retrieves information based on preset profiles, give an organization an arsenal of tools for finding just the right piece of information without wasting too much time.
Other search engine leaders, such as Excalibur and PC Docs/Fulcrum offer similar features, but have carved out different niches. Excalibur's RetrievalWare search software has built up a following for its image and video search capability. SearchServer, from PC Docs/Fulcrum, is considered highly scalable, capable of conducting searches across many millions of documents.
What's important to remember, according to Weissman, is that search engines available to organizations are much more efficient, effective and productive than their more popular brethren found on the Internet. More important, the cost barrier to these high-end search engines has dropped in recent years. "The market is big enough now that the technology has come down in price," Weissman said. "The


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Turner Classic Movies is in the midst of celebrating its 20th anniversary and that alone is worth noting. Remember when TCM was new and they messed around with colorizing classic films, sending shock waves through the preservation movement and movie fans in general? Well, since then they have methodically proved themselves time and again by preserving and programming timeless films and introducing them to new generations, creating original documentaries, showing silent films on Sunday nights and hosting their now annual TCM Film Festival in Hollywood where people come from all over the country to see classics on the big screen. (And no film is old if you haven't seen it before.) For all TCM has accomplished, they are about to raise the bar.
Starting on Monday, September 2, TCM will present the first of fifteen episodes of Mark Cousins' epic, "The Story of Film: An Odyssey." Based on his bestselling book of the same name, the documentary, which has been garnering raves when shown at film festivals and on European television, examines the history of film from an international perspective. Each chapter will be introduced by Cousins in discussion with Robert Osborne and those will run every Monday, repeated on Tuesday, through December 9. Full disclosure here - I am in an episode or two, but I think it is the most original and insightful look at the evolution of the art form since Kevin Brownlow's and David Gill's Hollywood series made in 1980.
Cousins, a native of Northern Ireland, worked on "The Story of Film" for years and traveled the globe (often in camper vans and always with the lightest of loads), to film location shots and interviews. Cousins has a new film out, "A Story of Children and Film," where he investigates the representation of children in cinema. Well-reviewed at Cannes, "Children and Film" screens this weekend at Telluride, where Cousins will be in attendance.
As great as it is that TCM is screening the documentary, what is truly fabulous is that they are also programming over 100 films featured in "The Story of Film," many of which have never been seen on American television before. Just look at the listing for September 2 focusing on 1895 - 1918. Along with shorts from the Edison Company and the Lumiere Brothers, there are the D.W. Griffith's that everyone talks about but far fewer have actually seen such as "The Birth of a Nation" and "Orphans of the Storm" as well as the film heralded as the first feature filmed in Los Angeles, De Mille's "The Squaw Man." But the real rare gems that night are "Falling Leaves," "A House Divided" and "Canned Harmony," three films from Alice Guy who was not just the first woman director, but one of the very first film directors period and among the first to create narrative films.
Cousins says he is humbled that his documentary has been the catalyst for this innovative programming and "overwhelmed" at the films that are being screened. When asked what he is most excited about sharing with American viewers, he is hard to restrain. "There is 'the Chinese Greta Garbo,' Ruan LIngyu, and they are showing her masterpiece 'The Goddess.' I have long argued that the most rebellious figure of 50s cinema isn't James Dean, but the Egyptian director Youssef Chahine. At this time of such trouble in Egypt, TCM is showing his breakthrough film, "Cairo Station," in which he also plays the lead. And it's brilliant that they are screening one of the greatest French new wave films, Agnes Varda's "Cleo from 5 to 7," about a woman between those two hours in one day, who is told that she has cancer but who, somehow, lives so fully."
What else? "I am just delighted that they are showing my favorite film of all time, Shohei Imamura's 'The Insect Woman' which, like Varda's film, is about female fortitude. Imamura's film has some of the most beautiful widescreen compositions in cinema, but it grittily honest about what people will do to survive. To anyone who thinks that African cinema is primitive, I show them 'Yeelen' - a kind of west African 'Star Wars.' And for anyone who thinks that the greatest documentaries have been made in Europe or America, I show them 'The Battle of Chile,' Guzman's long, involving, heart breaking film about the Pinochet coup in Chile.
And then there Abuladze's 'Repentance' - a cheeky film about a dead body that mysteriously keeps appearing in a town, a bold metaphor for the 'unburiability' of Stalinism. Gorbachev saw it and the story goes that it encouraged him in his plans for glasnost and perestroika. Not that films have to be world changing - for people who love thrillers and crime investigation stories, there is one of the greatest ever - Bong Joon-ho's 'Memories of Murder.'"
We could go on and on, but check out the full listing at TCM.com and make space in your dvr because we are about to get a master class in the history of filmmaking. I can't think of a better way to celebrate Turner Classic Movies' 20th anniversary. Congratulations TCM.


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Valerie Wax Carr, Director of Public Service would like to update residents on storm clean-up procedure. For those areas of the City where major storm damage occurred, specifically the areas of 3rd St. to 11th St. between Portage Trail and Broad Blvd. and Portage Trail to Tallmadge Rd. to Bailey Rd. , residents are encouraged to put any debris that is 8 inches in diameter or less on your devilstrip.
Valerie Wax Carr, Director of Public Service, would like to alert residents and motorists of a road closure in Cuyahoga Falls. Riverview Road is closed until further notice between Ira and Bolanz due to flooding from the Cuyahoga River. Detour signs are posted. Contact the Street Department at 330-971-8030 for additional information.
Service Director Valerie Wax Carr announces that Collection crews will not be working Monday, May 30, 2011 due to the Memorial Day holiday. All customers' collections will be delayed one day. Refuse and recycle crews will work Tuesday through Saturday. If you have any questions, you may contact the Sanitation Department directly at (330) 971-8010.
The Riverfront Car Cruise In has been canceled for today 5/23/2011
Valerie Wax Carr, Director of Public Service would like to alert residents and motorists that beginning on Monday, May 16, 2011, the southbound lanes of Front Street will be closed at Prospect Avenue. Two-way traffic will be maintained in the remaining northbound lanes.
This condition will remain for approximately 90-days. Emergency crews have been notified.
Due to high water levels in the Cuyahoga River, the Falls River Cruise opening day will be postponed until Sat., June 11th. Weather/water level permitting.
On Thursday, May 12, 2011, following a valve replacement, the water dropped below pressure. Therefore, as a safeguard in accordance to EPA regulations, a BOIL ALERT has been issued for the Falls Ave. from Front St. to 4th St; Front St. from Falls Ave. to Chestnut Blvd.; Sackett Ave. from Front St. to 4th St., and 4th St. from Sackett Ave. to Falls Ave. until Saturday at 12:00 p.m.. To ensure safety, please boil your water for a minimum of two minutes.
Get ready for summer! The first Rockin' on the River concert in the Falls River Square District kicks off on Friday, May 20, 2011. While all can still expect the best in entertainment, food, and free parking, attendees will now experience a change in atmosphere as the new curfew is now in effect. "This new measure was necessary, as we were attracting the wrong type of individuals in the heart of our City during special events," stated Mayor Don Robart. Minors that are not with a parent will not be allowed within the curfew area after 8:00 p.m. "We are hopeful t
Mayor Don L. Robart is pleased to announce the availability of applications for the very popular Paint Reimbursement, Residential Matching Grant, Down Payment Assistance Loan and Housing Rehabilitation Loan Programs for the 2011 Community Development Block Grant funding year.
Service Director Valerie Wax Carr announces that the Water Utilities Department will begin its annual Hydrant Flushing and Testing Program on Monday, May 16, and continue through Monday, June 30, 2011. The flushing of the Cuyahoga Falls water system will be performed Monday through Friday, during the day between the hours of 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.


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Reviewed By Michael W (Arlington, VA) Reviewed for a 2001 Infiniti G20 —5/31/2012 6:26 AM
Man..what sweet rotors! I ordered the all black EBC rotors and could not be happier. The look and ease of install was everything I couldve asked for!
Reviewed By Christopher B (HANSVILLE, WA) Reviewed for a 2008 Honda Odyssey —5/24/2016 12:09 PM
I ordered these brakes for my Honda Odyssey and they bolted right up with no issues at all. My only concern is that the inside of the rear rotors was painted where the parking brake makes contact. Hopefully that will wear off soon. Other than that they are great!


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Former President George W. Bush's book-signing appearance at the Billy Graham Library in Charlotte has sold out.
The library announced on its website Saturday that all wristbands guaranteeing a book and spot in line Monday to see the former president had been sold. Only those with wristbands will be admitted to the library grounds for the event.
Library officials did not say how many wristbands were made available, but they sold out within hours of being made available. There is a limit of two books, sold at $35 each, per wristband. There will be no photo opportunities with President Bush.
Previous Story:
People who want former President George W. Bush to autograph their copy of his latest book need to get to the Billy Graham Library before his scheduled appearance to make sure they can see him.
Entry to the book signing requires a wristband, which goes on sale at the library on Saturday beginning at 9:30 a.m. Bush appears on Monday.
The wristband and a receipt are required to get into the book signing, where books will be distributed. Wristband fees will cover the cost of the books, and will be distributed on a first-come, first-served basis. There will be a limited number of wristbands available.
Library officials say there is a limit of two books, sold at $35 each, per wristband. There will be no photo opportunities with President Bush.


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Hyundai T7 tablet baffles with quad-core Exynos for impossibly low price
Today's most mysterious combination of components to hit the mobile universe must be no less than the Hyundai T7 tablet, revealed with a Samsung Exynos 4 quad-core processor and a 7-inch display for just $166 USD. While at that price we're certainly not confident this machine is going to run, it certainly does look enticing with a 1280 x 800 pixel display across 7 inches and an HDMI port out for connectivity with your HDTV. Once you've gotten past those points, it's all comes tumbling downhill.


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The seemingly never ending winter struck northern Michigan again Tuesday (3/25/08).
Forecasters predicted about two to five inches of new snow would fall over the lower peninsula of Michigan's upper-half. Drivers had a difficult time on the morning commutes. High winds combined with the snow created blowing and drifting conditions from Traverse City to Cadillac.
Forecasters said the snow would taper off and turn to rain as the air
temperature gradually exceeded the low 30's.


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, Volume 36, Issue 2, pp 259-275
First online:
Fallibility and Insight in Moral Judgment
- John KaagAffiliated withUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell Email author
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This article investigates the relationship between moral judgments, fallibility, and imaginative insight. It will draw heavily from the canon of classical American philosophy, the members of which (from Ralph Waldo Emerson, to C.S. Peirce, E.L. Cabot, to Jane Addams, to John Dewey) took up this relationship as pivotally important in moral theorizing. It argues that the process of hypothesis formation—characterized as "insight" by Emerson and extended by Peirce in his notion of "abduction"—is a necessary condition of moral progress for it allows individuals to think through the boundaries of social and ethical life. In a world of unexpected occurrences and uncertainty, the ability to generate novel explanatory frameworks and normative ideals is a crucial, if normally underappreciated, moral faculty. This paper attempts to respond to this relative neglect.
KeywordsEthics Abduction Peirce Fallibility Insight Moral progress
Reference tools
- Title
- Fallibility and Insight in Moral Judgment
- Journal
Human Studies
Volume 36, Issue 2 , pp 259-275
- Cover Date
- 2013-05
- 10.1007/s10746-012-9252-y
- Print ISSN
- 0163-8548
- Online ISSN
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Ethics
- Abduction
- Peirce
- Fallibility
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- Moral progress
- Authors
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- Author Affiliations
- 1. University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA


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Corey Gamble Reportedly Cheats on Kris Jenner With Kourtney Kardashian - Is It True?
- 01:08 PM, May 30
Silent Hill World Premiere
Photo credit: David Gabber / PR Photos
To fit your screen, we scale this picture smaller than its actual size. The original picture size is 336x600 pixels and this photo has been viewed 2937 times since April 20, 2006


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- 119Promote
Canvas Print
Don't You Miss Mexico?by Hyein Lee
Fine art print on bright white, fine poly-cotton blend, matte canvas using latest generation Epson archival inks. Individually trimmed and hand stretched museum wrap over 1-1/2" deep wood stretcher bars. Includes wall hanging hardware.
Inspired by my trip to Mexico. God, I miss the hot Mexican sun.
wow, how did i miss this before, its awesome!
Great piece!
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Steve Steve Souders works at SpeedCurve on the interplay between performance and design. He previously served as Google's head performance engineer, chief performance Yahoo!, and as chief performance officer at Fastly. Steve has pioneered much of the work in the world of web performance. He is the author of High Performance Web Sites and Even Faster Web Sites. He is the creator of many performance tools and services including YSlow, the HTTP Archive, Episodes, ControlJS, and Browserscope. Steve taught CS193H: High Performance Web Sites at Stanford University and serves as co-chair of Velocity, the web performance and operations conference from O'Reilly.
For information on exhibition and sponsorship opportunities at the conference, contact Gloria Lombardo at email@example.com
For media partnerships, contact mediapartners@ oreilly.com
For media-related inquiries, contact Maureen Jennings at firstname.lastname@example.com
View a complete list of Velocity contacts


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Getting into the sewup tire thing and have been using an old toe strap to put the spare tire under the saddle. However, my legs constantly hit the spare while pedaling.
If you're using sew ups - how do you carry the spare? Just trying to figure out if there's a better way.


text: I am getting some difficulties to open up the console from firefox . I moved to the tools and click on the javascript console in the drop down menu. I got that the drop down menu automatically closes, but then I didn't got the JS console comes up. How do I get this again ?Do you have any suggestion regarding this !!!


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Artist biography
Walter HUNT 1861–1941
Painter of anecdotal animal subjects. Born 16 November 1861 in Fulham, London. Studied under his father Charles Hunt, genre painter (1803–77). Exhibited at the R.A. 1881–1910. Died in London 30 January 1941.
Published in:
Mary Chamot, Dennis Farr and Martin Butlin, The Modern British Paintings, Drawings and Sculpture, London 1964, I


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San Francisco Giants MLB Dog Jersey
San Francisco Giants MLB Dog Jersey
- Stretchy ribbing at cuffs
- Officially licensed by MLB
- Authentic colors and style
- Ironed on team logo patches on sleeves
- Micromesh fabric is breathable and comfy so that you and your pet enjoy our apparel to the max. Please make sure you measure your dog for the proper fit. Fit on these items run small or offer limited elasticity. Petco recommends you order one size up.
Our San Francisco Giants MLB Dog Jersey will definitely be a home run with your dog this baseball season. He or she will not balk at wearing this cute dog jersey. Constructed of breathable micro-mesh polyester with colorful screen printed logo and team name, it's sure to be a hit. Easy Velcro closure with fashionable faux buttons for that official baseball jersey look, your precious pooch will love this jersey better than any other outfit he or she owns. This jersey is durable, hand-washable and decorated in official team colors. Ironed on team logo patch on the right sleeve and printed number (00) on back finish this authentic look for your four-legged baseball fan.


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AMCAT Syllabus, Exam Pattern, Test details myamcat.com
AMCAT Syllabus, Exam Pattern, Test details myamcat.com for Engineering, MBA, Graduates
AMCAT Exam Syllabus: AMCAT is a employability assessment test conducted by aspiring minds. Various companies consider the AMCAT score for their placements. You can get the AMCAT detailed syllabus here. Download AMCAT syllabus and prepare for the exam by concentrating on the topics in which you are familiar. AMCAT test is conducted for engineers, mba and graduates. Apexstory.com is a best website for your AMCAT preparation.
AMCAT is a computer based online test. The exam has Aptitude module, Verbal ability, technical section, personality test, AUTOMATA C campus, reasoning ability module.
AMCAT Syllabus
AMCAT syllabus is given below. Download AMCAT syllabus without registration at Aspiring minds website myamcat.com.
This syllabus is for all. Study only the syllabus which is for you. There is no seperate amcat syllabus 2016 for computer science (CSE), IT, EEE, ECE, Mechanical Engineering, Civil engineering, etc.
AMCAT Test Pattern
AMCAT Exam pattern has compulsory module and Optional module. Compulsory module contains English, Logical ability, Quantitative ability, Aspiring Minds Personality Inventory (AMPI).
Optional module is different for general graduates, mba graduates, engineering graduates. You can choose maximum to 2 optional modules. While choosing the optional modules, choose the module carefully. There is no limitation to choose the modules. Even if you are EEE graduate, you can choose Computer science module. But choose the module related to the field in which you are desiring to be placed.
Questions will appear one by one. You can go to next question only by answering this question or skipping it. Once you have went to next question, you cannot come to previous question.
You will get time gap between modules. Time gap of 1 minute between 2 modules and 3 minutes every 3 modules.
Separate time will be provided to read the instructions. Time of reading instructions will not be included in your test time. Thus you can read the instructions without tension.
Many are searching for Amcat syllabus for cts, Axis bank, etc. There is no syllabus like that.


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WWE 2007: Unleash the Fury
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Re: WWE 2007: UTF - The Inevitable Return
I love seeing PPV events open up with a big match. Gets things rolling from the get go, and Kennedy vs. Cena in the first blood match is an awesome opener that I fully expect Kennedy to win, as losing this type of match doesn't hurt Cena. Quite long for a first blood match, and I could imagine plenty of near calls with the use of the chair etc. Finish was interesting, with Kennedy going Psycho on Cena with the chain, busting him up big time. Cena will surely go for revenge on Kennedy and should get it at SummerSlam, but it wouldn't surprise me if Cena was kept off TV for a week or two to sell the head injury. But the big story here … Kennedy just gate crashed the main event scene with this win.
Don't see the big belt changing hands tonight.
No surprise to see Matt Hardy retain his title tonight given that Chavo was a late replacement for Santino. Time for big competition for Hardy methinks. Chavo and Marella just don't cut the mustard as real challengers for Matts title.
Ladder match up next, and what a foursome of talent to compete in this one. Interference from Mack could well point towards the Gold Standards expanding into a bigger group. Ultimately, the run in was redundant as the champions keep the belts, and rightfully so after only a month with the titles. Twenty two minutes is phenomenal for a tag match, even with ladders involved. Would've liked a couple of spots to be described from the match though, that was a let down not to really get any.
Bit of promo time for Dykstra and Kelly. Good young couple to put together, and after a month or two of racking up wins, he could be a viable contender for Matt Hardys title.
With Bischoffs crazy mind for ideas, I wouldn't be surprised if he wants to put Matt Hardy up against Jeff @ SummerSlam. That would be a cracking match choice, but I can see Foley having other ideas, and possibly a mini feud between both their picks to represent Raw.
Taker is a no show?? Interesting. Kane then steps in for him … BUT UNDERTAKER RETURNS!!! Brothers of Destruction reunion looks to be on, so who will Burchill align himself with to take them on?? Hopefully Burchill gets the rub in this feud, and doesn't get buried. Even to 'hang' with Taker will help make him.
Bit of promo time for Triple H, but Batista is keeping the belt imo.
Hmm, Cena shouldn't be at Raw tomorrow, but he might just show up if that promo is anything to go by.
Good to see a title change tonight, and Mickie taking the womens belt is awesome, and could well lead to a long term battle with Beth, and wouldn't be surprised if the title traded back and forth over the next few months. Epic feud to come methinks.
Law of averages suggest Batista was going to get promo time. Time for talk is over now though…
And main event time…
Heck of a contest, nearly thirty minutes is epic for a PPV main event. Love the fact it went long, and a shocking return from Orton costs Jericho, and as expected, Batista retains the title. That's two huge matches surely set up for Summer Slam (Batista vs. Hunter, Orton vs. Jericho), and the hottest event of the summer is hotting up big time on Raw, along with the inevitable Kennedy-Cena rematch.
Review for Raw to come tomorrow.
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I propose we expect motorists to abide by the same laws that cyclists abide by, and vice versa. No one group gets a free pass from breaking the law.
Right, we need to crack down on everyone. Even ticketing cyclists who run reds, and run stop lights.If you step back and look at it as a whole, everyone is breaking minor rules, so why is one group nitpicking the other?
The bank robber is shaking his head at the shoplifter.
You either crack down on everyone (nobody wins), or you adjust the rules of the game to suit the players..
I run reds on my bicycle regularly. Quite often I stop and then roll. But if I have gobs of visibility I don't stop. It's all about my safety and not obstructing traffic. If there is other traffic at the light I take turns with everybody else. But I start my commute about 5 a.m. There's not much traffic on the road at all. Many of the lights won't change because the sensor does not pick up a bicycle.
If I'm being safe and I'm not delaying other people unfairly then I see nothing wrong with it.
I see plenty of rude drivers like others do based on the comments I see on this thread. But I also see a lot of tolerant and friendly drivers - mostly female that wave and smile. The bigger and busier roads have the least of that. I do some roads like that but most of my (18 mile) commute is quiet surface streets thru neighborhoods. I found great bike routes by the way by using the TomTom app on my iPhone.
Last edited by sdold; 06-19-13 at 10:43 AM.
"Some people cant tandem. It doesnt make them bad people, just not quite as fortunate"
--Rick Jorgensen, davistandems.com


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According to the 2009 Pizza Marketplace Pizza Industry Study, nearly 50 percent of pizzeria operators cited school events as a major driver of business. Along with the revenue they bring in, operators consider school pizza parties a great way to win new customers.
Canadian pizza chain Panago Pizza, which operates 160 stores throughout the Great White North, tweaked its recipes in order to stay on the menu in Vancouver schools. The company transitioned all ingredients on their menu so they did not contain added trans fat, MSG and artificial flavors or colors.
In 2005, the Ministry of Health and Education in British Columbia introduced a set of guidelines in an effort to reduce junk food in schools. The guidelines, revised in 2008, created four categories based on foods' nutritional value – "Not Recommended," "Choose Least," "Choose Sometimes" and "Choose Most."
The guidelines are designed to help schools decide what products should be served in cafeterias and sold in vending machines.
The guidelines were based on Canada's Food Guide, a diet planning tool produced by Health Canada, the department of the government of Canada responsible for national public health. Foods falling under the "Not Recommended" or "Choose Least" categories have been eliminated from school offerings and have been replaced with "Choose Most" or "Choose Sometimes" options.
Working with a dietitian, Panago made changes to its product offerings to ensure they met and exceeded the school board's requirements. Schools can order individualized salads along with cheese, chicken and pineapple, pepperoni or garden veggie pizzas on a multigrain thin crust that all fall under the "Choose Most" category.
Making the switch didn't happen without difficulties, although Panago was able to make the changes with a minimal impact on costs.
"Many suppliers in the QSR category are more focused on low cost versus product quality and innovation, so we experienced some challenges with suppliers because of the potential for increases in costs," Symington said. "A second barrier was suppliers not having the knowledge, expertise or lack of technology to deal with the issue."
Shutting down the party
Pizza parties are coming under fire in the United States as well. In 2006, Knox County, Tenn., schools banned pizza parties over concerns about childhood obesity. And in 2008, school officers in Queens, N.Y., called a halt to one elementary school's once-a-month "Pizza Day," setting the stage for a city-wide ban on school pizza parties.
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"They actually break it down by what can be provided for an elementary age child, a middle school and high school child, to ensure that the child does not get too many calories, fat or sodium," Fornaci said. "We are legally required in California to provide a nutritional brochure to any person who asks, and it has to be a take away brochure, not just a posting."
With a little attention, though, operators should be able to come up with pizza recipes that pass healthy eating guidelines, said Dorothy Lyons, a nutritionist with Toronto-based diet delivery and weight loss company Nutrition in Motion Ltd.
"If you think about it, it's got all the food groups - grains in the dough, dairy in the cheese, fruits and vegetables - tomatoes are actually fruits - healthy fats and meats or meat products," Lyons said. "Despite the fact that pizza can be somewhat high in calories and fats, if it's made sensibly, it can not only be delicious, but it can be very good for developing kids who need energy to get them through their school days."
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Don't got a hot date for tonight? No gallery openings to pillage for free food and booze? Has the vaunted San Miguel nightlife begun to shrink a bit for you lately? Fear not, there is a little-known yet promising alternative. A few months ago, "Alter Ego", a female striptease club, opened in San Miguel to warm reception and quiet review. Due to local municipal laws, you won't see any newspaper ads, gigantic highway-side billboards, or hear radio spots heralding its triumphant arrival. But if you climb into any taxi and order the driver, "Llevame al table", you'll be quickly whisked away to a virtual pleasure palace, only a scant 10 minute drive from El Centro.
On an average weekend night, you'll be charged a cover of 50 pesos at the door. But the thrifty strip-clubber will quickly deduce that Wednesday nights are the preferred night out, when there is no cover, and only a minimum beverage consumption of 80 pesos per person. Roll in with your crew of three or four scalawags and order yourselves a bottle of their reasonably priced, top-shelf liquor and you're set for the night. And once you've been seated by your waiter at your chosen table (mid-week also has the advantage of being less crowded than late-week) and ordered your libations—let the hedonism begin.
The club appears to be a thinly carpeted converted warehouse space, with a large oblong stage in the middle of the building, surrounded by many small tables and chairs. A Dj spins popular (and sometimes surprisingly unexpected) jams over the sound system, and you might appreciate the departure from such perennial hits as AC/DC's "You Shook Me All Night Long", Motley Crue's "Girls, Girls, Girls" and Def Leppard's "Pour Some Sugar On Me". The music is only ever so briefly interrupted by the occasional PA call for one of the tardy ladies: "Tercera llamada! Tercera llamada! Tercera llamada para Am-berrrrrrr!…" And seven times out of ten, a firm yet supple, 20-something-year-old, rural Mexican hottie (no stretch marks! no tattoos!) will eventually strut out of the dressing room—fully clothed—and man her anointed position upon center stage, demanding the attention of most straying eyes.
The immediate difference I noticed between this and North American titty-bars, was that most of these girls could actually dance. Unlike some clubs that tout their "professional" dancers, here you don't pause and wonder if the girl on stage will be covering the 5:00 am shift at the Denny's down the street. For nothing is sadder and more depraved than the overweight and out-of-step stripper who looks as if she was denied the job as 3rd understudy on the Riverdance tour. Nor will you thankfully ever see the popular hyper-violent-epileptic-seizure-booty, which has become such a staple in some acts. But you will certainly catch the ever present and familiar scent of "Eau de Coochie", which must be bottled and distributed by the same multi-national cosmetics conglomerate and sold in stripper merchandise catalogs the world-over.
Each girl's well-choreographed 15-minute routine ends with her in glorious full nakedness and usually chewing at the scant scenery (two long metal poles and maybe a folding chair) as she teases, solicits and receives adulation from her usually captive audience. (My only complaint is that the girls don't seem to appear quite as frequently as they could, and one is too often left staring at an empty stage. A minor detail that could easily be corrected.) Men will generally root and applaud in good-natured appreciation for a satisfying performance, but will rarely approach the stage. For if there is perhaps only one thing sadder than that sagging stripper with one club foot, it's the middle-aged, beer-bellied, open-shirted, hairy-stomached, balding, fan-boy who volunteers himself to become a part of your show, by laying himself crucified upon the stage as he predictably awaits for the stripper to come by and collect the chump change from his mouth with her breasts. There is none of that here, and it's a real credit to the club's dignified ambience.
Sipping quietly at your drinks, you and your party will find yourselves vigorously and thoroughly attended to by the club's courteous and persistent wait staff. And not too long after, a waitress will come by, holding what appears to be carnival tickets. She won't guess your weight, but for 60 pesos she'll bust out the loveliest lady of your choice, for an up-close and personal table dance, usually lasting the duration of one song. Here was the second major difference I saw between this relatively classy establishment and the typical North American cheese-ball clubs: no "dirty" money ever exchanges hands directly between you and the strippers. There is always a third party monitoring and dealing with all financial matters. Kind of like the deli cashier at Gigante. And once you've bought your golden ticket, it's as if a wondrous goddess appears magically out of thin air (and of her own consenting accord) to dance for you and your droogs. Brings a whole new level of delusion to the fantasy. The girls can be quite affectionate, and may even stick around to flirt or chat, if you care to buy them drinks at 80 pesos a pop.
The third, and perhaps most poignant contrast between Mexican and lame-ass North American strip joints is Mexico's proud and infamous hands-on approach. To Mexico's credit, they've truly kept strip-clubbing a full-contact sport. Most strip clubs in the US and Canada will sick the hounds on you before the palm of your sweaty hand has left her well-vaselined butt cheek. But for this, and many other reasons, we thankfully do not live in Gringolandia. And the girls here are quite tolerant to sticky fingers, as long as they don't roam too far or begin spelunking. And for the more timid gentleman, who seeks the intimacy and TLC of one-on-one interaction, there's always the "private" table dance. For 120 pesos you'll be led by the lady of your choice to a backroom where you'll be the center of her attention and all her worldly desires—for one song. So better make it a good one. I lobbied hard for Iron Butterfly's "Inagodavida" (clocking in at a whopping 17 minutes) but was sadly informed that the Dj did not take requests.
So if you're searching for an escape from the usual humdrum—and looking to invest in some action that may actually yield the results you desire—I fully recommend looking no further than the only legitimate strip club in town. But only bring as much dough as you're willing to drop, because you'll wind up blowing it all.
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Blick Bassy: Keeping Cameroon Tradition Alive
In a tiny village in central Cameroon, musician Blick Bassy discovered his sound. Bassy now lives in Paris, but he continues to sing in his native language, Bassa. Bassa is one of the 250 or so languages spoken in Cameroon, and Bassy fears it is dying out.
Hear The Music
In an interview with Guy Raz, Bassy worries that Africa is losing not only its own languages and traditions but also its own history. He lays it all out on the first track of his debut album, Leman, called "Africa."
"I am calling [the young people] to go back to the land of history and to learn oral traditions we have there," Bassy says. "We write our history by ourself."
Click on the audio link above to hear the full interview with Blick Bassy.
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Wednesday, July 10, 2013
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In conversation with TellyBuzz, Dimple talks about her forthcoming show, as she says, "Pammi Pyarelal is beyond doubt a very different show, which is purely focused on comedy. Till date, I have been associated with five daily soaps and all the five shows featured the same stereotypical Saas-Bahu drama, but now I'm happy to be a part of this light-hearted show. "
Talking about her character in Pammi Pyarelal, the beautiful actress says, "My character is named as Minty, who is a very bubbly and fun-loving girl. Minty is exactly what you can call as 'Legally Blonde'. While she is extremely girlish, people assume that she is quite stupid, but that is the way she lives her life."
Dimple also went on to say, "When I was briefed about my character, I was like this is exactly what I am in real life. In both my real and reel life, I'm a happy-go-lucky kind of a person. In this show, you'll see me in a western avatar in bright colored furry dresses. Thankfully, this time there is going to be less of glycerin and more gloss. (Laughs) "
Giving us a hint of the plot of the story, Dimple further says, "Even though I haven't worked with Gaurav Gera before, he made me feel very comfortable on my first day of shoot. He is a simply a down to earth guy and working with Gaurav is just amazing. Actually, my role is opposite Pammi and he is somehow going to fall in love with me in the show."
When questioned about the 7 pm slot that can act as a barrier to grab more eyeballs, Dimple says, "Well that's the risk for us and for the channel. However, I believe the interesting track of the story will help us reach out to a large mass of people. Also at present all the shows that are placed at 7 pm slot are dramatic and emotional shows, whereas our show will add flavors to your daily routine and take you on a laughter ride. I'm sure Pammi Pyarelal will be a stress-buster for all."
To all the fans and the rest of the audiences she says, "Pammi Pyarelal is going to be a super happening and full-on entertaining show. Just wait and watch Colors at 7 pm for your much needed dose of entertainment."
Happy wedding anniversary to Smriti and Tarun Khanna!
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grunt plugin for ltss
grunt plugin for ltss
This plugin requires Grunt
If you haven't used Grunt before, be sure to check out the Getting Started guide, as it explains how to create a Gruntfile as well as install and use Grunt plugins. Once you're familiar with that process, you may install this plugin with this command:
npm install grunt-ltss --save-dev
In your project's Gruntfile, add a section named
ltss to the data object passed into
gruntinitConfig ltss: options: // Doesn't really apply to this grunt plugin yet your_target: // Target-specific file lists and/or options go here.
gruntinitConfig ltss: options: {} files: 'dest/view.tss': 'src/view.ltss'


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Does anyone know when coach will hold his presser that gives his depth chart and thoughts on the bowl game?
Not sure on the press conference but the depth chart is up on Cyclones.com.
Only changes are Benton starting in place of Banks (obviously).
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Wide Right & Natty Lite - Loyal Sons, Forever True. With beer!
Looks like O'Connell will play the nickel spot then.
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