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"Unbelievable Monkey Temple" Swayambhunath by schlumpf
Swayambhunath Travel Guide: 24 reviews and 99 photos
The Swayambhunath a.k.a. the Moneky Temple, could be named as the "symbol" of Nepal, indeed, everyone looking at the wellknown "third eye Buddha", would immediately think about Nepal.
The Monkey Temple is located on the top of a small hill and the views of the landscape that can be admired are simply amazing.
This temple is in one word amazing. The athmosphere, the rithm, the holy music, the architecture...all those things makes this place a very impressive one!
As usual, once a place is very famous, and gets into the toursitic circuit, would be definitely fullfilled of guides, stuffs seller and so on.
Indeed, also here in the monkey temple (moreover in the main entrance >>not the stairs way!!), you will find a lot of small street seller, a lot of woman with cry' kids that will try to sell you something or will ask you to take some pics in order to get some tip.
Once you get in the temple, take the right side and get to the top, following the third eye Buddha. The views from the top, as said, are simply amazing.
The landscapes that will be opened to your eyes will be a moltitude of small stupas, little gompas, little sanctuaries and (lol!) some shops...
Beside the shops, the athmosphere is just great, with a lot of monks and people praying following their rituals.
There are two ways to reach the top of the Monkey temple: the first one (and the most common) is to get there with the car or whatever else tranportation you took; but the most beautifull way to reach the top of this amazing temple is to take his stairs.
Take care once you decide to take the stairs as are really very deep, and is not so strange to see people falling down...
How can you choose to enter from the main entrance with such view coming from the stairs?
Com'on it is simply unbelievable!
Reviews (3)
The Swayambhunath a.k.a. the Moneky Temple, could be named as the "symbol" of Nepal, indeed, everyone looking at the... more travel advice
As usual, once a place is very famous, and gets into the toursitic circuit, would be definitely fullfilled of guides,... more travel advice
To reach the monkey Temple there are some possibilities to choose from: the easiest is to take a taxi, that will cost... more travel advice
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1 Park near Camanche, Iowa
Charlotte, Iowa 17.32 miles NW
Camanche, Iowa (map) | (563) 259-1876
Sites: 70 | Latest Rate: $19.00 | 3 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jul 2015 - $19.00
A great campground right on the river, with a lot of things to do. Great fishing, has boat slips (docks?) if you have a boat (I do not), and you can rent boats or paddle boats. Right next to the Eco Tourism center, which has lots of neat things going on.
Avoid when raining, as the entire campground turns into a big mud puddle. Also can be very buggy. - David Johnson
May 2009 - $15.00
We had a pretty decent stay. My only complaint was the cold water in the shower. Taking a shower on a 45* morning and only having lukewarm water was not pleasant. - User781
Sep 2007 - $15.00
This is a county park. It is on a backwater of the Mississippi River. It is a marina in addition to being a campground. The marina business was very busy during our stay. We stayed in site #65 right on the water. Due to the slow-moving water, there were lots of mosquitoes, so staying outside was a challenge. We wanted to stay in a place right on the Mississippi and we couldn't tell about this place looking at the map. Sites are electric only. There are lots of trees so maneuvering a big rig would be problematic. Bargain price. The showers are a long hike from many of the campsites so we didn't try them. There are pit toilets scattered around and we didn't try them either. In the future, we'd plan a little better and choose another campground. It seemed like mostly locals were staying there. - NancyB

subset: commoncrawl


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Personally I loved it, I love that the season starts off a whole year ahead so there is bound to be a lot of story to catch up on! 0 1
True Blood Season 3 wrapped on Sunday and I was truly dissapointed. 0 1
I know many of you have probably already read the book and might already know the answer but I was wondering what sort of supernatural character do you think Crystal is? 0 1
poll I have always loved Tara but it seems that she has the worse luck. 0 1
poll Now that we are starting to see more and more of Sam's family, I was thinking Sam's stepfather is clearly hiding something. 0 1
Outstanding Drama Series Outstanding Art Direction For A Single-Camera Series: "Never Let Me Go", "I Will Rise Up", "Frenzy" - Suzuki Ingerslev, Production Designer; Cat Smith, Art Director; Laura Richarz, Set Decorator Outstanding Casting For A Drama Series: Junie Lowry Johnson, CSA, Casting Director; Libby Goldstein, Casting Director Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For A Series, Miniseries, Movie Or A Special: "Scratches" - Brigette Ellis, Department Head Makeup Artist; Ned Neidhardt, Special Makeup Effects Artist; Bernhard Eichholz, Special Makeup Effects Artist; Anthony Barlow, Special Makeup Effects Artist; Sam Polin, Special Makeup Effects Artist; Danielle Noe, Special Makeup Effects Artist; Todd Masters, Prosthetic Designer, Special Makeup Effects Artist; Dan Rebert, Prosthetic Designer Outstanding Sound Editing For A Series: "Beyond Here Lies Nothin'" – John Benson, Supervising Sound Editor; Jason Krane, Dialogue/ADR Editor; Stuart Martin, Sound Effects Editor; Brian Thomas Nist, MPSE, Sound Effects Editor; Bruno Coon, Music Editor; Zane Bruce, Foley Artist; Jeff Gunn, Foley Artist Congrats! 0 1
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When it comes to shapeshifters, Marshall Allman is admittedly biased — after all, he plays Tommy Mickens, the magically transforming brother of Sam Merlotte (Sam Trammell) on "True Blood." 0 1
Ausiello has a couple of meaty True Blood spoilers for us this week, including more clues about Bill's storyline and a non-denial about Eric.0 1
There are many dangerous creatures lurking about on "True Blood" from vampires to werewolves, but one supernatural species that often gets overlooked is the shapeshifter.0 1
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text: Nick Merritt Global Head of infrastructure, mining and commodities vCard (+Outlook) Singapore T:+65 6309 5318 F:+65 6224 5758 Email: Related services Acquisition finance Banking and finance Infrastructure Mining and commodities Structured trade and commodity finance Key industry sectors Energy Infrastructure, mining and commodities Nick Merritt is the global head of infrastructure, mining and commodities. He is a project finance and banking lawyer with a particular focus on the development, financing and acquisition of infrastructure, energy and mining assets.Nick specialises in major infrastructure projects. He has advised clients across a diverse range of sectors including biofuels, defence, mining, petrochemicals, ports, power generation, rail, renewables, roads, sport and leisure infrastructure, water and waste.He has advised on many of the leading transactions in the region including the sponsor group developing the Singapore Sports and Infrastructure 'SportsHub' PPP project, and power projects totalling almost 5,000MW of capacity.In addition to infrastructure, Nick has advised on a number of mine acquisitions and financings including mine related infrastructure. His practice also extends to soft commodity related financing products and infrastructure including sugar, cotton and palm oil. He also has extensive multilateral/export credit financings experience and has advised on financings with cover from agencies including ADB, Atradius, COFACE, EKF, EKN, Euler Hermes, Finnvera, IFC, JBIC, KEXIM, K-sure, OeKB, SACE, Sinosure and US Exim.Recommended in a number of legal publications, Chambers Asia-Pacific 2015 notes that "He is persuasive, gets the deal done and punches hard for his client."Nick has been based in Asia since 2000. [+Open all] Admissions Solicitor, qualified in England & Wales [+Open all] Publications Nexus 2016 - a global infrastructure resourceWelcome to the 2016 edition of Nexus – Norton Rose Fulbright's flagship journal for the infrastructure sector.. May 03, 2016Tapping Chinese Belt and Road capital for power projectsChina's Belt & Road Initiative (B&R) could see up to USD1.5 trillion invested in the 60 countries that comprise the B&R. This will make China the largest funder.... March 03, 2016 All related publications News IJ Global Awards haul for Norton Rose Fulbright with 15 winsGlobal law firm Norton Rose Fulbright has advised on fifteen deals that were awarded "Deal of the Year" at IJ Global award ceremonies celebrating work across the Asia Pacific, Europe and Africa, Americas, and Middle East regions this month.... March 23, 2016Norton Rose Fulbright wins five deals of the year at IJ Global Asia Pacific awardsNorton Rose Fulbright wins five deals of the year at IJ Global Asia Pacific awards. March 14, 2016 All related news


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Athens physicians soul brothers from the start
Wayne, left, and Bruce Middendorf say they compete to do their best, but always stand together.
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- EcuadorFoodFunding via Fundación ESPOIR
Yolanda Mon...EcuadorFoodFunding via Fundación ESPOIR
Cruz AmericaEcuadorFoodFunding via Fundación ESPOIR
Santa Martha (Cuenca) Group
They live in different places in the city of Cuenca, a place that is known for its architectural beauty. It was named a world heritage site in December 1999. The city is bathed by four rivers, and is colored by traditional clothing, which is the greatest pride of its people who keep the flame of its culture and traditions alive.
One of the members of this group is María Romelia. She is 30 years old and a single mother of a ten-year-old boy, who studies in a school in the city. She doesn't have her own home, but is renting. She is a true professional in the beauty industry, because she's studied this field. She likes this job very much, and has relied on her own business for 12 years. She works Monday to Friday without fixed hours.
María Romelia's loan is going to be invested in the purchase of hair dyes, gels, shampoos and more products for her work place. Her goal is to expand her beauty salon and to have different branches.
Una de las socias de este grupo es la Señora. María Romelia, tiene 30 años y es madre soltera de un hijo de 10 años de edad que estudia en una escuelita de la ciudad. No tiene casa propia por lo que vive arrendando.
Ella es toda una profesional en la rama de la belleza ya que estudio para realizar esta actividad, le gusta mucho este trabajo y cuenta con su propio negocio desde hace 12 años, trabaja de lunes a viernes sin un horario fijo.
Su crédito lo va a invertir en la compra de tientes, gel, shampoo y más productos para su gabinete.
Su meta es agrandar su gabinete de belleza y tener sucursales.
Additional Information
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Ecuador
40View loans »
US Dollars
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 7 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Sep 19, 2012
- Listed
- Nov 1, 2012
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Ended:
- Mar 15, 2013


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Craftsy Member since March 2012
I'm enrolled in these Craftsy classes:
Craftsy Block of the Month 2013
As a child living in the country I often entertained myself by making things from a crafts book. My grandmother taught me to embroider when I was five. Also, I loved looking at quilting patterns in the Progressive Farmer.
Take Craftsy with you!
Craftsy Apps for iOS and Android. Read more »


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alternator charges battery, seems that the alternator wire too the battery get too hot. battery does not overcharge. I replaced alt. starter and battery ( they were old anyway ). I removed all fuses at fuse block and the power wire still draws amps from the battery. help. when I disconnect the power wire to the fuse block my engine cooling fans turn on but do not reach fan speed.
by volksnut in Salt Lake City, UT on May 22, 2013


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Pokemon VG & TCG Regional Championships
View Single Post
January 7th, 2013 (4:28 PM).
Join Date: Jan 2013
Gender: Female
Posts: 3
Hello All,
Sorry for the repeat everyone, I am new to this board, and have posted this info in a few different places.
My name is Denise. My husband, Vince is the Pokemon Tournament Organizer for the Mississippi Valley area. (Basically the St. Louis, MO area)
The weekend of January 19-20th we are holding the
Pokemon Regional Championships for both the Video Game and Trading Card Game.
It will be at the St. Charles Convention Center, St. Charles MO (suburb of St. Louis)
The TCG event begins on Saturday with the top cut on Sunday. The VG Event is on Sunday.
Both events are FREE, and everyone in good standing with Pokemon is able to participate.
For the Video Game Tournament, only Pokemon Black and White 2 are allowed.
Registration for both days are from 8:30 am -10:00 am.
Prizes include:
Travel awards and Stipends to the Pokemon National Championships in Indianapolis, IN, for each age division.
Pack Prizes (TCG)
We have players coming from Texas, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Tennessee, Ohio, Kentucky +++
We just wanted to spread the word to everyone.
For details, on Directions, FAQ, Rules, Prizes, Setting up your Battle Box (VG), Decklist (TCG) please
yetigaming.com (there is a Pokemon Regionals Tab)
on Facebook at StL Pokemon
Thank you!
Denise Krekeler
Owner of Yeti Gaming
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Lucky you, I'd love one of those!
Be careful, if it's made in Japan or China it's probably rampant!
Morning all, are you all still asleep?
Verdun, ordered this hellebore yesterday, do you think the colour will come true? It's called "Hantay"
Would be great if it does, will have to wait and see.
Having a rest and shopping today, fog this morning but sun out now.
I agree with Bob, but break a piece off, if it smells of carbol it is not edible, otherwise, enjoy!
TT can you not put a roofrack on your car and tie the trellis on that?
"Her indoors", "She"??? She's the cat's mother!
How about taking up the odd slabs, filling the holes with soil/compost and planting some shrubs or flowers in them. Kill the weeds with glyphosate first though.
Hi Lizzie, looks like by trying to better the forum they've made it worse!
Good evening everybody!
Was just wondering a while back, has anyone heard from Alan19, he hasn't appeared for quite a while, hope he's ok.
Verdun, sounds like you've had quite a downpour in your neck of the woods, hope you haven't been flooded out! It never rains but it pours!
Glad the site is normal again, the techies must have been playing around, settings don't just change by themselves.
Hoping it gets a bit cooler here tomorrow, not much fun gardening in 33C.
Have a good evening everyone.
It's original pot must be getting a bit tight by now. Gently remove it from the pot and see if it's root bound, if so, replant in a bigger pot.


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It is often believed that measuring ROI on social media is impossible. The notion is based on the assumption that there are no direct costs to running a social media campaign. 400 more words
Tags » Successful Social Media Campaigns
Examples of successful social media campaigns
Doreen Harris
BMKT 680 – Social Media Analysis – June 27
Question: What are some examples of successful social media campaigns? Why did the campaigns succeed? 420 more words
Successful Social Media Campaigns, ALS and Jurassic World
Today a lot of companies use social media campaigns to market their products, services, brands, etc. Two recent successful social media campaigns I am going to look at are the Jurassic World movie and the ALS ice bucket challenge. 465 more words
Examples of Successful Social Media Campaigns
A couple examples of successful social media campaigns include the Kern & Sohn Gnome Experiment and the #alsicebucketchallenge.
The Gnome Experiment
The Gnome Experiment was developed in 2011 by Ogilvy Public Relations & OgilvyOne on behalf of Kern & Sohn, a precision scale company. 555 more words
Screening in Social Media
It is widely assumed that information is asymmetric in market place. So it is a fair statement that the firms (organizations / corporations) have more information about their products and services compared to the consumers / end users. 418 more words
Does a campaign's success in social media guarantee the brand's success in overall marketing terms?
A campaign's success in social media doesn't always guarantee the brand's success. This is evident from many ads where the social media rank is either higher or lower than the market share rank. 404 more words
Drivers of Successful Social Media Campaign
Social Media is a great marketing medium for two main reasons: large marketing funnel and interactivity. Think about it, approximately, there are 500 million tweets a day ( 475 more words


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Dayne, Tomlinson head College Hall of Fame ballot
NEW YORK Heisman Trophy winner Ron Dayne, the late Jerome Brown and LaDainian Tomlinson are on the final ballot for College Football Hall of Fame for the first time.
The National Football Foundation on Tuesday announced the 77 former players and five former coaches who will be considered for induction.
The ballot is distributed to the more than 12,000 NFF members and current Hall of Famers.
The votes are tabulated and submitted to the 14-member NFFs honors court, which selects the class.
Dayne is the career rushing leader in major college football and won the Heisman for Wisconsin in 1999.
Tomlinson won the Doak Walker Award as the nations best running back in 2000 for TCU.
Brown anchored the defensive line for the great Miami teams of the mid-1980s.MORE IN Sports WireJustin Gatlin swears hes not as bad as hes made out to be.
He calls his alter ego J Gat. Full StoryPARIS First it was Serena Williams turn to overpower an opponent 6-2, 6-1 on Court Suzanne... Full StoryPARIS As if ordering room service, Andy Murrays latest unheralded French Open tormenter... Full Story
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Scientific Research
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There are 24 citations for articles published in the journal AAD as of July, 2015 based on the ISI Web of Knowledge. Please click the following link to see screenshot.
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There are 87 citations for articles published in the journal AAD as of April 2016 based on the statistics from Google Scholar.
The 2-year Google-based
Journal Impact Factor (2-GJIF) is 0.92.
PubMed and PubMed Central
Some papers from AAD have been indexed by PubMed and PubMed Central. Clicking the following link for more details:
PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=2332-1768
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To complete the approval process of your loan, additional information may be needed. You can send them online with a click of a button.
Two simplified loan documents make it easier for borrowers to review the costs and terms of their proposed home financing.
Want to know how much you can afford? Use our calculator to determine what you or your family can afford each month.
Update the information below to estimate your monthly payment
Private Mortgage Insurance typically costs between 0.5% to 1% of the entire loan amount over 80% LTV on an annual basis.


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Just a short drive from Midyat, Hasankeyf makes for a good half-day excursion. This small town has a magical setting, with stone houses on the banks of the Tigris River, lorded over by a cliff topped with the remains of an ancient citadel. One of the only places to cross this section of the Tigris is a now-ruined bridge that was built in 1116 by the Artukid ruler Fahreddin Karaaslan, possibly incorporating parts of a Roman bridge. Above it is a magnificent minaret—all that remains of the Artukid Great Mosque, which collapsed into the waters. Come, explore, have lunch at a string of casual fish restaurants on the banks of the Tigris (at some you can sit in ankle-deep water and enjoy a fish as its smaller relatives nibble at your toes) then return to Midyat, Mardin, Diyarbakır, or even Lake Van.
Our 42-hour vacation itineraries are tailored to your interests—from arts-and-culture escapes to outdoor adventures.More


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Comedy Showcase with Chad Daniels
Local comic made good Chad Daniels returns to Acme for a two-night-only showcase that promises to be one of the year's most entertaining shows. Daniels will forego his usual act (he'll return to do a regular set in February) and instead share hilarious and harrowing stories of life on the road as a comic. Daniels will host, rather than headline, a bill rounded out by four of Minneapolis's hottest comics. Reliably on-target Acme stalwarts Ben San Del and Tommy Ryman will appear, and two new performers, Andy Erikson and Cy Amundson, will be introduced into the club's incredibly deep talent roster. Erikson's instantly likeable stage persona is a delightful hybrid of Mitch Hedberg, Sarah Silverman, and Maria Bamford. Erikson's airy intonation and is-she-stoned? giggle set up the audience for a sucker punch when the gags turn on her sharp wit and wordplay. ("I grew up in a theme park," she quips, grinning. "Unfortunately, the theme of that park was trailer.") Amundson's frat-boy looks and high-energy delivery belie surprisingly surreal material. Dig that bit about his 10-step seminar on how to succeed in business; it very well might win a Best Joke of the Year Award. This showcase is a perfect demonstration of the Twin Cities comedy scene's incredible vitality and diversity—and it's just the tip of the iceberg. 18+. $15. 8 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. 708 First St. N., Minneapolis; 612.338.6393.
Fri., Dec. 26, 8 & 10:30 p.m.; Sat., Dec. 27, 8 & 10:30 p.m., 2008
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When the link to my lightbox is clicked on - it moves the contents of the page below the light box. I have put z-index on css for my lightbox but I believe this isn't enough. I'm not sure which direction I need to go next. I am trying to keep the lightbox over top of the page content. I don't want the content on the page to move down, I would like the lightbox to overlay the original page's content.
My Fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/stillb4llin/zZvLG/
I would think I need to create another function in jquery to insert into where I have put positionLightBox1(); (commented out)
I also think I'm doing the CSS wrong. I'd like to believe I have a firm grasp on css, but I'm sure you won't!
Experience with jquery: I've been playing with jquery for a few weeks (editing code and making it work for me) and I've done some reading and have created a few fiddles. Right now I've felt comfortable enough to create this with the help of some of my experience and some stack overflow answers.
Your comments are appreciated.


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Long-time captain Lucas Neill has been told he will not be on Australia's World Cup roster.
Long-time captain Lucas Neill has been told he will not be on Australia's World Cup roster.
Socceroos coach Ange Postecoglou said Tuesday the 36-year-old defender will not be on the 30-man preliminary roster to be announced next week.
Neill made his Australia debut in 1996 and has 96 international appearances. He captained the team for the first time in 2006 and was part of the Socceroos at the 2006 and 2010 World Cups.
After playing for Millwall, Blackburn and West Ham, Neill is on loan from Watford to Doncaster Rovers.
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"In the end I just had to make a decision, not so much about the recent history but the last six months, in terms of form and fitness," Postecoglou said. "There just wasn't enough evidence there for me to say he'd be able to hold up in a World Cup. It was both a combination of the lack of regular football and the little niggles he got that made the decision for me."
Postecoglou took over as coach in October when Holger Osieck was fired after consecutive 6-0 exhibition losses to Brazil and France. Postecoglou wanted to tell Neill before the roster is announced
"It was difficult," Postecoglou said. "He's worked damn hard to get himself ready and available; he's shown an enormous determination to go to this World Cup."
Australia is in Group B in Brazil with defending champion Spain, 2010 finalist Netherlands and Chile.


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Factory farms, often confining thousands of animals, are major culprits in climate change. These mega-farms create huge amounts of manure that pollute the soil, water, and air. Animal factories also waste grain, water, fuel, and other resources.
Help farm animals and the planet by eating green.
The animals in factory farms suffer and die, and pollution from these operations harms the health and quality of life of people living nearby. Confined farm animals in the United States produce three times more waste than people.
Meat, egg, and milk production also waste natural resources. Half the world's grain crops are fed to the world's 65 billion farm animals—when more than a billion people suffer from hunger.
Protect the planet, farm animals, and people by:
- Reducing the amount of meat, eggs, and dairy products we eat
- Skipping the cruelest factory farm products, like eggs from caged hens
- Replacing animal products with vegetarian food
"A River of Waste" Exposes The Hazards of Factory Farming
Looking into pollution from animal agriculture, a filmmaker heard reputable scientists compare factory farms to "mini Chernobyls."Learn More
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August 28, 2015
Oregon Hay Bank Receives $5,000 Donation to Help Horse Owners Affected by Wildfires
The Oregon Hay Bank is receiving a $5,000 donation for distressed horse owners facing hay shortages as a result of the wildfires in the Grant County area.
August 28, 2015
Wenatchee Valley Humane Society Receives $5,000 Donation to Help Companion Animals Affected by Wildfires
The Wenatchee Valley Humane Society is receiving a $5,000 donation for companion animal owners who are displaced as a result of the wildfires throughout Chelen and the surrounding counties.
July 1, 2015
Pig Factory Sued for Keeping Community in Dark About Hazardous Pollutants
The Hanor Company of Wisconsin is facing a lawsuit for failing to report releases of hazardous amounts of ammonia from one of its massive North Carolina pig factory farms.
April 22, 2015
Q and A with Kate Mara: The House of Cards Actress On Why She Speaks Out Against Factory Farming
House of Cards star Kate Mara talks about her recent PSA on factory farming and the benefits of reducing meat consumption.


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In the Facebook story of the day you wanted to know if the weather deterred people from voting in the July 31st primary.
While it's hard for officials to know for sure what causes voters to stay home from the polls, the weather can definitely be a factor and is something they were keeping an eye one.
Leesburg election supervisor Veronica Johnson said, "we watched the weather, and kept thinking that it may be a factor but we never really had rain here in Leesburg so I think it really didn't play into it."
Leesburg reported they had a 42 percent voter turnout, which they consider to be good.


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Creating opportunities for individuals who are passionate about United Way's mission, looking to be part of an organization with a worldwide impact and looking to grow into leadership roles is the underlying premise of the United Way Talent Management Strategy. The importance of quality leadership is essential for organizational performance and success at United Way. Every year, our supporters empower the organization to lift up millions of people around the world. But the world is changing rapidly, and leaders must innovate, adapt and always be prepared to address the needs of our communities.
Technology is revolutionizing human resources management like we have never seen before. But with an abundance of choices in the market, how can an HR leaders choose what's best for their organization and its employee? During this Spotlight webinar, Sierra-Cedar's Stacey Harris, vice president of research and analytics, and Erin Spencer, research consultant, will share findings and trends from the Sierra-Cedar HR Systems Survey, the longest running industry research that tracks the adoption, deployment approaches and value achieved from enterprise HR technologies.
Buckle up! Join Workforce magazine for a jam packed day filled with more than 20 rapid fire presentations. The Spring 2015 Workforce Live Online Edition culminates the presentations from our stops in Washington, D.C., New York City and Atlanta into a FREE one-day online event.


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Canada names team for Ivan Hlinka Memorial Cupby Adam Kimelman / NHL.com
Mathew Barzal, a potential first-round pick at the 2015 NHL Draft, was among the 22 players picked to play for Canada at the 2014 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Cup.
The tournament will be played Aug. 11-16 in Breclav, Czech Republic, and Piestany, Slovakia.
Canada has won the tournament the past six years and 18 times in the 23 times it's been held since 1991.
The roster was picked after a four-day selection camp in Calgary.
Barzal, a 5-11, 174-pound center, plays for the Seattle Thunderbirds of the Western Hockey League. He tied for third among first-year WHL players last season with 40 assists and tied for fifth with 54 points.
Also named to the team was forward Travis Konecny of the Ottawa 67s of the Ontario Hockey League. A 5-foot-10, 172-pound center who was the first pick of the 2013 OHL draft, Konecny led all first-year players in the league with 26 goals and 70 points in 2013-14.
"I am excited about the roster we have named," Canada coach Jody Hull said. "This was an intense, high-tempo camp, and there were some tough decisions to get down to the final 22 players. As a coaching staff, we're confident we've selected the best team to travel to Europe and continue Canada's great tradition at this event."
A few players with familiar names made the roster. Erie Otters forward Dylan Strome is the younger brother of New York Islanders forward Ryan Strome, and Red Deer Rebels forward Adam Musil is the son of former NHL player Frantisek Musil and the younger brother of Edmonton Oilers prospect David Musil.
All but one of the players named to the team are eligible for the 2015 draft except for goaltender Zachary Sawchenko, who is in the 2016 draft class.
Canada will be in Group B at the tournament, along with Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland. Group A consists of the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.
Hull, who also coaches the Peterborough Petes of the OHL, will be assisted by Shaun Colston, coach of the Medicine Hat Tigers of the WHL, and Martin Raymond, coach of the Drummondville Voltigeurs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.


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USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Other ID: PR III; DR 70; CORPUS 10
Status: Completed
Organization(s): USGS, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
Funding Program(s):
Principal Investigator(s): Louis E. Garrison
Affiliate Investigator(s):
Information Specialist(s): Louis E. Garrison
Data Type(s): Location-Elevation: Navigation, Sampling: Geology, Seismics: Sparker, Sonar: Single Beam
Scientific Purpose/Goals: Seismic survey; profiling; sampling.
Start Port/Location: Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
End Port/Location: St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Start Date: 1970-04-04
End Date: 1970-04-14
Equipment Used: 12 kHz, Grab sampler, Sparker system, Single channel hydrophone, Visual navigation
Information to be Derived:
Summary of Activity and Data Gathered: Sample Log: #10a; Daily Log: #10b; Time Log: #10c. Seismic lines: 16; Bathymetry; Samples: 9.
Staff: Louis E. Garrison, James V. A. Trumbull
Affiliate Staff:
Notes: Original Center People field contained: Louis Garrison, James Trumbull, Jack ?
southern Puerto Rico shelf, north coast of Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea, United States, North America, North Atlantic;
Data Acquired


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Watch Dan Mavraides' Buzzer-Beater Against Siena
Dan Mavraides' game-tying three-pointer as the seconds ticked away in regulation last Sunday at Jadwin Gym against Siena was perhaps the most exciting shot of the new season so far, and is now available to watch free in the clip above.
John Sadak and Noah Savage '08 are on the audio call, which is free for all games here and on WPRB 103.3 FM in the Princeton area.
Mavraides is one of three Tigers averaging double-figure points this season as Princeton is off to a 4-3 start including back-to-back wins. The first of those two came against Siena, 86-77 in overtime, and Princeton followed with an 82-64 win over Lafayette Tuesday night on the road.
The Tigers have shown to be a high-scoring group in the first seven games of 2010-11, reaching 500 points faster than any other Princeton team in 39 years.
The play that led to the senior's three-pointer, one of two he made in the final minute of regulation Sunday, began with 5.7 seconds left and tied the game at 69-69 with less than a second to go before overtime. The Tigers outscored Siena 17-8 in the extra period.
Princeton will be home Sunday for a 5 p.m. tip against Saint Joseph's in the Hawks' first visit to Jadwin Gym in 15 years. Buy tickets here, or if you can't attend the game, sign up to watch on TigerZone here.


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Empresarios AEM
Empresarios AEM is the quarterly journal of the Association of Mexican Entrepreneurs a non-profit organization that has among its objectives to promote trade relations between Mexico and the United States. www.empresariosaem.com
The Society Diaries
The Society Diaries is honored to highlight Austin, San Antonio and South Texas, a geographical area that is historic and vibrant, and an integral part of iconic Texas. www.thesocietydiaries.com
Texas Checkup
San Antonio is a recurring destination for anyone looking for a place to spend their holidays and taking advantage of the opportunity to go shopping and visit new places. www.texascheckup.com
Casas, Haciendas & Ranchos
We are proud to have specialists in every area in San Antonio and its surrounding areas. www.sanantoniokuper.com
Antonin Health
Located in the heart of the San Antonio medical center, Antonian Health offers the best medical coordination services and the best staff, as well as its VIP services for your every need. www.antonianhealthguide.com
Explora Texas
We are excited to let you know that we will be publishing a brand new magazine concept and would love for you to join us! www.exploratexas.com


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- Description
The Hayward Power-Vac cleaning heads are molded of tough, durable Dural and are engineered to handle all types and sizes of swimming pools. The 360° swivel hose connector allows you to easily maneuver the vacuum head inside of the pool, while the "see-thru" head lets you view the bottom while you are cleaning. These cleaner heads are definitely the industry standard.
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Do you go and say hi?
- 24
Thu 26th Apr, 2012 in International News
Have you ever been sitting on a bus or train, and someone catches your eye?
For a brief moment your mind floods with a multitude of fantasies and questions. The big question being, do you go and introduce yourself?
Amsterdam-based director Siar Sedig's short film, Last Exit Home, touches on that very thing.
Leonard is a man of routine, as is his journey home from work. Everyday is the same. But today is an exception, when he meets a stranger who causes his fantasy and reality to collide…
Take a look:
I'm sure many of you have had similar experiences, and we'd love to hear them, so leave a comment below.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|27 Oct 1987
|Filing date
|3 Sep 1985
|Priority date
|3 Sep 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James Tuot
|Original Assignee
|Nestec S.A.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (46), Classifications (28), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to drying methods and apparatus.
Particulate materials are commonly formed by spray drying. A liquid is atomized to form droplets, and the droplets are exposed to a dry gas such as hot air. The liquid constituents of the droplets evaporate, leaving particles of dried material. In the food and beverage industry, this process is used to prepare products such as soluble coffee powder, dried milk and dried milk substitutes.
Spray drying typically has been performed by contacting the atomized liquid with hot air in a large, vertically extensive chamber or "tower". A tower-type dryer having sufficient capacity for an industrial process may be 20 meters high and 6 meters in diameter. Such large apparatus is expensive to construct.
Heating of the material in spray drying typically has adversely affected the quality of the dried product. Recirculation of air within the dryer may cause prolonged retention of dried particles within the dryer and hence may exacerbate the damage caused by heating. These difficulties are particularly significant in the food and beverage industry, as many comestible materials incorporate flavor constituents susceptible to loss or degradation upon heating.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,038,533 discloses a variant of the spray drying process wherein hot atomizing or "primary" air is discharged through a nozzle at a relatively high velocity. A liquid to be dried is atomized to minute droplets by the primary air as it passes through the nozzle. The minute droplets pass downstream in the jet of primary air issuing from the nozzle, and dry rapidly.
The primary air jet tends to create a region of partial vacuum adjacent the jet and hence tends to cause recirculation of the surrounding air. To avoid such recirculation, the patent proposes to direct the jet along the axis of a tubular chamber, and to blow additional or "secondary" air into the chamber co-directionally with the jet so that the jet is surrounded by the stream of secondary air.
Jet spray drying techniques as disclosed in the patent would appear to overcome some of the difficulties in conventional spray drying. However, such jet spray drying techniques entail drawbacks of their own. Dried material tends to accumulate on the wall of the tubular chamber. Moreover, jet spray drying techniques have not been suitable for processing materials which resist atomization to very fine droplets, such as highly concentrated beverage extracts. Consequently, there have been significant needs for improvements in spray drying methods and apparatus.
The present invention provides such improvements.
In a drying method according to the present invention, the liquid material to be dried is atomized, and a stream of atomized material is projected in a downstream direction. A drying gas is projected inwardly, toward the stream of atomized material, in turbulent flow transversely to the downstream direction from opposite sides of the stream. The inwardly flowing drying gas is distributed along the length or upstream-to-downstream extent of the stream so that as the atomized material moves downstream, it passes between opposing inward flows of drying gas. The atomized material and the gas are thus continually and vigorously agitated as the material passes downstream, thereby promoting rapid drying.
The material may be projected downstream by passing an impelling gas through a nozzle so that the impelling gas issues from the nozzle as a jet to entrain the material in the jet. The material may be entrained in the impelling gas upstream of the nozzle and atomized to fine droplets by the impelling gas as the gas and liquid pass through the nozzle.
When a jet of impelling gas is employed, the drying gas preferably is projected so that over at least the upstream portion of its length, the jet is entirely surrounded by inwardly flowing drying gas. Accordingly, entrainment of gas by the jet cannot create a region of partial vacuum adjacent the jet. Recirculation of gases and dried material associated with such regions of partial vacuum are therefore substantially eliminated. Moreover, the inwardly flowing drying gas tends to dissipate the jet, thereby further suppressing recirculation.
The drying gas thus induces turbulence but suppresses recirculation. Turbulence differs from recirculation. As used in this disclosure, the term "recirculation" refers to the action of an eddy which is stable and remains in a substantially fixed location for an appreciable time. The term "turbulence", as used in this disclosure, refers to the action of an eddy encompassed within a larger, surrounding, gas flow, so that the eddy moves with the larger flow. On a macroscopic basis, turbulence does not affect the movement of material entrained in the gas and does not promote repeated passage of material through the dryer.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, the temperature of the drying environment at each location along the length or upstream-to-downstream extent of the stream may be controlled as desired. Because the drying gas is distributed along the length of the stream and directed transversely of the stream, the atomized material is exposed at each location along the length of the stream, to gas at a temperature which varies with the temperature of the drying gas directed toward that location. By supplying drying gas at different temperatures to different regions of the stream, the atomized material may be exposed to different temperatures in pre-determined sequence as the material passes downstream. For example, by supplying relatively hot drying gas to an upstream region and relatively cool drying gas to a downstream region, the temperature in the downstream region may be limited to control the product temperature at the dryer outlet, while maintaining very high temperatures in the upstream region to promote rapid drying.
Drying is also promoted by fine atomization of the liquid. Processes according to the present invention, however, will still provide effective and rapid drying with droplets larger than those typically employed in prior jet-spray drying processes. Consequently, materials which are viscous or otherwise resistant to very fine atomization may be dried effectively. It is believed that the improved mixing and desirable gas temperatures attained in the preferred forms of the present invention contribute to this advantageous result.
The present invention also provides improved drying apparatus. The apparatus incorporates means for atomizing the material to be dried and projecting a stream of atomized material in a downstream direction. The apparatus also includes means for projecting a drying gas in turbulent flow towards the stream from opposite sides thereof, transversely to the downstream direction, so that the inwardly flowing drying gas is distributed along the length of the stream. Preferably, the drying gas projecting means is arranged to provide drying gas at different temperatures along the length of the stream. The atomizing and projecting means may include a nozzle, means for supplying an impelling gas to the nozzle and means for entraining the material to be dried in the impelling gas upstream of the nozzle throat.
Apparatus according to the present invention may be extraordinarily compact for a given drying capacity. In its preferred forms, the apparatus may have only one one-hundredth the volume of a standard spray dryer having equivalent capacity.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed description of certain embodiments set forth below, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic, partially sectional, view of apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary, schematic, sectional view on an enlarged scale, showing a portion of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view taken along line 3--3 in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view depicting a portion of apparatus according to a further embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 5 and 6 are fragmentary, schematic perspective views depicting apparatus according to still further embodiments of the present invention.
Apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a nozzle assembly 10 mounted at the upstream end of a porous diffuser in the form of an elongated tubular shell 12. The nozzle assembly includes a gas tube 14 having a conical transition piece 16 (FIG. 2) at its downstream end. A nozzle 18 is mounted at the downstream end of the transition piece. The interior surface of the nozzle is a surface of revolution about the central axis 22 of the nozzle, converging to a throat or narrowest portion 24 at the downstream extremity of the nozzle.
A housing 26 is supported within the gas tube by centering screws 27, the housing terminating upstream of the nozzle. A feed tube 28 is mounted to the housing, the downstream end of the feed tube extending into the nozzle and terminating slightly upstream from the throat 24 of the nozzle. Thermal insulation surrounds the feed tube within the housing. Centering screws 27 maintain the housing, and hence the downstream end of the feed tube, coaxial with the nozzle.
The nozzle assembly is mounted so that nozzle 18 is coaxial with shell 12 and the downstream extremity of the nozzle is aligned with the upstream end of the shell. An end wall 29 extends between the nozzle and the wall of the shell, the end wall having a planar downstream face 30 flush with the downstream extremity of the nozzle.
The wall of shell 12 includes a frustoconical upstream collar 31 adjacent the nozzle assembly, and a cylindrical downstream collar 32 (FIG. 1) coaxial with the upstream collar. Each collar is formed from a porous sintered metal and defines many tiny pores or apertures uniformly distributed over its surface. Upstream collar 31 is disposed within a first housing 34 defining an annular channel or space 36 surrounding the upstream collar and confronting its exterior surface. Downstream collar 32 is disposed within a similar housing 38 defining a further annular channel 40, channels 36 and 40 being separated from one another by a wall 41. The downstream end of collar 38 is connected via an exit tube 42 to a conventional cyclone separator 44.
The feed tube 28 of the nozzle assembly is connected to a source 46 for supplying a liquid to be dried, which source may incorporate a conventional storage tank, pump and metering device. Gas tube 14 is connected to a source 48 for supplying a gas at a controllable temperature under a preselected pressure, and channels 36 and 40 are connected to similar independently controllable gas sources 50 and 52, respectively. The gas sources may incorporate conventional compressors, regulators, heat exchangers, and flow measurement devices.
In one process according to the present invention, an impelling gas supplied by source 48 through tube 14 flows through nozzle 18 at a high velocity. A liquid to be dried is forced by source 46 through the feed tube 28. As the liquid exits from the downstream end of the feed tube, it is entrained by impelling gas passing through nozzle 18 and atomized as the gas passes through the throat 24 of the nozzle so that a stream of droplets is projected from the nozzle along with the impelling gas. The impelling gas, with entrained droplets passes downstream from the nozzle as a generally conical jet 54 having its upstream-to-downstream axis coincident with the axis 22 of the nozzle and hence coincident with the lengthwise axis of the diffuser or shell 12.
Source 50 supplies a first portion of drying gas to annular channel 36. As channel 36 offers little resistance to flow, the pressure within the channel is substantially uniform. Accordingly, the exterior surface of collar 31 is exposed to a substantially uniform gas pressure around its entire circumference. The wall of collar 31 has substantially uniform porosity over its entire circumference, so that drying gas passes through the wall of the collar at an essentially uniform rate per unit of wall area about the circumference of the collar. As the pores of collar wall are microscopic and closely spaced, the gas streams emerging from adjacent pores merge with one another at microscopic distances from the interior surface of the collar, before the drying gas encounters the jet. Thus, the upstream region of the jet is surrounded by a continuous flux of drying gas moving radially inwardly toward the axis of the jet from outside the periphery of the jet, as depicted by the arrows in FIG. 3. The drying gas also has a low velocity downstream, parallel to the axis.
A second portion of the drying gas, supplied by source 52, passes through channel 40 and through the wall of downstream collar 32, so that the downstream region of the jet is surrounded by a similar continuous flux of drying gas. Adjacent the juncture of the two collars at boundary wall 41, the flux includes drying gas supplied through both collars.
The drying gas passes downstream with the impelling gas and the droplets. As the droplets pass downstream, the moisture in the droplets evaporates, so that the droplets are converted to dried particles before reaching exit tube 42. The particles and gases pass through the exit tube to separator 44, where the particles are separated from the gas and removed from the system.
The drying gas supplied through the wall of the shell penetrates into the jet and mixes with the impelling gas in the jet. Moreover, the flow of drying gas toward the axis of the jet promotes turbulence in the jet and hence promotes exchange of gases between the central or core region of the jet adjacent the axis and the peripheral region of the jet, remote from the axis. Such thorough mixing and continual addition of drying gas maintains the gases in all regions of the jet at the desired low humidity despite the continual transfer of moisture from the material being dried to the gases.
The temperature of each portion of the drying gas, and the temperature of the impelling gas, may be controlled independently. The first portion of the drying gas, supplied through upstream collar 31, mixes with the impelling gas and the material being dried in the upstream region, adjacent the nozzle, whereas the second portion of drying gas supplied through downstream collar 32 mixes with the other gases and material in the downstream region. Thus, the heat input to each region of the dryer, and hence the pattern of gas temperatures to which the material is exposed as it passes downstream, may be controlled as desired.
In many cases, it is preferred to expose the material to a relatively high gas temperature in the upstream region and a relatively low gas temperature in the downstream region. In the upstream region, the material has a relatively high moisture content and a large amount of heat is consumed in conversion of moisture to the vapor phase. In the downstream region, the material is relatively dry, so that less moisture is available for evaporation. Consequently, less heat is required for evaporation in the downstream region. By supplying the impelling gas and the drying gas to the upstream region at relatively high temperatures, and supplying the drying gas to the downstream region at a relatively low temperature, the heat input is closely matched to the heat requirement in each region of the drier. Thus, the heat supplied in the gases is efficiently used to effect the desired evaporation rather than wasted.
Moreover, by supplying the drying gas at different temperatures along the length of the jet, effective drying may be attained without raising the temperature of the material being dried beyond desirable limits. In the upstream region, where the material has substantial moisture content and substantial amounts of heat are consumed in evaporation, the temperature of the droplets is substantially lower than the temperature of the surrounding gases. The gases in the upstream region therefore may be maintained at a relatively high temperature to promote evaporation without unduly raising the temperature of the material being dried. As the material passes downstream and becomes progressively drier, the rate of evaporation decreases. With continued heat transfer from the gases to the material being dried, the temperature of the material approaches the temperature of the surrounding gases. The gas temperature in the downstream region should be limited to avoid overheating the material. By supplying the drying gas at different temperatures along the length of the stream, a high gas temperature may be maintained at the upstream region while maintaining a low gas temperature in the downstream region.
If the temperature of the drying gas supplied to the downstream region is low enough, the temperature of the mixed gases in the downstream region may be lower than the temperature of the material being dried. In that case, heat is transferred from the material to the gases. The dried material is thus cooled in the stream, before it is collected. The intimate exposure of the material to the gases achieved by projecting the drying gas transversely to the direction of the stream provides effective and rapid cooling. Although the term "drying gas" is used for the sake of convenience to designate the gas projected transversely of the stream, it should be understood that some or all of the drying gas utilized in cooling the material may contact the material after it is already dry. Some or all of the drying gas utilized in cooling may be projected downstream of the point along the length of the stream where the material reaches its final moisture content.
When the material is cooled in the stream, prior to collection, it is exposed to elevated temperatures only during the time required for drying. By contrast, in conventional spray drying processes, it is typically impracticable to cool the dried material prior to collection. In conventional processes, the dried material typically is collected at an elevated temperature and hence is susceptible to thermal degradation after collection.
In the embodiments described above, two portions of drying gas at the two different temperatures are employed. The desirable effects attained by supplying the drying gas at different temperatures to different regions along the length of the stream may be enhanced by supplying the drying gas in more than two portions to more than two regions. For example, three portions of the drying gas may be supplied at high, intermediate and low temperatures.
Other patterns of gas temperature may also be employed. Thus, if the impelling gas is supplied at a lower temperature than the drying gas projected towards the upstream region of the stream, the temperature of the mixed gases will be low immediately adjacent the nozzle and will increase progressively in the downstream direction within the upstream region. Thus, the temperature of the atomized material will be very low during the initial portion of the drying process. This effect may be enhanced by supplying the drying gas at a low temperature to the most upstream region and at a higher temperature to the next region. Low temperature during the initial phases of drying is useful with materials which are particularly sensitive to heat when moist but which became less sensitive as they become drier. For example, it is believed that coffee and tea extracts become less susceptible to loss of volatile aromas upon heating as they become drier.
In the arrangements described above, the flux or flow of drying gas is symmetrical about the axis of the jet. The inward flow of drying gas from each portion of the diffuser or shell wall is balanced by a like inward flow in the opposite direction from the diametrically opposed portion of the wall. The opposing flows of drying gas do not deflect the atomized material from the axis. However, as best appreciated with reference to FIG. 3., the drying gas tends to keep the atomized material away from the shell wall. Any droplet or particle moving outwardly toward the shell wall encounters the inwardly flowing gas and is deflected back towards the axis.
A jet of gas tends to entrain the surrounding gases, and hence tends to create a partial vacuum adjacent the upstream end of the jet. The partial vacuum in turn tends to cause the surrounding gases to flow upstream outside of the jet, thus creating recirculation. The inwardly flowing drying gas prevents such recirculation.
A jet is characterized by a distinctive profile of gas velocities, with higher velocities in the central region adjacent the axis and lower velocities in the peripheral region, remote from the axis. As the distinctive velocity profile associated with the jet dissipates, its entrainment demand or tendency to entrain gases from the surroundings diminishes, and hence its tendency to cause recirculation also diminishes. It is believed that the thorough mixing induced by the drying gas promotes transfer of momentum between the central region of the jet and the periphery of the jet. The drying gas thus promotes dissipation of the velocity profile of the jet and hence reduces its entrainment demand.
Moreover, the inwardly flowing drying gas supplied through the shell wall meets the remaining entrainment demand of the jet. The rate of drying gas flow through the shell wall per unit axial length adjacent the upstream end of the shell desirably exceeds the entrainment demand rate of the jet per unit length. Thus, there is some downstream flow of drying gas outside the jet. If the rate of drying gas flow per unit axial length through a downstream region of the shell wall is less than the entrainment demand rate of the jet, the excess drying gas flowing downstream can make up the deficiency. The reverse situation, with a deficiency of drying gas in the upstream region and an excess in the downstream region, is less desirable. There would be an upstream flow of gas outside of the jet, which could cause recirculation. Stated another way, the total rate at which the drying gas is projected towards any portion of the jet upstream of an arbitrary location along the length of the jet, and hence the total drying gas flow rate through the shell wall upstream of that arbitrary location, preferably equals or exceeds the total entrainment demand for that portion of the jet.
The actual entrainment demand of a jet decaying under the influence of the inwardly projected drying gas is not readily calculable. However, for a jet created by a given flow of impelling gas through a given nozzle, the actual entrainment demand rate will be less than the entrainment demand of the corresponding free jet, i.e., a jet of impelling gas having the same flow rate and issuing from the same nozzle into an infinite space without any inwardly projected drying gas. The entrainment demand per unit length E of such a free jet is approximated by the formula: ##EQU1## Where: Mo is the mass flow rate of impelling gas through the nozzle; and
D is the diameter of the nozzle throat.
As used in this disclosure, the term "theoretical entrainment demand" refers to the entrainment demand for the corresponding free jet calculated according to the above formula. If the inward drying gas flow equals or exceeds the theoretical entrainment demand of the jet, then the drying gas flow will exceed the actual entrainment demand of the jet. The desired relationship may be expressed by the following formula: ##EQU2## Where: R is the rate of drying gas flow through the shell wall per unit axial length;
x is axial distance downstream from the throat of the nozzle; and
q is an arbitrary value.
The aforementioned relationship between entrainment demand and drying gas flow preferably is maintained in the region immediately adjacent the nozzle, over an axial distance equal to or greater than 10 times the nozzle diameter, i.e., for any value of q between 0 and 10D. As the jet decays appreciably in that region, it is less important to maintain that relationship further downstream. However, maintainence of the specified relationship for distances greater than 10 nozzle diameters downstream, typically up to about 30 to 60 nozzle diameters, provides even greater assurance against recirculation.
It is believed that in drying processes according to preferred embodiments of the present invention, several factors coact to suppress of droplets or particles of the material being dried to the walls of the drying chamber. Adhesion typically results from impingement of moist material on the chamber wall; dry material typically will not adhere to the wall. The improved mixing and desirable gas temperature distributions attainable according to the present invention promote rapid drying and hence promote drying of the material before it can impinge on the wall. Recirculation tends to carry the material being dried outwardly, toward the chamber wall, and hence promotes impingement and adhesion. Suppression of recirculation by the drying gas thus serves to suppress adhesion. Also, the inwardly flowing drying gas tends to blow the material being dried inwardly, away from the chamber wall, further suppressing adhesion of the material to the wall.
To minimize impingement of moist material on the shell wall, the shell wall in the upstream region preferably is disposed outside the lateral boundary of the jet. A jet does not have discrete physical boundaries; at progressively greater distances from the axis of the jet, the velocity of the gas in the downstream direction declines, with no appreciable discontinuity between the jet and the surroundings. The lateral boundary of a free jet, undisturbed by inwardly flowing gas, is ordinarily taken as defined by a theoretical frustum of a cone spreading outwardly from the throat of the nozzle and having an included angle of about 23.5 degrees. Although the actual jet will spread to a lesser degree due to the effect of the drying gas, the free-jet approximation may be used in design of drying apparatus according to the present invention. Thus, the shell wall may be arranged so that the upstream region of the shell wall lies outside of the aforementioned frustum. In the downstream region, where the atomized material is substantially dry and impingement of the material on the shell wall is unimportant, the shell wall may be disposed within the theoretical frustum.
The shell wall desirably should either be parallel to the lengthwise axis of the shell or diverge from such axis at an angle less than or equal to about 31/2 degrees. Thus, a frustoconical shell wall preferably has an included angle no greater than about 7 degrees. If the shell wall is in the form of a surface of revolution other than a frustum of a cone, the generator of such surface should not diverge from the lengthwise axis at an angle greater than about 31/2 degrees.
To provide the best interaction between the drying gas and the droplets, and to minimize the volume of the apparatus, the wall of the shell or diffuser should be disposed as close to the lengthwise axis as possible in keeping with the considerations set forth above. Although the present invention is not limited by any theory of operation, it is believed that turbulent eddies are created as the drying gas passes through the pores in the diffuser wall, and that these eddies contribute to the interaction between the drying gas and the droplets. Further, it is believed that these eddies decay as they move inwardly with the drying gas. Close juxtaposition of the diffuser wall and the stream of atomized material is believed to provide better exposure of the material to the eddies. Preferably, at least part of the diffuser wall is disposed within about 25 cm of the center of the stream to provide effective propagation of the eddies into the center of the stream. It is believed that the most effective interaction between the eddies and the dispersed material occurs adjacent the wall of the shell or diffuser. Accordingly, it is believed that those droplets which approach the wall are dried most rapidly, thus further suppressing adhesion of the atomized material to the wall.
The size of the pores is also believed to be significant. The size of the eddies created as the drying gas issues from the pores is directly related to the size of the pores. It is believed that the optimum interaction between the eddies and the atomized material occurs when the size of the eddies approximates the diameter of the droplets. To achieve this relationship, the sizes of the individual pores should be predominantly from about 0.1 to about 10 times, and preferably about 1.0 to about 5.0 times, the average diameter of the droplets produced in the atomization step. In this context, the "size" of a pore means the diameter of the largest rigid spherical particle which will pass through the pore.
Apparatus according to a further embodiment of the present invention, schematically illustrated in FIG. 4, employs a nozzle 60 having an elongated, rectangular opening, a feed tube 62 having a rectangular outlet being disposed within the nozzle. The nozzle is directed into a tubular porous shell 64 of generally rectangular cross-section, the walls of the shell flaring outwardly toward the downstream end of the shell. Impelling gas supplied to nozzle 60 entrains and atomizes liquid supplied to feed tube 62. The gas exits from the nozzle as a jet of generally rectangular cross-section, carrying a stream of droplets with it. Drying gas is supplied through both the narrow sides and the wide sides of shell 64. Just as in the embodiments described above with reference to FIGS. 1-3, the jet is entirely surrounded by the drying gas projected inwardly from the porous shell, and the atomized material passes between opposing inward flows of drying gas.
The aforementioned relationships between the entrainment demand of the jet and the rate of drying gas flow through the shell apply to arrangements such as that of FIG. 4, employing a nozzle of noncircular cross-section. With a rectangular nozzle, the narrow dimension of the nozzle should be taken as the diameter of the nozzle. A jet issuing from a rectangular nozzle spreads outwardly in much the same manner as a jet issuing from a circular nozzle. The theoretical lateral boundary of a free jet issuing from a rectangular nozzle, unaffected by any inwardly-flowing gas, is in the form of an obelisk having sides extending from the edges of the nozzle, opposing sides of the obelisk defining included angles of about 23.5�. Again, although the jet is constrained to some extent by the drying gas, the theoretical free jet boundary may be used in initial design of the shell.
The apparatus illustrated in FIG. 5 incorporates a plurality of frustoconical porous shells 66 and associated gas tubes 68. Each gas tube is arranged to discharge an impelling gas into the associated shell through a nozzle, and liquid material to be dried is supplied through a feed tube (not shown) within each gas tube. Drying gas supplied through chambers (not shown) encircling the shells is projected through the shells. Thus, each shell operates in the same fashion as the upstream portion of the drying chamber described above with reference to FIGS. 1-3; the jet issuing from each nozzle is entirely surrounded, over the upstream portion of its length, by inwardly projected drying gas. The downstream ends of the shells are disposed between a pair of opposed porous plates 70, and additional drying gas is supplied via chambers 72 through the porous plates.
Gases and atomized material issuing from the shells pass between opposing inward flows of drying gas projected from the porous plates, as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 5. The drying gas issuing from the plates mixes under turbulent conditions with the atomized material and with the gases issuing from the shells. The streams of gas and atomized material issuing from the shells are not entirely surrounded by inwardly-projected drying gas as they pass between the plates. To minimize the possibility of recirculation in the regions between adjacent streams, the configuration of shells 66 and the drying gas flow through the shells are arranged so that the jet issuing from each nozzle is substantially dissipated within the associated shell. Thus, each shell preferably extends downstream from the associated nozzle for a distance at least 10 times the diameter of the nozzle, and drying gas preferably is supplied through each shell at a rate at least equal to the theoretical entrainment demand of the jet.
In the embodiments described above, the material is projected in a jet of impelling gas. However, the material may be atomized and projected without using an impelling gas. The apparatus illustrated in FIG. 6 includes a drying chamber 74 which is enclosed at its upstream end and at its sides. Two opposed sides of the drying chamber are defined by porous diffuser plates 76. Each porous plate communicates with chambers 78, the chambers being connected to gas sources (not shown). Atomizing nozzles 80 are mounted to the upstream wall of the chamber. Each atomizing nozzle has a plurality of fine orifices opening to the interior of the chamber. The atomizing nozzles are connected to a high-pressure pump 82.
A liquid to be dried is forced through nozzles 80 by pump 82, so that a stream of fine droplets passes downstream from each nozzle. Drying gas supplied via chambers 78 is projected through porous plates 76 towards the streams of droplets. The streams pass between opposing inward flows of drying gas distributed along the length of the streams and the dispersed liquid is effectively exposed to the drying gas under turbulent conditions. Preferably, porous plates 76, and hence the opposing inward flows of drying gas, extend downstream beyond the point where the material is substantially dry.
As the upstream end of the chamber is closed, continued flow of drying gas into the chamber forces the drying gas in the chamber downstream. The dried material is collected in a separator (not shown) connected to the downstream end of the chamber.
As there are no jets of impelling gas, there is no need to arrange the drying gas flow so as to prevent recirculation induced by such jets. Thus, the streams of droplets are not entirely surrounded by the inwardly-projected drying gas. Also, the heat required for drying is supplied entirely by the drying gas. Any liquid atomizing nozzle capable of providing the desired degree of atomization may be employed. In other respects, the drying operation is similar to those described above.
Regardless of the method of atomization, the required drying time varies markedly with the diameter of the droplets; larger droplets take longer to dry. Accordingly, atomization to an average droplet size of about 70 microns or less is preferred. Very large droplets which dry relatively slowly may impinge on the walls of the dryer while still moist, and hence may adhere to the walls. Ordinarily, the proportion of very large droplets varies directly with the degree of nonuniformity in the droplet diameter distribution and also varies directly with the average droplet diameter. Thus, the more uniform the droplet size distribution, the larger the average droplet diameter may be without encountering adhesion. Atomization to an average droplet diameter of about 63 microns, with 3% of the droplets above 212 microns diameter and 12.2% between 150 and 212 microns, may be employed successfully. Insofar the drying process is concerned, there is no lower limit on droplet diameter. The droplet diameters referred to herein are determined by measuring the diameter of the dried particles, on the assumption that the diameters of the dried particles are the same as the diameters of the droplets produced in the atomization step.
Liquid materials which are viscous or otherwise difficult to atomize, such as aqueous comestible materials of about 40% solids content or more, can best be atomized by entraining the liquid in impelling gas and passing the impelling gas through an orifice as described above with reference to FIGS. 1-5. Typically, the most effective atomization is attained when the impelling gas approaches or reaches sonic velocity at the nozzle throat.
The impelling and drying gases ordinarily are air, but other gases may be employed. Although the drying process ordinarily involves evaporation of water, materials bearing liquids other than water may also be dried. Sugar-based materials, such as solutions of sugar in water, honey and molasses enter a tacky, non-crystalline state upon drying and remain in that state for an appreciable period after drying is complete. To avoid adhesion problems in processing such materials, other materials may be admixed with the sugar-based material to provide nucleation sites and accelerate crystallization.
The present invention is particularly suitable for drying comestible liquids such as milk, aqueous extracts of coffee, chicory and tea, mixtures of such extracts, and combinations including such extracts together with sugar, molasses or honey. It is believed that the rapid drying, substantial absence of recirculation within the dryer and controlled product temperatures attainable with the present invention preserve the flavor of the product.
In typical embodiments of the invention for drying aqueous comestible liquids, the impelling gas temperature upstream of the nozzle typically is about 500� C. or less, drying gas is supplied to the upstream region at about 120� C. to about 210� C., and drying gas is supplied to the downstream region at less than about 80� C. The total mass flow rate of drying gas ordinarily is about 10 to 20 times the mass flow rate of the impelling gas. Under these conditions, typical comestible liquids can be dried effectively in industrial quantities with a residence time of the material in the dryer on the order of 50 milliseconds or less. The shell or drying chamber for such a process may be 1 to 2 meters in length, and less than 1 meter in diameter.
The following examples illustrate certain aspects of the present invention. Solids contents and moisture contents stated in the examples as percentages are percentages by weight.
Apparatus similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 is employed. The nozzle has a throat diameter of 18 mm. The shell is frustoconical, about 1 meter in length, about 7 cm inside diameter at its upstream end and about 33 cm inside diameter at its downstream end. The average pore size of the shell is about 30 microns. Aqueous coffee extract containing about 45% solids is pumped through the feed tube at about 70 kg/hr. 267 kg/hr of impelling air at about 410� C. are supplied to the nozzle: as the impelling air passes through the nozzle, it is cooled by expansion to about 310� C. 1662 kg/hr of drying air at about 160� C. are supplied through the upstream half of the shell, and 1948 kg/hr of drying air at about 42� C. are supplied through the downstream half of the shell. Air and dried material exit from the downstream end of the shell at about 80� C. The coffee extract is dried to particles of about 20-30 microns diameter and about 5% moisture.
There is no detectable accumulation of material on the shell wall. The beverage prepared from the dried product is preferred by tasters in a blind study over a beverage prepared from a powder obtained by conventional tower spray drying of the same extract.
The apparatus is as employed in Example 1, except that the shell has a frustoconical upstream section of about 22 cm inside diameter at its upstream end and about 32 cm inside diameter at its downstream end, and a cylindrical downstream section of about 32 cm inside diameter. Both sections have pores of about 30 microns average size. Air flow rates are measured as the air enters the system at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, prior to heating and compression. The impelling gas pressure and temperature are measured immediately upstream of the nozzle. The exit temperature is the temperature of the mixed gases and dried product in the exit tube, measured approximately 1 meter from the downstream end of the shell. In each case, about, 28,300 liters of drying gas are passed through each section of the shell per minute. The other parameters for each example are set forth in the table, below.
TABLE__________________________________________________________________________ Impelling Gas Product Temp �C. Moisture Content % Gauge Pressure Drying Gas Average Particle Kilopascals Upstream Downstream Exit Diameter, Microns Flow Rate Section Section Temp Yield, KilogramsExampleLiquid Liters/Min Temp �C. Temp �C. �C. Per Hour, Dry Basis__________________________________________________________________________2 Coffee 312 170 103 92 3.66Extract 103 5046% 6,800 67Solids3 Coffee 153 170 91 85 N.A.Extract 98 6345% 6,800 34Solids4 Coffee 316 139 86 95 2.6Extract and 104 29Caramelized 3,680 33Molasses44% Solids5 Coffee 324 120 85 84 2.6Extract and 103 16Sugar 3,680 1930% Solids6 Chicory 248 144 62 77 4.27Extract 108 2744.5% 3,680 N.A.Solids__________________________________________________________________________ ("N.A." indicates value not obtained)
A tea extract containing 44% solids is dried at a liquid feed rate of 115 kg/hr using the same equipment as in Examples 2-6, and using air as the impelling and drying gases. The impelling air flow rate is 317 kg/hr, and the total drying gas flow rate is 2860 kg/hr, evenly divided between the upstream and downstream sections of the porous shell. Immediately upstream of the nozzle, the impelling gas is at 93� C.; as it passes through the nozzle, it is cooled to about 28� C. Drying air is supplied through the upstream section of the shell at 246� C., and through the downstream section at 93� C. The atomized extract is thus exposed to mixed gases at low, high and intermediate temperatures in that order. The exit temperature is about 85� C. The product has a moisture content of about 3.5%.
Milk preconcentrated to about 48% solids is dried using the same procedure and equipment as in Example 7, save that the liquid feed rate is 170 kg/hr and the impelling air flow rate is 476 kg/hr. The exit temperature is about 65� C. and the product moisture content is about 5%.
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|U.S. Classification
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Owner name: NESTEC S.A., AVENUE NESTLE 55, VEVEY, SWITZERLAND,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:TUOT, JAMES;REEL/FRAME:004453/0047
Effective date: 19850827
|17 May 1988
|Certificate of correction
|4 Feb 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|1 Mar 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|18 May 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|24 Oct 1999
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|4 Jan 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19991027


text:
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text:
Hildegard Hoeller,
WAC/WID coordinator
Office: Building 2S Rm 130
Phone: 718.982.4138
Fax: 718.982.3643
Email WAC/WID
Matt Brim, Co-Coordinator
Professor Brim is Associate Professor of Queer Studies in the English department at the College of Staten Island, CUNY. Students in his courses can expect to explore complex narratives of sexuality, gender, race, and ability. Recent courses include "Queer Studies," "LGBT Literature," "Black Gay Male Literature," and "Introduction to Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies." Professor Brim encourages students, faculty, and staff to share a commitment to increasing LGBTQ representation and visibility on the CSI campus.
Professor Brim's research focuses on 20th- and 21st-century queer American literature and culture and on queer pedagogy. His book, James Baldwin and the Queer Imagination, offers a sustained queer theoretical examination of Baldwin's fiction, positioning the author as a paradoxical rather than quintessential figure in queer black literature. His current project is titled Queer Pedagogy/Queer University.
Amber Buck, Co-Coordinator
Amber Buck is an Assistant Professor of English and her research interests concern digital literacies and the influence of technology on writing practices. Her recent work examines the writing and identity practices of social network site users. Amber teaches courses in first-year composition, professional writing, multimodal composition, and writing pedagogy. She is the co-coordinator of the WAC/WID program at the College of Staten Island.
Stephan Boatright, Writing Fellow
Stephen Boatright is a Doctoral Candidate in Geography at the Graduate Center. His dissertation research on first-time homeownership focuses on the roles emotion plays the home buying process. As a Writing Fellow at CSI, Boatright is working with Fellow Christina Kirkman and WAC/WID Coordinator Hildegard Hoeller on a research project on undergraduates' relationships to college writing. The project will examine the affordances of different pedagogical approaches to using high- and low-stakes writing in order to assist CSI faculty members with writing assignment revision and development.
Christina Kirkman, Writing Fellow
Christina Kirkman, a New York City native, is a doctoral student in Developmental Psychology at CUNY's Graduate Center. Christina received her BA in Psychology and Italian from Georgetown University, and her Master's in Developmental Psychology from Columbia University,
Teachers College. Christina is a new Writing Fellow with CUNY, but has taught undergraduate courses in Human Lifespan Development, Cognitive Development, and Child Psychology at Hunter College since the fall of 2009, and now also adjuncts at CSI. Her primary areas of interest and research are human development in atypical contexts, developmental pathways of learning and resilience, processes of decision-making, self-regulation and cognition in context, and novel approaches to measuring cognitive control and self-regulation in learning and development. Christina is delighted to be joining the WAC team at CSI for the next year. Her primary interests in working with WAC at CSI lie in the promotion of developmental perspectives as highly relevant to understanding learning and writing in our diverse student body, and also in the opportunities created for students and teachers when we inform our curriculum and pedagogical approaches with appropriate research. Stay tuned for our research study on student success and writing practices, being implemented at the end of the fall semester.
Michael Lubing, Writing Fellow
Michael Lubing is a doctoral student in the Comparative Literature department at the CUNY Graduate Center. He holds a B.A. from Reed College and a J.D. from the University of Wisconsin, and his academic research focuses on the intersection between law, culture, and literature. In addition to his work as a writing fellow, Michael teaches classes in literature and literary theory at Hunter College, where he is currently appointed as an adjunct.
Krystina Michael, Writing Fellow
Krystyna Michael is a Doctoral Student in Comparative Literature at the Graduate Center and has taught a variety of literature and composition courses at Queens College and Baruch College. Her research focuses on representations of urban life and theories of anxiety in 19th and 20th century American literature.
Emily Root, Writing Fellow
Emily L. Root, M.A. CCC-SLP is currently working on her Ph.D. in the Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences Department at the Graduate Center. Emily's primary interests are language disorders in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Specific Language Impairment, concentrating on lexical access and syntax in these clinical groups. Emily has been a licensed speech-language pathologist since 2000, working in private practice in New Jersey. While she only works with children, she primarily treats children on the Autism Spectrum as well as also specializing in children who stutter.
Alan Richtmyer,
Writing Fellow
Alan Richtmyer is a PhD candidate in Musicology at the Graduate Center. He has taught music history at Queens College and at John Jay College, and is currently in the midst of a dissertation on the evolution of accidental signs, and their implications for tuning, in European music manuscripts of the fourteenth century. Alan has worked as a proofreader for Wine Spectator Magazine, has performed music professionally for two decades, and brings a keen interest in the semiotics of musical notation with him. He will be investigating the impact of visual information on today's students, and how visual learning can function as an aid to both learning and writing.