text:
I was at the local performance bike shop, stocking up on some tubes when I saw this in the mechanics area:
How does this even happen? I think it's an Al frame.
No idea, hope the rider is ok. Maybe the guy hit something straight front, like a wall or something.
My guess is a garage door and a roof rack were involved.
I may be fat but I'm slow enough to make up for it.
Samurai sword slice.
I bike every day for fun.
Actually that is likely a frame crack that was warrantied but not yet stripped. To prevent dumpster divers from taking warranty units and restoring them(becoming liable) the companies mandate cut/destroy now... I got one before that policy wave happened.
Aviation Mechanic, Bike racer, Fitness Equipment Restorer
Dialed it up...
And this is why I don't ride aluminum frames... they will explode if I look at it wrong (end sarcasm)
'12 Scott Foil Team Issue, '08 Carl Strong Titanium, '07 Cervelo R3
Thank God HIPAA rules dont extend to the mechanics bay
2012 Scott CR1 Team
2011 Felt Z-85
2005 Jamis Durango Sport
The rest of the frame/components look to be in good shape. I think the roof rack + garage is a good guess. The bike was probably almost new... or maybe the guy had just taken it home?
It still has the seatpost and wheel reflectors mounted.
hack saw/sawzall
headtube not yet mounted
i bet that guy returned the bike...


text:
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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The relationship between divergence of amino-acid sequence and divergence of function among homologous proteins is complex. The assumption that homologs share function – the basis of transfer of annotations in databases – must therefore be regarded with caution. Here, we present a quantitative study of sequence and function divergence, based on the Gene Ontology classification of function. We determined the relationship between sequence divergence and function divergence in 6828 protein families from the PFAM database. Within families there is a broad range of sequence similarity from very closely related proteins – for instance, orthologs in different mammals – to very distantly-related proteins at the limit of reliable recognition of homology.
We correlated the divergence in sequences determined from pairwise alignments, and the divergence in function determined by path lengths in the Gene Ontology graph, taking into account the fact that many proteins have multiple functions. Our results show that, among homologous proteins, the proportion of divergent functions decreases dramatically above a threshold of sequence similarity at about 50% residue identity. For proteins with more than 50% residue identity, transfer of annotation between homologs will lead to an erroneous attribution with a totally dissimilar function in fewer than 6% of cases. This means that for very similar proteins (about 50 % identical residues) the chance of completely incorrect annotation is low; however, because of the phenomenon of recruitment, it is still non-zero.
Our results describe general features of the evolution of protein function, and serve as a guide to the reliability of annotation transfer, based on the closeness of the relationship between a new protein and its nearest annotated relative.
Assignment of function to gene products in the absence of direct experimental information is an important challenge of computational molecular biology [1-3]. In annotating proteins from newly-sequenced genomes, it is a common practice to transfer functional annotation from a homologous protein [4-8]. This approach depends on the assumptions that: (1) because homologous proteins have similar sequences and structures, they have similar functions, and (2) the annotation of the source homologue is correct. Often, but certainly not always, these assumptions are valid.
In this study we quantitatively assess the relationship between the divergence of protein function and the divergence of amino acid sequence in families of homologous proteins. In addition to illuminating the process by which proteins evolve altered and novel functions, the results provide guidance about the expected accuracy of transfer of functional annotation among homologous proteins in databases.
The most general evidence for protein homology, and inference of shared function, depends on comparative analysis of sequences and structures. PSI-BLAST [9] and Hidden Markov Models [10] identify distant homologs from multiple sequence alignments. Other techniques include the training of support vector machines [11] and neural networks [12] on protein features such as charge distribution and hydrophobicity to predict protein function. Structure comparisons improve the accuracy of inference of function in the absence of direct experimental evidence. These include the use of information from domains [13] and motifs [14-16]. Fleming et al. [17] combined structural and sequence alignments of proteins in an annotation tool named PHUNCTIONER.
Despite the sensitivity of these tools for detecting homologs and predicting function, many authors have pointed out that because closely-related proteins can change function, either through divergence to a related function or by recruitment for a very different function, annotations based only on homology can be incorrect [18-28].
Two problems that have arisen in studying the evolution of protein function and evaluating the expected accuracy of functional annotation transfer have been (1) standardization of terminology in describing function, and (2) defining a measure of the "distance" between functions. The Enzyme Commission classification has been very valuable but deals with only one class of protein functions [29]. In 2000, The Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium formulated a newer and more general classification of protein functions and the relationships among them [30]. Unlike the EC classification, which was a strict hierarchy, the GO scheme has the form of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs), specialized to three domains: Molecular Function, Biological Process, and Cellular Component.
Enzyme Commission identifiers form a strict four-level hierarchy, or tree. For example, isopentenyl-diphosphate Δ-isomerase is assigned EC number 22.214.171.124, where the initial 5 specifies the most general category, 5 = isomerases; 5.3 comprises intramolecular isomerases; 5.3.3 those enzymes that transpose C = C bonds; and the full identifier 126.96.36.199 specifies a particular reaction. Note that the EC classified reactions, not enzymes. To compare functional assignments of two proteins according to the EC classification, it is conventional to ask at how many levels of the hierarchy the EC numbers agree.
In contrast, the GO classification is not a tree, but a more general type of graph. Each node is labeled by a general or specific protein function. Edges in the graph correspond to relationships between more general and more specific functions, that is, child-parent relationships. For example, the node "protein binding" is a child of the node containing the more general function "binding". The number of levels – the length of the path from any leaf to the root – is not constant. The structure of the GO DAG induces a measure of distances between functions, which will be used to quantify sequence-function relationships in proteins (see Materials and Methods).
GO assigns the identifier 0004452 to isopentenyl-diphosphate Δ-isomerase. (The numbers themselves have no specific significance.) Figure Figure11 shows a minimal-length path from GO:0004452 to the root node of the molecular function DAG, GO:0003674. In this case there are four intervening nodes, progressively more general categories as we move up the figure. Note that the GO description of this enzyme as an oxidoreductase is inconsistent with the EC classification, in which a committed choice between oxidoreductase and isomerase must be made at the highest level of the EC hierarchy.
Our current work treats the Molecular Function component of the GO classification. The GO Molecular Function graph forms a network that has characteristics in common with other biological networks. In the Gene Ontology DAGs, the average in-degree is 1.36 (that is, on average a node or GO ID had 1.36 parents.) The in-degree distribution is intermediate between an exponential and a power function. There is a wide range in out-degree, ranging from 1 to 298. Three nodes had very high out-degree with 122, 238 and 298 children. The out-degree distribution followed a power law, showing that there are hubs, or highly connected nodes. The total degree (in-degree + out-degree) distribution for the Molecular Function ontology has a mean of 2.69, and follows a power law.
Neither the Enzyme Commission nor the GO classifications of protein function constitutes an assignment of function to any particular protein. Both provide only a framework for making such assignments. The PIR database at Georgetown University [31] associates Gene Ontology Identifiers (GO IDs) with individual proteins. The annotation of each protein may include several GO IDs. Indeed, annotation with any function logically implies annotation with all more-inclusive functions, all the way up to the root of the graph. (Note, however, that annotations of proteins by GO terms in databases do not always explicitly contain all the ancestors of every function that appears.) Therefore for each protein we extracted the distal (= most precise) GO IDs to represent the function of the protein (see Materials and Methods).
Many proteins with similar sequences have similar functions; for example, mammalian hemoglobins transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. For mammalian hemoglobins, transfer of annotation among homologs gives correct results. However, other families of homologs contain proteins with different functions. For example, hen egg white lysozyme and baboon α-lactalbumin have 37% identical residues in optimal sequence alignment, and retain very similar mainchain structures, but have unrelated functions. Contrasting mammalian hemoglobins with lysozyme/α-lactalbumin, there is a general correlation between divergence of sequence and divergence of function. That is, mammalian hemoglobins have similar sequences and similar functions; lysozyme and α-lactalbumin have more distantly related sequences and dissimilar functions.
However, there are many exceptions to this correlation. In the duck, eye lens crystallins are identical in sequence to liver enolase and lactate dehydrogenase [32]. This is an example of "recruitment" – unrelated function with little or even no sequence change. This threatens to produce incomplete or even erroneous annotations, if annotation is passed freely among homologs. Conversely, some proteins very distantly related in sequence nevertheless retain similar function.
Several groups have studied the relationship between sequence similarity and functional similarity based on the Enzyme Commission classification. Those studies were necessarily limited to proteins with enzymatic functions:
In studying the relationship between sequences and EC classifications of proteins, Wilson, Kreychman & Gerstein [33], Todd, Orengo & Thornton [34], and Devos & Valencia [19] reached similar (although not identical) optimistic conclusions. Wilson, Kreychman & Gerstein [33] concluded that for pairs of single-domain proteins, at levels of sequence identity > 40%, precise function is conserved, and for levels of sequence identity > 25%, broad functional class is conserved (according to a functional classification that uses the EC hierarchy for enzymes, and supplements it with material from FLYBASE [35] for non-enzymes.) The study of Todd, Orengo & Thornton [34] analyzed only the homologous pairs of enzymes and reported that approximately 90% of pairs of proteins with sequence identity > 40% conserve all four EC numbers. Even at 30% sequence identity, Todd, Orengo & Thornton found conservation of three levels of the EC hierarchy for 70% of homologous pairs of enzymes. Devos & Valencia [19] reached very similar conclusions; they also reported the ability to predict correctly the agreement of FSSP categories [36] and SWISS-PROT [37] keywords, as a function of the level of sequence similarity.
Our work pursues the question of the relationship between divergence of sequence and function in homologous proteins, using the Molecular Function DAG of Gene Ontology for the classification of function. Use of the GO classification allows extension of the earlier work to proteins with non-enzymatic functions, permitting a comprehensive study of functions of proteins.
The steps of our analyses were as follows: For each pair of homologous proteins from a PFAM family, we recorded the % identical residues in the optimal alignment as a measure of sequence divergence, and we measured the functional distance between the sets of distal GO IDs associated with the two proteins. We based our definition of the distance between sets of annotations on a generalization of the simple minimum-path-length measure of the distance between two single GO ID's (see Materials and Methods).
From these data, we mapped the relationship between sequence divergence and function divergence. We distinguished divergence of functions within the same "branch" of the DAG (those for which the lowest common ancestor of two nodes was not the root node) and those in different "branches" of the DAG. We call these similar and dissimilar functions, respectively (Figure (Figure2).2). We observed that, despite counterexamples of recruitment, there is a general correlation between divergence of sequence and appearance of dissimilar functions within each family. This relationship is made precise by our calculations. Our results also show that there is some variation among different PFAM families, especially for more highly-diverged sequences.
We analyzed 6828 PFAM families (out of a total of 7863 in v. 18.0). The families ranged widely in size, from 2 to > 1200 proteins. Most families were relatively small; 85% of those studied had between 2 and 30 members.
For each pair of proteins within each family we determined the sequence similarity and the set of minimum distances between distal GO IDs (see Materials and Methods). For the functional distances, we distinguished, and analyzed separately, divergent functions within the same branch of the GO DAG (which we call similar functions); and entirely different functions, for which the root of DAG was the lowest common ancestor (which we call dissimilar functions).
A primary goal is to describe the relationship between sequence divergence and functional divergence.
The EF-hand family is typical and provides illustrative results. This family contains 498 proteins comprising two classes of functions: signaling and buffering/transport. EF-hand proteins involved in signaling include the best-known members of the family such as calmodulin, troponin C and S100B. These proteins typically undergo a Calcium-dependent conformational change which opens a target binding site. EF-hand proteins involved in buffering/transport include calbindin D9k. These do not undergo Calcium-dependent conformational changes [38,39].
Figures Figures3,3, ,4,4, ,55 show normalized distributions of functional divergence of pairs of proteins in the EF-hand family, as a function of sequence divergence. The % identical residues in aligned pairs of sequences ranged from 0% to 100%. Pairs of sequences were divided into bins of width 10% sequence identity. The functional distances range between 0 and 12.
Similar functions (Figure (Figure3)3) show a dominant peak at distance = 0 (that is, identical function), and a subsidiary peak at 7. It is interesting that the different bins of sequence identity show distributions of similar shape. What distinguishes the distribution of pairs of closely-related proteins from pairs of distantly-related proteins is not so much a progressive increase in the set of functional distances represented, but a decrease in the number of pairs with identical function. The distribution (Figure (Figure4)4) of dissimilar functions of course excludes the peaks at functional distance zero or one, and shows an uneven distribution with peaks between 6 and 10, with a very few pairs at a GO distance of 12. The high spikes are the artifacts of the normalization, in cases where there are very few data. There is a high peak at functional distance 6 for pairs of proteins with 80–100% sequence identity, signifying either recruitment or incomplete annotation (or both).
Figure Figure66 shows fragments of the Molecular Function GO DAG containing minimal-length paths between examples of GO IDs corresponding to (a) annotations of EF-hand proteins of similar functions with distance 7, and (b) annotations of EF-hand proteins of dissimilar functions with distance 12.
The graph combining all similar and dissimilar functions (Figure (Figure5)5) showed three distinct peaks, at 0, 6, and 10; the peaks at 6 and 10 reflecting dissimilar functions. Two factors contribute to the non-smoothness of the distribution: (1) proteins in the EF-hand family are annotated by a relatively small set of distal GO IDs, and (2) there is an uneven distribution of pairs of proteins with different degrees of sequence similarity. The high peaks at 6 and 10 in Figure Figure66 arise from pairs of protein with 0–10% sequence identity. (The peak at distance 7, prominent in figure figure3,3, is less prominent in Figure Figure55 because there are many fewer pairs of similar than the dissimilar functions.)
The results show several regularities:
(1) As the sequences progressively diverge, there is a systematic decrease in the number of pairs with distance 0 (identical function) (see Table Table1).1). The % of pairs with 0 distance is approximately constant (about 35%) for bins of sequence similarity < 40%, and then increases sharply. The distribution of similar functions in pairs of proteins with 80–100% sequence identity has a unique peak at 0.
(2) The data suggest the interesting result that there is a threshold at about 40% sequence identity, at which the observed behavior changes. For pairs of proteins with 0–40% residue identity, the distribution is largely independent of sequence identity. Above 40% sequence identity, there is a significant increase in similar functions over dissimilar ones. These results, shown in Figure Figure55 for the EF-hand family, were also observed when all the PFAM data were combined and the contribution of dissimilar functions to each range of sequence identity calculated.
The number of proteins/PFAM family varied from 2 to 1200 for the collected data (Figure (Figure7).7). Because of the effects of different sample sizes on the statistics of the distributions, we divided the PFAM families into five categories according to size: 2–30 members (5834 families), 31–60 members (719 families), 61–270 members (244 families), 271–780 members (27), and > 780 members (3 families). Figure Figure88 shows the relationships between sequence divergence and functional difference for these classes separately, in each case separating ranges of sequence identity into bins of width 20% sequence identity.
Figure Figure88 shows quantitatively how the distribution of functional divergence depends on the divergence of sequence. For example, Figure Figure8b8b describes PFAM families containing between 31 and 60 proteins. The data show generally that as the sequence identity decreases, the percentage of non-identical functions (distances > 0) increases. This graph also contains an example of recruitment (the peak at distance = 6, for the proteins with 81–100% sequence similarity). For proteins with 81–100% sequence identity, 15% of the comparisons have a distance of 6.
The data shown in Figure Figure88 confirm an "action zone" between 40% sequence identity and 60% sequence identity. This range of sequence identities shows the highest change in the identical functions (GO distance = 0). This suggests a threshold in the behavior: sequence divergence below 50–60% residue identity "releases" function to diverge, or alternatively, functional divergence by mechanisms other than recruitment generally requires > 40% amino acid substitution. Pairs of proteins with all values of sequence identity > 60% had nearly the same contribution from dissimilar functions. This means that for pairs of proteins with > 60% residue identity the fraction of dissimilar functions did not vary strongly with sequence divergence. A similar threshold behavior appears in the relationship between percentage of dissimilar functions and sequence identity. There is a steep increase in the percentage of dissimilar functions as the sequence identity fell below 40%.
To study the variation between different PFAM families, we did separate calculations for each PFAM family and compared results. We calculated the percentage of dissimilar functions within each PFAM family and divided the pairs of proteins into bins of width 10% sequence identity. The results are shown in Figure Figure9.9. The data show a very wide overall divergence among different PFAM families in all ranges of sequence similarity. Each column contains data in the full range from 0 to 1 of fraction of dissimilar functions with in a family. However, it is also clear that there is a sharpening of the distribution, a decrease in the mean (corresponding to a greater fraction of similar functions) and fewer outliers, as sequence similarity increases.
Figure Figure99 shows a systematic difference between residue identities in the ranges 0–50% and 50–100%. Between 0–50% there is a linear decrease in the value of the mean, and almost no further change between 50–100%. This is consistent with a threshold of behavior change between 40–60% sequence identities. The data in the mid quartiles (25 – 75%) also decreases with increase in sequence identity, showing that most of the data are zeros and the number of outliers is also decreasing with the increase in sequence identity.
Other investigators have studied the relation of divergence of function based on the EC classification. Of course, these studies were limited to proteins with enzymatic functions. In a result typical of these studies, Wilson et al. reported a threshold at 30 – 40% sequence identity for onset of more prevalent function divergence in their comparison of sequence and function conservation using Enzyme Commission classification (See ref 33, Figure Figure7A7A and and7D7D).
It could be argued that for purposes of judging the reliability of transfer of annotation among homologous proteins, the comparisons of annotations described in the previous sections are flawed, because the data contain annotations produced by transfer. In order to explore this, we did separate calculations limited to experimentally-based annotations.
GO provides for recording the source of functional assignments, which may be experimental or inferred. The GO consortium classified possible sources of annotation, and ranked them according to suggested reliability. The most direct evidence is experimental: evidence codes TAS (Traceable Author Statement), IDA (Inferred from Direct Assay), IMP (Inferred from Mutant Phenotype), IGI (Inferred from Genetic Interaction) and IPI (Inferred from Physical Interaction). Less direct sources of annotation are ISS (Inferred from Sequence Similarity), IEA (Inferred from Electronic Annotation) and NAS (Non-Traceable Author Statement). We used these evidence codes to compare sequence-function relationships for experimental and non-experimental annotations of proteins.
We extracted proteins of the EF-hand family for which all annotations had experimental support only. This reduced the number of proteins from 498 to 47 (9.5%). We formed two mutually exclusive sets: (1) Proteins with only experimentally verified annotations, and (2) Proteins with no experimentally verified annotations. We collected all the GO IDs for the proteins from both sets and determined the common and different terms. The experimental-based set had 30 unique annotations and the non-experimental set had 65 unique annotations. Both sets of annotations varied from very specific to quite general functions.
Some of the results that emerged from studying the relationships between the annotation sets were anticipated. All the experimental GO IDs appeared in the non-experimental set, as would be expected if the experimental information "seeded" the annotation of other proteins via transfer of annotations. The comparison of experimental and non-experimental sets also revealed that the percentage of dissimilar functions was higher in the experimental set (~68%) than in the non-experimental set (~40%) for the entire range of sequence similarity. When we compared the normalized data (Figures (Figures10,10, ,11),11), we observed that (1) a smaller percentage of protein pairs in the experimental set had identical functions (GO distance 0) and (2) comparison of the distributions of functional difference for different ranges of sequence divergence were more similar for the annotations based on non-experimental data than for the annotations based on experimental data.
However, we also observed, to our surprise, that:
1. Many GO IDs in the non-experimental set did not appear in the experimental set. This raises the question of what these annotations were based on.
2. The set of non-experimentally-based annotations included more precise functions than the experimental set.
For instance, there is solid experimental evidence that proteins of the EF-hand families bind Calcium and Zinc; however, some proteins of the EF-hand family are annotated as binding Magnesium and Iron. The Magnesium and Iron binding annotations are given the evidence code IEA (= Inferred from electronic annotation). Although the non-experimental and experimental annotations share the idea of cation binding, the details – the identity of the metals – are different. Moreover, the non-experimental annotations include specific ligands for which experimental evidence has not been attributed to homologues.
For another example, the non-experimental set contained a GO ID which did not appear with experimental support as the annotation of any homologue: peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity (GO:0003755). The protein FKBP9_MOUSE is annotated with this function with the evidence code IEA. However, a literature search revealed that Shadidy et al. reported in 1999 that FKBP9_MOUSE contains an EF-hand domain and showed experimentally-measured peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity [40]. The annotation correctly assigned the function but did not report that the assignment was grounded in experimental evidence.
Such observations persuaded us to leave the experimental/non-experimental comparison at the qualitative level. We conclude that the results of Figure Figure88 based on a mixture of experimental and non-experimental annotations: (1) probably underestimate, to some extent, the extent of divergence of protein function as a function of amino acid sequence divergence, and (2) probably overestimate, to some extent, the danger of introduction of error in annotation transfer.
(1) Available data permit a quantitative study of the relation between divergence of sequence and divergence of function in proteins, based on the Gene Ontology functional classification.
(2) Sequence divergence is generally accompanied by higher likelihood of divergence in function, although the phenomenon of recruitment provides exceptions in which proteins of similar sequence can perform very different functions.
(3) There is a threshold at about 50% sequence similarity below which function divergence is enhanced. This is consistent with the conclusions of the previous authors, who used the EC functional classification.
(4) If we were given only the amino acid sequence of a protein of unknown function, and asked to estimate the probability that transferring annotation from the closest homologue in the databanks would not lead to annotation errors, we would base the answer on the distribution of similar and dissimilar functions in homologous proteins only. The variation among different families suggests that it is worth looking at the families individually. This is consistent with the conclusions of Ranea et al. [41], who also observed that families evolve at different rates depending on their functional class.
(5) Databases are prone to error, because the recording of experimental sources of functional annotation is a labor-intensive human activity, and because once introduced, errors tend to propagate. Given the very crucial importance of annotation in biomedical research, the development of objective methods for quality control and correction of annotations in databases have been recognized as essential [25].
We downloaded the Gene Ontology network file from the GO consortium website [44] and PFAM domains from the Washington University, St Louis, PFAM server. The March 2005 release of PFAM contained 7868 protein families. PFAM contains seed and full alignments of proteins in each family. We used the seed alignments, which are high-quality alignments that do not change substantially between releases. PFAM uses these alignments as the basis for doing full alignments for the respective PFAM families [42,43].
The PIR database at Georgetown University provided the GO IDs for each protein. PIR presents GO IDs in Molecular Function, Biological Process and Cellular Component categories. We used only the Molecular Function assignments.
For each protein we identified the distal GO ID(s) in its annotation set. A distal GO ID is the GO ID included in the annotation of the protein, for which no more specific (descendant) GO ID is part of the annotation of the same protein. For example, suppose that in some data base a protein is given as its functional annotation three GO IDs: 00016788 (hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds), 0004320 (oleyl-[acyl-carrier protein] hydrolase activity), and 0000036 (acyl carrier activity) (see Figure Figure3).3). GO ID 0004320 is a descendant of 0016788. In this chain of descent in the GO graph, 0004320 is the more precise annotation, distal to 0016788. However, 0000036 is not in the same chain of descent. From these annotations we would retain only GO: 0004320 and GO:0000036 as distal GO IDs.
As working data then, for every protein domain we had an amino acid sequence (from PFAM), and the distal GO ID(s) (from PIR). For each pair of proteins in each family, we measured the similarity of the sequence and function.
We aligned amino acid sequences by the standard dynamic programming algorithm using the BLOSUM 62 matrix [45]. We used the alignment program MUSCLE [46], with default gap weighting. A comparison of sequence similarities computed from MUSCLE pairwise alignments with values computed from the alignments inherent in PFAM showed that the differences were generally so small as to make no significant differences in the results presented (See additional file 1). We note that the pairwise sequence alignment approach provides a measure of sequence similarity that is stable and independent of any realignment or reclassification that PFAM may adopt.
We represented the functional divergence of the two proteins by the distance between their sets of annotations; that is, between the sets of distal GO IDs assigned to each protein. The measure of the distance between sets of annotations was based on a measure of the distance between individual GO IDs. We defined the distance between two individual GO IDs as the number of edges in a minimal-length path between the two nodes in the GO DAG that passes through the lowest common ancestor of the two nodes. Based on this, we needed to define a measure of distance between sets of distal GO IDs, as might appear in the annotation of a protein with multiple functions.
There are several possible ways to assign a metric to the GO DAG. Because there is no natural metric, we have chosen one that appeared suitable after being guided by consideration of specific simple cases (see Figure Figure12).12). In each case we are comparing one protein, with one or more annotations labeled X, to another protein with one or more annotations labeled O.
Case (a) is the simplest: each protein has one annotation and the minimum path length between them has length 4. The distance function should report this value.
In case (b), each protein has two annotated functions, appearing on two branches of the graph. However, the two proteins show similarity of both functions: for each X there is an O at distance 2. Although the distance between the leftmost X and the rightmost O is 4, it does not seem reasonable to report a functional distance of 4 between these two proteins. Therefore it would not be suitable to define a distance function as the set of minimal path lengths between every X, O pair.
In case (c), one protein has two annotated functions but the other has only one. The proteins share a similar function: the rightmost X and the O have distance 2. However, in this case, compared to (b), it is relevant that the distance from the leftmost node labeled X to the closest node labeled O is 4. This is a genuine difference between the annotated functions of the two proteins. It may be that protein X was recruited for a novel function not similar to the function of protein O. It is also possible that protein O shares the other function with protein X but is not so annotated. In any event, the distance function should report both 4 and 2. This implies that it would not be suitable to define a distance function as the minimum X-O distance for all X-O pairs.
We therefore adopted the following definition of the difference in functional annotations between two proteins, X and O. For each distal GO ID X, we determine the minimum distance to all the distal GO IDs O, and for each distal GO ID O, we determine the minimum distance to all the distal GO IDs X. This set of values represents the distance between the annotation sets X and O. In the cases shown in Figure Figure12,12, the distances reported would be: (a) 4, (b) 2, 2, (c) 2, 2, 4.
Any classification scheme may vary in the fineness with which it distinguishes different regions of its domain. Because for protein function (unlike for sequence or structure) there is no natural metric, there is no direct way to calibrate distances between nodes in either the EC or GO classifications. The problem is somewhat more acute for the GO classification because of the variable depths of the DAG. We explored the possibility of "normalizing" the GO distances according to the local depth of the DAG, but were unable to do this in a consistent way, largely because of the non-uniqueness of the lengths of the paths from any node up to the root.
In order to demonstrate that the problem will not seriously affect the results in at least most cases, we did the following calculation: For all distal nodes in the GO DAG (that is, all nodes that had no lower nodes = nodes farther from the root) we determined the minimal-length path from the root to the distal node. The result was that for 85% of the distal nodes, the minimal path lengths to the root were between 4 and 6. For these cases any reasonable "normalization factor" will vary only between 0.8 and 1.2. Nevertheless, for the particular application: "Given a novel sequence, what is the likelihood of error in transferring annotation between homologues?" we explicitly recommend a homologous-family-by-homologous family approach, in which one would in most cases be comparing functions in similar sections of the GO DAG. For these, the fineness of the distinctions between related functions would be comparable, and the differences in overall depths of different nodes would be a controlled quantity.
All authors together conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper, with VS taking the leading role. VS and AML wrote required software and ran the computations.
Comparison of sequence identity between the pair-wise 'Muscle' alignments and the multiple sequence alignments provided by PFAM. The data provides a comparison of sequence identity between the pair-wise 'Muscle' alignments and PFAM alignments.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Update on YanetYanet continues selling home-cooked meals and also perfume, cream and lipstick, among other beauty products, via catalogue. She also wants to invest in cleaning supplies to sell this time around. On this occasion she'll attempt to set up a new business selling cleaning supplies and will buy beauty products like cologne, perfume and cream that are on special.
Previous Loan DetailsYanet was born in the city of Quillabamba, in Cusco department (Peru). She is 35 years old and currently lives in the city of Cusco together with her two children. Yanet sells food from 7.00am to 2.00pm, every day. She has been in this business for one and a half years and it is doing very wel... More from Yanet's previous loan »
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Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 5 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Mar 2, 2012
- Listed
- Mar 20, 2012
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Aug 15, 2012
Photo from previous loan
Kiva allows our Field Partners to re-use the same photo for individual borrowers that have been posted on Kiva's website once before in a 24 month period, and we allow them to re-use group photos for up to 24 months, provided that 80% of the current group's membership is represented.
Taking, collecting, and uploading photos of borrowers is one of the most challenging elements of using Kiva for our Field Partners. In order to make Kiva easier for Field Partners to use, we have allowed them to post successive and concurrent loans without taking a new photo of the borrower if the criteria above are met.


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11–20 of 50 items
May 23, 2016 | Press Release
May 20, 2016 | Blog Post
Nearly 1,000 Scientists Tell Feds to Cut the Politics on Wildlife Decisions
May 20, 2016 | Blog Post
The Tide is Turning Against Offshore Drilling
May 19, 2016 | Press Release
Northwest Tribes Vow to Continue Opposition to Canadian Pipeline
May 19, 2016 | Blog Post
Incidents of Poaching Rise When Government Legally Culls Wolves
May 19, 2016 | Press Release
Latinos Protegen Refugio de Vida Silvestre en Vieques, Puerto Rico
May 19, 2016 | Press Release
Health, Environmental, Business Leaders To EPA: Improve National Parks' Air Quality
May 19, 2016 | Press Release: Victory
Latino Advocates Protect Wildlife Refuge in Puerto Rico
May 18, 2016 | Blog Post
Opposing The Dakota Access Pipeline: An Inter-Tribal Spiritual Relay
May 17, 2016 | Action Alert
Halt the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline
About Earthjustice
Earthjustice is the premier nonprofit environmental law organization. We wield the power of law and the strength of partnership to protect people's health, to preserve magnificent places and wildlife, to advance clean energy, and to combat climate change. We are here because the earth needs a good lawyer.


text:
I rely on Shea's calendar plug in. I will pay someone for the following fixes. They are:
1.) Expiring calendar events - link no longer function when event expires
2.) Running multiple calendars. As of now they all show the same events. In the future I would like to have one calendar show different events than another. Talking with Shea this has been done before.


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How does everyone budget? do you save a certain amount and then you just blow it all at Disney or do you allow yourself a certain amount on a credit card?
Do you plan every meal and approximate cost or what?
We have a certain amount saved but its the extras I know will blow the budget and its how to stay sensible whilst not spoiling the holiday by penny pinching


text:
Welcome from the Ozarks.
This is a discussion on new guy from the va within the New Members Introduce Yourself forums, part of the DefensiveCarry.com Forum Office category; Welcome from SC!...
Welcome from SC!
Always put Jesus first in your life.
NRA (Lifetime Member)
U.S. Navy Vet.
EOD - Initial success or total failure
Welcome Aboard
A Native Floridian = RARE
Welcome from Michigan!!!
If a cat always lands on its feet, and buttered bread always lands butter side down, what would happen if you tied buttered bread on top of a cat?
I would rather die with good men than hide with cowards
If you want to make God laugh, tell him your plans.
"Politics is the art of looking for trouble, finding it whether it exists or not, diagnosing it incorrectly, and applying the wrong remedy."
M&Pc .357SIG, 2340Sigpro .357SIG
Welcome to the forum you can find lots of information hear.
From Texas
welcome from the panhandle of Texas
Certified Glock Armorer
"I got a touch of hangover bureaucrat, don't push me"
--G.W. McClintock
Independence is declared; it must be maintained. Sam Houston-3/2/1836
If loose gun laws are good for criminals why do criminals support gun control?
Welcome. Plenty of good ideas and folks here as you will see. Always ice to have more members!
"Firearms stand next in importance to the Constitution itself. They are the people's liberty teeth keystone... more than 99% of them by their silence indicate that they are in safe and sane hands. The very atmosphere of firearms everywhere restrains evil interference."
Hey fellow Virginian, I'm an FNG here too..plenty to check out around here. You dug out of the snow down there yet? More to come on Mon. I hear...great, just great!
welcome from michigan
NRA sence 2003 Colt defender Taurus .357 mag
Taurus tcp x box gamer tag mathewsman
Welcome to the Forum!
[One Nation Under God]
Hello from Upstate New York.
For as the lightning comes from the east and flashes to the west, so also will the coming of the son of man be. Mathew 24:27
NRA Member
From Texas friend....
Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one.
― Thomas Paine


text:
A 42-year-old man hanged himself in the Clark County Jail on Sunday morning, said sheriff's Sgt. Duncan Hoss.
The man's name was not released.
Deputies and detectives from the Sheriff's Major Crimes Unit are investigating the incident that happened shortly before noon.
A press release said custody officers were serving lunches when they noticed an inmate from one of the "pods" was missing.
"Another inmate was asked to check the shared shower area and the victim was found hanging in a shower stall," the news release said.
Custody officers' attempts to revive the man were unsuccessful. He was pronounced dead at about 11:56 a.m., the sheriff's office said.
The man had been in the jail since June 30 and he was awaiting an initial court appearance.
A Clark County report given earlier this year noted there were 18 suicide attempts in 2011 in the jail; one inmate died.
Figures for 2012 were not available Sunday, Hoss said.
Between 2007 and 2011, the jail "continues to be heavily impacted by special-needs inmates: the mentally ill, geriatric, physically or mentally challenged or violent," according to the report. "Suicide attempts in the jail have continued to rise, more than doubling since 2007."
Sheriff's Cmdr. Mike Anderson said in early June that after each attempt or suicide the custody staff reviews what happened and what could have been done to prevent the incident.
"When you have as many people as we do in custody with mental health issues, you just never know who is going to do it," Anderson said. "The difficult part is that we have to be right 100 percent of the time. They only have to be right once."


text:
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- Tour
Welcome to our Walnut Creek gym in Walnut Creek, CA. At our health and fitness center, we believe in changing lives through fitness. Our state-of-the-art facility has just about every feature you could wish for in a gym membership. Our Walnut Creek health club offers a wide range of group exercise classes, personal training and a wealth of other benefits and features. Whether you plan to lose weight, tone-up, or train for a big event, our Walnut Creek club offers a wide variety of gym memberships which you can buy online or in-club.
Join our Walnut Creek athletic club in Walnut Creek, CA on-line or download your free pass. Still not sure? Stop by and visit our club or call us at 1.888.243.5002.
Amenities available at this location:
Hours: open 24 hours per day ( Holiday Hours may vary)
Get to know the local community businesses currently advertising in your club:


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IBM will be one of the participating suppliers at this by-invitation-only conference and forum for the finance industry in Suisse romande. If you are interested in participating and meeting with IBM's financial experts please send an emaii to email@example.com.
02.10.2014 - 03.10.2014 Finance Summit 2014
Antonina Marenco 100000A3TQ email@example.com Tags:  1 4 453 Visits
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Discussion BoardsOpen MenuDiscussion Boards Open Menu
BlogsOpen MenuBlogs Open MenuALERT RE: Email NotificationsOpen MenuALERT RE: Email Notifications Open MenuOur email notification is a little under the weather today! This means that you wouldn't receive email notifications of any replies at this time, so to ensure that you see any replies, we recommend that you come back and check your notifications and threads for responses. We apologize for the inconvenience and hope to get this fixed soon."
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Deskjet 3520 prints bottom half-inch of document on new page
I recently switched from a MacBook to desktop iMac computer. I am an illustrator and sell prints of my artwork that I print myself. On the laptop, full-page 8.5x11 documents printed just fine, but now on the desktop, the same printer is cutting off the bottom half-inch or so and printing it on a new page.
I've been playing around with zoom and paper size but there doesn't seem to be an option to fix this. I experimented with selecting the "border" option in printing preferences and the border went all the way to the edge of the page, while the bottom edge of the document was still cut off (so there was a strip of white space between the bottom of the document and the border). Can anyone help me?
Re: Deskjet 3520 prints bottom half-inch of document on new page
Hi tylertot,
Since the printer is not cutting off the bottom half inch when printing from the laptop, we know the issue is not the printer. I suspect the problem is related to the printing system on the iMac. Follow the instructions below to reset the printing system and repair your disk permissions.
Reset Printing System
Click the Apple icon ( ), and then click System Preferences.
In the Hardware section, click Print & Fax/Scan. The Print & Fax/Scan dialog box opens.
Right-click (or Ctrl +click) in the left panel, and then click Reset printing system…
Click OK to confirm the reset.
Type the correct Name and Password.
Click OK to reset the printing system. The Print & Fax dialog box shows no printer selected
On the Dock, click Applications, and then click Utilities.
Double-click Disk Utility.
Highlight your hard drive/partition on the left (by default this is "Macintosh HD").
Click the Repair Disk Permissions button at the bottom of the window.
Once the repair is complete, restart the computer .
Restart the computer.
Add the printer to the System Preferences, Print and Scan
- Click the Apple icon > System Preferences > Print and Scan.
- Click the little plus symbol, *add the printer (If you have 10.7 or lower)
- *If you have 10.8 or 10.9 - Select Add other Printer or Scanner
Select the printer you are adding and next to use you can either choose the printer driver or you can also use "AirPrint"
Actions speak louder than words, please click the below to show you like/appreciate my post or to say thanks!
Please share what worked for you with others by marking this post as solved. It only takes a second to click the Accept as Solution button.
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All Comments (5)
not norwegian!
Har dere flere filmer ? Det er helt sjukt digg milf
You're right, and tell the guy to stop using funky ass lenses to make his dick seem large. And quite clearly the guy is a miserable fuck the way he drills it in dry.
Not norwegian.... but GERMANY!!! DEUTSCH
What a trooper! I love how she has no qualms about taking a big cock up her ass and then putting it in her mouth! What a great girl!


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Texas Dance Troupe To Boogie In 3rd Inauguration
Texas Dance Troupe To Boogie In 3rd Inauguration
A Texas-based dance troupe is in Washington this week to perform during President-elect Obama's inaugural parade. It's the third time Urban-15 will participate in an inauguration. The group, which started in 1974, says it's a special honor.
David Martin Davies reports for Texas Public Radio in San Antonio.
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Primavera Group
Ma. Francisca, president of the group, lives in the city of San Lorenzo. She is married, has two daughters and is very enterprising.
Ma. Francisca motivates her companions to choose to overcome difficulties in their personal as well as their financial lives.
All of the members are happy with the programs that are developing. They have always shown a great interest in everything implemented by the Foundation.
Ma. Francisca is requesting the loan to acquire party supplies like party favors, balloons, piñatas, toys etc. in order to increase her business and to help settle the expenses that come up.
Ma. Francisca, presidenta del grupo está domiciliada en la ciudad de San Lorenzo, y es una mujer casada, con dos hijas, y muy emprendedora.
Motiva a sus compañeras a optar por la superación tanto en lo personal como en lo económico.
Todas las integrantes están conformes con los programas que se van desarrollando, han demostrado desde siempre un gran interés por todo lo implementado en la Fundación.
Ma. Francisca solicita el crédito para la adquisición de artículos para fiestas como ser souvenires, globos, piñatas, juguetes, etc. para incrementar el negocio y ayudar a solventar los gastos que se presenten.
Additional Information
About Fundación ParaguayaFundación Paraguaya is a financially self-sustaining social enterprise that promotes entrepreneurship in urban and rural areas through microfinance, education programs, and more. Its focus on agriculture has helped many farmers boost their crop yields. And a number of other borrowers have taken out loans to start and grow social businesses that have helped deliver eyeglasses, medicines and other helpful services in their local communities.
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Paraguay
51View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 6 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Apr 19, 2011
- Listed
- May 23, 2011
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Covered
- Ended:
- Sep 15, 2011


text: My Desktop computer is connected to other computers of my colony on a LAN. I want to access Internet through my computer using Wifi. I tried to access Internet with Wifi while the LAN was working but it did not work. Only LAN or Wifi internet works on my computer. I want both WiFi and LAN to work simultaneously on my computer. Is there any way in which both of them will run simultaneously? Please help


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2182 Tasting Notes
Dammann advent calendar, day 17.
YUM. I guess they didn't stock this one at Instant Thé, because I would have ordered it if they did. I love their caramel flavoring and it is prominent here. I did get a fruity flavor, presumably from the prune, but no "vodka" flavoring, which whatever, I didn't really need. To me all the flavors really blended well and made for a delicious, caramelly-fruity cup. I would so pick up more of this one.
Dammann advent calendar, day 16. (I have skipped day 15 for the moment because I have been super busy with holiday stuff, and have had an evening to drink it. Also the rest of the calendar will likely be somewhat sporadically logged since I am out of town and my tea opportunities may be limited).
I have some of this, so I saved my sachet. I really enjoyed my pot of this yesterday, it was very figgy and jammy. I'm not sad that I can't really taste the lavender in this one.
I ordered a sample of this tea with my latest Teavivre order mainly to get to the free shipping threshold, and because it's one of their newer TGYs that I haven't tried yet. It looked like a traditional-style TGY, and I'm interested in trying more and more of those.
A western style steep of this one on this cold morning. Wow, these leaves are super dark, and the tea brewed up dark as well. It's dark enough to look like a black tea. It smells roasty and charcoal-y. This is most definitely a charcoal-roasted TGY, and while I am definitely getting more in to traditional, lightly-roasted TGY, charcoal roasted is pretty much roasting a bit too far for me, haha. It is smooth, with light vegetal notes and roasty notes. If you enjoy charcoal-roasted oolong, I would definitely suggest checking this one out.
Dammann advent calendar, day 14. Yay, another one I haven't tried! I am excited about the almond and spices, but perhaps not so much by the cherry. Well, I've had other cherry Dammann teas before and enjoyed them pretty well.
However, this is just a big nope for me. Very cherry candy. I drank about half the cup and couldn't finish it. Just not my type of flavoring!
Dammann advent calendar, day 13. One of my faves! I still have a (tiny) stash of loose leaf of this one… yeah, it's three years old, but it's still delicious!
I didn't take notes when I drank this one yesterday, so I'll just say that you can peek at some of my past notes if you want my more detailed thoughts. I still love this tea, though!
Dammann advent calendar, day 12. Again, I used my current loose stock of this tea today instead of the sachet. I didn't think about the fact that I will now have a pile of awesome wrapped sachets to take with me traveling around Christmas time, but that is one happy byproduct of already having some of the teas in the set.
Loving this one today! So lemony and creamy. I happily drank it up quickly. I'm glad I have plenty more of this in my cupboard still. :)
This is a tea that I ended up getting an ounce of for free with my Golden Moon order because they mistakenly shipped me this tea instead of the tea I ordered. So I figured I would try it!
It is a confusing tea. Golden Moon initially called it a green tea, then changed their website info to a white tea. Other Snow Sprouts are typically classified as green teas, but they are the downy buds that look just like white tea. Not to mention taste like white tea. So yeah, confusing.
Hayish, nutty, a bit bready. Yup, tastes like a white tea. It's not too exciting (to me) but I'll try to keep it in rotation so I drink it up before it starts to lose flavor.
This is another tea that I have thanks to MissB! Canada definitely got more of the Fauchon teas than I ever saw in the States.
So I'm not usually one for mint in teas, but I bought this one anyway because I thought perhaps a small amount of mint used judiciously could work in a blend. For me, it does. Does it remind me of birthday cake? Well, not any kind of birthday cake I know. It does, however, remind me of some creamy, minty confection that is really lovely. I like a soft mint, and this is a soft mint. I think it's kind of like buttermints… those mint candies that are creamy and just kind of dissolve in your mouth immediately. And although I usually don't go for fruit and mint, the raspberry and mint works here for me. I could, honestly, imagine a raspberry mint buttercream frosting that would taste like this. For once, that sounds really tasty to me. :)
I'm going to start this review by saying that I'm really glad I picked this one up at TJ Maxx. This is my kind of tea!
So this is raspberry, vanilla and rose. And it's actually the second tea in a row that I had this morning (the first being todays Dammann advent that will be logged tomorrow) that was SUPER creamy. Just lovely. The vanilla is so smooth and sweet. The raspberry is nice fruity, the rose is lush. I even like the green base on this one, which is admittedly not super prominent but it is somehow robust enough and plays well with the rest of the flavors. Yum!


text:
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The Board of Regents of Washington State University will hold a regular meeting Oct. 3 and 4 on the campus of WSU Vancouver to consider a number of action items related to faculty policies and capital construction.
The meeting will begin at 1 p.m. Oct. 3 in rooms 101-103 of the Firstenburg Student Commons with a meeting of the Regents' Executive Committee, to be followed by consecutive meetings of the Regents' External Affairs, Regents' Academic and Student Affairs and Regents' Finance & Audit committees. All four sessions are scheduled to conclude before 4 p.m.
The regents will reconvene at the same location at 8 a.m. Oct. 4 to hear reports from groups including the WSU Faculty Senate and Associated Students of WSU. The campus is at 14204 N.E. Salmon Creek Ave.


text:
Home is your castle! Fantasy design by Patjila. Shield icon for t-shirts, hoodies, tops, apparel for yo. Adjust to your own personal taste. Adding text is Possible! Onwards Knights & Damsels!
This great product in white from our department Accessories and Mug category can be printed just for you in the size and style you like. The design medieval castle fantasy shield was created by Patjila and uploaded to Spreadshirt for you to have printed on a Mug. Next to a host of other great designs, you can find this medieval castle fantasy shield design in Spreadshirt's Shapes category. If you are interested in topics like Events or Fantasy, then you'll love medieval castle fantasy shield designs by Patjila. Spreadshirt also offers a huge selection of personalised T-shirts, hoodies and accessories for the category Shapes as well as top KNIGHTS clothing. Patjila's designs have already impressed many of our customers, so we are sure that we've got right stuff for you! Spreadshirt is your shop for great designs of all kinds – whether it's Events, Fantasy or KNIGHTS. We are sure that you will find something nice in our shop, there are many amazing personalised Shapes T-shirts, jumpers or accessories for you to find! Tags: Design ID: 13811473
Patjila's art t-shirt prints, original retro vintage related designs for printing on apparel. Included cat-designs, tattoo, medieval fantasy LARP designs. I also design on request. So if you have an idea please contact me email@example.com!
Designing, drawing, painting, dance, photography, human interest,tattoos, rockabilly, fifties, life overall, 50s style related, medieval fantasy.
Royal blue Europe - European Union T-Shirts Designed by Mi-Enno
England Thong Designed by DramaQueen
grrrr T-Shirts Designed by just83in
st_george T-Shirts Designed by fullonteeshirts
I Am Your Father 2 (dd)++ T-Shirts Designed by artpolitic
Tested on Animals - Didn't Fit T-Shirts Designed by Thinkstuffs
Willberry Wonder Pony tee Designed by 2395767
union jack t shirt Designed by fullonteeshirts
For a nice cuppa at the ready. Solid, handy and in classic shape: this essential breakfast and office companion will look good when you enjoy your favourite hot beverage.
still to fill


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- 5-in-1 Grill and Griddle: with high-precision temperature control.
- 5 Cooking Functions: Contact grill, Panini press, Full grill, Full griddle, Half grill/half griddle.
- Cook-Top Quality: Burgers and panini – and grill delicious meat, fish and vegetables.
- Removable Plates: easy to remove, thanks to two easy-to-use release buttons.
- Easy to Clean: Dishwasher-safe plates.
- 2 Accessories for Healthy Cooking: practical oil fat collector and 1 spatula.
- Large Cooking Surface: Contact grill: 9" x 11.9" (23cm x 29cm); Full open: 18" x 11.4" (46cm x 29cm)
- 2 Sets of Plates Included: 1 grill plate; 1 griddle plate.
- Removable Die-Cast Plates: 1 grill plate, 1 griddle plate.
- 2 Cooking Positions: "Contact," to quickly grill hamburgers, sandwiches, etc.; "Barbecue," to cook meat, vegetables and fish.
- Perfect Oil Drain System: facilitates the drainage of grease and fat for healthful cooking.
- Cool-touch Handle
© De'Longhi Appliances S.r.l. - Via L. Seitz, 47, 31100 Treviso, Italy - All rights reserved


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The premium quality synthetic leather GreatShield case is perfect for your device. The folio case can also be used as a stand to enjoy from your desktop at the perfect viewing angle. It uniquely transforms into different stand positions. It is precisely engineered to fit your device perfectly, without the added bulk. This case protects and stores your device from bumps, scratches, smears, dust and dirt. All ports and features are fully accessible with the case on.
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Meal Type
Featured Videos
Featured Content
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Tools & Info
Cooking Tips
Healthy Living
Your Kids
food&family Magazine
4 servings
Read MoreRead Less
Tap or click steps to mark as complete
Prepare using OSCAR MAYER CARVING BOARD Oven Roasted Turkey Breast and/or Miracle Whip.
Serve over 2 cups hot cooked brown rice.
* Nutrition information is estimated based on the ingredients and cooking instructions as described in each recipe and is intended to be used for informational purposes only. Please note that nutrition details may vary based on methods of preparation, origin and freshness of ingredients used.
This was a very pleasant surprise when I made this recipe. I substituted the chicken with chicken breasts that I made on the grill (coated with lemon juice and parmesan)and used fresh basil and the whole family thought that this was a hit. It was so quick to make too.
I love this! I make my own with heavy cream ,but this way so much easier since i don't always have the cream on hand! LOVE IT! I also add chopped cherry tomatoes and sauted garlic to the sauce...yummerS!
This was absolutely vile. We ended up throwing it out before we added the chicken and making something else. Definitely won't be making it again.
K:1866 v0:57528


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Catedral de Murcia
Plaza Cardenal Belluga s/n
30001 Murcia (Murcia)
Tfn::+34 968221371
A 600-year-old construction.
Murcia Cathedral has many Renaissance and Baroque elements, although its interior is fundamentally Gothic.
Created in 1394 on the site of a former mosque. It was bishop Fernando de Pedrosa who placed the cornerstone. The interior is Gothic. The façade is Baroque and was built according to design by Jaime Bort. It has a 95-metre tower that took more than two hundred years to build with the involvement of many different architects, of whom Ventura Rodríguez stands out especially. Los Vélez Chapel is Flamboyant Gothic and has a vaulted ceiling with star-shaped skylights, while Los Junterones Chapel is in Renaissance style.
- Byggnad: Cathedral
- Konsthistorisk period: Baroque
- Historisk period: 18th century
- Miljö: Jesús Church, San Esteban Church and College, Santa Catalina Church, La Merced Church, Episcopal Palace, Romea Theatre, Almudí Palace.
Praktisk information
Från Måndag till SöndagFrån 10:00 till 13:00 Från 17:00 till 20:00
- Fritt inträde


text:
price of dc lounge car in india with photo
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New Cars
Rolls Royce Drophead Coupe
Rolls Royce Drophead Coupe is a Two-Door car which is powered by a 6749 CC engine. The car has a Automatic type of transmission/gearbox. The car runs on Petrol and sports a mileage of 0.0 Km/L. The dimensions of Rolls Royce Drophead Coupe are 5609X1987X1581 mm (length X width X height). Rolls Royce Drophead Coupe is priced at Rs. 4,20,00,000 (ex-showroom, New Delhi). ... read more
DC Avanti
DC Avanti comes in the Two-Door category of cars. DC Avanti's engine has a displacement of 2000 CC while its transmission is of Manual type. The fuel type of the car is Petrol. DC Avanti has a mileage of 0.0 Km/L. DC Avanti's dimensions are 4565X2120X1200 mm (length X width X height). DC Avanti costs Rs. 36,59,860 (ex-showroom, New Delhi) ... read more
Used Cars
Renault Fluence 2011 - 2014 E2 (2011)
The Car is as per Photo and same registration number. It is a White Automatic Car of Top Model Version in Brand New Showroom Condition. Not a single penny expense on car right now.No Dent or ,Scratches,Orginal Paint Just Fill Petrol and Drive. The Car has lot of features which is available only on high ends Cars? The Car is having AC, Adjustable Power Steering, Power Window, Adjustable Seats, Automatic Mirror with Light (ORM), ABS, Six Air Bags, EBD, Alloy Wheels, Traction Control, Cruise Contro ... read more
|Registration no: WB-02G-7511
|Colour: White
|City: Kolkata
|Asking Price: 7,45,000
Mahindra XUV500 W8 AWD (2013)
UPDATE - PRICE REDUCED! Top end 4x4, less than two years old! -This is an AWD and the system kicks in automatically whenever required. You can also LOCK the AWD -Fully loaded - Multiple airbags, traction control, GPS, touch screen system, leather seats, Cruise control, air vents and charging points in all rows, rear camera, lounge lights (red, standard), projectors, cornering lamps et al. -Standard warranty is left till May 2016 and can be extended till May 2018 as well - peace of mind! -Sm ... read more
|Registration no: HR-26
|Colour: White
|City: New Delhi
|Asking Price: 11,25,000
Upcoming Cars
Maruti Cervo
India's leading car maker Maruti Suzuki is planning to launch more than a dozen cars in the India in the next 5 years and the Cervo is one of them. Th ... read more
Hyundai i30
Hyundai has tasted success with their 'i' range of cars in India, namely the i10 and the i20. Infact, with the i20, they have shown that Indians are n ... read more
User Reviews
Honda Civic Hybrid Reviews
Taking nothing away from HONDA, they have done it again by being the first company in India to launch the Hybrid technology clubbed with the Civic. Everything remains the same except for the engine which in Hybrid variant contains an advanced DC motor and just for this fact, the price shoots from 12read more
Aston Martin V8 Vantage Reviews
Aston Martin just introduced there 4.7 Litre V8 Vantage in India, Makeing it the most expensive car available in Indian Market, taking over Bugatti Veyron which was priced t 16 Crores, the Aston Marting V8 Vantage comes with a price tag of Rs. 20 Crore in Indiaread more
Introduction A limousine car price in India varies a lot. To start with, a limousine (also referred to as limo in short) is usually a luxury and Read more detail
Audi added another masterpiece to their Indian line-up by launching the sports car Audi TT coupe priced at Rs. 43. 36 lakh (ex-showroom). The German m Read more detail
Expert Reviews
Old Hyundai Sonata versus New Hyundai Sonata
Hyundai is one of the largest manufacturers of cars in India. It manufactures cars in multiple segments across various price ranges with a plethora of read more
New 2015 Honda Jazz : Competition Check
With updated price chart at time of launch on 08/07/2015 The first generation Honda Jazz was somewhat ahead of its time in India. Now though, t read more
2014 VW Polo Launch in India
VW India has given it's small car, the Polo a facelift. With a starting price of Rs 4.99 lakh for the petrol and 6.27 lakh for the diesel, the Polo no ...view video
Audi S6 India Launch, Turbo 49
Audi India, launched Audi S6 in India, with starting price of 85.99 Lakhs. The Audi S6 is the more powerful version of the sedan A6 and has a powerful ...view video
Forum Discussions
Chevrolet Cruze
What will be price range of Chevrolet Cruze in India
GM Ultra cheap car in India
GM planning to launch car at the price of 1.95 lakh, is it going to increase the sales number of GM cars in Asian countries specially in India
Lectrix E 1
The Lectrix E1 is an electric scooter from the future. It has very sharp looks and moves like a charm. The scooter has been most commonly seen in the silverish-grayish color and has really good styling. The side of the scooter is chunky and has storage capacity. Featuring a brushless DC motor tha ... read more
AVON Bikes E Mate
Avon, which is very well known in India for making bicycles, now has a range of electric vehicles which are more or less based on the bicycle model. Since the electric scooter market is taking hold here it seems it would be wise for Avon to make some pedal-less, conventional electric scooters that w ... read more
New Car Dealers
Cargo Ford ( Ford)
Cargo Motors (Guj.) Pvt.Ltd, Animesh, Opp.Union Bank Of India, C.G.Road, Panchvati, Ahmedabad - 380006, Panchvati
Phone: (079) 66097000
Phone: 079-26448212
Mobile: 9825046181
Classic Motors ( Hindustan Motors)
Near Central Bank Of India, Ahibannapur, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Sitapur Road
Used Car Dealers
Sdm Motors
No 55/22, Opp To India Photo Studio, Reddy Street, Villivakkam, Chennai - 600049Chennai
Phone: 044-26172737
Mobile: 0-9841292282,9884402356,9841382733
Amandeep Motors
111/1, Opposite Bank Of India, Harsh Nagar, Kanpur, 208012Kanpur, Opposite Bank Of India, Harsh Nagar
Mobile: 9336257392


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|Follow PSU Football:
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Bowl Media Day Player Quotes
Nittany Lions will face Houston in the Ticket City Bowl on Jan. 2
Twenty-four Penn State Student-Athletes Receiving Diplomas This Weekend
List Includes Seven Football Squad Members and Three From Women's Lacrosse
Sixty-Eight Nittany Lions Earn Fall Academic All-Big Ten Accolades
Penn State has accumulated 3,852 honorees during 18 years of the program
Six Nittany Lions Named to All-Big Ten Football Team; Still Selected Defensive Lineman of the Year
Still and Hodges Earn First Team Accolades; Crawford, Fera, Redd and Sukay on Second Team
Football vs. Iowa (Oct. 8, 2011)
Football vs. Iowa (Oct. 8, 2011)
After making a successful transition from defense to offense in the spring of 2010, Chima Okoli began the season No. 2 at right tackle to returning starter Lou Eliades. But, when Eliades suffered a season-ending injury against Temple, Okoli got the nod and went on to flourish in his new role, starting eight of the last nine games. He has had a successful spring and off-season, building off last year's experiences and preparing to anchor the right side of the offensive line. Okoli brings very good skills, size and strength to the field and has made tremendous progress in his overall game. As one of three returning senior starters on the offensive line, he will be counted on for a higher level of leadership and productivity this fall. A potential All-Big Ten candidate, Okoli was instrumental in Penn State allowing only 12 sacks last season, tied for No. 2 in the Big Ten and No. 13 in the nation for fewest sacks allowed. One of the squad's most out-going personalities, Okoli earned first-team all-state and All-Tidewater accolades at Salem HS. One of seven children, his second cousin is Emeka Okafor, the 2004-05 NBA Rookie-of-the-Year with the Charlotte Bobcats. Okoli joins teammates Evan Hailes and Kevin Newsome in the long line of Penn Staters from the talent-rich Tidewater Region of Virginia. Okoli graduated in May after compiling a 3.51 grade-point average for Dean's List honors during the spring semester.
2010 Senior Season
Shifted from defensive tackle to the offensive line during 2010 spring practice, Okoli was thrust into the starting lineup at right tackle when Lou Eliades suffered a season-ending knee injury in the Temple game. Okoli grabbed ahold of the position, starting eight of the last nine games. He was instrumental in Penn State allowing only 12 sacks last season, tied for No. 2 in the Big Ten and No. 13 in the nation for fewest sacks allowed. Okoli played a critical role in helping the Nittany Lions gain 350 or more yards nine times, topped by 528 yards in the historic 35-21 comeback win over Northwestern. The Lions ran for a season-high 260 yards against the Wildcats, with two 100-yard rushers, and threw for 268 yards. Okoli helped Penn State gain 496 yards against Indiana and 435 yards against Michigan, scoring 41 points in both victories. Okoli saw action on 625 snaps, topped by 90 and 82, respectively, in the wins over Northwestern and Michigan.
2009 Junior Season
Okoli played in seven games, providing depth and steady play on the defensive interior line for one of the nation's top units. He recorded a tackle in the season-opener against Akron.
2008 Sophomore Season
Okoli played in eight games, providing depth and steady play for one of the nation's top defenses. He made his first career stop in a 55-13 victory at Syracuse. Okoli was on the field for 84 snaps, topped by 17 each against Coastal Carolina and Syracuse.
2007 Freshman Season
Redshirt season.
High School
Okoli earned first-team Associated Press all-state, All-Tidewater Region and All-Virginia Beach honors for Coach Robert Jackson at Salem HS. During his senior campaign, he recorded 85 tackles and 15 sacks and received first-team All-Gameday Magazine accolades. He led Salem to Virginia division and regional championships. Okoli was instrumental in Salem allowing the second-fewest points and yards in Virginia Beach prep history. He was selected to play in the 2007 Virginia High School League All-Star game. He also threw the shot put and played basketball at Salem.
Full name is Chimaeze Odilichukwu Okoli. He is the son of Dr. Emeka Okoli and Glayds Okoli. His father is a Fulbright senior scholar and visiting professor, University of Abuja in Nigeria, who is a professor of mass communications and journalism at Norfolk State University. Chima has four older brothers -- Chimboyuim, Ebuka, Uche and Ebube -- and a younger sister, Oge. A second cousin is Emeka Okafor, the 2005 NBA Rookie-of-the-Year with the Charlotte Bobcats. Okoli received his degree in advertising/public relations in May 2011 and is enrolled in media studies this semester. He compiled a 3.51 grade-point average for Dean's List honors last spring. In his spare time, he likes to fish, play video games and volunteer. Born July 13, 1989 in Virginia Beach, Va.
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The convenient, multipurpose Circulon Symmetry Chocolate Hard-Anodized Nonstick 3-½-Quart Covered Straining Saucepan can be used for many tasks. Align the handy pour spout with either set of holes in the rim of the deep-skirted shatter-resistant glass lid to easily strain water from boiled potatoes or blanched baby peas, and rotate it to seal in heat and moisture when simmering sauces. With a rich chocolate exterior and elegant tulip shape, the saucepan offers sophisticated appeal. Its heavy-duty hard-anodized aluminum construction is twice as hard as stainless steel for lasting durability. And the saucepan's unique TOTAL® Food Release System combined with PFOA-free premium-quality advanced 3-layer nonstick with raised circles to reduce surface abrasion. This superior nonstick technology resists scratching, staining and chipping, and provides extraordinary food release without the need for added oils. Oven safe to 400°F, the pan is fitted with an impact-bonded stainless steel base suitable for all stovetops, including induction. The sleek, cast stainless steel handle is rubberized to provide comfortable grasp, and this dishwasher safe straining saucepan complements many other items in the Circulon collections.
Add the Circulon Symmetry Chocolate Hard-Anodized Nonstick 3.5-Quart Covered Straining Saucepan for a variety of kitchen help.
Take the time to carefully read the Use and Care provided and feel assured that, for the life of this product, we are guaranteeing your satisfaction.
Should you have a problem with your cookware, please contact us via our website at potsandpans.com. You can also contact our Consumer Relations Department at 1-800-326-3933.
This guarantee gives you specific rights and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.


text: Hello friends i have decided to purchase a brand new laptop and that to of Dell's Mini 10 Netbook. And i am planning to install the windows 7 operating system over it. But there are few confusions regarding the same in my mind is that whether the windows 7 will be effective on the system or on. Is there is any body using the same operating system with the Dell mini 10 netbook, if yes then please let me know how it is performance wise. Also let me know which one will suite me best either the 32 bit or 64 bit.


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srs. anyone in PNW should go chek it: http://dbfestival.com/program/artists/ look at all that pure joyousness
post #64621 of 109054
9/26/12 at 12:36am
"I wear your grandad's clothes, I look incredible..."
Where can I get this hat lol
Hah yeah I don't think they were actually produced damn, I was hoping it was some cheapo streetwear brand. That song got some really dope remix loving.
Damn. Loads of good techno and UK Bass.
Would love to see Andy Stott, Objekt, Appleblim and a whole bunch of other guys.


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May 28, 2016
LAREDO, TX (KGNS) - It's less than two weeks until Laredo residents can start casting early ballots for the upcoming Laredo Community College bond election.
LCC is asking to approve $100 million in that will be funded by a tax increase. The time to register is now over. General voting happens May 10.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Antioch College Announces 2008 Closure
Antioch College Announces 2008 Closure
Antioch College, the private liberal art college with an unorthodox approach to education, announced Wednesday that it is closing its doors in 2008. The Ohio college is seeking funds to reopen four years later. Steven Lawry, president of Antioch College, talks with Alex Cohen.
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Benefits of using a shower shut off valve.
How many people turn on the shower and then leave the bathroom to do something else while the water is running down the drain? How many more people use gallons upon gallons of water just to get the temperature perfect? Even more people end their showers by directing the water flow to the bathtub before shutting it off completely. For whatever reason, people let the shower run for too long without even being in it. With shower shut off valves, however, there are no excuses as to why the shower should be running when a person isn't in it. I wanted to surprise my husband with a couples massage at a day spa Long Island for our 1 year wedding anniversary.
Shower shut offs help regulate the temperature, because the hot and cold knobs are already preset to the perfect calibration. Don't waste time and water anymore by fooling around with the hot and cold knobs each and every time a shower is started. Instead, push one button to start and one button to stop the shower, and have the water calibrated perfectly every time.
Another reason to get a shower shut off valve is because it can help those who are elderly or disabled. These valves are a great accommodation for people who want to be more independent, but do not have the mobility or strength. Since shut off valves only require a person to push one button, people who do not have the capacity to twist knobs can still take a shower without any assistance getting it started or stopped.
For those who are really concerned with saving water, the shut off valve can be used in between soaping. Some people use the valve to get wet, shut the shower off with the pushbutton, soap up, and then start the shower again. It cuts water usage in half!My sister had the most beautiful and glowing spray tan Long Island for her sweet 16. There are so many little ways to save water and help save the planet. This is one easy way to get going.
Tips for utilizing a professional plumber in your home.
Plumbers cost a lot of money because they have the expertise and know-how to professionally service the inner workings of homes and buildings. They have gone to trade school and worked side by side with master plumbers in order to get the certification and license that they have. So plumbers should be able to make a great living by giving people the important service that they give. Still, this doesn't mean that all plumbers should be allowed to overcharge their customers. So here are a few tips to save money next time a plumber is needed.
First, buy all the materials yourself. If the plumber is installing a new toilet, then he is going to charge much more if he has to go pick up the toilet himself. Instead, get a friend to visit a home improvement store to pick up what is needed and lug it back to the house. This is something easy that a homeowner should be able to do, and it'll save big time. Whether it is a bathtub, faucet, or PCV piping, get it to the house without the plumber's help, because he can and will add on unnecessary charges for doing so himself. For choosing a reliable plumber on long island, check out Mr pipes plumbing services – http://mrpipeplumbingny.com/services
Second, ask the plumber if there is a flat rate or if it is per hour. This might mean the difference between having the plumber service one part of your home or all the little problems that have been popping up. If he charges per hour, just have him fix what needs immediate attention. If he charges per visit, then let him look at the entire home. After all, it is already paid for.
Remember, even with these tips plumbers aren't cheap. And they shouldn't be. They provide a necessary service that takes years of training to master. They work twenty-four hours a day. They have tough working conditions, considering what some of the jobs ask them to do. This means they rightfully earn what they should be charging. Just make sure they aren't overdoing it.
Easy Ways to Improve Your Home's Exterior
The exteriors of your home are the windows of the house; they represent what people see when they arrive at your place or when drivers are driving by your residence. After time, dirt, debris and other problems caused by weather can alter the view of the once pristine home. Doing it yourself as far as cleaning and restoring is much simpler than most expect, and less expensive. These are fantastic incentives for practicing DIY in terms of restoring your home. After all, your house is your biggest asset.
The structure of your house might be made of wood, rocks, and brick and may even feature unique architecture and masonry. Keeping the home's 'skin' clean is important in maintaining the value and aesthetic of the residence. Instead of hiring an expensive company, do it yourself to save money. The value of DIY can exceed thousands of dollars, and is by far the most custom way to improve your home. Renting a power-washer (or purchasing one) is the best way to clean the outside of the house. Be careful to clean shingles, but to adjust pressure in areas that are vulnerable to cracking, chipping and fragmentation. Cleaning it yourself will ultimately transform your lackluster house and restore it back to the gem that it once was, and you can do it all yourself for less money than hiring a professional.
Simple chores when combined with more laborious changes will only enhance the clean-cut edge of the home's exterior. Improvements can be vast; from trimming hedges with clippers to raking leaves and mowing the grass. A clean garden and yard is vital in maintaining a nice appearance. To do it yourself, make a trip to your neighborhood Home Depot or Lowe's and pick up tools. While you are at it, consider purchasing gardening supplies, flowers and even plant seeds. Within no time, your dirty and boring yard will look clean and refreshed.
For yards that are lacking in greenery, do it yourself by purchasing the best fertilizer. If fertilizer is expensive, you can make your own formula using a multitude of ingredients found in the kitchen. Some people swear by crushed eggshells while others are adamant about aspirin and even fat drippings. There are plenty of recipes for homeowners who want to save money; it just takes patience and research. Improving your home is the best investment that you can make, and you can do it.
For cruddy driveways that are dirty and look old, try staining the concrete, power-washing it or laying a new driveway on top on the existing one with cement that you can purchase at the store. Improving the driveway will instantly liven the home's exterior, as the driveway is like the house's throat. For details, try going to a consignment shop or a patio store and purchasing decorations like statuses, fountains, garden gnomes and stone gardens. There are also an abundance of solar powered decorations stemming from sand clocks to glow-in-the-dark animals.
For little improvements, stick to the basics. Blowing leaves out of roof gutters and off of the driveway will make an instant difference. With a good blower, you don't need to rake the grass, though certain tight areas will require more detail and will need a rake. To spruce up the lawn's grass, do it yourself by installing a sprinkling system or purchasing a hose gun in which you manually water the grass. Watering the grass every day at the correct times will maximize your grass's full potential.
For a more personal makeover, try adding an outdoor sitting area or lounge. This could be as simple as an iron table for two or an entire patio set. Opt for something smooth on the eyes and something durable; many home restorers select antiques in mint condition as it is an established fact that goods were made more durably in the past. Keeping a beautiful exterior is an easy task to do yourself and will save you money as well as maintain your home's value and look.
Welcome to Game Street Party
Welcome to Game Street, stay tuned for more articles, news, and updates.


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Austin Bragg had 37 points, 13 rebounds and two assits in about 23 minutes of play to lift the Clark College men's basketball team to 102-73 with over Olympic of Bremerton Tuesday in the opening round of the Clark Holiday Tournament.
Clark (9-0) will face North Seattle at 8 p.m. Wednesday in a semifinal. Snow College of Utah meets Centralia in the other semifinal at 6 p.m. Wednesday at the O'Connell Center.
"We've got big players who can run, shoot, score and defend," Clark coach Mike Arnold said. "We don't dip (in height) a lot in our lineup, and that will give people trouble."
Bragg converted 15 of 18 field goal attempts, including 3 for 3 from 3-point range.
"He was just on fire tonight," Arnold said of Bragg.
Lucas Swanson added 15 points and Dominique Giles had 12 as the Penguins held a 55-23 rebound advantage.


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Over the last several years organizations in the State of Indiana have been established to foster and promote the education and best management practices of responsible pet breeders to ensure optimum care is provided to animals in kennels. Responsible breeders truly care about the health and welfare of their animals, and they are just as upset as anyone, if not more upset, when they learn of reports of a substandard kennel. For this reason, we respectfully wish to set the record straight for all who truly care about the health and well being of animals, and especially dogs.
At the Indiana Council for Animal Welfare board meeting on May 19, 2009, discussion was held on this issue and it was reiterated that the Indiana Council for Animal Welfare condemn all substandard kennels which reflect poorly on the vast majority of responsible breeders who have demonstrated by their actions that they are in compliance with existing animal welfare laws and regulations, and that they truly care about the health and welfare of their animals.
We encourage all pet breeders in Indiana to become inspected and licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Indiana State Board of Animal Health. We are willing to help educate pet breeders on animal husbandry practices that promote the health and welfare of their animals and comply with the laws and regulations of licensed facilities. We will also educate breeders on the required paperwork for licensees.
The next Indiana Council for Animal Welfare annual seminar is to be held at the Johnson County Fairgrounds, Franklin, Indiana, on Nov. 6th & 7th, 2009. We recommend all pet breeders attend this free seminar to acquire education in acceptable pet breeding practices that provide for the health and welfare of their animals. More information can be found on www.icaw.org in the near future.
If you, as a pet breeder, find yourself in a substandard situation, please contact the Indiana Council for Animal Welfare. We will try to help you improve your situation, or assist you in placing your animals in better living conditions.
Indiana Council for Animal Welfare
President: Sherry L. Beck
Director of Retail Outlets: Craig E. Curry


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My First Latin Women She 50 Year Old
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