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Lisbon Travel Guide
Often overlooked for its popular European cousins, Lisbon specializes in lulling tourists into a laid-back charm. Perched atop seven hills, its alleyways wind between bleached-out limestone buildings. Fanciful St. George's Castle peeks out to the skyline, lending an Old World mystery to the burgeoning cosmopolitan city. And despite the modern sleek buildings that are slowly rising throughout the city, village life holds strong. continue» Read More
When to Visit Lisbon
The best time to visit Lisbon is either from March to May or September to October, because the weather is still warm, hotel rates are cheaper and there are fewer crowds than in summer. In those seasons you might also be able to squeeze in a few beach days. The summer sees hot temperatures and crowded shores. Winters in Lisbon are warm for Europe, in the 50s on average.Read More Best Times to Visit Lisbon»
Temperature [+ enlarge]Precipitation [+ enlarge]
Getting Around Lisbon
Lisbon Neighborhoods
Lisbon is a hilly place. As long as you don't mind exercising your calf muscles, you'll find you can walk to most hotels, restaurants and the top attractions. If traipsing through a foreign city isn't your idea of fun, you might want to book a hotel in close proximity to public transportation. However, bringing comfortable walking shoes and a good map are good ideas regardless.
As far as general orientation goes, most visitors choose to stay in the tourist zone, consisting of the "lower" neighborhoods of Rossio, Baixa and Chiado and the adjacent hilltop neighborhoods of Bairro Alto to the west and Alfama to the east. Belém is about five miles west of downtown but is easily reachable by bus, tram and train. Five miles north of downtown along the Rio Tejo is the ultramodern Parque das Nações (Park of Nations) area, most of which was rebuilt for the 1998 Lisbon World Exposition.
Perched on a hill to the east of downtown, Alfama is Lisbon's most famous district and is a vestige of the city's Moorish heritage. In sharp contrast to the wide boulevards and logical, grid-based street plan of the adjacent Baixa district, the Alfama consists of a labyrinth of narrow, wandering streets that zigzag around a hillside, atop which the Castelo de São Jorge (St. George's Castle) presides over the lower city. The Sé de Lisboa (Sé Cathedral) lies at the south end, down the hill from the Castelo towards the Rio Tejo (the Tagus River). You could easily spend the better part of a day in the Alfama, visiting these sites and getting yourself lost among the vistas (intentionally, we hope). Although recently notorious for pick pocketing, Lisbon's Tram 28 is still immensely popular with visitors as an alternative to wearing holes into their shoes. The tram rambles up and down between the Alfama district and lower Lisbon throughout the day.
- Experiencing Alfama is more about luxuriating in the everyday than ticking off the big sights. Take a serendipitous wander through the lanes fanning out from Rua de Sao Miguel, Rua de Sao Joao de Praca and Rua dos Remedios." -- Lonely Planet
- For the cheapest city tour… hop aboard the rattling tram 28 from Baixa through the twisting streets of Alfama and all the way up to the Castle of St. George." -- Sherman's Travel
Rossio, Baixa and Chiado
Together, the Rossio/Baixa/Chiado neighborhoods form the center of Lisbon's tourist districts, sandwiched between Bairro Alto to the west, Alfama to the east and the Rio Tejo to the south. They are full of cafés and shops, as well as train/tram stations that connect visitors to top daytrip options, such as Belém, Sintra, Cascais and Estoril. As a result, visitors will probably find that these neighborhoods offer the most convenient hotels.
While many consider it over-touristed, Baixa's pedestrian-only Rua Augusta is still one of the city's most popular streets for shopping. Other streets in Baixa are named after the crafts that were once practiced there: Rua dos Sapateiros (shoemakers), Rua da Prata (silversmiths), Rua do Oro (goldsmiths), and more. Adjoining Baixa to the southwest, the Chiado area is even better known for shopping, with stores ranging from leather and crafts to fashion boutiques.
- The best close-up overview of the Baixa and Rossio, with the Castle above, is to be had from the terrace at the top of the Elevador de Santa Justa. There is also a café here (charging high prices), but it is worth climbing the last spiral staircase just for the view." -- Top 10 Lisbon, by Eyewitness Travel
Bairro Alto
To the west of Rossio/Baixa/Chiado, Bairro Alto is -- as the name would suggest -- uphill from most of downtown Lisbon. Trams and funiculars can take you there, but most Lisboans use their feet. This section of town survived a devastating earthquake in 1755, meaning that it is one of the best places to catch a glimpse of pre-18th century Lisbon architecture. Bairro Alto is probably best known for its rich and varied nightlife scene, including many of the city's best Fado clubs. This is not the place to book a hotel if you're the early-to-bed type.
- In the mornings, the historic Bairro Alto quarter belongs to the old men and women who navigate the hilly cobblestone streets with ease. At night -- and the later the better -- it belongs to frenzied club-hoppers (stay away if you're over 35)." -- New York Times
Ten minutes west of downtown along the banks of the Rio Tejo, the Belém district includes several of Lisbon's must-see sites. The 16th century Monastery of St. Jerome (Mosteiro de Jeronimos) is a must-visit; it teems with ornate stone carvings in the Manueline style (so named for King Manuel I who commissioned the monastery's construction to celebrate Vasco de Gama's seafaring voyage to India). Add the Torre de Belém (a Manueline style defensive post), year-round botanical gardens, a vibrant restaurant scene and a coffee paired with Belém's famed cream-filled pastries, pasteis de nata -- and you could easily spend a full day here.
Parque das Nações
The Parque das Nações (Park of the Nations) project was Lisbon's commemoration of the 500th anniversary of Vasco de Gama's sail for India, unveiled during the 1998 Lisbon World Exposition. In less than 15 years, the Parque has become a district unto itself, with ultramodern buildings, a world-class aquarium, a casino, dozens of shops and restaurants, and an estimated 15,000 residents. It's hard to fathom a place that contrasts more with aging downtown Lisbon.
The top reasons you might visit the Parque das Nações are for the contemporary architecture and the area's grand Oceanarium (Lisbon Aquarium).
Only 30 minutes from downtown Lisbon, beautiful and exotic Sintra is the city's most popular daytrip. Even if you're only in Lisbon for two days, many people recommend you dedicate some time to Sintra.
The town is perched at an elevation several hundred feet higher than seaside Lisbon. This gives Sintra both outstanding views of the greater Lisbon region, as well as a more temperate microclimate. Bring comfortable shoes: You'll need to do a lot of walking to enjoy the major sites, including National Palace of Sintra, National Palace of Pena and the Moors' Castle, an 8th or 9th century castle built during the Moors' occupation.
- The best bet is to take the bus around town and walk from the bus stops to the attractions. Parking is abysmal and on a holiday weekend Sintra can be absolutely packed with cars and people. If you must drive to Sintra, park in one of the several parking lots below the town center and walk up into town." -- Wikitravel
A former fishing village, Cascais (pronounced cash-ca-eesh) is now a premier and hip beach resort. With plentiful beach space, it's a very popular spot during the summer, but it has some appeal even during the off-season. Many Lisbon visitors who make the 45-minute trip to Cascais (typically departing by train from the Cais do Sodré station) combine it with a visit to the adjacent town of Estoril.
Estoril is a seaside village that is often considered the smaller sibling to Cascais. In fact, Estoril is within walking distance of the center of Cascais, so from a practical perspective these towns can be easily bundled into a single excursion. Like Cascais, Estoril has pleasant beaches, but many are drawn instead to the Casino Estoril, self-proclaimed to be the largest in all of Europe.
Recent Fodor's users have related several stories, in which crime against tourists has gone beyond pickpocketing to violent muggings. Some also report the existence of violent gangs and lackadaisical police. Be on your guard when traveling at night, especially around some of the top attractions and in Lisbon's outskirts. You should also be weary of pulling money out of ATMs; if you can avoid it, refrain from visiting ATMs at night.
You should also be on the watch for residents selling drugs: "Chances are you'll be approached at least a few times by certain types offering 'hash' or 'chocolate', especially in the downtown area on and around Rua Augusta," says Wikitravel.
Be wary of northern Lisbon at night, especially around Intendente and Martin Moniz. These areas are well-known for hosting a rougher crowd along with some brothels.
The best way to get around in Lisbon is with the inexpensive taxis. They're especially abundant at the Lisbon Airport (LIS), located about 5 miles north of the downtown tourist districts. Your own two feet are also a great way to see the sights — just keep in mind that climbing this city's hilly streets on foot can be quite the workout. For a change of pace (and to catch your breath), consider using buses, trams and elevators. One final word of caution: Lisbon's Tram 28 and the Santa Justa Elevator double as attractions as well, so expect crowds.Getting Around Lisbon»


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I have a problem with the screen on IE because don't show the right row and I can't pass to another page of my e-mails. I have the version Release 5.0.5_GA_2201.RHEL5_20080417003749 RHEL5 NETWORK edition. I had read that change the version work correctly but I don't know what version. Any can help me?

subset: commoncrawl


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By and large, Brazil must innovate in their coffee production techniques; they can't afford not to. The price one would need to produce coffee in Brazil as it is picked and processed in Ethiopia, or Kenya, or Guatemala, or Sumatra, would be far higher that the quality of the cup is truly worth. There is simply not the available low-cost labor to do this job in most coffee areas of Brazil, nor willing workers. Fortunate for laborers, they have options.
Is the Brazil of today, where coffee is becoming increasingly technified, the future of coffee in the Americas? What is pushing farmers in Brazil away from hand labor toward machine-based picking and processing? And what is the impact on quality of machine-harvested coffee?
Brazil is a vast and varied nation, which holds true in terms of its coffee production. From Cerrado to Bahia, Sul de Minas to Matas de Minas to Mogiana, there are different challenges that the landscape and climate bring to coffee growing.


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Denver, CO (Sports Network) - P.A. Parenteau and Jamie McGinn tallied in the
second period to help Colorado overcome an early deficit and beat Edmonton,
3-1, at Pepsi Center.
Peter Stastny added a late score and Matt Duchene posted two assists for the
Avalanche, who have won two in a row since losing three straight.
Semyon Varlamov stopped 25 shots.
Nail Yakupov's first-period marker was all for the Oilers, losers in three of
their last five. Devan Dubnyk played well in defeat, making 37 saves.
The Sports Network


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Hello everyone. Hoping someone can suggest a few items for this!
We have several customers who have 1 static IP address on a DSL connection.
They run Server 2008 R2 with RDS gateway and of course zimbra.
We want to secure both email and use rds gatway on the same real world IP address.
We have enabled Application Request Routing in iis on the RDS gateway server.
We have forwarded port 443 to internal 2008 RDS server.
We then go through Application Request routing (in IIS) and under Server Proxy Settings-->we check "enable proxy" and "use url rewrite..." and check enable ssl offloading" and we point the reverse proxy to the internal ip address of the zimbra box.
We then go through the "url rewrite"section edit the created "ARR_Server_proxy" rule and add a condition "{http_host} matches pattern "mail.example.com"
https://ts.example.com goes to the RDS server and works
https://mail.example.com forwards to zimbra mail server and you can login via web interface.
PROBLEM: Active Sync does not work. what are we missing?


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Swipe to spin image
Hold down left mouse button and drag left and right to spin image or use the controls below
The Denver Museum of Nature & Science is the treasure chest of the Rocky Mountain Region. Behind-the-scenes, our conservators are working to preserve our collections so they may provide insight into Earth's past, present and future and inspire people of all ages and interests. Museum Conservation is responsible for leading the collections preservation.
Image Archives is the official storehouse for the Museum's 700,000 images. These photographic collections provide insight into a world in transition. By preserving and making these images available, Image Archives provides a valuable resource not only within the local community -- but also nationally and globally. The Museum is currently in the process of making all our images available to view online. Click here to browse the available photographs.
Archives and image archives are available to the public on site by appointment between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday.
Education Collections are the "touchable" specimens at the
Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Covering all of our
scientific topics, these collections offer the community a unique
opportunity to have real, tangible experiences with science.
Over 1.4 million objects live at the Denver Museum of Nature
& Science. We make new discoveries and share them with our
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the coming years, we will be digitally cataloging our collections
comprehensively to be able to share these treasures with you. Some
of the collections are searchable today through discipline-specific
research websites. Learn more by visiting each of our Research
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Humans are naturally curious about themselves and the world around them. At the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, we collect to better understand how our bodies, cultures, world, and universe work. We have 1.4 million artifacts and specimen. We use them every day for scientific studies, for educational programming and to inspire curiosity in our visitors. Our collections help the Museum create a community of critical thinkers that understand the lessons of the past and act as stewards of the future. Their preservation ensures that future scientists and generations of Museum visitors will always have access to them.
Kelly TomajkoDirector of Collections Operations 303.370.6401 email@example.com
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the museum. Often. DMNS offers a wide range of programs and events
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Where are your collections?
Many are on display throughout the museum. Those not on display are housed in research and preservation areas throughout the Museum fulfilling our central public trust obligation to the collections and associated data. Over its 110-year history, the museum and its collections have grown in size and diversity. In 2014, we will open a new 70,000-square-foot, two-floor underground facility called the Avenir Collections Center where the objects, artifacts and specimens entrusted to our care will be studied and preserved.
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How do I donate an object to the Museum?
Thank you for considering a donation to the DMNS collections. We collect thoughtfully, based on our mission, research focus, and resources. Our curators accept donations only after careful consideration. Please contact the appropriate department before bringing a potential donation to the Museum.
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PGA TOUR member outlasts Sam Beach in playoff
Lake Mary, Fla. – January 31, 2013 – After opening the event with back-to-back 64s, current PGA TOUR member Joe Affrunti built a seven-shot lead going into the final round of NGA TOUR Bridgestone Winter Series event at Timacuan Golf Club – and he needed every one of them just to send the event into extra holes.
However, Affrunti of Crystal Lake, Ill., erased the thoughts of a final-round 76 quickly and outlasted Sam Beach, who started the day 11 shots off the lead, in a two-hole playoff to earn his fifth NGA TOUR victory.
"A win's a win, and we can end it right there," quipped Affrunti, who earned $8,860. "That's why you can never have a big enough lead. You can't let your guard down. I came out here with the peddle down and it got away from me a little bit. I tried to stay aggressive. It didn't pan out, and a 76 is what comes out of it."
While his finishing score may indicate otherwise, Affrunti played some solid gold in the final round. After shooting 5-over par on the first four holes of the day, he bounced back with four birdies in a row to make the turn a 1 over. A pair of bogeys on the backside left Affrunti with a one-stroke lead going into the final hole of regulation, but another bogey at No. 18 left him tied with Beach at 12-under par.
Both golfers carded pars on the opening hole of the playoff and then promptly put their tee balls in the water on the par-4 second hole.
"The second hole at Timacuan is either the best-designed hole or the exact opposite," said Affrunti, a former University of Illinois standout. "I decided to rip a driver and hit it in the water. Sam hit 3 wood and put in the water."
Beach elected to play his ball from the water, but he was unsuccessful at plucking his ball from the hazard and ended with a double bogey. Affrunti reached the green in three and safely two-putted for the victory.
"The first two rounds were great," said Affrunti, who will be playing in a minimum of 13 starts on the PGA TOUR in 2013 under the major medical provision. "It was good to play some truly competitive golf and get the juices flowing. The final round was questionable, but that's golf. The good shots were good, the bad shots were bad and I had a few bad breaks. But all I really care about is that I got the win and the fact that I'm healthy for the first time in a while."
Beach, a former Richmond Spider from Glen Allen, Va., nearly completed one of the biggest comebacks in history on Thursday. The Carolina Winter Series money title winner started the day 11 shots off the lead, but he ran off four birdies over the first six holes to join the fray early in the day.
Beach started the back nine with birdies on Nos. 10 and 12 before picking up his lone bogey of the day at the par-4 14th. However, Beach regained the momentum with birdies at No. 15 and No. 17 to finish with a 7-under 65, the lowest round of the day, and join Affrunti in the playoff. Beach, who carded rounds of 71 and 68 in the first two rounds, earned $4,454 for the runner-up effort.
Hunter Hamrick, a 2012 U.S. Open competitor from Montgomery, Ala., finished third with rounds of 69-67-70 for a 10-under 206 total. Hamrick, who played collegiately at Alabama, earned $3,768 for the podium finish.
Bradenton's Sean Jacklin also posted a 2-under 70 in the final round to finish fourth at 9-under par, while Bo Hoag (67), Randall Hutchison (69), Oliver Farr (69) and Seth Fair (73) finished T5 at 8-under par.
Jeff Corr (69), Jason Millard (69), Riley Wheeldon (70) and Michael Buttacavoli (74) finished T9 at 7-under par. With his top-10 finish, Corr, a 2012 Web.com Tour member and 2011 NGA TOUR Player of the Year, clinched the BWS money title.
The NGA TOUR would like to thank Timacuan Golf Links for a great event and all the BWS players for another successful season. The NGA TOUR Pro Series will begin at Killearn Country Club in Tallahassee on February 15.
The NGA Pro Golf Tour is the No. 3 Men's Professional Golf Tour in the United States after the PGA and Web.com Tours and is the No. 1 recommended developmental tour by more PGA and Web.com Tour Professionals.
The NGA has helped hundreds of professionals acquire their PGA TOUR, Euro, Web.com, and Champions Tour cards. In fact, NGA alumni have won an incredible Fifteen (15) "Major" Championships.
NGA alumni include: 2012 Masters champion Bubba Watson; 2011 PGA Championship winner Keegan Bradley; 2010 PGA TOUR Player of the Year and 2003 US Open Champion Jim Furyk; 2009 British Open Champion Stewart Cink; 2009 U.S. Open Champion Lucas Glover; 2007 Masters Champion Zach Johnson; 2003 PGA Champion Shaun Micheel; 2003 British Open Champion Ben Curtis; two-time U.S. Open Champion Lee Janzen; British Open and PGA Champion John Daly; British Open Champion Tom Lehman; PGA Champion David Toms; 2003 Tour Championship Winner Chad Campbell; 2010 NGA Player of the Year Michael Thompson; 2012 PGA TOUR winners Mark Wilson, George McNeill, Ted Potter Jr., Scott Stallings and Scott Piercy.
The NGA Pro Golf Tour, established in 1988, predates the Web.com Tour as the longest running developmental tour in golf. In 2012, the NGA TOUR became the "Official Partner of the 2012 Reno-Tahoe Open" and secured one PGA TOUR and six Web.com Tour event exemptions for its members, the most in developmental golf.
For more information on the NGA or the NGA Pro Golf Tour, please visit our website at www.NGATOUR.com or contact our Tour Office at (800) 992-8748.


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Closing note by Jody Harris and Leslie Amoroso, facilitators
Dear all,
Thank you very much to all who participated in this fascinating, rich and lively exchange. We are grateful to those who contributed in writing, as well as to those who read and reflected on the contributions of others. The discussion covered important topics related to "nutrition-enhancing agriculture and food systems", and significant knowledge, ideas, views and experiences were shared from many parts of the world, and from several different fields, sectors and professions. Comments on the core background and expert papers as well as on the key three questions (policy, programmes and partnerships) were received and will be synthesized into a final document. The outcome of this exchange will be used to enrich the discussions at the ICN2 Preparatory Technical Meeting from 13 to 15 November 2013 and thereby feed into and inform the ICN2 itself which will be held at FAO headquarters from 19 to 21 November 2014.
Emerging themes and key ideas from the most recent posts (from 19 to 29 July) are summarized below; those from previous posts were summarized by the facilitators on July 18th, and can be seen on the online discussion pages.
The need to balance short-term measures to tackle malnutrition with those aimed at achieving long-term impact was raised by participants, along with the key role nutrition-enhancing agriculture has in addressing food and nutrition security of populations affected by protracted crises, and in strengthening the resilience to shocks. Several contributors highlighted Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and the continuum of under-to over-nutrition in their posts, urging us not to focus too narrowly on one part of the equation. The need to use evidence-based science for effective nutrition policy was recognized, and yet the lack of relevant evidence, is cited as a challenge, as is strengthening inter-sectoral coordination at different levels. In terms of getting programmes and policies enacted, the issues of incentives for effective implementation and of capacity development (human and institutional) were mentioned from various angles. The importance of preserving the environment, as a basis for environmentally sustainable agricultural production, was stressed, as was the need to think about post-harvest and food safety issues along the value chain. Finally, the theme of diversification both of diets and of agriculture was maintained, as was the importance of nutrition education and gender issues. Common ground may be identified between those proposing smallholder agriculture as a sustainable solution, and those proposing more private sector involvement in markets. A rich and varied set of issues, and some important experiences and contributions on each!
We again thank you for your time and for sharing your views and experiences with us, and look forward to continuing the dialogue at ICN2 and beyond...
Jody and Leslie
Thank you very much to the facilitators for a very interesting discussion and for all these rich contributions. It seems that one elements has not been addressed so much in this discussion is how nutrition-sensitive agriculture can play a key role in addressing food and nutrition security of populations affected by protracted crises and in strengthening resilience to shocks. (thus making a link between this FSN Forum discussion and the previous one on food security in protracted crises – you may also be interested by the following paper on Nutrition in Protracted Crises: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs_high_level_forum/documents/Nutrition_ProtractedCrises_DufourEgal.pdf ).
This is an important issue because the highest rates of malnutrition are reported in highly crisis-affected areas, such as in Sahel and in the Horn of Africa, and severe food and nutrition crises are happening with greater frequency. A "nutrition-sensitive" development agenda (and thus nutrition-sensitive agriculture) must, therefore, take into consideration exposure to food-related shocks and threats and to the issue of resilience.
Both resilience and nutrition have recently benefitted from growing attention and strong political momentum, and there is a growing body of work on resilience programming at a conceptual and operational level. Agriculture is essential to both, and there is increasing interest in the role of agriculture in resilience programming on one hand, and on linkages between nutrition and resilience on the other. But there has been little literature, to date, on the nexus between nutrition, agriculture and resilience. FAO is therefore preparing an issues paper on linkages between nutrition and resilience, and the role of agriculture in that relationship.
This paper describes how nutrition and resilience are obviously strongly inter-linked: fighting malnutrition is crucial to resilience-strengthening because well-nourished individuals are healthier, can work harder, and have greater physical reserves. Households that are nutrition secure are better able to withstand external shocks. Moreover, adopting a resilience perspective allows an emphasis on the structural vulnerabilities that underlie malnutrition, the root causes of nutrition and food insecurity, and offers thus an opportunity to strengthen preventive activities. This further implies treating and preventing malnutrition through a combination of short and long-term nutrition actions, including nutrition-sensitive agricultural interventions.
Using the FAO resilience framework, which is adapted from the Hyogo Framework for Action (see page 20 of the FAO Resilience Livelihoods programme framework - http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2540e/i2540e00.pdf), the paper identifies entry points for maximizing nutritional outcomes of food and agriculture interventions designed to improve resilience, and vice versa, improve the "resilience outcomes" of food and agriculture-based interventions.
The following are just some of the entry points and recommendations that are identified, for each of the four pillars of the FAO resilience framework:
Pillar 1: Enabling the environment:
Pillar 2: Watch to safeguard (early warning)
Pillar 3 : Apply disaster risk reduction / prevention and pillar 4: Prepare and respond
Work on this paper is still ongoing, but it will be available shortly and is intended contribute to discussions for the technical preparation of the ICN2. We will share it with FSN members when ready!
Best regards,
Domitille Kauffmann and Charlotte Dufour, FAO Nutrition Division.
Nutrition-enhancing agriculture and food systems
I acknowledge the contribution of diverse persons from the group to the topic. I'm contributing to the various sections mentioned that will enhance food based approaches to better nutrition as:
Policy issues: A national comprehensive Food and Nutrition Policy comprising all relevant sectors addressing all levels and with emphasis on food based systems is needed at the country level. The development, coordination and lead institution should be linked to the Presidency to give the policy a national look and to encourage multi-sectoral approach, also as a national priority. If possible the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Forestry and Fisheries – depending on the country) are encouraged to have their own policy direction that consist of :
• Production and Consumption: of improved crop varieties with high nutritive value (like Quality Protein Maize, iron rich beans, high vitamin A Orange Flesh Sweet Potato, etc). These bio-fortified food crops could be promoted especially in poor areas of high deficiencies. Households could be encouraged to go in other agricultural productions to meet dietary needs of the family (like animal production like snails, small ruminants, fishery, poultry, piggery, grass-cutter, some types of insects etc; fruits and vegetables). Even some forestry products (like mushrooms) could be domesticated to enhance consumption. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture could work closely with Food Research Institutions including the Universities to breed high yield and disease resistant nutritive stocks/ varieties, and for increased shelf life and storage. To ensure all year round availability, households could be encouraged to process and preserve some food (both crops and animals). The approach may be in a form of campaign to bring all on board.
• Promotion of Right to Food: government should respect, protect and fulfil (promote and provide) the Right to Food by ensuring that all people can enjoy this right. Consequently, all other rights must be enjoyed by every single one such as right to water, employment, health, access to natural resources for production, education and others. Good governance at the lower level with citizen participation in programs is also essential.
• Nutrition education: Extension and health workers could work together especially at the community level to educate rural and farm families particularly adolescent girls, women of reproductive age and household care givers on importance of nutrition. This extension education could be coupled with mass and social education on consumption of food groups and dietary diversity, with good source of water, hygiene and sanitation.
• Social protection: for the poor and vulnerable in society such as School Feeding Program for school children in primary schools; food ratios and/ or stipends for People living with HIV/AIDs, children under five years and the aged.
• Utilization: Local foods could be encouraged and promoted.
• The knowledge gaps: are the nutritive value of local vrs exotic foods, food safety and quality, food handling, agrochemical uses, food preparation and storage etc
Program issues: The policy (as stated above) could be implemented through education and simple messages on the different food groups targeting specific areas with nutrition challenges. Adopting aggressive marketing and advertising through social media, radio, TV and mobile vans in the communities to enhance food based nutrition will go a long way to bring all on board. In Ghana, there is this program on food groups as: Glo (fruits and vegetables – vitamins and minerals), Grow (Protein foods) and Go (energy giving foods). The message is simple and loved by even children. It must however be translated into various languages and promoted in all spheres of the country.
Partnerships: The Head of State's leadership in food based approach is indispensable in holding the policy and program together and therefore it is highly recommended that the coordination and harmonization of the program be housed in the Presidency. National Planning office could support in the development of programs. At the conception phase of the program, all relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies involved in Nutrition related programs should be consulted and involved in the initial planning stage.
Anna Antwi
GD Resource Centre
(also Food Security Advisor to Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada – formerly CIDA)
Warm thanks to Jody and to Leslie for facilitating this excellent conversation, and to the many contributors sharing critical ag-nut efforts from around the world.
As a USAID-funded global nutrition project, SPRING (Strengthening Partnerships, Research, and Innovation in Nutrition Globally) recently undertook a program-wide review of agriculture-nutrition programming under the US Government's Feed the Future global food security strategy. This 'Landscape Analysis' reviewed 160+ project documents, and included stakeholder interviews and selected case studies across the 19 Feed the Future countries active in Africa (12), SE Asia (4), and Latin America and the Caribbean (3). We hope to publish the full report soon, but in the interim please see our website for the Landscape Analysis presentation.
We reviewed with pleasure Mr. Wasti's points (7/26) around 'orienting' agricultural experts to the importance of nutrition. His comments on proper approaches to nutrition education in integrated programming are likewise well taken. These were among the same points that appeared to us during the Landscape Analysis process in a variety of ways, and merit further attention.
Keeping with Mr. Wasti's idea of 'orientation', we can at the same time begin to respond to the facilitators call for experience around 'programme issues', which certainly include the need to bring agricultural experts and nutrition experts together under a shared vision. While there is literature in the management sciences regarding program integration, there is little research that is targeted towards the development context. Thus one of SPRING's focal points going forward, is the development and dissemination of agriculture-nutrition operations research, looking specifically at how projects themselves are meeting the agriculture-nutrition integration challenge at both field and institutional levels.
The need for further evidence, instruction, and best-practice guidance in agriculture-nutrition integration became clear during our five Agriculture and Nutrition Global Learning Exchange Events (AgN-GLEEs), which brought to light the disconnect between an understanding of what needs to be done, versus how to effectively do it. Based on the learning needs identified during these events, we would like to highlight two particular points we've included in our Landscape Analysis global report (in process) that relate to the programme portion of the FSN discussion:
- Target SBCC Activities Along All The Steps Leading From Agriculture To Nutrition. General 'nutrition education' around what to eat and where to find vitamins is not sufficient when trying to effectively link agriculture with nutrition. SBCC strategies and messaging should center on translating the gains from specific agricultural production and related income generation into achievable health and nutrition outcomes. This requires investment in context assessments, including formative research, to identify and address barriers associated with food production, purchase, preparation, intra-household distribution and consumption patterns of all family members. There remain a large array of assumptions that growing nutritious food will necessarily lead to nutrition outcomes - when in fact all the intermediate steps leading from food production to food use (consumption, sale, storage, etc) must be explicitly considered.
- Empower Women by Building a Supportive Family and Social Environment. The nutrition community has long focused on women and children; with the push for ag-nut integration, agriculture is becoming increasingly accountable to consider women's labor, time use, and control of productive assets. Women's involvement in agriculture can be improved by focusing on the more profitable links of the value chain process (not just production), and their control of on- and off- farm income earned and decision-making power must be supported by social norms, formal laws, and/or behavior change initiatives. Male family members, mothers-in-law and the opinion setters and influencers in the communities and society need to be targeted with messages explaining that sharing resources and joint decision-making with women benefits the whole family and community.
We hope to continue pushing this conversation forward, and are indebted to the FSN for facilitating such a critical discussion going into the ICN2. Please visit our site for additional agriculture-nutrition material, presentations from of our AgN-GLEEs, and upcoming webinars that highlight field-based success in ag-nut programming.
Warm Regards,
- The SPRING Agriculture/Nutrition Team
Dear FSN members,
I thank the Forum stewards for devoting space and time to this important matter, and for accommodating a variety of views on it.
The topic briefing said: "Notwithstanding the importance of the role of agriculture in producing food and generating income, employment and livelihoods, it is the food system as a whole i.e. the post-production sector beyond agriculture including processing, storage, trade, marketing and consumption that nowadays contributes significantly more to the eradication of malnutrition."
This is undoubtedly true, and what we see in country after country are populations urban and rural within which households make decisions (as consumers) for food in rapidly changing socio-cultural environments that are unfortunately disconnected from the myriad worlds of small food producers. There is, particularly in cities with populations of over half a million, considerable ignorance about food production. Such disconnectedness and ignorance is in far too many cases the hidden currency of the food systems referred to in the paragraph above. While the expectation may be - using the rubrics of governance and corporate responsibility - for food retailers to make the food chain transparent and trustworthy, doing so gets in the way of profitability and so is left undone. What becomes of nutrition (malnutrition as much as misapplied nutrition) in such scenarios, which are the norm in an urbanised planet?
Next, the topic briefing has said: "Nutrition-enhancing agriculture and food systems are those that effectively and explicitly incorporate nutrition objectives, concerns and considerations, improve diets and raise levels of food and nutrition security. Actions may include making more nutritious food more accessible to everyone or to specific targeted groups, supporting smallholders and boosting women's incomes, ensuring clean water and sanitation, education and employment, health care, support for resilience and empowering women in a deliberate attempt to explicitly improve diets and raise levels of nutrition.
As this is a wide shelf, upon which nutrition is placed as one subject, and that is why I suggest the effective and explicit incorporation of nutrition objectives be diminished proportionately, for to insist on its primacy while attempting to preserve the importance of the 'actions' also mentioned will be confusing. The link between purchasing power of households (whether they are growers or not) and their access to food for example will govern the outcomes of many of these actions, and who is to say which is the more important of these other than the households themselves? What is also missing from this shelf is the the importance of government spending on the social sector, and equally on agricultural research and on food-related subsidies. On these matters there is usually much tension that exists, between the attempts to reduce or neutralise government (that is, public) influence in policy-making and spending, and between a private sector that wants to step in more actively.
The topic briefing continued: "Agriculture and food-based strategies focus on food as the primary tool for improving the quality of the diet and for addressing and preventing malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies. The approach stresses the multiple benefits derived from enjoying a variety of foods, recognising the nutritional value of food for good nutrition, and the importance and social significance of the agricultural and food sector for supporting rural livelihoods."
While the attention given to the diversity in diet and to rural livelihood is encouraging, it needs to be unequivocally said that the majority of traditional farming communities and indigenous peoples have, over generations, developed agricultural systems that are productive and environmentally sustainable, and which deliver 'nutritional value' automatically. These cultivating communities have domesticated thousands of crop species which, until the middle of the 20th century, were grown without agrochemicals. It is no surprise that the reason we espy, more conspicuously in organic retail outlets in Europe for example, a revival in 'ancient' or 'heirloom' cereals and fruit, is the reaction by concerned consumers to the atrophying of traditional agricultural knowledge and practices and the desire to ensure it is not lost altogether. It is small diversified farming systems that offer the most promising models to promoting agricultural and horticultural biodiversity, that conserve natural resources while doing so, that sustain yields sans agro-chemicals, and that are resilient in the face of environmental and economic change without compromising on nutrition and food security.
The topic briefing also added: "The multiple social, economic and health benefits associated with successful food-based approaches that lead to year-round availability, access to and consumption of nutritionally adequate amounts and varieties of foods are clear."
The new and seemingly permanent availability of food and the new idea of access to nutrition (which is not always associated with a typical food basket) that can be delivered, therapeutically through bio-technological methods and by employing genetic modification, needs to be halted. The idea of perennial availability is in conflict with the need to divorce modern industrial agriculture and food retail from its dependence on oil and gas. This is a limit that has long been recognised in the fossil fuels era, and in 1973 D Pimentel provided a breakdown of energy inputs for the production of a hectare of maize (about a third of the energy employed in corn production was fuel). In today's market-determined crop production and food retailing systems, the ratios of dependency have risen much further (see D A Pfeiffer, 'Eating Fossil Fuels: Oil, Food and the Coming Crises in Agriculture', 2006, which had for agriculture in the USA the following: 31% for the manufacture of inorganic fertiliser; 19% for the operation of field machinery; 16% for transportation; and 13% for irrigation).
The topic briefing has further stated: "The causal pathway from the food system to nutritional outcomes may be direct - as influenced by the availability and accessibility of diverse, nutritious foods and thus the ability of consumers to choose healthy diets, as well as indirect – mediated through incomes, prices, knowledge and other factors. Interventions that consider and affect food systems as a whole can potentially achieve more widespread nutritional outcomes than single uncoordinated actions."
There is little that the multi-dimensionally poor can choose from, in reality, and a representative reading of national and sub-national food balance sheets at the household level will prove this sad truth. The current method of providing food involves industrialised systems that are centralised and oriented towards profit (a position central to the recent 2013 June Conference on Agroecology for Sustainable Food Systems in Europe, sub-titled 'A Transformative Agenda', and organised by the European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility (ENSSER) and several like-minded partners). Such a method is also averse to regulation, let alone social needs. In such a linear approach, the assumption are made (because the current macro-economics of 'growth' permit it) of an unlimited supply of energy and raw materials (neither of which there is), and of an environment which can ceaselessly absorb pollution and waste (it cannot). This is the background against which new actors claim to be addressing priorities to strengthen nutrition and banish malnutrition.
Better nutrition emerges when communities repossess their cultural and ideological spaces to develop productive systems that minimise external inputs, pollution and waste by becoming circular in nature, by returning to principles that reflect the natural world - which is based on cycles, and in which the 'waste' from one species is food for another, or is converted into a useful form by natural processes.
Thank you and regards, Rahul Goswami
Making national agriculture policy frameworks more sensitive to nutrition
In 2011, Action Contre la Faim (ACF) has published a technical manual on how to maximize the nutritional impacts of programmes and interventions in the field of agriculture, food security and livelihoods (available bit.ly/12XOncg).
In fact, various tools exist that are very useful to make agriculture more sensitive to nutrition at programme and project level. As underlined previously in this discussion, many existing guidelines and recommendations have been the basis of the "Synthesis of Guiding Principles on Agriculture Programming for Nutrition", recently published by FAO.
The programme level matters, but agriculture policies are a prerequisite for programmes to deliver. In order to transform investments in agriculture that have a potential for nutrition into actually nutrition-sensitive investments at a large scale, the national agriculture policy frameworks need to integrate nutrition as a priority. If agricultural policies are able to provide the right kind of priority and incentives for nutrition, they will foster and support the multiplication of many individual and collective nutrition-sensitive initiatives.
This is why ACF is analysing the nutrition sensitivity of agricultural policy framework in different countries. We are also willing to assess to what extent the promising international agenda on nutrition-sensitive agriculture currently translates into policies and practices at country level.
There is a double challenge to be taken up at country level: integrating agriculture as a key sector in national mutli-sectoral undernutrition reduction strategies while also mainstreaming nutritional concerns, objectives and actions into sectoral agriculture policies, to increase their sensitivity to nutrition.
We have found that there is actually a lag between what is increasingly being promoted at the international level and the responses of actors in the field. Even in countries that have ambitious multisectoral strategies against undernutrition, the agriculture sector has not necessarily dedicated a high priority to nutrition.
Most of the constraints to a higher prioritization of nutrition by the agriculture sector are highly interrelated, including:
- weak knowledge and evidence base
- absence of adequate information and monitoring systems for nutrition in the agriculture sector
- difficulties in making cross-sectoral coordination mechanisms around nutrition work
These constraints need to be addressed jointly, to transform the vicious circle of low consideration and underinvestment into a virtuous circle.
To make agriculture more sensitive to nutrition at country level, the right set of incentives should be developed and embedded at different levels, from the highest policy framework to the day-to-day activities of extension workers in the field. These incentives should aim at overcoming most of the constraints to a higher prioritization of nutrition by agriculture, by compensating for the lack of common language between agriculture and nutrition, the low level of knowledge on nutrition from the agriculture side and the weak accountability of the agriculture sector vis-à-vis nutrition. This last point is particularly important: the agriculture sector has for long been evaluated on the basis of its contribution to income generation and economic growth, not on the basis of its contribution to better nutrition.
Providing the right incentives to the agriculture sector is therefore a great challenge ahead. This should include:
Making explicit what is agriculture contribution to better nutrition: at the field level, the pathways between agriculture and nutrition are not so well-known. What role can play the agriculture sector for nutrition should be made more explicit. The agriculture sector and the nutrition community should work together to identify what contribution the agriculture sector could bring to the fight against undernutrition in the country, depending on the context-specific determinants of undernutrition and characteristics of the agriculture and food systems. (Though agriculture is only one part of the wider food system, it is a major component, especially in the rural areas of low and middle income countries, where lives the majority of the population affected by under-nutrition.)
Incorporating nutrition and food consumption indicators into information and monitoring systems: agriculture information systems rarely include nutritional and food consumption related indicators (such as the Household Diet Diversity Score for instance) into their methodologies and surveys. However, information is a key to adequate decision making. Therefore, it is required to establish better information and monitoring systems linking agriculture and nutrition data. Such systems will support building and improving cross-sectoral analysis and dialogue around nutrition. This should include plans to monitor and mitigate the potentially negative consequences on nutrition that may arise from large scale intensive agricultural investments.
Strengthening policy coordination around nutrition: existing multisectoral coordination mechanisms around nutrition, when they exist, are often primarily related to the health sector, especially at the national level. There is thus an institutional challenge to increasing the participation of the agriculture sector to such coordination body, to facilitate cross-sectoral dialogue around nutrition. Better coordination between agriculture and other sectors around nutrition are needed and must be supported to build effective governance for nutrition at country level.
Ensuring nutrition training opportunities are available: the knowledge and understanding of nutrition is very heterogeneous at the level of agriculture ministries. Furthermore there is a lack of both basic and on-the-job training on nutrition available for agriculturalists and extension service staffs. There is a need for training on both general nutrition knowledge and specifically on the links between agriculture and nutrition. The training efforts should focus in particular on extension agents, whose role makes it possible to spread messages on nutrition to farmers and communities, but should also include civil servants from Ministries of Agriculture at central level.
Dedicating more funding for the implementation of nutrition-sensitive agriculture programmes: the low level of funding available for nutrition-sensitive programmes unfortunately reflects the level of priority dedicated to nutrition within the agriculture sector. More funding is therefore needed for agriculture programmes and interventions that will in particular take on board the following issues (only marginally integrated into 'traditional' rural development programmes):
- set up targeting tools to ensure the most vulnerable communities will benefit from agricultural investments
- dedicate a specific attention to the role of women in agriculture (in particular through increased access to land, inputs and income) while making sure nutrition gains are maximized for both mothers and children (through introduction of timesaving technologies, childcare nurseries when appropriate, and nutritional education and awareness-raising)
At the international level as well, more efforts should be put in building stronger consensus on agriculture and nutrition. The recently established "Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition" could be a vehicle for this, if it associates enough countries and civil society organisations to its work. Nutrition should also be made a high priority in international agriculture forums, particularly the CFS (Committee on World Food Security), as the most inclusive international policy forum focusing on agriculture, food security and hunger reduction. A future HLPE report on the challenges of making food systems and agricultural policies work better for nutrition would represent a good opportunity for this.
Integrated home gardening, and farming systems for nutrition – Example from the South of Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, integrated home gardens fall within the national concept of "Ekti Badi, Ekti Khamar" meaning one household, one farm." In rural areas, 75% of households reportedly have a home garden. A range of 25 fruit crops, 29 vegetables, and 12 spices can be cultivated, even in small home gardens of less than 50 square-metres. Income from the home gardens is usually controlled by women and is more likely to be used for better diets, education, health care and others directly benefitting women and children. Estimates from the national Food Security and Nutritional Surveillance Project 2011-12, show that 56% of households have only home gardens, 62% have backyard poultry but 42% of households with homestead gardens also have backyard poultry. The same source also estimates that homestead gardening with backyard poultry g decreased from 41% in February-May of 2010-11 to 35% in February-May of 2011-12. The current situation shows that integrated home gardening needs enhanced resilience to land degradation, water scarcity, bio-security (especially avian flu), and climate change, particularly in high risk areas, such as in the Southern region in Bangladesh.
Around a tenth of gardens in selected villages of the Southern districts were destroyed completely by soil salinity, and seeds could not germinate. Amidst this situation, about half of the households implemented coping practices using organic compost and a little over a third planted crops in pits leached with water. Mulching with rice straw, coconut coir and other locally available organic materials were used to increase water retention of the soil and develop compost. Greater resilience was found in salinity among vegetable crops which include Indian spinach (pui shak), sweet gourd, okra and kang kong (kolmi shak) which are good sources of micronutrients. Kang kong was noted to be the most saline resistant crop but this is relatively new to Southern Bangladesh. It is essential that strategies and input resources have specific nutrition considerations integrated into agriculture extension while promoting integrated home gardening, particularly in flood affected areas. Households with larger plots of land are also seen to be moving from rice cultivation to shrimp cultivation which is more remunerative and this has affected the day labour opportunities for poor households. Households with better knowledge and means to adopt salinity coping practices were mostly the better off ones.
Kind regards,
The NCD Alliance (NCDA) was founded by four international NGO federations representing the four major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) – cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes – uniting a network of 1,000 member associations and a further 1,000 civil society organisations in more than 170 countries. NCDA echoes and fully supports the comments made by the International Diabetes Federation.
NCDs are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for two out of three deaths and half of all disability worldwide. 80% of NCD deaths are occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), exacting a heavy and growing toll on both physical and mental health and economic security. NCDs are related to both under- and overnutrition. Maternal undernutrition increases the risk of an infant developing obesity and NCDs later in life.[i] And overweight and obesity, including childhood obesity, are major drivers of the global NCD epidemic. At the UN High Level Meeting on NCDs in September 2011, UN Member States affirmed that NCDs are leading threats to social and economic development in the 21st century, and nutrition and agriculture as key issues in their prevention and control.[ii]
Nutrition is a cornerstone in the fight against NCDs, and population nutrition is a function of the food system. The global food system supplies the world with food necessary to sustain life, but it is also responsible for an influx of highly processed foods full of saturated fats, sugars and salt, contributing to the global rise in NCD prevalence.
We welcome the opportunity to contribute to the preparations for the Second International Conferences on Nutrition (ICN2) and this discussion on Nutrition-sensitive agriculture. In particular, NCDA acknowledges, welcomes and supports the Expert Paper contributed by Hawkes et.al. "Leveraging agriculture and food systems for healthier diets and noncommunicable disease prevention: The need for policy coherence".
Key Messages
Please find our complete submission to this consultation attached.
[i] PD Gluckman, MA Hanson, C Cooper, KL Thornburg. Effect of In Utero and Early-Life Conditions on Adult Health and Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008; 359:61-73
[ii] A/66/L.1 Political declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. September 2011
The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is the unique global voice of the diabetes community. IDF's strength lies in the capacity of our 220 national Member Associations – who connect global advocacy to local reality and deliver vital diabetes prevention, treatment and care in over 170 countries worldwide. As a founding federation of the NCD Alliance, IDF fully supports and reinforces all comments made in the NCD Alliance response. In these comments, IDF provides the diabetes perspective on nutrition-enhancing food systems.
The world is facing a diabetes crisis. The numbers are bleak and are becoming worse: more than 371 million people are living with diabetes today, a number that is expected to rise to 552 million in less than 20 years . While previously considered a disease of the rich, evidence shows diabetes disproportionately impacts the poor and vulnerable. Today nearly two-thirds of people with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries.
Diabetes and nutrition are closely linked; overweight and obesity are among the leading risk factors for diabetes, and undernutrition in early life has been shown to increase risk for diabetes later in life. Nutrition is a cornerstone in the fight against diabetes and obesity, and population nutrition is a function of the food system. The global food system supplies the world with food necessary to sustain life, but it is also responsible for an influx of highly processed foods full of saturated fats, sugars and salt, contributing to the global rise in diabetes and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).
We welcome the opportunity to contribute to the preparations for the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2) and this discussion on Nutrition-sensitive agriculture. In particular, IDF acknowledges, welcomes and supports the Expert Paper contributed by Hawkes et.al.: "Leveraging agriculture and food systems for healthier diets and noncommunicable disease prevention: The need for policy coherence".
Key Messages
For more information, please refer to the attached document
US Council for International Business response for the FAO's Global Forum on Food Security and Nutrition Discussion on Nutrition-Enhancing Agriculture and Food Systems
We would like to thank the FAO for the opportunity to submit comments to this online discussion. For your background information, USCIB is the American affiliate of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC) to the OECD, and the International Organisation of Employers (IOE). As such, we work closely with intergovernmental bodies, including the OECD, WTO, ILO, UN bodies and vis-à-vis foreign business communities and their governments. In addition, we would like to highlight that USCIB is a membership based organization which operates under bylaws that provide the framework under which we consult with our own stakeholders. Our processes are transparent. We provide views and inputs which are built through a consultative process and reflect a consensus among our large membership. We therefore hope that the FAO reads this submission within this context.
The questions below are extremely broad and encompass themes which are complex. Although an online consultation will solicit some input, we would like to suggest that the FAO create a more targeted approach to engaging with stakeholders, including the private sector. We recommend a formal consultation with stakeholders, including the private sector, to have a more robust and complete discussion on these important issues related to nutrition.
Prior to responding to the questions below in more detail, USCIB would like to underscore the following:
Policy issues: What policies can make agriculture and food systems more nutrition-enhancing? What are the knowledge gaps in policies associated with nutrition-enhancing agriculture and food systems?
With regards to these aforementioned questions, we would like to highlight the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) related work on building an effective nutrition policy. ILSI is a nonprofit, worldwide organization whose mission is to provide science that improves public health and well-being to states. To build an effective nutrition policy there should be a high probability for the effectiveness of nutrition-related interventions with low probability for unintended consequences. To achieve this balance, it is important to have an adequate level of scientific evidence.
The data essential for developing and implementing effective nutrition strategies include: knowledge of what a population is eating, knowledge of nutritional and health status of the population and key subpopulations, behavioral changes important to successful implementation and program evaluation of outcomes.
While having the correct data is crucial, it is equally important to have the right institutional arrangements in place to best support coordination and implementation of effective nutrition strategies. Effective and efficient nutrition policies require coordination across government ministries working with the private sector and civil society.
The private sector can play an important role in achieving a more nutrition-enhancing food system by innovating and investing in the food and agricultural sector. In addition though, meeting the growing challenges of the future, such as constrained resources, greater demand, and of course health-related challenges, will require policies that promote innovation and efficiency across the supply chain, from production to distribution and consumption.
With regards to distribution and consumption, it is particularly important to reduce waste and post-harvest losses, and lower costs of storage, transportation, and processing which can reduce costs and help to make foods more available. These actions would help to improve food access and food products.
USCIB believes that the private sector know-how in the areas of innovation, science and technology, as well as good production and management practices, can be increasingly harnessed through effective partnerships with research institutions, farmers, policy-makers, and civil society. The private sector plays a critical role in further strengthening markets, economic growth and livelihoods. While private sector involvement is key, there is also a need for government collaboration particularly in helping to ensure greater policy coherence such as reducing barriers to trade.
Programme issues: What do nutrition-enhancing agriculture and food systems look like? What have been the success stories and lessons learned from programmes at country level? How can we monitor the impact of such programmes on food consumption and nutrition?
To answer the questions above, we would like to highlight the following areas that need to be further addressed to provide an adequate response:
Food, Diversity, Safety and Quality Assurance
It is important to understand what the population is eating. Essential nutrients for humans are provided across the diverse pattern of foods which means that diversity is essential for good nutrition. Therefore, promotion of good nutrition is not a simple matter of emphasizing approaches that "one size fits all."
Additionally, due to ecological, economic, cultural or special physiological needs, human diets may require specific interventions that complement the nutrient gaps that may occur. Therefore, it is desirable to have nutrition interventions such as biofortification, food fortification, products formulated to satisfy nutritional requirements of specific groups of the population and food supplements.
Equally important is to ensure a population has access to food products that are safe. Food systems should place an emphasis on food safety, quality and assurance, with regard to the product itself. Likewise, food companies should provide the necessary information to ensure foods are delivered and prepared in a safe manner.
Nutrition Education
Nutrition education is another important area to address. It is important to provide the necessary facts which are focused on evidence-based science so consumers can make the appropriate decisions for their families. For this reason, we believe that international (evidence-based) standards such as CODEX, provide consumers with the right information/environment to make choices. Subjective standards are not helpful to the consumer.
Sustainable Agricultural Production
Preservation of natural resources to continue to grow food is necessary for nutrition. USCIB urges the FAO to promote food systems that protect natural resources especially since there are continuing challenges that the agriculture industry must face such as population increases, climate change, and water availability. As such, USCIB would like to highlight the importance of careful end-to-end management throughout the whole supply chain – from soil quality, water preservation, productivity/yields, to building climate change resilience, fortification, R&D, and post-harvest losses.
In this area, private sector plays an important role in research and development, technologies, innovation, and supply chain management. This includes working with smallholder farmers who are key players in helping to ensure a more sustainable, productive, and equitable agricultural development. Nestlé's Rural Development Framework is an example of how the private sector invests in the development of farmers and their livelihood. In fact, nutrition is identified as one of the priorities. http://www.nestle.com/asset- library/documents/investors/2013%20events/2013%2006%2017%20-%20rural%20development%20conf%20call.pdf
In addition, we would like to also include an example of how one company places strong emphasis on environmental conservation and performance. Coca Cola's Sustainable Agriculture Guiding Principles set expectations for ingredient suppliers to address sustainability challenges specific to agriculture, including areas such as workplace and human rights, environment, and farm management systems. http://assets.coca-colacompany.com/3e/b9/a13dd0a04750b2226f5904e94c8f/coca-cola-sustainable- agricultural-guiding-principles-april-2013-pdf.pdf
Empowering Women and Girls
Another crucial issue includes ensuring the empowerment of women and girls both economically and socially. These members of society have an important role in the decisions made at the household level with regards to food and nutrition. Therefore, we believe that it is important to promote policies that
help women become farmers, traders and business owners. Equally important is that these members of society are educated and properly informed to make healthy choices for their households. The private sector can play a crucial role in empowering women and girls. Nestlé's Action Plan on Women in the Cocoa Supply Chain reflects the company's commitment to addressing this important issue.
http://www.nestlecocoaplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/action-plan-women-in-cocoa-supply- chain1.pdf
Partnerships: How can we work across sectors and build strong linkages between food and agriculture, social protection, employment, health, education and other key sectors? How can we create sustainable partnerships? How can we build effective governance for nutrition?
With regards to partnerships, the areas that the FAO questions refer to are very broad. We recommend that the FAO be more precise in outlining what type of partnerships and linkages it is interested in. Prioritizing the areas in which FAO is interested in creating partnerships with various stakeholders would be a more effective manner to obtain input.
In light of the question, however, USCIB would like to highlight the work that the food and beverage industry has engaged with the WHO's 2004 Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (Global Strategy) and most recently the WHO Global Action Plan on NCDs (2013-2020) and the monitoring framework. Cooperation between governments and the food and beverage industry is necessary to the adoption of a multi-sector approach to addressing nutrition challenges. For example, many food and beverage companies have already partnered with the WHO, its regional offices, Member States and the wider public health community to deliver positive outcomes with regards to diet, physical activity and health. Some of the steps include:
For more information about how the food and beverage industry has worked with the WHO, please refer to https://www.ifballiance.org/ and to a 3rd party report by Accenture https://www.ifballiance.org/sites/default/files/AccentureMonitoringReport2012FINALDecember2012.pdf
On the question of governance, we would recommend that the FAO clarify what is meant by that term. For example, we would like a clarification on who or whom would be governed? And on what legal basis would those entities be governed?


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Good day,
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text: I took a look at the Everglades in Flash Earth and the thing about swamps is, they're all different than what we expect them to look like. The color you have there (grayish-green) looks pretty darn good. The only thing I would add is lots of little creeks flowing through the area in a very dark teal and more spotty ponds about the area. The vivid blue ponds should be a dark teal too.


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Prep roundup: Pickerington picks off Riverside 70-54
Conner Kern poured in a game-high 26 points and Pickerington Central (Ohio) outscored Riverside 24-12 in the fourth quarter to secure a 70-54 victory in the consolation game of the Chick-fil-A/South Charleston Classic Saturday at the South Charleston Community Center.
Jae-Sean Tabe added 20 points and Jalen Tabe had 10 for Pickerington Central (6-4), which led by four at halftime.
For Riverside, Nick Light scored 13, Tyus Wood 12 and Marcus Reed 10.
Austin Coleman contributed 14 points for the Cougars (3-5) while Miguel Bays chipped in 10. For Trinity Christian (4-4), Cody Triplett had a team-high 15 points.
Jacob Neal had 21 poitns to lead the Raiders (6-2) while Scotti Meadows added 17. Anthony Aviles finished with 20 points for Gilmer County (4-2)
Bryce Woodliff added 20 points for the Spartans (8-0). Josh Dominguez had 27 points to lead Metrolina (10-6).
Zack Moore scored 16 points while Justin Wojceiszak, Ben Parsons and Elis Beacom all had 14 for Teays Valley (10-3). T.G. Miller finished with a game-high 22 points for Ohio Valley (4-4)
Zach Casto added 16 points and Garett McCarty had 14 for the Fighting Irish. T.J. Smith led the Bobcats with 20 points while Taron Ayers chipped in 16.
Jonathon Mawyer added 10 points for the Wildcats (4-3). Zach Null led the Indians (3-3) with 21 points and Nathan Miller had 15.
Cody Morris scored 19 points and grabbed 10 rebounds for the Huskies (4-1) while Joey Forbes had 13 points, 11 rebounds and six steals. Sam Schoolcraft chipped in with 13 points.
Grant Ferguson scored 13 points to pace Wayne (2-3).
Nathan McNeil netted 15 points for St. Albans while Kevic Watkins added 10 points and 11 rebounds. Dustin Scarberry had 23 points for the Knights (2-5).
Makenzie Martin posted 15 points for Chapmanville (3-3). Jason Weitzel tallied 24 points for PikeView (1-3).
Shon Smith had a game-high 24 points and Chandler Lang scored 13 for Fort Frye (2-5).
Andrew Davis added 19 points for Lincoln County (5-3). Dylan Alexander and Ashton Hinzman each had nine points for Doddridge County (1-3).
Friday's boys game
Brandy Morrison added 16 points for the Bobcats (6-1). Anna Whelan and Samantha Fletcher had 18 points apiece for the Fighting Irish (3-5).
Faith Davis added 10 points for the Renegades (7-0) while Jaimee Dotson was Scott's leading scorer with 12 points. Andrea Rankin also scored in double figures for the Skyhawks (4-2), finishing with 10 points.
Savannah Winnett also had a big game for the Rebels (4-2) with 22 points and 13 rebounds, while Jordan Presley contributed 11 points. Katie Hoban (12 points) and Carly Grady (10) were the top scorers for Keyser (4-3).
Chrissy Farmer netted 14 points for the Miners (3-5) while Hannah Church and Ashley Curry contributed 12 and 11 points, respectively. Chelsey Dobbs tallied a game-high 21 points for River View.
Bianca Andre chipped in with 18 points and 17 rebounds while Chloe Honaker and Lexi Tincher each finished with 10 points for Greenbrier East (7-0).
Jasmine Mitchell was Amelia's leading scorer with 13 points.
Lindsay Prichard scored 16 points for Lincoln County (0-11) while Laura Williamson chipped in 13.


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Taking a break from discovering homelessicles, electing corrupt politicians and producing chronically uncompetitive automobiles, a group of Motor City natives took it upon themselves to clear an abandoned velodrome of decades worth of trash and "old tires" (we're guessing this is a local euphemism for dead bodies) and reverse the post-apocalyptical reclamation by nature. Only days later, local bikers were hooning the banked concrete oval and are already planning a race series. God we love Detroit.
The clearing work was performed by the Detroit Mower Gang, a group of underground lawn care enthusiasts who've tasked themselves with restoring the public lands of the formerly-flourishing/currently decaying former metropolis so that omega children will have a place to exercise their malnourished limbs.
Hearing of the Gang's brave deeds, a group local bikers descended on the track for a trial run, reporting that it's only slightly trecharous due to the frost heaves and cracks. Perfect for an underground races series then. There's already word of a run-watcha-brung type series.
via TheChicaneBlog (vintage motorsports awesomeness alert)


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With the Hex River Mountains as its backdrop and an olive plantation that surrounds the restaurant, Olivenbosch Restaurant, located in Worcester offers guests a dining experience with a splendid view and real Boland hospitality.
Visitors can take advantage of the beauty of the natural surroundings by choosing to be seated on the outdoor deck in summer. Rainy winters, with a snow capped mountain in the distance, will however demand a table closer to the fireplace and glass of wine from local selection on offer.
The a la carte menu is mainly Mediterranean with menu items that satisfies tastes all round.
The restaurant is very much family orientated, with a kids' room to occupy the little ones. Guests can also enjoy the social aspect of the eatery that caters for sport fans and those that love karaoke.
Don't miss the Sunday buffet.
Olivetti is a popular restaurant, wedding and function venue set in the midst of the waterways, vineyards and green hills of Stellenbosch. This stunning restaurant serves Italian, French and traditional South African cuisine in a casual yet stylish atmosphere. The menu focusses on Mediterranean dishes with a real Cape flair and the wine list is extensive and complements every meal.
The private setting offers private rooms and a relaxed garden setting with a fantastic children's play area.
Enjoy breakfast in the garden, or soak up the ambiance over tea.
Indulge in Mediterranean cuisine over lunch or dinner in the private dining rooms, beautifully presented followed by delicious deserts.
Delicious SQL for the hungry penguin.


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The urban-cool diaper bag for all manner of parenting pursuits!
Not currently available in this region.
The diddie diaper bag is HOT! because:
- value: includes mini diddie for junior, laptop or lollies!
- change mat in removable storage bag for dirty duddies on the run!
- phil&teds head unisex style
- body-to-buggy adaptability
- maleable neoprene panel for hip-hugging comfort
- adjustable shoulder strap for all sizes
- lots of interior pockets with red lining - find what you need in a flash!
- exterior zip-up bottle pocket


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Show your style.
All American Homes offers homes from 900 to 3,000 square feet in dozens of flexible floor plans. Ranch, Cabins, Vacation Homes, Cape Cod, and Two-Story plans are offered in numerous layouts to suit and building site and room configurations to fit any lifestyle. Abundant finishing options offer the ability to tailor the home's style from modern, southwestern, country, or simply traditional.
Each plan is customizable to meet your requirements and preferences. If you already have a plan or have an idea, All American Homes can work with you to build the home of your dreams.
Start by browsing our extensive catalog.


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sick people in this world, sorry for anyone that suffered a loss.
sick people in this world, sorry for anyone that suffered a loss.
Well you are right, BUT there is no way anyone could have predicted this would happen. From all accounts he was a stable, law abiding person who just went over the top! Even with more investigation, longer waiting periods and restrictions on what is legal to buy, this person would probably still have done this horrendous act. So sad....................
Colorado Cowboy
Cowboy Action Shooter; Endowment Life Member-NRA
The Original Rocket Scientist-Retired
"My Father always considered a walk in the mountains as the equivalent of church going."
Aldous Huxley


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I have 2 questions -
(1) Does anyone know how to download the contents of a newly created Briefcase document ?
My file has just plain text in it. However, in zimbra 7.2.3 it appears that there is no concept of a plain text zimbra document.
If I upload a .txt file, it registers it as a type "Text file" and if I highlight it and press "Download" I get a popup dialog box asking me where to save it. This is what I expect - and this is the way text documents used to work on zimbra.
With the newly created plain text "zimbra document" - I highlight it and click download - and all I get is a new browser window containing a html rendition of my information. Viewing the source of that window I can see it is actually HTML
How can I download just my text? The disp=a option which used to always download files as an attachment does not work.
and - "Viewing the source of that window I can see it is actually HTML" - brings me to my second question.
(2) The source of that file contains contains the following license block
Does this imply zimbra are claiming to license all content I type into any "zimbra document" in the Briefcase on my server ?Code:<!-- ***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ***** Zimbra Collaboration Suite Web Client Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 VMware, Inc. The contents of this file are subject to the Zimbra Public License Version 1.3 ("License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.zimbra.com/license. Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ***** END LICENSE BLOCK ***** -->


text:
IMPORTANT NOTICE: Many pages on this site may not display properly for Internet Explorer 11 users. Please consider another browser such as Chrome or Firefox.
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) collects data from randomly selected non-institutionalized adults age 18 and older, through monthly telephone surveys. All 50 states currently conduct the survey, with the collaboration and support of the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Currently Wyoming conducts about 6,000 telephone interviews each year. Final yearly data are weighted by CDC to account for different probabilities of selection and to be representative of the total adult Wyoming population by gender and age group. Respondents with missing values were excluded from the analysis of that variable unless otherwise noted.
Selected results are now available from this website in the form of demographic tables. These tables include the prevalence estimates, the 95% confidence intervals, the total sample size for the measure, and the number of respondents who reported the risk factor or behavior. The 95% confidence interval defines the margin of error for the prevalence estimate and is largely based on sample size. When the sample size is small for a particular demographic group, the corresponding margins of error are large and appropriate care should be taken when interpreting those results. P values are included below the prevalence estimates. A P value of 0.05 or less indicates that a statistically significant difference exists between at least two of the groups within the demographic category. When observing differences between two estimates for a particular indicator, confidence intervals which do not overlap will usually indicate a statistically significant difference. Data that are not available are indicated by "---". Percents and confidence intervals that are not reported due to inadequate sample size are also indicated by "---". Hit buttons (in blue type) are provided for population groups needing further explanation.
County and race/ethnicity categories. On a annual basis, BRFSS cannot provide estimates by county or race/ethnicty due to the small size of many counties and some race/ethnicity groups. For those indicators that regularly appear on the questionnaire, 5 years of data are combined to produce estimates for every county and 5 race/ethnicity groups. These estimates are updated every 2 years.
Limitations of the data. Data are self-reported and subject to recall difficulties and misrepresentation. People excluded from the survey: those without telephones, those with only cell phones (through 2008), those living in nursing homes, prisons, other institutions, dormitories, other large group homes. Response rates for BRFSS and all telephone surveys have been declining in recent years making non-response bias a possible concern.
Inquiries. Further information about BRFSS can be obtained by contacting Joe Grandpre, Interim BRFSS Coordinator, Wyoming Department of Health, 6101 Yellowstone Road, Suite 259A, Cheyenne, WY 82001, 307-777-6012, firstname.lastname@example.com.
Press here to select and view Wyoming BRFSS data


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[ Home >> Shop By Category >> Golf Gift Guide - 2016 >> Women's Clubs >> Women's Putters >> Odyssey Versa #2 Putter ]
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Error C0000005
C0000005 Repair Guide
2 Step C0000005 Fix
If you're having problems with the error C0000005 then it can indicate a conflict has occured in your machine.
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Download and install them one at a time, so as not to cause conflicts;
Sometimes C0000005 errors can be caused by spyware and viruses, so it's recommended you run a program like the one below to check and remove any infections it finds.
To start the installation immediately, click Open or Run this program from its current location. Or to save the download to your computer for installation at a later time, click Save or Save this program to disk.
Once installed, run each program by pressing its scan/update button. Once the checks are done, you can let the tools fix the problem or use their reports to repair it yourself.
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If you'd rather get a personalised email, showing you how to use the tools above to help repair your error, please enter your name, error message code (in this case C0000005) and email address into the form below and check your email inbox within 30 minutes.
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This page shows you how to fix C0000005 and related computer errors.
|Copyright 2010. All rights reserved. Sitemap | Terms | Privacy | Fix C0000005 Errors


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See All Contributors »
Any more info on this?
Dan Tracy @dtracy89 1m Scene at Iowa State. Damn. RT @DeanBG Cop cars chased truck onto central campus. Bystanders said 3 gun shots. pic.twitter.com/vXOLHMcnMq
Matt Van Winkle @mattvanwinkle 56s
Alleged shots fired on Iowa State campus. RT @DeanBG: Truck slammed into tree. Cops taping the area off. pic.twitter.com/o8h21xV8IG
In the QB thread, someone showed two of the guys posting "wow" on Twitter. I'm going to assume it's related to this, and be glad that my daughter and I are hanging at home right now.
Kansas Must Be Destroyed
Sic Semper Jayhawks
I heard like 10 police cars with sirens on zoom by on Lincoln Way. Knew something serious must have happened.
I haven't even gotten an ISU alert...
Ames Police & Fire
AMES Police and Fire Live Audio Feed
If there's ever a chase going down Lincoln Way in Ames, they HAVE TO put campus on lockdown. This *** hat could've killed someone driving through central campus.
Self-Proclaimed Smartest and Goodest Looking Poster on Cyclone Fanatic 4 years running*
*Fitzy not included
ISU Alert fail...
Homecoming starting off with a BANG! I'll see myself out
Looks like all the police cars are by the library.
Originally Posted by cyclonez7
ISU Alert fail...
And thats the second time in a month.
The first was when they spotted a "bomb-like object" and instead of ALERTING THE STUDENTS, they tweeted out "hey stay away from this area."
C'mon, man.
I just got an ISU Alert Text
That's not how you do Guerrilla Marketing, Spring Green Lawn Care out of Boone
Posting from morril hall. Emergency vehicles all over central campus.
Rip 'n Shred - Shred 'n Rip
Check out my ratings site!
I hope everyone is ok......this is scary.
Carrying the banner for ISU.
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Ana Ivanovic has moved into the $5.7 million holiday home she was reported to have purchased in Palma Son-Vida, Mallorca and has already begun preparations for the 2009 tennis season.
Via her blog:
I've been training in Spain for the past two weeks. I bought a holiday home in Mallorca. It's a very quiet and peaceful area, so it's a perfect place to train and relax. I have always liked Mallorca: I used to come here to train when I was 15.Oh the life of a multi-millionairess. But, of course, the big question: is cutesy Anando already swinging from the new home's chandeliers and all?
I will continue to live in Switzerland, but this gives me another option for training, especially in the winter when you can practise outdoors.
My cousin visited me when I moved in, which was very nice. The neighbours have been very friendly too.
My first week of training was mainly conditioning work, but I had a light hit a few times. Even though the focus has been fitness work, it's important to slowly work yourself back into a rhythm on the court. It's also good for your hands, otherwise you can get blisters if you go from not playing at all for two weeks, to intense hitting.
I am now training hard on the court too. I have a hitting partner here with me.
I guess we'll find out soon enough whether Ana tells us or not. I mean, we do have our ways...


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May 25, 2016
WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. (AP) -- Travis McKie scored 15 points to help Wake Forest beat Florida State 71-46 on Saturday, snapping a four-game losing streak.
C.J. Harris added 14 for the Demon Deacons (11-12, 4-7 Atlantic Coast Conference), who led the entire afternoon on the way to matching their league win total for all of last season. Wake Forest was in complete control almost from the tip, leading by 11 points in the first half before blowing the game open in a surprisingly easy finish.
The Demon Deacons dominated the boards and finished with a 45-25 advantage, which led to a 19-1 edge in second-chance points and helped them shoot 49.1 percent (26 of 53).
Michael Snaer and Okaro White each scored 13 for the Seminoles (13-10, 5-5), who shot just 25 percent (6 of 24) after halftime and managed just one field goal over a 9-minute span as the Demon Deacons pulled away.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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Man who misused company credit card sentenced to 240 days in jail
Published: Wednesday, July 31, 2013 at 11:15 a.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, July 31, 2013 at 11:15 a.m.
A Reddick man accused of misusing a company credit card at gas stations has been sentenced to serve a 240-day term in the Marion County Jail for organized fraud.
Anthony David Rodriguez, 41, accepted a plea agreement from the State Attorney's Office on Tuesday and pleaded guilty to the charge. He will receive a 63-day credit for time served pending resolution of the case.
After being released from jail, he will be placed on house arrest for two years and must complete 70 hours of community service.
Rodriguez was originally charged with 16 third-degree felony counts that included grand theft and fraudulent use of a credit card.
The State Attorney's Office decided to consolidate the charges into one third-degree felony count of organized fraud.
Rodriguez was arrested on May 29 by the Marion County Sheriff's Office after deputies spoke with the owner of Hercules Fencing Co. on Southeast Maricamp Road. The owner said he had recently hired Rodriguez and believed the defendant took the fleet gas credit card assigned to his work truck and used it over a weekend for personal use without permission, racking up $1,176.20 in charges, according to a sheriff's report.
The card was used 17 times over a five-day period at various gas stations in Marion and Lake counties. Store video surveillance showed Rodriguez using the card.
An investigation revealed Rodriguez purchased gas with the credit card for other motorists and then had them pay him a reduced price in cash, which he pocketed.
In an interview after he had been advised of his rights, Rodriguez admitted to using the card without authorization and said he would sell a tank of gas for about $40.
Contact April Warren at 867-4065 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
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