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Metal MagicWritten by on December 8, 2004 Modifying Stainless Trim
Of the many benefits that stainless steel offers for trim and accent pieces, it's the downfalls of working with it that scare many people away. Unlike aluminum, with its soft characteristics, or steel, being so forgiving, stainless is tough--especially on tools. But if you can get past that, stainless can be a wonderful metal. And to try and make it a little easier to deal with, we went to Salinas Boyz' Cole Foster (with help from Aaron Elliot) for a few lessons on cutting, shaping, and even welding stainless. If you've got some side trim shortening (or lengthening) or bullnose repair to do, read up...then get busy!
Cutting/Welding Stainless Trim
Stainless can be a real pain to work with, but it doesn't have to be. Even if you're not up to the task of TIG welding, you can always do all the steps leading up to that point, and then take your modified pieces to a proficient welder. But the welding itself isn't necessarily the most crucial part (though your alignment needs to be dead-on if you want the trim to stay straight and even). Things get really temperamental with the finish-work, as stainless requires no chrome plating. So there's no copper filler to cover up any flaws. Polishing stainless is not as forgiving as aluminum or brass, but it's probably not quite as touchy as rubbing out a bumpy paint job.
Let's start with the cutting. After you've determined the required amount of material that needs to be removed, mark your cuts as evenly as possible with masking tape. Make sure the cut marks are square to each other (we used an actual square to determine cut marks), as fit is very important. Either a band saw or die grinder with a slim cutoff wheel can be used to cut the material, but keep in mind that stainless likes to wear down blades quickly. Once both cuts are made, take the two pieces and align them on a flat plane to verify you're still on the straight and narrow (if not, carefully take whichever piece is a little off on a belt or vertical disc sander and take a little bit of material off at a time until you're "square").
Now, if you're going to weld the trim back together yourself, you'll want to set the pieces up (even in a little makeshift jig) so that they can't move around while you tack them together. We made up a couple different "contraptions" to hold down the trim without getting in the way, as you'll see in the photos. Okay, being that stainless can vary in composition, you'll want to get both 308 and 309 stainless rods and test them out before fully welding, as you don't want to see any of your mend marks when you're done. For final welding, putting a little weight on each piece aids in keeping them straight. The real trick is getting the weld on the backside as clean as the front, and to do that, we "purge" argon (at 1 lb of pressure) through some type of "tent" to direct flow. We weld the stainless as cool as possible--penetrate but not burn through. You can also coat the backside with Type B welding flux to help obtain a much cleaner weld. (Untreated, the back of a stainless weld is messy and rough.) Your weld should be golden in color. After lifting off the pedal, let argon flow over. (Most TIGs have an "after-flow" setting.)
Grinding your newly welded piece is next. Again, you want to keep the piece weighted down so the grinder won't move it around and just end up causing you more work. Make sure your area is very well lit, and wear safety glasses! We started off with a die-grinder (with a cutoff wheel) and took down only the bead, not any of the virgin surface (parent metal) on either side--just like working with a sheetmetal patch. For straightening purposes, we did the same to the backside of the weld, as well.
Then it was time to file. With a medium-toothed flat file, we made smooth strokes over the weld, but made sure the file remained flat (no edge grinds!). Don't get too carried away; keep checking the surface, as you would doing bodywork. As a matter of fact, guide-coating the area with a spray bomb or even Dykem will let you know exactly where all the highs and lows are and, hopefully, not let you go too far. Before cutting into the stainless, switch to sandpaper (wrapped around a paint stick or even the file itself) starting with 120 grit. If you encounter any low spots, you can take an old Phillips screwdriver (or even a straight blade) and grind the tip to a dull point. Then put the part on a smooth surface like wood, set the point on low (which will be high on back), and push the screwdriver carefully. If you need to tap it with a hammer, hit only the tool and never the stainless itself. Then, just take your 120 grit to see if your little mission was successful. Once you start seeing the weld blend nicely into the stainless, you're ready to move on to the DA sander. Using a DA in the "locked" position (as opposed to oscillating) will ensure you take down the material further. Again, start with 120 grit, and keep the sanding surface flat with the piece. Work back and forth, gradually working your way farther out from the weld bead each time. Step up to 250 grit and then to 400, at which point all grind marks and scratches should be gone and you are looking at a shiny surface. Next, wet-sand with 600 grit prior to taking the piece to the buffing wheel with a stainless compound.
Hopefully, the steps described (along with the photos) will give you a better understanding of working with stainless trim. I still am a little spooked when taking down the weld bead, but I trick myself into thinking I'm playing that old game "Operation." If I go too far--buzz! Next month, well make an ornament/trim piece from stainless stock.
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
For our little exercise, we had Aaron shorten up the windshield stainless, something every chopped car will need unless you're running V-butted glass......Obviously, the first step is to measure the amount you need to cut out. (It helps remembering how much you chopped the top!)The cut marks were marked with masking tape, then the trim piece was cut twice on a band saw. Making your cuts as even as possible will help with your alignment later when it's time to weld.It's a good idea to cut "long"...in other words, give yourself plenty of room for error. Aaron made his cuts about 1/16-inch beyond the real cut line.A vertical disc sander handled the chore of not only taking the stainless down to the right length, but ensuring the edge was square.On a flat, level surface, with both pieces of stainless secure, Aaron tack-welded the trim together...
Heavy construction paper normally used for making templates was cut out and taped together to form a makeshift tent in which argon from a separate tank would be purged into. As mentioned in the story, this is done to achieve as clean a weld as possible on the "backside." The use of Type B flux also helps eliminating the normally rough, messy bead that raw stainless welds produce.Done properly, your TIG weld should appear golden in color, with a nice, even bead. Keeping your weld cool and avoiding burn-through is pretty much mandatory; you don't have the option of filling in low spots later!After carefully taking down only the weld bead with a die grinder, Aaron works the weld down further with a flat file, the whole time making sure not to remove "virgin" stainless on either side until the bead is knocked down.Once the bead starts becoming more uniform with the trim piece, it can be blended in using gradual strokes. Aaron frequently checks for low spots, as they will need to be pushed out from the backside before finishing up.Dealing with low spots can be a little tough, but if you watch your work closely and take your time, it shouldn't be a big problem......Aaron files the back of the weld down even (to give himself an even surface to work from), then very carefully works out any lows he encounters. If you're worried about going too far with a hammer, try the modified screwdriver method mentioned in the story.With the filing and straightening out of the way, a DA sander is next. The steps are primarily the same as those taken with bodywork and patching panels-working your way to a finer grit each stage. Make sure the DA is set on locked rather than oscillating motion.A final once-over with 600-grit paper should suffice before taking the trim piece to the buffing with some stainless compound (using the same steps of starting out with a rougher grit, gradually progressing to a finer polishing grit).
The "purging" method is also used when welding stainless tubing, such as exhaust. Instead of a tent, duct tape is used to direct the flow of argon towards the back of the weld.Capping the end of a piece of stainless trim isn't as hard as it sounds. Whether you're taking one piece and creating two, or simply capping a single piece, the methods are the same. You'll want to make sure the angle of the cut, when the door is opened, doesn't catch the piece directly in front. Once cut, oversize-trace the open end and rough-cut a cap piece out of similar-size stainless sheet.Cole devised a clever jig in which to temporarily keep the stainless in place (here on top of an aluminum block)...The cap piece is obviously oversized around the sides and top. Instead of trying to come as close as possible with the shears, it's easier and produces better results to do the trimming once the cap is tacked on.First, the piece is carefully knocked down on the belt sander, and then a DA (set on locked, not oscillating)......is used to get the shape even closer--but not perfect, as there is still some welding left to do.If possible, use the "purging" method (flowing in additional argon to obtain a clean TIG weld on the back as well as the front) when finish-welding the cap. This can be done with a MIG using stainless wire, but as most people will tell you, the results are much better this way.
To get the end more uniform without taking off too much material, a Scotch-Brite wheel on the bench grinder was used. Don't overwork the area; it's better to have high spots than any lows.When you can no longer see the seam between the cap and the trim piece, it's time to start polishing. Begin with a rougher-grit stainless rouge, working your way to a finer polishing compound.


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Topic: Upgrade 0.6.1 -> 0.7.0 mailMessageStore error
==== Provide required information to help troubleshoot and get quick answer ====
- Linux/BSD distribution name and version: Centos 5
- iRedMail version and backend (LDAP/MySQL): IredMail 0.6.1 LDAP
- Any related log? Log is helpful for troubleshooting.
Feb 23 00:40:12 IMAP(email@example.com): Error: mkdir(/var/flagmail.it/g/./b/g.bacci-2011.08.05.17.54.09//Maildir/cur) failed: Permission denied (euid=500(vmail) egid=500(vmail) missing +w perm: /var)
Dear Support,
I've just upgrade my iredmail from 0.6.1 to 0.7.0 but know my imap client and my webmail does not work.
In phpLdapMyAdmin I have this mailMessageStore: vmail/flagmail.it/g/./b/g.bacci-2011.08.05.17.54.09/ and this not work.
If I modify mailMessageStore in: flagmail.it/g/./b/g.bacci-2011.08.05.17.54.09/ it works.
All my server account have vmail/ in front of messagestore.
What's wrong?
- Urgent issue? Pay iRedMail developer to solve it remotely at $39.


text:
Hi Folks,
I am finding messages in the deferred queue, and I don't recognize any of them. As I understand it, these are outbound messages that have not been accepted for delivery. It is not at all clear to me how these messages are getting to the deferred queue because I am not sending them, which points to a misconfiguration.
Can anybody advise me where to look for a setting which is allowing relaying of this nature?
Thanks for the help,


text:
Worked With:
Lena Olin
Birth Name: Lena Olin
Born: 03/22/1955
Birth Place: Sweden
Born: 03/22/1955
Birth Place: Sweden
Olin's performance as Cordelia in a Bergman-directed "King Lear" at Stockholm's Royal Dramatic Theater in 1985 brought her to the attention of Bertil Ohlsson, executive producer of Philip Kaufman's "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" (1988), adapted from Milan Kundera's best-selling novel of love and eroticism set against the 1968 Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia. Her turn in that film as Sabina, the bowler hat-wearing artist-mistress of Daniel Day-Lewis, was the first of a series of smart, sexy roles showcasing her unique bearing and dancer's grace, helping to establish her international reputation as a "thinking man's beauty." Whereas the kinky Sabina's sexual proclivities served as a co... Continue Bio >>
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Hi I'm trying to install a new zimbra server over a fresh installed ubuntu 10.04 lts server.
I set static ip, than I create a record in my domain dns server. I also create a mx record, matching with the a record.
When I start installation procedure everything seems to go welll.
But as the script is trying to start the server nothing happens. Looking in log file the last line is "starting mta".
The average load is around 28. For hours.... Where is the problem? What I'm doing wrong?


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Tuesday, October 21, 2008
Clutter Buster: Catalog Those Magazine Clippings
I am a self-professed magazine addict. It's really out of control but I do read all of them, every month. As a green mama this probably isn't the most green habit either. I realize that and have extreme guilt about it -- but I do recycle them.
When my husband and I were newlyweds he would be exasperated by my pile of magazines in our tiny condo mailbox every month but he was impressed that I read them all so he kept his mouth shut after that. I'm some sort of freaky magazine Rain woMan savant. I absorb random facts, crafts, decorating ideas, recipes and parenting tips from them and can remember stuff I read or saw 10 years ago. Wish I could have done that with something useful in school, like my chemistry or geometry textbooks, but they weren't interesting enough. If Martha Stewart, Family Fun, and Better Homes and Gardens had found a way to present my school work as home decor and craft ideas I would have had a much higher GPA. I aced Art, Photography and Clothing. [Editor's Note: these are the 3 classes I actually use to this day]
I clip out whatever I think I might want to reference later and recycle or pass along the rest of the magazine every month so I don't have shelves full of magazines. I do have one designated shelf for my magazine habit in our guest room. I have binders (with page protectors inside of them) that I file all of my fabulous inspiration into by category. This way I can easily grab a book of ideas whenever I'm working on a holiday project, planning a birthday party, or looking for the perfect organizing tip. Some of my categories include: "Home Projects: So Very Martha", "Halloween", "Birthday Party Ideas", "Parenting", "Winter", "Christmas", "Summer Entertaining", "Cute Craft Ideas", etc.
In case you're curious, here is my list of (14) magazines I have current subscriptions to:
Better Homes and Gardens
Southern Living
Family Fun
Wonder Time
"O" Oprah
Consumer Reports
Kiplinger's Personal Finance
Ladies' Home Journal
Woman's Day
Everyday Food
LadyBug (that one is the Frog Princess' subscription)
I also steal my mom's leftover Martha Stewart and Family Circle magazines. You know, in case I run out of stuff to read...
Yeah....it really is out of control.
20 comments:
- Melinda Zook said...
Oh my goodness girlfriend. You read a lot of magazines! I had saved a ton of mine over the years always intending to cut and organize them but I just never got around to it. A couple of months I gathered them all up and gave them away to my mom's company, to put in their lunchroom. It felt good to clear them out. I still do have another pile though of recipes and stuff I cut out that needs to be organized. The binders look like a good idea!
- October 21, 2008 at 9:50 AM
- Not Hannah said...
That is the craziest and most awesome thing I've ever seen. I feel much better about my collection of recipes and magazine subscriptions.
- October 21, 2008 at 10:14 AM
- Jacie said...
That really is a lot of magazines. How in the world do you find time to read them all? I know what you mean though about remembering ideas, crafts, etc. from old magazine articles. I keep the magazines that I know one day I'll use for their articles-but I don't have so many they need catloging. I ended subscriptions to save money and now just use the internet. But believe me I'll be passing along your post to my sister in law who keeps a ton of magazines and NEEDS to catalog them and put them away something fierce! So thanks.
- October 21, 2008 at 11:35 AM
- MyBrownBaby said...
Good googa mooga! You really read all those magazines every month?! I get Essence, Real Simple, The New Yorker, Parenting, and Domino, and I swear they STAY stacked up in the kitchen next to my computer, like a huge, menacing stranger, beckoning me to play. I want to. I really do. But time won't allow it. I flip through, fold pages I want to go back to, and then... they sit. This is a GREAT idea, though. I'll give it a whirl, if only to reduce the pile!!!
- October 21, 2008 at 12:15 PM
- Casey said...
OMG, I can't even keep up with the two subscriptions I have! I'm more worried about keeping up with my DVR...
- October 21, 2008 at 12:42 PM
- michelle {sweet mady's paper} said...
what a great idea! I just use file folders and that's a mess.
- October 21, 2008 at 1:11 PM
- Emily said...
I love magazines, but usually just give them to friends when i am done with them.. I love this idea! AWESOME!
- October 21, 2008 at 9:26 PM
- Carrie said...
wow, you do read alot of magazines. I am very impressed with how well you sort and organize them. I need to remember that I only read country living and real simple and sometimes I feel overwhelmed with them.
- October 21, 2008 at 9:45 PM
- Christie-A Work In Progress said...
Hey! I actually started doing this to get rid of my piles of magazines. Granted, my clippings have yet to make it into nifty binders like yours but the intent is there!
- October 21, 2008 at 9:46 PM
- Jenni Jiggety said...
Wow! You have A LOT of magazines! I just throw all of mine away...but most of mine are cheesy entertainment rags because I am shallow.
- October 21, 2008 at 10:34 PM
- hellokittiemama said...
I had the mag habit!!! I was not nearly as organized as you though. I broke the habit kind of cold turkey when we moved and somehow my subscriptions didn't make it to my new adress. I realized after a month and I hadn't read any magazines. Unlike you, I didn't read all the ones that I got and they tended to pile up. I'd read here and there but never cover to cover. Your organized clip and binder method is amazing!!!
- October 21, 2008 at 10:35 PM
- Sue said...
That's a great idea with the binders. I mostly only get one magazine right now. It's great that you are really using these magazines, not just throwing them away. Your husband can't complain, you're really getting your moneys worth out of them. Thanks for stopping by my blog & for your nice comment. :)
- October 22, 2008 at 7:33 AM
- Kristen Andrews said...
I love your idea for mag clippings! I struggle w/ clutter
- October 23, 2008 at 8:25 PM
- My Three Girls (The A girls) said...
love the idea of puuting the important things in binders.
I also love magazines.
- October 26, 2008 at 7:39 PM
- K. said...
Be still my heart...someone else who is as obsessed with magazines as I am! What a great idea for organizing ideas! Now I can finally go through all of my saved magazines, cut out what I like and recycle them...which will make my husband SO happy!
Thank you for sharing this wonderful, yet simple, idea!!
- November 14, 2008 at 10:42 AM
- paperglueetc said...
we might be related, all the women in my family are obsessed with magazines and I'm glad we trade them back and forth makes you not feel as guilty if 5 or 6 people have enjoyed them
- January 14, 2009 at 3:32 PM
- Judy @ In His Grip said...
I like this idea. I clip things from magazines all the time and then never know what to do with them so I can find them again. I am headed out to Office Depot right now to get some notebooks.
- January 16, 2009 at 4:16 PM
- iris7531 said...
Oh WOW! ;) I don't have any magazines. But my kids each have 1 sub. I think your idea is great. I have a friend who has a lot of subscriptions, I will pass on your knowledge. You are a PROFESSIONAL! :)
- January 22, 2009 at 11:16 AM
- Shannon said...
ahhhh... this makes me want to sign up for a few more! I love Family Fun too!
- August 22, 2009 at 11:27 PM
- Mona Morgan said...
Hello little mama
I too was a magazine addict, but I am in year three of read it or lose it organizing. Each new month, I pull out magazines from the same month last year and even a few years prior, and pull out articles that still interest me, put them in binders then recycle the rest of the magazine.It is really refreshing walking by closets or baskets now void of old yellowing magazines knowing I love feeling free of paper clutter.If you hoard paper or magazines more than a year or two, you may need help :-)
Oh, and that includes kids school work from 5-10-or more years ago.Just choose one or two pieces from each year or school.
- February 13, 2015 at 3:15 PM
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Greening the Blue World: Green Economy Approach for Oceans, Coasts and SIDS
14 Jun 2012 - 14 Jun 2012The interconnectivity of the blue world in the global economy is immensely vast. However, as recently reported in the UNEP Green Economy report, one of the key sectors that depends on a healthy marine and coastal environment is the world�s marine fisheries � socially and economically vital, providing animal protein and supporting food security to over 1 billion people � which are currently at a high risk of collapsing. The consequences of a global collapse in fisheries would have severe socio-economic impacts on countries, particularly in developing and least developed, where the fight to eradicate poverty is substantially greater.
Athletes Park, UNEP Pavilion
Athletes Park, UNEP Pavilion
While fisheries provide jobs and livelihoods to millions of people, there are other sectors that equally depend on the blue world for their subsistence. These sectors not only depend on a healthy marine and coastal environment, such as coastal tourism, but they also have direct impacts through physical alteration and destruction of habitats and/or land and marine-based sources of pollution.
In order to preserve and mitigate the rapid degradation of the blue world, it is important that key sectors such as logistics (i.e. transport and shipping), tourism, and energy begin a transition towards a green economy. This can contribute to a viable socio-economic shift that creates jobs, eradicates poverty, adapts to climate change and embraces integrated environment and development planning. The blue world can serve as a catalyst to consider the need to evolve our current economic model towards one that is funded on ecosystems-based economic development, and acknowledge the importance of both quantifying and working with the qualities of social, natural and financial capital. The wealth and economy of the oceans is one that depends on our understanding that sustainable economic growth is only achievable when the true wealth of our oceans is accounted for.
The session will explore how the blue world can benefit from a transition towards a green economy by analysing the challenges and opportunities in key sectors that depend and/or influence the state of marine and coastal environment. It will also discuss innovative sectorial approaches that can foster social and economic integration within the context of sustainable development.


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The distinctive fragrances of bath and body products can be almost magical in their ability to soothe, refresh, calm, and energize women just through the simple use of the body wash, shower gel, and other fine skin care products. With such a lovely assortment of Philosophy Bath and Body Sets, women can discover skin care products that delight their olfactory senses while soothing tired skin and restoring the spirit to a renewed sense of life. The exciting medley of Philosophy Bath and Body Sets includes a bit of something for everyone with refreshing scents of cinnamon, red licorice, and raspberry sorbet.
Formulated with a delicate combination of moisturizing, calming, and stimulating ingredients, Philosophy Bath and Body Sets cleanse gently, moisturize deeply, and tantalize the skin to a new state of clarity, luminosity, and softness. Soothing away the dirt, leftover makeup, impurities, and environmental pollutants that can encourage the deepening of fine lines and wrinkles, Philosophy Bath and Body Sets deliver necessary cleansing along with a fragrant experience that envelopes women with a rejuvenating, soothing atmosphere of moisturizing bliss to start or end the day.
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Delicately scented with an orchid fragrance, Philosophy Peace on Earth Duo provides a tranquil experience infused with luxury.


text: Katie Holmes takes daughter Suri Cruise to the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) today to an art class in New York City. They both sat in the courtyard to eat lunch afterwards where Suri filled her time by sliding down some marble and throwing coins into the pond while Katie was busy on her phone and not paying Suri much attention. August 06, 2012.


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Aqib Talib had a tough week against the Giants, but back in his home state of Texas he helped Tampa Bay get on the board first against the Cowboys. Talib intercepted Tony Romo on the Dallas' game opening drive. The Bucs took over on the Dallas 29 yard line, and pushed the ball down the field thanks to running back Doug Martin. Martin picked up a fourth and one from the Cowboys' two yard line. On first and goal, Josh Freeman hit Luke Stocker for the Tampa Bay quarterback's fourth touchdown of the season making it 7-0 Buccaneers.
The Tampa Bay defense forced Dallas to punt the ball away on the Cowboys' next drive.
On 3rd and long the Bucs' turned the ball over as Josh Freeman's pass hit DJ Ware, deflecting in to the hands of Dallas linebacker Sean Lee. The Cowboys began their drive from the Buccaneer's 23 yard line and 3 plays later DeMarco Murray punched it in to the end zone tying the game at 7-7.
Buccaneers currently driving heading in to second quarter.


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MusiCares Tribute To Carole King Spans Generations, GenresSteven Tyler, P!nk, Lady Gaga, Sara Bareilles, Zac Brown, Miranda Lambert, Miguel and Alicia Keys were among the many artists who paid tribute last night to one of the greatest songwriters of popular music.
Summer Tour Guide - From The Allman Brothers to ZZ Top Summer's here, and the time is right for dancing in the seats. Check out this season's hottest outdoor concert tours.


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Summary: Cytochrome oxidase assembly protein
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Cytochrome c oxidase Edit Wikipedia article
|Cytochrome c oxidase
|EC number
|CAS number
|IntEnz view
|BRENDA entry
|NiceZyme view
|KEGG entry
|metabolic pathway
|PDB structures
|RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
|Gene Ontology
|AmiGO / EGO
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, EC 184.108.40.206 is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and the mitochondrion of eukaryotes.
It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria (or bacteria) located in the mitochondrial (or bacterial) membrane. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules, and transfers them to one oxygen molecule, converting molecular oxygen to two molecules of water. In the process, it binds four protons from the inner aqueous phase to make water, and in addition translocates four protons across the membrane, helping to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP.
The complex is a large integral membrane protein composed of several metal prosthetic sites and 14 [1] protein subunits in mammals. In mammals, eleven subunits are nuclear in origin, and three are synthesized in the mitochondria. The complex contains two hemes, a cytochrome a and cytochrome a3, and two copper centers, the CuA and CuB centers.[2] In fact, the cytochrome a3 and CuB form a binuclear center that is the site of oxygen reduction. Cytochrome c, which is reduced by the preceding component of the respiratory chain (cytochrome bc1 complex, complex III), docks near the CuA binuclear center and passes an electron to it, being oxidized back to cytochrome c containing Fe3+. The reduced CuA binuclear center now passes an electron on to cytochrome a, which in turn passes an electron on to the cytochrome a3-CuB binuclear center. The two metal ions in this binuclear center are 4.5 Å apart and coordinate a hydroxide ion in the fully oxidized state.
Crystallographic studies of cytochrome c oxidase show an unusual post-translational modification, linking C6 of Tyr(244) and the ε-N of His(240) (bovine enzyme numbering). It plays a vital role in enabling the cytochrome a3- CuB binuclear center to accept four electrons in reducing molecular oxygen to water. The mechanism of reduction was formerly thought to involve a peroxide intermediate, which was believed to lead to superoxide production. However, the currently accepted mechanism involves a rapid four-electron reduction involving immediate oxygen-oxygen bond cleavage, avoiding any intermediate likely to form superoxide.[3]
Site of assembly is believed to occur near TOM/TIM, where complex intermediates are accessible to bind with subunits imported from cytosol. Hemes and cofactors are inserted into subunits I & II. Subunits I and IV initiate assembly. Other subunits may form sub-complex intermediates that later bind to others to form COX complex. In post-assembly modifications, the enzyme is dimerized, which is required for active/efficient enzyme action. Dimers are connected by a cardiolipin molecule.[4][5]
Table of conserved subunits of cytochrome c oxidase complex[6][7]
|Subunit name
|Human protein
|Protein description from UniProt
|Pfam family with Human protein
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1
|Pfam PF00115
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2
|Pfam PF02790, Pfam PF00116
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3
|Pfam PF00510
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02936
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02936
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02284
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF01215
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02046
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02046
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1
|Pfam PF02297
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2
|Pfam PF02297
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C
|Pfam PF02937
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02238
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02238
|Putative cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A3, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02238
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF05392
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02935
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02238
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial P
|Pfam PF02285
|Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF02285
|Assembly subunits[8][9][10]
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1 homolog
|Pfam PF08695
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 3 homolog, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF09813
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 4 homolog, mitochondrial
|Pfam PF06747
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 5
|Pfam PF10203
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 6 homolog
|Pfam PF02297
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 7,
|Pfam PF08238
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX11 mitochondrial
|Pfam PF04442
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein
|Pfam PF14880
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15 homolog
|Pfam PF02628
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX16 homolog mitochondrial
|Pfam PF14138
|Cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone
|Pfam PF05051
|Mitochondrial inner membrane protein (Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein 18)
|Pfam PF02096
|Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein
|Pfam PF06747
|Cytochrome c oxidase protein 20 homolog
|Pfam PF12597
Summary reaction:
- 4 Fe2+-cytochrome c + 8 H+in + O2 → 4 Fe3+-cytochrome c + 2 H2O + 4 H+out
Two electrons are passed from two cytochrome c's, through the CuA and cytochrome a sites to the cytochrome a3- CuB binuclear center, reducing the metals to the Fe2+ form and Cu+. The hydroxide ligand is protonated and lost as water, creating a void between the metals that is filled by O2. The oxygen is rapidly reduced, with two electrons coming from the Fe2+cytochrome a3, which is converted to the ferryl oxo form (Fe4+=O). The oxygen atom close to CuB picks up one electron from Cu+, and a second electron and a proton from the hydroxyl of Tyr(244), which becomes a tyrosyl radical: The second oxygen is converted to a hydroxide ion by picking up two electrons and a proton. A third electron arising from another cytochrome c is passed through the first two electron carriers to the cytochrome a3- CuB binuclear center, and this electron and two protons convert the tyrosyl radical back to Tyr, and the hydroxide bound to CuB2+ to a water molecule. The fourth electron from another cytochrome c flows through CuA and cytochrome a to the cytochrome a3- CuB binuclear center, reducing the Fe4+=O to Fe3+, with the oxygen atom picking up a proton simultaneously, regenerating this oxygen as a hydroxide ion coordinated in the middle of the cytochrome a3- CuB center as it was at the start of this cycle. The net process is that four reduced cytochrome c's are used, along with 4 protons, to reduce O2 to two water molecules.
Cyanide, sulfide, azide, and carbon monoxide[12] all bind to cytochrome c oxidase, thus competitively inhibiting the protein from functioning, which results in chemical asphyxiation of cells. Methanol in methylated spirits is converted into formic acid, which also inhibits the same oxidase system. High levels of ATP can allosterically inhibit cytochrome c oxidase, binding from within the mitochondrial matrix.[13]
Subcellular Localization and Presence at Extramitochondrial Sites
Cytochrome c oxidase has 3 subunits which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA. Of these 3 subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA, two have been identified in extramitochondrial locations. In pancreatic acinar tissue, these subunits were found in zymogen granules. Additionally, in the anterior pituitary, relatively high amounts of these subunits were found in growth hormone secretory granules.[14] The extramitochondrial function of these cytochrome c oxidase subunits has not yet been characterized. Besides cytochrome c oxidase subunits, extramitochondrial localization has also been observed for large numbers of other mitochondrial proteins.,[15][16] This raises the possibility about existence of yet unidentified specific mechanisms for protein translocation from mitochondria to other cellular destinations.[14][16][17]
Genetic defects and disorders
Defects involving genetic mutations altering cytochrome c oxidase (COX) functionality or structure can result in severe, often fatal metabolic disorders. Such disorders usually manifest in early childhood and affect predominantly tissues with high energy demands (brain, heart, muscle). Among the many classified mitochondrial diseases, those involving dysfunctional COX assembly are thought to be the most severe.[18]
The vast majority of COX disorders are linked to mutations in nuclear-encoded proteins referred to as assembly factors, or assembly proteins. These assembly factors contribute to COX structure and functionality, and are involved in several essential processes, including transcription and translation of mitochondrion-encoded subunits, processing of preproteins and membrane insertion, and cofactor biosynthesis and incorporation.[19]
Currently, mutations have been identified in seven COX assembly factors: SURF1, SCO1, SCO2, COX10, COX15, COX20, COA5 and LRPPRC. Mutations in these proteins can result in altered functionality of sub-complex assembly, copper transport, or translational regulation. Each gene mutation is associated with the etiology of a specific disease, with some having implications in multiple disorders. Disorders involving dysfunctional COX assembly via gene mutations include Leigh syndrome, cardiomyopathy, leukodystrophy, anemia, and sensorineural deafness.
COX histochemistry is used for mapping regional brain metabolism in animals, since there is a direct relation between enzyme activity and neuronal activity.[20] Such brain mapping has been accomplished in spontaneous mutant mice with cerebellar disease such as reeler[21] and a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease.[22] This technique has also been used to map learning activity in animal brain.[23]
Additional images
See also
- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II
- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III
- Heme a
- ^ Balsa E, Marco R, Perales-Clemente E, Szklarczyk R, Calvo E, Landázuri MO, Enríquez JA (September 2012). "NDUFA4 is a subunit of complex IV of the mammalian electron transport chain". Cell Metab. 16 (3): 378–86. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.07.015. PMID 22902835.
- ^ Tsukihara T, Aoyama H, Yamashita E, Tomizaki T, Yamaguchi H, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Nakashima R, Yaono R, Yoshikawa S (August 1995). "Structures of metal sites of oxidized bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase at 2.8 A". Science 269 (5227): 1069–74. doi:10.1126/science.7652554. PMID 7652554.
- ^ Voet, Donald (2010). Biochemistry. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 865–866. ISBN 0-470-57095-4.
- ^ Khalimonchuk O, Rödel G (December 2005). "Biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase". Mitochondrion 5 (6): 363–88. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2005.08.002. PMID 16199211.
- ^ Fontanesi F, Soto IC, Horn D, Barrientos A (December 2006). "Assembly of mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase, a complicated and highly regulated cellular process". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 291 (6): C1129–47. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00233.2006. PMID 16760263.
- ^ Zhang Z; Huang L; Shulmeister VM; Chi YI; Kim KK; Hung LW; et al. (1998). "Electron transfer by domain movement in cytochrome bc1.". Nature 392 (6677): 677–84. doi:10.1038/33612. PMID 9565029.
- ^ Kaila VR; Oksanen E; Goldman A; Bloch DA; Verkhovsky MI; Sundholm D; et al. (2011). "A combined quantum chemical and crystallographic study on the oxidized binuclear center of cytochrome c oxidase.". Biochim Biophys Acta 1807 (7): 769–78. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.12.016. PMID 21211513.
- ^ Szklarczyk R, Wanschers BF, Cuypers TD, Esseling JJ, Riemersma M, van den Brand MA; et al. (2012). "Iterative orthology prediction uncovers new mitochondrial proteins and identifies C12orf62 as the human ortholog of COX14, a protein involved in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase.". Genome Biol 13 (2): R12. doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-2-r12. PMC 3334569. PMID 22356826.
- ^ Mick DU; Dennerlein S; Wiese H; Reinhold R; Pacheu-Grau D; Lorenzi I; et al. (2012). "MITRAC links mitochondrial protein translocation to respiratory-chain assembly and translational regulation.". Cell 151 (7): 1528–41. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.053. PMID 23260140.
- ^ Kozjak-Pavlovic V; Prell F; Thiede B; Götz M; Wosiek D; Ott C; et al. (2014). "C1orf163/RESA1 is a novel mitochondrial intermembrane space protein connected to respiratory chain assembly.". J Mol Biol 426 (4): 908–20. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.001. PMID 24333015.
- ^ Gaisne M, Bonnefoy N (2006). "The COX18 gene, involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, is functionally conserved and tightly regulated in humans and fission yeast.". FEMS Yeast Res 6 (6): 869–82. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00083.x. PMID 16911509.
- ^ Alonso JR, Cardellach F, López S, Casademont J, Miró O (September 2003). "Carbon monoxide specifically inhibits cytochrome c oxidase of human mitochondrial respiratory chain". Pharmacol. Toxicol. 93 (3): 142–6. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.930306.x. PMID 12969439.
- ^ Arnold S, Kadenbach B (October 1997). "Cell respiration s controlled by ATP, an allosteric inhibitor of cytochrome-c oxidase.". Eur J Biochem: 350–254.
- ^ a b Sadacharan, S. K., Singh, B., Bowes, T. and Gupta, R. S. (2005). Localization of mitochondrial DNA encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in rat pancreatic zymogen granules and pituitary growth hormone granules. Histochem Cell Biol. 124:409-421.
- ^ Gupta, R. S., Ramachandra, N. B., Bowes, T. and Singh, B. (2008) Unusual cellular disposition of the mitochondrial molecular chaperones Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp10. Novartis Found Symp. 291: 59-68.
- ^ a b Soltys, B. J. and Gupta, R. S. (1999). Mitochondrial proteins at unexpected cellular locations: export of proteins from mitochondria from an evolutionary perspective. International Review of Cytology. 94:133-196.
- ^ Soltys , B. J. and Gupta, R.S. (1999) Mitochondrial proteins at unexpected locations: Are they exported?" Trends Biochem. Sci 24: 174-177.
- ^ Pecina P, Houstková H, Hansíková H, Zeman J, Houstek J (2004). "Genetic defects of cytochrome c oxidase assembly" (PDF). Physiol Res. 53 Suppl 1: S213–23. PMID 15119951.
- ^ Zee JM, Glerum DM (December 2006). "Defects in cytochrome oxidase assembly in humans: lessons from yeast". Biochem. Cell Biol. 84 (6): 859–69. doi:10.1139/o06-201. PMID 17215873.
- ^ Wong-Riley MT. (1989). "Cytochrome oxidase: an endogenous metabolic marker for neuronal activity.". Trends Neurosci. 12 (3): 94–111. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90165-3. PMID 2469224.
- ^ Strazielle C, Hayzoun K, Derer M, Mariani J, Lalonde R (April 2006). "Regional brain variations of cytochrome oxidase activity in Relnrl-orl mutant mice.". J. Neurosci. Res. 83 (5): 821–31. doi:10.1002/jnr.20772. PMID 16511878.
- ^ Strazielle C, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Staufenbiel M, Lalonde R (2003). "Regional brain cytochrome oxidase activity in beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice with the Swedish mutation.". Neuroscience 118 (4): 1151–63. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00037-X. PMID 12732258.
- ^ Conejo NM, González-Pardo H, Gonzalez-Lima F, Arias JL (2010). "Spatial learning of the water maze: progression of brain circuits mapped with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry.". Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 93 (3): 362–71. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.12.002. PMID 19969098.
External links
- The Cytochrome Oxidase home page at Rice University
- Interactive Molecular model of cytochrome c oxidase (Requires MDL Chime)
- UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-4
- Cytochrome-c Oxidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Cytochrome oxidase assembly protein Provide feedback
This is a family of integral membrane proteins. CtaA is required for cytochrome aa3 oxidase assembly in Bacillus subtilis [1]. COX15 is required for cytochrome c oxidase assembly in yeast (P40086).
Literature references
Mueller JP, Taber HW; , J Bacteriol 1989;171:4967-4978.: Isolation and sequence of ctaA, a gene required for cytochrome aa3 biosynthesis and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. PUBMED:2549006 EPMC:2549006
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR003780
This is a family of integral membrane proteins. CtaA (also known as heme A synthase) is required for cytochrome aa3 oxidase assembly in Bacillus subtilis [PUBMED:2549006]. COX15 is required for cytochrome c oxidase assembly in yeast [PUBMED:9228094], and may also be involved in the synthesis of heme A [PUBMED:12474143].In some cases, heme A synthase is found fused to protoheme IX farnesyltransferase, an enzyme that converts protoheme IX to heme O.
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
|Cellular component
|integral component of membrane (GO:0016021)
|Molecular function
|oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors (GO:0016627)
|Biological process
|heme a biosynthetic process (GO:0006784)
|oxidation-reduction process (GO:0055114)
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
The graphic that is shown by default represents the longest sequence with a given architecture. Each row contains the following information:
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Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan 2heme_cytochrom (CL0328), which has the following description:
This superfamily includes a variety of different heme binding cytochromes.
The clan contains the following 9 members:COX15-CtaA Cytochrom_B561 Cytochrom_B_N_2 Cytochrom_C_asm Cytochrome_B DUF2427 DUF4405 Ferric_reduct Ni_hydr_CYTB
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
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|Representative proteomes
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This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
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This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
|Seed source:
|Previous IDs:
|Mian N, Bateman A
|Number in seed:
|Number in full:
|Average length of the domain:
|274.20 aa
|Average identity of full alignment:
|25 %
|Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:
|79.04 %
HMM information
|HMM build commands:
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 11927849 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
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The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.
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Unmapped species names
The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.
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Interactive tree
For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.
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We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.
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Dora Singer
Dora Singer of Le Mars is the KLEM Citizen of the Day for October 4, 2012. Dora is active at Grace Lutheran Church with volunteering, recycling and has a great smile. Today she is celebrating her 86th birthday. She may pick up a tailored carnation from the Le Mars Flower House, pizza from Pizza Hut in Le Mars and car wash from Easy Clean car wash.
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Dues & don'ts
The law supports workers whose faith conflicts with paying union dues. Most workers don't know that, and most unions don't want them to know
KATHLEEN KLAMUT DOESN'T want her money used to keep abortionists in business. A psychologist with the Ravenna City School District in Ohio, she has fought state and local teachers unions in a dispute over dues deducted from her paycheck that go to elect pro-abortion candidates. But when she requested to have all of her dues diverted to charity, as is her right under law, the union said no--even though Mrs. Klamut had won a similar, two-year battle in the Louisville, Ohio, district in 1999. In March 2002, Mrs. Klamut filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
Robert Beers also wants control over his money. In 2000, the International Association of Machinists (IAM) threatened to have him fired from his job as an electrical technician at Lockheed Martin in Orlando. That's because Mr. Beers, a 46-year-old Southern Baptist, didn't want his dues to finance IAM's political support of abortion, homosexuality, and pornography. In 2000, after enduring a series of intimidating letters and intrusive questionnaires about his faith, he filed a complaint with the EEOC, and followed that this year with a federal lawsuit against the IAM.
Ohio teacher Dennis Robey is about to get control over his money. Last month he reached an agreement requiring the National Education Association (NEA) and its Ohio affiliates to halt religious discrimination and harassment in that state. But how that agreement came about, and its implications, needs some explanation.
First, here's the perspective of labor union leaders. They note that big chunks of the required dues pay the salaries of staffers who negotiate collective bargaining agreements with employers, mediate disputes between companies and union workers, and press for employee benefits like health insurance and vacations to be administered properly. They say that pressure to pay dues is important, because "selfish" workers might concoct some bogus philosophical difference to avoid paying.
That's why, in states without laws prohibiting them, "agency shop" rules are common in collective bargaining agreements: To get and keep a job, workers must either join the recognized employee union, or pay compulsory amounts called "fair-share" or "agency fees." The fees protect unions from "free riders"-employees who benefit from union services without paying for them. Agency fee-payers are not union members but pay unions an amount equivalent to dues, less a small refund said to equal the amount used for union politics.
As unions have made good on their initial objectives-shorter work days, safe working conditions, and so on-many have moved on to funding liberal causes such as abortion-on-demand and school-based sexual-health clinics, opposing conservative causes such as school choice and welfare reform, and strongly supporting liberal candidates. Federal Election Commission records show that union political action committees over the past decade gave more than $362 million to Democrats and only $25 million to Republicans. Union leaders say they're representing their members, but about one-third of union members voted Republican in this month's elections.
Now, here's the perspective of Dennis Robey, who works in an "agency shop" state. In his 25th year as an industrial arts teacher in the Huber Heights City School District near Dayton, Ohio, Mr. Robey was an active member of Huber Heights Education Association, the Ohio Education Association, and the NEA until 1995. But that was the year he found in his school mailbox an NEA publication called Deceptions by the Radical Right Against the National Education Association.
"As I read the publication, I decided that I needed to look further into what the union stood for," Mr. Robey told the U.S. House Committee on Education and Workforce Subcommittee in June 2002. He did look into it--and found himself in direct religious opposition to official NEA resolutions on "reproductive freedom," confidential school-based family planning, and restrictions on parental choices in education. Mr. Robey, a Church of God member in Springfield, Ohio, learned from the Focus on the Family magazine Teachers in Focus that he could request from the union a "religious accommodation"--which can include an exemption from union membership, and from paying to the union some or all required fees.
Workers are entitled to such accommodations under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The act prohibits employers and labor unions from discriminating against workers or adversely affecting their employment based on religion. Following passage of the act, the EEOC ruled that companies and unions must make "reasonable" religious accommodations that do not result in "undue hardship" on the business. Failure to do so is religious discrimination. Congress put an even finer point on the matter with the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act. That law defines "religion" as including "all aspects of religious observance and practice, as well as belief."
The U.S. Supreme Court case Chicago Teachers Union vs. Hudson (1986) established that the logic of an employee's religious beliefs, if sincerely held, is not at issue in determining disposition of his money. The watershed 1988 case, Communication Workers of America vs. Beck, then broadened the scope of conscientious objection, establishing the right of any worker--religious or not--to refuse to finance union politics with which he disagrees. In Beck, the Supreme Court ruled that objecting workers are entitled to a refund of that portion of dues not used by the union for collective bargaining and related activities.
But, as Mr. Robey found out, such rights do not prevent unions from denying religious accommodation requests, challenging workers' religious beliefs in court, or, at minimum, dragging their feet for years. From 1995 through 2000, he requested each January that his agency fees be diverted to charity. (Workers may also request nonmonetary accommodations such as time off for Sabbath or other religious observances.)
The first year, the union quickly granted Mr. Robey's accommodation request--but kept his money, deducted automatically from his paycheck at the beginning of each school year, in an interest-bearing escrow account. At the end of the school year, the union forwarded the money to a charity--mutually agreed upon by Mr. Robey and the union--but kept the interest. During 1996-97 and 1997-98, the union took at least eight months to send Mr. Robey's money (without the interest) to the charity.
In the 1998-99 school year, the union came up with a new requirement: a lengthy questionnaire that asked for data on church affiliation, documents that validated Mr. Robey's religious objections to union policies, and the signature of a pastor or "other religious official." The union that time took 13 months to grant Mr. Robey's request, and 14 months to send his money (but not the interest) to the charity.
By that time Mr. Robey, assisted by the National Right to Work Foundation (NRTW) in Washington, D.C., had filed the first of two complaints with the EEOC. Even while his complaints were pending, he continued to have to justify his religious beliefs to the union via the laborious questionnaire. Meanwhile, the union continued taking his money. Finally, in the EEOC-brokered conciliation agreement last month, the NEA and its Ohio affiliates agreed to cease paper-grilling of religious objectors.
Mackinac Public Policy Center's Robert Hunter, a former National Labor Relations Board member, calls the right of workers to withhold their money from union politics "one of the best kept secrets in modern day labor relations." But if other teachers fight as Mr. Robey did, and as Ohio-type agreements arise in other states, what's now a secret will be shouted from rooftops--and Big Labor could be left staring at a multimillion-dollar annual hole in its political war chest.
Charles Baird, an economist at California State University Hayward (CSU), has just finished, at least for now, a long battle. Scores of CSU faculty--including Jews, Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, and people of other religions--requested accommodations after the California government, controlled by Democrats, made agency fees mandatory in 2000. But the California Faculty Association (CFA), which represents CSU professors, granted accommodations only to Seventh Day Adventists, since it's a settled matter of case law that the Seventh Day Adventist Church objects officially to unionism among its members. CFA routinely denied accommodations to people like Mr. Baird who professed individual beliefs.
In 1999, Mr. Baird proclaimed his opposition to CFA's abortion cheerleading and requested that his agency fees be diverted to charity. CFA responded with a form letter that turned him down flat. Mr. Baird, a specialist in labor law and relations, fought back. In February 2000, he and two other CSU professors filed suit in federal district court in San Francisco. Represented by NRTW, they argued, among other things, that California's mandatory agency shop law was a violation of the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law, since no other state laws created union security for California public education employees.
That argument "caught the immediate attention of the unions and the politicians in their thrall," Mr. Baird says. Within 30 days, the Democrat-controlled California legislature passed SB1960, a bill extending mandatory agency shop requirements to all Golden State public education employees, not just CSU faculty. Governor Gray Davis, a Democrat who received massive cash infusions from organized labor during his 1998 gubernatorial run, signed SB1960 into law in September 2000.
That rendered Mr. Baird's 14th Amendment argument moot, since SB1960 ensured that all public education employees enjoyed the same "protection" under the law. Two months later, Judge William Shubb sided with CFA on all issues, including that of religious accommodation. In the judge's view, CFA had acted appropriately in denying plaintiffs' accommodation requests because it had determined that their beliefs were not "sincerely held."
Mr. Baird immediately filed a complaint with the EEOC. The agency agreed that CFA had violated his right to religious liberty and recommended that CFA grant his accommodation. The union did--in March 2002, more than two years after he had originally requested it. To date, he is the only Roman Catholic to whom the CFA has granted a religious accommodation.
Why don't more people like Mr. Baird object to funding the political agenda of labor union leaders? It may be because they don't know they can. An April 1996 Luntz Research survey of 1,000 union members showed that 78 percent were not aware of their right to receive a dues refund under Beck. The poll further revealed that one in five union members would "definitely" request a refund, while more than half said they were "likely" to request one.
In 1992, President George H.W. Bush issued an executive order requiring employers to inform workers of their Beck rights. His administration estimated that widespread requests for dues refunds could cut off as much as $2.4 billion annually in union political funding, including cash and soft money contributions. Labor leaders disputed that figure, saying unions spend less than $1 billion a year on politics and related activities.
Supreme Court case law holds that unions must provide to their members a detailed accounting of how dues are spent. But Robert Hunter has reviewed about 200 accounting reports from the Michigan Education Association, the United Auto Workers, the Association of State, Federal, City and Municipal Employees, and other unions. He said most were vague at best and, sometimes, untruthful about the percentage of dues unions spend on political activities. The U.S. Supreme Court found in one case that 78 percent of dues were not necessary for the union to complete its collective bargaining activities; in another case the figure was 90 percent.
Mr. Hunter believes unions deliberately withhold from workers information on their objector rights to protect their political cash flow. Bill Clinton rescinded the first President Bush's Beck order within a month of taking office. Shortly after taking over Mr. Clinton's job in 2001, George W. Bush issued a new executive order similar to his dad's. Union leaders immediately sued to squelch it. That suit is still pending in a Washington, D.C., appeals court.
EEOC attorney Awo Sarpong told WORLD her agency is reaching out to workers to inform them of their rights under Beck and the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The agency also is working on a new compliance manual with a section on religious discrimination.
Greg Fox and Fred Jones may wish the manual had been published sooner. Mr. Fox is a journeyman mechanic who works for the Lear Corporation in Edinburgh, Ind. After Mr. Fox, a Reformed Presbyterian, refused to join a United Auto Workers (UAW) local in 2000, union leaders threatened to have him fired. Mr. Fox said one UAW official told him, "I've heard about your religious accommodation request. You're not going to get it and I don't want to hear anything else about it." Mr. Fox prevailed in 2000 with the help of NRTW and the EEOC.
Fred Jones, a Blacksburg, Va., munitions worker, in 1996 refused to join the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International (OCAWI) because of the union's pro-abortion, pro-gay political stance. The union threatened to have him fired. In 1998, at NRTW's request, the EEOC filed suit in federal court against OCAWI. As the cased progressed, a platoon of union attorneys attempted to discredit Mr. Jones in depositions with questions like "Did you ever watch dirty movies?" and "Have you ever been involved in prostitution?" They even sent an investigator to grill Mr. Jones's Baptist pastor, who refused to cooperate and ultimately was dragged into court. In 1999, OCAWI settled and paid Mr. Jones $20,000 in damages.
Meanwhile, Florida electrical technician Robert Beers is still fighting the machinists' union. But school psychologist Kathleen Klamut on Nov. 19 received a letter from the Ohio Education Association. The letter granted her religious accommodation request, but added, "We are not acknowledging the sincerity of your professed beliefs, nor are we acknowledging that the law requires us to grant this accommodation."
NRTW director of legal information Dan Cronin said the letter showed that "even when the law is put right in the unions' face in black and white, they will still deny it. It's obvious that as long as they hold these kinds of attitudes, unions will continue to discriminate against people of faith. It shows why we have to keep fighting."


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Short-term anxiety
Missions | Summer missionaries face rising costs, a falling dollar, and a steady flow of need
Just a few weeks before a fresh crop of short-term missions teams were scheduled to begin arriving at his church for summer work projects, New Orleans pastor Jerry Kramer described his mood: "tired, a bit fussy, but exceedingly blessed and privileged."
If Kramer is tired or a bit fussy, it's largely because he's spent nearly three years "living on the run and then the edge" after Hurricane Katrina nearly destroyed his home and his Episcopal church in New Orleans' low-lying Broadmoor neighborhood in 2005.
Since then, Church of the Annunciation has been a constant relief outpost and a driving force in the revitalization of a neighborhood with 2,000 homes still severely damaged (see "Bottom up," Sept. 15, 2007).
If Kramer is exceedingly blessed, it's partly because his church has hosted thousands of volunteers from churches around the country that have donated some 150,000 hours of labor over the last two-and-a-half years. The pastor estimates those volunteers have contributed some $3 million worth of services to the city.
Kramer expects the church will host hundreds more volunteers this summer and recently told supporters "how far we've come by God's grace and your support."
As scores of other churches and missions organizations prepare for summer projects this year, they're facing down obstacles of their own and focusing on how to maximize their usefulness with limited resources.
A sluggish economy and rising fuel costs represent one of the steepest challenges facing missionaries around the world. Some missions groups say that higher airfares and a weaker dollar aren't keeping short-term workers from the field so far, but they are affecting the long-term missionaries who coordinate the projects for volunteers.
As the dollar's value has fallen overseas, so has purchasing power for American missionaries who depend on U.S. dollars even while overseas. Last year, some missionaries found their dollars worth 8 percent to 12 percent less than they expected, according to the U.S. Center for World Mission.
For missionaries like Phil Davis, that means the money he raised for working abroad isn't enough anymore. Davis and his family have served with World Harvest Mission in Prague for three years, and they have watched the dollar lose more than 30 percent of its value against the Czech crown since they arrived on the field.
Rent has gone up $664 a month, and items like a gallon of milk have jumped from $3.25 to $4.75 in a year. Davis recently told his hometown newspaper, The Charlotte Observer, that the family faces a $7,000 deficit and needs an additional $2,500 a month to make up for the exchange rate. "It's kind of like the frog in the kettle thing," Davis said. "It just creeps up on you."
Mission to the World, the foreign missions agency of the Presbyterian Church in America, recently lowered the amount of support their missionaries must raise by lowering administrative fees and health-care costs for long-term workers. But the organization warned those gains will be lost if the dollar's value continues to fall and called the economic downturn for missionaries "unprecedented."
For the International Mission Board (IMB), the missions arm of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), the burden falls on the organization itself. IMB spokeswoman Wendy Norvelle told WORLD that the group's missionaries are fully funded by the IMB, but that "our missionaries are definitely feeling the pinch."
Norvelle said IMB tracks the dollar's value in the countries where missionaries serve, and the organization makes adjustments to missionary salaries to keep up with the cost of living. "But ministry dollars don't get adjusted," said Norvelle. That means if the cost goes up for budgeted ministry expenses like buying Bibles or organizing outreach projects, "the missionaries have to make a decision," she said.
While the dollar's value falls, the cost of vital resources like fuel continues to soar around the world. Missions agencies that depend on piston-engine aircraft that run on aviation fuel (instead of much cheaper jet fuel) have made drastic adjustments to cover the bloated costs.
Missionary pilot Dennis Freeland fills up his plane in Cameroon, West Africa, from a 55-gallon drum of aviation gasoline shipped from JAARS missions agency in Waxhaw, N.C. JAARS spokesman Arthur Lightbody told WORLD that the nearest place Freeland could buy aviation fuel in the region is more than 500 miles away-and costs at least $9 a gallon.
So every six months JAARS-which provides aviation and technical support to missionaries for Wycliffe Bible Translators-ships a 20-foot container full of 55-gallon fuel barrels to Cameroon. "And that's still cheaper than buying it in a neighboring country," said Lightbody.
Mission Aviation Fellowship (MAF), an organization with 52 aircraft serving missions agencies and nonprofit groups in remote areas, recently announced that the scarcity and expense of aviation fuel had grounded some of its flights. More than 150 airstrips are without service, according to MAF president John Boyd.
JAARS and MAF are both working to switch their fleets to aircraft using jet fuel, which costs about $3.50 a gallon. Both groups are raising funds to purchase new aircraft-like the newly designed Kodiak (see "Pilot project," June 9, 2007)-but say the projects will take considerable time and money.
While a sagging economy and rising prices are draining some long-term missionaries, they aren't deterring large numbers of short-term workers so far. Keith Bubalo, who directs global missions projects for Campus Crusade for Christ International, said: "I haven't heard one story of anyone not going because of increased prices."
Tony Arnold, spokesman for Campus Crusade, told WORLD that 1,321 workers are signed up for international summer projects this year and says that number is on par with participation levels for the last couple of years. Norvelle of IMB says she hasn't heard of drops in short-term participation either, and she says thousands of Baptists will go on short-term trips this year.
But for short-term workers looking to save costs, there are options: Thousands will work on domestic projects this summer. Arnold says 2,175 are signed up for stateside projects for Campus Crusade. Thousands more with dozens of other groups will work in areas like the still-recovering Gulf Coast, languishing Indian reservations, and needy urban areas.
John Bailey directs World Changers, a home missions project for the SBC. He says youth groups will travel to 95 projects in about 85 cities this summer to work on rehabilitating substandard housing. The organization works closely with community development organizations in each city to identify needy homeowners. "We don't try to reinvent the wheel," says Bailey. "We look to partner with cities."
Youth directors choose cities and projects for their groups, and most stay within a few hours of home, says Bailey: "It's a major decision by the churches willing to load up a van and pay $4.50 for diesel gas." (Some youth directors could save even more money and invest in local ministry by choosing projects in their own town or metro area.)
World Changers hasn't increased the participation fee for summer projects, though the cost of executing projects has gone up. "I wouldn't call it a crisis for us, but it is very financially tight," says Bailey. "We're running a tight ship."
As missions organizations and long-term missionaries tighten their belts, it's important for short-term workers to focus on how they can be most useful for the short periods of time they serve on fields. Norvelle of IMB offers this advice: "Go as a learner rather than a knower." That's particularly helpful when working with indigenous Christians in other cultures, she says: "What works here in America often doesn't work in a different culture."
Norvelle offers another piece of simple advice for serving well: "Go willing to do whatever needs to be done."
Campus Crusade's Arnold, a former missionary to Africa, says it's also important for short-term workers to serve in their own spheres before traveling to serve in another context: "Learn how to serve and witness in your own culture first, and then apply those principles to other places."
Arnold also emphasizes the importance of learning about the culture to which one is traveling, and aiming to minimize seemingly harmless behaviors that might be offensive. (This often takes good research and practice for short-term volunteers unaware of social mores in other cultures.)
Another way short-term workers could serve missionaries well is to consider going back or staying longer. This is especially important in areas that take more time and expense to reach.
Anna Baker, 25, worked as a teacher in Georgia for a year before looking into how she could use her gifts on the mission field. During an orientation with Wycliffe, she learned about the pressing need for educators to teach the children of missionaries on fields around the world. Some missionaries were even considering leaving the field because of the lack of good educational options for their children. Baker signed up to teach in Cameroon for a year and finishes her term in June.
Baker told WORLD it was difficult to leave her home and family for a longer period of time than the typical short-term trip but says it's worth the rewards. To those hesitant about committing to a longer period of time, Baker says: "Try giving yourself a chance to grow and experience missions, and try giving God a chance to use you."
'Tis the season
While the summer is often a convenient time for students to embark on short-term mission trips, opportunities are available throughout the year for all ages. The following organizations are among those offering trips stateside and abroad:
Campus Crusade for Christ International
Intervarsity Christian Fellowship
(608) 274-9001
Mission to the World
(678) 823-0004
International Mission Board
(800) 999-3113
Teen Mania's Global Expeditions
(866) 545-6239
World Harvest Mission
(215) 885-1811
(800) 992-5433
Youth With a Mission's Mission Adventures
(619) 420-1900, ext. 15
-compiled by Kristin Chapman
For some vacationers, time off can become a time to serve others
By Lynn Vincent
When Bernard Wharton booked a family vacation with Micato Safaris in 2006, his motivation was simply to see Africa-the animals, the landscape, and the people-in that order. But an optional humanitarian side-trip to Mukuru, a sprawling slum outside Nairobi, reversed those priorities forever.
Marketing consultant Lorna MacLeod founded Micato Safari's nonprofit arm, AmericaShare, as a way for travelers to improve life in Mukuru, where 600,000 villagers live jammed into 10-by-10 corrugated metal shacks and scramble to eat one meal a day. Hundreds of orphans live in Mukuru's streets, begging, stealing, or selling themselves to survive. Through Micato's Lend a Helping Hand safari extension, travelers are exposed to a world that might otherwise remain invisible. Many, like the Whartons, become involved in volunteer work there.
Micato and AmericaShare have linked vacations and volunteerism for 20 years, but the "voluntourism" trend is up. On trips organized by both nonprofit groups and for-profit firms, travelers combine sightseeing with humanitarian and disaster-relief efforts. For example, Globe Aware, a nonprofit, offers volunteer vacations in more than a dozen countries including Peru, Thailand, Laos, Ghana, and Jamaica. These one-week trips include in-country excursions, but also opportunities to volunteer in such projects as AIDS education, reforestation, solar/hydro construction, and orphan care.
About 40 percent of Americans say they're willing to spend several weeks on vacations that involve volunteer service, according to a University of California San Diego survey released in April. A 2007 survey by Travelocity, an online discount travel service, found that 11 percent of respondents planned to volunteer during their vacations, up from 6 percent in 2006.
Though "voluntourism" is increasingly popular, some established volunteer sending agencies such as the Peace Corps and Habitat for Humanity don't care much for the term itself. "When you say you're a 'voluntourist,' it can be perceived as minimizing the entire experience," said Kam Santos, director of communications for Cross Cultural Solutions, a sending agency that does not consider itself a vacation vendor.
Volunteer Service Overseas (VSO), an international development charity, has been publicly skeptical of some voluntourism groups, particularly those that cater to "gap year" students who take time off between high school and college to travel. Some "voluntours" turn out to cost thousands while featuring purposeless service projects, such as surveying an endangered reef that has already been surveyed many times.
Still, Santos said, voluntourism as a concept can be "a useful access point" for people who may not have considered volunteering abroad in the purist sense, but who become exposed to the idea in the context of a vacation. "Perhaps that will motivate them to explore international volunteerism further."
That was true of the Whartons, who followed up their visit to Mukuru by underwriting the entire cost of Harambee Home, a $100,000 facility that now serves as a community center and a place for AmericaShare-sponsored orphans to live when boarding school is not in session. Next month the Whartons plan to return to Mukuru to look at the possibility of opening a medical clinic.
The experience has been "like a love story between us and the people of Kenya," said Wharton, 54, an architect. "We love the fact that we can contribute and help. At the same time, the people enrich us so much."


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What happens to all the items people return to Amazon?
In some cases, they are resold by an Atlanta Company called Auction Liquidators. The company has opened its Collier Road warehouse to the public for a holiday closeout sale that began Friday, December 7th. The inventory consists of electronics, toys and a variety of other items.
Auction Liquidators is located at 1017 Collier Rd NW, Suite F.
Hours are 10-6 Sunday and 9-6 Monday through Saturday.
The sale continues through December 22nd with further markdowns throughout the month. Auction Liquidators also has an online store where much of the inventory can be viewed. Click here to shop.
Finders Keepers Furnishings in Decatur has all Christmas décor on sale for 50 percent off original prices starting December 10th. The consignment store is located at 2753 East College Avenue in a building that houses several other consignment stores as well.
35 local artists and artisans are teaming up for a Pop up Market at Town Brookhaven. They will showcase their wares 12 to 5 Sunday, December 9th with additional hours the weekend of December 15th.
The Town Brookhaven Pop Up Market is sponsored by the Atlanta Foundation for Public Spaces in an empty storefront near CineBistro. Town Brookhaven is a Live Work Play development featuring restaurants, retail and apartments. The address is 804 Town Boulevard, just south of Oglethorpe Unversity.
Walmart has been offering a weekly toy rolllback and this past week let online shoppers vote for the toy they wanted to see marked down. The voting was between two toys: the Lego City Park Café and Bratzillaz Dolls. The voting is now over and Walmart will announce which toy will go on Rollback Tuesday morning.
If the City Park Cafe wins, the price drops to $24.97 starting Tuesday. If the Bratzillaz get the most votes, it goes down to $16.97.
Both prices are at least $5 lower than any other stores we checked. Both Target and Toys R Us offer to match competitor's prices, though some exclusions apply.


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May 31, 2016
Visitation will be held Wednesday night and the funeral will be Thursday for a Clarke County native who died from injuries sustained in a horse accident at the Neshoba County Fair.
Blaine Little died Sunday night at a Jackson hospital. The 21-year-old fell off a horse two weeks ago during a race at the Neshoba County Fair.
Visitation will be held 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. at Wright Funeral Home in Quitman. The funeral is Thursday at 2 p.m. at Enterprise Baptist Church in Enterprise.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
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I use zimbra desktop. Mails moved to local folder are stored on local machine and deleted from server.But when account is deleted or moving to different machine, the mails from local folder on the current machine are not there when creating a new account on the same or other machine. So, the thing is I want to know when we are moving the mails to local folder on the machine where are they stored? Can somebody tell how to find the path or where they are located?
This could be of lot of help. Thanks.


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I am a new resident of Bayside.
As I have watched the politics and policies of this city I have come to notice that there lives in the city counsel an idiot who whenever the mayor is at work or out of town attacks residents about work permits and even threatens them with "double fines" for incomplete permits and even sets an unreal deadline for these fines to be paid.
I hope this is not the norm. I really have enjoyed my short time in the town. It's been a good experience for me.
Thanks for listening to my opinion.


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If you are neat in appearance and enjoy dealing with the public this could be the position you have been looking for. You would be working Saturday and Sunday mornings 6 hours a day. We pay an hourly rate of $14.49. Your role would be to stock the shelves with our fine products, including Lays, Doritos, Cheetos, Tostitos and Rold Gold at major accounts.
If you are a self starter with a passion for customer service we want to talk to you! You are known for your strong communication and organizational skills and possess a high energy level. While experience in retail and/or food service would be an asset it is not necessary for success at PepsiCo Foods Canada. You must have a valid drivers license, a clean driving record and reliable transportation to and from work.
Work Setting
- Retail establishment
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