text:
March, 1997
ACTION: FORMAL OPINIONTOPICS: Confidentiality of information concerning child abuse or mistreatment; preservation of confidences within a social services agency; advanced consent to the disclosure of client confidences and secrets
DIGEST: A lawyer employed by a social services agency generally must preserve confidences and secrets relating to the abuse or mistreatment of a minor client unless the client consents to disclosure. The lawyer may make disclosure without the minor client's consent, however, if: (a) disclosure is required by law; (b) disclosure is necessary to protect the client from being killed or maimed by another; (c) disclosure is necessary to prevent the client from killing or maiming himself or another; or (d) the client is unable to make a reasoned decision about whether or not to make disclosure and the lawyer concludes upon analysis that disclosure would be in the client's best interest. Without client consent, the lawyer may not disclose client confidences or secrets to others employed by the agency unless the lawyer determines that the agency employees would preserve the confidentiality of the disclosures. Subject to limitations, the minor client may consent in advance to the lawyer's disclosure of information concerning abuse or mistreatment; however, the client is entitled to withdraw such consent thereafter.
CODE: Canons 4, 5, 6 & 7; DRs 2-110, 4-101 & 5-107(B); ECs 4-2, 4-7, 7-11 & 7-12.
The inquirer is a lawyer employed by a social services organization which provides a wide range of services to its minor clients ages twelve and older. These include health, mental health, educational and legal services. The organization employs social services workers, physicians, and others who are identified in Social Services Law section 413 as among those who are "required to report or cause a report to be made . . . when they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child coming before them in their professional or official capacity is an abused or mistreated child . . .." The inquirer asks how she should fulfill her obligations of confidentiality under the Code of Professional Responsibility in light of the reporting obligations of agency employees under Section 413. Among other things, she asks whether she or another staff member may apprise minor clients prior to undertaking the representation that the agency will not reveal the client's confidences with the exceptions that the agency will report information that (a) the client is thinking of maiming or killing himself or another, or (b) that the client's caretaker is abusing him or her. Further, she asks whether, if the minor consents in advance to these conditions, the lawyer may report information concerning abuse by the client's caretaker if the lawyer later receives such information.
The inquiry raises both questions of law and questions calling for the interpretation of provisions of the Code of Professional Responsibility. Although this Committee's mandate is limited to interpreting the Code, we will undertake to identify some of the legal questions implicated by the inquiry in order to provide a framework for the lawyer's analysis.
We begin with some general principles. As a general rule, if the lawyer employed by a social service agency undertakes to represent a minor as a client, the lawyer must provide independent, zealous and competent representation and must preserve the client's confidences in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Professional Responsibility. See, e.g., Canon 4 ("A Lawyer Should Preserve the Confidences and Secrets of a Client"); Canon 5 ("A Lawyer Should Exercise Independent Professional Judgment on Behalf of a Client"); Canon 6 ("A Lawyer Should Represent a Client Competently"); Canon 7 ("A Lawyer Should Represent a Client Zealously Within the Bounds of the Law").
This is true notwithstanding that the lawyer is employed by, and thus compensated by, a social services agency. The lawyer must represent her clients with independent professional judgment. She may not allow the agency to direct or regulate her professional judgment in rendering legal services to clients. See DR 5-107(B) ("A lawyer shall not permit a person who . . . employs[] or pays the lawyer to render legal service for another to direct or regulate his or her professional judgment in rendering such legal services.").
This is also true notwithstanding that the client is a minor. See N.Y. State 485 (1978) (Legal Aid lawyers may not divulge juvenile clients' confidences to research institute without client consent). The Code recognizes that "[t]he responsibilities of a lawyer may vary according to the intelligence, experience, mental condition or age of a client." EC 7-11. Further, the client's inability to make considered judgments "casts additional responsibilities on a lawyer." EC 7-12. Nonetheless, the inquiring lawyer's clients -- namely, verbal minors ages twelve or older who affirmatively seek a lawyer's assistance -- generally will be capable of making considered judgments concerning the representation. See, e.g., Standards for Attorneys and Guardians Ad Litem in Custody or Visitation Proceedings sec. 2.2 (Am. Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers 1995) (recognizing a rebuttable presumption that children above the age of twelve are competent); Martin Guggenheim, The Right to be Represented but not Heard: Reflections on Legal Representation for Children, 59 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 76, 82-85 (1984); see also Katherine H. Federle, On the Road to Reconceiving Rights for Children: A Postfeminist Analysis of the Capacity Principle, 42 DePaul L. Rev. 983, 1011-15 (1993) (arguing that virtually all children who can articulate their desires should be deemed competent).
When minors are in fact capable of directing the representation, their lawyers owe them the duties of loyalty, zealous representation, competence and confidentiality that a lawyer would ordinarily owe to any client. As we discuss below, there may be occasions, however, when a client is not capable of making considered judgments concerning some or all aspects of the representation. As EC 7-12 recognizes, this may impose additional responsibilities on the lawyer. Even so, the lawyer maintains the ordinary duties to represent the client independently, competently and zealously. See generally Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers [hereinafter "Restatement"] sec. 25(1) (Proposed Final Draft No. 1, March 29, 1996) ("When a client's ability to make adequately considered decisions in connection with the representation is impaired, whether because of minority . . . or other cause, the lawyer must, as far as reasonably possible, maintain a normal client-lawyer relationship with the client . . .."). Further, the lawyer continues to have a general obligation to preserve the client's confidences and secrets. See generally, Recommendations of the Conference on Ethical Issues in the Legal Representation of Children [hereinafter "Recommendations"], 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1301, 1308 (1996) ("A lawyer representing a child should comply with the rules of professional conduct governing client confidentiality.").
1. In the absence of consent, may the lawyer report suspected incidents of child abuse?
If the lawyer learns in the course of representing a minor client that the child may be mistreated or abused, the threshold question for the lawyer is whether that information is protected as a "confidence" or a "secret" under DR 4-101(B). "Confidences" include information protected by the attorney-client privilege; "secrets" include "other information gained in the professional relationship that the client has requested be held inviolate or the disclosure of which would be embarrassing or would likely to be detrimental to the client." Taken together, confidences and secrets include "substantially all information gained in the professional relationship." N.Y. State 528 (1981). However, a lawyer's information about the client's abuse or mistreatment is not invariably protected as a "confidence" or "secret". For example, the rule ordinarily would not apply to information gained entirely outside the professional relationship. Likewise, at least under some circumstances, the rule would not apply to the lawyer's observation of a physical condition (e.g., physical injury) that the client has generally exposed to the public. If the information is not a client confidence or secret, the lawyer generally need not keep it confidential.
If the lawyer concludes that the information is protected as a confidence or secret of the minor client, then as a general rule, it would be improper for the lawyer to disclose, without the client's consent, information that the minor may be mistreated or abused. DR 4-101(B) ("Except when permitted under DR 4-101(C), a lawyer shall not knowingly . . . [r]eveal a confidence or secret of a client."). This does not mean, however, that the lawyer may not seek the client's consent. On the contrary, as a matter of competent representation, the lawyer would ordinarily be expected to discuss with the client whether or not the lawyer should report information that the client may be abused or mistreated. If the client subsequently authorizes the lawyer to do so, the lawyer may then report the suspected abuse or mistreatment, notwithstanding that the information would otherwise have been protected as a confidence or secret.
If the minor client does not agree that the lawyer may disclose information protected as a confidence or secret, however, the lawyer ordinarily would be required to comply with the client's direction unless there is an applicable exception to the duty of confidentiality. Cf. Mass. Op. 93-6 (lawyer for 13-year-old child who is competent to make decisions must follow the child's directions even if the course of action appears to be imprudent). Thus, if the client does not authorize the lawyer to disclose information concerning abuse or mistreatment, the lawyer must consider whether an exception to the general duty of confidentiality entitles the lawyer to override the client's decision. See DR 4-101(C) (identifying conditions under which a lawyer may reveal confidences and secrets). We identify three possible exceptions below.
a. "Required by law" exception. One consideration is whether the lawyer is "required by law" to reveal the information pursuant to Section 413 or another legal mandate. Whether child abuse reporting laws apply to lawyers who learn about child abuse in the course of their professional work appears to vary from state to state. See generally Ann M. Haralambie, The Child's Attorney: A Guide to Representing Children in Custody, Adoption, and Protection Cases 36 (1993); Report of the Working Group on Confidentiality, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1367, 1376 (1996); Emily Buss, "You're My What?": The Problem of Children's Misperceptions of Their Lawyers' Roles, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1699, 1728 (1996); Gerard F. Glynn, Multidisciplinary Representation of Children: Conflicts Over Disclosures of Client Communications, 27 J. Marshall L. Rev. 617 (1994); Robert P. Mosteller, Child Abuse Reporting Laws and Attorney-Client Confidences: The Reality and the Specter of Lawyer as Informant, 42 Duke L.J. 203 (1992).
We note that Section 413 does not explicitly include lawyers among those who are required to report cases of suspected child abuse or mistreatment. Nonetheless, questions such as whether lawyers must generally report suspicions of child abuse or mistreatment under Section 413 or whether lawyers must do so in particular when they are employed by a social services agency are questions of law that are beyond this Committee's jurisdiction. Likewise, questions such as whether a lawyer's reporting obligation, if any, is "trumped" in particular cases by either the duty of confidentiality under DR 4-101 or by the attorney-client privilege are questions of law that we may not answer.
If the lawyer concludes that the law requires the lawyer to report suspected child abuse or mistreatment in certain classes of cases, the lawyer may make such a report when the law so requires. DR 4-101(C)(2). If the lawyer is not certain that he has a legal obligation to disclose otherwise confidential information, however, the lawyer should take available legal steps to seek clarification of the law before making disclosure. See, e.g., N.Y. State 645 (1992) (where it is uncertain whether lawyer who is member of town board must disclose client information under town's ethics and disclosure law, lawyer must seek judicial determination before making such disclosure by, for example, commencing a declaratory judgment action or triggering legal action by filing a report with client confidences omitted); In re Advisory Opinion No. 544, 511 A.2d 609, 612 (N.J. 1986); Restatement, supra, sec. 115 ("A lawyer may use or disclose confidential client information when required by law, after the lawyer takes reasonably appropriate steps to assert that the information is privileged or otherwise protected against disclosure."); cf. Recommendations, supra, 64 Fordham L. Rev. at 1317 ("A lawyer [serving a child] should seek to resolve uncertainties concerning the lawyer's role, the identity of the client or clients, and the allocation of decisionmaking authority."); see also ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.6 cmt. ("Whether another provision of law supersedes Rule 1.6 is a matter of interpretation beyond the scope of these Rules, but a presumption should exist against such supersession.").
Further, the lawyer should ordinarily consider at the outset of the representation whether there may be a legal obligation to report information concerning child abuse or neglect in the course of a particular representation. If the lawyer concludes that there is or may be such an obligation, it would be prudent to advise the client (or potential client) at the outset of the representation when advising him or her about the lawyer's duty of confidentiality. See, e.g., Recommendations, supra, 64 Fordham L. Rev. at 1308 ("A lawyer representing a child should explain in detail, in a manner understandable to the child, whether and to what extent the child's communications will be kept in confidence.")
b. If disclosure is necessary to save the client's life. Although the lawyer may believe that the minor would be protected from physical and/or psychological harm if the suspected abuse or mistreatment were to be reported, and that the minor's insistence on confidentiality is therefore contrary to the minor's best interests, DR 4-101(C) does not generally authorize a lawyer to override the client's decision on this basis.
Where a lawyer assumes the traditional attorney role in representing a child, the duty of confidentiality that is so central to the "normal client-lawyer relationship" surely applies. This means that, except to the extent other laws require disclosure, everything a child tells his lawyer about his own history of abuse or other parental misdeeds, as well as information gained from other sources, cannot be revealed unless the child client has consented, after a full discussion of the risks, to the disclosure.
Emily Buss, "You're My What?": The Problem of Children's Misperceptions of Their Lawyers' Roles, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1699, 1726 (1996); see also Report of the Working Group on Confidentiality, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1367, 1370 (1996) ("disclosure is clearly not permitted . . . simply because the child, through lack of judgment or understanding, places himself at risk"); see generally Monroe H. Freedman, The Life-Saving Exception to Confidentiality: Restating Law Without the Was, The Will Be, or the Ought to Be, 29 Loyola of Los Angeles L. Rev. 1631 (1996) (advocating exception to confidentiality "when and to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to prevent . . . death or serious bodily injury to a person" and describing historic opposition to such an exception).
Although DR 4-101(C) does not explicitly so provide, we believe that a lawyer has latitude to report information concerning child abuse or mistreatment in the rare case in which the lawyer honestly concludes, after full consideration, that disclosure is necessary to save the client from being killed or maimed. Cf. N.Y. State 486 (1978) (lawyer may disclose client's threatened suicide); ABA 83-1500 (1983) (same); Geoffrey C. Hazard & W. William Hodes, The Law of Lawyering sec. 1.6.304 (2d ed. Supp. 1993) (lawyer could under "moral compulsion" engage in "conscientious civil disobedience" against rule forbidding disclosure of information to save an innocent life); see also Code of Professional Responsibility, Preliminary Statement ("No codification of principles can expressly cover all situations that may arise."). This exception would be appropriately invoked only in the most extreme cases, however. The lawyer would have to take care not to use this implied exception simply as a pretext for overriding what the lawyer considers to be a client's bad judgment. Cf. Randi Mandelbaum, Rules of Confidentiality When Representing Children, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 2053, 2060 (1996) (noting that if lawyers were permitted to make disclosures to protect child clients from imminent death or substantial bodily harm, "[t]he risk of this being broadly interpreted and of a slippery slope toward disclosure is great"). Further, the disclosure "should be no greater than the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to the purpose." EC 4-7.
c. Client incapacity. A third consideration is whether the particular client is capable of making a reasoned judgment as to whether or not the lawyer should report the possibility of mistreatment or abuse. Although most minors age twelve or older may be able to do so, not all can make such a reasoned judgment. See generally Report of the Working Group on Determining the Child's Capacity to Make Decisions, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1339 (1996); Peter Margulies, The Lawyer as Caregiver: Child Clients' Competence in Context, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1473 (1996). Some minors may be capable of making reasoned judgments about some aspects of the legal representation -- including whether to be represented by counsel in the first place -- but not about other aspects of the representation. See Restatement, supra, sec. 35 cmt. c ("Disabilities in making decisions vary . . .; they may impair a client's ability to decide matters generally or only with respect to some decisions at some times").
Ordinarily, the lawyer's determination as to whether and to what extent the minor possesses or lacks capacity to direct the representation should be made at the outset of the representation in accordance with a principled analytic framework. See Recommendations, supra, 64 Fordham L. Rev. at 1312-13. The lawyer should not conclude that minors below a particular age are invariably unable to make reasoned decisions or that all verbal minors are invariably able to do so. When the minor's decision-making capabilities are in issue, the lawyer must take account not only of information and impressions derived from the lawyer's interview of the minor, but also of other relevant information that may reasonably be obtained, and the lawyer may in appropriate cases seek guidance from other professionals and concerned parties. See id.; Restatement, supra, sec. 35 cmt. d. Among the relevant considerations are the minor's developmental stage (i.e., level of cognitive, social and emotional development), the minor's ability to communicate with the lawyer and to articulate reasons for his decisions, the minor's decision-making process (including whether the minor's decision stems from social or familial pressure, whether the decision conforms with others decisions the minor has made, and whether the minor is consistent in his preference or frequently changes his mind), and the minor's ability to understand the consequences of his decision including, where relevant, the risks of harm and the possible finality of the decision. See Recommendations, supra, 64 Fordham L. Rev. at 1313; Report of the Working Group on Determining the Child's Capacity to Make Decisions, supra, 64 Fordham L. Rev. at 1342-45; Committee on Professional Responsibility, Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 52 The Record 34, 44 (1997). Further, the lawyer should not conclude merely from the fact that a decision appears to be a bad one that the client is not making a reasoned decision. See Restatement, supra, sec. 35 cmt. c ("Lawyers . . . should be careful not to construe as proof of disability a client's insistence on a view of the client's welfare that a lawyer considers unwise or otherwise at variance with the lawyer's own views.").
If the lawyer concludes that the minor lacks decisionmaking capacity, the lawyer must determine whether the representation may be undertaken or continued. Cf. Restatement, supra, sec. 35(4) (a lawyer representing an impaired client "may seek the appointment of a guardian or take other protective action within the scope of the representation when doing so is practical and will advance the client's objectives or interests"); ABA 96-404 (1996) "When a client is unable to act adequately in his own interest, a lawyer may take protective action including seeking the appointment of a guardian. . . . The action should be the least restrictive of the client's autonomy that will yet adequately protect the client in connection with the representation."). If the lawyer has authority to represent the minor notwithstanding the child's incapacity, then in the course of the representation the lawyer may make decisions, including those concerning confidentiality or disclosure, that the client cannot make in a reasoned way. Cf. N.Y. City 1987-7 (lawyer for incapacitated client may disclose confidential information to the court in seeking appointment of a conservator, but should seek court's permission to do so in camera and under seal). If the lawyer anticipates making such decisions on behalf of the client, however, the lawyer should ordinarily so advise the client at the outset of the representation in the context of discussing client confidentiality. See Buss, supra, 64 Fordham L. Rev. at 1745. Thereafter, in deciding on behalf of the incapacitated client whether to report suspected child abuse or mistreatment, the lawyer should make a principled decision as to whether or not such disclosure would be in the client's best interests. See Recommendations, supra, 64 Fordham L. Rev. at 1308-11; see generally Jean Koh Peters, The Roles and Content of Best Interests in Client-Directed Lawyering for Children in Child Protective Proceedings, 64 Fordham L. Rev. 1505 (1996). While the client's desires may not be dispositive, they should be fully taken into account, as should the effect that overriding the client's desires may have on the minor client and on the attorney-client relationship. Cf. Restatement, supra, sec. 35 cmt. c ("Even when the lawyer is empowered to make decisions for the client . . ., the lawyer should, if practical, communicate the proposed decision to the client so that the client will have the chance to comment, remonstrate, or seek help elsewhere."). Although the client's decision-making is impaired, a lawyer should not lightly disregard the client's insistence that the lawyer keep his secrets.
2. If the lawyer may not report information concerning the minor client's abuse or mistreatment, may the lawyer disclose this information to others within the agency?
Ordinarily, as necessary to render legal assistance, a lawyer may disclose client confidences and secrets to others within the lawyer's office even without the client's express consent. This is true because others within the lawyer's office have a responsibility to keep the information confidential and "[i]t is common knowledge that the normal operation of a law office exposes confidential professional information to non-lawyer employees of the office . . .." EC 4-2. Further, the law recognizes that attorney-client privileged information generally remains protected when it is disclosed by a lawyer to others acting under his direction. See Restatement, supra, sec. 120 & cmts. f & g; United States v. Kovel, 296 F.2d 918 (2d Cir. 1961).
When a lawyer is employed by a social services agency, however, non-lawyer employees of the agency may not invariably be regarded by the law -- or by themselves -- as agents of the lawyer who have a responsibility to preserve the confidentiality of information received from the lawyer. For example, if the lawyer discloses client confidences to social workers in the agency, the attorney-client privilege may be preserved in some cases (e.g., where the social worker is assisting the lawyer in providing legal representation in the particular matter) but not in others. The circumstances under which a lawyer in the agency may provide client confidences to an agency employee consistent with the attorney-client privilege, as well as the circumstances under which an agency employee will have a fiduciary duty to preserve such confidences, are questions of law. These questions implicate not only the attorney-client privilege and employment and/or agency law, but also Section 413 of the Social Services Law. For example, assuming that the attorney-client privilege ordinarily would not be waived when the lawyer makes disclosures to social workers or physicians who are facilitating the representation, is the attorney-client privilege nevertheless "trumped" by the disclosure obligations of Section 413 or are these statutory disclosure obligations implicitly "trumped" by the attorney-client privilege? See People v. Belge, 372 N.Y.S.2d 798 (County Ct. 1975) (reporting obligation under public health law is limited by lawyer's duty of confidentiality). These legal questions, like others, are beyond this Committee's mandate.
Before disclosing client confidences or secrets to an agency employee, the lawyer must first resolve these legal questions. Ideally, insofar as the answers are uncertain, "[t]he bar should seek clarification through appropriate means (e.g., legislative amendment, judicial interpretation)." Recommendations, supra, 64 Fordham L. Rev. at 1318. Thus, the lawyer should determine whether the confidentiality of the information would be preserved (because, for example, the employee is serving generally or in the particular matter as an agent of the lawyer). The lawyer must also determine whether the employee would in fact preserve the confidentiality of the information (because the employee understands and will respect the duty of confidentiality and may do so consistent with the terms of her employment). If the agency employee cannot be relied on to preserve the confidentiality of the client's confidences and secrets, then (subject to any applicable exception), the lawyer may not make disclosure without client consent. Cf. N.Y. State 490 (1978) (legal services lawyers may not divulge client confidences and secrets to the organization's board of directors without client consent).
3. May the lawyer advise minor clients prior to undertaking the representation that the lawyer will disclose confidences and secrets concerning the client's intention to maim or kill himself or another?
The inquirer asks whether the lawyer or another agency employee may apprise minor clients before the representation commences that the agency will reveal the client's confidences to the extent that they reveal that the client is thinking of maiming or killing himself or another.
The answer turns in part on whether the advice is simply a restatement of the lawyer's legal obligation to make certain disclosures. If the law requires a lawyer in the agency to disclose a minor client's intent to maim or kill himself or another, then the advice is appropriate, inasmuch as it fairly communicates the scope of the lawyer's duty of confidentiality.
The Code itself does not require lawyers to report their minor clients' intention to kill or maim themselves or another, although it permits them to do so. Disclosure of a client's intent to maim or kill another would be permissible under DR 4-101(C)(3), which provides: "A lawyer may reveal . . . [t]he intention of a client to commit a crime and the information necessary to prevent the crime." Likewise, as previously noted, DR 4-101 has been interpreted to permit a lawyer, out of concern for the preservation of human life, to report a client's expressed intention to commit suicide. N.Y. State 486 (1978). By the same token, we believe that a lawyer has discretion to disclose a minor client's intention to main himself to the limited extent that the disclosure is necessary to protect the client from serious injury. Thus, the lawyer could appropriately inform minor clients in advance of the representation that, as an exception to the obligation to keep the minor's confidences, the lawyer may report the minor's intent to maim or kill himself or another.
It does not necessarily follow that, because the lawyer is permitted to make disclosure, the lawyer should invariably disclose a minor client's intention to kill or maim himself or another. On the contrary, EC 4-7 recognizes that "[t]he lawyer's exercise of discretion to disclose confidences and secrets requires consideration of a wide range of factors." It would generally be inappropriate, therefore, for a lawyer to decide invariably to reveal client confidences whenever she is permitted to do so, rather than taking relevant factors into account in making an individual decision. This being so, a lawyer may not commit herself in advance to revealing a minor client's confidences whenever the minor reveals an intention to kill or maim himself or another. And, for a lawyer to advise the client that she will invariably do so, when she must in fact exercise individualized discretion in deciding whether or not to do so, would be impermissibly misleading if the lawyer's purpose is to apprise the client of the ordinarily applicable scope of lawyer-client confidentiality. Thus, unless some law other than the Code requires the lawyer to report a minor client's intent to maim or kill himself or another, it would ordinarily be improper for the lawyer to advise the client that she will report such information, rather than that she may do so.
Under certain circumstances, however, the lawyer may obtain advance consent to otherwise impermissible disclosures. Thus, it may be appropriate for the lawyer to seek the minor client's consent to make disclosure in all cases in which the child intends to kill or maim himself or another. Whether the lawyer may seek and rely on such consent should be determined in light of the framework we set forth below in the context of the principal question raised by the inquiry, namely, whether the lawyer may report suspected abuse or mistreatment.
4. May the lawyer effectively obtain advance consent to the disclosure of confidences and secrets concerning child abuse and mistreatment?
The inquirer asks whether the lawyer or another agency employee may apprise minor clients before the representation commences that the agency will report information that the client's caretaker is abusing him or her. As noted above, the lawyer may do so if she is certain that the law would require her to make such a report. In that event, the advice conveys accurate information about the scope of attorney-client confidentiality. If the law does not invariably require such a report, however, then the question remains whether the lawyer may condition the representation on the client's agreement to allow the lawyer to report information that the lawyer would otherwise have to keep confidential.
Under DR 4-101, a lawyer may disclose client confidences and secrets "when the client consents after full disclosure." EC 4-2. Consent to the disclosure under particular circumstances or for particular purposes may generally be obtained in advance of obtaining client confidences. Indeed, there are circumstances in which consent certainly should be sought in advance of client disclosure, as is the case when a lawyer jointly represents two or more clients with the understanding that one client's confidences may be shared with another joint client. See generally Russell G. Pearce, Family Values and Legal Ethics: Competing Approaches to Conflicts in Representing Spouses, 62 Fordham L. Rev. 1253, 1262-63 n.48 (1994) (discussing authorities on the question of whether confidences may be shared among joint clients in the absence of consent). Further, the lawyer may condition her willingness to undertake the joint representation on the joint clients' consent to the disclosure of otherwise protected information. See, e.g., N.Y.S. Bar Ass'n, Op. 555 (1983) ("The lawyer may, at the outset of the joint representation or even perhaps at some later stage if otherwise appropriate, condition his acceptance or continuation of the joint representation upon the clients' agreement that all communications from one on the subject of the joint representation shall or may be disclosed to the other.").
Although advance consent is not necessarily proscribed, the question of whether the lawyer may seek, obtain and act upon the minor client's advance consent to the disclosure of confidences and secrets concerning abuse or mistreatment raises three concerns which we address below.
a. Appropriateness of seeking advance consent. Whether it is appropriate for the lawyer to seek consent in advance to certain disclosures depends on whether the lawyer seeks advance consent in order to enable the lawyer to represent the client effectively or whether the lawyer is seeking to promote her own interests or those of a third party.
In some contexts, a lawyer may determine that the disclosure of confidences or secrets will facilitate the representation. For example, the lawyer may determine that it would promote the client's interests to make disclosures to co-parties and their lawyers pursuant to a "common representation" or "joint defense" agreement. Or, the lawyer may determine that the client can best be served by making disclosures to non-lawyer professionals who can assist the lawyer in representing the client. See generally Heather A. Wydra, Note, Keeping Secrets Within the Team: Maintaining Client Confidentiality While Offering Interdisciplinary Services to the Elderly Client, 62 Fordham L. Rev. 1517 (1994). In some cases, the lawyer may believe that some disclosures will be essential to effective representation, as may be the case when a lawyer jointly represents two or more clients in a single matter. In cases such as these, it is appropriate for the lawyer to seek advance consent to certain disclosures, and it may even be appropriate to condition the representation on the client's consent.
It would not necessarily be appropriate, however, to seek the client's consent in order to promote interests other than those of the client. For example, the social services agency that employs the inquiring lawyer may ask her to seek the client's consent to certain disclosures. The lawyer may do so if she reasonably believes that such disclosures are either in the client's best interests or likely to be a matter of indifference to the client. See, e.g., N.Y. State 645 (1993) (lawyer who is member of town board may seek client consent to disclosures that may be required by town ethics and disclosure law); N.Y. State 485 (1978) (Legal Aid lawyers may seek juvenile clients' consent to disclosures to research institute). It would not be appropriate, however, to seek to promote the agency's interests by soliciting the client's consent to disclosures that are likely to be contrary to the client's best interest. DR 5-107(B); EC 5-23 ("Some employers may be interested in furthering their own . . . social goals without regard to the professional responsibilities of the lawyer to an individual client. . . . Since a lawyer must always be free to exercise professional judgment without regard to the interests or motives of a third person, the lawyer who is employed by one to represent another must constantly guard against erosion of professional freedom."); N.Y. State 490 (1978) (legal services lawyers must avoid any outside interference by the organization's board of directors "in the handling of specific cases").
b. Effectiveness of consent. The lawyer must also consider whether the client's consent to disclosures of confidences or secrets is effective. This raises several concerns.
First, as noted previously, the client's consent must be given after "full disclosure." EC 4-2. Because "the client's consent is effective only if given on the basis of information and consultation reasonably appropriate in the circumstances," Restatement, supra, sec. 114 cmt. c, it is unlikely that the lawyer can prepare a single "script" that will suffice for all clients or that the lawyer can fully delegate this task to non-lawyer personnel.
Second, the client's consent must be voluntary. Among other things, the lawyer must consider whether the minor perceives, accurately or not, that in the absence of consent, he will not be able to secure legal assistance. If that is the case, it is unlikely that the consent can be deemed voluntary. See N.Y. State 490 (1978) (legal services lawyers seeking consent to disclose client confidences to the organization's board of directors "should be particularly sensitive to any element of submissiveness on the part of their indigent clients; and, such requests should be made only under circumstances where the staff is satisfied that their clients could refuse to consent without any sense of guilt or embarrassment").
Finally, the lawyer must consider whether the minor is able to make a reasoned decision to consent to the disclosures. If not, then, as discussed above, the lawyer may have authority to make decisions concerning confidentiality and disclosure on behalf of the minor in accordance with the minor's best interests.
c. Revocation of consent. If the minor client consents in advance to the lawyer's reporting of confidences or secrets concerning abuse or mistreatment, the client may later change his mind and revoke consent, in which event the lawyer must maintain confidentiality (subject to the exceptions discussed above). Compare Restatement, supra, sec. 202, cmt. f ("A client who has given informed consent to an otherwise conflicted representation may at any time revoke consent."). While there are situations in which a client may not effectively revoke a decision, because the lawyer or a third party has reasonably relied on the client's consent to his or her detriment, see id., that would not be the case where a minor client consents in advance to the disclosure of information about abuse or mistreatment.
Whether the lawyer may subsequently discontinue the representation upon the client's revocation of consent is governed by DR 2-110. DR 2-110 would permit the lawyer to withdraw from the representation "if withdrawal can be accomplished without material adverse effect on the interests of the client," if "[t]he lawyer's client knowingly and freely assents to termination of the employment," and in various other circumstances which may or may not be applicable in a particular case. When the lawyer appears before a tribunal, the lawyer's withdrawal is also subject to the rules of the tribunal. DR 2-110(A)(1). If withdrawal from the representation would not be permissible, then it would be untrue, and therefore improper, to advise the minor client that the lawyer will terminate the representation unless the client permits the lawyer to disclose client confidences.
A lawyer employed by a social services agency generally must preserve confidences and secrets relating to the abuse or mistreatment of a minor client unless the client consents to disclosure. The lawyer may make disclosure without the minor client's consent, however, if: (a) disclosure is required by law; (b) disclosure is necessary to protect the client from being killed or maimed by another; (c) disclosure is necessary to prevent the child from killing or maiming himself or another; or (d) the client is unable to make a reasoned decision about whether or not to make disclosure and the lawyer concludes upon analysis that disclosure would be in the client's best interest. Without client consent, the lawyer may not disclose client confidences or secrets to others employed by the agency unless the lawyer determines that the agency employees would preserve the confidentiality of the disclosures. Subject to limitations identified in this Opinion, before undertaking the representation the lawyer, upon full disclosure, may seek and obtain the minor client's voluntary consent to the lawyer's reporting of information concerning abuse or mistreatment; however, the client is entitled to withdraw such consent thereafter.


text:
Loading product details ...
Reviews (0)
Need Help?
Product Description:
Women's Saucony Scoot Capri :: A wide waistband and longer inseam let you go from running miles to running errands without skipping a beat.
Features & Benefits:
Your Help Is Here
Shop with confidence knowing your team of Fit Experts is waiting to answer all your questions. You can always find your perfect product and your perfect fit. Your Road Runner Sports Fit Experts will make sure you get exactly what you want and have tons of fun in the process! Give us a call, chat, or email!
Call 800-743-3206 to
Send us an email and count on a Fit Expert to reply to you as quickly as possible
You May Also Like

subset: commoncrawl


text:
**And then the trees came**
Make a blobby little brush. That's what I did. What is important to take from this brush is that you want a lot of variation for quickly laying down crazy shapes. Why? This will make our forests!
Note that the brush has no opacity or fill settings applied - just a simple angle jitter. On top of that, looking at the below image, you'll notice I just used a simple mossy green color to map out the forests. When placing paint down in tight spots, feel free to use the free-lasso and polygonal-lasso tools to prevent overflow into hard-to-fix spots, and remember to keep pushing and pulling using the eraser and brush tools together with this tree brush.
Now to make it blend into the map! Set your forest layer to overlay, and apply the following outer and inner glow settings to bring out the silhouette.
You'll notice that it may have difficulty blending into certain spots. This is not a problem. In order to remedy this, what I did was ctrl-click the forest layer, create a new layer below this forest overlay, and paint in detail with the dirty-brush from before to make it pop more. Play around with it, see what works for you.
Additionally, you'll notice that my swamps are marked in a blue color. I achieved this using the forest brush and some toned down layer effects. I set the layer to Linear Light to achieve the illumination I wanted.
Ah boy. The mountains. This part was a fun experiment, but a long one. I tried everything I knew in attempt to make something that didn't suck, but I was just drawing a blank. But then I discovered this:
Yep. A simple bevel and emboss with a gritty texture applied. Once I got that down, I just made another small grit brush with pen-pressure sensitive opacity. It's all down to push-and-pull with the brush and eraser again. Simple.
** Final Notes **
Well, I could go over the rest in obscene detail but I feel the rest is mostly just typology and color balancing. I believe you all understand how to handle composting tools . I notice on a lot of maps not designed for illustration (such as a typographical map), consistency comes before readability. Because I was going for more of an artistic piece, composition, color, and typology came before some of the core principles in cartography. With that said, here's my final advice on anyone working on a map for illustration:
-Use a good and clean font. If possible, do not use any drop shadows or strokes. These are only necessary if the detail in the illustration is conflicting with the text.
-When making legend elements, they don't necessarily have to be symbolic, but merely have a good, readable shape that the reader can easily associate to what is defined in the legend.
-Standardize your colors and sizes based upon your different legend elements.
-Have fun while doing it!
Questions, comments, critiques, suggestions, and general feedback is welcome, and I hope you found this tutorial helpful!


text:
Databases A-Z
Browse our research databases by letter, or view all. You may also browse by subject.
|Short Description
|A service for downloading thousands of eBooks and audiobooks to your computer, e-book reader or mobile device. Fiction and nonfiction titles available for children, teens, and adults.**Available to Anoka County and Columbia Heights residents with a valid library card** Read More...
|A database with thousands of downloadable fiction and nonfiction audiobooks for teens and adults.**You must create an account to use this service. Download Media Manager software to a personal computer to be able to transfer books directly to a portable listening device with one click** Read More...
|A union catalog of digital resources that includes descriptive information about each resource. Read More...


text:
The quake struck at 4:04 a.m. local time, with its epicenter about 22 miles north of Bologna at a relatively shallow depth of 3.2 miles, the U.S. Geological Survey said. Civil protection agency official Adriano Gumina described it as the worst quake to hit the region since the 1300s.
The four people killed were factory workers on the overnight shift when their buildings, in three separate locations, collapsed, agency chief Franco Gabrielli said, In addition, he said, two women died - apparently of heart attacks that may have been sparked by fear. Sky TG24 TV reported one of them was about 100 years old.
Gabrielli said dozens of people were injured.
Two of the dead were workers at a ceramics factory in the town of Sant`Agostino di Ferrara. Their cavernous building turned into a pile of rubble, leaving twisted metal supports jutting out at odd angles and the roof mangled.
"This is immense damage, but the worst part is we lost two people," fellow worker Stefano Zeni said. News reports said one of the dead had worked the shift of an ill colleague. Elsewhere in the town, another worker was found dead under factory rubble.
In the town of Ponte Rodoni di Bondeno, a worker also died as his factory collapsed, emergency workers told Italian news agencies.
Premier Mario Monti, in Chicago for the NATO summit, told reporters he was returning to Italy before the meeting ends because of the quake.
The quake struck in the farm region known for production of Parmigiano and Grana cheeses. Italy`s farm lobby Coldiretti said that some 200,000 huge, round cheeses were damaged, causing a loss to producers of $65 milion.
It also said in a statement that at least three barn roofs collapsed, trapping an unspecified number of pigs and milk cows inside.
Emilio Bianco, receptionist at Modena`s Canalgrande hotel - housed in an ornate 18th-century palazzo - said the quake "was a strong one, and it lasted quite a long time." The hotel suffered no damage and the Modena province itself was spared, but guests spilled into the streets as soon as the quake hit, he said.
In Sant`Agostino. resident Alberto Fiorini said there was ``pandemonium" during the night. "I took shelter under the bed and I prayed," he said.
Mohamed Atzerc, also from Sant`Agostino, said he had feared for the safety of his three small children.
"They were crying. A wardrobe collapsed in front of the door. The light went out and I thought that everything was collapsing on my children," who were unharmed, he said.
Many people were still awake at 4 a.m. and milling about town since stores and restaurants were open all night.
The epicenter was between the towns of Finale Emilia, San Felice sul Panaro and Sermide, but the quake was felt as far away as Tuscany and northern Alto Adige.
One woman on the outskirts of Finale Emilia told Sky her 5-year-old daughter was trapped on her bed by the bricks of a 14th-century tower that toppled onto their home.
Firefighters and other rescuers freed the child without a scratch after two hours. A supporting beam had protected her from falling rubble, rescuers and the mother said.
Nearly 12 hours after the quake, a sharp aftershock alarmed the residents of Sant`Agostino di Ferrara and knocked off part of a wall of city hall. The building already had been pummeled by the pre-dawn quake, which left a gaping hole on one side of it.
The same aftershock knocked down most of the clock tower in the town of Finale Emilia, injuring a firefighter and leaving only half the clock affixed. Sky TG24 showed the firefighter lying in the street near the rubble. The national geophysics institute assigned an initial magnitude of 5.1 to the aftershock.
The quake Sunday came as Italy was still reeling from Saturday`s bombing that killed a 16-year-old girl at a school in the country`s south.
Pope Benedict XVI, in his traditional Sunday appearance from his studio window overlooking St. Peter`s Square, said he was ``spiritually close" to those affected by the quake, and asked people to join him in prayers for the dead and injured.
The initial quake was followed around an hour later by a 5.1-magnitude temblor, USGS said. It was preceded by a magnitude-4.1 temblor.
In 2009, a temblor killed more than 300 people in the central city of L`Aquila, where the historic center is still largely uninhabited and in ruins.---Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. ---Story Image: An earthquake Sunday morning damaged this town hall building in St. Agostino, Italy. Luca Bruno, APWhat do you think of this story?Click here for comments or suggestions.
Latest Warnings & Watches
Local Alerts
National Alerts
Mobile Alerts
Local Camera
Air Quality, UV Index & More
Air Quality
UV Index
World Forecasts & Conditions
Select a City
World Weather
World Weather Maps


text:
If you'd like to just go straight to the story, skip down to the story's title a few paragraphs down. This first part is just my rambling.
The Altered Universe is a series of small stories I have written over time with the intention of them becoming full novels I might publish someday. Alas, that so far has not come to be a reality and the Altered Universe has taken the back-burner to my current story Avita. However, after four days of writing nothing but an essay for college, I had a hankering to write some fiction but did not feel like working on Avita or the Eon Team. So I went back to the Altered Universe with a whole new approach to the background and characters, as well as a whole new main character to tell the story from the perspective of.
BTW, the name of this thread is in three parts for this reason: the first part is the name of the series. The second part identifies which part of the series, and the third is the actual name of the story, Stealth.
This story is a much different style than the happy and not-so-serious mood of the Eon Team. The Altered Universe is set in a dark and not-so-far future, and the characters are facing more than worries about how to escape a gang unscathed. But, I'll let the story explain the circumstances better. Here is Stealth.
The Altered Universe: The Guardian's Saga
J. G. Parrott
December 25, 2044
Journal of Avery Hawk, codename Stealth
Day 4
Christmas has never been a major holiday in the Progressive Union. The government frowns on its ceremony, claiming it is a tradition pioneered by religious nuts and eventually capitalist greed. But here, in the new atmosphere of the Guardians sanctuary, there is a different air on Christmas day. I've only been in this sanctuary for four days now, but the last three days have been nothing like this.
I suppose this journal might end up in the hands of someone else someday. If this sanctuary is ever discovered, it might be a Progressive Union official reading this entry. If not, it could be someone else entirely whom I have no idea of that has happened up my journal. Either way, I suppose it would suffice to explain what is happening here.
I am Avery Hawk. I'm seventeen years old, and in the last week I have become an escaped convict according to my government. You see, the Progressive Union is at war with its neighbor, the LNA. The war began thirty years ago, and it has not ceased even slightly. But the LNA used to have a powerful advantage over the Union, because their economy was more stable, more powerful, and the soldiers fought with a ferocity and fervor unimaginable. They still do today, but now the Union has a secret weapon, or rather, several secret weapons. I am one of them.
The Union began a project only a few years into the war, known as the Altered project. The LNA knows entirely about this program, but they would not dare to touch it with a five thousand mile long pole. The project is simple: make humans into weapons. I am an Altered, a person whose genetics were changed before I was even born to give me incredible abilities. As I said before, I'm not the only one. Hundreds of people are Altered, and some of them possess powers that could have ended this war years ago. I still don't know why they haven't. I guess the Guardians are a good example why; many people don't want to be mindless tools for the Union.
The Altered program has given the Progressive Union a new edge in the war. They aren't losing anymore. But they aren't winning either. The program has brought the war into an endless stalemate, which means the LNA still has the upper hand. They can survive a stalemate longer than the Union can.
But, anyways, that's what got me into the situation I am in. Two weeks ago, I was a normal seventeen year old kid. I had half a year left of school, and then I would be under the overpowering thumb of the Union, a servant to be employed wherever they saw fit. Considering that bleak future, I'm almost glad they changed me. You see, an Altered does not know he or she is an Altered until their changes appear. The Union uses their genetic manipulation to cause the alterations to hide until sometime in our teen years, sometimes a bit earlier. They don't know precisely when our alterations are going to surface, so they keep a trained eye on us until the day we discover our changes. And when I say changes, I'm not talking about superior strength, speed, or intelligence. No, the changes an Altered undergo are far more than that, sometimes to monstrous proportions.
Take me for instance. I discovered I was an Altered when a schoolyard bully chucked a rock the size of my head at my chest six days ago. But the rock never hit me, because an instant after the kid threw the rock, I was a hundred feet away. I never moved, and yet at the same time I did. My alterations made me a teleporter, and that was only the beginning. Of course, the Union was all over me within fifteen minutes, and I tried to escape. And I did, because not only could I teleport, but I could practically disappear. I wasn't truly invisible, but my body—and strangely my clothes—changed colors to blend into the background. I also discovered I had incredible reflexes, speed to react with, and a new, much greater sense of balance. The Union sent ten soldiers after me, and I evaded them all.
The Guardians picked me up four days ago. I guess I should tell you about them. The Guardians are made of mostly escaped Altered as well. However, it wasn't started by an Altered. The grand mastermind behind the whole group is a man everyone knows as the Black Guard. We don't know if he's black or not. We don't know what he looks like either, because he never removes his armor, a suit of pitch black, and as far as I can tell impenetrable, armor. He kind of looks like a black knight from the old medieval times, but his armor is a lot smoother, lighter, quieter, and cooler. He also wears a mask, did I mention that? It completely covers his face. There aren't even eye holes, just two black lenses where his eyes should be. Nobody knows who the guy is, and for good reason. He still has a life outside of the Guardians, and he does something big too, because he has enough money and resources to take care of everyone the Guardians take in.
You see, the Guardians are a group that provides safety to anyone trying to escape the Union. That includes both escaped Altered and regular people. Some people are trying to reach the safety of the LNA, while others are merely looking for a place to hide. The Guardians itself is really a small group. Besides Black Guard, there are seven other people part of its ranks, and all of them are Altered.
There's Coyote, the youngest of the group. He's fifteen, but he joined when he was twelve. He's got the greatest strength of the whole group, as well as incredible speed, reflexes, and senses. He got his codename as Coyote because his brother, Cougar (who is not a part of the Guardians, and I'll explain why later) referred to him as being dog-like when their alterations first surfaced. Coyote has a sister here in the sanctuary of the Guardians. She is not a part of the Guardians either, and again I'll explain why later.
Next up is Wrath, probably the most powerful of all of the Guardians. She controls electricity in whatever form it comes in. Not only can she create lightning, but she can control electronics and fly by creating an electromagnetic field in her body and around her. The exact mechanics are not clear to me, so I won't babble on about them. She also can control people by manipulating the electrical impulses in their nerves and brains. She refrains from this as much as she can though, as she sees it as an abuse of her power.
Then there is Wormhole. She has a fascinating power; the ability to generate interspatial portals. She can create these portals on any surface, though she prefers smooth, and then she can just pass through one and come out of the other instantly.
Decibel is the loner of the Guardians. As obvious by his name, he controls sound and vibrations. He also has a rocket pack he stole from the Union training labs where he was kept and later escaped from. Talking is not his specialty, and he stays away from people as much as he can.
If Wrath is not the most powerful of the Guardians, then it's Wisp. He controls darkness, and I don't just mean the absence of light. His powers come straight from Hell. Apparently, the Union had intended to just make him generate antimatter beams, which would have been incredibly powerful by themselves. Instead, they somehow opened him up to a power reserved for the devil's servants. Not only can he fire antimatter beams, but he can generate and manipulate black fire, create tendrils of darkness that move to his will, greatly increase his strength and speed at will, disappear wherever there is no direct light, and open portals directly into Hell itself. He is a quiet person, but he is more friendly than Decibel. However, he fears his power because of where it comes from. He constantly fears that his powers link him to the devil, and that therefore he might be someday made to betray the Guardians. However, Black Guard has somehow convinced him to stay with the group.
After him is Luminous, Wisp's stark opposite. Luminous doesn't get his powers from Heaven, but he does control light, and light seems to be the one thing Wisp has trouble fighting. Luminous can also become completely invisible wherever he wants. He is also a mute, because when he was trying to escape the Union he was attacked by another Altered that was loyal to the Union. Luminous won the fight, but was so badly injured that he almost didn't survive. He did, however, lose his ability to speak, so he communicates either through sign-language, writing, or Wrath. As she can read people's minds with her powers.
Finally there is Graviton. As his name suggests, he control gravity and graviton particles. He can intensify or negate gravity at will, or he can fire beams of gravitons which just push away whatever he is firing at. Since he can negate gravity he is capable of allowing himself and others to fly.
I guess I can explain a little about the backgrounds of each of the Guardians. I said I would tell you about Coyote's siblings, after all. Coyote has a sister and a brother. His real name is Jamie, his sister's is Sarah, and his brother is John, also known as Cougar. All three of them are Altered. Sarah got it the worst out of all of them. Rather than special powers, she got a monstrous transformation. In a sense, she has become a gargoyle. She still looks human. Her face and most of her body never changed, but she grew wings, claws, and a tail. And actually, she did get some powers, but nothing to attack with if she wanted to. She can pretty much change into stone when she wants, and something about her hands and feet, besides the claws, allows her to climb walls and roofs. John is more like Coyote. He is extremely strong, extremely fast, and has powerful senses. However, he also has retractable claws. Big ones too. He is also certifiably insane. For some reason, he got the idea that, because he was an Altered, he was superior to everyone else. But he was also angry at the Union for what they had done to him. When he was discovered, he blamed Jamie and attempted to kill him and Sarah. They escaped with their lives, but Cougar has never stopped hunting them. The Guardians encounter him frequently, and every time he does a lot of damage while escaping their wrath.
Wrath does not have another name as far as I know. She abandoned it when she found out she was an Altered. She came from a family of politicians, so when she realized what she was she hoped that they, with their political influence, would keep her from the training camps and becoming a brainwashed soldier for the Union. Instead, they turned her in. She escaped and lived on her own for a year before Black Guard found her. Despite her rough betrayals from her family, she is usually pretty friendly, probably because she can tell what sort of person you are before you even get introduced to her.
Wormhole spent the most time in a training camp than any of the other Guardians. Her name is Carrie Latrop She escaped with a friend named Jerry, who is known around here as Warp because of his ability to turn back time itself. I don't know much about her story besides that. She insists it was because she was a boring person.
Decibel, Daniel Reagan, is standoffish for a reason. He came from a family of dissidents who openly protested and spoke out against the Union. As a result, they were constantly on the move to avoid being arrested or harassed by the Union, so he never got to make any relationships beyond those he had with his parents and his sister. When he found out he was an Altered, he was captured quickly. He escaped a couple of months later and attempted to find his family again. But, instead, when he went to where they had last been, he found a mask his sister had sewn, along with a note explaining they had run to the LNA. The mask was so he could hide from the Union, but in case the note should be found by the Union before him she had not said where in the LNA they were running. Decibel went on a long search to find them, but he eventually came back to the Union to fight. Black Guard found him, however, and convinced him to join the Guardians with the promise that someday he would get his chance at revenge.
Wisp has a long story. His name is Wesley Reynolds. He says he was quiet and a coward before his alterations set in, but he had always been harassed by a mysterious man. When his alterations appeared, the man provided an escape for him through a portal. The man turned out to be the devil's servant, and he had the same powers as Wisp. He attempted to convince Wisp to join him, but Wisp refused and ran. He escaped into the deepest dungeon of Hell, a pitch black world where all of the lost souls wander aimlessly for the rest of eternity, suffering from illusions of starvation, thirst, and pain. There, Wisp met an ex-servant of the devil, who taught him how to use his powers and then escape from Hell. Wisp travelled for a long time just trying to survive, and as he did he became angrier and angrier at the plight he had been given. In time, he came to want nothing more than to be normal and for his life to return to normal. He became so desperate, that eventually he met with the devil's servant that had haunted him in the past and asked what could be done. The servant said the devil could help, if Wisp did something first. Wisp accepted and was sent on a mission to find Black Guard and kill him, along with the other Guardians at that time, which was Coyote, Decibel, and Luminous. He nearly succeeded, but when he realized the Guardians presented a new option, he refused the deal and joined the group.
Luminous, Carl Tranis, had a troubled life before he joined the Guardians. He says he was a spoiled, horrible person. Apparently, he had the idea that he was the greatest thing in the world. When his alterations appeared, he was captured quickly. He spent a while learning his powers and then attempted to escape. The Union sent another Altered after him. After the fight, Luminous was able to escape, but his throat and tongue had been so mangled in the fight that it destroyed his ability to speak. He collapsed on a street not long after and passed out. In the last moment before blacking out completely, he had thought he was about to die. When he woke up, however, he was in the Guardians sanctuary. When Wrath became a part of the group, he found a good friend in her, not only because she could communicate with him so easily but because she knew of the change his personality had gone through after his capture.
Finally Graviton came from a large family. His name is Kenneth Julianis, He had a twin brother and two sisters, and all of them were Altered. When their alterations appeared, they could not have been more happy, because they used to love the Progressive Union. They gladly went into the training programs to learn how to fight for their country. Graviton, however, eventually changed his views, because he began seeing what the Union was doing to convince others how great they were. He recognized the propaganda, and as he began thinking about what else the Union did, he realized how tyrannical and controlling they really were. He tried to convince his siblings, but they refused to listen. So, when he escaped, he escaped alone. Broken and depressed with being severed from his siblings, he tried to drown himself. Black Guard found him and convinced him death was not the answer and brought him into the sanctuary. After he recomposed himself a few weeks later, he became a part of the Guardians.
So that's where I am, in a series of interconnected abandoned subway tunnels that the Guardians call home. I'm surrounded by escapees and all sorts of people running from an oppressive government, and I'm one of them. The Guardians look out for us and keep us safe. There are several other Altered here, but so far, with everyone that is here, I've kept mainly to myself. I'm not sure about this, being in the midst of a bunch of costumed freaks (the Guardians do wear uniforms by the way. They are supposed to be strong and able to withstand the strains of battle, so they are not a fashion statement) and scared people, hoping that they won't wake up to find themselves in the custody of the Progressive Union. I've only been here for four days, but I know that's what they fear. Because I fear it too.


text:
Alex Trebek, the long-time host of "Jeopardy!" has entered the record books as the game show host with the most – literally.
He was presented with a Guinness World Record honor on Friday after hosting 6,829 episodes of the program.
The previous record holder was retired "The Price is Right" host Bob Barker.
Trebek, 73, says, "It's an honor to hold the Guinness World Record for hosting 'Jeopardy!,' which I've often said is the best of reality TV.
"We have had incredible support from our viewers for the past 30 years, and without them, I wouldn't have set this record."
The Canadian-American TV personality has hosted "Jeopardy!" since 1984. He picked up a Lifetime Achievement Award for the show at the Daytime Emmys in 2011.


text:
The Lookout - Student Newspaper
Students interested in journalism experience as reporters, photographers, artists, cartoonists and/or advertising sales representatives have the opportunity to work for The Lookout, Lansing Community College's student newspaper.
The Lookout, first published during the 1959-60 school year, is an award-winning publication on both the state and national levels. The newspaper's adviser is Larry Hook. He can be reached by email at email@example.com.
For more information, call The Lookout at (517) 483-1291, or stop by room 353 of the Gannon Building. For past articles and more details, visit The Lookout online at: http://www.lcc.edu/lookout.
Student Life Office
Gannon Building, Room 252.04
Phone: (517) 483-1285
Additional contact information »


text:
KLEM Local Schedule (week of December 5)
MONDAY RESULTS - December 5
(G) River Valley 74 West Monona 24
(G) Sioux City West 59 Sioux City North 35
(G) Central Lyon 60 Ellsworth (MN) 37
(B) Ellsworth (MN) 69 Central Lyon 64
TUESDAY RESULTS - December 6
Le Mars fell to 0-and-2 in duals, losing 54-24 to Sheldon and 66-18 to Sergeant Bluff-Luton Tuesday night at Carey gym. Bulldog winners in the Sheldon dual including Skylar Gries and Nick Madsen by falls and David Weidauer and Jacob Johnson by a forfeit. In the Sergeant Bluff-Luton match, Alex Hermes, Nick Madsen and Chris Haman had falls for Le Mars.
(SPIRIT LAKE) -- The Spirit Lake girls scored 17 straight points midway through the second half and turned an eight-point lead into a 25-point advantage and the number-14 (Class 3A) Indians rolled to a 58-43 Lakes Conference win over Le Mars Tuesday night. All-stater K.J. Veldman poured in 26 points to lead Spirit Lake to their fourth win in five games. Emily Pick led Le Mars with eleven. The Lady Bulldogs fall to 2-and-2 for the season.
The Le Mars boys scored the first five points of the fourth quarter, turning a four-point third quarter lead into an nine-point advantage early in the final period and the Bulldogs went onto post a 50-42 win at Spirit Lake Tuesday night in the Lakes Conference opener for both schools. Austin Homan and Jordan Eisma paced the Dogs with 17 points each. Adam Dau had 11 for the Indians. Le Mars improves to 2-and-0 for the season and comes home for games Friday and Saturday against Emmetsburg and Estherville/Lincoln Central.
(AKRON) -- Gehlen Catholic traveled to western Plymouth County Tuesday night to open the War Eagle Conference basketball race. The Gehlen girls held Akron-Westfield to ten points in the second half, enroute to a 46-30 victory. Amber Timmins had 17 points for the number-seven (Class 1A) Lady Jays and Steph Rohe added 12. Bethany Eastman had seven and Danielle Bursell six for the Westerners. Gehlen improves to 4-and-0 for the season.
The Gehlen boys won a hard fought 56-46 decision over Akron-Westfield, getting 20 points from Trevor Bouma and 15 from Colton Kneip. David Berkes had 15 for the Westerners and Chance Klemme added 13. The Jays improve to 3-and-1 for the season heading into Friday night's home date with Spalding Catholic. The twinbill will be carried on KLEM.
Lakes Conference
(G) (#14-3A)Spirit Lake 58 Le Mars (2-2/0-1) 43
(B) Le Mars (2-0/1-0) 50 Spirit Lake 42
(G) (#2-2A)Estherville/L-C 53 Emmetsburg 16
(B) Emmetsburg 67 Estherville/L-C 40
(G) (#11-2A)Western Christian 77 Storm Lake 17
(B) (#2-2A)Western Christian 95 (#10-3A)Storm Lake 89, overtime
(G) Spencer 54 Cherokee 41
War Eagle Conference
(G) (#7-1A)Gehlen Catholic (4-0/1-0) 46 Akron-Westfield 30
(B) Gehlen Catholic (3-1/1-0) 56 Akron-Westfield 46
(G) (#12-1A)Marcus/M-C 52 Remsen-Union 34
(B) Remsen-Union 70 Marcus/M-C 60
(G) South O'Brien 39 Remsen St. Mary's 37
(B) South O'Brien 59 Remsen St. Mary's 25
(G) Hinton 94 Spalding Catholic 21
(B) Hinton 69 Spalding Catholic 37
(G) (#9-1A)West Sioux 61 Unity Christian 38
(B) Unity Christian 69 West Sioux 35
(G) Hartley-Melvin-Sanborn 33 Trinity Christian 28
(B) Trinity Christian 51 Hartley-Melvin-Sanborn 50
Western Valley Conference
(G) West Monona 55 Kingsley-Pierson 36
(B) (#8-1A)Kingsley-Pierson 60 West Monona 46
(G) Charter Oak-Ute 76 Woodbine 42
(B) Woodbine 65 Charter Oak-Ute 56
(G) Boyer Valley 49 Maple Valley/Anthon-Oto 48
(B) Boyer Valley 63 Maple Valley/Anthon-Oto 49
(G) Westwood 46 Logan-Magnolia 7
(G) (#3-1A)Ar-We-Va 67 Ridge View 44
(B) Ridge View 59 Ar-We-Va 27
Siouxland Conference
(G) (#7-3A)M-O-C/Floyd Valley 51 Boyden-Hull 33
(B) (#2-3A)M-O-C/Floyd Valley 57 (#5-1A)Boyden-Hull 47
(G) (#13-1A)Central Lyon 57 Sioux Center 55
(B) Sioux Center 67 Central Lyon 61
(G) George-Little Rock 42 Sheldon 35
(G) Sibley-Ocheyedan 47 Rock Valley 34
(B) Rock Valley 54 Sibley-Ocheyedan 48
Missouri River Activities Conference
(B) Sioux City North 58 Sioux City West 53
(G) (#10-3A)Bishop Heelan 97 (#4-3A)Sergeant Bluff-Luton 67
(B) (#3-3A)Bishop Heelan 60 Sergeant Bluff-Luton 49
(G) Sioux Falls Washington 65 Sioux City East 44
(college basketball)
U-N-I 80 Iowa 60
Iowa State 84 Prairie View 69
THURSDAY RESULTS - December 8
double dual at Storm Lake
STORM LAKE 51 LE MARS 24 (Bulldog winners: 106#-Nick Madsen by a fall, 138#-C.J. Singer by a fall, 195#-David Hernandez by a fall, and 285#-Alex Hermes by a fall)
SPENCER 66 LE MARS (0-4/0-2) 12 (Bulldog winners: 195#-David Hernandez by a fall and 285#-Alex Hermes by a fall)
(G) Marcus/M-C 56 Trinity Christian 35
(B) Trinity Christian 60 Marcus/M-C 54
(G) Woodbury Central 72 Whiting 38
(B) Woodbury Central 70 Whiting 28
(G) South Sioux City 65 Sioux City North 30
(B) South Sioux City 79 Sioux City North 39
(G) Sioux City West 59 Sioux City East 52
FRIDAY RESULTS - December 9
(LE MARS) -- Emmetsburg and Le Mars split a Lakes Conference doubleheader at Carey gym Friday night. The Le Mars boys improved to 3-and-0 for the season and 2-and-0 in the conference with a 66-63 win over the E-Hawks. The game was close throughout the night with the Bulldogs enjoying a five-point halftime lead. The two were tied at 47-all after three quarters. The lead see-sawed through most of the final quarter before the Bulldogs made the plays in the final minute to earn a hard-fought victory. Austin Homan had 18 points for Le Mars, Jordan Eisma 13 and sophomore Jake Irwin added 11. Emmetsburg's Jake Jackson led all scorers with 22.
The Le Mars girls fell to 2-and-3 and 0-and-2 in the conference, dropping a 49-41 decision to the E-Hawks despite a 17-point night for junior Carolyn Ahlers. Ashton Conner had 17 for Emmetsburg and Paig Naig added 14. Molly Renken had nine for the Lady Bulldogs.
Le Mars hosts Estherville/Lincoln Central Saturday night in Lakes Conference action. The E-L-C girls were runner-up at the 2A State Tournament last spring and are currently rated number-two behind defending State Champion OA-BCIG.
(LE MARS) -- Both the Gehlen Catholic guys and gals used a big first half run to gain control of their War Eagle Conference contests with Spalding Catholic Friday night enroute to a 60-36 girls win and a 67-44 boys victory. The Gehlen girls went on a 17-4 run in the first five minutes of the second quarter to open up a 19-point lead and eventually built a 30-point advantage in the fourth quarter. Junior Katelin Langel had a career-high 22 points for the Lady Jays, Amber Timmins added 14 and Emily Holtgrewe 10. Caitlin Murphy had 11 for Spalding. The Gehlen girls improve to 5-and-0 for the season and 2-and-0 in the W-E-C.
The Gehlen boys used a 21-0 first half run to erase a 10-9 deficit and the Jays eventually rolled up a 31-point cushion in the fourth quarter before settling on a 23-point victory. Conor Kneip had a career-best 21 point performance to lead Gehlen with Trevor Bouma netting 16 and Michael Whitehead 15. Michael Grady had 14 to pace the Spartans and Ryan Stoll had ten. The Gehlen boys are now 4-and-1 for the season and 2-and-0 in the War Eagle Conference.
Gehlen travels to Paullina Tuesday night to play South O'Brien in their next War Eagle Conference test.
(G) (#6-1A)Gehlen Catholic (5-0/2-0) 60 Spalding Catholic 36*
(B) Gehlen Catholic (4-1/2-0) 67 Spalding Catholic 44*
(G) Hinton 67 South O'Brien 22*
(B) South O'Brien 57 Hinton 53*
(G) Unity Christian 48 Akron-Westfield 37*
(B) Unity Christian 61 Akron-Westfield 43*
(G) Hartley-Melvin-Sanborn 48 Remsen St. Mary's 47*
(B) Hartley-Melvin-Sanborn 41 Remsen St. Mary's 37*
(G) (#8-1A)West Sioux 61 Remsen-Union 42*
(B) Remsen-Union 55 West Sioux 35*
(G) Emmetsburg 49 Le Mars (2-3/0-2) 41
(B) Le Mars (3-0/2-0) 66 Emmetsburg 63
(G) (#11-2A)Western Christian 64 Cherokee 30
(B) (#2-2A)Western Christian 73 Cherokee 31
(G) (#2-2A)Estherville/L-C 35 (#15-3A)Spencer 10
(B) Spencer 53 Estherville/L-C 27
(G) (#14-3A)Spirit Lake 66 Storm Lake 21
(B) Spirit Lake 59 (#10-3A)Storm Lake 37
(G) Westwood 46 Kingsley-Pierson 19
(B) (#8-1A)Kingsley-Pierson 61 Westwood 26
(G) (#1-2A)OA-BCIG 65 (#9-2A)Lawton-Bronson 48
(B) OA-BCIG 44 Lawton-Bronson 43
(G) River Valley 57 Maple Valley/Anthon-Oto 32
(B) Maple Valley/Anthon-Oto 49 River Valley 40
(G) South Central Calhoun 46 Ridge View 31
(B) South Central Calhoun 46 Ridge View 44
(G) Sioux Center 44 Boyden-Hull 42
(B) (#5-1A)Boyden-Hull 58 Sioux Center 43
(G) (#13-1A)Central Lyon 72 West Lyon 33
(B) West Lyon 56 Central Lyon 47
(G) George-Little Rock 51 Rock Valley 29
(B) George-Little Rock 72 Rock Valley 61
(G) (#5-3A)M-O-C/Floyd Valley 72 Sibley-Ocheyedan 41
(B) (#2-3A)M-O-C/Floyd Valley 65 Sibley-Ocheyedan 54
(G) Okoboji 38 Sheldon 36
(B) Sheldon 55 Okoboji 33
(G) (#9-3A)Sergeant Bluff-Luton 65 Council Bluffs A-L 50
(B) Sergeant Bluff-Luton 70 Council Bluffs A-L 41
(B) (#5-4A)Sioux City East 87 Sioux City West 44
(college basketball)
Iowa State 86 Iowa 76
(college football)
FCS QUARTERFINAL PLAYOFFS: Montana 48 U-N-I 10
SATURDAY RESULTS - December 10
Le Mars finished 8th at the Emmetsburg Tournament Saturday. Humboldt won the team title. The Bulldogs had one champion ... Nic Madsen won the 106-pound title. C.J. Singer (138#) and Alex Hermes (285#) finished fourth and Tyler Carlson (113#), Chris Haman (132#) and Skyler Gries (145#) finished fifth.
(LE MARS) – Le Mars split their Lakes Conference doubleheader with Estherville/Lincoln Central Saturday night at Carey gym. The number-two ranked (Class 2A) E-L-C girls rolled to their seventh win against no losses with a 50-22 victory over the Lady Bulldogs. Le Mars battled the Midgettes to within eleven by halftime at 27-16 but were held to just six points over the final two quarters and lost by 28. Emily Pick hit three of Le Mars' five three-pointers and finished with a team-best nine points. Alyssa Johnson led Estherville/L-C with 13 and Allie Sievert added 12. They were the cornerstones to a runner-up finish at the 2A State Tournament last spring for the Midgettes. Le Mars lost all three Lakes Conference games this week to fall to 2-and-4 for the season.
The Le Mars boys improved to 4-and-0 and 3-and-0 in the Lakes Conference, leading wire-to-wire against winless Estherville/L-C to win 66-37. The Bulldogs led 21-8 after a quarter and 42-23 by halftime. The lead reached 35 in the fourth quarter to spark a continuous clock. Austin Homan led the Bulldogs scoring attack with 21, Brendan Collins had 11 and Jordan Eisma 10. Brad Olsen had 10 for E-L-C.
Le Mars will host Western Christian Tuesday night at Carey gym. The Lakes Conference twinbill will be carried on KLEM starting at 6:15.
(G) (#2-2A)Estherville/L-C 50 Le Mars (2-4/0-3) 22
(B) Le Mars (4-0/3-0) 66 Estherville/L-C 37
(G) Cherokee 40 Ridge View 35, overtime
(B) Cherokee 57 Ridge View 51
(G/B) Kingsley-Pierson at Remsen St. Mary's – POSTPONED
(G) South O'Brien 51 Clay Central-Everly 37
(B) South O'Brien 69 Clay Central-Everly 16
(B) West Sioux 46 Alcester-Hudson (S.D.) 36
(G) Woodbury Central 78 Alta-Aurelia 32
(B) Woodbury Central 62 Alta-Aurelia 59
(B) West Lyon 72 Hills Beaver Creek (MN) 63
(B) (#3-3A)Bishop Heelan 68 Sioux City North 59
(G) South Sioux City 59 Sioux City East 48
(B) South Sioux City 83 (#5-4A)Sioux City East 71
|< Prev
|Next >


text:
EAST ST. LOUIS, Ill. (KSDK) - A woman was robbed at gunpoint and then raped shortly after leaving a MetroLink station early Tuesday morning in the Metro East.
According to East St. Louis Police Chief Michael Floore, the incident occurred in the 1700 block of Parsons Avenue around 12:50 a.m.
The woman had departed the Emerson Park MetroLink Station and was walking home when an unidentified man approached her from behind, put a gun to her back, and demanded all of her money.
Chief Floore said the man took the woman's cash, then led her to a secluded area and raped her. The man struck the woman in the head with his gun and ran off.
Anyone with information on this case is asked to contact the East St. Louis Police Department at 618-482-6635 or CrimeStoppers at 866-371-TIPS.


text:
See All Contributors »
This one's pretty good, especially if you aren't a fan of UT.
[ame="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-MlCJig8TM"]YouTube - Hitler on the hiring of Tommy Tuberville at Texas Tech[/ame]
Hitler really follows American college football with a passion
What doesn't Hitler get mad about these days?
That was definitely made by a Tech fan, and not really that funny.
Last edited by Al_4_State; 01-11-2010 at 03:40 PM.
In 1984, I was hospitalized for approaching perfection.
Again with the Hitler video??
Originally Posted by Al_4_State
What doesn't Hitler get mad about these days?
Bunnies. I've yet to see him have a tirade about bunnies.
Originally Posted by ISUFan22
Bunnies. I've yet to see him have a tirade about bunnies.
you just wait
wow these Hitler Youtube's are getting as tired as gatorade showers and players pointing to the sky after scoring a touchdown.
the movie these clips are from is fantastic however.
I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around the banks will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered.
Thomas Jefferson, 1802
These Hitler videos are played out.
honestly, how hilarious would you find a youtube clip with Hitler actually being angry about WWII now?
some of these are great. this one - not so much.
Originally Posted by cycopath25
These Hitler videos are played out.
Originally Posted by MNCyGuy
The only answer to "who/what is GeronimusClone?" is in fact "GeronimousClone". You're like The Todd on Scrubs.
Originally Posted by Angie
This is why you're my favorite
Originally Posted by MoreCowbell
GC, he's obviously all man. And I don't think Ellen would go *****, even for GC...
Inglourous Bastards?
"Winning isn't everything, it's the only thing."
It was at least nice to see a different video from the usual office video that gets used.
There needs to be a good Pol Pot or Idi Amin video to help out Hitler. Poor guy has carried the video load for the last couple of years now.
Has Hitler spoken out about being used so much in these video's? that could be an interesting one...
Forum Rules
All content owned by CycloneFanatic.com - All rights reserved 2005-09. By viewing this website you agree to the Terms of Service, Site Rules and Legal Disclaimer. The words, views, images and opinions expressed or provided by users do not reflect the opinions or views of CycloneFanatic.com or Iowa State University. The names, words, symbols, and graphics representing Iowa State University are trademarks and copyrights of the University protected by the trademark and copyright laws of the United States of America and other countries and are used on this web site under license from the University. Original site design, premise & construction by Jeremy Lind.


text:
See All Contributors »
Not sure if this was going to be done this year? I know many of us enjoyed it last year.
"You must try to generate happiness within yourself. If you aren't happy in one place, chances are you won't be happy anyplace." -- Ernie Banks
Forum Rules
All content owned by CycloneFanatic.com - All rights reserved 2005-09. By viewing this website you agree to the Terms of Service, Site Rules and Legal Disclaimer. The words, views, images and opinions expressed or provided by users do not reflect the opinions or views of CycloneFanatic.com or Iowa State University. The names, words, symbols, and graphics representing Iowa State University are trademarks and copyrights of the University protected by the trademark and copyright laws of the United States of America and other countries and are used on this web site under license from the University. Original site design, premise & construction by Jeremy Lind.


text:
Solid foods are a big step for a baby. Find out when and how to make the transition from breast milk or formula to solid foods.
Is your baby suddenly interested in what you're eating? It might be time to start introducing solid foods.
Breast milk or formula is the only food your newborn needs. However, by ages 4 months to 6 months, most babies are ready to begin eating solid foods as a complement to breast-feeding or formula-feeding. It's during this time that babies typically stop using their tongues to push food out of their mouths and begin to develop the coordination to move solid food from the front of the mouth to the back for swallowing.
In addition to age, look for other signs that your baby is ready for solid foods. For example:
If you answer yes to these questions and you have the OK from your baby's doctor, you can begin supplementing your baby's liquid diet.
Continue feeding your baby breast milk or formula as usual. Then:
To help prevent food allergies, parents were once told to avoid feeding young children highly allergenic foods such as eggs, fish, peanuts and tree nuts. Today, however, there's no convincing evidence that avoiding these foods during early childhood will help prevent food allergies. New research also suggests that desensitizing at-risk children to peanuts between ages 4 and 11 months may be effective at preventing peanut allergy.
Still, it's a good idea to check with your baby's doctor if any close relatives have a food allergy. You might consider giving your child his or her first taste of a highly allergenic food at home — rather than at a restaurant — with an oral antihistamine available, just in case.
Juice isn't a necessary part of a baby's diet, and it's not as valuable as the original fruit itself. Too much juice might contribute to weight problems and diarrhea, as well as thwart your baby's appetite for more-nutritious solid foods. In addition, sipping juice throughout the day or while falling asleep can lead to tooth decay.
If you choose to offer juice, wait until your baby is at least 6 months or older. Also, make sure the juice is pasteurized, mild, 100 percent fruit juice. Limit the amount your baby drinks to 4 to 6 ounces (118 to 177 milliliters) a day — about one food serving of fruit — and serve it in a cup.
Don't offer cow's milk or honey before age 1. Cow's milk doesn't meet an infant's nutritional needs — it isn't a good source of iron — and can increase the risk of iron deficiency. Honey might contain spores that can cause a serious illness known as infant botulism.
To prevent choking, stick to foods that are soft, broken down into small pieces and easy to swallow. As your baby progresses in eating solid foods, don't offer hot dogs, chunks of meat or cheese, grapes, raw vegetables or fruit chunks, unless they're cut up into small pieces. Also, don't give babies hard foods, such as seeds, nuts, popcorn and hard candy that can't be changed to make them safe options. Other high-risk foods include peanut butter and marshmallows.
If you offer solids to your baby before age 4 months, avoid offering home-prepared spinach, beets, green beans, squash and carrots, which might contain high levels of potentially harmful compounds (nitrites) from soil. If your drinking water comes from a private well, consider having it checked for nitrates.
Keep in mind that citrus can also cause some infants to develop a rash.
When your baby begins eating solid food, mealtime is sure to become an adventure. Here's help making it more enjoyable — for both you and your baby.
Enjoy your baby's sloppy tray, gooey hands and sticky face. You're building the foundation for a lifetime of healthy eating.
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/healthy-baby/art-20046200
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.


text:
GREENVILLE, N.C. - East Carolina finalized preparations for its first intra-squad scrimmage of preseason camp with a 100-minute workout in shells Friday morning on Hight Field at the Cliff Moore Practice Complex.
The contest, which will be held at Dowdy-Ficklen Stadium Saturday morning, will primarily serve as a personnel and organizational scrimmage designed to start formulating the program's first depth chart of the season, emphasize new officiating rules and work on substitution patterns.
As a precautionary measure to ensure freshness for the game, head coach Ruffin McNeill kept the Pirates out of full pads to minimize contact during Friday's session, which mostly stressed individual drills and third-and-long situational work.
"I want to watch reaction and interaction with our (Conference USA) officials on the field," McNeill explained. "I want to see our substitution pattern and engagement from the offensive and defensive packages. Also, I'm looking forward to making sure we have proper communication from the pressbox from up top. We'll see how it goes."
Saturday's intra-squad scrimmage, which McNeill indicated would span 50 to 60 plays, is closed to the public.
NOTES: OLB Gabriel Woullard, a signee from Pierce (Calif.) College, arrived on campus Thursday and was present at practice Friday after completing a physical and required administrative responsibilities ... The Pirates will open Saturday's activities by participating in an orientation session with a C-USA officiating crew to discuss and review new rule changes in place for the 2012 season before heading out for a stretch/flex segment at 9 a.m. ... A total of seven players will be sidelined Saturday with various injuries - CB Leonard Paulk (right knee), OL Taylor Hudson (left hand), OLB Jacob Geary (left leg), RB/IWR Zico Pasut (concussion), OLB Montese Overton (concussion), IWR Donte Sumpter (right ankle), DE Matt Milner (left foot) ... All-America ILB Jeremy Grove (left leg) is questionable for the matchup ... On the other hand, OLB Maurice Falls returned to full-speed status Friday for the first time since camp opened after being slowed by a left leg injury ... Saturday's Scrimmage Time: 9:00 a.m. - 11:30 a.m.; Season Opener: Sept. 1 vs. Appalachian State in Greenville (12 noon).


text:
Gustosia Patisserie and Gelato Demonstration
Qzina Specialty Foods
Monday, February 18, 2013 from 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM (PST)
Who's Going
Loading your connections...
3 of your friends are going. Share it to get more people on board! Share
Sara Haughty
San Francisco, California
San Francisco, California
Luke Picard
London, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Rick Vespucio
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Join Massimo De Luca of Gustosia to learn about the world of Italian-style patesserie and gelato making. Raised in the gelato business in Italy and trained as a pastry chef, Chef De Luca will show how Gustosia flavoring compounds and bases can be utilized in a variety of applications. Taste the delicious flavors of Italy, reinvented for the modern palate!
This registration is for the demonstration on Monday, Feb 18th only.
If you are interested in learning how to make gelato, please consider our one-day hands on workshop on Thursday, Feb 21st. Please visit www.gustosiahandson.eventbrite.com.
Have questions about Gustosia Patisserie and Gelato Demonstration? Contact Qzina Specialty Foods
When & Where
Qzina Institute of Chocolate and Pastry
9461 Irvine Center Dr
Monday, February 18, 2013 from 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM (PST)
Add to my calendar
Qzina Specialty Foods
Gustosia Patisserie and Gelato Demonstration
Irvine, CA Events
Food & Drink


text:
We talked to Chris Young on The Wake Up Call w/ Eric&Selena leading up to the big Froggy Fest 2014 this Sunday. He told us that he was not allowed to have anything red as a child -- M&M's, Kool-Aid -- you get the pic. Mama Young was worried the red dye would make Chris hyper.
.... Would it be a bad welcome to NEPA if I give Chris Young one of these backstage:
c'mon - he has to have outgrown the side effects, right? Ahhh, a taste of NEPA!


text:
Related Movies
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
|Release Date: December 09, 2011
|Running Time: 128 mins.
|MPAA Rating: R
|Box Office: $24,104,113.00
|Genre: Adaptation, Drama, Spy, Thriller
Gary Oldman
Kathy Burke
Colin Firth
Livia Giuggioli
All Cast & Crew >>
Summary:In the bleak days of the Cold War, espionage veteran George Smiley is forced from semi-retirement to uncover a double agent in the ranks of the British Secret Service. Pushed into retirement by a scandal caused by the now-deceased head of service, a guy named Control, and because he suspected that there was a spy, Smiley journeys through the labyrinthine world of the British spy service layer by layer as he hunts the mole controlled by the mysterious Russian spymaster Karla.
Event Photos:


text:
Phoenix Articles
Things to Do, Travel Tips, & Advice
Shakespeare at 450: 5 Unique Spots to See The Bard's Works
by Graham Shelby. Posted Apr 23rd 2014 11:32 AM
Continue ReadingToday, William Shakespeare lovers celebrate the 450th anniversary of the immortal's Bard's birth. We thought we'd join in by showcasing some out-of-the-ordinary ways to experience the work of the man who wrote, "All the world's a stage."
Phoenix Spring Break Crawl: Baseball Spring Training and Beyond
by Elise Riley. Posted Feb 28th 2014 08:00 PM
Continue ReadingSpring isn't a season of rebirth in Phoenix -- it's the continuation of the party. Take in spring training games, head to a spa or golf the day away.
Discover Something New at Home in Phoenix
by Elise Riley. Posted Dec 17th 2013 11:00 AM
Continue ReadingSet beneath the watchful eye of the Camel's Head, Arcadia looks much today like it did years ago. Good thing local business owners sneaked in some changes in the Camelback Mountain area sure to please your palate. Many tried-and-true favorites are still around, with a few surprises.
Points of Interest: Florida Governor Misspeaks, Flight Passengers Get TB Scare
by Zach Everson. Posted Dec 3rd 2013 09:39 AM
Continue ReadingFlorida's governor gets his facts wrong, plane passengers get a tuberculosis scare and six airports getting Wii lounges are today's points of interest:
Foodie Neighborhood Spotlight: One Day in Downtown Phoenix
by Elise Riley. Posted Nov 6th 2013 01:27 PM
Continue ReadingUntil recently, downtown Phoenix was merely a destination for sports fans. But, my, how times have changed. A vibrant nightlife scene, a thriving artists' community and an influx of creative chefs are making downtown the place to witness, taste and enjoy the culture of the Valley of the Sun. The neighborhood houses new high-rise hotels and boutique lodgings that cater to modern travelers. Plus, the Valley's new Metro Light Rail system takes visitors from the airport to downtown in minutes.
If your palate's primed for a day of pampering, check out our recommendations for a 24-hour feast for the senses in downtown Phoenix.
If your palate's primed for a day of pampering, check out our recommendations for a 24-hour feast for the senses in downtown Phoenix.
Hot 5 Deals
Find the best offers to compare and save money.
Search for Deals
Don't Miss
- Adventure Travel
- Air Travel
- Arts & Culture
- Beach
- Best Of
- Budget
- Cruise
- EcoTravel
- Family
- Food + Drink
- Historic Sites
- Holidays
- Hotel
- Luxury
- News
- Road Trips
- Romantic
- Seasonal
- Spring Break
- Ski Vacations
- Spa & Wellness
- Tips & Tricks
- Weekend Getaways
- Weird
Coming soon.
Coming soon
Travel Careers
See the world and interact with people from different cultures.
It's as crazy as you think.


text:
Related Movies
Monsters University
|Release Date: June 21, 2013
|Running Time: 115 mins.
|MPAA Rating: G
|Box Office: $268,488,329.00
|Genre: Animated, Comedy, Family, Sequel
Billy Crystal
John Goodman
Steve Buscemi
Helen Mirren
All Cast & Crew >>
Summary:Mike Wazowski and James P. Sullivan are an inseparable pair, but that wasn't always the case. When these two mismatched monsters met they couldn't stand each other. This is the story of how Mike and Sulley overcame their differences and became the best of friends.
Event Photos:


text:
Tabitha Simmons
Product Actions
Smooth leather pointed toe lace-up ankle boot with silver-tone stud details at toe, cuff and heel. Leather sole.
Former stylist, current Vogue™ contributing editor, and CFDA 2015 Accessories Designer of the Year, Tabitha Simmons has created a footwear line full of quirky prints and whimsical details that have become a fast favorite with the fashion crowd.
Need Help? Have Questions? Contact Us.
Please call 1.888.222.7639 to speak with a Customer Service Representative.
We're here to help you:
Monday - Friday, 9 AM - 9 PM (ET)
Saturday - Sunday, 10:30 AM - 7 PM (ET)
If you prefer email, we can be reached anytime at email@example.com.
Free Shipping & Returns on all U.S. Orders. See Details.


text:
May 31, 2016
A report out Wednesday shows it's getting harder for minimum-wage earners to find affordable housing.
The report from the National Low Income Housing Coalition says there's no place in the country where a minimum-wage employee can afford to pay rent on a two-bedroom home.
And in three-quarters of the country, even two full-time minimum-wage jobs couldn't pay for such housing.
The annual "Out of Reach" report finds the average American worker must make almost $15 an hour to afford a modest two-bedroom rental and still pay for basic needs.
That's nearly three times the federal minimum wage.
The study found that wages needed for two-bedroom housing ranged from about $37 an hour in Marin County, California to about $7 an hour in Alabama, and a little less than $6 an hour in parts of Puerto Rico.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.