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Electricity ·
A magnetic field is a vector field which can exert a magnetic force on moving electric charges and on magnetic dipoles (such as permanent magnets). When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles tend to align their axes parallel to the magnetic field. Magnetic fields surround and are created by electric currents, magnetic dipoles, and changing electric fields. Magnetic fields also have their own energy, with an energy density proportional to the square of the field intensity.
There are some notable specific instances of the magnetic field. For the physics of magnetic materials, see magnetism and magnet, and more specifically ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, and diamagnetism. For constant magnetic fields, such as are generated by stationary dipoles and steady currents, see magnetostatics. For magnetic fields created by changing electric fields, see electromagnetism.
The electric field and the magnetic field are tightly interlinked, in two senses. First, changes in either of these fields will cause ("induce") changes in the other, according to Maxwell's equations. Second, according to Einstein's theory of special relativity, a magnetic force in one inertial frame of reference may be an electric force in another, or vice-versa (see relativistic electromagnetism for examples). Together, the electric and magnetic fields make up the electromagnetic field, which is best known for underlying light and other electromagnetic waves.
Unfortunately, the term magnetic field is used for two separate vector fields. These two vector fields are notated as and . Although the term "magnetic field" was historically reserved for , with being termed the "magnetic induction", is now understood to be the more fundamental entity. Modern writers vary in their usage of as the magnetic field. See:[1] This article follows the convention of referring to as the magnetic field and will discuss the more fundamental magnetic field, before treating the field. But the reader is cautioned that the literature is inconsistent. A technical paper may fail to make a distinction between the magnetic field and magnetic induction, knowing that the audience may know the difference, but as can be seen in the case of a textbook such as Jackson, the distinction is made precisely.
See History of B and H below for further discussion.
The vector field is known among electrical engineers as the magnetic field intensity or magnetic field strength and is also known among physicists as auxiliary magnetic field or magnetizing field. The vector field is known among electrical engineers as magnetic flux density or magnetic induction or simply magnetic field, as used by physicists.
The magnetic field has the SI units of teslas (T), equivalent to webers per square meter (Wb/m²) or volt seconds per square meter (V s/m²).[2][3][4] In cgs units, has units of gauss (G). The vector field is measured in amperes per meter (A/m) in SI or oersteds (Oe) in cgs units.
Permanent magnets are objects that produce their own persistent magnetic fields. All permanent magnets have both a north and a south pole. (Magnetic poles always come in north-south pairs.) Like poles repel and opposite poles attract. (See Force on a magnetic dipole due to a non-uniform B below.) The magnetism in a permanent magnet arises from properties of the atoms (in particular the electrons) that compose it. Each atom acts like a little individual magnet. If these magnets line up, they combine to create a macroscopic magnetic effect. For more details about what happens both microscopically and macroscopically, see the article ferromagnetism.
If allowed to twist freely, a magnet will turn to point in the direction of the local magnetic field. (See Torque on a magnetic dipole below.) A compass uses this effect to indicate the direction of the local magnetic field. A small magnet is mounted such that it is free to turn (in a given direction) and its north pole is marked. By definition, the direction of the local magnetic field is the direction that the north pole of a compass (or of any magnet) would tend to point.
A compass placed near the north pole of a magnet will point away from that pole---like poles repel. The opposite occurs if we place the compass near a magnet's south pole. The magnetic field points away from a magnet near its north pole and towards a magnet near its south pole. Not all magnetic fields are describable in terms of poles, though. A straight current-carrying wire, for instance, produces a magnetic field that points neither towards nor away from the wire, but encircles it instead.
The strength and direction of the magnetic field due to an object varies from position to position. Mapping out this magnetic field is simple in principle. First, measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field at a large number of points. Then mark each location with an arrow (called a vector) pointing in the direction of the magnetic field with a length proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. This is a valid and useful way of marking out and visualizing the magnetic field of an object. It has the unfortunate consequence, though, of cluttering up a graph even when using a small number of points. An alternative method of visualizing the magnetic field is to use "magnetic field lines".
Various physical phenomena have the effect of displaying magnetic field lines. For example, iron filings placed in a magnetic field will line up in such a way as to visually show the orientation of the magnetic field (see figure at top). Another place where magnetic fields are visually displayed is in the polar auroras, in which visible streaks of light line up with the local direction of Earth's magnetic field (due to plasma particle dipole interactions). In these phenomena, lines or curves appear that follow along the direction of the local magnetic field.
These field lines provide us with a way to depict or draw the magnetic field (or any other vector field). Technically, field lines are a set of lines through space whose direction at any point is the direction of the local magnetic field, and whose density is proportional to the magnitude of the local magnetic field. Note that when a magnetic field is depicted with field lines, it is not meant to imply that the field is only nonzero along the drawn-in field lines.[5] Rather, the field is typically smooth and continuous everywhere, and can be estimated at any point (whether on a field line or not) by looking at the direction and density of the field lines nearby. The choice of which field lines to draw in such a depiction is arbitrary, apart from the requirement that they be spaced out so that their density approximates the magnitude of the local field. The level of detail at which the magnetic field is depicted can be increased by increasing the number of lines.
Field lines are a useful way to represent any vector field and can often be used to reveal sophisticated properties of that field quite simply. One important property of the magnetic field that can be verified with field lines is that it always makes complete loops. Magnetic field lines neither start nor end (although they can extend to or from infinity). To date no exception to this rule has been found. (See magnetic monopole below.)
Even when it appears that a magnetic field has an end (such as when it leaves near a north pole or enters near a south pole of a magnet) in reality it does not. In the case of the permanent magnet the field lines complete the loop inside of the magnet traveling from the south to the north pole. (To see that this must be true imagine placing a compass inside of the magnet. The north pole of the compass will point toward the north pole of the magnet since magnets stacked on each other point in the same direction.)
Since magnetic field lines always come in loops, magnetic poles always come in N and S pairs. If a magnetic field line enters a magnet somewhere it has to leave the magnet somewhere else; it is not allowed to have an end point. For this reason as well, cutting a magnet in half will result in two separate magnets each with both a north and a south pole.
Field lines are also a good tool for visualizing magnetic forces. When dealing with magnetic fields in ferromagnetic substances like iron, and in plasmas, the magnetic forces can be understood by imagining that the field lines exert a tension, (like a rubber band) along their length, and a pressure perpendicular to their length on neighboring field lines. The 'unlike' poles of magnets attract because they are linked by many field lines, while 'like' poles repel because the field lines between them don't meet, but run parallel, pushing on each other.
They can also be represented mathematically in terms of "Euler potentials," though that representation is nonlinear and has other problems.[]
Because of Earth's magnetic field, a compass placed anywhere on Earth will turn so that the "north pole" of the magnet inside the compass points roughly north, toward Earth's north magnetic pole in northern Canada. This is the traditional definition of the "north pole" of a magnet, although other equivalent definitions are also possible. One confusion that arises from this definition is that if Earth itself is considered as a magnet, the south pole of that magnet would be the one nearer the north magnetic pole, and vice-versa. (Opposite poles attract and the north pole of the compass magnet is attracted to the north magnetic pole.) The north magnetic pole is so named not because of the polarity of the field there but because of its geographical location.
The figure to the right is a sketch of Earth's magnetic field represented by field lines. The magnetic field at any given point does not point straight toward (or away) from the poles and has a significant up/down component for most locations. (In addition, there is an East/West component as Earth's magnetic poles do not coincide exactly with Earth's geological pole.) The magnetic field is as if there were a magnet deep in Earth's interior.
Earth's magnetic field is probably due to a dynamo that produces electric currents in the outer liquid part of its core. Earth's magnetic field is not constant: Its strength and the location of its poles vary. The poles even periodically reverse direction, in a process called geomagnetic reversal.
A magnetic field has many effects on materials and on individual particles. All of these effects can be expressed due to its affects on elementary charges and magnetic dipoles. There are four elementary ways that a magnetic field can affect a charge or a magnetic dipole.
A charged particle moving in a magnetic field will feel a sideways force that is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the component of the velocity that is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the charge of the particle. This force is known as the Lorentz force, and is given by
The force is always perpendicular to both the velocity of the particle and the magnetic field that created it. Neither a stationary particle nor one moving in the direction of the magnetic field lines will experience a force. For that reason, charged particles move in a circle (or more generally, in a helix) around magnetic field lines; this is called cyclotron motion. Because the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the motion, the magnetic fields can do no work on a charged particle; a magnetic field alone cannot speed up or slow down a charged particle. It can and does, however, change the particle's direction, even to the extent that a force applied in one direction can cause the particle to drift in a perpendicular direction. (See above figure.)
The force on a current carrying wire is similar to that of a moving charge as expected since a charge carrying wire is a collection of moving charges. A current carrying wire will feel a sideways force in the presence of a magnetic field. The Lorentz force on a macroscopic current is often referred to as the Laplace force.
The direction of force on a positive charge or a current is determined by the right-hand rule. See the figure on the right. Using the right hand and pointing the thumb in the direction of the moving positive charge or positive current and the fingers in the direction of the magnetic field the resulting force on the charge will point outwards from the palm. The force on a negative charged particle is in the opposite direction. If both the speed and the charge are reversed then the direction of the force remains the same. For that reason a magnetic field measurement (by itself) cannot distinguish whether there is a positive charge moving to the right or a negative charge moving to the left. (Both of these will produce the same current.) On the other hand, a magnetic field combined with an electric field can distinguish between these, see Hall effect below.
An alternative, similar trick to the right hand rule is Fleming's left hand rule.
A magnet placed in a magnetic field will feel a torque that will try to align the magnet with the magnetic field. The torque on a magnet due to an external magnetic field is easy to observe by placing two magnets near each other while allowing one to rotate. This magnetic torque is the basis for how compasses work. It is used to define the direction of the magnetic field (see above).
The magnetic torque also provides the driving torque for simple electric motors. A magnet (called a rotor) placed on a rotating shaft will feel a strong torque if like poles are placed near its own poles. If the magnet that caused the rotation—called the stator—is constantly being flipped such that it always has like poles close to the rotor then the rotor will generate a torque that is transferred to the shaft. The polarity of the rotor can easily be flipped if it is an electromagnet by flipping the direction of the current through its coils.
See Rotating magnetic fields below for an example using this effect with electromagnets.
The most commonly experienced effect of the magnetic field is the force between two magnets: Like poles repel and opposites attract. One can, in fact, express this force in terms of the pole locations and strengths (or more generally, pole distributions) in the two magnets attracting and repulsing each other. This model is called the "Gilbert model" and produces both the correct force between two magnets, and the correct field outside of the magnets, but the wrong magnetic field inside the magnets. (Although the Gilbert model is useful in certain contexts as a mathematical model, the idea of "poles" does not accurately reflect what physically happens inside a magnet; see ferromagnetism.)
A more physically accurate picture would be based on the fundamental fact that a magnetic dipole experiences a force, when placed in a non-uniform external magnetic field. (In a uniform field, it will experience a torque but no force.) The south pole of one magnet is attracted to the north pole of another magnet because of the specific way in which each of the microscopic dipoles in either magnet responds to the non-uniform field of the other magnet.
The force on a magnetic dipole does not depend directly on the strength or direction of the magnetic field, but only on how these vary with location. A magnet will move to maximize the magnetic field in the direction of its magnetic moment.
Care should be taken to distinguish the magnetic force on a magnetic dipole from the magnetic force on a moving charge. The magnetic force on a charge only occurs when the charge is moving and is in a sideways direction. It is felt for both uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields. The magnetic force on a dipole, on the other hand, is present only in non-uniform (in space) fields and is in the direction that increases the component of the magnetic field in the direction parallel to the dipole's magnetic moment. Neither does the force on a magnetic dipole depend on its speed (except at velocities approaching the speed of light).
If the magnetic field in an area is varying with time it generates an electric field that forms closed loops around that area. A conducting wire that forms a closed loop around the area will have an induced voltage generated by this changing magnetic field. This effect is represented mathematically as Faraday's Law and forms the basis of many generators. Care must be taken to understand that the changing magnetic field is a source for an extended electric field. The changing magnetic field does not only create an electric field at that location; rather it generates an electric field that forms closed loops around the location where the magnetic field is changing.
Mathematically, Faraday's law is most often represented in terms of the change of magnetic flux with time. The magnetic flux is the property of a closed loop (say of a coil of wire) and is the product of the area times the magnetic field that is normal to that area. Engineers and physicists often use magnetic flux as a convenient physical property of a loop(s). They then express the magnetic field as the magnetic flux per unit area. It is for this reason that the field is often referred to as the "magnetic flux density". This approach has the benefit of making certain calculations easier such as in magnetic circuits. It is typically not used outside of electrical circuits, though, because the magnetic field truly is the more 'fundamental' quantity in that it directly connects all of electrodynamics in the simplest manner.
There are three elementary ways to create a magnetic field.
These sources are thought to affect the virtual particles that compose the field.
All moving charges produce a magnetic field. [6] The magnetic field of a moving charge is very complicated but is well known. (See Jefimenko's equations.) It forms closed loops around a line that is pointing in the direction the charge is moving. The magnetic field of a current on the other hand is much easier to calculate.
The magnetic field generated by a steady current (a continual flow of charges, for example through a wire, which is constant in time and in which charge is neither building up nor depleting at any point), is described by the Biot-Savart law.[7] This is a consequence of Ampere's law, one of the four Maxwell's equations that describe electricity and magnetism. The magnetic field lines generated by a current carrying wire form concentric circles around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field of the loops is determined by the right hand grip rule. (See figure to the right.) The strength of the magnetic field decreases with distance from the wire.
A current carrying wire can be bent in a loop such that the field is concentrated (and in the same direction) inside of the loop. The field will be weaker outside of the loop. Stacking many such loops to form a solenoid (or long coil) can greatly increase the magnetic field in the center and decrease the magnetic field outside of the solenoid. Such devices are called electromagnets and are extremely important in generating strong and well controlled magnetic fields. An infinitely long solenoid will have a uniform magnetic field inside of the loops and no magnetic field outside. A finite length electromagnet will produce essentially the same magnetic field as a uniform permanent magnet of the same shape and size. An electromagnet has the advantage, though, that you can easily vary the strength (even creating a field in the opposite direction) simply by controlling the input current. One important use is to continually switch the polarity of a stationary electromagnet to force a rotating permanent magnet to continually rotate using the fact that opposite poles attract and like poles repel. This can be used to create an important type of electrical motor.
The magnetic field due to a permanent magnet is well known. (See the first figure of article.) But, what causes the magnetic field of a permanent magnet? The answer again is that the magnetic field is essentially created due to currents. But this time it is due to the cumulative effect of many small 'currents' of electrons 'orbiting' the nuclei of the magnetic material. Alternatively it is due to the structure of the electron itself which, in some sense, can be thought of as forming a tiny loop of current. (The true nature of the electron's magnetic field is relativistic in nature, but this model often works.) Both of these tiny loops are modeled in terms of what is called the magnetic dipole. The dipole moment of that dipole can be defined as the current times the area of the loop, then an equation for the magnetic field due to that magnetic dipole can be derived. (See the above image for what that magnetic field looks like.) Magnetic field of a larger magnet can be calculated by adding up the magnetic fields of many magnetic dipoles.
The final known source of magnetic fields is a changing electric field. Just as a changing magnetic field generates an electric field so does a changing electric field generate a magnetic field. (These two effects bootstrap together to form electromagnetic waves, such as light.) Similar to the way magnetic field lines form close loops around a current a time varying electric field generates a magnetic field that forms closed loops around the region where the electric field is changing. The strength of this magnetic field is proportional to the time rate of the change of the electric field (which is called the displacement current). [8] The fact that a changing electric field creates a magnetic field is known as Maxwell's correction to Ampere's Law.
A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle (or class of particles) that has, as its name suggests, only one magnetic pole (either a north pole or a south pole). In other words, it would possess a "magnetic charge" analogous to electric charge.
Modern interest in this concept stems from particle theories, notably Grand Unified Theories and superstring theories, that predict either the existence or the possibility of magnetic monopoles. These theories and others have inspired extensive efforts to search for monopoles. Despite these efforts, no magnetic monopole has been observed to date.[9]
There are several different but physically equivalent ways to define the magnetic field. In principle any of the above effects due to the magnetic field or any of the sources of the magnetic field can be used to define its magnitude and the direction. Its direction at a given point can be thought of as being the direction that a hypothetical freely rotating small test dipole would rotate to point if it were placed at that point. Its magnitude is defined (in SI units) in terms of the voltage induced per unit area on a current carrying loop in a uniform magnetic field normal to the loop when the magnetic field is reduced to zero in a unit amount of time. The SI unit of magnetic field is the Tesla.
The magnetic field vector is a pseudovector (also called an axial vector). (This is a technical statement about how the magnetic field behaves when you reflect the world in a mirror.) This fact is apparent from many of the definitions and properties of the field; for example, the magnitude of the field is proportional to the torque on a dipole, and torque is a well-known pseudovector.
As discussed above, the magnetic field is a vector field. (The magnetic field at each point in space and time is represented by its own vector.) As a vector field, the magnetic field has two important mathematical properties. These properties, along with the corresponding properties of the electric field, make up Maxwell's Equations.
The first is that the magnetic field never starts nor ends at a point. Whatever magnetic field lines enter a region has to eventually leave that region. This is mathematically equivalent to saying that the divergence of the magnetic is zero. (Such vector fields are called solenoidal vector fields.) This property is called Gauss' law for magnetism and is one of Maxwell's Equations. It is also equivalent to the statement that there are no magnetic monopoles (see above).
The second mathematical property of the magnetic field is that it always loops around the source that creates it. This source could be a current, a magnet, or a changing electric field, but it is always within the loops of magnetic field they create. Mathematically, this fact is described by the Ampère-Maxwell equation.
There are many ways of measuring the magnetic field, many of which use the effects described above. Devices used to measure the local magnetic field are called magnetometers. Important magnetometers include using a rotating coil, Hall effect magnetometers, NMR magnetometer, SQUID magnetometer, and a fluxgate magnetometer. The magnetic fields of distant astronomical objects can be determined by noting their effects on local charged particles. For instance, electrons spiraling around a field line will produce synchotron radiation which is detectable in radio waves.
Because the Lorentz force is charge-sign-dependent (see above), it results in charge separation when a conductor with current is placed in a transverse magnetic field, with a buildup of opposite charges on two opposite sides of conductor in the direction normal to the magnetic field, and the potential difference between these sides can be measured.
The Hall effect is often used to measure the magnitude of a magnetic field as well as to find the sign of the dominant charge carriers in semiconductors (negative electrons or positive holes).
Superconductors are materials with both distinctive electric properties (perfect conductivity) and magnetic properties (such as the Meissner effect, in which many superconductors can perfectly expel magnetic fields). Due to these properties, it turns out that loops that incorporate superconducting material and their Josephson junctions can function as very sensitive magnetometers, called SQUIDs.
The term 'magnetic field' can also be used to describe the magnetic field. The magnetic field is similar to in that it is a vector field, but its units are often different. In SI units, and are measured in teslas (T) and amperes per meter (A/m), respectively; or, in cgs units, in gauss (G) and oersteds (Oe), respectively. Outside of magnetizable materials, the two fields are identical (apart from possibly a constant conversion factor), but inside a magnetic material they can differ substantially. Quantitatively, the fields are related by the following equations:
where is magnetization density of any magnetic material.
When magnetic materials are present, the total magnetic field is caused by two different types of currents which need to be distinguished: free current and bound current. Free currents are the ordinary currents in wires and other conductors, that can be controlled and measured. Bound currents are the result of the tiny circular currents inside atoms that are responsible for the magnetization of magnetic materials. It is important to distinguish between these two sources of magnetic field for two main reasons. First, free currents are easy to measure and calculate unlike bound currents. Second, in calculating the energy of a magnetic field it is the free currents that do the work, not the bound currents.
The magnetic is useful because it treats these two types of currents differently. The free currents it treats in the normal fashion and therefore has the same form as the magnetic field it would generate. The magnetic fields treats the field inside of a magnetic material (due to that magnetic material) in a manner similar to the Gilbert model. (By subtracting the magnetization from the B field we are essentially converting the bound current sources to Gilbert-like magnetic charges at the poles.) Unlike the magnetic , which always forms closed loops, the field due to the magnetic charges flow outward (or inward depending on the sign of the magnetic charge) in both directions from the poles. And while the magnetic field is exactly the same on the outside of the magnetic material for both models the magnetic fields inside are quite different.
Putting both sources together we see that the magnetic field is the same as the magnetic field to a multiplicative constant outside of magnetic materials, but is completely different from the magnetic field inside a magnetic material. The advantage of this hybrid field is that these sources are treated so differently that we can often pick out one source from the other. For example a line integral of the magnetic field in a closed loop will yield the total free current in the loop (and not the bound current). This is unlike the magnetic field where a similar integral will yield the sum of both the free and the bound current. If one wants to isolate the contribution due to the bound currents then a surface integral of over any closed surface will pick out the 'magnetic charges' at the poles.
Unlike the magnetic field that only has a current source such that the magnetic field loops around currents, the magnetic field has two types of sources. The first source of magnetic field are the free currents for which loop around similar to the way field loops around the total current. The second source of the magnetic field are 'magnetic charges' near the poles of the magnetic material. More precisely, these 'magnetic charges' are calculated as .
In order to create a magnetic field we need to do work to establish a free current. If we are to ask how much energy does it take to create a specific magnetic field using a particular free current then we need to distinguish between the free and the bound currents. It is the free current that we are 'pushing' on. The bound currents are freeloaders. They create a magnetic field that the free current has to work against without doing any of the work. If we are to calculate the energy of creating a magnetic field we need to have a way of separating out the free current. The magnetic cannot be used to determine this free current since does not distinguish between bound and free current.
The magnetic field does treat the two sources differently. Therefore it is useful in calculating the energy needed to create a magnetic field with a free current in the presence of magnetic materials. In this case the energy density needed, assuming a linear relationship between and , has the form of:
If there are no magnetic materials around then we can replace with ,
A second use for is in magnetic circuits where inside a linear material . Here, μ is the permeability of the material. This is similar in form to Ohm's Law , where is the current density, σ is the conductance and is the Electric field. Extending this analogy we derive the counterpoint to the macroscopic Ohm's law () as:
where is the magnetic flux in the circuit, is the magnetomotive force applied to the circuit, and Rm is the reluctance of the circuit. Here the reluctance Rm is a quantity similar in nature to resistance for the flux.
Using this analogy it is straight-forward to calculate the magnetic flux of complicated magnetic field geometries, by using all the available techniques of circuit theory.
The difference between the and the vectors can be traced back to Maxwell's 1855 paper entitled On Faraday's Lines of Force. It is later clarified in his concept of a sea of molecular vortices that appears in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force - 1861. Within that context, represented pure vorticity (spin), whereas was a weighted vorticity that was weighted for the density of the vortex sea. Maxwell considered magnetic permeability µ to be a measure of the density of the vortex sea. Hence the relationship,
(1) Magnetic induction current causes a magnetic current density
was essentially a rotational analogy to the linear electric current relationship,
(2) Electric convection current
where ρ is electric charge density. was seen as a kind of magnetic current of vortices aligned in their axial planes, with being the circumferential velocity of the vortices. With µ representing vortex density, we can now see how the product of µ with vorticity leads to the term magnetic flux density which we denote as .
The electric current equation can be viewed as a convective current of electric charge that involves linear motion. By analogy, the magnetic equation is an inductive current involving spin. There is no linear motion in the inductive current along the direction of the vector. The magnetic inductive current represents lines of force. In particular, it represents lines of inverse square law force.
The extension of the above considerations confirms that where is to , and where is to ρ, then it necessarily follows from Gauss's law and from the equation of continuity of charge that is to . ie. parallels with , whereas parallels with .
The rotating magnetic field is a key principle in the operation of alternating-current motors. A permanent magnet in such a field will rotate so as to maintain its alignment with the external field. This effect was conceptualized by Nikola Tesla, and later utilised in his, and others', early AC (alternating-current) electric motors. A rotating magnetic field can be constructed using two orthogonal coils with 90 degrees phase difference in their AC currents. However, in practice such a system would be supplied through a three-wire arrangement with unequal currents. This inequality would cause serious problems in standardization of the conductor size and so, in order to overcome it, three-phase systems are used where the three currents are equal in magnitude and have 120 degrees phase difference. Three similar coils having mutual geometrical angles of 120 degrees will create the rotating magnetic field in this case. The ability of the three-phase system to create a rotating field, utilized in electric motors, is one of the main reasons why three-phase systems dominate the world's electrical power supply systems.
Because magnets degrade with time, synchronous motors and induction motors use short-circuited rotors (instead of a magnet) following the rotating magnetic field of a multicoiled stator. The short-circuited turns of the rotor develop eddy currents in the rotating field of the stator, and these currents in turn move the rotor by the Lorentz force.
In 1882, Nikola Tesla identified the concept of the rotating magnetic field. In 1885, Galileo Ferraris independently researched the concept. In 1888, Tesla gained U.S. Patent 381,968 for his work. Also in 1888, Ferraris published his research in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin.
Magnetic fields played an important role in helping to develop the theory of special relativity.
Imagine a moving conducting loop that is passing by a stationary magnet. Such a conducting loop will have a current generated in it as it passes through the magnetic field. But why? It is answering this seemingly innocent question that led Albert Einstein to develop his theory of special relativity.
A stationary observer would see an unchanging magnetic field and a moving conducting loop. Since the loop is moving all of the charges that make up the loop are also moving. Each of these charges will have a sideways, Lorentz force, acting on it which generates the current. Meanwhile, an observer on the moving reference frame would see a changing magnetic field and stationary charges. (The loop is not moving in this observers reference frame. The magnet is.) This changing magnetic field generates an electric field.
The stationary observer claims there is only a magnetic field that creates a magnetic force on a moving charge. The moving observer claims that there is both a magnetic and an electric field but all of the force is due to the electric field. Which is true? Does the electric field exist or not? The answer, according to special relativity, is that both observers are right from their reference frame. A pure magnetic field in one reference can be a mixture of magnetic and electric field in another reference frame.
According to special relativity, electric and magnetic forces are part of a single physical phenomenon, electromagnetism; an electric force perceived by one observer will be perceived by another observer in a different frame of reference as a mixture of electric and magnetic forces. A magnetic force can be considered as simply the relativistic part of an electric force when the latter is seen by a moving observer.
More specifically, rather than treating the electric and magnetic fields as separate fields, special relativity shows that they naturally mix together into a rank-2 tensor, called the electromagnetic tensor. This is analogous to the way that special relativity "mixes" space and time into spacetime, and mass, momentum and energy into four-momentum.
Field density
Rotating magnetic fields
Journal Articles
The content of this section is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License (local copy). It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Magnetic field" modified November 23, 2008 with previous authors listed in its history.


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Once again, the Annual Open Exhibition at the RWA showcases the cream of painting, drawing, printmaking, photography, sculpture and architecture selected and curated by an expert panel from thousands of submitted works. Last year's show featured 541 works by 351 artists, with every piece for sale. Prices starting from just £25 make this annual show an eclectic mix of work by unknown, emerging and established artists to suit all tastes and pockets.
This year, visitors to the exhibition will be asked to vote for their favourite artwork. The You Choose Award will go to the most popular work in the show voted for by the public, with the artist receiving an £800 prize sponsored by The Affordable Art Fair. Buying a piece of art can be a daunting task when there is so much to choose from but the RWA aims to make this process easy and enjoyable, and our team are on hand to help and advise, ensuring you find the perfect artwork to suit your taste, home and budget. Contact us for more information – www.rwa.org.uk or 0117 973 5129.
Promising to be bigger and better than ever before this mixed discipline show attracts art-lovers and art-buyers from far and wide – don't miss it!
Invited Artist
This year our invited artist is Aisling Hedgecock, named The Independent newspaper's Outstanding Young Artist of the Year, 'Talent 2007'. Hedgecock was born in Donegal, Republic of Ireland, 1979, and moved to Dorset, United Kingdom, in 1986. After completing an honours degree in Fine Art, Sculpture at Wimbledon School of Art, London, in 2001, she gained a place on the Fine Art, Sculpture MA at the Royal College of Art, London, 2004.
Hedgecock was awarded the Sainsbury Scholarship in Drawing and Sculpture at The British School at Rome, and worked in Italy until 2008. Her most recent solo exhibitions include We Are Stardust at Akershus Kunstsenter, Olso, 2013, and The Third Stellation, at Galerie Gabriel Rolt, in Amsterdam, 2011. Group shows include On Becoming a Gallery Part 3 at Angus-Hughes, London, New London School, Galerie Schuster, Berlin, and On Time, The Courtauld Institute of Art, London. Hedgecock is currently based in Dorset and Spain. Hedgecock also joins us on this year's selection panel. www.aislinghedgecock.info
To find out more about Aisling's work please see an interview from Evolver magazine here.
The Selection Panel
The selection panel has traditionally included artists, art dealers, curators and critics. This year the panel includes: Dr Janette Kerr PRWA, David Inshaw RWA, Stephen Jacobson RWA, Rachael Nee RWA, Chris Dunseath RWA, Invited Artist Aisling Hedgecock, Karen MacKinnon and Jonathan Messum.
The Annual Open Exhibition provides an excellent opportunity for artists to sell their work and for it to be seen by thousands of visitors. A number of exciting prizes are awarded to selected works, as well.
The Affordable Art Fair You Choose Award £800 awarded to the public's choice – vote for your favourite artwork.
Evolver Wessex Artist Award Feature article in Evolver magazine's March - April 2014 issue.
Evolver Cover Award Front cover of Evolver's January - February 2014 issue.
The Bristol First Collective Award Collective will purchase a piece of work/s from the exhibition up to the value of £1000
The UWE Bristol Drawing Prize £300 pounds given by the University of the West of England for distinctive practice in drawing
Consumer Intelligence Watercolour Prize First Prize: £250 cash and Second Prize: £150 cash
Redcliffe Press Photography Award Art books published by Redcliffe Press to the value of £100
St Cuthberts Mill Work on Paper Award 20 sheets of Saunders Waterford 300gsm worth £75
Pangolin Editions Sculpture Award 50cm2 Bronze casting by Pangolin Editions
New Creations Coaching Emerging Artist Award £240 worth of creative consulting with New Creations Coaching
Academician Candidates
Every year the Annual Open Exhibition also features work from artists who are applying to become RWA Academicians. This year we have ten candidates:
Celia Cook, Yvonne Crossley, Terry Flaxton, Debbie Locke, Roger Luxton, Carl Melegari, Alice Mumford, Andrew Munoz, Ken Smith and Amanda Wallwark.
If you are an Academician and would like to view a candidate's submission, CV and artist statement then please visit the Academician Candidates Page here.

subset: commoncrawl


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An exclusive 'Invitation-Only' event - always oversubscribed
100 active LPs and GPs who invest in clean energy & sustainability
Senior decision-makers discussing deal opportunities
Content driven by Limited Partners
Arrange 1-to-1 meetings with active institutional investors
AltAssets LP-GP Forums: connecting LPs and GPs worldwide
Welcome to the Seventh Annual
LP-GP Forum: Clean Energy & Sustainability
This invitation-only Forum has established itself as an exclusive club for the industry's leading investors and follows sell-out events from the previous six years. Places are strictly limited to 50 LPs, 50 GPs and a very select few expert advisors to ensure intimate networking and discussion at the highest level, without the distraction of intermediaries.
Confirmed Speakers
Jos Peeters
Founder &
Managing Partner
Venture Partners
Ritu Kumar
Director, Environment
and Social Responsability
CDC Group
Keimpe Keunig
Investment Director
Henrik Olsén
Founder and
Managing Partner
Environmental Technologies Fund
About the Forum
LP-GP Forum: Clean Energy & Sustainability Europe 2012
Last year's attendees included
ABN AMRO Bank N.V. • Access Capital Partners • Alpha Associates • AlpInvest Partners B.V. • Altius Associates • APG AM • Arcano • Bank Gutmann • Bertin Investments • bfinance UK • Blue Energy Partnership Holdings • Cambridge Associates • Capital Dynamics • Capital for Enterprise • CDC Group • Church Commissioners for England • Citigroup • Climate Neutral Investments • Connection Capital • Credit Suisse Asset Management • Dalmore Capital • DB Private Equity • Deutsche Bank AG • EIB • European Bank for Reconstruction and Development • European Investment Bank • F&C Investments • FERI • GE Energy Financial Services • Green Investment Bank • Halley Invest • HarbourVest Partners • Helaba • Henderson Global Investors • Hermes GPE • HPE Consulting Services • IDEA Capital Funds • Idea Capital Funds SGR SPA • IFC • Invesco Private Capital • Invesco Private Capital Investment • Keyhaven Capital Partners • Korea Investment Corporation • Lexington Partners • LGT Group • London Pensions Fund Authority • Lord North Street Limited • Lyrique • Mercer Investment Consulting • National Pensions Reserve Fund Ireland • NGAM • Northgate Capital Group • Northwestern Mutual Capital Limited • NTR • Olympian Trust Holdings • One Earth Capital • OP Trust • Palladio GmbH • Pantheon Ventures • Parish Capital Advisors • Partners Group • PensionsEurope • PGGM Investments • PineBridge Investments Europe Ltd • PPM Managers • QWin Capital • RIAM Alternative Investments • RobecoSAM Private Equity • Roesch Investment Advisory & Management • Russell Investments • SAM Private Equity • Santander • Seligman Private Equity Select • State Street Global Advisors • Stepstone Group • Stretford Investments • Sudarskis & Partners • Sundt & Co. • SVG Group • SWIP • Tfl Pension Fund • The Pension Protection Fund • TIFF • Towers Watson • Unigestion SA • USS • Valeur Investments • Vencap International plc • Voskamp Family Office • Whitelake Group • Wilshire Private Markets • WP Global Partners
The LP-GP Forum Clean Energy & Sustainability offers the feel and benefits of an exclusive private members club, as opposed to a mass conference, and invitations to participate are restricted to industry leaders. The unique environment of the Forum facilitates networking and discussion at the highest level between senior institutional investor decision-makers, infrastructure fund managers and project developers and financiers.
Previous AltAssets LP-GP Forums have directly resulted in numerous new business relationships being formed and substantial investments being made. The majority of attendees at previous events have emphatically ranked them as more valuable than any other event in their calendars.
Driven by Limited Partners
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Participants at this Forum comprise: senior investment decision-makers from LP organisations; investment managers from the very best GPs and corporate investors; infrastructure developers and financiers; and a very restricted number of expert professionals from event partner organisations.
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contribute expertise to the knowledge-sharing debate, gain exclusive access to leading GPs and LPs and promote the value of their services at the Forum and, subsequently, to the global AltAssets audience.
Copyright © 2014 AltAssets. All Rights Reserved.


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Hartford Hospital's Parent Education program offers a Breastfeeding and Returning to Work class to help mothers to prepare to return to work or school while continuing to breastfeed. Class topics include choosing the right breast pump, milk collection and storage, and breastfeeding in friendly workplaces. Whether you plan to breastfeed exclusively or combine formula with breastfeeding, this will help you make the transition back to work. Babies are welcome!
*Early registration is suggested because class size is limited. This class closes registration by midnight, 48 hours prior to the beginning of class, so please register early.*


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Top-NotchWritten by on January 1, 2004 5th Annual Brothers Chevrolet & GMC Truck Show & Shine
If your classic truck tastes lean towards the pre-'73 Chevy and GMC variety and you're ever in SoCal while Brothers is putting on their Chevrolet & GMC Truck Show & Shine (around July), then it would be in your best interest to make the pilgrimage to check out some of the best examples of these marques.
For the last couple of years, the show has been held at picturesque Featherly Park in Anaheim Hills. You'd have a hard time finding a better place to spend a day relaxing and looking at some great trucks. The trucks are intertwined amongst the trees, which beats standing around on hot asphalt any day.
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
A 350/700-R4 combo motivated Carlos Silba's slammed '53 to the show. The Boyd Coddington wheels (17x8s with 235/45 and 245/45 rubber) are tucked deep into the fenders thanks to a 'bagged Mustang II front suspension and 'bagged rear. Tan leather keeps Carlos wrapped in luxury inside the cab and earned him the Best Interior '47-54 award.If it's topless cruisin' you're looking for, you'd have a hard time finding a better truck to do it in than an early Blazer. Jesse Ceniceros brought out his '72 (with a '68 front clip) rolling on 17-inch Torque Thrusts with 255/50 and 275/50 tires. He's got a few more things to finish, but the weather was too nice to leave it at home.Derek Meacham brought out his recently finished family-hauling '59 Suburban. A 330hp crate 350 backed by a 700-R4 moves the big rig down the road while a Mustang II IFS and 17-inch Intros with tall 60-series rubber smooth out the bumps.Talk about the perfect daily-driver, Steve Stoker's '72 Chevy has been equipped with a '00 Chevy truck 5.3-liter engine and trans combo but...Custom trucks weren't the only trucks in attendance; Steve Retherford brought out his restored '53 GMC......He retained the straight-six but added a McGurk Engineering dual carb intake for a little more get-up and good looks.
Take one '56 Chevy, paint it red, and get the stance right and you'll end up with a winning combination every time. Buzz Nichol did just that, and he couldn't be happier.Doug Barnett wowed the crowd and the judges with his screaming yellow '57 and drove away with the Best In Show award. The Chevy features a sculptured tan leather interior with a DVD/stereo system that rivals most home systems (good enough to win the Best Audio award as well)......Airbags, 17-inch American Racing Hopsters, and a dressed small-block added to the truck's appeal.Scott Mumford motored down from Simi Valley in his Pro-Street '58 Fleetside and picked up the Brothers' Pick award. The truck has been the subject of continual upgrades and Scott hopes to replace the rally wheels with some big-inch rollers sometime in the near future.Entertainment is always one of the highlights of the Brothers show, and this year was no exception. Hot Rod Trio kept time rockin' for hours.Of course Brothers had a large vending area set-up to provide anyone who needed that final part to complete their restoration an opportunity to grab it and see it firsthand.With the cost of new Suburbans going through the roof, it makes sense to do what Mark Scheurer did by updating his '72 GMC. A Ram Jet 350 and 700-R4 gets the 'Burb moving. The passengers are treated to seating from a '00 Chevy truck that has been integrated so well that the truck won the Best Interior '67-72 award.Subtle would be the best way to describe Elvin and Charli Miali's '52 Chevy. Pro Design helped assemble the two-tone cruiser that appears stock but is far from it underneath.


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I'm running zimbra - 5.0.14
I'm running Tbird - 3.0b3
I'm running lightening - 1.0pre
I have my calendar successfully setup with CalDav. When I update the calendar from zimbra, it definitely sycs over to the zimbra server.
My issue comes that when I go down to the day view, or the week view on the zimbra web client, you can't see this new event. But you can see it, on the monthly view only.
I've tried the built in refresh, along with refreshing the page, and even closing the browser and reopening it.
So far nothing seems to update those guys. Any thoughts?


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Is there a way to move the CA assigned certificate from Exchange 2010 to Zimbra?
I have exported the cert and private keys from Exchange/Windows, and been able to create the KEY and CRT files for Zimbra, but can't figure out how to get them imported.
I am currently testing Zimbra 8 BETA appliance.


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Rejuvenating mature skin is the primary goal of SkinMedica. This is your source for technologies that help you rediscover your youthful glow and allow your skin to remain healthy and strong throughout the years. If you are fighting the signs of aging, it is a losing battle without the help of sunscreen. Battling the symptoms associated with the aging process is a two step system involving both treatment and prevention. The SkinMedica In Sun line was developed in order to address the importance of guarding against cellular damage which can lead to wrinkles, loss of firmness, discoloration and more. SkinMedica In Sun is a vital part of any skin care regimen because the sun is in fact the primary source for premature aging.
If you don't do everything you can to avoid signs of aging, you won't get the best results from your skin care. SkinMedica In Sun products are cosmetically elegant, making them easy and convenient to use. The products feel great on the skin and you can rest assured that you are well protected with broad spectrum formulas that wear well and prevent burning as well as symptoms associated with premature aging. Be sure to incorporate SkinMedica In Sun into your daily routine.
Many people report not using sunscreen regularly. In order to give your skin the best chances of retaining a youthful appearance as the years past, it is vital to apply one of the SkinMedica In Sun products every day. If you haven't liked the unpleasant sunscreen products of the past, you will be very pleased at how new techniques have allowed for more elegant formulations. These can be used with makeup and won't interfere with the rest of your skin care routine.
SkinMedica Environmental Defense Sunscreen SPF 30 Plus is a high defense sunscreen product that offers hours of protection against the skin's number one enemy. The hydrating formula moisturizes the skin so that it stays soft and supple. This sunscreen product can be used on all skin types and is even safe for sensitive and reactive types or on skin that has just undergone cosmetic procedures. Shake the product well before applying. This sunscreen should be applied liberally to all skin that will be exposed to the sun. Remember to reapply at least every two hours and more often if you have been swimming and sweating. The product is recommended by the Skin Cancer Foundation and for every unit sold, SkinMedica will donate $1 to Skin Cancer Research.
For even more protection, you might opt for SkinMedica Environmental Defense Sunscreen SPF 50 which has a higher SPF rating. This is a water resistant formula that is perfect for active lifestyles. The oil free formula feels light on the skin and offers additional protection in the form of antioxidants.


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Showing 1-24 of 40 items found in Food & Drink
- Sort by:
Illinois River Wine Trail
Located two hours south of Chicagoland, this central Illinois wine trail features wineries dotted along the Illinois River Road Scenic Byway.
Annabel Lee's Tea Room and Boutique
Take a timeout for tea and lunch in this elegant tea room, in a historic building with shopping located within the building.
Kampsville Inn Restaurant
Take a drive down the Great River Road and stop at the Kampsville Inn Restaurant for breakfast (served all day during the week) or their famous fried catfish fillets or catfish fritters. Located on the river, customers can watch the Kampsville Ferry cross while they eat. A full bar is also available. Hours: M - Th 11 a.m. - 8 p.m., F 11 a.m. - 9 p.m.S 7 a.m. - 9 p.m. Su 7 a.m. - 11 a.m.
Mary Michelle Winery
Mary Michelle has 60 acres of vineyards adjacent to the winery and grows most of the grapes that it uses for its wines. This Winery sells only through stores and restaurants. Mary Michelle's winemaker is the award-winning Lucian Dressel, a fifth generation Greene County resident by way of Boston, New York, Augusta, Mo., and Davis, Ca. In 2003, inspired by the vision of the founders of Mary Michelle, Dressel returned to the Midwest to help make a contribution to the fulfillment of this dream.
Barney's Pub
Local area Pub with great food and a fun, familiar atmosphere.
Red Dome Inn
Casual dining in the heart of Pittsfield, with daily specials. Banquet room and wine shop.
Barefoot Restaurant
Catfish fritters and fried chicken are the specialties for this riverside restaurant. In the winter, view the eagles flying over the Illinois River as you enjoy some of the best fried fish and homecooked meals in Calhoun County. The Barefoot Restaurant is also famous for its ample food portions. Hours: Tuesday - Sunday, 10 a.m. - 9 p.m.
Lonzerotti's Italia
Jacksonville's fine dining establishment located inside the renovated train station. Italian food and other luxurious meals.
Taco Gringo
Locally owned fine Mexican food, fast service, dine in or drive thru.
Bahan's Tavern
Great neighborhood bar & grill, serving lunch & dinner, famous for their Taco Thursdays!!
Hamilton's Catering Service Inc.
Offering a variety of menus and services, and specializing in buffet style meals, but can also offer elegant plated meals. Since 1913.
El Rancherito - Jacksonville
Family dining, authentic Mexican food.
Illinois Riverdock Restaurant
If you have a craving for sweet potato chips, fried chicken, brisket, and fritters in generous portions, then this riverside restaurant is where you need to go. This is the place all the locals go when they want a great meal at a reasonable price. Order a whole fresh pie to take home for a late night snack. You'll be glad you did! Hours: Friday- Saturday 7:30 a.m. - 10 p.m.
Barney's Pizza
Pizza restaurant with a bar and lounge.
Irish Toad
Great food and great pizza. Friendly bar atmosphere.
Fran and Marilyn's
Fran and Marilyn's is a small town diner with a big menu and even larger portions. Famous for their tasty, yet simple home cooked meals. The homemade pies are their signature dessert and customers often purchase a whole pie as they leave. Hours: Monday - Saturday, 5 a.m. - 8 p.m. and Sunday, 6 a.m. - 8 p.m.
Best Buffet
Family Dining, buffet
Mulligan's West
For a quick bite or a full meal, Mulligan's West in Jerseyville has a wide range of menu options. Appetizers feature "rattlers", "zingers" and "pig tails" with homemade sauces. Salads, sandwiches, steaks, seafood and pasta are also featured menu items. Hours: Open daily 11 a.m. - 10 p.m. Full bar which stays open until 1 a.m. Free live music once a month on Saturdays.
Mike's Pizza and Pasta
For some of the best Sicilian-style, thin-crust pizza around, look no further than Mike's Pizza and Pasta in Jerseyville. Known for the Margherita Pizza, a nice veggie-style pie, they also offer thick and deep dish pizza delights. Full menu of pasta selections as well. Open Tuesday through Thursday, 4 p.m. - 9 p.m., Friday - Saturday, 4 p.m. - 10 p.m. and Sunday 4 p.m. - 9 p.m.
Hardin Drive In
If it's a burger and fries you want as you eagle watch or relax by the Illinois River, then this is the place to go. It's not a drive in but a sit down restaurant in spite of the name. Enjoy a homemade dessert or ice cream at the end of your meal and relax in this restaurant by the river. Hours: S - Th 7:30 a.m. - 9 p.m. F - S 7:30 a.m. - 10 p.m.
Ponderosa Steakhouse - Jacksonville
Family style steakhouse with buffet, kids' menu and senior special.
KJB's Pint Haus
Nice atmosphere small bar, with an outside courtyard. Serving sandwiches and appetizers for lunch & dinner.
Papa Murphy's Pizza
Order your pizza, take it home and cook it up fresh in your oven for tasty results!
Rudi's Grill
Great Home Cooking - best breakfast in town. Locally owned, convenient location on W. Morton. Weekend buffet.


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Ned Yost media session: June 7
Before Wednesday's 7:10 contest vs. the Toronto Blue Jays, Royals manager Ned Yost spoke with the media about tonight's starting lefty Danny Duffy and the squad's young bullpen. Yost commended Duffy on his excellent ability to execute pitches and increased ability to command the ball.
"For young kids with good stuff, the lesson that they learn up here is that my stuff is good enough to compete and he [Duffy] is learning that… but it's a process and he is learning to stay within himself," Yost said.
The skipper commented on the Royals young bullpen, touching on left-handed reliever Tim Collins and his ability to work through adversity, like last night when he tossed an inning and allowed a two-run home run.
"You have to go through those bumps in order to learn and to get better… so the focus for him [Collins] is to command the baseball and you do that by staying within yourself… it's a fine line for our young players before they understand and have success that I can just go out, be myself, command my composure, and be a pitcher," Yost said.
Yost spoke about the progress that catcher Jason Kendall has been making since being placed on the 60-day disabled list.Kendall has been hitting and throwing everyday according to the Royals manager and has progressed since then. There is no timetable yet on a rehab assignment, but it is getting closer.


text: Building a parallel universe Biochemistry 14 December 10 by John Bohannon This article was taken from the January issue of Wired magazine. Be the first to read Wired's articles in print before they're posted online, and get your hands on loads of additional content by subscribing onlineA team of scientists is re-engineering cells to create a mirror image of life on Earth. The best-case scenario? A whole new branch of biology. Worst case? A new ice age.Dimitar Sasselov was at the end of a long day of having his mind blown, when the really big idea hit him. Sasselov, an astrophysicist and head of the Origins of Life Initiative at Harvard, was sitting in the front row of a packed lecture hall at the university last spring, listening to the famous human-genome sequencer J Craig Venter talk about his efforts to synthesise new forms of life. Sasselov had introduced the bald, perpetually sunburned biotech entrepreneur at another lecture that morning, and he had spent the day squiring Venter around campus.But Sasselov's thoughts were light years away. Two months earlier, a Delta II rocket had blasted off into the darkness above Cape Canaveral in Florida, carrying the Kepler space telescope; Sasselov is on the team using Kepler to hunt for Earth-like planets around the Cygnus constellation -- looking, ultimately, for extraterrestrial life. And he was frustrated. Because no matter how much data he and his colleagues collect -- gases in the atmosphere, a finger print of colour on the surface -- they'll never actually see aliens themselves. And that makes it impossible to answer one of the most basic questions of astrobiology: how diverse is life in the universe? If there is life somewhere other than here, does it look like Earthly life, with DNA and protein? Or could it run on something else?Venter's lecture about artisanal bacteria mapped suddenly on to Sasselov's frustration. Why not just do what Venter was doing? If Sasselov wanted to study aliens, why not make some -- or at least the next-best thing? He imagined himself looking at synthetic aliens on a lab bench, "Similar to us, but not the same."He scribbled a note: "Arrange a mtg/chat w Jack & GMC," it read. "Chiral E. coli w GMC and put it into a vesicle w Jack & subject two cultures to planetary environments." Translation: go to the synthetic biologists Jack Szostak and George Church. Ask them to create a life-form that runs on an operating system different from our own, based on mirror-image versions of Earthly proteins and DNA. Let these alien cells grow and mutate, and see how they survive. If it worked, those new cells -- Church called them "mirror life" -- could answer one of the deepest questions about the origin of life, not just here on Earth but everywhere in the universe. They might also open up new avenues of discovery in materials science, fuel synthesis and pharmaceutical research. On the down side, though, mirror life wouldn't have any predators or diseases to limit its reproduction. They would have to keep an eye on that. Read page 2 12345 Read on one page Latest on wired.co.uk


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Ocean cargo imports swinging upward for U.S. West Coast
January 12, 2011
More evidence of a rebound for U.S. West Coast ports surfaced today in recent statistical analysis.
Zepol Corporation, a Minneapolis-based trade intelligence company, reports that import shipment volume nationwide for December, measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs), decreased 9.49 percent from November. And while this is a post-holiday seasonal trend, some of their other numbers are revealing.
For example, total import shipments are up for 2010 by 14.19 percent over 2009, with U.S. West Coast ports showing the greatest throughput increases. Year-to-date, in fact, research reveals that there's been an bump of 18.8 percent compared to the U.S. East Coast of 13.40 percent and the Gulf Coast of 13.40 percent.
"The Pacific Coast is bouncing back after decreases of 16.81 percent in 2009 and 10.02 percent in 2008," noted analysts, who added that every month in 2010 increased over 2009 for TEUs with a monthly average of 15.85 pecent.
June represented the largest jump of 27.99 percent.
Zepol's data is derived from Bills of Lading entered into the Automated Manifest System. This information represents the number of House manifests entered by importers of waterborne containerized goods. This is the earliest indicator for trade data available for the previous month's import activity. The data excludes shipments from empty containers, excludes shipments labeled as freight remaining on board, and may contain other data anomalies.
Zepol's findings come on the heels of news reported in LM earlier regarding increased Volumes at the Port of Los Angeles (POLA) and Port of Long Beach (POLB). Both gateways had solid year-over-year numbers in November.
POLB imports, which are primarily composed of consumer goods, came in at 274,480 TEU that month for a 26.8 percent year-over-year increase. Total POLB shipments—at 558,307 TEU—were up 30.1 percent compared to a year ago.
POLA imports—at 330,710—were up 11.69 from last year and down from October's 349,545, and exports—at 170,319—were up 14.19 percent and up from October's 151,048. Total POLA shipments for November—at 666,970—were up 14.95 percent annually but down compared to October's 682,384 TEU.
Can this trend be sustained? Joel Anderson, president and CEO of International Warehouse Logistics Association thinks so:
"Ultimately the solutions to growing Asian market share for LA/Long Beach are increased velocity, efficiency and courtesy among all partners in the movement of freight," he said.
About the Author
Executive Editor
Subscribe to Logistics Management magazine
entire logistics operation. Start your FREE subscription today!


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May 31, 2016
If you need to vote by absentee ballot for the Nov. 8 elections, the time to do that is drawing short.
Circuit clerk's offices across the state will allow absentee voting through Saturday at 12 noon.
If you plan to mail your ballot, it must arrive at the circuit clerk's office by Monday, Nov. 7.
You're eligible to vote absentee if you will be working during voting hours, if you will be out of town, or if you are disabled or 65 or older.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Convertible Top Installment - Automotive Plastic SurgeryWritten by on March 1, 2009 Since We'll Occasionally Go Topless, We Wanted To Have A Good One!
We love driving our Mopars around, and when the weather is nice we enjoy the ride with the top down. Convertible Mopars aren't for everyone, but if you like the wind in your hair and don't mind getting caught in the occasional downpour with the top down, they can be a lot of fun. Since Chrysler only made a limited number of these drop-top machines during the musclecar era, convertibles generally have good collector value in addition to simply being a cool ride.
While there's no doubt a convertible gets attention, especially with the top down, there are some misconceptions about cars with convertible tops. The first misunderstanding is that these cars always leak. While older cars with weathered tops and worn weatherstripping can certainly be prone to leaks, a convertible car with a properly fitted new top and new weatherstripping will seal its occupants from the elements as well as any other old Mopar.
Another fallacy about convertibles is that the top mechanism is complicated and often doesn't work properly. In actuality, the convertible top mechanism is simply a frame of metal and hinges on which to install the canvas top. Though some convertibles came with manually actuated tops, most Mopars produced in the '60s or later had electrically powered, hydraulically actuated tops. Though a power top is slightly more complicated, it's also a far more convenient way to get the top up and down, especially in a sudden rain shower.
You might recognize the '67 Barracuda we're working on from previous articles or even our Rare Finds section. Having been stored outdoors in the Florida sun for ten years or more, the top on this convertible was dry, torn, and in some places nonexistent. Additionally, exposure to the elements had rendered the power top's hydraulic cylinders inoperable, so we'll need to address that issue as well. Fortunately, Paddock Parts had everything we needed for the installation, including a new top with premium rear window, a new well-liner, new boot cover, and all the hydraulic components to make the top go up and down correctly.
Though it is possible to install a convertible top yourself in your garage or home shop, we hadn't done it before so we enlisted Emo's upholstery in Lakeland, Florida, for some professional assistance. Having an upholstery shop perform the work saves time since they have all the tools and equipment needed in house, and it can save money as well because the job will be performed correctly the first time. Convertible tops aren't that expensive, but having to replace one that you messed up installing yourself definitely costs more than paying a professional to do it right initially.
Fortunately, our top frame structure was pretty sound, though faded with some surface rust. To make it look its best, we had our top frame stripped and painted satin black while our car was at J.D.'s Paint and Body Shop getting a paint job. If you don't have access to a body shop, don't worry. This step can also be performed in your driveway with sandpaper and spray paint, though the results may not be as nice.
Overall, once our top frame was repaired and painted, it took less than a day to install the new hydraulic motor, lines, and cylinders; then it took the better part of a day for Emo's Upholstery to install the top, liner, and boot cover. Once finished, the difference was dramatic. The pieces from Paddock Parts were topnotch, constructed from heavy grade material that should stay looking good and last a long time. Even better, we can drive our car in the rain now without fear of getting soaked!
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
After sitting in storage lots in the hot Florida sun for more than ten years, there's no doubt our Barracuda needed a new top. We actually began this job at the paint shop, not the upholstery shop.The top cylinders are easy to install, only being held in by one bracket and the bolt that attaches the cylinder to the top frame.With our new components in place, the new lines are installed. Now the reservoir can be filled with type F transmission fluid, and the top is actuated up and down to fill the cylinders and lines and purge air from the system. This will have to be repeated a couple of times until the reservoir remains full of fluid and all the air is purged.The first step of our convertible top installation actually happened at the body shop. While the car was being painted, we had J.D. perform a couple of minor repairs, then strip and repaint the top frame. This procedure will make the car look much better when the new top is installed, and should be accomplished with the old top removed.The old motor and pump unit is simply held in place by rubber grommets. The new motor comes with new grommets and is a direct replacement.Before taking the car to Emo's Upholstery, we decided to install the hydraulic pump and motor, lines, and cylinders ourselves. We got the parts from the Paddock, and they were direct bolt-in replacements.Before going any further, the new top is placed in the sun. This makes the top more pliable and easier to work with during the installation.
While the top itself is only attached to the front and rear bows, allowing it to fold, the pad is attached to all the bows and protects the new top on the bottom side.With the tack-strip in place, Emo begins the top installation with the rear window panel. Since the rear bow determines the position of the window and the top, its position must be determined.Rear bow position can be determined simply by where the old top was, if the old top is still on the car. Since ours wasn't, Emo looked up the dimension in a manual, then measured and used tape to hold our rear bow in the proper position.At the rear, the window panel and top are held in place by more tack-strips, which bolt into the car. To begin the installation, Emo finds the center of the window panel and lines it up with the center of the tack-strip, then temporarily staples it in place.Some convertible top kits come with pads, and some don't. Since ours weren't included, Emo fabricated some from material he had at his shop.
Once the new top is centered and in the proper position, the center panel is marked on both sides. Now the rear tack-strip can be removed and the top stapled in place.With the top stapled to the tack-strip, the strips can be reinstalled to the rear of the top well. Next, the top is centered and stretched forward so that the positioning on the front bow can be checked.Once the window panel location is determined, it's installed permanently by staples to the bottom tack-strip and rear bow.It takes a lot of staples to properly install a convertible top, so a pneumatic staple gun certainly helps.With the rear window panel installed, Emo now lays the new top in place to check for alignment and proper fit.Once in position on the front bow, the top is marked so it can be folded back for gluing. Industrial grade upholstery adhesive is then sprayed on the bottom side of the top and on the forward bow, and the top is affixed in place.
With the top affixed to the forward bow, and the top closed and latched, the side tabs of the top at the quarter windows can be glued and attached in place. The side tabs as well as the forward area of the top will also be held in place by the molding that holds the weatherstrip in these areas, as well as the glue.The slit at the rear bow is covered by the rear bow cover, which is stapled in place, then bent over with a soft hammer to form a water-tight seal. The ends are held in place with metal trim and screws.The rear bow is where everything comes together. The top is made with extra material here, so the top is pulled together and stapled in place.
With the top down, the boot cover can be marked and punched, and the snaps installed with the tool provided in the Paddock top kit. Now that this step is finished, we can finally call the job complete.The new top should be kept in the up position for 5-10 days, and left in sunlight as much as possible to stretch properly. Emo says if kept clean and parked inside, convertible tops should last 5 to 7 years in moderate climates. We think the new top looks great and we're happy we can finally drive our Barracuda without worrying about getting caught in the rain!


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Have a bright colorful Butterfly Clock fluttering on your wall! It comes 8.5 inches tall by 11.5 inches wide and is shipped with an AA battery and hanging nail. Don't worry, this butterfly wall clock is not going to fly away. Grab your net and catch one today!
This product is out of stock


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Section navigation
Episode Guides
About the Show
Arch-nerds Leonard and Sheldon may know more than their fair share about subatomic particles, but when it comes to people in general, and women in particular, they're absolutely clueless...
Series 2 Summary
It's been a year, and the null hypothesis - Leonard failing to get together with Penny - seems to have prevailed. But there's still hope. And if there's one thing a lifetime studying physics teaches you... it's not that.
Episode 1 - The Bad Fish Paradigm
Penny opens up to a reluctant Sheldon after a less-than-stellar first date with Leonard, placing him in the uncomfortable position of having to keep a secret.
Episode 2 - The Codpiece Topology
Seeing Penny out on a date with another guy sends a distressed Leonard rushing back to Leslie Winkle, much to Sheldon's dismay
Episode 3 - The Barbarian Sublimation
Penny becomes addicted to an online game based on the world of Conan the Barbarian and persistently pesters Sheldon for advice.
Episode 4 - The Griffin Equivalency
Full of confidence after being named one of People Magazine's '30 to Watch under 30', Raj hits on Penny and becomes impossibly arrogant
Episode 5 - The Euclid Alternative
When Leonard can't drive Sheldon to and from work, the friends stage an intervention to overcome Sheldon's fear of getting behind the wheel
Episode 6 - The Cooper-Nowitzki Theorem
Sheldon's friends are mystified when a younger student is attracted to him, but her intense devotion soon becomes too much
Episode 7 - The Panty Piñata Polarization
After Sheldon bans Penny from the apartment for numerous minor infractions, she decides to retaliate. Her plan involves a telephone, and Sheldon's mother.
Episode 8 - The Lizard-Spock Expansion
A girl Wolowitz has a major crush on falls for Leonard, despite Wolowitz's elaborate attempts to woo her - including an abortive joyride on the Mars Rover.
Episode 9 - The White Asparagus Triangulation
Sheldon is delighted that Leonard finally has a girlfriend matching his high standards. Perhaps a little too delighted.
Episode 10 - The Vartabedian Conundrum
Leonard goes to Penny for help when his relationship with Stephanie takes off faster than he'd like, but will he choose to act on her advice?
Episode 11 - The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis
At Christmas, Leonard's handsome colleague starts dating Penny, while Sheldon's obsession with gift-giving etiquette torments his friends
Episode 12 - The Killer Robot Instability
Kripke challenges the boys to a robot duel, while Howard is hurt when Penny reveals what she thinks about his behaviour towards women
Episode 13 - The Friendship Algorithm
Sheldon develops a scientific procedure for making friends when he discovers that Kripke has control of a new supercomputer at the university
Episode 14 - The Financial Permeability
When Sheldon lends Penny some money, it brings her ex-boyfriend Kurt back into her life, with negative consequences for the gang
Episode 15 - The Maternal Capacitance
A disastrous visit from Leonard's mother Beverly has the unexpected side-effect of bringing Leonard and Penny closer together
Episode 16 - The Cushion Saturation
A game of paintball leads to a squabble when Penny accidentally shoots paint at one of Sheldon's cushions. Romance blossoms between Howard and Leslie.
Episode 17 - The Terminator Decoupling
Leonard, Sheldon, Howard and Raj discover that beautiful sci-fi actress Summer Glau is on board their train to San Francisco
Episode 18 - The Work Song Nanocluster
Penny's home-based business selling hair barrettes - her 'Pennyblossoms' - gets out of hand when a caffeine-high Sheldon takes charge
Episode 19 - The Dead Hooker Juxtaposition
Penny develops a rivalry with sexy new female neighbour Alicia, who threatens to steal the boys' attention and become the 'new Penny'
Episode 20 - The Hofstadter Isotope
Leonard is devastated when Stuart from the comic book shop chats Penny up. Even worse, she doesn't mind, so Sheldon tries to scupper the budding romance.
Episode 21 - The Vegas Renormalisation
Leonard and Raj take a heartbroken Howard to Las Vegas, home of slots, shrimp, and high-class hookers. Sheldon, meanwhile, is locked out of his apartment and forced to bunk with Penny.
Episode 22 - The Classified Materials Turbulence
Things begin to look up for Leonard when Penny makes a surprising revelation on her second date with Stuart
Episode 23 - The Monopolar Expedition
Leonard and Penny reconsider their feelings for each other, but then Leonard decides to spend the summer working at the North Pole - on a mission led by Sheldon.


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Dawning Of IPTV Age Brings Opportunity For Satellite Industry
The advent of Internet protocol (IP) TV promises more choices for consumers in terms of both content and convenience and more business for satellite operators, industry officials said.
The advent of IPTV "is the beginning of a shift in the paradigm, as we move from the broadcast world to everything on demand," said Michael Kazmier, president and chief technology officer for IPTV provider Auroras, which plans to launch service trials in the United States by the end of April.
Today, there are only about one million to two million IPTV subscribers globally, concentrated mainly in Asia, but analysts are predicting that the number of IPTV subscribers could surpass 20 million around 2010. What this means for the satellite industry is a chance to grab a piece of a market that is projected to produce revenues of more than $7.2 billion in 2008.
"IPTV is a natural multicast market, so this is a terrific play for satellite," said Bryan McGuirk, president, media solutions, SES Americom. "The ability of satellites, particularly C-band, to deliver content is unrivaled. Satellite has a lot of advantages to sell and people are listening. I think IPTV and delivering in multicast is our future.
The world has changed and the satellite industry has to change with it." SES Americom is testing a satellite-based video distribution service with Bellsouth, which is launching its IP Prime service to enable telcos to bundle and distribute standard-definition and high-definition TV programming with voice and broadband services. SES Americom will provide Bellsouth with video aggregation, encoding, monitoring, and transport over the IP Prime platform. Trials will begin in the second quarter.
"This is a [delivery] format change, but you are still trying to get content to users," Jonathan Feldman, senior vice president of business development for Globecast, said. "Satellite is still the best way to feed headends in many parts of the United States. Satellite still will have a role and still is the most efficient way to more information in many places."
IPTV also will change the basic idea of content, said Rick Sanford, director, space initiatives for Cisco Systems' Global Defense, Space & Security unit. "The assumption that IPTV is limited to broadcast is wrong," he said. "The definition of content will have to be defined again. We're talking video, but there can be business uses. There are a lot of uses for IPTV that go beyond what you get with today in a broadcast push mechanism."
If IPTV develops as expected, satellite providers may not even be able to keep up with demand, said Kazmier. "Satellite people talk about a glut of space capacity, but there is not nearly enough space to deliver all we'll need to deliver when IPTV really gets going," he said. The full impact that IPTV will have on the communications landscape is unknown, but satellite operators who are ready for the transformation will reap the rewards.


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Jason Fabok's 10 Favorite "Justice League" Moments
Comic Books
Showing results 5744-5783 of 9440
Ian Churchill's Marineman #6
The first volume of "Marineman" wraps up, leaving Steve Ocean and his supporting cast completely different than the way they were six issues ago. Oh, and there's a dude with an octopus for his head.
|Sun, July 24th, 2011
Batman: Gates of Gotham #3
The building of Gotham in the past takes a harsh turn, while the mystery of the bombings in the present has the Bat-Family at odds. Okay, just Damian. Damian is always at odds with someone.
|Sun, July 24th, 2011
Invincible Iron Man #506
Tony Stark is so drunk! And hanging out with Dwarves! When did "Fear Itself" become a Norse infused college movie?
|Sun, July 24th, 2011
Thor: Heaven & Earth #1
Ragnarok possibly comes again, so Thor has a little talk with Loki. And Loki lies. Maybe. How can you even tell at this point?
|Sun, July 24th, 2011
Generation Hope #9
Hope and her crew are too late to save the latest light to be born, as he succumbs painfully to the pressures of being young and different.
|Sat, July 23rd, 2011
Supergirl #66
Supergirl continues her undercover investigation of missing students at a college at the behest of Lois Lane, while Lois does her own investigation.
|Sat, July 23rd, 2011
Cinderella: Fables are Forever #6
Time for one final trip into the Deadly Desert. It's Cinderella versus Dorothy to the end!
|Fri, July 22nd, 2011
Flashpoint: Deadman and the Flying Graysons #2
Amazons attack the big top in search of the "helm of Nabu" and Dick Grayson loses his entire family in the process.
|Fri, July 22nd, 2011
Hulk #37
Ben Grimm, empowered by a hammer delivered by the Serpent, decides that it's time for another Thing-Hulk slobberknocker.
|Fri, July 22nd, 2011
Fear Itself: FF #1
"Fear Itself" continues to stretch through the Marvel Universe, grabbing hold of Ben Grimm and turning him against his family and the future, which are one and the same with the Future Foundation.
|Fri, July 22nd, 2011
Hellblazer #281
The conclusion to "Phantom Pains" is just all right in the plot department, but the character notes are what will hold your interest.
|Thu, July 21st, 2011
Legion of Super-Heroes #15
It's a race to the conclusion! Can Paul Levitz scramble to wrap things up?
|Thu, July 21st, 2011
Uncanny X-Men #541
Nothing stops the Juggernaut! Not even a "Fear Itself" crossover event in which someone has to yank off his helmet. But who? And how?
|Thu, July 21st, 2011
War of the Green Lanterns: Aftermath #1
The War of the Green Lanterns is over. Mogo is dead. Hal Jordan has been returned to Earth. Sinestro, wearing the ring of Sector 2814 decides to start whining. Good times.
|Thu, July 21st, 2011
Flashpoint: The Outsider #2
The purpose of "Flashpoint: The Outsider" is still a little perplexing, even at the two-thirds mark.
|Wed, July 20th, 2011
Flashpoint: Wonder Woman and the Furies #2
The Wonder Woman versus Aquaman conflict continues to play out, but it's distinctly less exciting once all the facts are out.
|Wed, July 20th, 2011
Daredevil #1
With a spring in his step and a smile on his face, Daredevil returns to monthly comics. Mark Waid's writing it and Paolo Rivera's drawing it. Oh! Marcos Martin draws some too.
|Wed, July 20th, 2011
The Boys: Butcher, Baker, Candlestickmaker #1
What shapes a man? The filth he grows up through or the way he cleans himself off?
|Wed, July 20th, 2011
This is the sort of procedural show that clogs the airwaves. It's not bad, but it feels familiar.
|Wed, July 20th, 2011
Lady Mechanika #2
After a seven-month layover, the second issue of "Lady Mechanika" hits the stands and is, surprisingly, worth the wait.
|Sun, July 17th, 2011
Defenders: From the Marvel Vault #1
The original non-team team pulls back together in this issue. It's a nifty little one-shot featuring the Hulk, Dr. Strange, Silver Surfer, and Namor.
|Sun, July 17th, 2011
Mystery Men #3
Two new pulp icons enter the scene and The Surgeon stands out as the looney antihero to watch this season.
|Sun, July 17th, 2011
Journey into Mystery #625
Loki fights the secret war against the Serpent in Hel. What a good guy.
|Sun, July 17th, 2011
Ultimate Avengers vs. New Ultimates #6
Gregory Stark has taken over S.H.I.E.L.D. and must be stopped. Thankfully, the Avengers and Ultimates have put aside their differences to kick a little genius butt.
|Sat, July 16th, 2011
Birds of Prey #14
The ladies attend a veterans charity auction with The Phantom Lady, and we flashback to a 1940's mission against some Nazis who turn out to be very much alive and present at the auction.
|Fri, July 15th, 2011
Northlanders #42
The last epic arc of Brian Wood's brilliant "Northlanders" series begins here.
|Fri, July 15th, 2011
Flashpoint: Frankenstein and the Creatures of the Unknown #2
For an origin that's about to get wiped out, an awful lot of time is being spent on it, here.
|Fri, July 15th, 2011
New Mutants #27
Sugar Man takes one on the tongue, and somehow, through that adventure, Abnett and Lanning almost make him an interesting character. Almost.
|Thu, July 14th, 2011
Alpha Flight #2
Take off to the great white north with Greg Pak, Fred Van Lente, and Dale Eaglesham as they give the members of Alpha Flight a reason to be concerned or the future of Canada.
|Thu, July 14th, 2011
Flashpoint: Emperor Aquaman #2
The Atlantis/New Themyscira war that's not really appearing in "Flashpoint?" It's in here.
|Thu, July 14th, 2011
And now, an issue of "FF" without any of the 16+ regular cast members appearing. Instead, it's the return of the Inhumans!
|Thu, July 14th, 2011
The Red Wing #1
Dominic and Valin are two new recruits in an endless war that uses time travel to fight its battles. Two "Sons of The Red Wing", they've lost their fathers to this war, but as always with time travel, nothing is quite certain.
|Thu, July 14th, 2011
Hellraiser #3
Clive Barker is just toying with us by making these new Cenobites and showing us the nasty things they can, and will, do.
|Thu, July 14th, 2011
X-Men: Schism #1
With the return of Quentin Quire comes the return of the Sentinels and some good ol' Cyclops and Wolverine team-up action. "Schism" #1 begins this event very well.
|Wed, July 13th, 2011
Ultimate Fallout #1
Spider-Man is dead and those that knew and loved him all react differently. Bendis and Bagley do some good work here.
|Wed, July 13th, 2011
Green Lantern #67
The "War of the Green Lanterns" concludes, wrapping up a half-decade of event after event for the Green Lantern Corps.
|Wed, July 13th, 2011
Black Panther: The Man Without Fear #521
In the midst of "Fear Itself," the American Panther makes his debut! And he's perhaps not as silly or toyetic as you might think.
|Wed, July 13th, 2011
Detective Comics #879
Enter, The Joker. He's the Batman's greatest horror villain in what's become the greatest horror arc for the Dark Knight.
|Wed, July 13th, 2011
American Vampire: Survival Of The Fittest #2
A dream sequence opens big, but the rest of the issue makes with the pretty over a decent but thin set of events.
|Wed, July 13th, 2011
Loose Ends #1
A kinetic and vibrant new mini-series with a powerful plot punch and massively impressive visuals.
|Wed, July 13th, 2011


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May 25, 2016
Valdosta, GA - Hours before sunrise one Valdosta neighborhood was lit up by gun fire. Tiffany Rapley was in the home when it was shot. She said "it's the fact that children, my families lives were at stake when this happened."
That family consisted of six people including a sixteen year old, ten year old and six year old. All of them were awakened when someone fired more than a dozen shots. The gunfire hit the home and the neighboring house in the 900 block of McAfina Trail around 4 in the morning.
Tiffany went on to say "my little cousin, he normally get up around five oclock, right after this happened. That's normally the time he get up and take a shower and get ready for school. There's a bullet hole right there in that shower. If he was in that shower he could have got hit in the back."
Based on the shell casings found around the house, it was a nine millimeter hand gun used to make the bullet holes.
Lieutenant Aaron Kirk of the Valdosta Police Department said "We're not sure what the circumstances were. We don't know if the people in these houses were being targeted or if it just happened to be that the incident occurred in front of their house."
Benjamin Williams' son and mother were in the house when it was shot. He said "that's the police job to make sure this don't happen. But if they aint going to do nothing to try and stop it from happening, you got to make a stand. You got to stand up for yourself. I aint fitting to see my momma get hurt."
No one was injured in this incident. If anyone has information about this shooting:
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Internet troll challenges boxer to fight, gets beat-down of his life
Newscast Media HOUSTON—An Internet troll with a loud mouth who always brags
about his boxing skills challenged a boxer to a fight, and the result of the fight will
make him think twice about trolling.
Youtuber by the name of Charlie Zelnoff challenged undefeated WBC champion
Deontay Wilder to a fight after verbal abusing him on the Internet. Word got to
Wilder that there was a troll talking smack about him and his family, something the
boxer did not take lightly.
A venue was set where the fight was to take place, and lets just say, the 6'7″ and
215-pound Wilder used the troll as his punching bag. Watch:
The video above is a demonstration that it is easy for some to call others racial slurs,
and hide behind Internet keyboards, yet when it comes to saying it to someone's
face, they act like pansies.
Meanwhile in Europe, they have been trying to fight racism in sports, and in the video
below, watch how all the players of one team, including the White ones, ganged up
on another player of the opposite team who used a racial slur against Zakora, a Black