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Inca Empire
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|Inca Empire
|Tawantinsuyu (Quechua)
The Inca Empire at its greatest extent
|Quechua (official), Aymara, Puquina, Jaqi family, Muchik and scores of smaller languages.
|Inca religion
|Sapa Inca
|Túpac Inca Yupanqui
|Huayna Capac
|Historical era
|Pachacuti created the Tawantinsuyu
|Civil war between Huáscar and Atahualpa
|Spanish conquest led by Francisco Pizarro
|End of the last Inca resistance
|800,000 km² (308,882 sq mi)
|2,000,000 km² (772,204 sq mi)
|1438[1] est.
|15 /km² (38.8 /sq mi)
|1527 est.
|10 /km² (25.9 /sq mi)
|Today part of
| Argentina
|Inca Empire
|Inca society
|Education · Religion · Mythology
|Architecture · Engineering · Roads
|Army · Agriculture · Cuisine
|Inca history
|Kingdom of Cusco · Inca Empire
|(Civil War · Spanish conquest)
|Neo-Inca State
The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, lit. "The Four Regions"[2]), also known as the Incan Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.[3] The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century, and the last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.
From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges, including, besides Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and central Chile, and a small part of southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia. The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects of Quechua were spoken. Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred Huacas, but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of Inti—their sun god—and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama.[4] The Incas considered their king, the Sapa Inca, to be the "son of the sun."[5]
- 1 Name
- 2 History
- 3 Society
- 4 Government
- 5 Arts and technology
- 6 People
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 References
- 10 External links
The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu,[2] "the four suyu". In Quechua, tawa is four and -ntin is a suffix naming a group, so that a tawantin is a quartet, a group of four things taken together. The empire was divided into four suyu ("regions" or "provinces") whose corners met at the capital, Cusco (Qosqo). The four suyu were: Chinchaysuyu (north), Antisuyu (east; the Amazon jungle), Qullasuyu (south) and Kuntisuyu (west). The name Tawantinsuyu was, therefore, a descriptive term indicating a union of provinces. The Spanish transliterated the name as Tahuatinsuyo or Tahuatinsuyu.
The term Inka means "ruler" or "lord" in Quechua and was used to refer to the ruling class or the ruling family in the empire.[6] The Spanish adopted the term (transliterated as Inca in Spanish) as an ethnic term referring to all subjects of the empire rather than simply the ruling class. As such the name Imperio inca ("Inca Empire") referred to the nation that they encountered, and subsequently conquered.
The Inca people were a pastoral tribe in the Cusco area around the 12th century. Incan oral history tells an origin story of three caves. The center cave at Tampu T'uqu (Tambo Tocco) was named Qhapaq T'uqu ("principal niche", also spelled Capac Tocco). The other caves were Maras T'uqu (Maras Tocco) and Sutiq T'uqu (Sutic Tocco).[7] Four brothers and four sisters stepped out of the middle cave. They were: Ayar Manco, Ayar Cachi, Ayar Awqa (Ayar Auca), and Ayar Uchu; and Mama Ocllo, Mama Raua, Mama Huaco and Mama Qura (Mama Cora). Out of the side caves came the people who were to be the ancestors of all the clans of the Inca people.
Ayar Manco carried a magic staff made of the finest gold. Where this staff landed, the people would all live there. They travelled for a very, very long time. On the way, Ayar Cachi was boasting about his great strength and power, and his siblings tricked him into returning to the cave to get a sacred llama. When he went into the cave, they trapped him inside to get rid of him.
Ayar Uchu decided to stay on the top of the cave to look over the Inca people. The minute he proclaimed that, he turned to stone. They built a shrine around the stone and it became a sacred object. Ayar Auca grew tired of all this and decided to travel alone. Only Ayar Manco and his four sisters remained.
Finally, they reached Cusco. The staff sank into the ground. Before they reached here, Mama Ocllo had already borne Ayar Manco a child, Sinchi Roca. The people who were already living in Cusco fought hard to keep their land, but Mama Huaca was a good fighter. When the enemy attacked, she threw her bolas (several stones tied together that spun through the air when thrown) at a soldier (gualla), and killed him instantly. The other people were so scared, they ran away.
After that, Ayar Manco became known as Manco Cápac, the founder of the Inca. It is said that he and his sisters built the first Inca homes in the valley with their own hands. When the time came, Manco Cápac turned to stone like his brothers before him. His son, Sinchi Roca, became the second emperor of the Inca.[8]
Kingdom of Cusco
Under the leadership of Manco Cápac, the Inca formed the small city-state Kingdom of Cusco (Quechua Qusqu', Qosqo). In 1438, they began a far-reaching expansion under the command of Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti-Cusi Yupanqui, whose name literally meant "earth-shaker". The name of Pachacuti was given to him after he conquered the Tribe of Chancas (modern Apurímac). During his reign, he and his son Tupac Yupanqui brought much of the Andes mountains (roughly modern Peru and Ecuador) under Inca control.[9]
Reorganization and formation
Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu, which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW), and Qullasuyu (SE).[10] Pachacuti is also thought to have built Machu Picchu, either as a family home or as a summer retreat, although there is speculation that Machu Picchu was constructed as an agricultural station.[11]
Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his empire; they brought reports on the political organization, military might and wealth. He would then send messages to the leaders of these lands extolling the benefits of joining his empire, offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles, and promising that they would be materially richer as subject rulers of the Inca.
Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a fait accompli and acquiesced peacefully. The ruler's children would then be brought to Cusco to be taught about Inca administration systems, then return to rule their native lands. This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate the former ruler's children into the Inca nobility, and, with luck, marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire.
Expansion and consolidation
Traditionally the Inca's son led the army; Pachacuti's son Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463, and continued them as Inca after Pachacuti's death in 1471. His most important conquest was the Kingdom of Chimor, the Inca's only serious rival for the coast of Peru. Túpac Inca's empire stretched north into modern-day Ecuador and Colombia.
Túpac Inca's son Huayna Cápac added a small portion of land to the north in modern-day Ecuador and in parts of Peru. At its height, the Inca Empire included Peru and Bolivia, most of what is now Ecuador, a large portion of what is today Chile north of the Maule River in central Chile. The advance south halted after the Battle of the Maule where they met determined resistance by the Mapuche. The empire's push into the Amazon Basin near the Chinchipe River was pushed back by the Shuar in 1527.[12] The empire also extended into corners of Argentina and Colombia. However, most of the southern portion of the Inca empire, the portion denominated as Qullasuyu, was located in the Altiplano.
The Inca Empire was an amalgamation of languages, cultures and peoples. The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal, nor were the local cultures all fully integrated. The Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour. The following quote reflects a method of taxation:
- "For as is well known to all, not a single village of the highlands or the plains failed to pay the tribute levied on it by those who were in charge of these matters. There were even provinces where, when the natives alleged that they were unable to pay their tribute, the Inca ordered that each inhabitant should be obliged to turn in every four months a large quill full of live lice, which was the Inca's way of teaching and accustoming them to pay tribute".[13]
Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest
Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama, reaching Inca territory by 1526.[14] It was clear that they had reached a wealthy land with prospects of great treasure, and after one more expedition in 1529, Pizarro traveled to Spain and received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy. This approval was received as detailed in the following quote: "In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru, or New Castile, as the Spanish now called the land."[15]
When they returned to Peru in 1532, a war of the two brothers between Huayna Capac's sons Huáscar and Atahualpa and unrest among newly conquered territories—and perhaps more importantly, smallpox, which had spread from Central America—had considerably weakened the empire. Pizarro did not have a formidable force; with just 168 men, 1 cannon and 27 horses, he often needed to talk his way out of potential confrontations that could have easily wiped out his party.
The Spanish horsemen, fully armored, had great technological superiority over the Inca forces. The traditional mode of battle in the Andes was a kind of siege warfare where large numbers of usually reluctant draftees were sent to overwhelm opponents. The Spaniards had developed one of the finest military machines in the premodern world, tactics learned in their centuries-long fight against Moorish kingdoms in Iberia. Along with this tactical and material superiority, the Spaniards also had acquired tens of thousands of native allies who sought to end the Inca control of their territories.
Their first engagement was the Battle of Puná, near present-day Guayaquil, Ecuador, on the Pacific Coast; Pizarro then founded the city of Piura in July 1532. Hernando de Soto was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops.
Pizarro and some of his men, most notably a friar named Vincente de Valverde, met with the Inca, who had brought only a small retinue. Through an interpreter Friar Vincente read the "Requerimiento" that demanded that he and his empire accept the yoke of King Charles I of Spain and convert to Christianity. Because of the language barrier and perhaps poor interpretation, Atahualpa became somewhat puzzled by the friar's description of Christian faith and was said to have not fully understood the envoy's intentions. After Atahualpa attempted further enquiry into the doctrines of the Christian faith under which Pizarro's envoy served, the Spanish became frustrated and impatient, attacking the Inca's retinue and capturing Atahualpa as hostage.
Atahualpa offered the Spaniards enough gold to fill the room he was imprisoned in, and twice that amount of silver. The Inca fulfilled this ransom, but Pizarro deceived them, refusing to release the Inca afterwards. During Atahualpa's imprisonment Huáscar was assassinated elsewhere. The Spaniards maintained that this was at Atahualpa's orders; this was used as one of the charges against Atahualpa when the Spaniards finally decided to put him to death, in August 1533.[16]
Last Incas
The Spanish installed Atahualpa's brother Manco Inca Yupanqui in power; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spanish, while the Spanish fought to put down resistance in the north. Meanwhile, an associate of Pizarro's, Diego de Almagro, attempted to claim Cusco for himself. Manco tried to use this intra-Spanish feud to his advantage, recapturing Cusco in 1536, but the Spanish retook the city afterwards. Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State, where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years, sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them. In 1572 the last Inca stronghold was conquered, and the last ruler, Túpac Amaru, Manco's son, was captured and executed.[17] This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state.
After the fall of the Inca Empire many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed, including their sophisticated farming system, known as the vertical archipelago model of agriculture.[18] Spanish colonial officials used the Inca mita corvée labor system for colonial aims, sometimes brutally. One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines, the foremost of which was the titanic silver mine at Potosí. When a family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family would be required to send a replacement.[citation needed]
The effects of smallpox on the Inca empire were even more devastating. Beginning in Colombia, smallpox spread rapidly before the Spanish invaders first arrived in the empire. The spread was probably aided by the efficient Inca road system. Within a few years smallpox claimed between 60% and 94% of the Inca population,[citation needed] with other waves of European disease weakening them further. Smallpox was only the first epidemic.[19] Typhus (probably) in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, measles in 1618 – all ravaged the remains of Inca culture.
There is some debate about the number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak, with estimates ranging from as few as 4 million people, to more than 37 million. The reason for these various estimates is that in spite of the fact that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipu, knowledge of how to read them has been lost, and almost all of them had been destroyed by the Spaniards in the course of their conquest.[20]
Since the Inca Empire lacked a written language, the empire's main form of communication and recording came from quipus, ceramics and spoken Quechua, the language the Incas imposed upon the peoples within the empire. The plethora of civilizations in the Andean region provided for a general disunity that the Incas needed to subdue in order to maintain control of the empire. While Quechua had been spoken in the Andean region, like central Peru, for several years prior to the expansion of the Inca civilization, the type of Quechua the Incas imposed was an adaptation from the Kingdom of Cusco (an early form of "Southern Quechua" originally named Qhapaq Runasimi = The great language of the people) of what some historians define as the Cusco dialect.[21][22]
The language imposed by the Incas further diverted from its original phonetic tone as some societies formed their own regional varieties, or slang. The diversity of Quechua at that point and even today does not come as a direct result from the Incas, who are just a part of the reason for Quechua's diversity. The civilizations within the empire that had previously spoken Quechua kept their own variety distinct from the Quechua the Incas spread. Although these dialects of Quechua have a similar linguistic structure, they differ according to the region in which they are spoken.[22]
Although most of the societies within the empire implemented Quechua into their lives, the Incas allowed several societies to keep their old languages such as Aymara, which still remains a spoken language in contemporary Bolivia where it is the primary indigenous language and various regions of South America surrounding Bolivia. The linguistic body of the Inca Empire was thus largely varied, but it still remains quite an achievement for the Incas that went beyond their time as the Spanish continued the use of Quechua.[22]
Inca myths were an oral tradition until early Spanish colonists recorded them; however, some scholars believe that they may have been recorded on quipus, Andean knotted string records.[23]
The Inca believed in reincarnation.[24] Death was a passage to the next world that was full of difficulties. The spirit of the dead, camaquen would need to follow a long dark road and during the trip the assistance of a black dog that was able to see in the dark was required. Most Incas imagined the after world to be very similar to the Euro-American notion of heaven, with flower-covered fields and snow-capped mountains. It was important for the Inca to ensure they did not die as a result of burning or that the body of the deceased did not become incinerated. This is because of the underlying belief that a vital force would disappear and threaten their passage to the after world. Those who obeyed the Inca moral code—ama suwa, ama llulla, ama quella (do not steal, do not lie, do not be lazy) —"went to live in the Sun's warmth while others spent their eternal days in the cold earth"[citation needed]. The Inca also practiced cranial deformation.[25] They achieved this by wrapping tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns in order to alter the shape of their soft skulls into a more conical form; this cranial deformation was made to distinguish social classes of the communities, with only the nobility having cranial deformation.
The Incas made human sacrifices. As many as 4,000 servants, court officials, favorites, and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca Huayna Capac in 1527, for example.[26] The Incas also performed child sacrifices during or after important events, such as the death of the Sapa Inca or during a famine. These sacrifices were known as qhapaq hucha.[27]
- Viracocha (also Pachacamac) – Created all living things
- Apu Illapu – Rain God, prayed to when they need rain
- Ayar Cachi – Hot-tempered God, causes earthquakes
- Illapa – Goddess of lightning and thunder (also Yakumama water goddess)
- Inti – sun god and patron deity of the holy city of Cusco (home of the sun)
- Kuychi – Rainbow God, connected with fertility
- Mama Killa – Wife of Inti, called Moon Mother
- Mama Occlo – Wisdom to civilize the people, taught women to weave cloth, and build houses
- Manco Cápac – known for his courage and sent to earth to become first king of the Incas, taught people how to grow plants, make weapons, work together, share resources, and worship the Gods
- Pachamama – The Goddess of earth and wife of Viracocha, people give her offerings of coca leaves and beer and pray to her for major agricultural occasions
- Quchamama – Goddess of the sea
- Sachamama – Means Mother Tree, goddess in the shape of a snake with two heads
- Yakumama – Means mother Water, represented as a snake, when she came to earth she transformed into a great river (also Illapa)
The economy of the Inca Empire has been characterized as involving a high degree of central planning. While evidence of trade between the Inca Empire and outside regions has been uncovered, there is no evidence that the Incas had a substantial internal market economy. While axe-monies were used along the northern coast, presumably by the provincial mindaláe trading class,[28] most inhabitants of the empire would have lived in a traditional economy in which male heads of household were required to pay taxes both in kind (e.g., crops, textiles, etc.) and in the form of the mit'a corvée labor and military obligations,[29] though barter (or trueque) was also present in some areas.[30] In return, the state provided security, food in times of hardship through the supply of emergency resources, agricultural projects (e.g. aqueducts and terraces) to increase productivity, and occasional feasts. The economy rested on the material foundations of the vertical archipelago, a system of ecological complementarity in accessing resources,[31] and the cultural foundation of ayni, or reciprocal exchange.[32][33]
The Sapa Inca was conceptualized as divine and was effectively head of the state religion. Only the Willaq Umu (or Chief Priest) was second to the emperor. Local religious traditions were allowed to continue, and in some cases such as the Oracle at Pachacamac on the Peruvian coast, were officially venerated. Following Pachacuti, the Sapa Inca claimed descent from Inti, which placed a high value on imperial blood; by the end of the empire, it was common to wed brother and sister. He was "son of the sun," and his people the intip churin, or "children of the sun," and both his right to rule and mission to conquer derived from his holy ancestor. The Sapa Inca also presided over ideologically important festivals, notably during the Inti Raymi, or "warriors' cultivation," attended by soldiers, mummified rulers, nobles, clerics, and the general population of Cusco beginning on the auspicious June solstice and culminating nine days later with the ritual breaking of the earth using a foot plow by the Inca himself. Moreover, Cusco itself was considered cosmologically central, loaded as it was with huacas and radiating ceque lines, and geographic center of the Four Quarters; Inca Garcilaso de la Vega himself called it "the navel of the universe."[34][35][36][37]
Organization of the empire
The Inca Empire was a federalist system which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four quarters, or suyu: Chinchay Suyu (NW), Anti Suyu (NE), Kunti Suyu (SW), and Qulla Suyu (SE). The four corners of these quarters met at the center, Cusco. These suyu were likely created around 1460 during the reign of Pachacuti before the empire assumed its largest territorial extent. It is probably the case that at the time the suyu were established they were roughly of equal size and only later changing their proportions as the empire expanded north and south along the Andes.[40]
The capital area, Cusco, was likely not organized as a wamani, or province. Rather, it was probably somewhat akin to a modern federal district, like Washington, D.C. or Mexico City. The city sat at the center of the four suyu and served as the preeminent center of politics and religion. While Cusco was essentially governed by the Sapa Inca, his relatives, and the royal panaqa lineages, each suyu was governed by an Apu, a term of great esteem used for men of very high status and for venerated mountains. Just as with so much of Andean society and Inca administration, both Cusco as a district and the four suyu as administrative regions were grouped into upper hanan and lower hurin divisions. As the Inca did not have written records, it is impossible to exhaustively list the constituent wamani. However, records created during the Spanish colonial period allow us to reconstruct a partial list. There were likely more than 86 wamani, with more than 48 in the highlands and more than 38 on the coast.[41]
The four suyu
The most populous suyu was Chinchaysuyu which encompassed the former Chimu empire and much of the northern Andes. At its largest extent, it extended through much of modern Ecuador and just into modern Colombia.
The largest suyu by area was Qullasuyu, named after the Aymara-speaking Qulla people. It encompassed the Bolivian Altiplano and much of the southern Andes, running down into Argentina and as far south as the Maipo or Maule river in Central Chile.[38] In Central Chile, historian José Bengoa has pointed out Quillota as being perhaps the foremost Inca settlement.[42]
The second smallest suyu, Antisuyu, was northwest of Cusco in high Andes. Its name is the root of the word "Andes."[43]
Kuntisuyu was the smallest suyu, located along the southern coast of modern Peru, extending into the highlands towards Cusco.[44]
The Inca state had no separate judiciary or codified laws. Customs, expectations, and traditional local power holders did much in governing behavior. The state too had legal force, such as through tokoyrikoq (lit. "he who sees all"), or inspectors. The highest such inspector, typically a blood relative to the Sapa Inca, acted independently of the conventional hierarchy, providing a point of view for the Sapa Inca free of bureaucratic influence.[45]
Colonial sources are not entirely clear or in agreement about Inca government structure, such as exact duties and functions of government positions. But the basic structure can be spoken of broadly. At the top of the administration chain was the Sapa Inca. Below that may have been the Willaq Umu, literally the "priest who recounts", who was the High Priest of the Sun.[46] However, it has been noted that beneath the Sapa Inca also sat the Inkap rantin, who was at the very least a confidant and assistant to the Sapa Inca, perhaps along the lines of a Prime Minister.[47] Starting with Topa Inca Yupanqui, there was a "Council of the Realm" composed of 16 nobles: 2 from hanan Cusco; 2 from hurin Cusco; 4 from Chinchaysuyu; 2 from Cuntisuyu; 4 from Collasuyu; and 2 from Antisuyu. This weighting of representation balanced the hanan and hurin divisions of the empire, both within Cusco and within the Quarters (hanan suyukuna and hurin suyukuna).[48]
While provincial bureaucracy and government varied greatly, the basic organization was decimal. Taxpayers—male heads of household of a certain age range—were organized into corvée labor units (which often doubled as military units) that formed the muscle of the state as part of mit'a service. Each unit of more than 100 tax-payers were headed by a kuraka, while smaller units were headed by a kamayuq, a lower, non-hereditary status. However, while kuraka status was hereditary and typically served for life, a kuraka's position in the hierarchy was subject to change based on the privileges of superiors in the hierarchy; a pachaka kuraka (see below) could be appointed to their position by a waranqa kuraka. Furthermore, it has been suggested that one kuraka in each decimal level also served as the head of one of the nine groups at a lower level, so that one pachaka kuraka might also be a waranqa kuraka, in effect directly responsible for one unit of 100 tax-payers and less directly responsible for nine other such units.[49]
|Kuraka in Charge[50]
|Number of Taxpayers
|Hunu kuraka
|Pichkawaranqa kuraka
|Waranqa kuraka
|Pichkapachaka kuraka
|Pachaka kuraka
|Pichkachunka kamayuq
|Chunka kamayuq
Arts and technology
Monumental architecture
We can assure your majesty that it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would even be remarkable in Spain.
Architecture was by far the most important of the Inca arts, with textiles reflecting motifs that were at their height in architecture. The main example is the capital city of Cusco. The site of Machu Picchu was constructed by Inca engineers. The stone temples constructed by the Inca used a mortarless construction that fit together so well that a knife could not be fitted through the stonework.
This was a process first used on a large scale by the Pucara (ca. 300 BC–AD 300) peoples to the south in Lake Titicaca, and later in the great city of Tiwanaku (ca. AD 400–1100) in present-day Bolivia. The rocks used in construction were sculpted to fit together exactly by repeatedly lowering a rock onto another and carving away any sections on the lower rock where the dust was compressed. The tight fit and the concavity on the lower rocks made them extraordinarily stable.
Measures, calendrics, and mathematics
Physical measures used by the Inca were based on human body parts. Units included fingers, the distance from thumb to forefinger, palms, cubits, and wingspans. The most basic distance unit was thatkiy or thatki, or one pace. The next largest unit was reported by Cobo to be the topo or tupu, measuring 6,000 thatkiys, or about 4.8 miles (7.7 km); careful study has shown that a range of 2.5–3.9 miles (4.0–6.3 km) is likely. Next was the wamani, composed of 30 topos (roughly 144 miles (232 km)). To measure area, 25 by 50 wingspans were used, reckoned in topos (roughly 1,266 square miles (3,280 km2)). It seems likely that distance was often conceptualized as being one day's walk; the distance between tambo way-stations varies widely in terms of distance, but in far less in terms of time to walk that distance.[51][52]
Inca calendrics were strongly tied to astronomy. Inca astronomers understood equinoxes, solstices, and likely zenith passages, not to mention the Venus cycle. They could not, however, predict eclipses. The Inca calendar was essentially lunisolar, as two calendars were maintained in parallel, one solar and one lunar. As 12 lunar months fall 11 days short of a full 365-day solar year, those in charge of the calendar had to adjust every winter solstice. Each lunar month was marked with specific festivals and rituals.[53] Apparently, there were no names for days of the week, and perhaps no grouping of days into weeks. Similarly, months were not grouped into seasons. Time during a day was not measured in hours or minutes, but in terms of how far the sun had traveled or in how long it takes to perform a task.[54]
The sophistication of Inca administration, calendrics, and engineering required a certain facility with numbers. Numerical information itself was stored in the knots of quipu strings, allowing for compact storage of large numbers.[55][56] These numbers were stored in base-10 digits, the same base used by the Quechua language[57] and used in administrative and military units.[58] These numbers, stored in quipu, could be calculated on yupanas, grids with squares of positionally varying mathematical values perhaps functioning analogous to an abacus.[59] Calculation was facilitated by moving piles of tokens, seeds, or pebbles between compartments of the yupana. It is likely that, Inca mathematics at least allowed division of integers into integers or fractions, and multiplication of integers and fractions.[60]
According to the mid-17th-century Jesuit chronicler Bernabé Cobo (1983 [1653]: 253–254),[61] the Inca designated certain officials to perform accounting-related tasks. These officials were called quipo camayos, and the Incas had great confidence in them. In the study of khipu sample VA 42527 (Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin), Sáez-Rodríguez (2013)[62] observed that the numbers arranged in calendrically significant patterns were used for agricultural purposes in the "farm account books" kept by the khipukamayuq (accountant or warehouse keeper) to facilitate the closing of his accounting books.[63]
Ceramics, precious metal work, and textiles
Ceramics were painted using the polychrome technique portraying numerous motifs including animals, birds, waves, felines (which were popular in the Chavin culture) and geometric patterns found in the Nazca style of ceramics. In culture without a written language, ceramics portrayed the very basic scenes of everyday life, including the smelting of metals, relationships and scenes of tribal warfare. It is through these preserved ceramics that we know what life was like for the ancient South Americans. The most distinctive Inca ceramic objects are the Cusco bottles or "aryballos".[64] Many of these pieces are on display in Lima in the Larco Archaeological Museum and the National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History.
Almost all of the gold and silver work of the empire was melted down by the conquistadors.
Communication and medicine
The Inca recorded information on assemblages of knotted strings, known as Quipu, though we no longer know how. Originally it, was thought that Quipu were used only as mnemonic devices or to record numerical data. Quipus are also believed to record history and literature.[65]
The Inca made many discoveries in medicine.[citation needed] They performed successful skull surgery, by cutting holes in the skull to alleviate fluid buildup and inflammation caused by head wounds. There is evidence that most skull surgeries performed by Inca surgeons were successful. Survival rates were 80–90%, compared to about 30% before Inca times.[66]
The Incas revered the coca plant as sacred or magical. Its leaves were used in moderate amounts to lessen hunger and pain during work, but were mostly used for religious and health purposes.[67] When the Spaniards realized the effects of chewing the coca leaves, they took advantage of it.[67] The Chasqui, messengers who ran throughout the empire to deliver messages, chewed coca leaves for extra energy. Coca leaves were also used as an anaesthetic during surgeries.
Weapons, armor, and warfare
The Inca army was the most powerful in the area at that time, because they could turn an ordinary villager or farmer into a soldier, ready for battle. This is because every male Inca had to take part in war at least once so as to be prepared for warfare again when needed. By the time the empire had reached its largest size, every section of the empire contributed in setting up an army for war.
The Incas had no iron or steel, and their weapons were not much better than those of their enemies. They went into battle with the beating of drums and the blowing of trumpets. The armor used by the Incas included:
- Helmets made of wood, copper, bronze, cane, or animal skin; some were adorned with feathers
- Round or square shields made from wood or hide
- Cloth tunics padded with cotton and small wooden planks to protect the spine.
The Inca weaponry included:
- Bronze or bone-tipped spears
- Two-handed wooden swords with serrated edges
- Clubs with stone and spiked metal heads
- Woolen slings and stones
- Stone or copper headed battle-axes
- Bolas (stones fastened to lengths of cord)
Roads allowed very quick movement for the Inca army, and shelters called tambo were built one day's distance in travelling from each other, so that an army on campaign could always be fed and rested. This can be seen in names of ruins such as Ollantay Tambo, or My Lord's Storehouse. These were set up so the Inca and his entourage would always have supplies (and possibly shelter) ready as he traveled.
There are 16th and 17th century chronicles and references that support the idea of a banner. However, it represented the Inca himself, not the empire.
Francisco López de Jerez[68] wrote in 1534:
... todos venían repartidos en sus escuadras con sus banderas y capitanes que los mandan, con tanto concierto como turcos.
(... all of them came distributed into squads, with their flags and captains commanding them, as well-ordered as Turks.)
The chronicler, Bernabé Cobo, wrote:
The royal standard or banner was a small square flag, ten or twelve spans around, made of cotton or wool cloth, placed on the end of a long staff, stretched and stiff such that it did not wave in the air, and on it each king painted his arms and emblems, for each one chose different ones, though the sign of the Incas was the rainbow and two parallel snakes along the width with the tassel as a crown, which each king used to add for a badge or blazon those preferred, like a lion, an eagle and other figures.
(... el guión o estandarte real era una banderilla cuadrada y pequeña, de diez o doce palmos de ruedo, hecha de lienzo de algodón o de lana, iba puesta en el remate de una asta larga, tendida y tiesa, sin que ondease al aire, y en ella pintaba cada rey sus armas y divisas, porque cada uno las escogía diferentes, aunque las generales de los Incas eran el arco celeste y dos culebras tendidas a lo largo paralelas con la borda que le servía de corona, a las cuales solía añadir por divisa y blasón cada rey las que le parecía, como un león, un águila y otras figuras.)
-Bernabé Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo (1653)
Guaman Poma's 1615 book, El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno, shows numerous line drawings of Inca flags.[69] In his 1847 book A History of the Conquest of Peru, "William H. Prescott ... says that in the Inca army each company had its particular banner, and that the imperial standard, high above all, displayed the glittering device of the rainbow, the armorial ensign of the Incas."[70] A 1917 world flags book says the Inca "heir-apparent ... was entitled to display the royal standard of the rainbow in his military campaigns."[71]
In modern times the rainbow flag has been wrongly associated with the Tawantinsuyu and displayed as a symbol of Inca heritage by some groups in Peru and Bolivia. The city of Cusco also flies the Rainbow Flag, but as an official flag of the city. The Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo (2001–2006) flew the Rainbow Flag in Lima's presidential palace. However, according to Peruvian historiography, the Inca Empire never had a flag. María Rostworowski, a Peruvian historian known for her extensive and detailed publications about Peruvian Ancient Cultures and the Inca Empire, said about this: «I bet my life, the Inca never had that flag, it never existed, no chronicler mentioned it».[72] Also, to the Peruvian newspaper El Comercio, the flag only dates to the first decades of the 20th century,[73] and even the Congress of the Republic of Peru has determined that flag is a fake by citing the conclusion of National Academy of Peruvian History:
"The official use of the wrongly called 'Tawantinsuyu flag' is a mistake. In the Pre-Hispanic Andean World there did not exist the concept of a flag, it did not belong to their historic context".[73]
National Academy of Peruvian History
Andean civilization probably began c. 9500 BP (c. 7600 BCE). Based in the highlands of Peru, an area now called the punas, the ancestors of the Incas probably began as a nomadic herding people. Adaptation to the altitude led to distinctive physical developments. Short and stocky, men averaged 1.57 m (5'2") and women 1.45 m (4'9"). Compared to other humans, the Incas had slower heart rates, almost one-third larger lung capacity, about 2 L (4 pints) more blood volume, and double the amount of hemoglobin, which transfers oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. While the Conquistadors may have been slightly taller, the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude.
There are traces of permanent habitation as high as 5,300 m (17,400 ft) above sea level in the temperate zone of the high altiplanos. In the Lake Titikaka region, Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important precursors to the Inca Empire, flourishing as the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately 500 years. Previous cultures apparently left no written record, but their architecture, ceramics, and state government were inherited when the Inca empire emerged.
See also
Important Incan archeological sites
|Historical states
in present-day
- Choquequirao
- Cusco
- Llaqtapata
- Machu Picchu
- Moray
- Ollantaytambo
- Písac
- Pukara of La Compañia
- Saksaywaman
- Vilcabamba
- Vitcos
- Wanuku Pampa
- Amauta, Inca teachers
- Amazonas before the Inca Empire
- Inca Civil War
- Inca cuisine
- Incan aqueducts
- Incas in Central Chile
- Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
- Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)
- Religion in the Inca Empire
- Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
- Tambo
- Tampukancha, Inca religious site
- Ancient Peru
- Cultural periods of Peru
- Demographic history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas
- History of Peru
- History of smallpox
- ^ Namnama, Katrina; DeGuzman, Kathleen, "The Inca Empire", K12, USA
- ^ a b McEwan 221
- ^ McEwan, Gordon F. (2010). After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. University of Arizona Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0816529360.
- ^ The Inca – All Empires
- ^ "The Inca." The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland. 29 May 2007. Retrieved 10 Sept 2013.
- ^ "Inca". American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009.
- ^ McEwan 57
- ^ McEwan 69
- ^ Demarest, Arthur Andrew; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1984). Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0-521-31896-3.
- ^ The three laws of Tawantinsuyu are still referred to in Bolivia these days as the three laws of the Qullasuyu.
- ^ Weatherford, J. McIver (1988). Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World. New York: Fawcett Columbine. pp. 60–62. ISBN 0-449-90496-2.
- ^ Ernesto Salazar (1977). An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador (PDF). International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 13. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
- ^ Starn, Degregori, Kirk (1995) The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics; Quote by Pedro de Cieza de Leon; Published by Duke University Press
- ^ *Juan de Samano (9 October 2009). "Relacion de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 1526". bloknot.info (A. Skromnitsky). Retrieved 10 October 2009.
- ^ Somervill, Barbara (2005). Francisco Pizarro: Conqueror of the Incas. Compass Point Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7565-1061-9.
- ^ McEwan 79
- ^ McEwan 31
- ^ Sanderson 76
- ^ Millersville University Silent Killers of the New World
- ^ McEwan 93–96. There is some debate about the size of the population.
- ^ Quechua
- ^ a b c "Origins And Diversity of Quechua".
- ^ Gary, Urton (2003). Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-78540-2.
- ^ http://www.netside.net/~manomed/inca.htm
- ^ Burger, R.L. and L.C. Salazar. 2004. Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas. Yale University Press, p. 45. ISBN 0-300-09763-8.
- ^ Nigel Davies, Human Sacrifice (1981, p. 261–262.).
- ^ Reinhard, Johan (November 1999). "A 6,700 metros niños incas sacrificados quedaron congelados en el tiempo". National Geographic, Spanish version: 36–55.
- ^ Salomon, F. (1987). A North Andean Status Trader Complex under Inka Rule. Ethnohistory, 32(1), p. 63-77
- ^ Earls, J. The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture. P. 1-29
- ^ Moseley, M.E. (2001). The Incas and their Ancestors. Thames & Hudson:New York, p.44
- ^ Rowe, J.H., & Murra, J.V. (1984). An Interview with John V. Murra. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 64(4), p. 644
- ^ Maffie, J. (2009) Pre-Columbian Philosophies, in A Companion to Latin American Philosophy (eds S. Nuccetelli, O. Schutte and O. Bueno), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, p. 10; McEwan, Gordon F. (2006). Incas: New Perspective. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, pp. 137–138
- ^ Newitz, Annalee (3 January 2012), The greatest mystery of the Inca Empire was its strange economy, io9, retrieved 4 January 2012
- ^ Willey, Gordon R. (1971). An Introduction to American Archaeology, Volume Two: South America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., pp. 173-175
- ^ D'Altroy, Terence N. (2005). The Incas. Blackwell Publishing: Malden, pp. 86-89; 111; 154-155
- ^ Moseley, Michael E. (2004). The Incas and their Ancestors (revised ed.) Thames & Hudson: London, pp. 81-85
- ^ McEwan, Gordon F. (2006). Incas: New Perspective. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, pp. 138-139
- ^ a b Dillehay, T.; Gordon, A. (1988). "La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia. La frontera del estado Inca (in Spanish). pp. 183–196.
- ^ Bengoa 2003, p. 39.
- ^ Rowe in Steward, Ed., p. 262
- ^ Rowe in Steward, ed., p. 185-192; D'Altroy, p. 42-43, 86-89; McEwan, p.113-114
- ^ Bengoa 2003, p. 37–38.
- ^ D'Altroy, p. 87
- ^ D'Altroy, 87-88
- ^ D'Altroy, 235-236
- ^ D'Altroy, p. 99
- ^ R. T. Zuidema, Hierarchy and Space in Incaic Social Organization. Ethnohistory, Vol. 30, No. 2. (Spring, 1983), pp. 97
- ^ Zuidema, pp. 48
- ^ Julien, Catherine J. (1982). Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region in The Inca and Aztec States: 1400–1800. Academic Press: New York, p. 121-127; McEwan, p. 114-115; D'Altroy, p. 233-234
- ^ Julien, Catherine J. (1982). Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region in The Inca and Aztec States: 1400–1800. Academic Press: New York, p. 123; D'Altroy, p. 233
- ^ D'Altroy, pp. 246-247>
- ^ McEwan, pp. 179-180
- ^ D'Altroy, 150-154
- ^ McEwan, 185-187
- ^ Neuman, William (January 2, 2016). "Untangling an Accounting Tool and an Ancient Incan Mystery". New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- ^ McEwan, 183-185
- ^ "Supplementary Information for: Heggarty 2008". Arch.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- ^ D'Altroy, 233-234
- ^ "Inca mathematics". History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- ^ McEwan, 185
- ^ Cobo, B. (1983 [1653]). Obras del P. Bernabé Cobo. Vol. 1. Edited and preliminary study By Francisco Mateos. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. 91. Madrid: Ediciones Atlas.
- ^ Sáez-Rodríguez. A. (2012). An Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac (Perú). Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 5(1):62–88.
- ^ Sáez-Rodríguez. A. (2013). Knot numbers used as labels for identifying subject matter of a khipu. Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 6(1): 4-19.
- ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson.
- ^ McEwan 183
- ^ "Incan skull surgery". Science News.
- ^ a b "Cocaine's use: From the Incas to the U.S.". Boca Raton News. 4 April 1985. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ Francisco López de Jerez,Verdadera relacion de la conquista del Peru y provincia de Cusco, llamada la Nueva Castilla, 1534.
- ^ Guaman Poma, El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno, (1615/1616), pp. 256, 286, 344, 346, 400, 434, 1077, this pagination corresponds to the Det Kongelige Bibliotek search engine pagination of the book. Additionally Poma shows both well drafted European flags and coats of arms on pp. 373, 515, 558, 1077, 0. On pages 83, 167–171 Poma uses a European heraldic graphic convention, a shield, to place certain totems related to Inca leaders.
- ^ Preble, George Henry; Charles Edward Asnis (1917). Origin and History of the American Flag and of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals... 1. N. L. Brown. p. 85.
- ^ McCandless, Byron (1917). Flags of the world. National Geographic Society. p. 356.
- ^ "¿Bandera gay o del Tahuantinsuyo?". Terra. 19 April 2010.
- ^ a b "La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2009.
|Library resources about
Inca Empire
- Куприенко, Сергей (2013). Источники XVI-XVII веков по истории инков: хроники, документы, письма. Kyiv: Видавець Купрієнко С.А. ISBN 978-617-7085-03-3.
- Bengoa, José (2003). Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur. Santiago: Catalonia. ISBN 956-8303-02-2.
- De la Vega, Garcilaso (1961). The Incas: The Royal Commentaries of the Inca. New York: The Orion Press.
- Hemming, John (2003). The Conquest of the Incas. Harvest Press. ISBN 0-15-602826-3.
- MacQuarrie, Kim (2007). The Last Days of the Incas. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6049-7.
- Mann, Charles C. (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. Knopf. pp. 64–105. ISBN 978-0-307-27818-0.
- McEwan, Gordon Francis. The Incas: New Perspectives. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-33301-5.
- Morales, Edmundo (1995). The Guinea Pig: Healing, Food, and Ritual in the Andes. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1558-1.
- Popenoe, Hugh; Steven R. King; Jorge Leon; Luis Sumar Kalinowski; Noel D. Vietmeyer (1989). Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-04264-X.
- Sanderson, Steven E. The politics of trade in Latin American development. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8047-2021-2.
- Steward, ed., Julian H. (1946), The Handbook of South American Indians. No. 143, Vol. 2: The Andean Civilizations. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 1935
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
- "Guaman Poma – El Primer Nueva Corónica Y Buen Gobierno" – A high-quality digital version of the Corónica, scanned from the original manuscript.
- Conquest nts.html Inca Land by Hiram Bingham (published 1912–1922 CE).
- Inca Artifacts, Peru, and Machu Picchu 360 degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes.
- Ancient Civilizations – Inca
- "Ice Treasures of the Inca" National Geographic site.
- "The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec," poetry of an Inca emperor.
- Incan Religion
- Engineering in the Andes Mountains, lecture on Inca suspension bridges
- A Map and Timeline of Inca Empire events
- Ancient Peruvian art: contributions to the archaeology of the empire of the Incas, a four volume work from 1902 (fully available online as PDF)
- Former monarchies of South America
- Former countries in South America
- Former empires
- States and territories established in 1438
- States and territories disestablished in 1533
- Inca Empire
- Andean civilizations
- Post-Classic period in the Americas
- 1533 disestablishments in the Inca civilization
- History of Ecuador
- History of Peru
- Inca states
- History of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- 15th century in South America
- 16th century in South America
- Former empires of the Americas
- 1438 establishments in the Inca civilization


text:
2013 Flowertown Festival Front Page; Sat 4/6
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Photos by Photos by Summerville Journal Scene staff
Summerville Family YMCA hosts the 41st Annual Flowertown Festival April 5 - 7, 2013 at Azalea Park. The Summerville Journal Scene set up the popular Front Page photo booth. Check out festival-goers from Saturday, April 6, 2013.
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Medford - congrats on getting a due date and glad you are further along than 6 weeks like they originally thought!
Nausea - Sorry to Medford and Chiclet about the nausea. Mine is actually much better this week, and I am about a week ahead of both of you, so maybe you will feel better next week. :)
Bloating - Chiclet I am right there with you on the bloating and clothes feeling tight. According to my scale, I have only gained 1 lb., but it feels like more than that. And I agree that some days are worse than others. I actually felt much slimmer yesterday, which was great.
Telling people - At this point we have told our families, and I plan to wait to tell friends, etc. until after the next ultrasound at 12 weeks. I know some people suspect that I am pregnant, and another month seems like it is far away, but that is the timing we did with DD. And, my sister-in-law just had a miscarriage at 7 weeks, so that freaked me out and I would like to get another check-in on the baby before we really spread the news. But, many people handle things in many different ways. I have a close friend that spread the word to everyone around 9 weeks, and another that waited until 14 weeks.
AFM, I broke out my pregnancy pillow from my first pregnancy and used it last night, and I slept much better! I forgot how much I loved that pillow. :)


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Hi there,
We are trying to evaluate Zimbra and see if all the features that it covers are good for us. I tried searching but coudn't find an answer for the following:
can we define a distribution group having an externally visible email address, zero or more members, and all incoming email routed into a permission-protected public folder ?
Many thanks


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See All Contributors »
It's a problem folks. We have some dang good players but PG is a major issue.
Wouldn't it be ironic if last year's team with a legit PG ended up being better than this year's team without one?
I doubt that happens, but wouldn't be surprised at the same time. We are extremely easy to defend if we don't have anyone that can get in the lane.
DG or Lucious, dang.
I'm glad you can make that observation after one exhibition game.
Scotty is no PG. We may have to start MGee, or maybe Sledge.
"Winning isn't everything, it's the only thing."
Is it time to panic already?
I'm not panicking at all but its clearly a problem.
Originally Posted by Cyclonepride
Is it time to panic already?
If your name is Clones21...
"That's what I do. I drink, and I know things." - Tyrion Lannister
"Success is just failure that hasn't happened yet." - life advice from Latrell Spreewell
Originally Posted by The_Architect
I'm not panicking at all but its clearly a problem.
It will certainly take a few games to work into a routine and find out who is going to fill what role.
Originally Posted by gocubs2118
I'm glad you can make that observation after one exhibition game.
Well it's a pretty clear observation.
Maybe Allen can fill that roll...someone needs to step up.
I would of really liked to see what the score was to the Nebby game.
Originally Posted by Clones85'
Well it's a pretty clear observation.
After one freaking game.
Originally Posted by gocubs2118
After one freaking game.
Yes. It wasn't a secret coming into the season that PG play was going to be our weakness. After watching the game I don't know how anyone could feel any different. Nobody is saying this team is going to stink but there is no doubt that PG play or lack of it is a problem.
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Have been following the Split Domain Wiki. I would like to set up my new zimbra domain with the ability to send to the internal domain of our existing mail server. This should easy the transition to the new server for user considerably. Zimbra will be the secondary mail server as per the wiki.
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zmprov md {primary domain} zimbraMailCatchAllAddress @{primary domain}
I get a
ERROR: account.NO_SUCH_DOMAIN (no such domain: {primary domain})
I am using the internal domain name of the primary mail server. It is in our DNS, but I have zimbra set to not do DNS lookups. Do I need to add our primary domain to Zimbra's hosts file?
any ideas
still :eek:


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Has anyone had any luck getting the Blackberry Message Receipt Confirmation Tool to work with Zimbra ?
The concept seems pretty straight forward. The tool sends a message to a device, and the device replies back with a delivery confirmation. If the tool can't get a delivery confirmation it assumes there is something wrong with the server and notifies the administrator.
Our test device is receiving the messages from the tool and is sending delivery confirmation messages back. But the tool never sees the confirmation messages and assumes things are broken.
If there are similar tools I'd love to hear about them. Our administrators are not blackberry users and we need a easy way to know when BES isn't working properly.
I'm using the tool with BES connector 6.5. We are using BES 5.0.2, but there doesn't seem to be a lot of interaction with BES itself other than to get a list of devices to work with.
Edit to add: I upgraded the connector to 7.0, but things still do not work


text:
Relocating Gas Tank - Clean-ShavenWritten by on October 27, 2011 Metal Shop, Part 1
"One of the more popular upgrades in the classic truck world is to relocate the gas tank from inside the cab to a safer, more user-friendly location. C10 Chevy pickups are no stranger to this modification, and we caught up with Danny Days at Strange Daze Rods and Customs in Forney, Texas, as he was gearing up with said modification on Joseph Dowling's '70 Chevy."-ED
The first thing that we are going to start with is the gas tank filler hole located on the driver's door. We are moving our gas tank to the rear of the truck, so we have taken out the factory tank located behind the bench seat and tossed it into the trash bin. The filler spot remains, so now it's time to delete the open hole.
We turned the truck over to Danny Days, who let us follow along as he started on our metalwork.
The '67-'72 truck has a slight bend and curve in the gas filler area along with a small amount of crown. So to make sure that our body's lines still match, we will use a flat sheet of 18-gauge CRS (cold rolled steel) metal and work it over using a hammer and dolly to fill the void. CCT
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The work area is prepped down to bare metal using a Scotch-Brite pad to clean the area of contaminants and rust.The bottom of the gas filler hole has a small indention from the factory, so this area will need to be rounded out to make a circle.Now we will need to make our filler piece. Danny grabbed a piece of 18 gauge metal and cut a strip approximately 6x9 inches. We need to give the metal some shape, so we started by running it over an English wheel to give it a slight curve.In order to finish off our form we placed the top part of the cut piece over a metal tube and used the slapper tool to give it a slight downward bend.Now Danny placed the formed piece over the area to see if we needed to make any adjustments. Our piece is a perfect match to the original body lines. We will use this form to cut out our filler piece.
Next, we grabbed a hand file and began to file the rough edges off the filler piece, finessing it to shape.With our trim piece done, we now test-fit it to make sure it is a good, tight fit with very little gap.Here is our filler piece in place. Danny drew an orientation arrow and then placed two index marks on both the filler piece and the cab to maintain proper alignment.Using 2-inch masking tape to hold the slug in place, Danny tack welds several spots using a TIG welder.
We sprayed blue machinist dye over our weld, which will show us our remaining high and low spots, then they are massaged into perfection using a hammer and dolly.At this point our weld area still has a few high and low spots left. We will continue to knock down the highs and bring up the lows by alternating the hammer and dolly and filing techniques.Once the repaired section looks nice and level, Danny loads the DA sander with 80-grit sandpaper, which is used to take out the scratches and file marks on our filler piece.


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L'Occitane has harnessed the firming and elastic properties of the Almond to create a natural body care line of beauty products. Almond helps fight the appearance of cellulite and reshapes the silhouette. Some of the best ingredients are found in nature. L'Occitane Almond incorporates natural almond oil into all of its formulations. The L'Occitane Almond line was designed to help firm and tone the skin on the body. L'Occitane Almond helps to tighten skin that has lost elasticity while reducing the appearance of cellulite. All of the products that fall under the L'Occitane Almond smell wonderful and are a real pleasure to use. L'Occitane Almond products are naturally moisturizing and nourishing. They leave the skin on the body feeling soft and supple.
L'Occitane Almond offers a nice variety of products for the bath and shower. All of the products incorporate the almond in order to improve the overall condition of the skin. L'Occitane Almond products can be used individually or paired together in order to complement one another and avoid competing scents. L'Occitane Almond is luxurious and pampering and makes for an excellent addition to any bath regimen.
All of L'Occitane Almond use almond extracts in combination with other beneficial ingredients to leave the skin toned and smooth.
L'Occitane Almond Supple Skin Oil contains the proteins from almonds along with several different essential oils to improve skin elasticity. L'Occitane Almond Supple Skin Oil nourishes the skin, leaving it soft and supple. This formula can even be used to help prevent stretch marks. It is a dry oil that absorbs nicely into the skin and does not feel heavy. It can be used both morning and night.
For those with dry skin looking to improve tone and texture, L'Occitane Almond Tonic Body Oil is the perfect choice. Almond oil contains fatty acids that penetrate deep within the layers of the skin to moisturize and condition. With regular use, the skin's natural lipid barrier becomes healthier and stronger. Essential oils are incorporated into the formulation in order to improve the circulation within the skin. Algae is also added to encourage the elimination of waste in the system. For best results, L'Occitane Almond Tonic Body Oil should be used in the evening. After applying, the product should be massaged into the skin in circular motions.
L'Occitane Almond Milk Veil is the ideal body moisturizer for those in need of hydration who prefer a light, fast-absorbing formula. L'Occitane Almond Milk Veil with milk and proteins to soften and nourish without leaving a heavy feel. The formula is rich in micro-pearls which give the illusion of light and smoothness.


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BROOKLYN (USA TODAY) -- The Brooklyn Nets have fired coach Avery Johnson, the team announced on Thursday.
was in his third season with the team, but the Nets' 14-14 start was
clearly not enough in light of the increased expectations that came this
The Nets revamped their roster for their first season in
Brooklyn, re-signing point guard Deron Williams and small forward
Gerald Wallace while also landing veteran shooting guard Joe Johnson in a
trade with Atlanta. After starting this season 11-4, they have lost 10
of their last 13 games.
According to a person with knowledge of
the team's plans, Nets assistant coach P.J. Carlesimo will be named the
team's interim coach. The person requested anonymity because the
decision had not yet been announced.


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April 24, 2014 | 4402 views
Stepping Out
Spring into a colorful Cinco de Mayo party
Bring some fiesta time into your home
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Now that we've all emerged from those winter doldrums, it's time to shake off those blahs and embrace the season ahead. You can start by inviting familia and amigos to share in a Cinco de Mayo celebration.
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KeywordsCinco de Mayo, Guacamole, Steak Tacos
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Update: Climber Found Unresponsive at Rock Gym and Declared Dead
Update: The climber who died Monday has been identified as Mark Hesse. Hesse was a climber with notable first ascents around the world. He was also known for his efforts as a climbing activist and trail builder.
"A truly great guy, he will be missed," wrote Jim Donini on Supertopo. "Mark was a fixture with his trail building crews at Indian Creek. The approaches through fragile desert would be a true mess but for his efforts. A sad day for the climbing community."
Hesse's cause of death is still unknown at this time.
Previous Post:
A climber was declared dead Monday, January 27, after being found unresponsive at the Boulder Rock Club in Boulder, Colorado. According to the Daily Camera, the cause of death is still unknown and the climber was bouldering alone when the incident occurred.
Mitchell Byers of the Daily Camera reports: "Around 2 p.m., staff and other climbers at the Boulder Rock Club heard what they thought was a person falling and found a male who appeared to be in his mid-60s unresponsive on the floor, according to John Bicknell, a co-owner of the Boulder Rock Club."
According to the Daily Camera, Boulder Rock Club staff members performed CPR on the man until paramedics arrived on scene. He was then transferred to the Boulder Community Hospital where he was pronounced dead.
Due to the lack of witnesses, it is still unclear whether or not the fall was a catalyst in the man's death or if the cause was a medical issue.
The man's identity has not yet been released and an autopsy and investigation is underway to determine the official cause of death.
"Everybody at the Boulder Rock Club is saddened and shocked by this," Bicknell told the Daily Camera.
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Zany 'Hedda' to put a modern twist on Ibsen
Actor/director Matt McGrath makes his San Diego directing debut with Diversionary Theatre's 'The Furthe Adventures of Hedda Gabler'
What happens when you stir together Hedda Gabler and Mammy in the stew pot of creativity, then season it liberally with dashes of Medea, Ophelia, Tosca, Jar Jar Binks and two gays from "The Boys in the Band"?
You could end up with theatrical goulash, but actor/director Matt McGrath is hoping that Diversionary Theatre's "The Further Adventures of Hedda Gabler" comes out more like a refined ratatouille.
"Further Adventures" is a zany literary comedy from the mind of Jeff Whitty, the Tony-winning bookwriter for the naughty puppet musical "Avenue Q." McGrath — who starred last year in Diversionary's "Next Fall" and as Dr. Frank-N-Furter in the Old Globe Theatre's 2011 "The Rocky Horror Show" — is making his San Diego directing debut with the play.
McGrath and Whitty are old friends, and when Diversionary executive director John Alexander asked McGrath if he had a project he'd like to direct here, McGrath offered this script. The 2006 comedy was commissioned by South Coast Repertory in Costa Mesa and has since been produced around the country.
"When Jeff first wrote 'Further Adventures,' he sent me the first act to see what I thought," McGrath said. "I was really intrigued by this talk of taking a character and putting it in another landscape. It heightens the audience's relationship with that character and it creates great comic fodder."
"Further Adventures" begins at the end of "Hedda Gabler," Henrik Ibsen's 1890 tragedy about a frustrated Norwegian housewife who takes her own life to regain some measure of control. In Whitty's play, as the curtain comes down, Hedda is resurrected and goes on a surrealistic time-bending journey through other plays, novels and films to convince Ibsen to rewrite her fate.
"She's on a journey to save yourself from being forgotten," McGrath said. "She sets forth to change the ending of Ibsen's play by entering Ibsen's furnace of creativity. She decides that she'd live on in the collective consciousness if she had a Hollywood happy ending."
Joining Hedda in her adventures is her servant Mammy (from the film version of "Gone With the Wind"), who also hopes to break free of her old-fashioned stereotype and become a modern African-American woman. Along the way, the ladies meet doomed and dark heroines and men from the Bible, Greek mythology, "Hamlet," "Star Wars" and "The Boys in the Band."
Although the play is wildly comic, McGrath said it has serious and moving themes.
"It's about the danger of forgetting where we came from," he said. "If you take as extreme a stereotype as Hattie McDaniel's portrayal of Mammy and you try to change her into an African-American woman of today, then you erase her from the collective consciousness. If we don't have Mammy to base our progress on, then history is doomed to repeat itself. If they change, they perish."
McGrath — whose long list of directorial credits include Whitty's 2011 one-act "I Hereby Tender My Resignation" — said that he's seen other productions of "Further Adventures," and they haven't always succeeded, because the directors got the tone wrong. For example, the characters from the 1970 film "The Boys in the Band" must be swishy and self-loathing because they were men of their time, not the confident, out and proud gay males of today, McGrath said.
"It is something that can be missed if you try to send it up," he said. "If everyone is not based in the true essence of their characters and how they were portrayed in their films and books, then it doesn't work. You can't do a soft touch or we won't have a play here. You have to go straight to the stereotype or it doesn't make sense."


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A significant proportion of the CMA's work is carried out through its services eight key areas that provide members, clients and media planners with an accessible and practical toolkit of facts, figures, education, advice, support, best practice, events and insight.
Not only do these services provide member agencies with the information they need to drive their businesses forward, they promote the content marketing industry and the potential of the medium to the wider marketing world, encouraging new business and overall growth so that content marketing continues to expand and develop.
For more information about any of these services, call Clare Hill on 020 7400 7516 or email firstname.lastname@example.com
CMA Advance is a free service which helps clients who have new business enquiries find the right agency for their brief. The CMA facilitates an impartial briefing process that enables CMA members to supply an outline of their credentials for the brief, providing clients with a shortlist of suitable agencies that they can invite to pitch for the work.
Every year, the CMA organise a huge number of events, seminars and forums, all designed to educate, inform and celebrate, with the single aim of showcasing the industry and giving more business power to our members.
CMA Research monitors the trends and developments within the content marketing industry using key reports and studies into the medium. The service not only commissions vital research into the size of the industry and effectiveness of the content it produces, it also offers research advice to members and clients.
CMA training courses have been created specifically for CMA members, and are all directly relevant to the industry and job role needs. All courses for small groups only, up to a maximum of 8 attendees (6 for the Big Pitch). If a course is full up, CMA will be operating a reserve list, and an extra date will be scheduled if required to accommodate everyone.
As the industry body for content marketing the CMA helps to drive awareness of the discipline and its membership, securing media coverage that informs media, marketing and vertical sectors.
CMA World is the international consultancy service which promotes the UK as the global leader in content marketing. As well as commissioning research into content marketing trends across the globe, the CMA also coordinate the International Content Marketing Forum (ICMF), a group of 17 countries whose representatives meet regularly to discuss the leading issues in the global publishing arena.


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Hi all
I'm new to zimbra, but I like it very much. I think with zimbra I found what I was looking for: a great email (and more) environment for our school (~150 teachers, ~850 pupils)! I'm using the debian version (I installed 3.1.4)
I have some questions:
- Why does zimbra bring its own version of all the necessary applications (postfix, clamav, amavis, openldap, ...)? Why not using the distributor's versions?
- Is this just the case for the debian version? Is it handled differently when using rpms?
- I'm not feeling very comfortable with this situation. How are security updates handled? When a security fix for e.g. postfix is released, will there be a new zimbra release or does it automatically update postfix (I dont think so)...
- I need to run other websites (on apache) on the same server (our financial resources are limited... we are a federal school), but I cant run apache (or zimbra) on a different port because of the firewall (managed by our provider, just a few open ports, all used). So it would be much easier if zimbra would depend on the distributor's packages.
Thanks for your great work.


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ACHICA > Rituals: Skincare & Cosmetics > Rituals Sunglow Blush, Peach
Click image to zoom -- or click here to enlarge
Rituals Sunglow Blush, Peach
This product is not available
|Sale closed
|Product Information
Use as blusher: Stroke a blusher brush across all five colours and apply Sunglow to the cheekbones for a natural bronze glow.
Use as eye shadow: Use colours separately to apply a shimmering accent to eyelids.
Volume: 9g
Product Code 8716716073000
|Delivery & Returns
We hope you will be thrilled with your purchases but in the unlikely event that you want to return something, you can find full return instructions on the back of your delivery note or click here


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I have installed the latest version and ll seems to go ok.
When I start the program, I get a 'connection refused' message.
Any pointers?
I have installed the latest version and ll seems to go ok.
When I start the program, I get a 'connection refused' message.
Any pointers?
Probably because the background service didn't start correctly.
What is your platform? Have you installed desktop before? Could you see if there's any errors in log files under <install>/log?
I'm seeing the same thing as well. I saw this on the alpha version. I'm running Fedora8 64-bit. One thing that did standout to me in the log file was
"495 WARN [main] log - Nested in java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException:
java.net.BindException: Address already in use"
I'm not sure what address it's referring to. Memory address.. port address, network address. I've attached the full log.
I've tried starting the daemon as root and disabling the firewall. There are no SELinux errors being thrown by this but I did disable that as well (just to be sure).
What else can I provide to figure out what's going on?
Is there anything in your mailbox.log? I'm not positive that the linux build will work on any 64bit platform as it's built for 32bit.
Unless I'm looking in the wrong place there isn't even a mailbox.log file created (find ./ -name mailbox.log in ~/zimbra/zdesktop yields nothing).
I do get a blank Zimbra Desktop window but there is nothing drawn in it. I'm assuming it's telling me that the port is in use (based on the bind statement/error) but port 7633 is definitely not in use.
I do have 32-bit libs also installed so, in theory, this should work even though I'm running a 64-bit kernel. I could boot into a 32-bit kernel (assuming I can) and test once more.


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This match is now over - please click on the Matches tab above to see currently live and upcoming matches
Qualifying bet must be a GBP/EUR 20 or more pre-match single placed on a team to win in the Win-Draw-Win market. Only the 1st qualifying bet will count. Customers can only qualify for the offer once per match. Own Goals and goals scored in penalty shootouts do not count. Free bet stakes not returned. Full Conditions
Applies to bets placed until 8pm on Friday 10th June. Qualifying bet must be £/€25 or more on a single player (either £/€25 win or £/€12.50 each-way). Maximum £/€5 free bet per selection per game they score in. Free Bet stakes not returned. Own Goals and goals scored in penalty shootouts do not count. Full Conditions
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text: Usually, I can't be bothered by theme parks and fairs (although I found the one at Oktoberfest impressive and fun), but ever since Lauren moved to Amsterdam I've participated in other activities that I'd usually take for granted. Not long ago one (in Dutch: 'kermis', which evolved from this) set up shop on Dam Square and Lauren couldn't wait to go for a spin. Who was I to deny that. Plus, I'd never taken pics from that high up before, certainly not smack in the middle of the city center. The five minutes on the Ferris Wheel were short, but sufficient for a couple of snapshots and subsequently this quick post. The kermis casts a particular light on people passing by. That behind us, back on solid ground, we moved on, continuing on our stroll around the block, to unwind & have an occasional beer. All feeling like giants in a small, yet grand city again. Big or small, wheels do make the world go round. (And plenty to see on foot, too :)) Not bad for a casual Thursday evening.


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BELLAIRE - The Bellaire Relays have long been one of the most anticipated track meets of the season.
For the 59th consecutive year, the event was held on the final Saturday in April, as 15 schools took part in the event.
One of the perennial powers of the event once again headed back to suburban Columbus with the top trophy. Gahanna Lincoln flashed its depth and speed over and over again en route to 145 points, which was 64 better than runner-up Dayton Dunbar.
Article Photos
Left, Martins Ferry's Jack Fitch.
Steubenville's Jaquan Lavender.
Gahanna was led by senior speedster Riak Reese, who posted a sprint sweep, winning the 100 (10.8), 200 (22.2) and 400 (49.9).
On top of Reese's performance, the Lions won only two other events.
The top finishing OVAC school was Martins Ferry. The Purple Riders, who will be one of the teams to watch in a seemingly wide open Class 4A boys race at the upcoming OVAC meet, finished with 60 points.
Coach Rich Materkoski's Riders set the tone for a strong performance once again with an impressive morning of field events.
Senior strongman Sean McGee prevailed once again in the shot put. He posted a mark of 54 feet to win the shot put and then twirled the discus to a mark of 150 feet, which was good enough for silver. All told, his 18 points earned him a piece of the high-point field award.
Senior Cody Schau continued to improve and prevail in the high jump. After winning the Buckeye 8 title on Tuesday, Schau soared over 6-3 to capture his specialty once again.
The Purple Riders' sprint relay teams also turned in solid efforts. The all underclass squad of Jack Fitch, Brian Styles, Hunter Hill and Andrew Watts posted a 44.7 to win the 400 relay.
The same foursome posted a 1:32.9 and finished second to only Steubenville in the 800.
Barnesville got into the winning act when West Liberty-bound senior Jacob Anderson continued to impress in the 300 intermediate hurdles. He skimmed eight hurdles in 40.4 to capture his specialty.
The Steubenville 800 relay team, which is comprised of frosh Matt Sherrell, Perrier Coleman, JaQuan Lavender and Robert Hayden, passed the baton to a time of 1:32.7 to prevail.
Lavender ran a 50.1 to finish second in the 400 meter dash.
Buckeye Trail's Nate Huber posted the first victory of the day when he soared over 11-6 to claim the pole vault title. Junior Austin Carleton, a state runner-up in the long jump, finished second in both the long and high jumps.
East Liverpool had a strong showing. It was started by a victory by Zack English in the long jump. He marked the sand at 21-1.
Senior distance ace Nate Boyer swept the 1600 and 3200 meter runs in solid times of 4:34.1 and 10:00.5, respectively.
St. John Central's high scorer for the day was senior Corey Leasure, who was second in the 1600 meter run in a time of 4:38.0.


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Thank-you notes are vital to the gift-receiving process, not only to be polite but to show friends and family your genuine appreciation. However, a thank-you sent late or in an inappropriate format (read: emailing Grandma) can be worse than not sending one at all. Here, some tips for saying "thanks" with grace.
The Golden Rule. According to Emily Post, send a handwritten thank-you note "any time you receive a gift… and the giver wasn't there to thank in person." It's also polite to send a note thanking event hosts after a dinner party or other such occasion. The exception? Even if the giver was present at your wedding or shower (both bridal and baby), always mail your thank-yous.
To Write, Email, or Call? When the gift is from a close friend or relative, it's okay to email or call – except in the two situations noted above, or when you know the recipient would prefer a handwritten acknowledgement. (And you can of course do both, notes social-grace expert extraordinaire Kelly Browne in her book, 101 Ways to Say Thank You).
Get-Well and Sympathy Gifts. If you are sick or grieving, feel free to ask a relative to write thank-you notes on your behalf. And yes – flowers deserve a thoughtful thank-you, too.
The Sooner the Better. Generally, write the note within a week of receiving the gift or attending the event. Showers get a brief extension – up to two weeks – and guests expect to receive a thank-you within two months after you say "I do."
Design is up to you – just make it personal. Buy blank-on-the-inside cards, design custom stationery, or go DIY – either by hand or with a service like Shutterfly. Just show timely, heartfelt appreciation, and you're sure to stay on everyone's good side no matter the occasion.
By Jess Huckins, Staff Writer
How do you stay organized for writing timely thank-you notes? Share in the comments below, or tweet us at @ruelala.
Not a Member and like The (Style) Guide? You'll love Rue La La. Join now.


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Out of Stock
Item # SNT0021
Don't worry though, we have a lot more 26" Mountain Bike Wheels - Tubeless in stock than that.View Similar Products
Stan's NoTubes ZTR Arch EX 26in Wheelset - Discontinued Decal $0.00
Not everyone needs the lightest gear out there. We understand simple physics -- but also appreciate steering precision and durability. That's where Stan's ZTR Arch EX 26in Wheelset comes into play. XC light, but sturdy enough for long adventures in the backcountry and reliable enough 24hr endurance racing.
Aside from Stan's award winning sealant, what has put the little company from NY on the map is its Bead Socket Technology. In a nut shell, BST rims have a larger inner diameter to seal against tire beads for simpler tubeless inflation, and a lower rim sidewall that reduces stored energy, allows lower pressures, a more natural, rounder shape, and increased volume.
In fact, Stan's BST rims allow riders to run approximately 30% less pressure than conventional rims. This directly translates into enhanced traction when climbing, descending, and turning -- along with a more supple ride and lower rolling resistance. With these virtues, it's clear to see why Stan's rims are almost omnipresent on race courses and trail heads alike.
The BST equipped ZTR Arch EX rim is an updated version of the Arch rim, offering a slightly wider profile, and more strength in a an lighter package. It's laced to a Stan's 3.30 hubset with 2.0/1.7/2.0 butted steel spokes and alloy nipples. The hubs house smooth-spinning chromoly cartridge bearings that ride on a lightweight 7075 alloy axles. The rear hub body features large, 58mm flanges. The driveside houses a hardened 30-point engagement ring, while the non-driveside is machined to reduce weight. The front hub gets a 58mm disc-side hub, with a smaller, 45mm flange on the non-disc side to balance strength and weight.
The freehub is aluminum and it's compatible with Shimano and SRAM cassettes. The Stan's ZTR Arch EX 26in Wheelset comes with Stan's rim tape and valve stems installed for instant use -- just add tires, sealant, and air. The front hub ships with a 9mm axle, but it can be converted with Stan's 15mm conversion kit. The ZTR Arch 26in Wheelset has a rider weight limit of 230lbs.
Tech Specs
View more 26" Mountain Bike Wheels - Tubeless
Reviews & Community
Awesome tubeless ready wheel set
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I have been using these wheels on my bike for a year now and have not had any problems with them. I have been running them tubeless using 2.4" tires. I have not had any problems with truing, leaking when tubeless, or with the hubs. Overall a great set of wheels.
Can this wheel set be upgraded to 12x142
Can this wheel set be upgraded to 12x142 and XD Drive on the back? If so, how much extra is it?
I'm confused. In the tech specs it says...
I'm confused. In the tech specs it says both 9mm and 15mm end caps included, but the description implies that I have to purchase 15mm caps separately. Which is it?
9mm comes installed on the hubs. 15mm comes separate in the box. You pop out the 9mm and put in the 15mm. Front hubs are easy because everything comes in the box. Change the size and spacing of the rear hubs requires buying a kit. The kit is not very expensive.
Thanks Damp, you are correct. It came with both, no need to purchase a separate adapter


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Staff Report
Published Nov. 13, 2012
Fluor Corp. said Monday its Greenville-based Ameco unit acquired Africa-based ServiTrade, a construction equipment rental company and services provider.
Terms of the acquisition were not released.
ServiTrade is based in Maputo, Mozambique, with additional locations throughout Africa. It supplies equipment, camp services, transportation and batch plant services to the infrastructure, mining, natural gas and power industries.
"One of our strategic growth initiatives has been to increase our presence in Africa, so Ameco took this approach to expand in the market and position early in this high-growth region," Ameco President Gary Bernardez said in a news release. "ServiTrade's long-term presence and high level of activity with Ameco's global accounts, stable economic factors and the desire to establish a sustainable presence in sub-Saharan and eastern Africa further solidified our decision."
Ameco provides mobile equipment, tooling and related services to construction, mining, government and industrial markets across the globe. Headquartered in Greenville, it has offices throughout the Americas and South Africa.


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Showing 1-13 of 13 items found in Shopping
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State Street Antiques & Jim's Attic
Chances are if you are looking for that hard to find antique piece, State Street Antiques/Jim's Attic in Jerseyville may have it. This warehouse sized store is crammed full with a treasure trove of merchandise from antique children's toys to furniture, glassware and more. Open Monday - Saturday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., Sunday, Noon - 4 p.m.
Beyond the Backyard Gate
There is something for everyone at this whimsical antique/craft store. Primitive and country home decorations, hard-to-find vintage items and antiques are among the merchandise. A country store is also incorporated and features Amish honey among other items. Hours: Monday - Friday, 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. and Saturday, 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. First Sunday of the month Noon to 4:00 p.m.
Loft and Home - Litchfield
Housewares and a variety of items.
Dimestore Antique Mall
General antique shop.
My Sister's Closet
Distinctive women's and children's apparel - in business since 1974.
Lula Bells
A unique gift shop that blends a boutique atmosphere with a kitchen store, specialty store and gift shop all rolled into one. There are garden items, stationary, gourmet foods, timed candles, purses, dinnerware, pictures and more. Hours: Tuesday - Friday, 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. and Saturday, 10 a.m. - 4 p.m.
Wellness Matters, LLC
Relax and Rejuvenate with a full body deep tissue massage, theraputic facial treatments, Migun Far-Infrared Massage Bed. Health and Wellness Business/Practice. Retail includes Standard Process Whole Food Supplements, Tart Cherry Juice, Ezekial Bread, Celtic Sea Salt, Nordic Natural Fish Oil Supplements, Indigo Wild Products- all natural goats milk soaps infused with essential oils. Also includes room sprays, lotions, rubs. Swan Creek candles- all natural soy and lead free. Serrv products- fair trade program, handmade items from Third World countries. Located in Historic Downtown Carlinville off Route 66.
Miller Nursery
Choose and cut your own scotch pine, white pine, Austrian pine and other nursery trees. Shrubs, flowering trees and evergreens are also sold.
The Book Shelf
Full selection of new books. Large quantity of used hardback books, magazines, Leanin' Tree greeting cards, books on local history, Abraham Lincoln and Melissa & Doug Puzzles, etc.
Medford Bicycle & Sporting Goods
Need a bicycle tune-up before you hit the local bike trails? Medford Bicycle & Sporting Goods in Jerseyville is the place to go. All types of bicycle repairs and accessories are available at this one-stop shop. New and used bicycles can be purchased. There is also a wide selection of sporting goods needs from helmets to ball bats, knee pads to practice jerseys. Hours: Monday - Friday, 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. and Saturday 8 a.m. - 3 p.m.
Malham Orchards
The roadside market sells homegrown apples (20 varieties), peaches, nectarines, pears and plums. Choose to "Bag Your Own Apples" and mix varieties, or pick up cider and apple butter.
Brooms Orchard
Apples, peaches, strawberries, jam and a country store. Pick your own pumpkins, apples, peaches and strawberries. Special events in September and August.
Backwoods Berry Farm
Pick up fruits of the season from the roadside stand or head to the fields to pick your own strawberries, black raspberries or asparagus.
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Motorcycle mounted machine gun in action - Cigarette Card No.6
Looking back through the thread I realised that this is a Scott motorcycle. I would not have thought they would have been used by the military as they were water-cooled, two-stroke twins and, as a consequence, would have been very vulnerable to damage. I'd guess that this is a photo of a demo of the principle.


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Becoming a nation of cowards?
Throughout American history, our nation has prided itself on its tolerance. Tolerance of different faiths, cultures, ideas, races. Our ancestors fought the American Revolution because they would not tolerate "taxation without representation" and other transgressions against them by the mother country. A Civil War was fought because Americans could no longer tolerate man enslaving man because of skin color. Fast forward to 2014, and we | Read More »


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The Kardashians
Kim Kardashian Gives Birth: She and Kanye West Welcome Baby Girl!
UPDATE: Kim Kardashian has given birth to a healthy baby girl on June 15 at Cedars-Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, according to a TMZ report. With boyfriend Kanye West by her side through the whole thing, Kim's delivery of the couple's first child is a few weeks ahead of schedule (we were so close!).
The Kardashian insider who spoke with TMZ indicated that the baby was delivered via natural birth, running counter to rumors that Kim planned to have a C-section. "She started having contractions Friday night and went into full labor early Saturday AM," the report concludes.
We're so happy for mama, daddy, and the whole Kardashian krew! More as this story develops.
Earlier: Is Kim Kardashian really in labor? Early reports from Daily Mail, Huffington Post and Radar Online say yes, but there is no official confirmation from Kim's camp. However, the word on the street is that baby daddy Kanye West skipped out on his own CD listening party last night to rush to Kim's side. And considering Yeezy's commitment to his baby Yeezus, we're thinking there's only one thing that could have pulled him away from that party —his actual baby.
Reports indicated that Kim and Kanye checked into an L.A. hospital early in the morning on June 15. This story is developing, so check back here for more updates!
Source: TMZ, Daily Mail, Huffington Post, Radar Online


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Philadelphia, PA (Sports Network) - Tyreek Duren scored a game-high 29 points
as the La Salle Explorers crushed the Penn State Nittany Lions, 82-57, in non-
conference play at The Palestra.
Duren converted 9-of-13 shots from the floor, including 4-of-7 behind the
three-point line for the Explorers (5-1) as they logged their fourth straight
win. Also scoring in double figures for La Salle were Ramon Galloway and Sam
Mills with 14 points apiece.
The Nittany Lions (4-4), losers of two of the last three, were paced by
Jermaine Marshall with 19 points before fouling out, followed by D.J. Newbill
and Ross Travis with 12 points each, the latter clearing a game-high nine
rebounds as well.
PSU made good on an impressive 56.5 percent from the floor in the first half,
but the Explorers converted 8-of-17 shots beyond the arc in the period in
order to claim a 38-34 edge at the break.
In the second half La Salle not only continued to have the hot hand on the
outside (8-of-14), the squad also limited the Lions to a mere nine made field
goals, on the way to a comfortable 25-point win.
Penn State won the battle of the boards, 36-27, but the Explorers made up for
that by turning the ball over just four times in the contest.
The Sports Network


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Valdosta, Georgia - December 20, 2011 -
On December 19, 2011 at approximately 1940 hours, officers with the Valdosta Police Department responded to the Foodway Convenience Store, 1707 N. Forrest Street, in reference to a robbery. The store owner, Hemant Patel, told officers that an African American male entered the store with a handgun and demanded the money. Patel indicated that the offender took all of the money from the cash register then left in a blue older model Oldsmobile driving south on N. Forrest Street. There were multiple customers in the store and they all described the offender as an African American male, approximate age 25-30 years old, approximate height 5'8", approximate weight 170 pounds, wearing a black hooded sweatshirt, black pants, a white and blue bandana covering his face, and wearing gloves. No one was hurt during the robbery. Detectives from the Valdosta Police Department and a Crime Scene Technician from the Valdosta-Lowndes Regional Crime Laboratory responded to investigate. There is no further information at this time.
Anyone having any further information regarding this crime or any other crime is urged to contact the Valdosta Police Department at 229-293-3145 or can remain anonymous at 229-293-3091.


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Thanksgiving is just around the corner. That means it's time to gather around the dinner table with family and friends to kick off the holidays with lots of good food and football!
We've rounded up a few of our favorite housewares for a Thanksgiving feast to remember!
AND in the spirit of the holidays, we have a special housewares sweepstakes HERE! Good luck!
1. BIA Cordon Bleu 20" Oval Platter, 2. Le Creuset Set of Stoneware Cocottes, 3. Emeril by All-Clad Hard-Anodized Roaster w/ Rack, 4. Reed & Barton Longwood II 65-Piece Silverware Set, 5. Waechtersbach Fun Factory 4Pc Place Setting, 6. Riedel Bordeaux/Cabernet 2Pc Set, 7. Highbury 12" Square Lacquer Chargers (Set of 4), 8. Emile Henry Classics® 9" Pie Dish, 9. Keurig Elite 40