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Local Campgrounds Ready for Holiday Weekend
(Le Mars) -- Camping over Memorial Day weekend is almost as American as baseball and apple pie. Plenty of people will be at the parks this weekend, as Le Mars Municipal Park manager Dan Peters reports that the Willow Creek Campground is full. All 32 sites are taken, and at least 20 people have been turned away. Campgrounds at Plymouth County's Hillview Recreational Area are spoken for as well. However, Parks Director Dennis Sohl says that the spots aren't actually considered full until the campers show up. He does expect that things will be busy at all the parks this weekend and recommends that people remember to respect their neighbors while taking it easy this Memorial Day weekend.
Listen here
If you didn't get a spot in Plymouth County, check out what's available in Woodbury. Woodbury Conservation Board Director Rick Schneider released information earlier this week saying that all county park facilities are ready for visitors this weekend. Recent storm damage at Little Sioux Park near Correctionville and Southwood Conservation Area near Smithland have been cleaned up and all campgrounds are ready for campers. Additional campgrounds are available at Snyder Bend Park and Brown's Lake Bigelow Park near Salix.
Swimming beaches in Woodbury County are also opening Saturday, and will stay open daily from 11am to 8pm through Labor Day, weather permitting.No matter where you're enjoying your time outdoors this weekend, Plymouth County Parks director Dennis Sohl encourages you to have fun and be safe.
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BLACK FRIDAY ends tonight! Save $25 off $200* Use code: TLBF15
Get ready to feel the beat with Fela!, one of the most powerful and original new shows to hit Broadway and the world. Based on the music and activism of Fela Anikulapo Kuti, it is truly an immersion into the percussive Afrobeat music he made popular and the social and political battles he helped to fight. Get your Fela! tickets today and get ready for a rhythmic ride!
|Date & Location
|Fela! The Concert: Afro Beat Party
|Wednesday, November 16, 2016 at 7:30 PM
New Jersey Performing Arts Center - Prudential Hall
|View Tickets
Fela! Information
About the Show:
Fela! is a vibrant and powerful musical based on the music of the Nigerian musician, composer, and political activist Fela Anikulapo Kuti. It won the 2010 Tony Awards for Best Choreography, Best Costume Design, and Best Sound Design, thanks to its visually stunning dance sequences, authentic costumes, and thrilling auditory qualities. A performance of Fela! is more than a show; it is an experience. Audiences are swept away to another world, a realm of pulsing Afrobeat music: a combination of jazz, funk, psychedelic rock, and traditional West African styles which Kuti himself pioneered. But Kuti was more than a musician. He fought against the social and political injustices of his time as well as European cultural imperialism and became an icon for the people of Nigeria and eventually all of Africa. Africans united under his music to voice both their dissatisfaction with the government and their cultural pride. Get your Fela! tickets today and be ready to be immersed in the rhythm of change.
Run Time:2 hours and 30 minutes with one intermission
Advisory:Appropriate for young teens and older (drugs, violence, adult language, mild sexual content)
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Conditions to apply
Students who would like to participate in the Drop Your Thesis! programme must comply with the following criteria at the time of the application:
- be aged between 18 and 32;
- be a citizen of an ESA Member or Cooperating State*;
- be a full-time student in a university of an ESA Member or Cooperating State* studying a scientific or engineering subject.
Conditions for participation
One important condition is that the experiment be an integral part of students' syllabi. This can be achieved through bachelor, master or PhD theses, a research programme or any form of project supported by the applicant's university.
At the time of application, the student teams must be able to show ESA's Education Office that they have their university's support through a letter of endorsement from an endorsing professor or academic supervisor.
Teams should be composed of two to four students all of which must fulfil the eligibility criteria. At least one, and preferably two, team members should comply with the condition of involvement in the syllabus (see above). The final number of team members that can personally assist and participate in the execution of the experiments at the ZARM Drop Tower (should the team be selected) will depend strictly on the requirements of the experiment itself and is subject to acceptance from the review board, who may decide to reduce the size of the team.
The initial composition of the team cannot be changed throughout the programme. If, for exceptional reasons, changes are absolutely necessary they will be subject to the approval of the review board.
The proposals submitted by the student teams will be evaluated based on the fulfilment of all the required steps. Please read the how to apply page carefully.
Endorsing professor
The teams will have to be supported by one of their professors or academic supervisors, whose role will be to supervise the work of the students. This person must belong to the same institution of at least one of the students, is expected to endorse the entire application and development process of the team and will bear responsibility for the experiment. If the team does not have a PhD student in it, the endorsing professor must also attend the entire experiment campaign.
At the moment of application, the endorsing professor will have to provide ESA's Education Office with a Letter of Endorsement.
ELGRA Mentor
Additionally, the European Low Gravity Research Association (ELGRA) will offer the selected teams the possibility to benefit from the support of a mentor from an European scientist highly experienced in gravity-related research.
The objective of the ELGRA mentors' relationships with the students is to bring some support to the team and to advise them during their experiment rack development. The mentors will primarily focus on the scientific aspects of the projects.
The ELGRA mentor will follow the evolution of the team's participation until the end of the programme, including the post-campaign activities. He/she will be offered the possibility to visit the institution of the student team and will be encouraged to co-author the papers related to this project.
Selection criteria
In order to assess the experiment proposals, the review board will take into account various criteria such as the scientific or technological merit, the relevance of hypergravity for the proposed research, its novelty, the level of involvement of the project in the students' syllabi and others. The selection will be performed in a single step.
Please note that the conditions detailed above are subject to change without prior notice.
* ESA Member States in 2015
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Cooperating States
Cyprus, Malta


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'We could not be intimidated'
Publishing | TNIV marketer threatens Charisma magazine over anti-TNIV ad; publisher refuses to back down-losing Zondervan advertising revenue but maintaining credibility
The printed schedule of last week's 53rd annual convention of the Christian Booksellers Association displayed the usual meet-the-author-or-rock-star luncheons. A crucial meeting, though, took place in private on July 15, as one Christian publishing executive confronted another in a dispute sparked by Today's New International Version (TNIV) Bible.
The two men-Stephen Strang, president of Strang Communications, and Bruce Ryskamp, president of Zondervan Publishing House-discussed a situation that has divided the evangelical subculture. On the surface, the meeting was an attempt to resolve a dispute over their companies' advertising policies. More fundamentally, the meeting was one product of the distrust generated by the TNIV-Zondervan and the International Bible Society's gender-neutral revision of yesterday's New International Version-and the broken commitments required by that revision.
Mr. Strang and Mr. Ryskamp were at loggerheads over an ad critical of the TNIV placed in three Christian magazines-Charisma, Christian Retailing, and WORLD-by the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (CBMW) in early June. The ad, which featured 100 Christian leaders opposed to the TNIV, upset Zondervan, a major advertiser in many evangelical publications. Christianity Today decided not to run the CBMW ad but Mr. Strang would not buckle, even after Mr. Ryskamp called him and said acceptance of the ad would mean an end to any Zondervan advertising in Charisma, Christian Retailing, and four other publications owned by Strang Communications.
As Mr. Strang told WORLD, "We told Zondervan that we'd be very happy for them to run an ad and tell their side of the story. I also offered to let them publish a column in Christian Retailing magazine." But on the issue of the ad itself, Mr. Strang said, "We told Zondervan that though we valued them as advertisers-Zondervan has been with us 25 years-we could not be intimidated; to refuse the ad would be to send a sign that we could be intimidated." (Zondervan refused to answer WORLD's questions about the affair.)
Charisma ran the ad and encouraged CBMW to place the ad a second time. Making good on Mr. Ryskamp's threat, Zondervan pulled its advertising from Charisma and from Christian Retailing. Mr. Strang read WORLD an e-mail from Jessica Start of Zondervan stating, "We need to hold off on the September, October, and December placements." That meant cancellation of three ads for which Zondervan had already reserved space in Christian Retailing. Mr. Strang also read a memo from Stephen J. Higgins of the International Bible Society's church-relations department that stated, "We are putting on hold doing business from our department with Strang Communications."
Mr. Strang said he told Mr. Ryskamp, "I have never had anyone of your stature threaten to pull advertising before." He continued, "I wrote him a letter that night, explaining that because he put pressure on us, that forced us to run the ad." The pressure was substantial: Zondervan paid Strang Communications $141,895 for advertising space last year, and spent $76,097 of that in Christian Retailing alone. (Zondervan this year, trying different strategies, had cut its Strang ad buys to $50,829 so far, $47,363 in Christian Retailing.)
Mr. Strang's letter led to the July 15 Strang-Ryskamp meeting, after which Mr. Strang reported, "He has backpedalled some.... He said they don't want to make a bad business decision." Evidence of the backpedalling came quickly, in the form of a new, $3,870 ad placement the following day for the Sept. 2 issue of Christian Retailing. Other carrots may be extended, but Mr. Strang plans to maintain his policy: "We appreciate our advertisers. We don't kowtow to them."
Mr. Strang said Charisma had not yet decided what "our editorial policy about the TNIV will be," but he believes that "little words are important. When you realize that men spent entire lifetimes doing an exceedingly good job of copying God's Word word-for-word with virtually no mistakes over the course of many centuries ... we have a duty to be careful how we translate today." Mr. Strang also reported that since Zondervan pressured him, "I have personally talked to two dozen charismatic leaders. I have not found anyone on the side of the TNIV."
Fallout from CBMW's ad also led to division within the ranks of the Forum of Bible Agencies (FBA), a confederation of missions and Bible translation and distribution agencies. The FBA was drawn into the crossfire by a June 11 IBS press release claiming FBA endorsement of the TNIV: "The Forum of Bible Agencies has issued a statement supporting the TNIV's adherence to established translation standards.... It is the consensus of the FBA that the TNIV falls within the Forum's translation principles and procedures."
Not content merely to quote the FBA statement, IBS added to its press release the names of every FBA member agency, including one mission-New Tribes-that never held FBA membership. But some of the Forum's member agencies were blindsided by the press release, particularly because almost half of the agencies had not even been represented at the meeting in Edinburgh, Scotland, where the consensus endorsement purportedly occurred.
Agencies not at the meeting were deeply disturbed at being tied to the controversial TNIV. Unhappiness over IBS's claim of FBA endorsement ran so deep that one Forum member, the Bible League, decided to reassess whether to be a member at all. Other Forum members expressed severe displeasure with IBS for claiming support, particularly because several agencies-including the Bible League-had already decided not to distribute the gender-neutral TNIV.
Two factors, though, increased the difficulties faced by FBA members wishing to distance themselves from the IBS release. First, a majority of the FBA members present in Edinburgh had voted to approve the TNIV's translation guidelines. Second, the internal setup of the FBA, which divides its members into "translation agencies" and "distribution agencies," left many unhappy Forum members outside the loop on the Edinburgh action. FBA translation agencies were heavily represented at the meeting; distribution agencies were mostly absent. Yet it was the Forum's distribution agencies that received the most heat from their constituencies following the IBS release.
At first, FBA agencies responded on an individual basis. Douglas Bright, spokesman for The Bible League, emphasized his organization's lack of translation expertise: "Please note that [the IBS] release implies that the Bible League is among 'the world's leading experts on Bible translation.' To the contrary, the Bible League does not do translation work and claims no expertise in that field."
Displeasure with IBS's release was not limited to distribution agencies, but carried over into the ranks of the translation agencies. Rev. Syvelle Phillips, founder of Evangel Bible Translators and a member of the FBA's translation group, had been unable to attend the Edinburgh meeting due to recent leg surgery. Mr. Phillips told WORLD that after learning of the press release he had told IBS, "I will be coping with the problems you have created for me for many years in the future."
Individual responses by FBA member agencies soon gave way to a unified response crafted by a public-relations firm retained by the FBA. The A. Larry Ross agency issued a press release that said in part, "Contrary to a June 11 news release issued by the International Bible Society (IBS) and Zondervan, the Forum of Bible Agencies (FBA) today announced it has neither approved nor disapproved Today's New International Version (TNIV) of the Bible.... In addition, the FBA emphasized it has never endorsed the TNIV, as strongly implied in the release issued by Forum member IBS in conjunction with Zondervan. Other Forum members are aggrieved by the release because of the confusion it has generated among their constituents, as it is not the policy of the FBA to approve, endorse or support members' translations."
Despite the press release, IBS continued to assert that the Forum had approved the TNIV's translation methods and principles. IBS spokesman Larry Lincoln told WORLD, "The fact of the matter still stands and we stand by the earlier statement that was given to us that the TNIV does indeed fall within [the Forum's] guidelines."
The division between Forum distribution and translation agencies must be seen against the backdrop of the commitment of several Forum translation agencies to gender-neutral language in their own Bible-translation work. The International Bible Society is clearly in favor of gender-neutral language. Nor is there any question where the more liberal American Bible Society stands-its Good News Bible was one of the first American translations to embrace gender-neutral language. The United Bible Societies have not issued a statement on gender language in Scripture, but they are dependent on the American Bible Society for funding.
The position of Wycliffe Bible Translators is murky. Wycliffe depends on contributions from the missions budgets of tens of thousands of evangelical churches. When questioned about the position of Wycliffe and its sister organization, the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), on the recent FBA action, SIL Executive Director John Watters and International Translation Coordinator Freddy Boswell, who represented Wycliffe/SIL at the Edinburgh meeting, refused to comment. They referred WORLD to American Bible Society's Gene Habecker for information on the Forum's statement, but he did not return WORLD's calls. Mr. Watters and Mr. Boswell were also unwilling to divulge Wycliffe/SIL's own stance on gender-neutral language.
Not all Edinburgh participants, though, are close-mouthed concerning the process leading up to the IBS press release claiming FBA endorsement of the TNIV. One Forum translation division member, Mr. Phillips, told WORLD that in 1999 when the Forum initially considered adopting translation guidelines, he opposed the action. Despite his opposition, the Forum pressed ahead and adopted the guidelines. Indicating the strength of their opposition, Mr. Phillips said that "three or four of us asked for it to be placed in the minutes that we were not in favor of going in that direction."
Were members concerned that the guidelines could be used to bolster member agencies' gender-neutral translations? According to Mr. Phillips, sufficient concern about potential misuse of the guidelines existed that Forum members "also adopted a strong resolution that this would not be used for commercial advantage. The NIV folk have done that."
But it's not merely use of Forum guidelines for commercial advantage to which Mr. Phillips objects. He said that many Forum members who were in Edinburgh decided to approve the TNIV with a minimum of information about the translation. "I've never seen a copy of it," Mr. Phillips said, "and I don't think most of the members of the Forum have seen a copy of it. We haven't seen it, we haven't analyzed it, we'd need a year to go over it."
So what did the Forum's deliberations consist of? According to Marshall Gillam, Edinburgh participant and director of Lutheran Bible Translators, Forum approval of TNIV translation principles and procedures was based, "on what was in the preface of the TNIV. That was what we looked at." Mr. Gillam would not say whether (since two agencies present had already produced gender-neutral Bibles) any opposing views were sought.
WORLD asked many FBA agencies whether IBS had recused itself from the deliberation and vote in Edinburgh concerning its own product, but the standard response was, "You'll have to speak to Gene Habecker about that." But Mr. Habecker, the American Bible Society president, also did not return WORLD's calls in his role as FBA chairman.
One difficulty for Zondervan and IBS is the simple promise made by its representatives at a meeting hosted by James Dobson in Colorado Springs on May 27, 1997: to "abandon all plans for gender-related changes in future editions of the NIV." The two organizations at one point tried to claim that the TNIV is a new translation, rather than a revision of the NIV, but the TNIV's own preface states, "Every human effort is flawed, including this revision of the NIV."
Tarred with the charge of duplicity, Zondervan and IBS seem determined to seek cover behind other organizations. Magazines like Charisma and Christian Marketing, small Bible organizations like the Bible League and Evangel Bible Translators, and even Wycliffe Bible Translators and the Summer Institute of Linguistics are all being drawn into the fray, and no end is in sight.


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Stacia Mellinger
Mellinger, named Midwestern Collegiate Conference (now Horizon League) Volleyball Co-Player of the Year in 1990, is one of just 14 players in league history to be named first team All-League three times (1988, 1989 and 1990). She helped lead Butler to four consecutive league regular season championships and one league tournament title. Mellinger finished her career in second place on Butler's all-time list for assists (4,838), and she currently stands seventh in the Horizon League in all-time assists. She also ranks seventh all-time at Butler in service aces (133).


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Great Find Don,
That trick of changing resolutions is one I've never come across before!
A convention on many maps today--especially older styled--are the wave lines up and down the coasts that look stamped by a carved wood block.
Here's a great example by a very talented, professional fantasy cartographer, S. John Ross; here he uses the process for the entire ocean: http://www.deviantart.com/deviation/...e+-in%3Ascraps
Thankfully, Mr. Ross is a very generous supporter of the RPG community, so he has created a great tutorial for how to recreate the process using Photoshop: http://www.io.com/~sjohn/uresia-maps.htm
I can vouch for his process, for I've used it myself--albeit not as well!
My gallery is here
__________________________________________________ _______
"Keep your mind in hell, but despair not." --Saint Silouan [1866-1938]
Great Find Don,
That trick of changing resolutions is one I've never come across before!
I love this particular technique so much that I worked out another way to accomplish it that doesn't require swapping around files in and out of bitmap mode.
It's going to be the subject of an upcoming episode of my podcast, most likely episode #4.
The short version is: I make a layer with a grayscale area, like the one S. John uses in the first part of his tutorial. I put a Pattern Fill/Adjustment layer on top of that and group it with the grayscale layer, then use the Underlying Layer Blend If slider in the Layer Styles menu to make the pattern vanish from the white areas of the grayscale and become darker over the black areas. Then I put a Threshhold Fill/Adjustment layer on top of that to turn it from grayscale into pure black & white, with the lines thickening and thinning out.
The thing I like about it is, not only do you get that S. John woodcut look, but if you paint (or dodge/burn, or whatever) onto the grayscale layer, you can see how the woodcut effect looks in real time.
It's how I created the rippled lines on the water on my Foster's Meadow map.
Butch Curry
Zombie Nirvana Games
I like it! I hope you'll let us know when you have the podcast ready.
Bill Stickers is innocent! It isn't Bill's fault that he was hanging out in the wrong place.
Please make an effort to tag all threads. This will greatly enhance the usability of the forums.
Find me on Google+
I hope you folks will forgive a bit of thread necromancy here, but this particular subject is what got me on the hunt that led me to this site in the first place (through an entirely roundabout route).
I've loved S.John's map style since I first saw it on his site.. heck, I bought the book on strength of the maps alone. Unfortunately his tutorial on it is for Photoshop, and all I've got to work with is the GIMP.. and as far as I can tell the mode/bitmap trick he uses is one of the few things PS does that I can't get GIMP to duplicate. Help, please! If anyone out there knows how to replicate this in GIMP or Inkscape (I've recently picked it up and it shows promise, but I'm still an utter noob with it), please let me know.
I have had some luck with a layer fill set to dodge/burn, but while that gets the effect of the lines thinning out away from the coast, it doesn't bleed together at the coasts, so I wind up with a sharp edge between drawn out wedges of black.
Thanks for any help, and I'll be sure to post if I work it out for myself.
Thanks a ton, Rob. The newsprint effect is still a little too regular for my tastes, but after fiddling with the displace filter a bit and a few other options, it's definitely a step in the right direction.
Something I discovered: if you're really concerned about the outlines of your shorelines, mask them off before doing the displace. The Y distort will still affect your east-west borders.
I'm experimenting now with using Tools|Color Tools|Threshold.. to add a little more blending between the woodcut lines where they meet the landmass, but that of course drops everything to black & white, which takes a bit of correction. Still, getting there!
RobA - WOW - you just saved me about 3 hours of searching. I had a feeling that if I went through all of the old posts with GIMP in them, I'd find someone who's done something like this. How cool that you did it exactly the same reason I am - following the Zombie videos in GIMP!
Maybe we (OK, you...) should write up how to do Zombie's stuff in GIMP...
Truckin' along...
Alright, I think I got somewhere with this... (click on the picture to see the full size image)
I made my own island (which was a 3 layer chore in and of itself).
Then I airbrushed lightly around the island to create the areas that would be 'cut' out further, similar to what I've seen on Zombie's stuff.
Then I did the newsprint - oh and I made sure that when I did the random clouds, I put the X at zero and Y at largest.
Now the trick will be to do this in the same image that *isn't* grayscale. Not sure how I'm going to tackle that trick.
Last edited by Chgowiz; 04-27-2008 at 12:38 AM.
These posts are several years old, but I thought I would mention here that I am adapting Butch Curry's (posting on Cartographer's Guild as palehorse and ZombieButch) video tutorial series to GIMP. I am currently on Episode 6, which uses this woodblock method, so coming across this thread was very helpful! If you look through the Tutorials section of the forums, you should find my thread for the adaptation. I hope you find it useful.
PS: As usual, I will be giving credit and kudos to RobA in my adaptation for this extremely helpful technique!
This and all other posts, including image or document files created by me that are linked in a post, are copyright Megan L. Wiseman, in the current year. Permission to use granted under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License unless otherwise stated in the post.
Please visit my blog - cartography, popular culture, and my art/design journal. Here are my finished maps!


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Credit card fraud in Ireland takes many forms. Pearse decided to make a fake delivery to the address which was causing his company so much grief.
Margaret had a novel idea to fix the Garth Brooks problem - two rooms in her Wexford house for the residents of the Croke Park area!
Mary recounted her ordeal as she experienced a tyre blow out in the Dublin Port Tunnel.
Martina and Fergal told Philip how financial cuts have affected the Irish Deaf Society Advocacy Service.
Catherine was very upset at the vandalism caused to Deansgrange cemetery while Tom witnessed serious stone throwing on the Dublin Road.
Rory thinks cannabis should be legalised in Dublin, while Anna, an MS sufferer, says that cannabis is not what may be available on prescription in Ireland.
Darran spoke about his house being burgled, and we finished with Liam whose blood donation is not accepted in Ireland.


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Baldrige Community
A unique aspect of the Baldrige Program is our successful public-private partnership. Countless volunteers from the private sector are essential in helping us do what we do. The annual government investment is leveraged by an impressive tenfold contribution from private-sector, state, and locally based organizations. The private sector provides administrative support (currently through a contract with the American Society for Quality), oversight, Examiners, and additional funding.
Baldrige Customer Service:


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The following is a daily arrest report provided by the Gastonia and Gaston County police departments and the Gaston County Sheriff�s Office. An arrest does not imply someone is guilty of any alleged wrongdoing. These arrests occurred from midnight Nov. 20 to 11:59 p.m. Nov. 21. Juvenile arrests (younger than 16) are not included. This report has been designed to capture as much data as possible based on the arrest date/time.
Gastonia Police Department
Ruth Chellya Adams, 25, 703 S. Myrtle School Road, Gastonia; 9:55 p.m., residential burglary, 1314 Linwood Road
Thomas Anthony Glenn, 51, 206 S. Liberty St., Gastonia; 6:48 p.m., marijuana possession, 200 Linwood Road
Steven Ray Lynn, 20, 1915 S. York Road, Gastonia; 9:30 p.m., aggravated assault, 1915 S. York Road
Christopher Justin Stowers, 27, 914 Kate Ave., Gastonia; 1:35 a.m., simple assault, 914 Kate Ave.
Gaston County Police Department
Michael Lee Baker, 21, 1404 John Ave., Gastonia; 12:30 p.m., OFA contempt of court/perjury/court violation, 1404 John Ave.
Michael Scott Rippy, 21, 104 Lone St., Stanley; 1:06 a.m., OFA contempt of court/perjury/court violation, 104 Lone St.
GastonCountySheriff�s Office
Jackie Renee Ramsey Carroll, 42, 106 Church Hill Road, Kings Mountain; 4:30 p.m., OFA contempt of court/perjury/court violation, 425 N. Marietta St.
Shakishia Crystal Ellis, 22, 722 S. Weldon St., Gastonia; 10:35 p.m., simple assault, 425 N. Marietta St.
Leslie Shrum, 41, 131 Nantz Ave., Mount Holly; 3 p.m., drug equipment violation, 425 N. Marietta St.
Benjamin Quentin Jones, 38, 505 W. Second Ave., Gastonia; 5:20 p.m., simple assault, 505 W. Second Ave.
Adrian Shonta Woods, 33, 829 Vancouver Lane, Gastonia; 7:54 a.m., OFA contempt of court/perjury/court violation, 425 N. Marietta St.
Location, ST | website.com


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For the most current version of this Note, see Background Notes A-Z.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Location: Central Africa. Bordering nations--Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.
Area: 2.345 sq. km. (905,063 sq. mi.; about the size of the U.S. east of the Mississippi).
Cities: Capital--Kinshasa (pop. 6.5 million). Regional capitals--Bandundu, Bukavu, Goma, Kananga, Kindu, Kisangani, Lubumbashi, Matadi, Mbandaka, Mbuji-Mayi.
Terrain: Varies from tropical rainforests to mountainous terraces, plateau, savannas, dense grasslands, and mountains.
Climate: Equatorial; ranges from tropical rainforest in the Congo River basin, hot and humid in much of the north and west, cooler and drier in the south central area and the east.
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Congolese.
Population (2004 est.): 58 million.
Annual growth rate (2004 est.): 2.99%.
Ethnic groups: More than 200 African ethnic groups; the Luba, Kongo, and Anamongo are some of the larger groupings of tribes.
Religions (2004 est.): Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%.
Language: Official--French. National languages--Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, Tshiluba.
Education: Literacy (2004 est.)--65.5% in French or local language. Schooling (2000 est.)--none 41.7%, primary 42.2%, secondary 15.4%, university 0.7%.
Health (2004 est.): Infant mortality rate--94.69/1,000 live births. Life expectancy--49 yrs.
Type: Republic; highly centralized with executive power vested in the president.
Independence: June 30, 1960 (from Belgium).
Constitution: June 24, 1967; amended August 1974; revised February 15, 1978; amended April 1990; transitional constitution promulgated April 1994; Constitutional Act promulgated May 1997; draft constitution proposed but not finalized March 1998; transitional constitution adopted on April 2, 2003. A new constitution was passed by the transitional parliament on May 2005. The D.R.C. held a constitutional referendum on December 18-19, 2005. Official results indicated that 84% of voters approved the constitution. The new constitution was promulgated in a ceremony on February 18, 2006.
Branches: Executive--President is head of state and head of government, assisted by four vice presidents. Cabinet is 35-member executive appointed by signatories to the December 17, 2002 all-inclusive agreement. There is no prime minister. Legislative--A transitional parliament, consisting of approximately 500 members, is based in Kinshasa; members are appointed by signatories to the December 17, 2002 all-inclusive agreement. Judicial--Supreme Court (Cour Supreme).
Administrative subdivisions: Ten provinces and the capital city, Kinshasa. A provincial governor, who is appointed and dismissed by the president, administers each province.
Political parties: President Joseph Kabila's party is Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et le Developpement (PPRD). Main opposition parties include Union pour la Democratie et le Progres Social (UDPS), Forces du Futur (FDF), Forces Novatrices pour l'Union et la Solidarite (FONUS), Parti Democrate Social Chretien (PDSC), Mouvement Social Democratie et Developpement (MSDD), Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution--Fait Prive (MPR-FP), Union des Nationalistes et des Federalistes Congolais (UNAFEC), and Mouvement National Congolais/ Lumumba (MNC/L). Former rebel movements-turned-political parties include the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie (RCD), Mouvement pour la Liberation du Congo (MLC), and independent splinter groups of the RCD (RCD-ML, RCD-N).
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory.
GDP (2003): $5.6 billion.
Annual GDP growth rate (2005): 6%.
Per capita GDP (2005): $120.
Natural resources: Copper, cobalt, diamonds, gold, other minerals; petroleum; wood; hydroelectric potential.
Agriculture: Cash crops--coffee, rubber, palm oil, cotton, cocoa, sugar, tea. Food crops--manioc, corn, legumes, plantains, peanuts.
Land use: Agriculture 3%; pasture 7%; forest/woodland 77%; other 13%.
Industry: Types--processed and unprocessed minerals; consumer products, including textiles, plastics, footwear, cigarettes, metal products; processed foods and beverages, cement, timber.
Currency: Congolese franc (FC).
Trade: Exports (2002)--$1.040 billion. Products--diamonds, cobalt, copper, coffee, petroleum. Partners--E.U., Japan, South Africa, U.S., China. Imports (2002)--$1.216 billion. Products--consumer goods (food, textiles), capital equipment, refined petroleum products. Partners--E.U., China, South Africa, U.S.
Total external debt (2002): $8.211 billion. (Currently under revision due to HIPC decision point in 2003.)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R.C.) includes the greater part of the Congo River basin, which covers an area of almost 1 million square kilometers (400,000 sq. mi.). The country's only outlet to the Atlantic Ocean is a narrow strip of land on the north bank of the Congo River.
The vast, low-lying central area is a basin-shaped plateau sloping toward the west and covered by tropical rainforest. This area is surrounded by mountainous terraces in the west, plateaus merging into savannas in the south and southwest, and dense grasslands extending beyond the Congo River in the north. High mountains are found in the extreme eastern region.
D.R.C. lies on the Equator, with one-third of the country to the north and two-thirds to the south. The climate is hot and humid in the river basin and cool and dry in the southern highlands. South of the Equator, the rainy season lasts from October to May and north of the Equator, from April to November. Along the Equator, rainfall is fairly regular throughout the year. During the wet season, thunderstorms often are violent but seldom last more than a few hours. The average rainfall for the entire country is about 107 centimeters (42 in.).
The population of D.R.C. was estimated at 58 million in 2004. As many as 250 ethnic groups have been distinguished and named. Some of the larger groupings of tribes are the Kongo, Luba, and Anamongo. Although 700 local languages and dialects are spoken, the linguistic variety is bridged both by the use of French and the intermediary languages Kikongo, Tshiluba, Swahili, and Lingala.
About 50% of the Congolese population is Christian, predominantly Roman Catholic. Most of the non-Christians adhere to either traditional religions or syncretic sects. Traditional religions include concepts such as monotheism, animism, vitalism, spirit and ancestor worship, witchcraft, and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups; none is formalized. The syncretic sects often merge Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals. The most popular of these sects, Kimbanguism, was seen as a threat to the colonial regime and was banned by the Belgians. Kimbanguism, officially "the church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu," now claims about 3 million members, primarily among the Bakongo tribe of Bas-Congo and Kinshasa. In 1969, it was the first independent African church admitted to the World Council of Churches.
Before independence, education was largely in the hands of religious groups. The primary school system was well developed at independence; however, the secondary school system was limited, and higher education was almost nonexistent in most regions of the country. The principal objective of this system was to train low-level administrators and clerks. Since independence, efforts have been made to increase access to education, and secondary and higher education have been made available to many more Congolese. According to estimates made in 2000, 41.7% of the population has no schooling, 42.2% has primary schooling, 15.4% has secondary schooling, and 0.7% has university schooling. At all levels of education, males greatly outnumber females. The largest state-run universities are the University of Kinshasa, the University of Lubumbashi, and the University of Kisangani. The elite continue to send their children abroad to be educated, primarily in Western Europe.
The area known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 10,000 years ago and settled in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. by Bantus from present-day Nigeria. Discovered in 1482 by Portuguese navigator Diego Cao and later explored by English journalist Henry Morton Stanley, the area was officially colonized in 1885 as a personal possession of Belgian King Leopold II as the Congo Free State. In 1907, administration shifted to the Belgian Government, which renamed the country the Belgian Congo. Following a series of riots and unrest, the Belgian Congo was granted its independence on June 30, 1960. Parliamentary elections in 1960 produced Patrice Lumumba as prime minister and Joseph Kasavubu as president of the renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Within the first year of independence, several events destabilized the country: the army mutinied; the governor of Katanga province attempted secession; a UN peacekeeping force was called in to restore order; Prime Minister Lumumba died under mysterious circumstances; and Col. Joseph D�sir� Mobutu (later Mobutu Sese Seko) took over the government and ceded it again to President Kasavubu.
Unrest and rebellion plagued the government until 1965, when Lieutenant General Mobutu, by then commander in chief of the national army, again seized control of the country and declared himself president for 5 years. Mobutu quickly centralized power into his own hands and was elected unopposed as president in 1970. Embarking on a campaign of cultural awareness, Mobutu renamed the country the Republic of Zaire and required citizens to adopt African names. Relative peace and stability prevailed until 1977 and 1978 when Katangan rebels, staged in Angola, launched a series of invasions into the Katanga region. The rebels were driven out with the aid of Belgian paratroopers.
During the 1980s, Mobutu continued to enforce his one-party system of rule. Although Mobutu successfully maintained control during this period, opposition parties, most notably the Union pour la Democratie et le Progres Social (UDPS), were active. Mobutu's attempts to quell these groups drew significant international criticism.
As the Cold War came to a close, internal and external pressures on Mobutu increased. In late 1989 and early 1990, Mobutu was weakened by a series of domestic protests, by heightened international criticism of his regime's human rights practices, and by a faltering economy. In April 1990 Mobutu agreed to the principle of a multi-party system with elections and a constitution. As details of a reform package were delayed, soldiers in September 1991 began looting Kinshasa to protest their unpaid wages. Two thousand French and Belgian troops, some of whom were flown in on U.S. Air Force planes, arrived to evacuate the 20,000 endangered foreign nationals in Kinshasa.
In 1992, after previous similar attempts, the long-promised Sovereign National Conference was staged, encompassing more than 2,000 representatives from various political parties. The conference gave itself a legislative mandate and elected Archbishop Laurent Monsengwo as its chairman, along with Etienne Tshisekedi, leader of the UDPS, as prime minister. By the end of the year Mobutu had created a rival government with its own prime minister. The ensuing stalemate produced a compromise merger of the two governments into the High Council of Republic-Parliament of Transition (HCR-PT) in 1994, with Mobutu as head of state and Kengo Wa Dondo as prime minister. Although presidential and legislative elections were scheduled repeatedly over the next 2 years, they never took place.
By 1996, the war and genocide in neighboring Rwanda had spilled over to Zaire. Rwandan Hutu militia forces (Interahamwe), who fled Rwanda following the ascension of a Tutsi-led government, were using Hutu refugee camps in eastern Zaire as bases for incursions against Rwanda.
In October 1996, Rwandan troops (RPA) entered Zaire, simultaneously with the formation of an armed coalition led by Laurent-Desire Kabila known as the Alliance des Forces Democratiques pour la Liberation du Congo-Zaire (AFDL). With the goal of forcibly ousting Mobutu, the AFDL, supported by Rwanda and Uganda, began a military campaign toward Kinshasa. Following failed peace talks between Mobutu and Kabila in May 1997, Mobutu left the country, and Kabila marched into Kinshasa on May 17, 1997. Kabila declared himself president, consolidated power around himself and the AFDL, and renamed the country the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.). Kabila's Army Chief and the Secretary General of the AFDL were Rwandan, and RPA units continued to operate tangentially with the D.R.C.'s military, which was renamed the Forces Armees Congolaises (FAC).
Over the next year, relations between Kabila and his foreign backers deteriorated. In July 1998, Kabila ordered all foreign troops to leave the D.R.C. Most refused to leave. On August 2, fighting erupted throughout the D.R.C. as Rwandan troops in the D.R.C. "mutinied," and fresh Rwandan and Ugandan troops entered the D.R.C. Two days later, Rwandan troops flew to Bas-Congo, with the intention of marching on Kinshasa, ousting Laurent Kabila, and replacing him with the newly formed Rwandan-backed rebel group called the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie (RCD). The Rwandan campaign was thwarted at the last minute when Angolan, Zimbabwean, and Namibian troops intervened on behalf of the D.R.C. Government. The Rwandans and the RCD withdrew to eastern D.R.C., where they established de facto control over portions of eastern D.R.C. and continued to fight the Congolese Army and its foreign allies.
In February 1999, Uganda backed the formation of a rebel group called the Mouvement pour la Liberation du Congo (MLC), which drew support from among ex-Mobutuists and ex-FAZ soldiers in Equateur province (Mobutu's home province). Together, Uganda and the MLC established control over the northern third of the D.R.C.
At this stage, the D.R.C. was divided de facto into three segments, and the parties controlling each segment had reached military deadlock. In July 1999, a cease-fire was proposed in Lusaka, Zambia, which all parties signed by the end of August. The Lusaka Accord called for a cease-fire, the deployment of a UN peacekeeping operation, MONUC, the withdrawal of foreign troops, and the launching of an "Inter-Congolese Dialogue" to form a transitional government leading to elections. The parties to the Lusaka Accord failed to fully implement its provisions in 1999 and 2000. Laurent Kabila drew increasing international criticism for blocking full deployment of UN troops, hindering progress toward an Inter-Congolese Dialogue, and suppressing internal political activity.
On January 16, 2001, Laurent Kabila was assassinated. He was succeeded by his son, Joseph Kabila. Joseph Kabila reversed many of his father's negative policies; over the next year, MONUC deployed throughout the country, and the Inter-Congolese Dialogue proceeded. By the end of 2002, all Angolan, Namibian, and Zimbabwean troops had withdrawn from the D.R.C. Following D.R.C.-Rwanda talks in South Africa that culminated in the Pretoria Accord in July 2002, Rwandan troops officially withdrew from the D.R.C. in October 2002, although there were continued, unconfirmed reports that Rwandan soldiers and military advisers remained integrated with RCD/G forces in eastern D.R.C. Ugandan troops officially withdrew from the D.R.C. in May 2003.
In October 2001, the Inter-Congolese Dialogue began in Addis Ababa under the auspices of Facilitator Ketumile Masire (former president of Botswana). The initial meetings made little progress and were adjourned. On February 25, 2002, the dialogue was reconvened in South Africa. It included representatives from the government, rebel groups, political opposition, civil society, and Mai-Mai (Congolese local defense militias). The talks ended inconclusively on April 19, 2002, when the government and the MLC brokered an agreement that was signed by the majority of delegates at the dialogue but left out the RCD/G and opposition UDPS party, among others.
This partial agreement was never implemented, and negotiations resumed in South Africa in October 2002. This time, the talks led to an all-inclusive powersharing agreement, which was signed by delegates in Pretoria on December 17, 2002, and formally ratified by all parties on April 2, 2003. Following nominations by each of the various signatory groups, President Kabila on June 30, 2003 issued a decree that formally announced the transitional government lineup. The four vice presidents took the oath of office on July 17, 2003, and most incoming ministers assumed their new functions within days thereafter. This transitional government is slated to remain in place until after runoff presidential elections to be held on October 29, 2006.
A transitional constitution was adopted on April 2, 2003; a new constitution was promulgated February 2006. Extensive executive, legislative, and military powers are vested in the president and vice presidents. The legislature does not have the power to overturn the government through a vote of no confidence. The judiciary is nominally independent; the president has the power to dismiss and appoint judges. The president is head of a 35-member cabinet of ministers.
President Joseph Kabila has made significant progress in liberalizing domestic political activity, establishing a transitional government, and undertaking economic reforms in cooperation with the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, serious human rights problems remain in the security services and justice system. The eastern part of the country is characterized by ongoing violence and armed conflict, which has created a humanitarian disaster and contributed to civilian deaths (more than 3.8 million, according to a prominent international non-governmental organization). MONUC continues to play an important peacekeeping role in the D.R.C., and in October 2004, its authorized force strength increased to 16,700.
On July 30, 2006 the D.R.C. held its first free, democratic, multi-party elections in more than 40 years. The D.R.C.'s 25 million registered voters were charged with electing a president (from a field of 33 candidates) and 500 deputies to the National Assembly (out of a total of 9,709 candidates). Despite some unexpected technical and logistical difficulties, coupled with isolated incidents of violence and intimidation, the elections were held in a largely calm and orderly fashion. Voter turnout nationwide was high, particularly in the eastern provinces, compared to the December 2005 constitutional referendum.
The Independent Electoral Commission (CEI) on August 20, 2006 announced official provisional results from the July 30 presidential elections. According to CEI figures, incumbent Joseph Kabila won 44.81% of the votes cast versus Vice President Jean-Pierre Bemba's 20.3%. As no candidate won a majority of votes in the first round and in accordance with the country's electoral law, the top two recipients, Kabila and Bemba, will face off in a second round of balloting scheduled for October 29, 2006.
Threats to the D.R.C.'s transitional process were marked by military clashes in Kinshasa just hours after provisional election results were announced. This crisis was exclusively confined to central Kinshasa in the Gombe area and was essentially a clash between Vice President Jean- Pierre Bemba and President Joseph Kabila's militias.
Voters also chose from among 9,709 legislative candidates to fill 500 seats in the National Assembly, representing 169 electoral districts. Approximately one-third of these districts elected one deputy by a simple majority. The rest were multiple-seat districts, ranging from two representatives to a maximum of 17 (in one of Kinshasa's voting districts). In these areas, deputies were chosen by proportional representation using open party lists. To select the winners in multiple-seat districts, all valid votes cast were first divided according to political party. Next, an "electoral quotient" was determined by dividing the number of votes cast by the number of representatives to be elected. Finally, the number of votes a party received was divided by this "electoral quotient" to determine how many seats the party will win. The candidates ultimately elected are those who received the highest number of votes within their particular party lists. National Assembly deputies will also serve five-year terms and there is no restriction on the number of times they can be re-elected.
Organizing the D.R.C.'s July 2006 elections presented significant logistical challenges. Supported in large part by the MONUC peacekeeping mission, the Independent Electoral Commission opened more than 50,000 polling stations nationwide and employed some 300,000-poll workers on election day and to oversee the ballot counting process. The presidential and legislative ballots were printed in South Africa and altogether weighed nearly 1,800 tons, requiring 75 round-trip flights between the D.R.C. and South Africa.
The population of the D.R.C. is estimated to be about 60 million, and the country's electoral law grants the right to vote to those age 18 or older. For the July 2006 elections, the CEI reported that of the 25,420,99 registered voters, 17,931,238 went to the polls, a voter participation rate of 70.54%. Of the 17.9 million ballots cast, 993,704 (approximately 5%) were disqualified due to empty ballots or marking errors. In 2005, approximately 25.7 million Congolese registered as voters (out of an original estimate of 28 million eligible to do so). In the D.R.C.'s December 2005 constitutional referendum, roughly two-thirds of all registered voters participated. The DRC legislature held its first session on September 22, 2006.
Principal Government Officials
President--Joseph Kabila
Vice President--Jean-Pierre Bemba
Vice President--Azarias Ruberwa
Vice President--Abdoulaye Yerodia Ndombasi
Vice President--Arthur Z'Ahidi Ngoma
Key Ministers
Foreign Affairs--Raymond Ramazani
Defense--Adolphe Onusumba
Interior--Theophile Mbemba
Finance--Marco Banguli
Justice--Honorius Ksimba Ngoy
Information and Press--Henri Mova Sakanyi
Sparsely populated in relation to its area, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is home to a vast potential of natural resources and mineral wealth. Nevertheless, the D.R.C. is one of the poorest countries in the world, with per capita annual income of about $98 in 2003. This is the result of years of mismanagement, corruption, and war.
In 2001, the Government of the D.R.C. under Joseph Kabila undertook a series of economic reforms to reverse this steep decline. Reforms were monitored by the IMF and included liberalization of petroleum prices and exchange rates and adoption of disciplined fiscal and monetary policies. The reform program reduced inflation from over 500% per year in 2000 to only about 7% at an annual rate in 2003. In June 2002, the World Bank and IMF approved new credits for the D.R.C. for the first time in over a decade. Bilateral donors, whose assistance has been almost entirely dedicated to humanitarian interventions in recent years, also are beginning to fund development projects in the D.R.C. In October 2003, the World Bank launched a multi-sector plan for development and reconstruction. The Paris Club also granted the D.R.C. Highly Indebted Poor Country status in July 2003. This will help alleviate the D.R.C.'s external sovereign debt burden and potentially free funds for economic development.
Agriculture is the mainstay of the Congolese economy, accounting for 56.3% of GDP in 2002. The main cash crops include coffee, palm oil, rubber, cotton, sugar, tea, and cocoa. Food crops include cassava, plantains, maize, groundnuts, and rice. Industry, especially the mining sector, is underdeveloped relative to its potential in the D.R.C. In 2002, industry accounted for only 18.8% of GDP, with only 3.9% attributed to manufacturing. Services reached 24.9% of GDP. The Congo was the world's fourth-largest producer of industrial diamonds during the 1980s, and diamonds continue to dominate exports, accounting for over half of exports ($642 million) in 2003. The Congo's main copper and cobalt interests are dominated by Gecamines, the state-owned mining giant. Gecamines production has been severely affected by corruption, civil unrest, world market trends, and failure to reinvest.
For decades, corruption and misguided policy have created a dual economy in the D.R.C. Individuals and businesses in the formal sector operated with high costs under arbitrarily enforced laws. As a consequence, the informal sector now dominates the economy. In 2002, with the population of the D.R.C. estimated at 56 million, only 230,000 Congolese working in private enterprise in the formal sector were enrolled in the social security system. Approximately 600,000 Congolese were employed by the government.
In the past year, the Congolese Government has approved a new investment code and a new mining code and has designed a new commercial court. The goal of these initiatives is to attract investment by promising fair and transparent treatment to private business. The World Bank also is supporting efforts to restructure the D.R.C.'s large parastatal sector, including Gecamines, and to rehabilitate the D.R.C.'s neglected infrastructure, including the Inga Dam hydroelectric system.
The outbreak of war in the early days of August 1998 caused a major decline in economic activity. Economic growth, however, resumed in 2002 with a 3% growth rate continuing in 2003 at 5%. The country had been divided de facto into different territories by the war, and commerce between the territories had halted. With the installation of the transitional government in July 2003, the country has been "de jure" reunified, and economic and commercial links have begun to reconnect.
In June 2000, the United Nations established a Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Congolese Resources to examine links between the war and economic exploitation. Reports issued by the panel indicate that countries involved in the war in Congo have developed significant economic interests. These interests may complicate efforts by the government to better control its natural resources and to reform the mining sector. A final panel report was issued in October 2003. The Panel of Experts mandate was not renewed.
Its location in the center of Africa has made D.R.C. a key player in the region since independence. Because of its size, mineral wealth, and strategic location, Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West. In the early 1990s, however, in the face of growing evidence of human rights abuses, Western support for the incumbent government waned as pressure for internal reform increased.
D.R.C.'s relations with neighboring countries have often been driven by security concerns, leading to intricate and interlocking alliances. Domestic conflicts in the Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Angola, Rwanda, and Burundi have at various times created bilateral and regional tensions. The current crisis in eastern D.R.C. has its roots both in the use of the Congo as a base by various insurgency groups attacking neighboring countries and in the absence of a strong Congolese Government with a military capable of securing Congo's borders. The war has been exacerbated and prolonged by the exploitation of Congo's resources by neighboring countries. Although 2003 and early 2004 saw a number of improvements in regional relations, mid-to-late 2004 was marked by increased tension between the D.R.C. and Rwanda.
Its dominating position in Central Africa makes stability in the D.R.C. an important element of overall stability in the region. The United States supports the transitional government and encourages peace, prosperity, democracy, and respect for human rights in the D.R.C. The United States remains a partner with the D.R.C. and other central African nations in their quest for stability and growth on the continent, and facilitated the signing of a tripartite agreement on regional security in the Great Lakes region between the D.R.C., Rwanda, and Uganda in October 2004. Burundi formally joined the Tripartite Commission in September 2005, and the Tripartite Commission is now Tripartite Plus. The United States also strongly supported U.N. efforts to create a Joint Verification Mechanism to monitor the border between the D.R.C. and Rwanda.
From the start of the Congo crisis, the United States has pursued an active diplomatic strategy in support of these objectives. In the long term, the United States seeks to strengthen the process of internal reconciliation and democratization within all the states of the region to promote stable, developing, and democratic nations with which it can work to address security interests on the continent and with which it can develop mutually beneficial economic relations.
The United States appointed its current ambassador to the D.R.C. in 2004. The D.R.C. appointed its current ambassador to the United States in 2000. The Congo has been on the State Department's travel advisory list since 1977.
Principal U.S. Officials
Ambassador--Roger Meece
Deputy Chief of Mission--Thomas Dougherty
The U.S. Embassy is located at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa (tel. 243-81-2255872; fax 243-81-3010561). Mailing address is American Embassy Kinshasa, Box 31550, APO AE 09828.


text: The Benton Modern series by Font Bureau started with the design of text styles for the Boston Globe and the Detroit Free Press. Form and proportions were inspired by Morris Fuller Benton's Century Expanded, drawn for ATF around 1900, faithfully reviving this epoch-making magazine and newspaper face. The italic was based on Century Schoolbook. Benton Modern Display was prepared by Dyana Weissman and Richard Lipton in 36 styles of different width and weight, offering many options for distinct and flexible typography on the web. The family is made for compact headlines and splendidly large display typography where it can fully play out its charm. Font Bureau, 2008


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Please perform a formulary drug search on your patient's member ID to ensure the prescription drug is covered under their benefit plan. The medication(s) in this medical policy may not be covered under a specific member's benefit plan.
DESCRIPTIONCondylox (podofilox) is indicated for the treatment of external genital or perianal warts (Condylomata acumainate) in patients 18 years of age or older.
POLICYCondylox will be approved when the following criteria is met:
If approved, max coverage will be for 4 weeks.
POLICY EXCEPTIONSCondylox prior authorization is not required for Federal Employee Program (FEP) and State Health Plan members.
POLICY GUIDELINESInvestigative service is defined as the use of any treatment procedure, facility, equipment, drug, device, or supply not yet recognized by certifying boards and/or approving or licensing agencies or published peer review criteria as standard, effective medical practice for the treatment of the condition being treated and as such therefore is not considered medically necessary.
The coverage guidelines outlined in the Medical Policy Manual should not be used in lieu of the Member's specific benefit plan language.
01/01/2014: New policy added.
07/09/2015: Code Reference section updated for ICD-10.
SOURCE(S)Condylox® Prescribing Information
CODE REFERENCEThis may not be a comprehensive list of procedure codes applicable to this policy.
The code(s) listed below are ONLY medically necessary if the procedure is performed according to the "Policy" section of this document.
Covered Codes


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WRC 3 FIA World Rally Championship Keygen
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Serving Size: 2 scoops (39 g)
Servings per Container: 27
Amount per Serving / % Daily Value *
Calories 150 / Calories from fat 15
Total Fat 2 g / 3%
Saturated Fat 0.5 g / 3 %
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 0 mg / 0 %
Sodium 230 mg / 10 %
Potassium 420 mg / 12%
Total Carbohydrate 20 g / 7%
Dietary Fiber 2g / 8%
Sugars 15g
Protein 13 g / 26%
Vitamin A 35%
Vitamin C 35%
Calcium 40%
Iron 35%
Vitamin D3 35%
Vitamin E 35%
Thiamin 35%
Riboflavin 35%
Niacin 35%
Vitamin B-6 35 %
Folate 35%
Vitamin B-12 35%
Biotin 35%
Pantothenic Acid 35%
Phosphorus 35%
Iodine 35%
Magnesium 35%
Zinc 35%
Selenium 35%
Copper 35%
Manganese 35%
Chromium 35%
*Percent Daily Value are based on a 2'000 calorie diet.
Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.
/ Calories / 2'000 / 2'500
Total Fat / Less than / 65g / 80g
Saturated Fat / Less than / 20 g / 25 g
Cholesterol / Less than / 300 mg / 300 mg
Sodium / Less than / 2'400 mg / 2'400 mg
Potassium / 3'500 mg / 3'500 mg
Total Carbohydrate / 300 g / 375 g
Dietary Fiber 25 g / 30 g
Protein 50 g / 65 g
Calories per gram
Fat 9 / Carbohydrate 4 / Protein 4
Ingredients: Fructose' Soy Protein Isolate' Cocoa (Processed With Alkali)' Maltodextrin' Di-Calcium Phosphate' Canola Oil' Natural Chocolate Flavor' Magnesium Amino Acid Chelate' Sodium Chloride' Soy Lecithin' Guar Gum' Xanthan Gum' Salt' Fructooligosaccharides' Ascorbic Acid' Zinc Citrate' Sprouted Mung Bean Extract' D-alpha Tocopherol Succinate' Ferrous Sulfate' Niacinamide' Calcium Pantothenate' Manganese Citrate' Cooper Citrate' Vitamin A Palmitate' Pyridoxine Hydrochloride' Riboflavin' Thiamine Hydrochloride' Chromium Hydrochloride' Folic Acid' Biotin' Potassium Iodide' Sodium Selenite' Beta-carotene' Cholecalciferol' Vitamin B12' Natural Vanilla Cream Flavor.
Naturade Total Soy is made with premium Soy Protein for proven health benefits and great taste. So you can be sure that you're getting all the essential amino acids plus naturally occurring isoflavones. Below is a typical range of total isoflavones per serving followed by the approximate average of each component:
Total Isoflavones: 13-39 mg (Genistein 9 mg; Daidzein 14 mg; Glycitein 3 mg)
No Aspartame' No Artificial Sweeteners' Colors' Flavors' or Preservatives' No MSG' No Lactose' Yeast Free' Gluten Free' No Egg' Dairy or Animal Derivatives' Suitable for Vegetarians.
Add 2 scoops (39 grams) of Naturade Total Soy® to 8 oz. of cold water or your favorite beverage and shake or stir with a spoon until smooth.
No Aspartame' No Artificial Sweeteners' Colors' Flavors' or Preservatives' No MSG' No Lactose' Yeast Free' Gluten Free' No Egg' Dairy or Animal Derivatives' Suitable for Vegetarians.
Allergy / Dietary Needs
- Artificial Color Free
- Artificial Flavor Free
- Artificial Sweeteners Free
- Aspartame Free
- Dairy Free
- Egg Free
- Gluten Free
- GMO Free
- Lactose Free
- Made in the USA
- MSG-Free
- Vegetarian Product
- Yeast Free
- Artificial Preservative Free
Ratings & ReviewsReview This Item
Overall Rating for Total Soy All Natural Meal Replacement Bavarian Chocolate - 37.14 oz (1053 Grams)
Displaying reviews 1-1 of 1
By Gay McMillen
from Friant, California
Totally Yummy
Total Soy is a delicious meal replacement malt. I have lost 25lbs in just 2 short months and simple replace 2 meals per day with a thick creamy malt. This product makes it easy to lose and easy to choose. Enjoy!
Easy to make
Tastes great
Easy to store
I havent found any.
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
Displaying reviews 1-1 of 1
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The Cobb Hill Deidre women's loafer may look all commercial, but this slip on with a carved heel fits with inclination. You'll be awestruck with the support you get from the vamp that derives up high over your foot. And the concealed elastic gore is for stress-free slip on and off.
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[UPDATE] -- Valdosta, Ga. -- April 4, 2012 --
28-year-old Fredrick Bernard Williams has been sentenced to 21 years in prison. He was the leader of a credit card fraud ring that stole more than $1.7 million dollars.
The operation stretched from Eastern Europe to Georgia, Florida and Ohio. Williams bought the stolen credit card information online from someone believed to be in Romania.
The operation would use that information to buy gift cards at places like McDonalds and Chick-fil-A. They would then sell the gift cards online and keep the profits.
The victims in this case have not been identified, but Derwood Hickey can sympathize. Someone stole his identity 3 years ago.
He said "some heads ought to roll. Really. I mean you know he's affected many, many lives that he'll never know about. And like I said earlier, some of these people will never know it until two or three years down the road."
A Tallahassee police officer broke the case when he saw Williams and his partners buying gift cards at a Chick-fil-A. He was arrested in January of 2011.
Over 6,000 gift cards were recovered during the investigation. They were valued at more than $300-thousand dollars.
4 other people were also sentenced to time in prison for their involvement in the scam.
Tallahassee, FL -- Fredrick Bernard Williams, 28, of Valdosta, Georgia, was sentenced Thursday, March 29, 2012, to 259 months in federal prison for committing credit card fraud, possession of counterfeit credit cards, possession of device making equipment, and aggravated identity theft.
Williams led an extensive online counterfeit credit card fraud operation stretching from Eastern Europe to Georgia, Florida, and Ohio that charged more than $1,700,000.00 on stolen account
Also sentenced were four members of the operation. Mack Cecil Dancer, 27, of Live Oak, Florida, was sentenced to 46 months in prison. Lomax Lamar Jenkins, 33, of Valdosta was sentenced to 37
months in prison. Deondre Ware, 33, of Valdosta and Tiffany Shena Jones, 25, of Quinton, Alabama were both sentenced to 18 months in prison.
Between May 2010 and May 2011, Williams purchased stolen credit card account information through the internet from an individual believed to be in Romania. He then placed that information onto the
conspirators' own debit and credit cards to make fraudulent purchases. The group primarily purchased gift cards from retailers and restaurants such as Wal-Mart and McDonald's. Williams then
sold the gift cards for less than face value to online gift card vendors Plastic Jungle and Gift Card Rescue.com. Williams became a high volume seller with both companies and made over one million
dollars in less than twelve months.
Williams' organization operated throughout the southeast and was also involved with individuals committing credit card fraud in Ohio. The case was broken when Williams and two of his co-defendants were arrested in Tallahassee in January 2011, after a Tallahassee police officer on lunch break noticed Ware purchasing two $100.00 gift cards at a Chick-fil-A. Officers followed Ware, Williams, and another co-defendant as they purchased numerous gift cards from Tallahassee restaurants using cards encoded with stolen credit card account numbers. The three were stopped and found in possession of a laptop computer, an encoding device, counterfeit cards, and over 90 gift cards. The laptop computer contained over 4,300 stolen credit card account numbers.
Williams used the proceeds from the fraud to purchase commercial property and open several businesses in Valdosta, Georgia. During the course of the investigation, law enforcement seized for forfeiture several flat screen televisions, laptop computers, furniture, over $16,000 worth of restaurant equipment, a BMW 760 Li, a Mercedes Benz SLK, a Hummer H3, a Nissan Xterra, and Williams'
house in Valdosta.
Williams possessed information from over 5,000 stolen credit card accounts and had equipment to put that information onto cards. During the course of the investigation, over 6,000 gift cards were
recovered that had a total stored value of over $300,000.00.
The defendants were also ordered to pay over $450,000 in restitution.
Three more defendants, including Williams' cousin, Teresa Albritton, are scheduled to be sentenced in May.
United States Attorney Pamela Marsh praised the work of the United States Secret Service, the Tallahassee Police Department, and the Lowndes County Sheriff's Office in Valdosta, Georgia, whose
joint investigation led to the convictions in this case. "Thanks to the keen observation of a Tallahassee Police officer on his lunch break, this case was initiated and thoroughly investigated by Secret Service and other strong law enforcement partners," noted Marsh. She added, "Greed is clearly the motivating force behind these criminal acts. Our agents and prosecutors work tirelessly to investigate these crimes that erode our economies and communities, and subject victims to frustrating credit difficulties and personal losses."
The case was prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Corey J. Smith.


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ACHICA > Mother's Day Delights > Colombo Les Pins Couchés 2011, France, Rosé
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Colombo Les Pins Couchés 2011, France, Rosé
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On the palate notes of black olives, herbs and fresh fruit evoke the terroir of the Mediterranean coast. The beautiful and aptly named 'Blue Coast' in a glass.
Product Code HM000100
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Last week new information in the lawsuit between Morgan Drexen and the CFPB brought to light a commission compensated department called the Preferred Creditor Program. You can read that article, here. At least one commenter mentioned Morgan Drexen is not the only company to have such a program. If not, then an industry wide problem may exist here. One commenter ... Read More »
Morgan Drexen Rumble With CFPB – Update
Previously covered the suit filed by the debt settlement company Morgan Drexen against the CFPB, here. Today I went to see what, if any, updates there were on the case. Here is the latest: "The Court held two on the record telephone conference calls with the parties on July 24, 2013 and July 25, 2013, during which Plaintiffs consented to ... Read More »


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Feeding Illinois' network of eight food banks distributes more than 120 million pounds of food per year to more than 2,000 food pantries, soup kitchens, and shelters throughout Illinois.
You can locate your nearest Feeding Illinois partner agency and its hours of operations by clicking below. Before you visit an agency please call ahead to confirm hours.


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Apartment 1393, Bangtao
- Bangtao, North Phuket
- 2
- 4
- 2
- Ref No. 1393
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This is ideal for a family or two couples seeking a quiet secure unit close to the beach. The mid floor air conditioned apartment is tastefully furnished with 2 bedrooms and 2 ensuite bathrooms.
A king-size bed is a feature in the master bedroom and the 2nd bedroom can be set up as 2 singles or a queen bed and sofa beds can be made up in the living area for children.
Feel at home using the cooking facilities, washing machine and flat screen TV with "ambisound" home theatre to play your DVDs or ipod.
Rates are inclusive of 10% service charge and 7% VAT.
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We recently had another nephew join our family, and since I couldn't attend the baby shower in another state, I decided to do something that I could send after he was born.
I found an 8x10 wood board at Michaels and used these other supplies as well:
stencil brush (so it was stiff)
DecoArt Dimensional Effects
black, white and light blue paint Deco Art 132276 Americana Acrylic Paint 2 Ounces-Baby Blue-Opaque (Google Affiliate Ad)
Start by mixing 1 tablespoon of Dimensional Effects with 1 teaspoon (approximates) of black paint. Use the stiff brush to drag the medium across the board. Don't worry if the coverage isn't perfect, and you want lots of lines in it as well--this will create the raised lines that will sand off and look distressed later.
When that's dry, cover the whole board, including the sides, with blue paint (or whatever color you want your letters to be in the end)
Cut all your information from vinyl and stick to the board when the blue paint is dry. Paint over everything with white paint and remove the vinyl.
When the white paint is dry, use sand paper to take off some layers of white and blue paint. The raised lines of the Dimensional Effects give great texture to the final product.
For other ideas on how to use Dimensional Effects, visit the DecoArt website. They asked me to create a project for them, and I made these two picture frames, creating different patterns on them by the way I applied the Dimensional Effects. I used a stencil brush to make the swirl marks, and on the other I used a popsicle stick to get thick lines. I have on my list to try this same kind of thing but using a color other than black to add in too.


text: Monday Jul 16 2012 comments Firefighters battle Robbers Fire on Ground By: Photos by Michael Kirby/Auburn Journal -A +A Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalMarin County firefighter Graham Groneman is one of more than 2,000 firefighting personnel from around California who are working to tame the Robbers Fire, which was in its sixth day Monday and was 30 percent contained. Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalMarin County Fire Department firefighters (L-R) Zach Sweeney, Todd Overshiner and Mark Burbank were on the fire line Monday in the Brushy Creek/Bear Ridge area. The group was part of the close to 2,000 firefighters fighting the blaze. Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalZach Sweeney of the Marin County Fire Department near the Brushy Creek Circle fire line Monday. Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalMarin County Fire engineer Mark Burbank walks down a 40 percent slope along a freshly cut dozer line near Foresthill in the Brushy Creek area on Monday. Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalA roadside display for firefighters on Foresthill Road. Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalChris Gilbert, at left, and Zach Sweeney, both of Marin County Fire Department, work on putting out hot spots Monday with water and a mattock on a steep canyon near Foresthill burned by the Robbers Fire. Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalMarin County Fire Department members were on the fire line near Brushy Creek Circle and Bear Ridge outside of Foresthill. The Crew was part of nearly 2,000 firefighters from all over the state working on the Robbers Fire. Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalLocal firefighters from the Placer Hills Fire District were part of the fire teams fighting the Robbers Fire outside of Foresthill off Yankee Jims Road. Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalCal Fire efforts Monday to contain the Robbers Fire near Foresthill include cutting down trees to provide a fire-safe buffer. Marin County firefighter Graham Groneman was one of the chainsaw operators and demonstrated the task of bringing down trees near Foresthill. Michael Kirby/Auburn JournalMarin County Fire Department firefighter Jonathan Richardson works a hot spot Monday on the fire line of the Robbers Fire.


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Out of Stock
Item # ORN0004
Don't worry though, we have a lot more Lubricants & Maintenance in stock than that.View Similar Products
Orontas Grease $0.00
Ah, the joys of cycling! By no means the least of which is removing, cleaning, re-installing, and adjusting anything and everything that makes your bicycle work. It's half the fun of being a cyclist. Your dedication has earned you a new best friend–the unsung hero of cycling: grease. It's the life-blood of your bike, so you better use the best stuff you can get your hands on. If your interests include the natural world around you, you may want to look into Orontas Grease, which is made with over 75% sustainable content. Orontas Grease can withstand temperatures as low as -40C. It's engineered for extreme pressure and designed to reduce wear in bearings, joints, and threaded assemblies.
The good folks at Orontas are committed to bringing sustainability
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makes it possible to maintain full quality control.
Orontas Grease is available in two sizes: 4oz and 16oz.


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Casino Royale (2006)
Casino Royale Synopsis
Daniel Craig stars as 007 James Bond, the smoothest, sexiest, most lethal agent on Her Majestys Secret Service in Casino Royale. Based on the first Bond book written by Ian Fleming, the story, which has never been told on film until now, recounts the making of the worlds greatest secret agent.
James Bonds first 007 mission leads him to Le Chiffre (Mads Mikkelsen), banker to the worlds terrorists. In order to stop him, and bring down the terrorist network, Bond must beat Le Chiffre in a high-stakes poker game at Casino Royale. Bond is initially annoyed when a beautiful British Treasury official, Vesper Lynd (Eva Green), is assigned to deliver his stake for the game and watch over the government's money. But, as Bond and Vesper survive a series of lethal attacks by Le Chiffre and his henchmen, a mutual attraction develops leading them both into further danger and events that will shape Bonds life forever.
A much older actor is cast to play a much younger Bond. Does that make any sense? Look forward to seeing craggy-faced Daniel Craig in heavy, heavy makeup if Casino Royale screenwriter is serious about his Bond being a younger, 28-year-old version of the character. Thing of this as "James Bond Year One" or "James Bond Begins", minus the scientologist, not-gay actor's girlfriend. Bond can do better than Katie Holmes.
This is the first Bond film actually based on one of Ian Flemings books since 1987. 21st in the series, it also marks the return of director Martin Campbell, the guy who first repopularized the whole franchise in the first place with the excellent Bond movie Goldeneye. It's been downhill from there ever since.
Sure, some of the other 007 movies have been fun (I had a really good time with Die Another Day) and sure, Pierce Brosnan has been spectacular (for my money even better than Connery), but the scripts haven't been up to snuff with some of James better stuff. With a screenwriter of Paul Haggis caliber doctoring the script and a proven 007 director, maybe Casino Royale stands a chance, even if their blonde Bond casting doesnt make a lot of sense.
Casino Royale Release Date
In Theaters November 17, 2006
Casino Royale Credits
Starring: Daniel Craig (James Bond, 007), Dame Judi Dench (M), Mads Mikkelsen (Le Chiffre), Jeffrey Wright (Felix Leiter), Eva Green (Vesper Lynd), Giancarlo Gianni (Mathis), Catalina Murino (Sologne), Tobias Menzies (Villiers), Ivana Milicevic (Valenka)
Written by: Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, Paul Haggis
Directed by: Martin Campbell
Produced by: Barbara Broccoli, Michael G. Wilson
MPAA Rating: [ PG-13 ]
Distributor: MGM
External Info: Casino Royale Official Website
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if you're excited for Casino Royale


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English Faculty and Staff
Karen S. Kingsbury
Professor of International Studies
Hometown : Sutter Creek, CA
Joined Chatham : 2011
Academic Areas of Interest
Modern Chinese literature and film, Asian American literature and film, literary translation
Personal Areas of Interest
Travel, hiking, playing with dogs and children
I come to Chatham from the heart of South Carolina, where I spent four years rediscovering the pleasures of small town life: my first home was in the Californian foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains, in a little town where I still have deep roots. Between those two places are the many years I spent in large cities: Seattle, New York, Taipei, Taichung, with shorter stints too in Chongqing, London, and Nantes.
My intellectual journeying has shuttled, also, between the U.S. and East Asia. I started to study Chinese a year after finishing my bachelor's degree in English; it eventually became a lifelong pursuit. This adult-onset bilingualism has given me some advantages as a literary translator; it also has made me a devoted reader of writers and texts that work at the borders of, or serve as bridges between Anglophonic and Sinophonic experience.
Here at Chatham, my goals are at once broader and more student-oriented. My hope is that International Studies programs can help Chatham students at all stages of study reap the benefits of close engagement with seemingly far-away places. Those benefits, boiled down, come to this: a broader perspective on matters large and small; a deeper understanding of oneself and others; and a stronger, more purposeful sense of one's own power to act for the good of the world.


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You searched for: Formats Text Remove constraint Formats: Text Collections Medicine in the Americas, 1610-1920 Remove constraint Collections: Medicine in the Americas, 1610-1920 Languages Latin Remove constraint Languages: Latin Languages German Remove constraint Languages: German Start Over
1 - 3 of 3
Search Results
- Author(s):
- New-Yorker Deutsche Pharmazeutische Verein.
- Publisher:
- New-York : Druck von G.B. Teubner, 1858
- Subject(s):
- Pharmaceutical Preparations
Drug Compounding
2. The druggist's manual: being a price current of drugs, medicines, paints, dye-stuffs, glass, patent medicines, &c. : with Latin and English synonyms, a German, French, and Spanish catalogue of drugs, tables of specific gravities, &c. &c., and a variety of useful matter
- Author(s):
- Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.
- Publisher:
- Philadelphia : Printed for the College by Solomon W. Conrad, 1826
- Subject(s):
- Materia Medica
Equipment and Supplies
Price Lists
3. Robb & Co.'s family physician: a work on domestic medicines, designed to show how to have health, which is equivalent to time and money
- Author(s):
- Robb, R. L. (Robert Lee)
Bean, J. V.
Robb, S. Lucretia (Sarah Lucretia), 1852-1937
- Publisher:
- Burlington, Iowa : Robb & Co., [c1879]
- Subject(s):
- Medicine
Popular Works


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When: Every Thursday from 11 AM - Noon
Where: Education Rooms at Tri-City Medical Center (4002 Vista Way, Oceanside 92056)
This group is for individuals who have difficulty with speech and / or language skills and whose individual therapy may have been completed. This group allows for opportunity to practice and improve communication skills within a small group setting. It emphasizes social language skills, solving communication difficulties within the community, and promoting multimodal communincation abilities.
*If you have any questions please contact the Department of Speech-Language Pathology at (760)940-7151
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Nattiot Pouf Lili Aqua, Diam 25cm
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Dimensions: Diam25 cm.
Material: 100% cotton. Hand knitted.
Product Code 3700470210806
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We hope you will be thrilled with your purchases but in the unlikely event that you want to return something, you can find full return instructions on the back of your delivery note or click here