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The use of moulds in ceramics is as old as ceramics itself. In fact, it seems likely that people were pressing soft clay onto hard objects even before they discovered how to fire it (baskets sealed with clay, etc.), or pressing hard objects into soft clay to make designs. When useful objects started to be made from clay, it was a logical step to use simple moulds so as to easily get the same shape every time.
What is a mould?
A mould is simply the shape of the space which surrounds an object to be produced. Because space itself has no form, the mould must be made from a rigid material such as wood, metal, biscuit-fired clay, stone, or, most commonly, plaster of parts. Moulds include those which are used to actually form a product (moulds for containers, sculpture, etc.) and stamps, which are used to produce a relief design on an already-formed product.
Porous moulds
Moulds made from plaster absorb moisture from plastic clay or from liquid clay.
This causes the clay to shrink after forming in the mould and it makes it easier to remove the moulded item. Biscuit clay moulds are also porous but to a much lesser
Stamps are also called chops, and are the oldest tools used for decorating or writing on clay products. Usually, they are made from wood or biscuit-fired clay.
roller stamps
These are special stamping devices, which are used for making bands of decoration quickly. They are made from biscuit-fired clay or plaster, and mounted on a wooden or wire axle so they can be rolled on a pot.
metal stamps
It is also possible to use metal stamps for impressing your company name, for example. This is usually a good idea, because customers like to buy names that they know or that their friends have recommended to them. These stamps can be ordered from printing shops.
FIGURE 6.1-A Making a plaster roller stamp.(A)
A) Make a long smooth clay slab.
FIGURE 6.1-A Making a plaster roller stamp.(B; C)
B) A pattern is impressed by band or by a stamp as shown
C) The clay slab is left to dry until it can be easily removed.
FIGURE 6.1-A Making a plaster roller stamp.(D)
D) Form the slab into a cylinder with a stick set in a clay slab exactly in the center.
FIGURE 6.1-A Making a plaster roller stamp.(E)
E) Fill the cylinder with plaster.
FIGURE 6.1-A Making a plaster roller stamp.(F; G)
F) After setting, the clay is removed and the cylindrical plaster roller is ready to be fitted with a handle
G) The roller used for decorating a clay surface.
moulds for simple forms
These are moulds used to produce simple open forms, such as bowls, plates and tiles. They consist of one simple curve, and often have relief designs carved into them. Hump moulds are used for forming slabs of clay. They are mostly used for forming shallow bowls, or they may be used on the potters wheel for making plates.
Moulds for jigger use are also one-piece moulds, and are described below.
fired pots as moulds
The simplest kind of one-piece biscuit mould is another fired pot. Most traditional potters who use the coil and beating method use curved sections of broken pots to shape new ones. In parts of Nepal, water jars are still made by covering an old water jar with cloth, then applying clay all around it. When the clay is leather-hard, the pot is cut in two pieces, removed from the mould, and joined back together. This makes quite a rough product, but it works successfully in small villages where women make pots only for their own household.
detailed biscuit moulds
More sophisticated and detailed one-piece moulds are made from biscuit-fired clay.
The process is not complicated. First, the object to be moulded (model) is selected: this may be a model in stone, wood, or usually also biscuit-fired clay. Stone or wood usually needs a light dusting of talcum powder or clay powder to keep the mould from sticking to it. A slab of clay about 3 cm thick is carefully pressed around the model, making sure that it is pushed into all the details. Excess clay is then cut off, and the mould is left to dry until it can be carefully removed. After drying completely, it is biscuit-fired in the usual way and is then ready for use. As with all moulds, the model has to be free from undercuts that will prevent the mould from being removed. Undercuts are places that hold the clay, such as deeply carved lines, or parts that stick out from the model.
biscuit mould shrinkage
It should be remembered that the mould will shrink (up to 10 %) and that the casting taken from the mould will also shrink up to 10 % or more, so the total shrinkage compared to the model can be 20-25 %! For this reason, the size of the model needs to be considered carefully.
wooden moulds
Moulds can be made from wood. Fig. 6.2.1C shows a cylindrical wooden mould that forms the inside of a water filter container. First the bottom is made from a slab of clay and the mould is placed on this. Another slab of clay is wrapped around the mould and the slabs are joined together (see chapter 4.2.2). After joining from the outside the wooden mould is pulled out and the joins are worked over from the inside. The outside finishing can be done on a wheel, while the mould is still in place.
hinged mould
A mould forming the outside of a flowerpot (Fig. 6.2.1-D) can be made from pieces of wood hinged together. The pot is formed by joining slabs inside the mould. The pot is released by unfolding the hinged mould.
FIGURE 6.2.1-B A mould (1) without undercuts allows easy release. The other mould (2) has undercuts and cannot be released. This shape has to be made with a two-piece mould.
Simple closed shapes can be formed in two piece moulds, such as vases, bottles and even more complicated forms. Early South American pottery was formed exclusively in two-piece biscuit moulds.
As above, the mould is made from a model, which is either bone-dry clay or biscuit clay. The main thing is to carefully locate the midline of the model, and to actually draw this line on the model. Then, a 3-cm thick slab of clay is wrapped and pressed around half of the model, extending slightly beyond the midline. This is allowed to dry until leatherhard, and then is accurately cut with a knife along the midline. Several slight indentations are made on the edge of the mould, to serve as keys to lock in the second half. The second half is then pressed onto the model, and also must be carefully pressed up against the other mould half. It is next dried until leather-hard (it may be necessary to cover the first half in plastic) and both halves are carefully removed, checked to see that they still fit correctly, dried and fired.
using two-piece moulds
Forming in a two-piece mould is the same as described for pipes, above. Slabs are carefully pressed in both halves of the mould, then are trimmed off just above the mould edge. After they are slipped and scratched, the mould is pressed together, and the inside seam is worked together with a wooden tool (if possible).
two-piece water jar mould
An interesting variation on this process is used for making water jars in parts of northern India. The mould consists of two halves of the jar, divided along the belly. One half has an opening in its center the size of the water jar neck. This mould half is fastened on the potters wheel, and clay is centered end thrown in it. The same is done in the other half. The neck half is then joined to the bottom (on the wheel), and the neck is opened up and pulled to form the mouth. The assembly is allowed to dry until leatherhard, when the mould is removed and any finishing is done. The mould for the shoulder of the pot usually has a relief design carved into it.
plaster moulds
These simple moulds can also be made from plaster of parts. The only difference is that the model needs to be leather-hard clay, or it has to be coated with a separator (see plaster moulds below). Usually the easiest is leather-hard clay, which the plaster can be removed from easily - note, however, that in this process you lose your model.
The midline is located as above, and a strip of clay is placed with one edge coming just up to it. This strip has keys pushed into it. Plaster is applied on this half, and after setting, the clay divider is removed and the plaster is coated with liquid soap separator. Plaster is then mixed and applied to the other side. After it sets, the mould can be smoothed and the plaster carefully removed.
plaster throwing
The main trick is applying the plaster so that it gets all the details. This is done by throwing the wet plaster on the model, which is done backhanded while the plaster is still thin. This first thin coat is allowed to set, and when the plaster is a bit thicker, a second coat is applied the same way. When the plaster starts to become plastic, it is applied and smoothed by the handful, until the mould is 3-5 cm thick.
multipiece mould
Complicated forms with many undercuts can be made in a mould made up of many pieces. The mould is made in a similar way as described for casting moulds (chapter 6.5.2). Forming in the mould is done by building up a layer of soft plastic clay inside the mould. The mould is opened when the clay is hard enough to support itself.
There is no really good substitute for plaster of parts, but in areas where this is very expensive, of poor quality, or unavailable, moulds for pressing plastic clay can be made as follows:
cement mould recipe
Common cement 1 part
Common clay 40 mesh 1 part
Common brick grog 40 mesh 5 parts
Fiber 0.5% by weight
Almost any fiber can be used (jute, coir, cotton, animal hair, nylon, etc). This should be in the form of separate fibers, cut into about 3-6-cm lengths. The purpose of the fiber is to give the mould strength.
The materials are mixed with water to standard cement consistency, and this is then applied to the model like plaster. It is not suitable for very detailed moulds.
These moulds are useful for large items, such as pipes. For small items, it is probably better to use biscuit clay.
The word plaster means a substance which, like clay, can be moulded to almost any shape when soft, but either dries or cures to a hard material. Clay and cow dung mixtures used for surfacing walls and floors are called clay plaster, and this material simply dries (with some shrinkage) to a hard material. However, it can be made plastic again by adding water. Lime plaster and gypsum plaster have the special quality of curing after they are mixed, which means they undergo a chemical reaction that makes them hard, so that even if placed in water, they will not become soft again. On heating to 120ºC gypsum releases about 20 % of its weight as water. This chemical reaction can be written thus:
2(CaSO4.2H2O) - 2CaSO4.H2O + 3H2O
In words: gypsum + heat = plaster (and water which goes into the air).
When the plaster is mixed with water the process is reversed and the plaster returns to its original gypsum state and becomes hard.
Plaster of Paris is the type of plaster used for
making moulds for ceramics. It was developed in France around 1770, which gives
it its name. With the use of plaster of parts, the ceramics industry was
revolutionized, because it made possible mass production by slip casting, which
was previously unknown. Plaster of parts has the special property of easily
absorbing large quantities of water, and there is no other material that can be
substituted for slip casting.
The raw material for making plaster of parts is gypsum, which is
hydrous calcium sulfate (CA2SO4.2H2O). Gypsum
deposits are found in most countries. Very simply, making plaster is done by
grinding the gypsum, and then heating it until chemically-bonded water
evaporates at 110ºC. This is similar to the process of making lime, which
is known in most countries. It can be done on a very simple level, but
industrially is done on a large scale and controlled in a sophisticated way.
It is normally not worthwhile to produce your own plaster if ready-made plaster is available. In several countries this is not the case and the potter may have to make his own plaster from gypsum. Often he will be able to sell his plaster in the local market to other potters or to manufacturers of writing chalk.
raw gypsum
Gypsum is a soft rock that may occur as transparent or slightly white to grey crystals, and sometimes as fibrous granules. Several geological varieties exist: selenite is a clear crystal; satin spar is white and fibrous; alabaster is massive and normally white; and gypsite is a mixture of gypsum and white sand. The crystal form can be scratched with a finger nail, which produces a white line. Gypsum is also used by the cement industry, and in some places farmers use it as a source of calcium for the soil. Deposits of gypsum are rarely pure and the gypsum content may be only 65 % of the bulk material, the rest being impurities of lime, clay or sand. The purer the raw gypsum the better the finished plaster product will be. If possible, check the deposit of gypsum before taking delivery and explain to the supplier that you only want the clear crystals.
recalcining plaster
Old plaster moulds can be ground and recalcined, since already-set plaster is gypsum (chemically speaking). This should only be tried if raw gypsum is not easily available or very costly, since the quality will not be as good as with freshly-calcined gypsum.
Production moulds get contaminated with deflocculants and clay. First the moulds are cleaned of clay, dust and deflocculant crystals deposited on the mould surface. The moulds are then crushed and the fine lumps are washed in water, which will remove the soluble deflocculants. After drying, the material is processed as described below. The quality of recycled plaster is not as good as plaster made from raw gypsum and the extra cost of cleaning the old plaster should be compared with the cost of fresh raw gypsum.
gypsum calcination
First, wash away sand, clay and other impurities from the raw gypsum. The gypsum is then pulverized in a hammer mill. Smaller quantities are simply heated in a pan and when the gypsum starts to boil it is stirred gently until all of it has been boiled. It is difficult to judge when the gypsum has been heated enough - it is better to overheat slightly.
first & second set
Gypsum starts boiling around 120ºC s. Original S. 112 and more water is released.
Plaster that has been through this second set is less plastic than first set plasteron the other hand it is stronger. With simple equipment like a pan it is not possible to control when the first set is over, because some of the plaster in the bottom of the pan starts boiling again before all gypsum has been through the first set. Generally, it is better to have some second set plaster, rather than risking uncalcined gypsum, which will weaken the plaster moulds and shorten the time it takes for the plaster to harden after mixing with water.
calcining kettle
For making larger quantities, a kettle for calcining can be made locally. A cylindrical pan made of brickwork or sheet metal is set inside an oven heated from below. Mechanical agitators stir the gypsum to ensure even heating. A thermometer inserted in the gypsum enables the operator to know how the calcination is progressing. At around 120ºC boiling starts and the temperature in the upper layers will drop to around 100ºC until the first set is finished. Then the temperature will rise again to 170ºC when the second boiling starts. If heating is too fast, it may be difficult to recognize that the boiling of the first set has stopped before the second starts. In Burma we went through the first set, and after seeing the temperature rising again we heated until the gypsum started to boil. We then let this second boiling go on for about 15 minutes (600 kg batch) before ending the heating. The agitators were left to stir for another 20 minutes to allow all moisture to evaporate.
screening & storing
After cooling, the plaster is screened through 60-100 mesh and packed in bags, which are stored in a dry place. If the plaster becomes moist it will set and be spoiled in the bag.
Freshly-boiled plaster requires more water to become fluid, resulting in moulds that are porous and weak. After some weeks ageing the plaster will absorb a little moisture from the air and this will enable a plaster mixture to be produced with less water. For this reason it is better to store the freshly calcined plaster for 1-4 months before using it. In industrial production, a small amount of dissolved deliquescent salt is added to the plaster during calcination and this has the same effect.
industrial production
Plaster is widely used in industrialized countries. Large-scale plants either use big kettles holding up to 20 tonnes or rotary kilns. In principle the process is the same as the one taking place in a simple pan, only much better controlled and yielding a plaster of consistent quality.
setting times
Plaster is often available with different setting times. For example, U.S. suppliers can provide 20-minute casting plaster or 30 minute casting plaster, and offer more than 30 different types of plaster and gypsum cement. For specialized model making, these products are often useful.
Setting time can be retarded and speeded up by addition of chemicals. Retardants are sodium carbonate, vinegar, dextrin. Accelerators are warm water and salt. For specialized model making, this is often useful, but normally it is better to use the plaster without any addition since this reduces its strength. Small amounts of uncalcined gypsum will speed up the setting time. Shorter setting time is a sign that your plaster is not stored properly and has become too old.
gypsum cement
A special plaster is produced by calcining the gypsum under
pressure in an autoclave to 120ºC. The calcining thus takes place under
humid conditions and this produces plaster with a special crystal structure
(alpha plaster) that makes the finished set plaster much stronger, as more
plaster can be added to the water. This type of plaster is, of course, more
expensive, but the extra cost is justified when used for model making and for
block and case mould production. It is essential for moulds used in the ram
Plaster suppliers offer many different qualities made from mixtures of ordinary plaster (beta plaster) and gypsum-cement plaster (alpha plaster). However, in many countries only one quality is available.
FIGURE 6.4.2-C.1 A steel kettle (1) is placed on top of a firebox (2) inside a brickwork cylinder. Gypsum is loaded at (3) and plaster is discharged through a door at (4). Stirrers (5) rotate at 15 r.p.m.
FIGURE 6.4.2-D Work flow of gypsum calcining (A; B)
A) The raw gypsum is cleaned.
B) Gypsum is crushed in a hammer mill.
FIGURE 6.4.2-D Work flow of gypsum calcining (C; D)
C) Gypsum is changed to plaster in a calcining kettle.
D) Screening on a fine sieve. Residue is reground in a hammer mill.
FIGURE 6.4.2-D Work flow of gypsum calcining (E; F)
E) Screened plaster is packed in bags.
F) Plaster in stored in a dry place.
Because plaster of parts is easily damaged by water, care should be taken with shipping and storage.
If you must order plaster of parts in some quantity, it is
better not to order more than 6 months supply at a time. Request the
supplier to provide it in polythene-lined bags, or in sealed drums. Plaster
should be stored above the floor: bags may be placed on top of boards, to allow
air circulation below and prevent any water from getting into the bags. It
should not touch the wall. It also should be stored so that the oldest plaster
is used up first.
When mixing plaster, it is very important to always use the same amounts of water and plaster powder. If more water is used, the strength will be less and the water absorption greater. Less water will make a thicker mixture, which will be stronger and which will have less water absorption. This will cause problems in the slip casting section, with moulds casting at different speeds.
plaster to water ratio
The strongest mixture of standard quality pottery plaster is 70 parts (by weight) water to 100 parts plaster. This is used for case moulds. Working moulds used for jiggering and casting are mixed with 75 - 80 parts water to 100 parts plaster. Where plaster is expensive it is better to use a high proportion of plaster, because the working moulds will last longer.
Plaster used for bats or dewatering trays are mix with 90 parts water to 100 parts plaster.
Gypsum cement (alpha plaster) can be mixed with only 40 parts water to 100 parts plaster. This produces a very hard plaster with high expansion and low absorption, ideal for master and case moulds.
The right ratio of water to plaster cannot be fixed. It will vary from one source to the next and from batch to batch. So every new batch should be tested and compared with the last batch.
rules for plaster work
Most mould makers get lazy after a time, and start to just estimate the amounts. Sooner or later, they will make mistakes, and the casting section will have problems. PROBLEMS COST MONEY!
Always use a dry bowl or spoon when taking plaster from the bag. Any moisture will cause the plaster to set in the bag.
After you start to mix plaster, the chemical reaction begins immediately. Sometimes, if the plaster starts to get thick too soon, the mould maker will try to add water to make it thinner. This doesnt work - the mould will be soft and may never set.
Air bubbles are Enemy Number One of the mould maker. If they are on the surface of the mould, the quality will be very bad. Follow the instructions below for mixing plaster very carefully. Air bubbles do not come from the plaster - they come from the hands of the mould maker.
Here is the detailed work process for mixing plaster of paris:
1 containers
For good quality moulds, it is important to have clean tools. Always use a clean container to mix the plaster. Plastic buckets are best, because they are easy to clean. Dirty tools and mixing containers will result in poor quality moulds. Tools should be washed immediately after use.
2 weighing
Always weigh the water first, and then add the correct amount of plaster by weight. Experienced mould makers think that they can estimate amounts correctly. This is not true: usually mistakes will be made, and the quality of moulds will be uneven. Temperature of water is also important. Cool water means slow setting; hot water means fast setting.
3 sieving
Plaster should be sifted into the water through a coarse sieve to remove big particles.
4 mixing time
The time for mixing and pouring should always be the same. After plaster is added to water, it should be left without stirring for 2 minutes. This allows the plaster particles to absorb water. At the same time, air bubbles rise to the surface.
5 by hand or machine
Hand-mixing is satisfactory for amounts under 3 kg. Larger amounts should be powermixed. The mixer should force plaster from the bottom tip-not suck air into the mixture.
In hand-mixing plaster, it is important to stir the plaster quickly, but not to mix air into the plaster. First put your hand slowly into the plaster. All mixing should be done from the bottom with the fingers. The hand should not come above the surface of the plaster.
6 pouring plaster
Pouring the plaster into the mould should be smooth and steady, so that air cannot enter. It is best to place a small board in the mould first, and to pour the plaster over it - this spreads out the stream of plaster without introducing air bubbles. Experienced mould makers hit the table with their body while pouring plaster - this helps to release bubbles. The best way to remove bubbles is by using a brush, which is gently moved about the surface of the model immediately after pouring in the plaster.
7 setting of plaster
Plaster goes through several stages of becoming hard:
- liquid: As the chemical reaction starts to occur, the liquid will become gradually stiffer.
- plastic: This is the stage when plaster is like cheese, and can still be shaped.
- solid: After pouring, the plaster surface is glossy. When it starts to become solid, the surface will appear dull.
- final crystallisation: The plaster becomes hot, and expands slightly (about 0.3 %).
8 clean-up
Remember that it is easiest to clean up plaster before it gets hard. Discard any excess plaster in a suitable container or old plaster bag. Buckets and tools should be washed immediately in a bucket of water always kept ready for that purpose. NEVER put plaster in a sink or drain, as this will block it.
Old, hardened plaster that falls from tools or buckets into fresh plaster will speed up the setting time, and cause bad quality moulds.
FIGURE 6.4.4-A Graph of plaster porosity and expansion. With increase of plaster content expansion increases, but porosity decreases.
FIGURE 6.4.4-B Plaster mixing work flow (A; B; C;)
A) Measured amount of water is filled in the mixing bucket.
B) Correct amount of plaster is added to the water,
C) The mixture is left to soak for 2 minutes.
FIGURE 6.4.4-B Plaster mixing work flow (D; E; F)
D) The mixture is stirred for 2 minutes. Stir with upward
movements that release air bubbles.
E) The plaster is poured onto a piece of wood to release air bubbles.
F) The bucket and other tools are cleaned immediately
Mould making from plaster of parts is a highly specialized skill, and small-scale producers who produce by slip casting or by jigger often have a full-time mould maker, and an area that is set aside specifically for mould making. Because the same mould needs to be reproduced sometimes hundreds of times, there is a well-established system for doing this, which involves several stages. It is a bit complicated to remember the different names for each stage. When we talk about positive, this means the shape itself: for example, the positive of an apple looks just like the apple. Negative means the shape of the space around the apple, just as the inside of a shoe is the negative of the foot.
steps in mould making
- model (positive): This is the original design from which all the other moulds are made. It looks exactly like the intended product. It is usually made from plaster of parts, which may be built up by hand and carved, formed on a variety of hand-operated devices, or turned on a special plaster wheel.
- master mould (negative): This is the mould made from the model, and is also called the block. Both the model and the master mould are kept in a special place - if they are lost or damaged an entirely new set of moulds needs to be made.
- double case mould: This is identical except it has an additional outer casing for making case moulds. If large-scale production is planned, several double case moulds are made, since frequently a mould is damaged.
- case mould (positive): This is made from the master mould or the double case mould, and looks exactly like the model, except that it also includes the outer casing. For largescale production several hundred working moulds are needed and when producing these it is practical to have as many case moulds as can be cast from one plaster mix batch.
- working moulds (negative): As many of these as are needed can
be produced from the case mould.
In detail, the process of making the different moulds is:
The way of making the model depends mostly on whether it is to be
- asymmetrical, free-form, or not round: for example, sculpture,
rectangular objects, handles, spouts, etc.;
- circular and symmetrical: for example, plates, bowls, vases and other standard container shapes.
not round model
Complicated sculptural objects (human figures, etc.) are usually made first in plastic clay (as above) because it is easier to model small details and to make alterations. These models are generally made from solid clay (as opposed to hollow), which is built up around a wire armature to give it strength.
This process will not be described here in detail, as there are entire books on this subject alone.
If the object is to be produced on a large scale, a master mould is then made.
Another material used for models is wax, which is usually the same kind of soft modeling wax that is normally used by bronze casters. This is built up and worked with hot metal tools.
Simpler forms, such as rectangular dishes, oval vases, and the like, are often made by casting a block of plaster and then carving it to shape, or by building up plaster on an armature to the rough form, and then filing it to shape.
round model
- plastic clay process: Round models can be made in plastic clay, as above. The disadvantage of this is that the model is destroyed in making the master mould. However, the master mould can be used to make as many case moulds as needed. Using plastic clay is very fast, and allows a number of variations on a design to be made quickly, before selecting the final one. Because only the outside of the model is used for mould making, throwing is normally done thicker than usual. This method is very useful for larger items, or for items that do not have a lot of fine detailing. The model is set up leather-hard before the master mould is made. Remember that the model needs to be about 10 % larger than the final product - if accuracy is required, the drying plus firing shrinkage (total shrinkage) of your production clay should be used.
the plaster wheel
The most common method of making round models is in plaster of parts. There are several advantages to this method:
- If the original design has been made as a drawing on paper, the size can be calculated very accurately, and a cardboard profile made of the contour, which is then used to check the model.
- No shrinkage to consider since the original model can be made to the same size as the working mould.
- The plaster model can be kept permanently in storage, and, if needed, can be used to produce a new master mould.
- The model can be carefully detailed, and altered millimeter by millimeter if required.
Normally, this work is done on a special plaster wheel, which is basically a motorized potters wheel, with either fixed or variable speed. The wheelhead is fitted so that plaster can be attached to it, and a special brace is attached so that the worker can hold his arms steady.
making the model
To start work, a cylinder of flexible material called a cottle is mounted on the wheelhead.
This is filled with plaster of paris, and as soon as it has set enough to hold its shape, the cottle is removed and rough shaping is done immediately while the plaster is still wet and soft. The shaping is done with a set of special tools, which can be made by a welding shop, and can be worked on a grinder when special shapes are needed.
The work is more or less the same as using a wood lathe, except that the plaster is turning vertically. Usually, an experienced wood or metal turner can easily learn to turn plaster, as it is softer and easier to work than other materials. A master plaster turner is amazing to watch, as plaster literally flies in all directions as he quickly develops the shape.
Once the rough shaping is done, it does not matter if the plaster gets hard, although it is best to keep it covered with plastic so it does not dry out until the shape is final. The shape can be checked very accurately if a stiff paper or sheet metal profile is made. In this way, fine shaping can even be done over a period of several days if necessary.
In this process, plaster is always removed down to the correct curve, and new plaster should not be added. If too much plaster is removed, it usually is better and saves time to start over again. Even though more plaster can be added to already-set plaster, it often will not join really well, may be harder or softer, and usually results in a rough area when cutting through the joined place. If it cannot be avoided, plaster can be joined by scratching the already-set plaster surface and soaking it completely with water before pouring fresh plaster onto it.
If necessary, a standard potters wheel can be used as a plaster wheel. This is not really recommended, but if you produce only a few models, there is no point in investing in a special plaster wheel.
WARNING! ALL PLASTER WORK SHOULD BE DONE AWAY FROM CLAY WORKING AREAS. EVEN SMALL PINHEAD SIZE PIECES OF PLASTER THAT GET INTO THE CLAY WILL CAUSE YOUR POTTERY TO LOW OUT PIECES! So make a separate area for working with plaster, and be careful that plaster does not get into the clay.
the turning box
This is a wooden frame which is fitted with a metal shaft that can be rotated by a hand crank. It is used in combination with a profile. The metal shaft is first prepared by wrapping it with paper or cloth, and providing it with a metal pin. The paper prevents plaster from sticking to the shaft, and the pin is fixed so that it keeps the plaster from spinning freely while working, but it can be removed when finished so the plaster can slide off the shaft. Plaster is first built up on the shaft by applying it and rotating at the same time. When it is a little smaller than the profile, more plaster is applied, and the profile shapes it to the final form. WARNING: This seems like a simple device, but in fact requires a lot of skill to operate correctly. It is not recommended unless you can find an experienced person to teach you.
FIGURE 6.5.1-D Various shapes of tools for plaster wheel
FIGURE 6.5.1-E Plaster turning box with a profile of a vase to be modeled.
Although making moulds is virtually always the same process: MODEL, MASTER MOULD, CASE MOULD, WORKING MOULDS, the specific steps are different for making jigger moulds, two-piece moulds, and multiple-piece moulds.
Some important points to remember are:
- Mixing and pouring plaster: according to section on
- Cottle: This is the word used for the device that holds the liquid plaster around the mould.
Round cottles are made from sheet metal or linoleum (Fig. 6.5.1-C), which is rolled into a cylinder with the appropriate diameter, and held in shape with wire. A separator is not required for these materials. The height is not important - it must be higher than the intended depth of plaster, and not so high that pouring the plaster is difficult to control.
Rectangular cottles are made from wooden planks, or, for smaller sizes, pieces of glass or rigid plastic. Wood should be soaped to keep the plaster from sticking. For most purposes, a universal cottle is used, which can be adjusted to any shape. Special clamps can be made to hold the cottle in position and are very convenient if many moulds are to be made, but this is rarefy done. In practice, bricks, clay, etc., are generally used to hold the cottle.
Cottles are sealed with plastic clay to prevent plaster from leaking out. Take care with this step, as the pressure of liquid plaster is sometimes surprising, and a lot of work can be lost if all the plaster runs out of the cottle.
- Separator: Plaster can be poured onto clay, linoleum, glass and wet wood without sticking. But if it is poured onto another plaster surface, it will stick unless a separator has been used. Modern separators are often made from silicon compounds in spray cans, which are very expensive. However, liquid soap is the standard one and works very well if correctly applied. The standard soap is thick brown potash soap diluted with water (about 0.25 kg soap to 1 lifer water). If this is not available, bar soap used for laundry can be prepared by boiling 500 g soap in 2 lifers water. After it has cooled another 2 lifers water are added.
- Applying separator: The separator can be applied with a soft brush or with a sponge. The first coat is done with a very thin separator which will reduce the absorption of the plaster. Wipe the soap off with a sponge. The next applications are done with a thicker soap separator. After each application, excess soap is wiped off with a sponge. Do not clean the sponge or your hands in water. This is done 5 times on a fresh mould and 3 times on a mould that has already been used. The last coat is wiped off very carefully so that no excess soap is left on the surface because that will spoil the surface of the new cast.
FIGURE 6.5.2-A Universal cottle with clamps made from iron bars.
- Mould sealer: Normally five coats of soap will be enough to seal the plaster surface. However, some potters prefer to apply a special sealer to the mould surface before using a separator. The sealer is usually shellac, which is thinned with denatured alcohol. 3 to 4 coats of shellac are needed, but each application should be allowed to dry completely before applying the next, otherwise the earlier shellac layers will be partly dissolved by the new coat and form bumps on the mould surface.
If shellac is not available thin enamel paint can be used instead. The mould should be dry before applying the paint. Either dry it in the sun for several days, or in a heated cabinet that is below 50ºC.
- Pouring plaster: Never pour plaster directly onto the face of the case mould. The point of pouring will become more dense and for a slip casting mould this would produce an uneven cast. Pouring should be done without splashing so that no air bubbles are trapped. Place a piece of wood inside the cottle and pour onto that. Immediately after pouring, air bubbles can be released by moving a soft brush gently over the mould surface.
- Opening the mould: This is a step which often can cause difficulty, especially with single-piece moulds with vertical sides (such as cup moulds for the jigger). If you have correctly done the sealing and soap application, and the mould does not have any undercuts, it should be possible to separate the mould. The mould should be opened when the plaster is hottest. The heat makes the mould sweat a little, softening the soap separator and this helps release.
Normally this can be done by inserting a thin knife blade in the seam, and gently tapping it with a wooden mallet. Do this all along the seam, and repeat it all around until the mould comes away. The greatest difficulty is often found with jigger moulds, which are rather deep and often create a strong suction which resists all attempts to open the mould. If you have compressed air available, this is the best solution to the problem. A hole (quite small, about 2 mm will do) is drilled through the mould up to the model - dont worry if you penetrate the model, as this can be filled with a bit of plaster later. The hole can also be made by inserting a nail in the plaster before it stiffens (Fig. 6.5.2-C. Then apply a rubber or plastic hose to the hole and force in air. If nothing else is available, a bicycle pump often works, but the metal end should be removed.
- Case mould: Although case moulds are normally made from plaster of parts, wax is sometimes used for limited production. It has the advantage of being easier to remove from the master mould, and can be used to produce a large number of working moulds. Plain paraffin wax (the same used for making candles) can be used, but a better mixture is 2 parts paraffin to I part beeswax (if available). The master mould is set up as usual, and sufficient wax is melted to fill the mould. Hot wax shrinks when it cools, so to minimize this, the wax should be cooled in its melting container until a crust starts to form at the edge. It is then ready for pouring. As with slip clay, pouring must be done quickly and without hesitation - otherwise rings will form on the wax surface.
In modern European practice, case moulds are made from silicone rubber (a 2-component product, which when mixed sets to make a rubber-like material that is flexible).
A) A nail is inserted in the soft plaster of a jigger cup
B) Compressed air enters between the case mould (1) and the working mould (2) and forces them apart.
one-piece moulds
- jigger mould: One-piece working moulds are very frequently used for jigger work. However, in order to produce them, it requires a fairly complicated master mould. All steps from making the model to producing working moulds for a jigger cup are shown in Fig. 6.5.2-E.
- plaster expansion: The plaster expands about 0.2 % on setting. The expansion of the working mould may crack the case mould. There are two solutions to this. The first is to make the case mould stronger by using more plaster for the same amount of water and by inserting reinforcing metal bands in the case mould during its casting. If extra gypsum cement plaster (alpha plaster) is available this is used for case moulds.
The second option is to allow the case mould to crack. Before casting the first working mould a vertical incision is made in the case mould from the outside so that a neat, straight crack is produced during the first casting. A metal wire is then tightened around the case mould, but during each casting the case mould will still yield a little to the expanding working mould. The advantage is that it is easy to release the working mould, but the disadvantage is that the working mould is not running perfectly true when placed in the jigger head. The working moulds can be trimmed on the plaster wheel to run true, but this of course adds to the cost of production. However, in many countries this method is the only practical solution, when plaster is of poor quality.
FIGURE 6.5.2-E Work flow of making a jigger mould (A; B)
A) Place a cottle on the plaster wheelhead and cast a rough
B) Turn a model of the cup on the wheel, seal it with shellac and apply a soap separator.
FIGURE 6.5.2-E Work flow of making a jigger mould(C;D)
C) Place a cottle around the model and make a cast.
D) The master mould, also called block mould, is cut on its outside to fit the jigger head on the jigger machine.
FIGURE 6.5.2-E Work flow of making a jigger mould (E; F)
E) Cut the base of the model down, slightly sloping as shown at
(1). Apply sealer and separator.
F) Make a cast of the master mould. This is the CASE MOULD.
FIGURE 6.5.2-E Work flow of making a jigger mould (G; H)
G) Cut the CASE MOULD so it is slightly sloping and cut the base
of the model down a bit further. Apply sealer and separator.
H) Make a cast of the case mould. This is the DOUBLE CASE MOULD.
FIGURE 6.5.2-E Work flow of making a jigger mould (I; J)
I) After turning the outside of the double case mould the whole
set is ready: model (1), master mould (2), case mould (3), double case mould
J) Take the moulds #24 off the plaster wheel, turn them upside down and cast an extra model.
FIGURE 6.5.2-E Work flow of making a jigger mould (K; L)
K) Cast an extra set of model, master mould and case mould and
store them for future reproduction. Then cast a number of case moulds from the
other set of moulds.
L) Produce working moulds from the case moulds
FIGURE 6.5.2-E Work flow of making a jigger mould (M; N)
M) Before the plaster starts setting turn the case mould on a
potters wheel while touching the mould surface with a soft brush.
N) Dry the working moulds completely before use. The first few cups formed in the new moulds may be difficult to release.
two-piece mould for slip casting
This is probably the most common type of mould for slip casting most simple shapes, like flower vases, small decorative objects, etc. Although moulds for slip casting should be of uniform thickness so that water is absorbed equally from all areas, in fact they are often made square or rectangular in section for ease of producing and handling the working moulds.
The model may sometimes be prepared from clay, but normally is made from plaster of parts, as above. It is important to remember that moulds for slip casting require a spare, which is the slip pouring spout that holds an extra reservoir of slip and permits accurate finishing of the mouth.
multiple-piece mould
The vase we made above m the two-piece mould had to have a flat bottom, because otherwise it would have an undercut in the bottom and could not be released from the mould. An indented bottom can easily be made with the help of a third mould piece. This type of mould is shown in Fig. 6.5.2-H.
FIGURE 6.5.2-I Steps in making a two-piece slip casting mould (A; B)
A) Mark the midline of the vase with a pencil. Seal the
B) Set the model in plastic clay up to the marked midline. Make the clay surface smooth and make a clay plug at the mouth to form the spare.
FIGURE 6.5.2-I Steps in making a two-piece slip casting mould(C)
C) Place a casting cottle around the model. Allow about 4 cm between cottle and largest diameter of the vase. Seal gaps with clay. Apply separator to the model.
FIGURE 6.5.2-I Steps in making a two-piece slip casting mould(D)
D) Pour plaster slowly into one corner. Vibrate the mould gently or move a soft brush over the mould surface to remove air bubbles.
FIGURE 6.5.2-I Steps in making a two-piece slip casting mould (E; F)
E) Remove cottle and clay and turn the new mould over, keeping
the model in place. Clean clay from all plaster surfaces. Make keys or notches
in the plaster, place a new clay plug at the mouth.
F) Replace the cottle and soap the model as usual, taking extra care to soap the notch holes.
FIGURE 6.5.2-I Steps in making a two-piece slip casting mould(G)
G) After separating the two moulds, we have a set of master moulds also called block moulds. Make an extra set of these to keep in store together with the model.
FIGURE 6.5.2-I Steps in making a two-piece slip casting mould (H; I)
H) From the two master moulds make as many sets of case moulds
as needed.
I) From the case moulds working moulds are produced.
FIGURE 6.5.2-J Steps in making a three-piece casting mould.(A; B)
A) Set the model in clay as before but with the bottom at
the edge as shown. Otherwise proceed as above.
B) The two master moulds without bottom part.
FIGURE 6.5.2-J Steps in making a three-piece casting mould.(C; D)
C) Assemble the two master moulds with the model inside. Hold it
together with rubber bands, turn it upside down cut notches and place a
cottle around it.
D) Soap well and pour plaster to cast the third mould piece.
FIGURE 6.5.2-J Steps in making a three-piece casting mould.(E)
E) The three master mould pieces after separation.
multiple moulds for irregular shapes
Pottery shapes can also be square, triangular, oval or even completely irregular as for example a sculpture. Slip casting of such items requires moulds divided into many sections.
The first step is to determine how many pieces of mould are required, and where the separation lines will be. This is largely a matter of experience and good judgement. There must not be any undercuts which prevent the mould from being pulled away from the model. When the lines have been determined, they can be drawn on the model with pencil.
A multiple-piece mould can also be made without using a cottle. First the largest area defined by the separation lines has a clay dam built around it, which normally can be about 4 cm high. The plaster is applied by splashing it on layer by layer until about 4 cm thick. The clay is then removed and the plaster face is keyed as described above. The area next to the new cast is then dammed in by clay and the process is repeated.
FIGURE 6.5.2-K Steps in making a multiple-piece mould (A; B)
A) Draw separation lines on the model.
B) Build up clay walls along the separation lines.
FIGURE 6.5.2-K Steps in making a multiple-piece mould(C)
C) Place a cottle around it and extend the clay walls to the walls of the cottle.
FIGURE 6.5.2-K Steps in making a multiple-piece mould (D)
D) Pour plaster into sections not bordering each other.
FIGURE 6.5.2-K Steps in making a multiple-piece mould (E)
E) Open the cottle, remove clay walls and cut key notches in the plaster.
FIGURE 6.5.2-K Steps in making a multiple-piece mould (F)
F) Replace the cottle, apply separator and pour plaster into the other sections.
FIGURE 6.5.2-K Steps in making a multiple-piece mould (G)
G) Remove the cottle, turn the mould upside down, cut key notches and pour plaster into the last section.
FIGURE 6.5.2-K Steps in making a multiple-piece mould (H)
H) The finished casting mould. The casting slip is poured
through the four legs of the figure
Plaster sets too fast.
i. plaster is not properly calcined, contains gypsum
ii. equipment dirty
iii. high ratio of plaster to water
iv. mixing water too hot.
i. replace the plaster
ii. clean equipment
iii. increase water content
iv. try with cooler water.
Plaster sets too slowly.
i. plaster is contaminated with clay, sand, etc.
ii. too much water in the mixture.
i. discard the plaster
ii. reduce water content of the mixture.
Air bubbles on the mould surface. This is one of the most common problems with plaster moulds
improper mixing and pouring.
Follow instructions on mixing and pouring procedure given in 6.4.4.
In particular,
let plaster soak completely before stirring. Vibrate mould gently or move a soft brush over the mould face after pouring.
Rough mould surface, or soft mould surface.
i. soap used as separator was not wiped off before pouring
ii. coarse grains in the plaster.
i. wipe the separator off with a squeezed sponge
ii. screen the plaster through 100 mesh, regrind the plaster, complain to supplier. Make a thicker mix so the large particles do not settle on the surface.
Mould is too soft and breaks down easily.
i. too much water in the mixture
ii. plaster is contaminated or too old
iii. moulds were dried at high temperature.
i. correct water/plaster ratio
ii. discard plaster
iii. dry moulds below 50ºC.
Casting or jigger items stick to the mould the first few times in use.
salts in the plaster deposited on the mould surface during drying.
Dust the mould with talc or grog dust before using it the first few times. Drying moulds from the outside only will reduce the problem


text:
utahsocceralliance.com utahsocceralliance.com http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/rss 2016-06-01T05:31:56Z 2016-06-01T05:31:56Z 2016/17 Tryout Results Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/tryout-results 2016-05-27T00:59:42Z 2016-05-27T00:55:00Z
Tryout results are now being posted for the 2016/17 season. Please check back regularly for results.

Click here for boys tryout results

Click here for girls tryout results
 Gordon Augat 2016-05-27T00:55:00Z 2016-17 Tryout Schedule Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/2016-17-tryout-schedule 2016-05-07T15:32:39Z 2016-05-07T15:28:00Z The tryout schedule for the 2016-2017 season has been posted. Click here for details. Gordon Augat 2016-05-07T15:28:00Z USA Coaches List 2016 / 2017 Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/usa-coaches-list-2016-2017 2016-05-10T19:43:23Z 2016-04-19T23:23:00Z
Here are the coaches for 2016 /2017.

Click here for coaches list.
 Gordon Augat 2016-04-19T23:23:00Z USA Meet and Greet Event Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/usa-meet-and-greet-event 2016-04-12T15:16:49Z 2016-04-12T15:16:00Z Fellow members of the USA Club,

 We are asking for your attendance and support of a 'USA Meet and Greet event'.

 The entire USA coaching staff will be assembled from 8-9:30pm, next Tuesday, April 19, at the CR Hamilton Pavilion (13700 S 3800 W, Riverton). Please come join us, meet our Head coaches, discuss the upcoming changes in youth soccer, and ask questions of our USA coaching staff.

 Light refreshments will be provided.

 Have an excellent day!

 Dick Kunz, Jr.
 VP/Administrative Director
 Utah Soccer Alliance Gordon Augat 2016-04-12T15:16:00Z Black Diamond FC Joins USA Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/black-diamond-fc-ha 2016-03-29T00:09:22Z 2016-03-29T00:04:00Z
Fellow members of the Utah Soccer Alliance family, please read through this email, as well as the attachment;

USA-BDFC Press Release-Membership

We are pleased to announce, Black Diamond FC has joined the Utah Soccer Alliance (USA) family. The merger of Utah Soccer Alliance and Black Diamond FC will bring more opportunities to players, coaches, and teams, as we join together and move forward into a bright and successful future.

The attached press release of the merger has been sent to Utah Youth Soccer Association (UYSA) and will be emailed to the general public later this week.

Beginning with the Spring 2016 season, the merger will be implemented, as follows;

The current Black Diamond FC teams will be renamed and known as Black Diamond FC USA or Black Diamond USA.

Coaches will gain the ability to Club pass and share players between the current BDFC and USA teams. This will provide more opportunity for players to move between teams and play, based on their needs, as well the needs of each team.

Beginning with the next tryouts cycle, May/June 2016;

The Black Diamond FC teams will be known as 'USA' teams, while continuing to participate and play in the downtown Salt Lake Metro area.

These teams will hold tryouts for all age groups. The tryout, training, and game fields will remain the same; Rowland Hall, East HS, Highland HS, West HS.

The teams will wear the current Adidas branded, USA uniforms kits. More details will become available closer to tryouts.

Future player registration will be with Utah Soccer Alliance.

Please feel free to contact us directly, ask questions, and share your thoughts with the USA Executive Board of Directors at tonight's Annual General Meeting. We are incredibly excited for the future!

 Go USA!

Dennis Burrows
 Director of Coaching
 USA Soccer Club
 801-867-0587
 firstname.lastname@example.com
 Gordon Augat 2016-03-29T00:04:00Z 2016 USA Annual General Meeting Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/2016-usa-annual-general-meeting 2016-03-27T15:08:34Z 2016-03-27T15:05:00Z
Greetings parents, players, coaches, and members of the USA Board of Directors,

The upcoming 2016 USA Annual General Meeting (AGM) will be held from 7-8:30pm on Monday, March 28th at the CR Hamilton Pavilion, 13800 S 3700 W, Riverton, UT.

Your attendance and participation is requested, encouraged, and will be greatly appreciated.

The major events of the evening will be;

The annual State of the Club address.

Announcement of notable Club achievements.

Presentation of Miguel A. Nunez scholarship award recipients.

Acknowledgement of USA Comp 'Coach of the Year' award recipients.

Recognition of USA Board members leaving their position for other opportunities.

Introduction of newly appointed USA Advisory Board members.

Unfortunately, the previously announced election of Parent Representatives, to the Executive Board of Directors, was made in error. And it was solely my error, the USA bylaws were revised, June 2015, changing the position of Parent Representative to a 2 year term.

Once the official USA Club annual business has concluded, we will change the meeting to a less formal format, encouraging interactive discussions. We will plan to address individual concerns, address specific questions, and be available for discussions with members of the USA Club.

Thank you,
 -Dick Kunz, Jr.
 VP/Administrative Director
 Utah Soccer Alliance
 (385) 226-0357
 Gordon Augat 2016-03-27T15:05:00Z 2016 Spring USA Competition Goal Keeper Training Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/2016-spring-usa-competition-goal-keeper-training 2016-03-15T19:25:58Z 2016-03-15T19:25:00Z
The 2016 Spring USA Competition Goal Keeper training sessions will begin this Friday (3/18) and continue thru the Spring season.

 The GK training sessions will be held Rosamond Elementary (12195 S 1975 W, Riverton, UT)
 -U13 thru U18's will train from 4-5pm
 -U9 thru U12's will train from 5-6pm.

 Former player and GK Trainer Hailee DeYoung will be our GK trainer until further notice.

 And a notable item to share, AJ Snell, our previous GK trainer, is currently in Turkey, competing for a roster spot with an international team. Please wish him well and send him your positive thoughts.

Please notify ALL Goal Keepers as soon as possible.

Thank you.
 Dennis Burrows
 USA Director of Coaching
 Gordon Augat 2016-03-15T19:25:00Z 2016 USA Club Annual General Meeting (AGM) Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/2016-usa-club-annual-general-meeting-agm- 2016-03-15T19:25:15Z 2016-03-15T19:24:00Z
Greetings fellow members of the USA Soccer Club,

The 2016 USA Club Annual General Meeting (AGM) is just around the corner, on Monday, March 28, 2016.

 An e-mail will be sent in the very near future, notifying all Club members of the exact time, location, and planned events for the 2016 USA Club AGM.

 One of the major tasks will be to elect two (2) Parent Representatives to the Executive Board of Directors. The current Parent Representatives are Broc Stutz and Mike Allen. Nominations for the Parent Representative positions will be accepted until midnight, Friday, March 25, 2016.
 Please submit nominations to;
 Dick Kunz, Jr.
 email@example.com

Thank you,
 USA Executive Board of Directors
 Gordon Augat 2016-03-15T19:24:00Z Important Message Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/important-message 2016-03-08T17:24:12Z 2016-03-08T17:22:00Z
Coaches, parents, and players

 As the USA Club prepares for the mandated US Soccer Birth Year re-alignment policy, we are scheduling evaluation and training sessions for each age and gender group.

 The USA Club will hold several evaluation and training sessions on Saturday, March 12, 2016, at Rosamond Elementary (12195 South 1975 West, Riverton, UT. 84065), as scheduled below;

 2007 birth year girls and boys, 9:00 - 10:00am.

 2006 birth year girls and boys, 10:00 - 11:00am.

 2005 birth year girls and boys, 11:00 - Noon.

We will hold sessions for the older age groups at a later date. They may be slightly different than the sessions this coming Saturday.

Also, We will be reviewing and evaluating all the age groups for the new birth year groups before tryouts.

 Player participation is HIGHLY recommended. Our staff coaches will be there to evaluate and train the players. Our Board members will be there to answer questions.

 Thank you for your support.

 Go USA!

Dennis Burrows
 Director of Coaching
 USA Soccer Club
 Gordon Augat 2016-03-08T17:22:00Z Utah Soccer Alliance Integrates with SoccerRecruits Club Management Platform Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/utah-soccer-alliance-integrates-with-soccerrecruits-club-management-platform 2016-02-16T16:05:56Z 2016-02-16T16:05:00Z http://soccerrecruits.com/blogs/club/2016/02/09/press-release-utah-soccer-alliance-integrates-with-soccerrecruits-club-management-platform/ Gordon Augat 2016-02-16T16:05:00Z USA Players Committed To College Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/usa-players-committed-to-college 2016-02-16T16:03:25Z 2016-02-16T16:01:00Z
Utah Soccer Alliance is proud to announce these 2015/2016 USA Players committed to college on February 3, 2016;

Ambree Bennett – Dixie State University

Savannah Page – Webster University

Tiana Sekona – USU Eastern

Michela Didericksen – Idaho State

Jandir Porta – Dixie State University

 Gordon Augat 2016-02-16T16:01:00Z Letter to USA Parents Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/letter-to-usa-parents 2016-02-10T18:31:03Z 2016-02-10T17:40:00Z
Fellow members of the USA Club,

 The USA Club wants to help educate you on the upcoming changes from US Youth Soccer. Please review the attached document and the links included for your information.

 As with all changes, please ask questions! And ask these questions of the right people, as we have recommended in this document.

 This may be confusing and frustrating. We are here to help and guide you through this process.

 Have an excellent day!

Click here to read letter
 Gordon Augat 2016-02-10T17:40:00Z TOSH State Select (ODP) tryout registration Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/tosh-state-select-odp-tryout-registration 2015-11-06T03:43:44Z 2015-11-06T03:41:00Z
Players, Parents, Coaches, and Admins

Just a reminder that online registration for TOSH State Select (ODP) tryouts closes tonight at midnight. We don't want you to miss your opportunity to register online. The cost at the field will be $75 verses online registration which is $65.

I have included the link for online registration.

TOSH State Select (ODP) Registration Link

Here are the dates, times and locations for tryouts.

Date: Saturday, 11/7
 Times: Girls 9am-12pm & Boys 1pm-4pm
 Location: Ellison Park
 Address: 700 N 2200 W, Layton, UT 84041

Date: Saturday, 11/14
 Times: Girls 9am-12pm & Boys 1pm-4pm
 Location: Lakeside Sports Complex
 Address: 400 South 1850 West, Orem, UT 84058

Date: Saturday, 11/21
 Times: Girls 9am-12pm & Boys 1pm-4pm
 Location: Lakeside Sports Complex
 Address: 400 South 1850 West Orem, UT 84058
 Gordon Augat 2015-11-06T03:41:00Z Uniform Care Instructions Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/uniform-care-instructions 2015-08-03T19:02:36Z 2015-08-03T19:00:00Z

Cold wash inside out. Do not use bleach or softeners.

Line dry in a warm and dry environment. Do not let the print fold on itself during the drying process.

Do not tumble dry.

After following the above instructions, please use the care label instructions on the garment.

Always iron inside out. Do not use steam.

Failure to adhere to these care instructions voids any warranty on embellished products.

 Gordon Augat 2015-08-03T19:00:00Z U14 Girls Are The Utah Surf Cup U15 Division Champs! Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/u14-girls-are-the-utah-surf-cup-u15-division-champs- 2015-07-13T20:47:05Z 2015-07-13T20:44:00Z
Congratulation is the U14 Girls for winning the Utah Surf Cup U15 Division. They are coached by Patrick Rennie and Jeff Keith.

 Gordon Augat 2015-07-13T20:44:00Z USA Soccer Camp Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/usa-soccer-ca-1 2015-05-14T10:30:19Z 2015-05-14T10:29:00Z
"We are excited to announce the dates and location of the annual USA Soccer Camp. Please see the USA website for this information.

We are encouraging competition and recreation players, as well as recreation coaches to participate. Recreation coaches are welcome to attend the sessions, take notes, and incorporate the skills being taught with their teams.

This will be provided at no cost to the Recreation coaches.

We are currently planning the older kids sessions in the morning and younger kids sessions in the afternoon."

 USA Soccer Camp

 Registration Form

 Waiver Form

 Gordon Augat 2015-05-14T10:29:00Z 2015 Tryout Schedule Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/2015-tryout-schedule 2015-05-07T07:57:52Z 2015-05-07T07:56:00Z

 Tryout Schedule

 Click here to download registration instructions.

 Gordon Augat 2015-05-07T07:56:00Z The 2015 USA Club Annual General Meeting (AGM) Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/the-2015-usa-club-annual-general-meeting-agm- 2015-02-28T01:44:00Z 2015-02-28T01:43:00Z The 2015 USA Club Annual General Meeting (AGM) is just around the corner, on Thursday, March 12th.

 An e-mail will be sent in the near future, notifying all Club members of the time, location, and planned events for the 2015 USA AGM. One of the major tasks will be to elect two (2) Parent Representatives to the Executive Board of Directors. It is my great pleasure to announce the three (3) nominated candidates for Parent Representative, as follows;

 -Broc Stutz
 -Jennie King
 -Mike Allen Gordon Augat 2015-02-28T01:43:00Z National Futsal I.D. Camp Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/national-futsal-i-d-camp 2015-02-24T03:11:18Z 2015-02-24T03:08:00Z
Aaron Nixon, Jacob Angeletti, Ben Gonzalez, Tanner Bengtzen, and Cristian Alfaro all have been selected to the national I.D. pool and received invites to the U.S. Futsal National Camp, July 8-12 in Gardner, KS -- just outside Kansas City. Oscar Garcia was selected as an alternate.

They will be evaluated over a five-day event that includes training, games and ultimately selection of the U.S. Youth Futsal National U16 and U18 teams. All under the guidance of Keith Tozer, head coach of the U.S. Futsal Men's National Team. Coach Tozer was also recently appointed as Commissioner of the new Professional Futsal League (PFL) set to begin play in 2016. (www.professionalfutsal.com).

 Gordon Augat 2015-02-24T03:08:00Z All-Star Teams Announced for the 2015 ODP Region IV Championships Gordon Augat http://www.utahsocceralliance.com/home/-/blogs/all-star-teams-announced-for-the-2015-odp-region-iv-championships 2015-01-28T04:32:06Z 2015-01-28T04:29:00Z
Several players from our club (USA) made the all-star teams.

http://www.idevmail.net/message.aspx?d=26&m=6389
 Gordon Augat 2015-01-28T04:29:00Z

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ICRC recruitment services
28-07-2014 Contact
Need to contact us?
For applying to the ICRC (jobs & internships)
Please note that NO unsolicited application will be considered - CVs will be systematically deleted without being considered.
- Jobs: You wish to work with the ICRC - for your application to be considered, select the job opening you are interested in from the page Working for the ICRC and create your own personal account by clicking APPLY NOW (at the bottom of the page).
- Internships: All our internships available are published under Current Vacancies and updated regularly. Please note that there may not always be open positions for internships.
For volunteering
- Please note that the ICRC does not hire volunteers.
- We suggest that you contact the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Society of your own country.
For technical problems
- Please send an email explaining your problem to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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For this week's local-food recipes, I've gone back to basics and made some really simple things. There are a lot of reasons for this! Including the fact that today is my students' final music recital of the year, summer session just started at the studios where I teach, Paul and I are planning our honeymoon, and today is also mah birthday! In other words, I haven't had much time to plan meals, shop, or cook lately. Luckily, when you've got oodles of local products to choose from, you really can still make some simple, local meals.
First off, today, is a super-simple breakfast of bacon-baked eggs; that is, baked eggs with a little bacon in the bottom (and bacon grease if you must). Baked eggs are an easy way to cook eggs for a crowd and just as easy to cook for one or two. While they're baking, you can make toast, drink your coffee, water the plants, and just lounge around being fabulous. Local eggs are easy to score at the Crescent City Farmer's Markets, Hollygrove Market, and Cleaver & Co., and you can get some yummy local bacon at Cleaver as well. And if you're into this sort of thing, grease the ramekins with a little rendered bacon grease (it just takes a smidge) for a local cooking fat and extra flavor! Dang, you're local!
bacon-baked eggs
per egg:
- 1 slice bacon, cooked and crumbled
- a smidge of bacon grease or butter or other oil, for greasing
- 1 fresh egg
- salt and pepper to taste
- 1 tablespoon half and half, milk, or cream
- 1 tablespoon grated cheddar or other cheese (optional)
- snipped chives, green onions, or other herbs, for garnish
- Preheat oven to 400 and put a small kettle of water on to boil (for the water bath).
- Lightly grease a small, oven-proof ramekin with bacon grease or butter. Sprinkle the bacon into the bottom of the ramekin.
- Crack the egg into a small bowl and gently pour it over the bacon. Top with a sprinkle of salt and a grind or two of pepper, to taste. Pour a tablespoon of half and half over the egg, and top with cheese if using.
- Gently place the ramekin(s) into a baking dish with sides at least as high as the ramekin tops. When the water comes to a boil, carefully pour it into the baking dish so it comes 3/4 of the way up the sides of the ramekins.
- Carefully place the baking dish in the oven. Bake for 9 to 13 minutes, according to desired degree of doneness. 9 minutes will give you a very runny egg. I went 12 minutes for medium-hard.
- Remove ramekin(s) carefully, top with chives or other herbs, and serve with toast or on its own. Yum!
serves 1 egg per person (or 2 per person if very hungry)


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Monday Night Football
Watch Monday Night Football, enjoy a delicious cold craft beer, and eat some free jet's pizza from 7pm-9pm! Come with or without a dog! October Drink Specials: $20 U Call it CRAFT Buckets, $13 Domestic Buckets, $5 Lucky Cocktails, and $2.50 Miller Light Draft! Climate Controlled Day Care, Boarding and Grooming are BOOMING! Come check out the best place for your pup to stay and play! Remember to book your holiday boarding early as we fill up fast!
Lucky Dog Bark & Brew Profile Page
Lucky Dog Bark & Brew
19607 Statesville RdCornelius, NC, 28031


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WHEELING - Great teams find a way to overcome adversity.
Wheeling Central's girls did it Thursday night.
With the sky overhead Field 4 having almost completely darkened, the Maroon Knights' No. 4 - Ashton Cross - lit up the back of the net with just a few minutes remaining to give her team a 3-2, come-from behind victory against Weir.
Article Photos
Wheeling Central's Bailey Clark (3) pushes the ball ahead as Weir's Dominique Gilbert (13) and the Maroon Knights' Olivia Gazzola chase the play.
Just when it looked like the match would go to overtime, Cross gained possession of the ball and started making her way toward the net. When she reached the top of the penalty area, a Weir defender slipped, enabling Cross to have a clear shot.
''It was just one of those things, especially when you play this late and on grass,'' Weir coach Jessica Naughton said.
''But, it was a great match and I think it was one of the toughest Central has had lately. They proved why they're 11-0.''
Bailey Clark scored the other two goals for Wheeling Central, which remained unbeaten with the OVAC Cup on the horizon.
''The girls played really well in the second half,'' Maroon Knights coach David Cross said with a crescent moon lighting the field.
''In the first half, the girls were rushing to kick the ball instead of passing to each other.''
Actually, it was the latter part of the first half. The opening moments were all Wheeling Central.
About four minutes in, Clark found herself all alone on a breakaway. Her shot sailed over the top of the goal.
However, roughly a minute later, Clark found herself in almost the same situation. This time though, her blast found the back of the right side of the net and Central led 1-0.
''When they got that first goal I thought 'Here we go again,' '' Naughton said. ''But my girls fought back and forged a tie.''
That happened five minutes later when Monica Burdette slipped the ball into the right side of the goal.
Weir took a 2-1 lead in the 28th minute when Alyssa Shingle found Emily Ruiz who, after brief momnent of give and take with a Central defender, fired a shot past Maroon Knights goalkeeper Regan Blaha (8 saves).
The goal was part of a long stretch where the Red Riders were on the offensive.
''We held pretty tight for the rest of the half,'' Naughton said.
With his team's unbeaten season on the ropes, Cross told his players at halftime to simply relax.
''I told them to play as a team and we'll score some goals,'' he said.
They did.
With five minutes elapsed off the second-half clock, Clark knotted the game at 2-2 with her second goal. The junior garnered the ball, waited patiently for a moment, then lofted a perfect shot over the head of Red Riders netminder Alyssa Kelly, who made four saves on the evening.
Weir had opportunities to score on corner kicks midway through the second half, but Central's defense became more stiffling as the half progressed.
''I think we had the ball in their end for most of the latter part of the second half,'' Cross said.
''Everyone is unselfish and we played together. There's not one person on the team who's doing all of the scoring.
''We played five or six girls at forward and center mid and our defense has been terrific.''
Central, the No. 2 seed in the OVAC Cup, plays No. 7 seed St. Clairsville in a quarterfinal at 5 next Thursday afternoon at Red Devils Stadium.
Weir, meanwhile, is setting its sights on the state tournament.
''This showed our girls we can play in a big game,'' Naughton said. ''I think we'll see them again.''


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Beginning in 2001, I created a concept for a board game that I produced in CC2. I submitted it to a couple gaming companies, but didn't get any bites. I may try again with some tweaks. The map started out to be very extensive and after a couple iterations, I was able to trim it down to a more manageable size. Here are three renditions in PDF format. Feel free to use them for your personal use. They're great for miniatures.
Symbol Notes (original uses):
1. The trees represent non-passable barriers.
2. The crowns in the yellow sections denote ownership of the island they occupy.
3. The keeps in the yellow sections allow for more reinforcements to spawn.
4. The churches in the yellow sections allow more clerics to respawn.
5. The stone circles provide "magic" bonuses.
6. The keeps in the orange sections denote ownership of the island they occupy.
7. The towers with the green orbs in the orange sections are teleportation towers to other unoccupied teleportation towers.
8. The tower in the center allows teleportation to any occupied teleportation tower.


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Dr. Irma Hunt
Information Technology for Business Education
Office: Grove Hall 207
Phone: 717-477-1607
Irma Hunt
Office Hours
Assistant Professor
Academic Degrees
Doctor of Education, (Ed.D) Penn State University
Master of Business Administration, (MBA), Specialization: Management of Global IT,
The American University, Washington, DC
Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS), University of Texas at Austin
Bachelor of Arts Degree, University of Texas at Austin
We live in a truly global environment. Today's business is global. My teaching focus is to provide students with a solid foundation of all areas of the business discipline. I provide knowledge on Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Accounting, Finance, Operations Management and Quality, Supply-Chain Management, Human Resources, Management Information Systems and Information Technology for Business Education.
As I supervise student teachers, I hope to instill in them and their students: development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills, excellence in achieving individual goals; organization and success, and making the maximum contribution possible to our global community.
Other Areas of interest: Innovative Pedagogy, Experiential Learning, Collaborative Learning, Moving Courses to an Online Environment, Changing Student Needs, Strategic Management, Organizational Behavior, Real Estate, Retirement and Financial Planning.
BUS 304 - Managerial CommunicationsMIS 142 - Business Computer Systems
FIN 405 - Real EstateFinance and Investment
BSN 101 - Foundations of Business Administration
BUS 305 - Business Information Processing
BSN 110 - Introduction to Entrepreneurship
BSN 513 - Organizational Behavior
EDU 428 - Methods of Teaching Business EducationEDU 495 - Supervision of Student Teachers in Business Administration
PA Certified Teacher in the areas of Computer Science, Technology and Business (3 years teaching K-12)
Hunt, I. & Winter, A. & Oberman, W. (2014) The Past, Present, and Future of Business Education at Shippensburg University. Business Teacher Education Journal. No. 40, p. 36-40.
Visual arts and older adult learners in retirement. The Pennsylvania State University, Sept. 2012.
Refereed Proceedings from Presentations
Hunt, I., Oberman, W.D., Juarez, L., & Benton,
J. (2015). How do you recover? Comebacks after Negative Mentoring Experiences.
In Dominguez, N. & Gandert, Y. (Eds.). 8th Annual Mentoring Conference
Proceedings: Developmental Networks: Mentoring & Coaching at Work.
Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico.
Hunt, I., Taylor, R., Mackie, J. Winter, A.,
& Fisher, D. (2015) Using the Balanced Scorecard to Enhance Undergraduate
Education in a First Year Business Course: A Pilot Study. 38th
Annual Northeastern Association of Business, Economics and Technology
Conference Proceedings. State College, PA: Penn State University.
Hunt, Irma L. and Sarah K. Bryant.
(2014). Regional Economies in Two Small Towns in Different
States: Can a Model be designed to Predict Success or Failure?
Academy of Business Disciplines 16th Annual Conference, Fort, Myers,
Florida, November 2014.
Bryant, Sarah K. and Irma L. Hunt, "Developed or
Developing? Regional Economies within Countries," International Trade and
Finance Association International Conference, Keysari, Turkey, May 2014.
Hunt, I., Eberly, J. (2013) Information Overload and the Effects of Web Searching with Emerging Web 3.0 Technologies; Academy of Business Disciplines National Conference.
Hunt, I. L. (2012). Moving business education courses online. Academy of Business Disciplines National Conference.
Hunt, I. (2012). Older Adult Learners in Retirement. Adult Education Research Conference, Saratoga Springs, New York.
Hunt, I. (2012). Visual Arts and Older Adult Learners in Retirement. Penn State Student Symposium, State College, Pennsylvania.
Hunt, I. (2011). Women and Financial Planning. American Association for Adult and Continuing Education, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Hunt, I. (2011). Retirement and Adult Learners. 6th Annual Adult Education Doctoral Research Forum, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Reviewer in John Wiley & Sons Boone & Kurtz's (14th Ed) Contemporary Business: Chapter on Entrepreneurship.
Digital Citizenship: Information Overload and the Effects of Web Searching and Web 3.0 Technologies with Justin Eberly at Shippensburg University Faculty – Student Research Conference (2013).
Alpha Kappa Psi MIS
Professor of the Year Award, 2014.
Gary Overly Dean's Award
Academic Mentorship Award honored at Scholar/Athlete Faculty/Staff Luncheon, Spring 2013, 2014 and 2015.
Faculty of the Month Award for Outstanding support in Academics, Spring 2013 by Women's PanHellenic Council.
Dale Kann Faculty and Student Research Award, Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, (2013).
Recipient for the 2012 Harry R. Frehn Faculty Fellowship Award Shippensburg University, College ofBusiness.
Inducted into the Pi Omega Pi, Beta Lambda Chapter. National Business Teacher Honor Society, 2011.
ABD Journal, Editor-in-Chief, (
www.ship.edu/abdjournal) (2013-2014).
APSCUF/SU representative to the University Technology Council -Emerging Technologies Subcommittee. (2014-2015)
Academic Day Committee (2013, 2014 and 2015).
Faculty Search Committee Member for Accounting Professor (2014, 2015).
Search Committee Chair for Instructor Business Administration (2015).
Judge for Phi Beta Lambda Statewide Competition (2015).
Judge for Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA) Pennsylvania State Chapter. Hershey PA, (April 13, 2014). Business Plans.
Judge for Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA) Pennsylvania State Chapter. Hershey PA, (April 13, 2013). Desktop Application Programming Event.
Faculty Advisor for Beta Gamma Sigma (2012 – Present)
Faculty Advisor for Toastmasters International (2012 – Present)
Faculty Search Committee Member for Art History Professor (2012)
Secondary Education Council, Business Faculty Representative (2011-Present)
Teacher Education Council, Business Faculty Representative (2011- Present)


text:
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Taipei, May 13 (CNA) Helping Taiwanese farmers sell vegetables is a fun and educational way to spend the summer vacation, Singaporean students said recently as they promoted an unusual volunteer program aimed at youth.
Access to articles dating back more than six months is not available free of charge. You can gain access by becoming a paid Focus Taiwan member.
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We were lucky enough to have the amazing chef Sara Moulton visit Zappos HQ a couple of weeks ago, and during her visit, she graced us with her cooking prowess by doing a fun cooking demo using Chantal Copper Fusion pans.
Sara made three delicious recipes during her demo: Beer Batter Shrimp w/ Tartar Sauce, Roasted Vegetables and Fresh Ricotta Bruschetta, and Hot Banana Split Crepes. We were served samples of each dish, and trust us, they were amazing!
Sara also did a book signing for everyone who attended. She signed copies of her latest book Sara Moulton's Everyday Family Dinners , where you can find all the delicious recipes from her cooking demo.
You can check out the entire Chantal Copper Fusion line HERE.
Watch Chef Sara Moulton in action at Zappos HQ:


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Main Content
Order as many items as you like with our $4.99 flat rate shipping.
This item ships within one business day.
Order as many items as you like with our $4.99 flat rate shipping.
Need it faster?
During UW's away games, there's nothing better than wearing your comfiest team gear, curling up on the couch and cheering on your Dawgs. Boast your team spirit in comfort with this Storm long sleeve T-shirt. It features "Washington Huskies" lettering printed above a team wordmark. This shirt displays the perfect amount of team pride whether you're watching Washington dominate from the couch or from the stands!
- 55% Cotton/45% Polyester
- Imported
- Officially licensed collegiate product
- Raglan sleeves
- Screen print graphics
- Tagless collar
- Crew neck
- Long sleeve
- Screen print graphics
- Brand: Colosseum
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Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Warrenton, MO (KSDK) - Three Warren County residents were arrested over the weekend after deputies discovered three separate meth labs in a home where three children were present.
According to Warren County Sheriff Kevin Harrison, the department received a cell phone call on November 24 just after 6:15 a.m. The person on the other end of the phone hung up, but not before dispatchers heard something of a disturbance in the background.
Dispatch traced the origin of the cell phone call to the area of Abrolat Road. Deputies went to the area and began conducting a house to house search to locate the origins of the call and determine if somebody was in need of help.
When deputies made it to the 23000 block of Abrolat Road, they detected an odor of starter fluid coming from a residence. Deputies also found a burn pile in the backyard, with fuel containers and stripped lithium batteries.
The items and odors are commonly associated with the manufacturing of methamphetamine, Harrison said.
The deputies made contact with the three occupants, 33-year-old Alychia Cooper, 19-year-old Jeromy Golden and 28-year-old Ashley O'Haver, and determined there was no disturbance. Deputies also inquired about the odor and the burn pile and asked to search the home.
Harrison said the three occupants refused to grant consent to search the residence, so deputies secured the scene and applied for a search warrant. When the warrant arrived, deputies searched the home and discovered three active meth labs, as well as three children, ages 2, 13 and 14. The children were removed from the home and placed into protective custody.
All three suspects were charged with manufacturing a controlled substance, distribution of a controlled substance, and three counts of endangering the welfare of a child. Alychia Cooper, Jeromy Golden and Ashley O'Haver all remain jailed on $50,000 cash bond.


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Hello all,
I am new to administering the Zimbra 7 server. I would like to create an LDAP group in which users would be "members" of this group. The Zimbra 7 server was set up by a previous administrator. I do not know much about it.
I have already found our web site for the Zimbra admin console though. I notice that the VMWare icon is displayed on the web admin console page. Furthermore, the main headings on the left side of the admin page are:
Addresses, Configuration, Monitoring, Tools, and Searches
Under Accounts, I can see all of the users on this page. I can create a user here also. But, I cannot create a group.
I have looked though some of the documentation also for administering a Zimbra 7 Server. I had not read everything, just skimmed. I have seen that there might be OpenLDAP also? I cannot find that anywhere either.
Also, I used the Softerra LDAP browser to verify that the LDAP service was working to begin with. It is. I see the users all listed in the LDAP search returned by Softerra. However, I see no groups in the list of users returned in Softerra. The BaseDN, ObjectClass, etc. appear to be correct. This information was given to me also, but it worked in Softerra to return the LDAP search results.
Any idea where I would go to create an LDAP group? ( Sorry for the long post, but usually the next question after a post like this is for a little bit more specific information which I tried to provide already the best I could. )
Thanks, in advance


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We are pleased to partner with giveback.org to launch this exciting new program that gives our members the ease to make contributions to YOUR organization.
The contributions that you make will support our goal of serving you easier. Support your FOP by setting up a monthly donation to the National FOP, State FOP, & FOP PAC. Here's how:
We ask that each member establish a giving plan of $5, $5, $5 monthly contribution to your State FOP Foundation, the National FOP Foundation, and the FOP PAC. To participate (or for more info) click on $5, $5, $5 FOP Picture below:
Please complete the on-line registration information. As permissions are manually entered it may take a day or two to get your permissions active.
Most the information is mandatory for the purpose of validation of FOP membership. Be assured, your information will remain confidential and secure!
Pay particular attention to the TRADE field as this is a tool we use to contact only e-board members or the entire membership. It aids us communicate more efficiently.


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|Release Date: February 22, 2002
|Running Time: 90 mins.
|MPAA Rating: PG 13
|Box Office: $30,063,805.00
|Genre: Drama, Romance, Thriller
Kevin Costner
Susanna Thompson
Joe Morton
Ron Rifkin
All Cast & Crew >>
Summary:When Dr. Joe Darrow's young wife Emily dies in a tragic bus crash, he is devastated. He returns to his work, treating sick children. Soon some of the children start to have remarkably similar near-death experiences, and Joe begins to wonder if the spirit of his late wife is trying to contact him.


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Pneumocystis in Pathogenesis of HIV-associated Emphysema (PACT)
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
A. Statement of Hypotheses:
HIV-infected patients have an increased incidence of emphysema compared to non-HIV-infected smokers, and it has been hypothesized that this accelerated disease progression is the result of one or more latent infections that amplifies the pulmonary inflammatory response to cigarette smoke. Pneumocystis is one infectious agent that likely plays a key role in the development of HIV-associated emphysema. Colonization with Pneumocystis has been demonstrated in HIV-infected subjects, and HIV-infected smokers are particularly susceptible to Pc colonization regardless of CD4 cell count or use of prophylaxis. Pneumocystis colonization is also increased in non-HIV-infected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is directly related to the severity of the disease. The presence of Pneumocystis in the lungs, even at low levels as seen in colonization, produces inflammatory changes similar to those seen in COPD, with increases in the numbers of neutrophils and cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes. We propose that Pneumocystis accelerates emphysema in HIV-infected smokers by stimulating inflammation and tissue destruction. We will examine the role of co-infection with Pneumocystis in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated emphysema and the mechanism by which it causes emphysema progression. These studies will lead to information that will provide a rational basis for prevention and therapy of HIV-associated emphysema and provide a model for emphysema in the general population
HIV Infections
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Cohort
Time Perspective: Prospective
|Official Title:
|Pneumocystis in Pathogenesis of HIV-associated Emphysema
|Study Start Date:
|August 2007
|Study Completion Date:
|July 2013
|Primary Completion Date:
|September 2010 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
Those positive for HIV and those negative but at high risk for HIV. Both positive and negative for HIV who smoke and those who do not smoke. Both HIV positive and negative with and without asthma and/or COPD
Show Detailed Description
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
|Sampling Method:
|Probability Sample
Inclusion Criteria:
- Subject is Male / Female 18years of age or older.
- Subject has been previously determined to be HIV-infected or has been participating in the Pitt Men's study or is seen at the UPMC HIV/AIDS program
Exclusion Criteria:
- Subject is experiencing acute onset of shortness of breath, cough, fevers or heart conditions problems such as tachycardia, angina or arrhythmias
- Female subject has told us she is pregnant (this might affect pulmonary function values,we will not require pregnancy testing.)
- Subject has had an MI, CVA, or cardiovascular event within the past 3 months.
- Subject has had eye or abdominal surgery within past 3 months.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00869544
|United States, Pennsylvania
|UPMC Montefiore Hospital, CTRC MUH, Keystone Bldg.
|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213
|Principal Investigator:
|Alison Morris-Gimbel, MD
|University of Pittsburgh
|Responsible Party:
|Cathy Kessinger, clinical research coordinator, University of Pittsburgh
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00869544 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|March 25, 2009
|Last Updated:
|September 4, 2014
|Health Authority:
|United States: Institutional Review Board
Keywords provided by University of Pittsburgh:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Emphysema
Lung Diseases
Lung Diseases, Fungal
Pathologic Processes
Pneumocystis Infections
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Respiratory Tract Infections
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on May 26, 2016


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WASHINGTON (WUSA) -- Jessica Doyle has been combing through the day's Daily Deals emails and retailer websites to find you some deep discounts. Here are some of her favorites.
If you are into Game of Thrones on HBO, this deal could give you a little bit of the flavor of the show. LivingSocial has a deal for Medieval Times. Pay $39 for adults and $27 for kids. The offer gets you dinner and a jousting tournament in Hanover, Md and you are saving 36 percent off.
Keeping with this theme, how about a castle fit for your little princess at home? Target.com has the Disney Princess Quintessential Castle on sale right now for $50, normally $174.99. It ships for free.
And this will help make your home feel more like a castle. BestBuy.com is taking up to 25 percent off major appliances. Plus, free shipping is available.
If you have an offer you've seen or if you are a local merchant with a deal for our viewers, post them on Jessica Doyle's Facebook wall. Tweet at her @financialista on Twitter or e-mail Jessica at firstname.lastname@example.com.
(DISCLAIMER: WUSA-TV is not responsible for highlighted deals selling out in stores or on retailer websites. Customer problems with deal sites and merchants must be addressed directly with those parties.)


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Israel in Your Community
The Jewish Agency strengthens Jewish identity by bringing Israel to you by means of local Partnerships and shlichim (emissaries). Building meaningful connections between Israeli and global Jewish communities bolsters Jewish inclusiveness and unity. Our shlichim and local educators don't just teach Israel, we are Israel!
Israel in Your Community Programs
The Partnership2Gether peoplehood platform (previously known as Partnership 2000) connects some 500 communities around the world in 46 partnerships. P2G is building living bridges among these communities - sharing ideas, strengths, challenges, and models of success.
Russian-Speaking Jewry (RSJ)
In the former Soviet Union, Germany, North America, Australia, and Israel, The Jewish Agency meets the unique needs of Russian-speaking Jews and their families.
Shlichim (Israeli Emissaries)
Our shlichim bridge the gap between Jews of different backgrounds and Israel, increase Jewish awareness and pride within your community and promote an understanding of Israel and its ideals.
Commitment to Diversity
The Jewish Agency actively supports Jewish diversity and inclusion. We help Israelis understand the varied expressions of Judaism outside Israel, and help Jews worldwide feel that their styles of Jewish expression can find a home in Israel.
Makom: Innovative Israel Education
On the web and around the world, Makom gets Jews thinking, studying, and talking creatively and deeply about Jewish history and culture.
- P2G - 20 Years Together
Meet Our Staff
- "I myself made Aliyah in the 1980's, and I am full of gratitude for the continued work and commitment of The Jewish Agency" – Vered AchihonContent Director of "Ethiopian Project". Vered made Aliyah when she was 4 on Operation Moses, arriving at a Jewish Agency absorption center. Today, Vered oversees absorption needs for olim, preparing a smooth integration into Israeli society and life.
- "I am currently writing a children's book that I always dreamed of publishing." – Omer GivatiOmer studied International Relations and Political Science at Hebrew University, and met his wife while an emissary in USA. He won the President's Award for his work with Ethiopian immigrants. As a Partnership Director, Omer is responsible for connections with the communities, educational projects and supporting local voluntary organizations.
- "After coming to Israel on The Jewish Agency's "Operation Moses", I'm now privileged to make the dream of return to Zion come true for so many others" – Asher SeyomEmissary to Ethiopia, Director of the Meron Absorption Center in Sefad. Following the Second Lebanon War, the Center was awarded most outstanding center for its treatment of olim.
- "My Masa program was a test drive which reinforced my long-time dream – to make Aliyah" – Rina BaratsRina Barats, a graphic designer for The Jewish Agency, emigrated from Latvia in 2012, graduating from Hebrew studies in Ulpan Etzion. Rina earned her BA from Latvian Academia of Culture, and participated in Taglit in 2009 and Masa.
- "It's an amazing opportunity to provide young Jewish campers and counselors with the same life-changing experience that I had" – Daniel MahrerDanielle Mahrer works as a Shlichim and Camps Coordinator for The Jewish Agency's Summer Shlichim Program, sending shlichim to summer camps in North America. She grew up in Los Angeles; her first trip to Israel was on Taglit-Birthright, and after making Aliyah in 2010, she studied at the Hebrew University.
- "My work is extraordinarily satisfying, enabling me to contribute to Israeli society and the Jewish people" – Yael ToledanoYael Toledano has been working for The Jewish Agency since 2006. Originally from the French village of Saint-Quentin, she grew up in Paris, before her family made Aliyah. Yael is starting a new journey as The Jewish Agency long-term emissary to France, working with and for the Jewish communities to connect them to Israel, its history, culture and the Jewish spirit.
- "My work provides a wonderful opportunity to develop Aliyah programs that serve the interests of both Olim and Israel's economy" – Bilana SaharBilana Sahar, Director of Aliyah Unit and Experience Israel programs, was born in Lvov, Ukraine. She worked in the IDF for 10 years and has served The Jewish Agency as an emissary in Uzbekistan and Ukraine. Today, Bilana manages her unit's daily work, guiding teams and emissaries in the field.
- "The challenge enables me have a real impact on society, putting a smile on the faces of youth at risk" – Muhammad Abu Al-HijaMuhammad Abu al-Hija is the Director of Youth Futures in East Jerusalem, working with youth at-risk, and is responsible for meeting the program's educational, organizational and budget goals, guiding Mentors, alongside welfare and educational staff. Muhammad worked for five years at the Ministry of Education.


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Atlanta, GA (Sports Network) - The Atlanta Braves have reportedly traded
pitcher Tommy Hanson to the LA Angels of Anaheim in exchange for pitcher
Jordan Walden.
According to the Atlanta-Journal Constitution, the Braves made the deal in an
effort to free up money to pursue a left fielder through free agency.
Hanson has spent four seasons with the Braves and owns a career record of
45-32 with a 3.61 ERA in 108 starts. He was 13-10 with a 4.48 ERA in 31
outings last year.
The 26-year-old right-hander will help the Angels' rotation, which is set to
lose Dan Haren and Zack Greinke through free agency.
Walden served as the Angels' closer in 2011, posting 32 saves in 42 chances
while pitching to an ERA of 2.98 and a record of 5-5. He was primarily a setup
man last year while dealing with arm issues and was 3-2 with a 3.46 ERA in 45
The 25-year-old right-hander owns a career mark of 8-8 with 34 saves and a
3.06 ERA in 123 games -- all with the Angels.
Earlier this week, the Angels signed Ryan Madson to be their closer for 2013.
The Sports Network


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Topic: Official Ubuntu 10.04 Support
Hey there!
You wrote some time ago, that you'll test iRedmail on Ubuntu 10.04 after it has been released. Have you tested it? Can I run iRedMail on 10.04 without complications. Is there any timeframe, when 10.04 is officially supported?
Thanks in advance!
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