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MIG and TIG Welding - Merging MetalWritten by on October 1, 2009 Choosing The Right Welder
Times change. It wasn't that long ago that if you owned a set of oxy-acetylene gas bottles for welding and cutting you would be considered to have a pretty well-equipped home shop. Maybe you progressed to a stick welder, and most likely moved on from that to a basic MIG welder. I know that's the progression I followed, having possessed a MIG welder at home for the past 20 years now.
However, in recent years the cost of TIG welders has come down significantly, to the point where we expect to see a TIG in any rod shop we visit, and they've made a significant in-road into home shops too. But if you're in the market for a new welder, which is best for you? That depends on a number of variables, probably the most important being what it will be used for. However, let's take a brief look at the differences between MIG and TIG first. We shan't mention gas welding or stick welding here, as they're pretty much"old school" now, though you should know most TIG welders can also operate as stick welders if desired.
MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding, or wire feed welding, employs a consumable electrode in the form of the filler wire which is fed from the machine through the torch. Depressing the trigger will feed the wire, and as this touches the workpiece it strikes an electric arc, generating heat. Unfortunately MIG welding causes spatter because of this, which can cause damage to nearby objects and can be a fire risk. Another problem with MIG, especially for novices, is that while a perfect looking weld can be produced on top of the workpiece, there is a danger that it hasn't penetrated the metal at all, whereas with the TIG process, the metal is melted before the filler rod is added, ensuring penetration.
While MIG welding is useful when tackling body panels, and doesn't require such exacting tolerances between panels, the weld is harder than in TIG welding, and leaves a higher weld, meaning heat is generated when grinding a MIG weld back (which often isn't required at all with TIG) and the hard weld makes it tougher to work with a hammer and dolly to eliminate any warpage.
Developed originally for the aircraft industry some 60 years ago, TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) or GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) as it's also known, uses a non-consumable electrode to strike an electric arc, which produces heat. Similar to oxy-acetylene welding, a filler rod can be used, though it's not always required. The tungsten electrode and the filler rod are protected from the atmosphere by a shield of inert gas, usually Argon, to prevent oxidation of the weld and metal workpiece. The relatively slow speed of TIG means the porosity that can occur with MIG welding is eliminated, while it also produces a smaller heat-affected zone than MIG, reducing the amount of distortion in the metal being worked, as well as reducing stress and the chances of cracking.
TIG welding produces no spatter either, unlike MIG can sometimes do, and the torch is smaller and therefore easier to hold and work with. Unlike MIG, the operator can adjust the heat input whilst welding by using the foot-operated amperage control pedal. However, the work surface has to be extremely clean for TIG welding, especially when welding aluminum, and it is a relatively slow process. If the electrode touches the work it becomes contaminated and must be cleaned immediately, which can be frustrating while you learn to TIG weld, as you'll spend more time removing and cleaning the electrode than actually welding until you get the hang of it! The power source is constant current, either AC, DC, or combination of both (AC/DC), with the type of metal being welded determining which type is used. DC (direct current) is usually used for welding stainless steel and mild and low alloy steels, while AC (alternating current) is used for welding aluminum. TIG welds are smaller, neater and of higher quality than MIG welds, and are what we have come to expect when we see high quality, precision fabrication and chassis work.
Both MIG and TIG require shielding gases, unless you use a gasless flux core MIG wire, which produces its own shield for the welding process, but we wouldn't recommend buying this type of MIG welder if you plan on doing any serious work with it. MIG welding uses Argon, as well as Argon mixes, such as 1 to 5 percent Oxygen, 3 to 25 percent CO2 or an Argon/Helium mix, while TIG uses Argon, Argon and Hydrogen or an Argon/Helium mix. It all depends on what metal you are welding as to which shielding gas is required. Helium is most often added to increase welding speed or penetration.
While there's a common misconception that anyone can MIG weld (we've all seen bubblegum or pidgeon-poo welds and were probably responsible for some when we were learning to MIG weld!), it's definitely easier than TIG welding, which takes practice and is an acquired skill, albeit very satisfying when you get it right. The superior quality of TIG welds, the precise control offered by the process, and even the appearance of the finished product, seeing as our hobby is as much about appearance as function, means a TIG welder wins over a MIG for chassis fabrication.
The benefits of MIG welding are that it's way easier to weld vertically or even upside down with MIG, less operator skill is required, long welds can be made if distortion isn't a factor, and it's easier to learn. Benefits of TIG welding are superior quality welds, precise control of heat input, it's spatter-free and offers low distortion and minimal cleanup. It also looks great!
Whether you're learning to MIG or TIG, you're going to have to master the machinery, though most MIG welders these days carry a chart inside the casing where the wire spool mounts, guiding you to the correct wire speed and heat settings for the thickness of metal you're planning to weld. TIG welding is more complicated and until recently the bewildering array of knobs and switches on a TIG welder meant you had to really know what you were doing to set the machine up. Miller has made things easier with the introduction of not only its 212 Auto-Set MIG, on which you simply set the wire size and metal thickness before welding, but also with the revolutionary Diversion 165 AC/DC TIG, on which you just set the material type and thickness. We've used the latter at Miller's Southern California facility during one of their training days, and actually preferred it to the considerably more complex and expensive Dynasty 200, finding it easier to use (for a novice-I may have been MIG welding for 25 years but can count the times I've TIG welded on both hands) though the latter is designed more for industrial use admittedly. The Diversion 165 also offers fingertip control of the heat input, thanks to the amperage control on the Weldcraft LS17 torch, though a more regular (for TIG) foot pedal can also be used.
I attended the training session with the intention of learning to TIG weld aluminum, as I was about to start fabricating an all-aluminum roof for my roadster pickup, and the Diversion 165 proved ideal However, Miller also has a spool gun which allows their newer MIG welders to easily convert to weld aluminum too, which I had previously used and found to be a great tool. This is compatible with, and easily attaches to, the 212 Auto-Set and Millermatic 252 as well as Miller's Passport Plus, and by simply switching to Argon shielding gas you're ready to tackle welding aluminum. In fact on the 252 the machine automatically detects which gun you're using when you pull the trigger. Speaking of Miller's Passport Plus, it's a compact MIG welder that not only contains a gas bottle and 8-inch spool of wire inside a 45lb package, but it can be plugged into either 115 or 230 V power using Miller's Multi-Voltage Plug for a truly portable welder. Probably not what you need in your shop but ideal for working up ladders or down holes!
Of course Miller isn't the only company making welders, and companies such as Lincoln Electric and HTP America offer MIG and TIG welders. I'd suggest doing a little research and making a decision on what's right for you and what you'll be working on, or may want to work on in the future. All the welder suppliers have websites that are informative and can guide you through any questions, with Miller's being particularly helpful. In fact, if you visit the "Order Literature" tab at www.millerwelds.com, you can download a TIG Buyer's Guide.
One thing we haven't touched on so far is what size welder you might require. The small portable MIG welders are very handy and easy to move around, but are they up to the task of chassis fabrication for instance? They are classified by how much amperage they can generate at a given duty cycle, which is determined as the number of minutes the welder can operate in a ten minute cycle before it needs to cool. Thicker metals require more amperage than thinner gauges too, so while a 130 or 150 amp MIG welder with a 30 percent duty cycle may suffice for small shop jobs up to 3/16-inch thick, you may be better opting for a 200 or 250 amp MIG with a 40 to 60 percent duty cycle if you plan on tackling heavier fabrication. If you're going to spend the money, why not just spend it once?
So which to choose? MIG is easier to learn, is capable of welding light gauge or thick material, and will weld all common metals, from mild steel to stainless and even aluminum if you change gas and use Miller's spool gun (assuming you have a new Miller welder!), and is faster. TIG offers precise welding on thin material with less distortion than MIG, produced high quality, smaller, and good looking welds, can weld steel and aluminum with Argon, without swapping bottles, and offers adjustable amperage control while welding. You pays yer money and takes yer choice, though if it were my preference, I'd opt for the TIG, even though a MIG is perfectly capable of chassis work, but then I already have a MIG, so I would say that wouldn't I?!
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The business end of a TIG torch. The pointed electrode in the center is what strikes the arc, while shielding gas is expelled from around it. There are a number of different TIG torches on the market, depending on application and even how you prefer to hold it, but the small size means its capable of reaching into tight workspaces.All the welder suppliers offer a MIG welder this size, which is perfect for autobody and sheetmetal work as well as heavier fabrication. This is the Miller 212 with Auto-Set, though it has a manual mode too, but Lincoln Electric has a Power MIG 215XT or 255XT, and HTP America has the MIG 200, all with similar duty cycles and capabilities.Miller offers this spool gun to convert some of its MIG welders to aluminum welding capability. Aluminum wire is too soft to push through a regular MIG torch, so the spool gun pulls it from a spool directly at the torch. It's light and easy to use.If you know you won't want to weld aluminum, or don't have the budget for an AC/DC machine, the HTP Invertig 160DC may be the TIG welder for you. It works off 110 or 220 volts, and can handle steel, stainless steel or 4130 chrome moly.Miller's Diversion 165 could well be the perfect 'starter' TIG welder, with simple to use controls and simple set-up, capable of welding aluminum or steel up to 3/16-inch, and supplied with a Weldcraft LS17 torch with hand controlled amperage. You will require a 220V power source though.Most TIG welders require a foot pedal to adjust the amperaage, and hence heat input, which will take some getting used to if you're used to MIG welding, where you just have a trigger on the torch.We haven't mentioned safety equipment at all, but it's worth mentioning that as TIG doesn't spatter like MIG, and as you need more dexterity to operate the torch and feed the filler rod, you won't need thick, clumsy gloves like you would wear for MIG welding. They're MIG gloves on the left and TIG on the right.
A MIG welder is perfect for autobody work, as it doesn't require such close tolerances between panels as a TIG welder, and is much faster, especially in an instance like this where a number of plug welds are required. Kevin Francis at KA Kustom possesses both MIG and TIG, and opted to use the MIG here. For higher finesse work, or exterior panels, he'd probably switch to the TIG.


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No matter which type of room divider suits your space, all are simple to set up and fold closed with ease. Constructed from high-quality materials, our partitions are sturdy and long-lasting. In addition, Hertz Furniture offers a complimentary planning and design service to help you make the right purchase.
Freestanding room dividers come in a huge selection of lengths. This arrangement enables you to choose the configuration that fits your space perfectly. Longer options are great if you need to divide a large room into separate areas. Shorter configurations are perfect for sectioning off small areas.
Why should you get partitions?Room dividers save money while making the most of your space. Rather than undertaking a costly construction project, a portable partition can quickly create a new space. Instead of spending months waiting for your room to be ready and back in use, you can divide your space in a matter of minutes. If you decide you want an alternate arrangement, you can simply rearrange the partitions again.
How should I choose partitions?There are various benefits to different arrangement options. Slimmer panels are good for tighter turns. Sound absorbing options are ideal for many settings, especially classrooms and offices. Many partitions have surfaces you can hang posters or important information on using tacks or velcro, so you won&t need to find an appropriately-sized bulletin board for displaying information in a newly-divided room.
Mobile display towers offer an excellent way to divide up an open space while exhibiting student projects, pictures of recent church events or community announcements. Their tackable surfaces accommodate a variety of hanging options including staples and velcro. Display panels can be rolled into the hallway or lobby to display science fair posters and student announcements, and rolled back into storage when they are not needed anymore.
Individual panels are available for dividing up smaller spaces. Wood Designs offers freestanding single divider panels with fun surface options. These choices make the panels themselves into additional activity centers for preschool, daycare or elementary school classrooms. For school use or office use, room dividers are also available with chalkboard or whiteboard surfaces, or built-in cabinets.
Which dividers are best for large spaces?For a more permanent setup in larger public spaces, wall-mounted dividers are an excellent option. The floor-to-ceiling panels create the feeling of permanent walls, with the advantage of being able to remove them when you want a larger or more open space. If you still need an easy way to go between sectioned off areas, door panel options are available.
There are two different styles of partitions for wall-mounted floor-to-ceiling divisions. Accordion partitions are designed for public areas in schools, offices and places of worship. They minimize air and sound passing between divided sections, so the spaces really feel like separate rooms. Wall-mounted panel partitions are available as well. Full-length wall-mounted panels require custom arrangements in order to ensure that they are arranged and installed correctly.
Hertz Furniture offers partitions from leading manufacturers including Screenflex, HON, Customfold and Wood Designs. With a huge selection of sizes and styles, you can find the perfect arrangement for dividing up any space. Whether you are looking to separate spaces in a cafeteria, office, gym, classroom or social hall, Hertz Furniture has a number of options that will meet your needs. Many of our models come with a complimentary extended warranty for years of guaranteed functionality.

subset: commoncrawl


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Pronina Captures Top Flight Championship At Drake
DES MOINES, Iowa – Iowa State junior Ksenia Pronina earned a first-place finish to lead the Cyclones on Sunday at the Drake Fall Invitational.
Pronina, a junior from Duesseldorf, Germany, earned an impressive 6-3, 6-1, victory over Drake's Nell Boyd. Pronina finished the weekend 3-0 in singles action.
For Pronina, the victory was a culmination of a good summer of training according to Iowa State head coach Armando Espinosa.
"We could see the benefits of her coming back early and getting into playing form," Espinosa said. "I think the tennis she played this summer really helped her confidence. We knew that because she came back early we wanted her to play this weekend. She needed the competition and I'm very happy with how she played."
In the Flight "B" singles final, sophomore Ana Gasparovic came up short against another Drake foe, Mariel Ante. Ante denied Gasparovic the title with a 6-2, 7-5 win.
Junior Meghan Cassens earned a 6-0, 6-0 win against Drake's Lea Kozulic in an exhibition match.
Espinosa was pleased with the opening weekend effort by the Cyclones.
"I thought it was a pretty successful weekend for us in singles action," Espinosa said. "I liked what I saw from the team in how they competed. I do want to see more from us in doubles play because I think we need to improve there, but hopefully we gained some confidence and can build on that."
Iowa State returns to action next weekend at the Gopher Invitational. Play begins Friday.
Flight "A"
Ksenia Pronina (ISU) def. Nell Boyd (Drake), 6-3, 6-1
Flight "B"
Mariel Ante (Drake) def. Ana Gasparovic (ISU), 6-2, 7-5
Meghan Cassens (ISU) def. Lea Kozulic (Drake), 6-0, 6-0


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Dan in Real Life
|Release Date: October 26, 2007
|Running Time: 98 mins.
|MPAA Rating: PG 13
|Box Office: $47,636,541.00
|Genre: Comedy, Drama, Romance, Romantic Comedy
Steve Carell
Juliette Binoche
Dane Cook
John Mahoney
All Cast & Crew >>
Summary:Widowed father and family-advice columnist Dan Burns is still reeling from the heartache of loss and takes refuge by trying to maintain order with his three rebellious young girls, while dodging anything unexpected or outside the box. But when Dan heads to Rhode Island, his miffed daughters in tow, for the annual fall weekend thrown by the large and boisterous Burns family, everything changes. Soon after his arrival, he runs into an alluring woman named Marie in a bookshop. For the first time in a very, very long time, Dan experiences real, live sparks--only to have to douse them liberally when he discovers Marie is, in fact, the brand-new girlfriend his brother Mitch is about to proudly int... Full Summary >>


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Book by George Furth
Music and Lyrics by Stephen Sondheim
Directed by Barb Nichols
Musical Direction by Martha Risser
Is marriage the answer? If so, what was the question?
The kaleidoscope of sounds and pulsing rhythms of New York City underscore this landmark show, considered by many to be the first modern musical. Bobby is celebrating his 35th birthday surrounded by married couples. His friends are trying to convince him to settle down and get married, but he enjoys the company of a parade of eligible ladies too much to consider marriage. As Bobby explores the relationships of his "couple" friends, he considers their problems but also ponders the value of commitment. Is he ready to take the big step? Only Bobby can find the answer in this witty and honest examination of matrimony. The brilliant energetic score contains many of Stephen Sondheim's best-known songs, including "You Could Drive a Person Crazy," "Side by Side by Side," and "Being Alive."
Rated PG-13
Visit jcckc.org/boxoffice for more information and to purchase tickets.


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The Finance Ministry has lined up a clutch of reforms for capital markets over the next one year to attract investments, both domestic and foreign, senior government officials told FE, which will be on the to-do list of incoming PM Narendra Modi's new finance minister's list.
Most of these reforms can be called low-hanging fruit, which don\'t require legislation, and a few would necessitate minor amendments to income tax laws, officials said. These will be presented to the incoming finance minister as a blueprint for action, they added.
The measures to be implemented over a period of three months include uniformity in withholding tax on external commercial borrowings (ECBs), infrastructure and non-infrastructure bonds. Currently, companies raising ECBs are required to withhold tax at 5% on the interest income of the overseas lender. the withholding tax in case of issuers of infrastructure and non-infrastructure bonds (where FIIs are allowed to invest) is 5% and 20%, respectively. The proposal is make the tax uniform at 5% for all the three categories, sources said.
Also, the ministry has proposed in the blueprint the draft regulation on real estate investment trusts (REITs), published by Sebi in October 2013, allowing this category of investment vehicles in India. This could be notified soon. REITs, which exist in most developed markets, take investors\' money and invest it on their behalf in real estate projects. They are akin to mutual funds for stock market investors.
Further, the ministry wants the incoming dispensation to relax the tax provisions so that fund management companies can be persuaded to have permanent establishment (PE) in India. As for foreign funds that invest in India, most of them are based abroad. The fund managers are mostly averse to having their physical operations in India, as they fear such presence will lead to paying taxes on their investment income. We want to remove that fear and ensure that the fund managers can establish presence in India, a ministry official said.
Besides, the ministry is also pitching for passage of the Securities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2014 in the next session of Parliament, which, inter alia, proposes to empower Sebi to investigate chit funds and other ponzi schemes.
Retirement-linked plans of insurance companies are currently regulated by Irda while those of banks are regulated by the RBI. A proposal under consideration is to bring all


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See All Contributors »
Manny Ramirez will be suspended 50 games for positive drug test - Los Angeles Times
Originally Posted by MNCyGuy
The only answer to "who/what is GeronimusClone?" is in fact "GeronimousClone". You're like The Todd on Scrubs.
Originally Posted by Angie
This is why you're my favorite
Originally Posted by MoreCowbell
GC, he's obviously all man. And I don't think Ellen would go *****, even for GC...
I can't believe that I'm still shocked every time I hear something like this. A lot of people say they're numb to it, but it hasn't happened to me yet. I will be crushed if I find out Griffey ever used 'roids.
Not even on the ESPN front page yet. They LOVE MAN RAM, not a bit surprise tho.
I think Griffey's last five years answers that question. He'd be at 800 HRs now if he had.
Wow! This is HUGE!
Griffey using wouldn't surprise me for a second. I don't suspect it though.
The fact Griffey never seriously recovered from his wrist and hamstring injuries pretty much showed he never juiced.
What Geronimus said.
College Football Analytics on Twitter & Facebook
Wide Right & Natty Lite - Loyal Sons, Forever True. With beer!
Just completely unreal, never thought Man Ram would be one who used PEDs, can't wait to see how this unfolds.
Originally Posted by GeronimusClone
Manny Ramirez will be suspended 50 games for positive drug test - Los Angeles Times
Good riddance, glad he got out of Boston before this caught up with him. Looking forward to seeing how that snake Boras will spin this.
I'm surprised no one but the LA Times is on top of this yet. No mention on mlb.com or SI.com.
dumb. I guess this ruins some of his bargaining power for next year. Have fun with that Boras.
'00 Grad
"Can I borrow your towel, my car just hit a water buffalo" Erwin Fletcher
From what I have heard it is a pretty standard allergy medication and may get overturned.
Follow me on Twitter at twitter.com/MarkHanrahan20
Check out my blog
and tune into "Extra Innings" Thursdays at 6pm on 1460kxno
In the words of one of my best friends,
"Way to go, DUMMY..."
"That's what I do. I drink, and I know things." - Tyrion Lannister
"Success is just failure that hasn't happened yet." - life advice from Latrell Spreewell
on ESPN.com now
Don't confuse hope for a plan.
Originally Posted by RayShimley
Good riddance, glad he got out of Boston before this caught up with him. Looking forward to seeing how that snake Boras will spin this.
I'm surprised no one but the LA Times is on top of this yet. No mention on mlb.com or SI.com.
According to the LA Times article, "No comment..."
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Nano Reefer
Freshwater is for Drinking
I "LOVE" my fish
i love me some fish!
My BioCube29 /><{{{{"> Nimble (its back!)
These are the best days of our lives.
Edited by scarf_ace1981, 30 November 2005 - 07:50 AM.
you bai gold kk?
Long-winded reply King
Mmmm... Elephant Fresh
Furthur down the Jawfish hole...
SPS junkie ??


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Please Choose a Park:
Fort Delaware State Park
Delaware City, Delaware
Access to Fort Delaware is by ferry.
Call the Park Office for this season's schedule.
View From Inside Fort Delaware
Help: (1) Move your mousepointer over the Panoramic's center, (2) click and hold, then (3) drag left, right, up, or down. (A) To zoom in, press and hold the Panoramic's white-colored + button. (B) To zoom out, press and hold the Panoramic's tan-colored button.
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- View From the Top of Fort Delaware
- Inside Fort Delaware
- View From Outside of Fort Delaware
- Inside the Prisoners' Barracks


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Stop Worrying About Too Much or Not Enough Hair
June 9, 2013
This is about our growing problems with Hair. I'm not talking about the musical or the song. I'm talking about the strands and follicles that sprout from our bodies, continuousl....
Just what are you talking about???
0 Agrees | 1 Disagrees | Report Abuse »
He's "talking about the strands and follicles that sprout from our bodies."
"follicles that sprout from our bodies"? Huh? Oh well, at least WVNCC's prattling professor isn't talking about vagina probers again.
1 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse »
Dumb article.. ALL men worry about losing their hair, because they know that 97 % of women LIKE men with HAIR...
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Red Line Vintage: Online Flea Market
Store Profile
- Location: Online
- Specialty: Vintage and antique furnishings and accessories
- Price range: ($$) Mid-Range
- Website: redlinevintage.com
Store History
- Founded: 2009
- Founded by: Robin and Blake Eastwood
Red Line Vintage features a selection of vintage, industrial, and mid century modern goods, curated by Robin and Blake Eastwood. Since 2009, nearly 2500 vintage items have found new homes via Blake and Robin's Etsy shop. Now, they've decided to carve out their own corner of the internet, launching Red Line Vintage in early 2012.
How did we shop for vintage and antique furnishings before the wonderful world of the internet? Oh, that's right - we got up early and trudged out to flea markets and thrift stores, spending hours pawing through dusty old stuff in search of elusive treasures. Thank goodness for the 21st century - and for Red Line Vintage. Now we can shop for vintage goods from the comfort of our own homes, 24 hours a day.
Robin and Blake Eastwood have an eye for vintage wares and knack for selling them online. Following a successful three year run on etsy, during which they sold more than 2,500 items, the Eastwood's have started their own retail site called Red Line Vintage.
At Red Line Vintage, goods are sectioned off by function (furniture, kitchen, etc.) and by decade. Robin and Blake also package pieces together in collections. The most recent collection they've put together, Study Hall 2012, is devoted to back to school items. Shoppers can also root through sold items for a taste of what they've missed.
Shown Above:
• Workshop Drawer Unit $288
• Dog Letter Holder $16
• Vintage Herman Miller Shell Chair $362
• Vintage Architectural Home Model $322
• Griffith's Spice Jars $128
• Service Stop Sign $68
• Vintage Yellow Swirl Drinking Glasses $44
• Flying Saucer Lamp $168
• Vintage Jens Risom Lounge Chair $1,250
(Images: Red Line Vintage)


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AMCo. Headquarters
this wiki
The AMCo. Headquarters is a 42 story 147 m (482,3 ft) skyscraper in Torrington on Staunton Island, Liberty City in Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, which serves as the headquarters of AMCo. Petroleum Company.
The building is located on the border of Torrington and Bedford Point in Downtown Staunton front to the FBI building to the left of 366, connected to the FBC Financial Group headquarters. The building has three main floors shown abroad in the Southwest, decorated with small bushes that lead to a terrace with stairs, as in the main part (where the entrance) where there is a path that leads to the bottom of the building where parking is the main entrance is on the back of it (facing the FBC Bank building). AMCo headquarters is not the only one in the city because there are also two branches in total, one in Portland and Shoreside Vale, but the difference is that they are smaller than this.
The only important role is in GTA LCS, in the mission Cam-Pain where are the first two years of Miles O'Donovan to which Toni Cipriani will have to destroy, Killing the defenders.
- There is a Hidden Package found here in GTA III.
- There is a Rampage found here in GTA III.
- There is a rampage found here in GTA Liberty City Stories.
The following vehicles are located in the parking lot of the building:
- Blista, Kuruma, Manana and Yakuza Stinger.
- GTA Liberty City Stories
- AMCo. headquarters is the only building where one can access the roof.


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Barneys New York
Stacked Sole Chelsea Boot
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Suede plain toe chelsea boot with elastic side gores, grosgrain pull tab at ankle and tonal welt stitching. Stacked brick Vibram® sole.
Style # 502450489
The Barneys New York collection includes thoughtful, indispensable pieces highly regarded for their superior construction and timeless design. These men's and women's clothing, shoes, and accessories are enviable, seasonless wardrobe staples.
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A Voice Of Generation Y Heard From: Are Success and Motherhood at Odds?
by Romy Drucker
Ken was a handsome executive-type. He drove a red Corvette and took care of Barbie, who arranged playdates for Skipper and Stacey, adored her baby, Polly Pocket, and fussed with her jumpers and up-dos at least three times daily. As a little girl, I modeled my dolls' family after my real one. My dad is a handsome executive-type, and my mother's a gem like Barbie, who is fun, helpful, and employed exclusively as a mother. You might call her a "homemaker," but I prefer "home engineer." Few of my friends' mothers worked, and those who did were only gone during school hours. My world did not demand traditional gender roles, but they were the norm. When I played house, I identified with Mommy and Barbie. It was what I knew best.
It's been years since I've played with Barbie, but I have rarely paused to reexamine the gender conventions I established as a little girl. Then, last September, The New York Times published Louise Story's now notorious article, "Many Women at Elite Colleges Set Career Path to Motherhood." Story, a journalist and student at the Yale School of Management, conducted surveys via e-mail to compile a controversial statistic stating that 85 out of a random sample of 138 females at Yale, or 62%, responded that "when they had children, they planned to cut back on work or stop working entirely." The result was billed as a glimpse into the future of smart young women: At a certain point, a majority will probably want to be mothers, not moguls. The ensuing media frenzy on campus and off saw the article as a setback for women. But for the questions it raised about whether a Yale education entails a professional imperative that stay-at home-moms fail to meet, I thought it was a lead.
For me, this article touched on a particular anxiety that may be personal to my generation—an anxiety prompted by cultural issues that spanned our childhoods in the 1990s. Between Diane Keaton's fitful exit from corporate America in Baby Boom (1987), the frequent news hour segments that profiled the quickening tick-tock of a woman's biological clock, and interviews of so and so, a female Fortune 500 powerhouse who still felt unfulfilled, from a young age we were exposed to worrisome press about women in the workforce.
It stirred my fears about the correlation between the privilege and investment of a Yale education and an obligation to society that motherhood alone fell short of. What I was searching for was a Yale-approved paradigm: a model of the modern woman I may want to be.


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Whether treating a toddler in an emergency or supporting a teen through chemotherapy treatments, we are dedicated to the care of each patient. It's through teamwork at every level of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and with you, the family, that we are able to achieve excellence in pediatric care.
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With a proven track record of providing world-class care to patients in more than 30 pediatric specialties, we are a model for other pediatric hospitals. Infants, teens and young adults belong in a children's hospital where they can get specialized treatment from caregivers who know the important differences between children and adults.
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We all want happy, healthy kids. But as a busy parent, helping your kids eat well and stay active can be a challenge.
At Strong4Life, created by Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, our doctors, nutritionists and wellness experts create fun, easy ways to help your kids eat, move and live healthier. From picky eaters to passionate gamers, we have a slew of simple tips by experts who understand, because we're parents, too.
As a not-for-profit organization, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta relies on the generous financial and volunteer support of our community. Your donations directly impact the lives of each family served by Children's and support many initiatives such as clinical excellence, research, teaching, wellness and charity care.
A family camping trip can be an enjoyable experience with a little preparation. Knowing everyone's limits, taking the time to plan ahead, and packing the right items will help your adventure come off without a hitch. Here are the down-and-dirty basics of woods and camping safety.
If you're not skilled in the outdoors, begin your adventures by taking day trips. But even then be aware of camping safety issues, such as bug bites and stings; plants that may cause rashes and allergic reactions; exposure to heat, wind, water, and cold; and getting lost.
Once families feel comfortable with their camping skills, they may want to plan a few days or a week in a wilderness park. But first, gather information from park rangers, read guide books about the terrain and weather, and talk with campers who've been there.
One common mistake made by camping families is not being ready for seasonal transitions regarding proper clothing and equipment. Storms blow in and out during all seasons, and there can be sudden shifts in temperatures in spring and fall, particularly on high mountains. Precipitation and wind lead to rapid cooling, especially when temperatures drop at nightfall.
Excessive heat can be a problem for young children, whose sweat glands are not fully developed until adolescence. On hot days, hike in the cooler mornings and evenings. During the day, spend time in shaded areas. Wear skin protection whenever you or your kids are exposed to the sun, including hats, sunscreen, and cotton clothes.
Another common problem is getting lost. Teach your kids how to recognize landmarks at the campsite and on hikes. While hiking, encourage them to turn around and look at the trail to familiarize themselves with their surroundings. Teach them to remain where they are and stay calm if they are lost. Kids should wear whistles (whistles can be heard farther away than the human voice) and know the universal help signal of three blows or loud sounds. Try to take your cell phone along in case you can get a signal.
Before your trip, look for a local class or go online to find out more about map reading and finding directions. For wilderness trekking, always carry a topographical map and compass.
To protect against sudden temperature and weather changes, wear multi-layered clothing made of polyester, polypropylene, and wool. Layers of clothing — such as tank tops, long-sleeved shirts, and sweaters — will allow you to reduce or increase clothing as needed. To protect against rain and wind, bring breathable, lightweight waterproof jackets and pants.
All family members need comfortable hiking shoes to prevent blistering. When hiking, tuck pant cuffs into socks and boots to protect against ticks. Kids should wear brightly colored clothes to increase visibility. Caps or hats will help guard against the sun and protect against insects.
Natural hazards such as forest fires and fallen trees are less likely to be encountered at campgrounds that can be accessed by cars. But other dangers lurk, such as broken glass, discarded needles, and other hazardous trash.
Scout the area before setting up a tent. In wilderness areas, look for signs of animal and insect use; for example, yellowjacket wasps build their nests in the ground. If berries are plentiful at a site, bears may forage for food there.
To build a firepit, look for a clearing and previous firepits. During fire-hazard periods and dry seasons, use portable stoves rather than campfires.
Assume that all wilderness streams and creeks are potentially contaminated water sources due to domestic and wild animals. Giardia lamblia, a common parasitic contaminant, can cause nausea, bloating, gas, stomach cramps, and explosive diarrhea leading to dehydration.
If you are unable to bring bottled water with you on your trip or your supply runs out, iodine is an inexpensive and easy way to purify water (you can buy iodine tablets that dissolve in the water). You'll need to check the expiration date before using. You can also use water filters. Boiling is an excellent method for purifying water, but takes a lot of time, energy, and resources; also, appropriate boiling times are uncertain because boiling points vary according to elevation.
Plan your meals according to how many days you will be on a trip, and then bring extra food. Pack plenty of portable foods, such as granola bars, packaged trail mix, breads, peanut butter, fruit, and other camping-friendly foods. You can even purchase dehydrated meals that only require the addition of water. It's best to leave foraging for berries to the animals because it's easy to mistake toxic berries for edible ones that can make someone pretty sick and ruin the entire trip.
Common plants to be wary of are poison oak, sumac, and ivy. Show your kids pictures of these plants before your trip, and if in doubt, avoid touching any unknown plants. Dress your kids in long-sleeved shirts and pants to protect the skin from exposure to plants that may cause allergic reactions. You can apply protective products before hiking that will act as a barrier against the oils of the plants. Any area that comes in contact with a poisonous plant should be washed immediately with cool water to help remove the oil that causes the allergic reaction. Calamine lotion or hydrocortisone cream (1%) may help to stop the itching that's common with poison ivy.
Antihistamines taken by mouth are effective for allergic reactions or itchy rashes — from contact with poison ivy to mosquito bites to bee and wasp stings. Use citronella-based products to repel insects and put it on clothing instead of skin whenever possible. Repellents containing DEET also can be used. Choose a repellent that contains no more than 10% to 30% DEET; in higher concentrations, the chemical (which is absorbed through the skin) can be toxic. Be sure to follow the directions on the label. DEET-containing products should only be used on children older than 2 years.
Another camping concern is ticks, which can carry several types of infections, including Lyme disease. Check your kids at the end of each day for ticks. Examine places where ticks like to hide, like behind the ears, in the scalp, under the arms, and in the groin area. Be aware of the typical rash seen in some patients with Lyme disease — a red ring that may grow to about 2 inches in diameter around the bite appearing about a week after the tick bite.
Teach kids that animals in the wild are strong and agile, and will defend themselves and their young if threatened. Children should not approach wild animals, even small ones, and should never feed them. Don't leave kids unsupervised — small children, especially, are vulnerable. Instruct them to stay calm and call loudly for help if they encounter a wild animal.
Always ask the park rangers about wild animals in your wilderness park. Keep the campsite free of food odors and do not bring food into tents. Pack food in your cars overnight; if you're going on a long camping trip, pack food in resealable plastic bags and animal-resistant containers.
Essentials for every camping trip include:
Other necessary items include: full water bottles for hikes; a waterproof and lightweight tent; ground insulation for sleeping; a blanket for emergencies; signaling device such as a whistle, mirror, pocket flare, walkie-talkie or cell phone; duct tape; and 50 to 100 feet of nylon rope.
Bring a first-aid kit that includes:
In addition, bring a liquid antiseptic soap to clean wounds. Don't forget extra protective dressings for severe arm or leg blisters. Knowing how to make a splint in case of injury is also useful and can be learned in first-aid classes.
In the case of an emergency, the most important thing to do is to remain calm. During an emergency, families need to decide together on the best plan of action, examining the resources available. Before your trip, notify friends and families of your destination and time of return. And sign up at park registers before and after wilderness treks.
If your kids have whistles and were instructed to wait in a sheltered area if they get lost, you should be able to find them more readily. If you bring a cell phone, make sure it's charged.
Always stay on the safe side when setting boundaries for family camping. The more remote your location, the more care you should take in choosing your activities. Survey campsites for riverbanks and cliffs. Check out climbing trees for dead branches and moss, both of which cause falls.
Properly preparing for camping lets the whole family enjoy the great outdoors safely.
Reviewed by: Kate M. Cronan, MD
Date reviewed: May 2008
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College football tailgating bracket - ESPN
Vote here:
Page 2 poll page: Where would you like to tailgate? - ESPN Page 2
Nice work Chuggable
Iowa State
Iowa State has the best tailgating for several reasons. First and foremost is the layout of the stadium and the adjacent parking lots. The area immediately surrounding the Jack Trice Stadium is a sea of cardinal and gold with malted beverages and haute cuisine. I've never been around a fan base that is more eager to get a complimentary cold beverage and a brat in the hands of complete strangers. Leave your wallet at home, make some new friends, grab a Grain Belt and gather around the spread of pulled pork, paella and scotcheroos.
Iowa has the best tailgating, and puts Iowa State's to shame. From the student housing directly to the south and west of the stadium, the food vendors on Melrose Avenue set up in people's front yards, and the parking lots surrounding the stadium to the north and west filled with cars, RVs, and buses from around the state. It's no wonder the university refuses to put up lights for night games -- people would still start tailgating at 6:30 a.m.!
Complete Idiot
Let's put Iowa's online voting to shame! Vote for Iowa State
We're getting crushed right now.
It's a popularity contest. We have less fans. We're doomed.
In 1984, I was hospitalized for approaching perfection.
Also, out of 16 schools on the list, there are 5 big 10 schools. I'm sure theyre all voting for each other.
Originally Posted by ChrisMWilliams
If you guys come by Bondurant tonight, I'll **** all over every one of your dogs. I'm not the Mayor but I've been drinking a crap ton of water today and have plenty of water in the old radiator.
Come on Cyclone fans!!!!!
Within 10 minutes of voting, we went from 33% to 40%. We just need to keep pushing!
Originally Posted by Al_4_State
It's a popularity contest. We have less fans. We're doomed.
Tailgating at Iowa is a complete joke.
Nahhh we all know Ames tailgating is better. We actually have grass.....
OSU 2011 Game Thread
We're closing in on em.
Never give in - Iowa State owns voting!
54% - Iowa
vote faster!
Originally Posted by Chizit
Nahhh we all know Ames tailgating is better. We actually have grass.....
Yes.... they forgot to mention that tailgating in Iowa City is mainly done in parking ramps or in areas that are 2 miles from the stadium. Since there is relatively no parking near the stadium it is technically not really tailgating. Food vendors? House parties? If you don't cook your own food and if you aren't stationed next to your vehicle that is within a 2 minute walk to the stadium then it definitely isn't tailgating.
we're tied at 50-50!
ISU in the lead.
ISU is now into the lead. I think I have voted about 15 times now.
Originally Posted by Al_4_State
ISU in the lead.
ye of little faith Al.
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I know most of us are happy with the mild/warm winter so far but there could be some consequences on down the road. Let's talk low temperatures. We have had only nine days below freezing at National airport since December first and only three of those in the twenties. On average we would have had sixteen nights in the twenties Downtown but not this year. Believe or night we have had only one day when highs held in the thirties. What could this lead to?
(Picture: Corcus up in Dnawnestown, MD)
The warm weather could fool plants into thinking spring has already sprung only to be shocked back with a cold snap. I have heard birds chirping that you usually do not hear until late February or early March. For example, if you planted a tree in the last month and it starts to push out roots thinking winter is over and then we get it with an arctic blast it could kill the tree. It could be a case where it never pushed out leaves in the spring. When and if we forecast an arctic blast you should soak the roots of any tree or shrub planted in the fall or early winter.
Another consequence of a warm winter could be a big year for ticks and mosquitoes. Arctic outbreaks are actually helpful in killing some unwelcome insects. We have already seen a consequence of a mild to warm winter with the increase in flu cases. Now, we can't blame that all on the mild winter but it does play a factor.


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Boston, MA (Sports Network) - Marco Belinelli's turnaround jumper with 3.1
seconds remaining in overtime lifted the Chicago Bulls to a 100-99 victory
over the Boston Celtics in a nail-biter at TD Garden.
Richard Hamilton scored 20 points and Carlos Boozer and Joakim Noah each
posted double-doubles to help the Bulls notch their third consecutive win and
fifth straight triumph on the road, where the club improved to an Eastern
Conference-best 12-5 on the season.
Boozer amassed 19 points and a season-high 20 rebounds, with Noah finishing
with 14 points and 13 boards.
Rajon Rondo racked up a season-best 30 points along with seven assists in
leading Boston back from an eight-point deficit early in the fourth quarter,
before fouling out with 1:16 to go in the extra session.
Kevin Garnett added 16 points and Jared Sullinger pulled down 15 rebounds for
the Celtics, losers of two straight following a season-high six-game win
The Sports Network


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Hey all,
I am administering a Zimbra server and had a user ask me today if there is a way to create a group contact (a distribution list esentially but from the user side rather than the server side). I don't see this capability within Zimbra anywhere. Is this just something that's not yet implemented or am I missing it somehow?


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We prefer one logistics partner to ship our products
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Music Workstation
A.The Fantom-X series instruments are equipped with a USB port that allows you to transfer data to and from a USB-equipped PC via a USB cable. The type of data that can be transmitted depends on the Fantom-X's USB Mode setting. When the USB Mode is set to:
the Fantom-X can transmit and receive keyboard or sequencer performances to and from the PC in realtime as MIDI data. This allows the Fantom-X itself to function as a simple MIDI interface, eliminating the need for an external MIDI interface.
the Fantom-X functions as a USB mass storage class device. This allows you to transfer audio files, Fantom-X songs, and Standard MIDI Files to and from the PC. Using Storage Mode, you can import .WAV/AIFF audio files from a PC for use as sample data in the Fantom-X, or export samples created in the Fantom-X to the PC for backup storage. This export functionality also gives you a great method for distributing your Fantom-X music: After you've completed a song using the Fantom-X sequencer, use the Re-Sampling function to capture the song as an audio file. Then, export the audio file to your computer, and burn it to an audio CD or distribute it over the Internet.
When transferring files from a PC to the Fantom-X, differing file types must be in placed in specific folders in the Fantom-X directory. There are also other cautions that you must take into consideration when placing files in folders. For details, refer to "Cautions Regarding Folders and Files" in the owner's manual for your particular Fantom-X series instrument.


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Good service, good product
Great quality product & quick delivery
I ordered the chocolate card and it looked and tasted amazing!
Great options, fast processing and delivery, gorgeous product.
Easy to order and good web site
Great products & service.
Easy to use and good pricing
Because they delivered the item I wanted in perfect condition. It was so easy to use the website and..
Lovely product and speedy delivery
Good product fast delivery
The clock was excellent and so was the service
It's such a personal site with cute designs. :) Have a friend who is just as crazy as me with this kind..


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Union Pipeline Cargo Short
Sorry, this item is currently unavailable
Select styles are available for special orders. To check for special order availability, please submit your request below. We will process your request and notify you via email with the updated status of this item. Merchandise is not guaranteed. Shipping charges will apply with special orders.
The information you provide below is for this product request only. It will not be added to our marketing database.
- Canvas trim washed cargo short
- 10 1/2" rise, 23" outseam
- Interior tie waistband
- Back flap pockets
- Zip fly
- 100% Cotton.
- Turn inside out and machine wash cold, separately. Do not bleach. Tumble dry low. Low iron.
- Made in China.
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- Model Info: Height: 6'1" | Chest: 40" | Waist: 31" | Hip: 39 1/2" | Wearing Size: 31


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A trio of Carteret County men had a first appearance in court Monday following their arrest in connection with an assault that was an alleged act of retaliation.
Mark Lester, 17; Caleb Mendoza, 16; and Raymond Winchester Jr., 20, all of the Atlantic community in Down East Carteret County, were arrested Friday by the Carteret County Sheriff�s Office on burglary and assault charges.
They are accused in an assault that occurred at the home of Charles Morgan, 59, at Sea Shore Drive, also in Atlantic.
According to a sheriff�s office news release, Mendoza and Lester were driven to the victim�s residence by Winchester about 11 p.m. Friday. Mendoza and Lester knocked on the door and allegedly forced their way in when the Morgan opened it.
Morgan was then jumped and assaulted with a Ruger .223 caliber rifle, according to the CCSO. He was repeatedly beaten in the face with the butt of the rifle, their hands, and struck in the head with a vase, the release said.
Morgan was transported to Carteret General Hospital and later released after treatment for numerous facial fractures, authorities said.
The sheriff�s office said the incident reportedly started when the mother of one of the suspects told the boys she was assaulted earlier in the day by Morgan.
Mendoza is charged with first degree burglary, assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury and assault inflicting serious bodily injury. Lester is charged with first degree burglary and assault inflicting serious bodily injury.
Winchester is charged with aiding and abetting for each charge of first degree burglary, assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, and assault inflicting serious bodily injury.
The three men were each placed in the Carteret county Jail under a $30,000 bond.
Location, ST | website.com


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I'm trying to make a bulk change to the Address field of each user in our domain but I can't figure out how to get the line to wrap.
Here is what I have:
Address line1
Suite 222
(blank line 3)
I run the command:
After I let the LDAP refresh and check the user the address is updated but only one line instead of two like the original address. I've tried some variations but didn't have any luck.Code:
zmprov -l modifyAccount firstname.lastname@example.com street "New Address line 1 New Suite 333"


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Q: We received a request to submit proof that our aggregates are not alkali-silica reactive. We've never seen this type of request before in our area. They required ASTM C1260 testing, which we completed and failed. What do we do now?
A: Issues surrounding alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) of aggregates are occurring in many areas where concrete producers were not historically required to produce such data. ASR is a reaction between the alkalies in the cement and silica in the aggregates. This reaction causes a gel which expands when water is available. The issues are related to more distressed concrete structures exhibiting ASR.
In the past there were few areas where ASR was a concern. But now, almost every state has seen a concrete structure with ASR damage. Also, engineers work in multiple states, so if they encounter ASR issues in one state, they will use that experience in all of their future projects.
Discussion surrounding ASR is increasing. The Federal Highway Administration and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials have issued reports and guidelines to deal with reactive aggregates. ASTM and ACI are also working on documents to help the industry understand how to deal with ASR.
If you are not aware of the requirements or test methods dealing with ASR, you should learn them. Tackling ASR in the concrete industry is key to producing sustainable concrete, and building structures and pavements with long life and low maintenance.
Now back to the question at hand. The ASTM C1260 aggregate test does not have the best track record. It classifies about 50 percent to 60 percent of aggregates as potentially reactive when they are not. This test accelerates the reaction two ways: by increasing the alkali loading and increasing the temperature.
The increased alkali loading is higher than the alkali loading found in any field conditions. This increase provides a continuous supply of alkali to the mortar sample and possibly causes aggregate particles to react that would not typically react.
The increased temperature is perhaps a greater issue with the test. High temperature liberates more silica from reacting than what would be liberated at ambient temperatures. Often, the reactive elements of silica-based aggregate are strained from heat and pressure in geologic formations. Increasing the heat energy in the test, to a lesser degree, mimics these changes.
For these reasons, the test method actually states: "When excessive expansions are observed, it is recommended that supplementary information be developed to confirm that the expansion is actually due to alkali-silica reaction."
Additionally, when describing ASTM C1260, the annex of ASTM C33, Standard Specifications for Concrete Aggregate, states: "Results of this test method should not be used for rejection of aggregates unless it has been established using the sources of supplementary information cited in the test method that the detected expansion is actually due to alkali-silica reaction."
Basically, when a result of potential reactivity is provided using ASTM C1260, we don't know if the aggregate is reactive, and we need to do more work to find out.
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Shared Investment
Wherever we operate clinics, Sanford focuses on hiring local medical professionals and support staff to carry out our mission. In addition, Sanford uses local contractors and sources whenever possible to build and equip our clinics. Sanford Health supports the development of each clinic with infrastructure and operating capital, as well as the application of the health system's entire management and operations team—more than 1,200 employed physicians and 25,000 employees across the United States and abroad. This expertise allows the efficient and effective application of appropriately scaled health services in communities of all sizes.
Beyond the operating capital Sanford Health provides for each Sanford International Clinic, the organization invests its core expertise and the daily engagement of the Sanford International Clinic team. This team is responsible for both development and operation of Sanford International Clinics – tasks which include selecting locations, developing clinical models, building facilities, recruiting professionals, and providing ongoing operational oversight and planning for services to achieve self-sustainability. To each clinic, Sanford also commits unallocated management resources, including its clinical services, finance, facilities, information technology, electronic medical records, clinical services, finance, human resources, marketing, patient financial services, and coding departments, among other functions. These multiple contributed services equate to an annual investment of more than $10 million.
Sanford intends that each facility be self-sustaining within three to five years of opening. In working toward self-sustainability, Sanford assumes the start up operational expenses to achieve self-sustainability as well as maintains ongoing operational risks, responsibility for recruiting the professional staff, and implements Sanford's comprehensive clinical standards and management functions. Sanford's retained ownership of the operations and employment of clinic staff ensure the provision of high-quality services, while at the same time ensuring the long-term viability of the clinic and the provision of services for generations to come.


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Discover a selection of top forums made spor on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums made spor and meet other fans of made spor. Then, why don't you create your own forum of made spor ?
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Metorite impact on a salt flat
Posted 26 March 2013 - 07:40 PM
As an example, suppose we have a smaller meteorite about 1.3 meters wide leaving a crater with diameter of 45 meters & depth of 16 meters into the bedrock of a desert environment...based on Kamil Crater in Egypt. However, our scenario calls for a similar meteorite striking a salt flat which is more than a kilometer deep.
1. Given that the impacted material in our scenario is compacted salt, would you expect the resulting crater to be similar, larger or smaller than Kamil Crater?
2. Do you think the ejected salt chunks would be on fire (or hot enough to ignite other materials) when they hit the ground?
3. Could you give a rough estimate for how far you would expect the ejecta to travel? I know this might vary based on angle of impact & whatnot but a ball park figure is all I'm looking for.
4. I know that certain types of meteorites may leave stones or crystals of a green color within the surviving debris. Would this still be a possibility if our meteorite hit a salt flat?
5. Would the answers to these questions vary based on whether the salt flat was exposed or covered in, say, 10 meters of water? If so, how would the water change things?
Please humor me...this is a serious inquiry and I'm not sure where else to go with this. Thanks!
Posted 26 March 2013 - 09:31 PM
Something tells me that your question is not just rhetorical. What is the rest of the story, are you writing a novel where this occurs? Have you seen a structure like the one you describe? Please give us some more info>
Posted 26 March 2013 - 11:28 PM
The sulfur may have already been present in the ground at impact...not sure about the sulfur coming with the meteor.
Posted 26 March 2013 - 11:54 PM
22° 01 min 06 sec N 26° 05 min 16 sec E -- change to the proper double & single quote marks though...i couldn't get this forum to display them properly.
And for a relative size reference, here is a LINK to a photo of Kamil Crater with people standing on the rim to the right in the photo. It's kind of out-of-whack but you get the picture. Keep in mind the crater is partially filled with sand.
Posted 27 March 2013 - 04:54 PM
I believe this particular incident is in regard to the end of a period known as the Early Bronze Age (in the Near East), which came to an end around 2000 B.C. (give or take). It is difficult to establish an exact date for individual events at this time but an overall view can be discerned from available evidence. It is very apparent that there was a general decline of civilizations across the known world at this time...in fact, the evidence indicates it was probably a world-wide period of decline. There are also numerous momentous events that occurred in this time period which resulted in (or from) an overall large-scale breakdown of society which I can partially outline for you:
1. Writing developed to the degree of sophistication necessary to record epic stories & some religious texts. For example, the stories of Gilgamesh were first written down around this time.
2. The fall of Troy in western Turkey (Troy II)
3. The end of the Old Kingdom in Egypt
4. The fall of the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia
5. Utter destruction of archaeological sites in certain areas of the Middle East that remain unexplained.
6. The Archaic Stage of the American Archaic Period ended in North/South America.
Archaeologists are unable to come to an agreement regarding the root cause of this general malaise. They are simply unable to find enough in the archaeological record of any one place to form a universal conclusion.
However, after conducting much research into the available records of numerous ancient cultures, I decided to look for evidence that a cataclysm occurred in which the earth was struck not by just a single meteorite, but by numerous pieces of something...either a larger meteor or a comet that broke up, or maybe a cluster of small meteors.
When I actually looked at these ancient records with this in mind, I began to see attempts to explain (or just talk about) this natural disaster. For example, I found a papyrus from Ancient Egypt with a story on it that led me to believe it may be describing the discovery of the aftermath of an impact site.
There is a lot of information you have to sort through, though. It's like making liquor. You have to distill the information to get at the grain of truth underlying what these people wrote down. When reading a religious text describing a culture's history, you have to filter out the supernatural elements. Sometimes, you can compare the account with the records of another associated culture to get a different side of the story. There are times when you find that a culture may have skipped 500 years of history without making this clear in the text because they wanted to blot out the memory of certain periods. You really have to learn how to read between the lines.
Ancient history is typically studied as separate threads...like Greek history or Egyptian history. The trick is to learn how to recognize where these threads intersect. It isn't always very apparent...in fact, sometimes, ancient cultures went to great lengths to hide their associations from later generations. However, if you do enough comparisons between these separate lines of inquiry, it begins to become possible for you to weave a tapestry.
As for this multiple-impact theory, it's still up in the air. I am nearly certain that there was at least one impact. However, I suspect, for a variety of reasons related to my research, that the impacts were numerous and many of them were relatively small. I am asking you guys these questions here so I can determine how to direct my next line of inquiry. I have already found a number of confirmed and suspected impact sites that seem to fit the general profile, though I still need to research these sites separately where possible. Additionally I believe there is at least one impact, and possibly several, that may not have been realized yet and warrants further investigation.
Posted 27 March 2013 - 05:08 PM
I have never heard of any large (over 10mm) spherical rocks associated with an impact site. Larger (10 cm) roundish rocks created by impacts tend to be found 100s or even a thousand miles from the impact site. I would say that the odds are very small that the large roundish rock that you describe are related to any impact.
Posted 27 March 2013 - 05:36 PM
Posted 27 March 2013 - 05:47 PM
I am unaware of any meteorite impact on a salt flat. I can only speak in general terms. First I think the the meteorite you propose is too small to make the crater you describe. My guess is that the meteorite should be 3 times the size. The heat is release at the moment of impact. I would think that any fires would be ignited by the impact, any thing that could burn would already be on fire before Fallbak/ejecta could ignite it.
Posted 27 March 2013 - 07:38 PM
Hi. I am conducting some research on a meteorite impact scenario. I know this forum is filled with scientific geniuses so here's to hoping we have a resident expert (amateur or otherwise) who can shed light on a few things for me.
As an example, suppose we have a smaller meteorite about 1.3 meters wide leaving a crater with diameter of 45 meters & depth of 16 meters into the bedrock of a desert environment...based on Kamil Crater in Egypt. However, our scenario calls for a similar meteorite striking a salt flat which is more than a kilometer deep.
1. Given that the impacted material in our scenario is compacted salt, would you expect the resulting crater to be similar, larger or smaller than Kamil Crater?
2. Do you think the ejected salt chunks would be on fire (or hot enough to ignite other materials) when they hit the ground?
3. Could you give a rough estimate for how far you would expect the ejecta to travel? I know this might vary based on angle of impact & whatnot but a ball park figure is all I'm looking for.
4. I know that certain types of meteorites may leave stones or crystals of a green color within the surviving debris. Would this still be a possibility if our meteorite hit a salt flat?
5. Would the answers to these questions vary based on whether the salt flat was exposed or covered in, say, 10 meters of water? If so, how would the water change things?
Please humor me...this is a serious inquiry and I'm not sure where else to go with this. Thanks!
A 1.6 m (8 tonne) iron meteor hits the ground at 2.2-3.3 km/sec, which is fast enough to have the kinetic energy equal to a similar weight of high explosive. So this is similar to a WWII era blockbuster "earthquake bomb", perhaps a little larger. Try this query in Google Maps to see one such: "54.186029,7.878935".
1. A salt bed would be similar to sedimentary rock (it is, as a matter fact, sedimentary rock).
2. No. The meteor fragments themselves would be hot, but the ejecta (which outweighs the meteor by more than 1000-to-1) would be unaffected in temperature.
3. Hundreds of meters.
4. No. This is an iron meteorite. It will give pieces of iron.
5. Yes 10 meters of water would change the situation dramatically. There would be a big splash, and a much shallower underwater crater. The iron would be cooled immediately by the water. Little, if any, ejecta other than water.
Posted 27 March 2013 - 08:00 PM
Posted 27 March 2013 - 08:25 PM
A 1.6 m (8 tonne) iron meteor hits the ground at 2.2-3.3 km/sec, which is fast enough to have the kinetic energy equal to a similar weight of high explosive. So this is similar to a WWII era blockbuster "earthquake bomb", perhaps a little larger. Try this query in Google Maps to see one such: "54.186029,7.878935".
1. A salt bed would be similar to sedimentary rock (it is, as a matter fact, sedimentary rock).
2. No. The meteor fragments themselves would be hot, but the ejecta (which outweighs the meteor by more than 1000-to-1) would be unaffected in temperature.
3. Hundreds of meters.
4. No. This is an iron meteorite. It will give pieces of iron.
5. Yes 10 meters of water would change the situation dramatically. There would be a big splash, and a much shallower underwater crater. The iron would be cooled immediately by the water. Little, if any, ejecta other than water.
A shallow, underwater crater, that's interesting. Thank you...this is very helpful. I hope you will continue to humor me here. Now, suppose that, instead of being purely a salt flat, the meteor struck an area of large & very shallow (or surface) bitumen deposits. Would you expect a meteor to ignite an explosion of this material, considering the volatile substances mixed within it? And, if there were an explosion, what would you expect a crater, if any, to look like in comparison to Kamil Crater? Again, I am curious about a meteor of the same proportions as in the previous example.
Posted 27 March 2013 - 09:30 PM
I am afraid that you are constructing a house of cards. For example we still don't know what type of impactor that we are talking about. I assumed a stoney meteorite that left behind green crystals. You didn't say anything about iron being present. Carysub assumed that the meteorite was iron since that is the type most likely to make a small crater.
Tell us everything, I think that you are still holding back info. Are you talking about an actual feature or is this a hypothetical feature?
Posted 28 March 2013 - 06:11 AM
For the Bronze Age (3300 to 1100 BC according to the generally accepted Near Eastern chronology), I confined myself to records created before 30 A.D. I started with Ancient Egypt because of the vast amount of material that survives. Most of that material is also in the public domain and easily accessible. I reviewed probably thousands of translations of tomb inscriptions, papyri, monuments, stele...all kinds of stuff. Egypt had diplomatic contacts ranging from friendship to warfare with just about everybody in most of the Middle East for 3500 years. Therefore, it wasn't that difficult to follow nodes to whatever surviving records there are to the other sophisticated cultures of this time period and then on to less-sophisticated cultures in Asia, Europe & the Americas...kind of like hopscotch.
As part of all this, I have also examined the Torah (as it was written down around 550 B.C.) in great detail over the last several years. Quite frankly, it took me a long time to learn how to read it. In Sunday School, you're taught it's literal truth but then science and the only objective history people want to teach tells you that it's mostly a fable.
At the beginning, I really didn't see how I could possibly reconcile the Old Testament with an objective study of history. However, over time, I was utterly amazed when I would find that something the Bible said really happened...and I knew it happened because the people or events were attested to in the archaeological record. Of course, there were times where I found things that didn't make sense. As an example, the Book of Genesis claims the Philistines existed in the time of the Patriarchs. However, this is simply not the case as the Philistines are attested to in both written Egyptian records and archaeology, but not until their arrival around 1250BC (or so). Since the story was simply a retelling of an event that already occurred with the Egyptians in an earlier chapter, I simply disregarded it for the purposes of my examination. That's the kind of thing I mean when I said you have to distill the information.
However, you also have to learn how to read the Old Testament. For one thing, it exhibits several huge gaps in history without telling you that. It just goes to the next part still talking about the same character like it happened the next day. Also, you have to realize that it has to do many things at the same time. Therefore, a single story of everything is going to have to convey, well, everything...not only what we think of as subjects like history and whatever they thought they knew of science, but also practical concepts like animal husbandry, building techniques, and planting season. However, when a society has few resources to make a recording of anything, 95% of what does get made will be related to the religion. This is true for most of the ancient records that remain from just about any culture during this period. Therefore, almost everything is couched in religious terms. All the supernatural things need to be filtered out as well.
Additionally, if you were an ancient writer who had to write down the record of an event that occurred slowly over many generations, you are probably going to minimize the number of characters as much as possible by consolidating the story into a single character, as opposed to a succession from the first guy, then to his son, grandson, great-grandson, etc. This consolidation of people gets worse the closer you get back to the beginning of Genesis. For example, the sons of Noah aren't really Ham, Shem, & Jephath...they are dark-skinned people, semites (mid-tone), and light-skinned people of the north. As a further example, the names of Ham's children are actually the names of countries where dark-skinned people lived at the time (Mizraim is Egypt in Hebrew, Put is what the Egyptians knew as Punt south of them, [K]ush, etc.).
Next thing you know, you have recorded something like a large-scale westward migration of Semitic people personified in the character of Abraham. That's why we can't find a record of Abraham. However, we can certainly see migrations of these Semitic people attested to in the historical record. What it all boils down to is this: the Torah really is largely filled with literal truth, after a fashion. I have found myself stunned to find certain things attested to in the archaeological record. After you understand this, it really isn't all that difficult to link many of the events depicted with corresponding events or time periods in the historical record. I could cite numerous other examples for this concept but that really would take a book and this isn't the right venue for that.
Now, this brings us to the issue at hand. What happened at the end of the Early Bronze Age? I did not start out with this line of inquiry in mind. However, the available evidence has presented a problem as there is no consensus over what happened. You see, it wasn't only all the other things I mentioned earlier that occurred. There are ancient records (stele, papyri, etc.) that tell stories of things you could associate with an impact event. By stories, I mean they talk about things like the sun was blocked out and all the crops died causing a long famine or the sun was dimmed by perpetual clouds or haze for an extended period. The only problem is that there is no apparent large crater that I can find to explain this. It's also possible that it was caused by a volcanic eruption. However, I found hints that something else was at play.
One thing I found was a manuscript called the Westcar Papyrus, of Ancient Egyptian origin. The stories on it were apparently written down in the Middle Kingdom but the characters and stories are set in the Old Kingdom. Obviously, you can't depend on what the Egyptian who wrote it wanted people to get from it. However, the second story tells the tale of a pharoah who gets bored and wants to go boating. Twenty virgins are rounded up to row his boat on a "lake." One of the virgins brushes the oar against her hair and a green stone falls out into the water. I've found a couple of translations of this story and it is translated a little differently in each of them. One says the pharaoh's magician caused the waters of the lake to divide in half creating a lane of dry ground so that he could get the stone. The other says the magician caused the water from half the lake to stack up on top of the water on the other half so that it was twice as deep on that side. Then the pharoah could get the green stone. In each story, the magician then causes the water to go back. I really didn't know what to make of it at first until I found out you could potentially have a green meteorite and I had already thought of the possibility of an impact event for my cataclysm anyway. There weren't a lot of lakes in Egypt but there was one huge lake the Egyptians artifically created in the Old Kingdom (by diverting the Nile) that would still have been there at the proper time. This idea simmered for quite a while for lack of evidence.
In the mean time, I was kind of working backwards through the Torah so Genesis is the last part that received a heavy focus. Through a comparative analysis with what I had been able to find from other cultures, I determined that the destruction of Sodom & Gomorrah also occurred at the end of the Early Bronze Age.
I believe the archaeology may very well sustain an impact theory also. The "Cities of the Plain" are well attested with known ruins around the south basin of the Dead Sea. Around the time in question, the archaeology also shows a destruction in the immediate area. Bab edh Dhra is thought to be Sodom and, a short distance away, Numeira is thought to be Gomorrah. They were both destroyed by conflagration around this time with Gomorrah suffering utter destruction. Sodom has a huge cemetery (compared to other sites) with graves/tombs filled with multiple people. It is unclear how many died at this particular time, though, because the city apparently existed for, like, a 1000 years. If you ask an archaeologist what happened, they will tell you that they have no idea but they "assume" it resulted from either an earthquake or conflict or maybe both. An interesting thing about Numeira is that the people had erected a tower that collapsed on top of people during the event. Archaeologists discovered their bodies 4000 years later.
Now, to the Hebrew. The meaning of the word Sodom in Hebrew is "Burnt" and the meaning of the word Gomorrah is "Heap." Additionally, Sodom and Gomorrah were in or very near the Vale of Siddim, as the Bible explains a couple of chapters earlier. In Hebrew, "Siddim" translates as "Flats." Your Bible probably says, in Genesis 14:10, something along the lines of the Kings of Sodom & Gamorrah fled to the Vale of Siddim and fell in "slime pits." However, the Hebrew can be translated as "bitumen pits" also. Obviously, this potentially leads us to the Vale of "Bitumen Flats" or "Tar Flats."
How about the geology? In 2009, the Geology Society of America issued a report that determined the salt pillar formation on Mount Sedom, historically known as Lot's Wife, was actually formed as a remnant of the cave wall left standing when a salt cave collapsed between 2150 and 1730 B.C. (carbon-dated using material within the collapse). This is also at the correct time, roughly. The report also assumes an earthquake but is clearly making an assumption.
I'm not sure how familiar you are with this region but the Dead Sea basin is the lowest place on earth. The north basin goes down into a deep gash in the crust for hundreds of meters Then there are a couple of kilometers of salt deposit. A cross section of this basin resembles a deep crater with steep sides...in this cross section, the southern basin looks like a big shallow lip to the larger crater. However, the crater under the north basin is at least twice as long as it is wide and, if anything major, I would more likely peg it for a volcanic caldera considering the spot where it's sitting. The south basin is currently separated by a ridged salt formation. The water depth in the south basin is very shallow, currently averaging 6 meters, and the maximum depth of salt deposit is currently 100 meters (not necessarily across the entire basin). Below the salt is a huge crack in the earth's crust serving as the boundary between the Asian & African tectonic plates. There are frequent earthquakes...the sides and floor of the valley frequently move against each other as you can probably imagine. In 2000 B.C., the floor of the south basin was 20 meters higher than it is now. At the time, I imagine it was exposed, at least partially, as our "Vale of Tar Flats" likely sat on top of it. The depth of the salt deposit in the south basin at that time is unknown, but presumably was less than it is now considering that salt has been accumulating for 4000 years since then. As for bitumen, there are still large natural deposits nearby. There are also significant magnetic anomalies but these are thought to result from the geology of the area.
The water is the consistency of a medium to light syrup due to the mineral content. The water level has frequently oscillated by many hundreds of meters over the recent geologic past. It has been much higher than today and much lower. The water has sloshed and settled all over in its basin depending on the then current lay of the land (due to tectonic/earthquake activity) and how much water was present at a given time. A large amount of water may have been lost around 2000 B.C. but I have seen other reports saying the most recent mass water loss occurred closer to 10,000 B.C. so there's a conflict there. Currently the water level is dropping 1 meter per year due to a combination of evaporation and the diversion of water from the Jordan River.
As for craters, there is no apparent large crater caused by a meteor unless you consider the southern basin to be a large shallow crater. However, I have found a number of smaller structures nearby that could possibly be impact sites. However, they need to be investigated more thoroughly as a satellite photo is certainly not definitive.
I am also aware of extremely large (kilometers across) geologic structures called makhtesh that go off in a vector southwest of the Dead Sea. Geologists say they are caused by erosion but they do resemble craters...like some kind of material splashed in a concentrated direction across the landscape from the Dead Sea and caused the eventual erosion of huge crater-like holes in the ground underneath the spots where the splashed material landed. There are 7 known makhtesh in the world...and all 7 in this location...5 in the desert southwest of the Dead Sea and 2 more nearby in the eastern Sinai. I'm not sure of their ages as there doesn't appear to be a lot of available research material for them. If they did represent some sort of splashed material, it's very interesting that their pattern creates a vector pointing back directly to the southern basin of the Dead Sea. This can be seen clearly on a topographic map. It would be interesting to test the rocks inside them as I could find no information for that. I am not suggesting they are involved here, just noting nearby geologic peculiarities. Those big sulfur rock balls are also in the desert southwest of the Dead Sea.
As for what exactly happened here, I don't know but I think it's a very interesting question that surely warrants further investigation. It is also my opinion that this event probably represents the key to understanding what happened around 2000 B.C. I guess the final determination may depend on whether someone can figure out how a meteorite impact would unfold when hitting a soft hot spot filled with bitumen and with a thin crust over some magma. If a meteor can be eliminated as a possibility, I guess all that leaves is an earthquake with a subsequent natural gas explosion. Here's you one last thing to think about:
19:24 Then the LORD rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven;
19:25 And he overthrew those cities, and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the ground.
19:26 But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt.
19:27 And Abraham gat up early in the morning to the place where he stood before the LORD:
19:28 And he looked toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the plain, and beheld, and, lo, the smoke of the country went up as the smoke of a furnace.
Posted 28 March 2013 - 06:20 AM
Ordinary chondrite (H5)
One piece of 73.5 g was found on sandy soil. Classification and analysis: olivine Fa19.1, pyroxene Fs17.4Wo0.5; Jürgen Otto, Mineralog. Petrogr. Institut der Universitat, Albert-Strasse 23 b, D79104 Freiburg. Main mass: Swiss Meteorite Laboratory, P.O.Box 126, CH-8750 Glarus, Switzerland.
Posted 28 March 2013 - 12:39 PM
You have an interesting hypothesis. There is some much going on that I can't begin to picture the processes that would happening.
I can give you an educated guess on the meteorite that you mentioned. El Faiyum would be gray to brown, not green.
Posted 28 March 2013 - 03:15 PM
Posted 09 April 2013 - 07:31 AM
If dry, you could land a C-130 on them without any worries. It was a challenge to make a dent in them with a pick-axe.
If they were wet, it could swallow a tank up to its turret!
Concrete vs. Slime
Posted 10 April 2013 - 10:12 AM
The Salt Flats (Sebkah) that I saw in Saudi Arabia and Iraq could be wet or dry.
If dry, you could land a C-130 on them without any worries. It was a challenge to make a dent in them with a pick-axe.
If they were wet, it could swallow a tank up to its turret!
Concrete vs. Slime
This makes me wonder whether it's possible to scan the surface looking for meteorites buried within the salt layer. I also looked for any research indicating that someone had ever tested the area for unusually high levels of iridium but I was unable to find anything about this. There are a number of ruins surrounding the southern basin where tests could be conducted. It seems clear that there was some sort of natural disaster involving an explosion as there are still pieces of sulfur embedded within the debris of some of these ruins. Of course, this presumes the sulfur flew through the air and embedded itself rather than being scooped up in the molds when the mud bricks were produced.
Posted 10 April 2013 - 01:10 PM
Interesting hypothesis and I have done some thinking along these lines myself over the years, in regards to folklore and meteorites.
More later...
Best regards,
Posted 27 April 2013 - 04:40 PM
I also have another question. Follow this LINK to see a photo regarding this question. These large & generally spherical rock balls are all over the ground in an area of this rocky desert. Some of them are huge enough that two people can hug it & touch hands. They are apparently protected by the government because they emit the smell of sulfur when broken open
We have Concretion in shale around here . We called them turtle rocks as kids, In some areas their made of iron sulfide when they are either cut or hammered, they produce sparks and a burning sulfur smell
Posted 05 May 2013 - 06:55 AM
We have Concretion in shale around here . We called them turtle rocks as kids, In some areas their made of iron sulfide when they are either cut or hammered, they produce sparks and a burning sulfur smell
That seems to be consistent with these rocks...probably the same thing. Thank you.
Now, for something else. I've been looking at this geologic feature for a while. Its location is labeled in the top right of the map and you can see that it is very close to the area in question. In Google Earth, you can find it at: 31.3544972, 35.6010472. I can't find any indication that this is a volcanic vent or caldera. Also, just south of it along the ridge, there may be another structure or two but they're only about 50 feet wide. I don't see any other similar structures in the immediate area. Of course, if anything fell into one of those wadis, I imagine it would have washed away by now. From the images below, do you think it's worth somebody going up there to check it out? The 3-D feature of Google Earth doesn't seem to be terribly useful with features this small...I compared with other similar craters and they all seem to look like a flat image when you get to ground level even if there is a depression there.
[Map Correction: Numeira is actually a bit farther north...on that promontory jutting out into the right side of the southern basin.]
A close-up:
Wider view with arrow pointing at small structure(s) to the south: