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Melbourne, Australia (Sports Network) - Fourth-seeded Agnieszka Radwanska and
fifth-seeded Angelique Kerber continued to roll in third-round action at the
Australian Open on Friday.
Radwanska bested Great Britain's Heather Watson, 6-3, 6-1, en route to her
12th straight victory after titles in Auckland and Sydney. The 23-year-old
from Poland will next face the winner of the Ana Ivanovic-Jelena Jankovic
match in the fourth round.
Kerber was also a straight-set winner, defeating American Madison Keys, 6-2,
7-5 at Rod Laver Arena. The German, like Radwanska, has yet to lose a set in
this year's first major.
Day 5 of the tournament is highlighted by second-seeded Maria Sharapova
battling Venus Williams in the night session.
The Sports Network


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ALEXANDRIA, Va (WUSA9) -- Lawyers for Gov. Bob McDonnell (R-Va), and lawyers for his wife Maureen, spent hours with federal prosecutors, trying to convince them not to file criminal charges against Virginia's first family.
The issue: $100,000's in swanky gifts and loans to the governor and his wife from Star Scientific, a nutritional supplements company -- clothes, golf clubs, a Rolex watch.
Governor McDonnell declined to talk about the meetings, as did his lawyers.
But the governor has insisted in the past that he did nothing for Star Scientific that he wouldn't have done for any Virginia company.
According to the Washington Post, the governor's side says his wife kept him in the dark about the gifts.
Jonnie Williams' lawyers have reportedly disputed that with prosecutor, insisting the governor was in close consultation with the head of Star Scientific.
Law enforcement sources tell the Post that prosecutors are in a hurry to wrap this up in the next few weeks, before the race to succeed McDonnell kicks into high gear after Labor Day.

subset: commoncrawl


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Newbie Tube Pre-amp Build
This is the link:
This should take you to the schematic I want to use. Now, what I want to do is pray upon those way more knowledgeable than I am to look at this and make some mod/upgrade suggestions, keeping in mind this pre is going to be running my CF amps and the Klipsch speakers.
Here is what I have in mind so far.
In the power supply I want to use a Jensen 47+47uf 500v Cap. Is that close enough to the 50+50uf 500v to work alright or do I need to stick with the JJ can? Next are the 470uf caps that are paralleled with the 470 ohm resistors. Are Muse Caps OK and Mills resistors good here or is there something better? I had planned on Jensen .47uf Caps on the outputs with AN Tantalum resistors all through the signal side. A Goldpoint stepped attenuator and selector switch. The power transformer I planned to get from Edcor and Hammond chokes from Digi-key. I 'finally found covers(thanks James!!!) I found a chassis with a bottom cover that are painted satin black and some tube protectors.
I'm open to ideas from y'all with tube experience. Please don't be bashful:-)
Thanks for giving me a hand!!
Its going to be used equipment when I sell it, so it may as well be used equipment when I buy it.
Tim deParavicini's E.A.R. Yoshino V20 Integrated Amplifier, Fosgate Signature Phono pre, Lucas Labs 12B4/OD3 LineStage, No. 50 and 51 Carverfest Tube amps, Hammond M3 tube amp, Rega Planar3 w/SME 3009iii tonearm, Grado Statement Master1 cartridge, Carver TX-8 & 11 tuners, Carver TD-12, Tascam CC-222mkII CD recorder, DBX-3BX & 200xg & 120x, CarverAudio ALV prototypes, Alesis Studio One loudspeakers, CarverFest 2015 speakers, Cambridge Audio Model 8s, The Carver Research DarkStar Sub and Stax Earspeakers.
THIS SPACE FOR RENT...helping the blind to hear, one valve at a time


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|Yuma, Res. Christian eliminated from state
|Written by Holyoke Enterprise
With Yuma and Resurrection Christian both suffering season-ending losses Saturday, Nov. 9, the North Central league is no longer represented in the 1A football state bracket.
No. 9 Res. Christian was faced with an improbable task as they tried to take down the top-ranked Buena Vista team. Buena Vista escaped with a 42-35 victory to advance to the semifinals. Seventh-ranked Yuma was shut out by No. 2 Limon 22-0.
To read the full article, contact us about an e-Subscription. 970-854-2811


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- 3 years ago by Jennifer Wright and Ashley Cardiff
- 15 Comments »
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You may be expecting our regularly scheduled Wednesday episode of Wed Bed Dead. Unfortunately, Jen and Ashley got a little too awesome last night (whiskey) and don't have one for you. Next week they will! Still, they dragged themselves out from under their oppressive hangovers this morning and made you a Fuck Marry Kill in the old written format, concerning a few of Mad Men's main anti-heroes, Don Draper, Roger Sterling and Pete Campbell. More


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Teens Have One in 8 W.Va. Births
February 5, 2013
WHEELING — One in eight babies born in West Virginia is born to a teenage mother, new information from West Virginia Kids Count indicates....
the trip is mapped out by economist. Another kid. Oh goodie. They will spend x dollars on throw away drawers, x on formula and coolaid. Call china and get the squeaky toy factory busy.
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Teen pregnancy, isn't this pretty much the same as rape? Young girls getting pregnate at age 13& 14 is rape and yet another crime that is not procecuted. Have the babay and keep asking the taxpayers to provide hosp.care,health care, food stamps, housing allowance, etc etc and then have more babies and ask for the same again.
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there is an epidemic of social engineers who want to fold spindle mutilate commonsense and make everything marketable or in style.
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west virginia right ? Do get prematurely excited. she might not be the mother. what can we expect . The tabs and big screen are filled with unwed stars parading their out of wedlock iligetimate expectancy like a trophy for some grand accomplishment. Rather than go quietly they act as though they are moral.
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Perhaps the health department should concentrate their efforts on preventing teen pregnancy instead of kicking a child out of school for being allergic to a vaccine. Seems like there's an epidemic of teen pregnancy in this area, not mumps.
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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Flaunt your skills as a host/hostess and entertain with confidence using the Toastess Silhouette cordless warming tray. Every dinner party or buffet-style reunion has latecomers - it's inevitable. Your carefully prepared dishes need not suffer temperature variances to suit the fashionably late.
Simply plug in the tray for the miniscule 8 minute warm-up time, detach the cord, and your warming tray will be ready to maintain your dishes at perfect serving temperature for up to an hour. The considerable 23 .75" x 7 .75" warming surface is spacious enough to accommodate an assortment of dishes at one time, so all of your creations receive the same warming care.
Automatic temperature control prevents overheating by providing uniform heat throughout the surface. Cool touch handles provide safe handling and transportation from kitchen to serving area. Never worry about serving dishes below optimum temperature again!
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This review is from: Toastess TWT-30 Silhouette Cordless Warming Tray
Pros: Works.
Cons: Heats unevenly...warmer in the center. I've never seen it retain usable heat for 60 minutes. 30 is the max.
Other Thoughts: I got this for FIFTEEN DOLLARS at a hardware store and wouldn't pay more than that.
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I wrote a zimlet, which calls file1.js which opens a new window with file2.jsp.
In file2.jsp I need to know the userID of the current user.
There are two ways:
1. a "magic" java command to write in file2.jsp
2. obtain the userID in file1.js and call file2.jsp?uid=<uid_not_known>
How can I do it? Thanks.


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The GOP leadership must be using Common Core math to do the calculations on Immigration… and the result is exactly what you'd expect.
Anyone who cares about prosperity has to ask themselves, just how stupid are the people running the Republican Party? One has to wonder, do they even bother to look beyond NBC, the New York Times and TIME magazine for their news and information? Have they ever even bothered to pick up a PEW research paper? You sometimes have to think that if they were around | Read More »


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4H'ers Going to State in LEGO Competition
Listen here
The groups research is focused on finding a way to alleviate salmonella contamination in pig holding pens before slaughter. Their solution was to run aqueous ozone through existing water systems to wash floors and at the same time kill bacteria.
This is the first time Plymouth County 4-H has been involved with the FIRST LEGO League Competition. FIRST, For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology, sponsors a challenge for youth in 4th-8th grade each year. Brenda Welch, Youth Program Specialist with ISU Extension, says that she's happy to be working with the FIRST organization.
The members of team NERDZ going to state in the FIRST LEGO league competition are: Ote and Kara Albrecht, Morgan Boehme, Chance Irwin, Sally and Claudia Probst and Vivian and Renae Zynda.


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Cloud is currently a hot topic and companies are looking to move processing to the cloud. A key requirement for moving to the cloud will be good governance. SOA will be a key aspect to successfully moving to the cloud and good SOA Governance will have to be in-place to support Cloud related services. Common cloud attributes will be: Elastic scaling, Rapid provisioning, Advanced Virtualization, and Flexible pricing. All of these will require a services based environment driven by SOA and supported by SOA Governance.
SOA Governance
SOA Governance and Cloud
Fillmore Bowen 120000CYK5 email@example.com Tags:  soa cloud governance 860 Visits


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ALEXANDRIA, Va. (AP) - Lawyers for an ex-Marine convicted of shooting at the Pentagon and other military targets want a judge to review a plea deal calling for a 25-year prison sentence now that their client has been diagnosed as schizophrenic.
Twenty-five-year-old Yonathan Melaku of Alexandria pleaded guilty last year to a series of shootings in 2010, including the Marine Corps museum in Quantico and military recruiting stations. No one was injured.
He is scheduled for sentencing Friday, and his plea deal requires a 25-year sentence.
But Melaku subsequently obtained new lawyers, and they uncovered evidence Melaku is mentally ill. Government doctors recently diagnosed him as schizophrenic.
Melaku's new lawyers said in court filings Wednesday that under the circumstances, the judge should review whether the plea and sentence are appropriate.


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Santa Barbara Massage Creams
This product was created to fill the need for an all-natural massage lubricant. It has all the benefits of olive oil mixed with the healing properties of essential oils. Provides enough friction for deep tissue work but its smooth glide makes it ideal for lighter styles of massage, it offers just the right amount of resistance allowing the therapist to penetrate deeply into the tissues; however, its smooth and luxurious feel also makes it ideal for lighter Swedish styles. Does not leave any residues on the skin. Only a small amount is needed, so this container lasts a long time. Choose from Unscented, Ylang Ylang & Orange, Clary Sage & Lavender, Eucalyptus, and Lavender in addition to the all natural ingredients. Available in 8 oz and 32 oz. Not pumpable.
I received a free sample of this in the mail and I absolutely love it, I definitely will be purchasing more
I have used the Santa Barbara line of Creams for over 10 yrs & really love them. If you have someone that is moderately hairy, this cream is wonderful. A little goes a long way, so I like to blend it with a couple other of my favorite creams.
I love this product as do my clients, great for deep tissue work and leaves te skin feeling nourished. However, on this order, the jars leaked a bit and the unwrapping was messy. Not enough leakage to return, but the jars really need a better seal since this product can become liquid in heat.
My favorite!!! I love the feel and glide, and it doesn't stain. Great smell, very natural.
Great glide and infused with essential oils. I buy all scents to give my clients a choice and they love it :-)
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires that MSDS/SDS be available to employees for potentially harmful substances handled in the workplace under the Hazard Communication regulation.
Material Safety Data Sheet / Safety Data Sheet
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Artspace offers an inside look at building to come
June 27, 2013
With an anticipated opening only about a month and a half away, Minot Artspace Lofts opened its doors to give its downtown neighbors and others a sneak peek Wednesday....
and soon we'll be able to be proud of our tax dollars paying for someone else to play. i can see tourists coming from far and wide to see 'our' artsy side.
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News, Blogs & Events Web


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Police, community and calendar briefs for Dec. 4, 2012
Published: Monday, December 3, 2012 at 10:00 p.m.
Last Modified: Monday, December 3, 2012 at 5:43 p.m.
Cash, jewelry stolen from home
More than $2,000 in cash and jewelry were reported stolen from a home in northwest Marion County. The reported burglary occurred sometime late Saturday or early Sunday at a home in the 2600 block of Northwest 100th Ave., according to Marion County Sheriff's Office reports.
Among the items stolen were several pieces of gold jewelry, $300 in cash and 700 Mexican pesos worth about $80, reports state.
A man who lives at the home told officers the door had not been locked before the burglary occurred.
Anyone with information about the case can call the Sheriff's Office at 732-9111 or Crime Stoppers at 368-STOP.
Schools celebrate Inclusion Week
More than 8,500 students in Marion County Public Schools have special needs, including those with severe disabilities, culturally — and linguistically — diverse backgrounds, and gifted learners. The 12th annual Inclusive Schools Week, which began Monday and runs through Friday, recognizes progress made using inclusive methods to teach all students regardless of background or need, according to Marion County Public Schools.
This year's theme is "Social Inclusion — More Than a Seat in the Class."
The week celebrates the progress schools make to provide a supportive and quality education to an increasingly diverse student population.
For more information, contact Pam Brunson at 671-6832 or firstname.lastname@example.com, or visit www.inclusiveschools.org.
Get birth certificates processed locally
Marion County Tax Collector George Albright recently announced that tax collectors statewide can now issue birth certificates for any Florida born person.
The price for a certified birth certificate will be the current rate of $13, plus $7 for any additional certificates for the same person processed at the same time. The main office at 503 SE 25th Ave., Ocala, and the branch at 10445 U.S. 441, Belleview, can issue the certificates.
For more information, call 368-8200.
Sign up for United Way's Day of Caring
United Way of Marion County will hold the 20th annual Day of Caring on Feb. 23. The outreach offers businesses, individuals, organizations and civic clubs the opportunity to help local nonprofit human service agencies accomplish much-needed projects during one day of organized volunteerism.
Volunteer work teams interested in participating, or community organizations that have projects that need to be completed, can fill out an application at www.uwmc.org. The deadline is Dec. 31.
For more information, contact Tina Banner at 732-9696 or email@example.com.
Women's Christmas luncheon upcoming
The Ocala Christian Women's Connection invites area women to a "Deck The Halls Luncheon" from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. Dec. 18, at the Ocala Hilton, 3600 SW 36 Ave., Ocala, featuring designers from Michael's Arts and Crafts, singers Mary and Chase Basinger and speaker Carolyn McCort.
The cost is $16. Childcare is available Reservations are required by Dec. 14.
For more information, call 236-1982.
5K to raise awareness for drugs and alcohol
The Silver Springs Shores Seventh Day Adventist Church will present a 5K/run/walk beginning at 7:30 a.m. Dec. 16 at the Citizens' Circle, 110 SE Watula Ave., Ocala, to increase awareness about alcohol and drug abuse in the Ocala area.
Registration is $30 in advance or $25 day of race; $15 for students.
For more information, call 687-0545 or visit www.signmeup.com/87057.
Tickets available for Inaugural Ball
Tickets are available for the Marion County Inaugural Ball, which will begin at 6 p.m. Jan 21 at the Ocala Hilton, 3600 SW 36 Ave., Ocala, to celebrate the re-election of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden.
Tickets are $50 per person.
For more information, call 402-9494 or visit www.MarionDems.org.
Veterinary assistant program offered
The Florida International Teaching Zoo will offer a 14-week veterinary assistant program beginning Jan. 15.
Classes are from 7 to 9 p.m. Tuesdays at The Village's High School, 251 Buffalo Trail, Oxford. Tuition is tax-deductible.
To learn more, call 753-3035 or visit thezooschool.com.
OCALA HARMONY: Four-part harmony women's barbershop chorus, 1 to 3 p.m., College Park Church, 3140 SW 26th St., Ocala. (875-4811)
T.O.P.S.: Taking Off Pounds Sensibly, 7 p.m., First United Methodist Church, 1126 E. Silver Springs Blvd., Ocala. Weigh-in 5:45 p.m. (236-4157 or 732-6947)
UNITED TOASTMASTERS: Marion United Toastmasters, 4 to 5 p.m., United Way of Marion County, 1401 NE Second St., Ocala. (816-1264)
NOON TOASTMASTERS: Ocala Noon Toastmasters, noon, AAA Auto Club South, 3033 SW College Road, Ocala. (816-4842)
CHAIR YOGA: Free chair mobility yoga class, 12:30 to 1:30 p.m., Dunnellon Public Library, 20351 Robinson Road. (489-3761)
STITCHING: Therapeutic Stitching Group, 10 a.m. to noon, Stitch Niche, 20782 Walnut St., Dunnellon. (465-8000)
NAR ANON: 12-step support group for those with a loved one suffering from addiction, 6:45 p.m., St. Mark's United Methodist Church, 1839 NE Eighth Ave. Road, Ocala. Newcomers 6 p.m. (naranonfl.org)
STRETCHING: Stretching class, 10 to 11 a.m., Forest Community Center, 777 S. County Road 314A, Ocklawaha. (438-2840)
BINGO: White elephant bingo, 1 p.m., Forest Community Center, 777 S. County Road 314A, Ocklawaha. (438-2840)
PTSD: PTSD support group, 6:30 to 8:30 p.m., College Of Central Florida, 3001 SW College Road, Room 102, Building 42, Ocala. (875-8200 or email@example.com)
BASKET WEAVING: Basket weaving, 5:30 to 8:30 p.m., First United Methodist Church, 1126, E. Silver Spring Blvd., Ocala. (629-9657 or 817-2967)
DANCE PARTY: Ballroom dance party, 7 to 9 p.m., Dancin' Around Studio, 3960 S. Pine Ave., Ocala. Free for students, $10 for guests. (690-6637)
COMPASSIONATE FRIENDS: Compassionate Friends support group, 7 p.m., Elder Care at Blessed Trinity Church, 5 SE 17th St., Ocala. (369-6665)
STAMP CLUB: General Francis Marion Stamp Club, 1 p.m., Bank of the Ozarks, 8375 SW State Road 200, Ocala. (www.ocalagfmstampclub.com)
CF FOUNDATION: CF Foundation Board of Directors, 4:30 p.m., Founders Hall Boardroom, 3001 SW College Road, Ocala. (854-2322 ext. 1288)
CHEF RANDAL: Holiday entertaining with Chef Randal, 7 to 9 p.m., Hilton Ocala, 3600 SW 36th Ave., Ocala. Reservations requested. (854-1400)
SENIOR SEMINAR: Downsizing seminar, 7 p.m., Marion Woods, 1661 SE 31 St., Ocala. Reservations requested. (671-1700)
CRAFTY KIDS: Frosty the Snowman for grades K-5, 4 p.m., Dunnellon Public Library, 20351 Robinson Road, Dunnellon. Registration required. (438-2520)
MOVIE MATINEE: Movies for adults and teens, 2 p.m., Forest Public Library, 905 S. County Road 314A, Ocklawaha. (438-2540)
COMPUTER CONFIDENCE: Have computer questions answered, 10 to 11:30 a.m., Forest Public Library, 905 S. County Road 314A, Ocklawaha. (438-2540)
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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While it's true that no one is perfect, there's no reason that your skin shouldn't appear to be. With the right blends of ingredients, you can rejuvenate and heal your complexion to give it a flawless finish with fewer issues like wrinkles, lines and discoloration. Typically, the difficult part of obtaining that perfect skin is finding products that give you all of the necessary nutrients that your complexion needs to look its best without all of the potential irritants that can interfere with its natural beauty.
The dr. brandt Flaws No More collection is a range of revolutionary products with formulas as perfect as the results that they create. Each of the dr. brandt Flaws No More products contains ingredients that help to erase signs of aging, hyperpigmentation and other imperfections from the complexion, leaving a more youthful version of you. The formulas were developed by celebrity dermatologist Frederic Brandt, ensuring their safety. Even if the dr. brandt Flaws No More products can't make you a completely perfect person, your skin will at least be picture perfect wherever you go.
While there is no way to stop the aging process, Dr. Brandt Flaws No More can help protect the skin against premature aging while also reducing the symptoms of past damage, particularly the damage associated with excess sun exposure. Dr. Brandt Flaws No More is a highly effective skin care program which revives aging skin to help it look its best.
The eye area requires special care when dealing with the symptoms of maturing skin. It is important to use a product that was designed just for the delicate nature of the eyes. Dr. Brandt Flaws No More r3P Eye Cream is loaded with moisturizers and peptides. The formula tackles fine lines, crow's feet and dark circles. With regular use, the eye area appears smoother and brighter.
Dr. Brandt Flaws No More r3P Cream contains the same combination of peptides that makes the eye cream so effective. The facial cream encourages a healthy rate of skin cell turnover to reveal a fresher and smoother complexion. Dr. Brandt Flaws No More r3P Cream stimulates collagen production so that the skin is firmer and more resilient. This product is best used at night and can be followed with a moisturizer if additional hydration is needed.
Dark spots and patches often go hand in hand with premature aging. Dr. Brandt Flaws No More Lightening Serum contains ingredients which block the production of pigment on the skin. The serum gradually lightens darkened areas without chemical bleaching agents. Over time, the skin takes on a brighter, more even tone.


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Americans conflicted about WikiLeaks
May 05, 2011
As we noted in a recent news story, Americans are significantly more concerned about nearly all aspects of their supply chain security compared to six months ago. This includes the threat posed by WikiLeaks.
According to new research conducted by Unisys Corporation, Americans fear there may be a bit too much transparency in their business dealings.
When asked about the recent WikiLeaks incident involving leaked classified U.S. government data, American respondents appeared to have mixed feelings on the issue. Nearly half (48 percent) of Americans surveyed were familiar with the WikiLeaks incident. Of those, 52 percent agreed "strongly" or "somewhat" with the statement that the release of the information was good and made the government accountable.
However, 64 percent of Americans surveyed agreed with a statement that release of the information was harmful and that WikiLeaks should be shut down.
In addition, 73 percent of Americans surveyed who were familiar with the WikiLeaks incident expressed a lack of confidence in governments' ability to prevent future data leaks.
Business journalists are often obliged to rely on government agencies for trade data, earnings reports, and other intelligence that might expose some companies to scrutiny they would prefer not to have. Trade publications, however, would soon lose their credibility if they were to expose supply chain strategies which could be used by competitors.
WikiLeaks and other forms of "citizen journalism" represent a real threat to the U.S. trade community, too.
For related articles click here.
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A judge has served a hefty fine and driving ban to a man who passed out at the wheel in a city drive-thru while waiting for his meal.
Defence lawyer Patrick Sullivan said that Brendon Matthew Lilley left a party in a cab, but later made the mistake of driving himself to a fast-food restaurant.
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Jason Reitman
Birth Name: Jason Reitman
Born: 10/19/1977
Birth Place: Montreal, Quebec, CA
Born: 10/19/1977
Birth Place: Montreal, Quebec, CA
Reitman was born in Montreal, Canada on Oct. 19, 1977 to Ivan Reitman and Geneviève Robert. Only a short 11 days later, the younger Reitman landed on his first film set - that of the soon-to-be monster hit, "Animal House" (1978) - a film produced by his father. While Reitman was still a child, he and his family moved to Los Angeles, where his father would go on to make some of the best loved comedies of the 1980s and early 1990s. In fact, Reitman's first film-related memory was as two-year-old on the set of Bill Murray's "Meatballs" (1979); literally growing up on his father's film sets, surrounded by the best comic talents of the day. As he entered adolescence, Reitman tried his hand at ac... Continue Bio >>
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17 things rich people do
Dave Ramsey posted a list of what rich people do compared to poor people, according to RichHabits.net. See what you think about these behavior statistics.
By Carrie Taylor
on November 21, 2013 1:27 PM
They eat less junk food
They keep planners
They exercise
They don't just read
They make their children read
They make their children volunteer
They read to get smarter
They don't speak their mind
They get up early
They network
They don't watch reality TV
They only watch a little TV
They think good habits mean opportunities
They read a lot


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Catastrophic contributions to modernity
Books | A second excerpt from Rodney Stark's How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity
"Catastrophic contributions to modernity" Continued...
Last month we ran an excerpt from Baylor Professor Rodney Stark's new book, How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity, and today we run one more, with permission of ISI Books. Our excerpt last month contended that the declineof Rome was an advance for Western civilization because decentralization led to more innovation. Today's excerpt examines the effects of twin catastrophes, the Black Death and the Little Ice Age. —Marvin Olasky
Chapter 7: Climate, Plague, and Social Change
If historians have been rather inattentive to matters of geography, they have been even less attuned to the implications of climate and disease. Of course, the obvious effects of climate—that Eskimos use sleds and Bedouins do not—have always been noted. What has been given little attention are significant climatic changes. In part this is because until Hubert Lamb wrote about them in 1965, it was not widely recognized that there had been any substantial climatic changes since the end of the Ice Age, twenty thousand years ago, despite the fact that the history of medieval Europe hinges on two major shifts in climate.By the same token, although the conquest of many chronic diseases is regarded as an essential feature of the rise of modernity, historians have largely ignored epidemics, which have had far more dramatic effects on the course of history. Incredibly, generations of historians dismissed the death of nearly half the world's population from the Black Death (1346–1351) as of little significance compared with, say, the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453). Serious historical studies of the Black Death did not begin until well into the twentieth century, and even now these studies are pursued as an isolated subject matter.
For example, in his well-received Civilization: A New History of the Western World (2006), Roger Osborne devoted one sentence to the Black Death and none to plagues; he gave two sentences to the Ice Age and made no mention of more recent climate changes. In his huge and celebrated Europe: A History (1996), Norman Davies gave nearly three pages (out of 1,365) to the Black Death, but like so many other historians, he treated it as a self-contained event, writing only two paragraphs on any social effects. Davies also gave one page to climate, but mostly to discredit it as being of historical significance.
Breaking with tradition, this chapter is focused on two extraordinary developments in the middle of the fourteenth century: the Black Death and the so-called Little Ice Age, when the weather turned bitterly cold. Ironically, these twin catastrophes seem to have made several important positive contributions to the rise of modernity.
Medieval Climates
Amid the bitter contemporary conflicts over whether the climate is getting warmer, and if so why, the most basic fact about earth's climate has been nearly forgotten: that warming and cooling trends are quite common. Because substantial changes in the climate occur very slowly, people tend to regard their current climatic conditions as normal. Not so. For example, beginning sometime in the eighth century, the earth began to heat up, producing what now is known as the Medieval Warm Period, which lasted from about 800 to about 1250. As temperatures rose, the growing period lengthened all across northern Europe; the Arctic ice pack receded, making it much safer to sail in the North Atlantic; and it became possible to farm successfully as far north as Greenland. Then temperatures began to drop until early in the fourteenth century, when the Little Ice Age dawned; this era of very cold winters and short summers lasted until about 1850. During the coldest decades of the Little Ice Age, in the seventeenth century, the Baltic Sea froze over, making possible sleigh rides from Poland to Sweden; the Thames River froze in London, as did all the Atlantic harbors in Europe.
To make matters more confusing, both eras saw considerable variation from year to year—unusually cold years during the Medieval Warm Period and unusually warm years during the Little Ice Age. In fact, such abnormal conditions could sometimes last for a decade. But the important point is that both eras had substantial influence on the course of history.
The question arises, how do we know that these climatic periods took place? Until recent times our only sources were literary—as when a medieval diarist noted that "this was a year without summer" or an English pastor wrote to a friend about ice skating on the Thames. Then came archaeological evidence, such as analysis of skeletons showing how the Viking colony on Greenland slowly died out from malnutrition. But we now have a far more general, accurate, and sensitive database on the climate obtained from tree rings and from ice cores drilled in glaciers in many parts of the earth. Ice cores have annual layers similar to tree rings. Chemical and isotopic analyses of ice cores reveal many aspects of climate, including temperature ranges, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, and even the prevalence of forest fires. Because of the great depth of some glaciers, it has been possible to reconstruct the climate for a period stretching back several hundred thousand years. Of course, a recent scandal concerned the falsification of these data on behalf of the man-made global warming thesis, a fraud that involved minimizing the warmth of the Medieval Warm Period and maximizing the temperatures of the Little Ice Age to create the so-called hockey stick graph of temperatures for the past millennium. Now that this fraud has been detected, there can be no doubt that such warm and cold periods occurred and that they greatly influenced human events.
The Medieval Warm Period
No one benefited more from the warm conditions that prevailed from about 800 to about 1250 than did the Vikings. The lengthening growing season in Scandinavia greatly increased crop yields, and this, in turn, fed a larger population. The newly benign climate also enabled the Vikings to undertake voyages of discovery and settlement that had been impossible in colder times. The receding ice pack, the reduced prevalence of icebergs, and the reduction in the number and severity of storms at sea favored Viking voyaging across the North Atlantic.
First came the discovery and settlement of Iceland. The Vikings initially reached Iceland by accident, after getting lost while sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands. Next, a boatload of Swedes accidentally reached the island and stayed for the winter. The first Viking to intentionally sail there, in the 860s, was Flóki Vilgerðarson, who stayed only one winter and named the island Iceland after seeing drift ice in the fjords. The first settler of Iceland was Ingólfr Arnarson, a Norwegian chieftain who arrived with his family in 874. Within the next sixty years all the land on Iceland had been claimed by settlers and a government had been established. The first Christian bishop of Iceland was consecrated in 1056.
Although several Vikings had sailed to Greenland soon after the initial settlement in Iceland, it was not until 982 that someone settled in Greenland. The first settler was a Norwegian under a three-year exile from Iceland for killing several men. When his period of exile had passed, Eric the Red recruited settlers from Iceland to colonize the southern coast of Greenland, an area then quite suitable for farming. Trade with Scandinavia flourished—in 1075 a Greenlander shipped a live polar bear as a gift to King Ulfsson of Denmark. (The coat of arms of the Danish royal family still includes a depiction of a polar bear.) Even at its peak, however, the Viking population of Greenland was probably no more than three or four thousand.
Finally came Vinland. Although this settlement is recorded in several Norse sagas, as well as in Adam of Breman's eleventh-century Description of the Northern Island, for centuries historians dismissed the claim that Leif Eriksson had sailed his knarr from Greenland to the north coast of America as pure mythology. Then, in 1914, William A. Munn, after close study of the sources, proposed that the Vikings had landed and made their base at L'Anse aux Meadows in northern Newfoundland. No respectable scholar took him seriously. But in 1960 Helge and Anne Stine Ingstad found extensive remains of a tenth-century Viking village at precisely the spot Munn had proposed. It is now accepted that this was the main Viking settlement in North America and that the Vikings had camped in many other coastal sites. None of this could have happened except for the Medieval Warm Period.
Meanwhile, it was golden days in Europe as well. Wine grapes grew so plentifully in England that local officials in various parts of the continent attempted to limit the import of English vintages. So much new land was cleared or reclaimed by pumping out marshes, especially along the coast, that it would be five hundred years before Europe matched the extent of land under cultivation. As food became abundant, the population of Europe soared from about 25 million in 950 to about 75 million in 1250. Given that the medieval economy rested primarily on agriculture, this was an era of considerable prosperity. Studies of coinage offer one window into this prosperity. Another comes from the nearly two centuries during which wealthy Europeans funded the Crusades and subsidized the crusader kingdoms. But the most obvious manifestations of abundance are the great Gothic cathedrals constructed during this period: Notre Dame (1163), Canterbury (1175), Strasbourg (1190), Chartres (1194), Reims (1212), Amiens (1225), and dozens more. As the archaeologist Brian Fagan concluded, "Like the Norse conquests, cathedrals too were a consequence of a global climatic phenomenon, an enduring legacy of the Medieval Warm Period."
And then it ended—brutally.
The Little Ice Age
During the winter of 1310–11 Londoners danced around fires on the frozen Thames River—something that had never happened before. Then, starting in the early spring of 1315, rain poured down for weeks and weeks, making it impossible to farm. All across western Europe dikes were destroyed by floods, and new lakes and marshes appeared. In August the weather turned bitterly cold. Hunger began to spread. The next spring, heavy rains again prevented planting, and so again there was no harvest, nor was there fodder for the flocks. Famine became widespread. Meanwhile, intense gales battered the coastal areas. By 1317 all of northern Europe was starving—even the nobility.
Although the weather returned to normal that summer, the misery continued, because people had been so weakened, so much of the seed stock had been eaten, and even the horses and oxen used for plowing had been consumed. By the time the famine ended in 1325, perhaps 10 percent of the population had died of starvation and starvation-related diseases. Even then, although the famine was over, agricultural production continued to decline because of bad weather. Grain yields can be measured in terms of the ratio of seeds of grain harvested to seeds planted. In about 1200 the ratio for wheat was 5 to 1; by 1330 it had fallen to about 1.5 to 1. Barley fell from 10 to 1 to about 3 to 1 during the same period. Rye fell from about 4 to 1 to less than 2 to 1. It barely paid to farm until new, more productive varieties, better suited to shorter growing seasons, were developed. (By the sixteenth century the ratio for these three grains had risen to 7 to 1.)
With colder weather came more severe storms. The worst were enormous gales that drove tidal waves onto the western Atlantic shores, drowning tens of thousands. In 1282 storm-driven waves broke through the barrier coastal dunes of Holland, creating an inland sea extending about sixty miles from the coast and about thirty miles wide. Known as the Zuiderzee, it continued to expand during new storms. In 1287 a new immersion drowned an estimated fifty to eighty thousand Dutch; a flood in 1421 destroyed seventy-two villages and drowned another ten thousand.
Meanwhile, far fewer boats were reaching Iceland from Norway and Denmark, and no boats were going to or from Greenland—the last Viking boat visited Greenland in 1406, and then only because it had been blown off course. Since Greenland had no forests, the Greenland Vikings could not build boats or even repair them. Unable to leave, and unable to grow grain in the deteriorating climate, the Greenland Viking population was wiped out by the end of the fifteenth century.
Still another catastrophe arrived in October 1347, when a galley from Cairo docked in the Sicilian port of Messina. On board were a number of rats, all of them with fleas. The Black Death had come to Europe.
The Black Death
The Black Death was the bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis). (Although this identification was long disputed, recent analysis of human skeletons settled the debate.) Bubonic plague is carried by fleas that are borne by rats; humans become infected when they are bitten by a flea with the disease. There has been a long controversy over whether the plague can be directly transmitted from one human to another or whether the disease always requires a flea bite. The consensus is that direct contact with bodily fluids of an infected person possibly can transmit the disease to another person, but almost always a flea bite is involved. Symptoms appear within several days of becoming infected, and most victims die after two or three days of intense pain and vomiting.
Of course, humanity had suffered many devastating plagues before. From 165 to 180 a plague had raged across the Roman Empire, with the famous emperor Marcus Aurelius among the victims. In 541–42 the plague of Justinian began somewhere near Constantinople and spread worldwide.
But the Black Death was far more deadly than these. It seems to have originated in China, perhaps in 1346. From there it traveled west, reaching the Middle East and North Africa in 1347. Europeans could do nothing to prevent the Black Death from reaching them. Merchant ships brought cargoes of infected rats and dying crews not only to Messina but to most, if not all, of the other Mediterranean ports. And Europe had an enormous rat population ready to become hosts for infected fleas.
The plague raged across Europe for four years, 1348–51, beginning in the south and moving north. Although the mortality rate may have varied from one region to another, everywhere huge numbers died. In 1351 Pope Clement VI asked his staff to calculate the number killed by the plague in Europe. They arrived at a figure of 23,840,000, or about 30 percent of the total population. Apparently, this total was based on actual reports and was not influenced by the fact that Revelation 9:18 predicts that "a third of mankind" will be killed by plague. Many modern scholars accept the 30 percent estimate, although some have supported estimates as high as 60 percent. The latter is quite credible if one adds in the next outbursts of plague that took place in 1361 and 1369. The same range of rates is proposed for the world as a whole, yielding estimates that at least 100 million and perhaps as many as 200 million perished. Since even the lowest estimates are staggeringly high, there seems little point in quibbling as to which figure is best.
The horror of what took place is difficult to imagine. The great Italian philosopher and literary intellectual Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374) wrote to a friend of "empty houses, derelict cities, ruined estates, fields strewn with cadavers, a horrible and vast solitude encompassing the whole world." Parish registers from the Burgundian village of Givry show a population of about 1,200 in 1340, with deaths averaging about 30 a year; then, in a fourteen-week period in 1348, 615 deaths were recorded. There wasn't room in the graveyard for such a number, and soon bodies were being pushed into trenches, layer upon layer.
Contemporary accounts from across Europe report the dedication of nuns and monks in caring for the afflicted and seeing to their burial, but there was no keeping up. Everywhere there were piles of putrefying corpses and many houses and cottages in which everyone lay dead. An agonized Italian father wrote about conditions in the city of Siena:
And none could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship. Members of a household brought their dead to a ditch as best they could. … And in many places in Siena great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead. … And I … buried my five children with my own hands. And there were also those who were so sparsely covered with earth that the dogs dragged them forth and devoured many bodies throughout the city.
Nowhere was there any safety, not even in remote villages. Not even in Iceland, where the fatality rate may have been as high as 60 percent.
The End of Serfdom
Before the Black Death struck, serfs did most of the farming in Europe. A serf was a peasant to whom a landowner provided a parcel, as well as housing, in return for labor in the landowner's fields. Serfs had a hereditary right to their land; in return they were bound to their land and their landlord—that is, they couldn't be dispossessed, but they couldn't leave. In addition to providing serfs with land, the seigneurs (as landowners were called in England as well as on the Continent) provided them with protection.
Not all medieval peasants were serfs. Many freely rented their land without any additional obligations to a landlord. The Domesday Book showed that at the end of the eleventh century, 12 percent of the population of England consisted of free peasants, while 35 percent were serfs. The proportion of free peasants to serfs began to increase by the start of the fourteenth century, and the immense loss of life caused by the Black Death so accelerated this trend that serfdom soon disappeared in western Europe.
A direct result of the Black Death was an immense amount of agricultural land having no surviving owners or heirs. Consequently, surviving landowners greatly expanded their holdings. As their fields doubled and tripled in size, they faced an immediate crisis: a serious shortage of labor. So landowners began to compete for labor, with the result that both wages and conditions of employment improved. In England, for example, a plowman's average wage rose from 2 shillings a week in 1347 to 7 shillings in 1349 and to 10 shillings, 6 pence, in 1350. Similar increases occurred everywhere. Perhaps even more important, conditions of tenancy changed dramatically too. Unless freed from the rules binding them to the land, serfs simply deserted and signed on as free tenants elsewhere—to which their new landlords turned blind eyes. To keep their tenants, landlords had to emancipate them from serfdom. Moreover, new lease agreements increasingly favored the peasant farmer: landlords agreed to furnish seed, oxen or horse teams, and better housing, all for lower rents. Lack of tenants also prompted many landowners to abandon farming in favor of the far-less-labor-intensive grazing of livestock—especially sheep and cattle. This development, combined with the greater affluence of the laboring classes, increased the consumption of meat; the increase in protein intake was quickly reflected in growth and strength.
Rapidly growing opportunities in expanding industries and other forms of urban employment also improved the situation of the peasantry. In fact, the real wages of urban construction workers were as high in the mid-fifteenth century as at the end of the nineteenth century. In England in the late fourteenth century, the rapidly growing industry of woolen manufacturing offered wages that attracted many workers away from rural employment, thereby putting increased upward pressure on wages. It should be noted that the demand for woolen garments grew partly in response to the increasingly colder climate.
As a result of the financial and legal gains made by medieval workers, the financial circumstances of the elite declined substantially. With many fewer mouths to feed, prices for agricultural products declined, which reduced landowners' incomes. As the distinguished A. R. Bridbury put it, "Members of the landed classes … were outstandingly the casualties of the movements of these momentous times." Consequently, all across western Europe the aristocratic landowners attempted to prohibit higher wages by law. In France a 1349 statute limited wages to pre-1348 levels. It was ignored. So in 1350 a new statute limited wage increases to 33 percent above the 1348 level. In England, an Ordinance of Labour in 1349 froze wages. Then in 1350 Parliament enacted a statute that attempted the same thing. But the market overruled them. "All of these efforts were for naught," the historian Robert S. Gottfried wrote, "and landlords discovered that the only way to keep laborers was to pay the going rate."
Nevertheless, tensions between the peasants, who demanded greater freedom, and the aristocracy, who wanted a return to unchallenged serfdom, led to several peasant revolts—the Jacquerie in France in 1358, the Revolt of the Ciompi in Italy in 1378, and the English Peasants' Revolt (or Wat Tyler's Rebellion) in 1381. All these revolts were ruthlessly suppressed. But their goals were largely achieved by economic forces. As the historian Jim Bolton aptly put it: "Change came, almost inexorably, and it did so because the economic events of the last quarter of the fourteenth century, and especially those resulting from the sudden decline in population, gave peasant tenants an irresistible bargaining position. By the late 1380s, [aristocratic efforts to restore serfdom] had largely failed, in the face of tenant resistance and economic realism."


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Theoretically, meaning I've never tried it as my style's a bit different... You may be able to use a bump/noise layer with a layer mask to soften/erase the texture where you don't want it. Just a guess, might not work.
Hi, this is my first post on the site, but I've been using the tutorial forum for a while now. Have to thank RobA for his amazing tutorial on artistic maps, it helps create such a better atmosphere to have an artsy map for my DnD players.
I have a question, which is why i'm posting here.
I'm currently mapping an entire continent in sections because not all of it is necessary and it's easier to do in sections. However a problem with this is that the northern part of the continent is snow and ice, while the southern part is not. In one particular section, there has to be a transition.
How can I seamlessly transition between land and snow? I had some thoughts about possibly using a gradient and a noise/bump map like in RobA's tutorial. But I need the texture to increase as you go northwards on the map because of snows melting rate the further south. I can only get the texture to remain consistent.
Anyone have any ideas?
Thanks in advance.
Theoretically, meaning I've never tried it as my style's a bit different... You may be able to use a bump/noise layer with a layer mask to soften/erase the texture where you don't want it. Just a guess, might not work.
Thankyou so much for your suggestion Chashio, it worked perfectly, with a little fiddling around.
Step by step;
1. I did the dirt layer as normal.
2. Created a snow mask channel.
3. Created the texture and bump mapped.
4. Add the layer mask and then blur the mask.
5. Repeat step 4 2-3 more times depending on how smooth you want the transition.
6. Apply a final layer mask of the snow channel to cut the edges off.
Texturing isn't perfect and the map is a little basic for now (it's nowhere near finished, just wanted to show the final product of the snow).
Thanks again
You're welcome. I'm glad it worked out!
That looks really good
I am the breath of Dragons...The Song of Mountains...The Stories of Rivers....The Heart of Cities.... I am A Cartographer....
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Everything I post is free for use and redistribution under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 licence, except where noted otherwise in the thread.
Late to the game here. I like to use the spread filter gimp has to get a snow edge. This makes the white "taper off" in a clumping manner, rather than fade.
Similarly, you could set your snow layer to the "dissolve " blend mode if you already have a transparency fade...
My tutorials: Using GIMP to Create an Artistic Regional Map ~ All My Tutorials
My GIMP Scripts: Rotating Brush ~ Gradient from Image ~ Mosaic Tile Helper ~ Random Density Map ~ Subterranean Map Prettier ~ Tapered Stroke Path ~ Random Rotate Floating Layer ~ Batch Image to Pattern ~ Better Seamless Tiles ~ Tile Shuffle ~ Scale Pattern ~ Grid of Guides ~ Fractalize path ~ Label Points
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Looks great!!


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Easy to make and delicious
This was very easy to make and extremely yummy! Very moist! As others have also done, I didn't have cinnamon Graham's on hand so I used regular ones and added a tsp of cinnamon. I will definitely be making this again!!
I didn't have the deep pan to make this cake so I ended up make 3 small cake but was a total hit with my family and not at all difficult to make!
K:3187 v0:56488


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Thanks much, this is fun.
Thanks much, this is fun.
I have never hunted 201 but it's reputation proceeds it. Good luck and let us know how it goes. That is exciting!
A bad day in the woods is better than a good day at work.
Shoot the best, Shoot PSE!
I am currently working in Wyoming, when i get home i will PM you some areas you will definately want to scout. Happy hunting! Hope to see some pics!
I appreciate that very much and if it helps I am a resident but I live +/- 6 hours away on the eastern slope.


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Do you wear gloves when working in your aquarium?
Posted 01 December 2008 - 10:32 AM
Posted 01 December 2008 - 10:52 AM
That being said, tons of crap does come off you hands, take a cup of RO water for instance, with a 0 reading on the TDS meter. Stick your fingers in there and rub them again each other for a sec and then check the TDS again.....Youl will really scrub your hands well before tank dips after that!
Posted 01 December 2008 - 11:05 AM
edit to add: It seems that no matter how well I clean my hands, if they are in the tank for more than 20 seconds or so without gloves, the foam level in my skimmer drops, which is reason enough for me to keep my bare hands out.
Edited by annamarie421, 01 December 2008 - 11:09 AM.
Posted 08 December 2008 - 02:07 PM
Reef-track.com - Track your reefs vitals!
BC14 Fourteener at Reef-track.com
55G Frag Tank w/ 30G Sump at Reef-Track.com
Posted 03 January 2009 - 02:33 AM
DSA 35G Reef Tank | Photography critique thread | Flickr
5D Mark III | BG-E11 | 17-40L | 24-70L IS | 70-200L IS II
"You don't take a photograph, you make it." -Ansel
Former Thursday Morning "Bucket Schlepper" at the California Academy of Sciences Steinhart Aquarium
Posted 04 January 2009 - 01:19 PM
Posted 04 January 2009 - 01:26 PM
I am not defending JJ, he's a ####ing retard.
I think he paid a bum under a bridge a pack of cigs to package it.
Posted 06 January 2009 - 01:16 PM
Posted 28 November 2009 - 04:47 PM
After read this article (see link below), I think all of us should wear glove especially when dealing with Zoanthids.
Posted 28 November 2009 - 04:54 PM
Posted 04 January 2010 - 12:23 PM
These are ok to use? I was worried about polluting the tank.
After reading about that poor guy with the damaged thumb I think I'll start wearing gloves
Posted 04 January 2010 - 12:29 PM
Do I wear gloves now? No.
Posted 04 January 2010 - 12:58 PM
and this thread is old Aug 22 2004, 09:59 AM
Posted 04 January 2010 - 01:15 PM
I have poked my finger on something in my tank causing an infection to the point I almost lost a finger, seriously.
Do I wear gloves now? No.
Story ??
Posted 04 January 2010 - 02:03 PM
Was moving some coral a round a few minuets ago when something thwacked my thumb. Fish and shrimp were on the other side of the tank at the time. Absolutely no idea what it was, but I'm glad I had a thick glove on...
Posted 04 January 2010 - 02:07 PM
To make a long story short I poked my finger on something in the tank (obviously), cleaned it off as it was just a little poke and continued to work in the tank. About 2 days later my finger was black and blue and you could see the infection moving up my hand into my arm. Decided to go to the hospital and they gave me some steroids and a months worth of antibiotics to kill the infection and ensure it didn't return. Not fun.
Story ??
Posted 05 January 2010 - 03:47 PM
Do I wear gloves, not usually. I have some 10" long surgical forceps for moving most stuff. I wear powder-free latex gloves if I have a piece out fragging it or something.
Posted 21 November 2010 - 04:06 PM
Posted 01 January 2011 - 11:17 AM
Posted 17 January 2013 - 11:12 AM
New to the salty life and I'm not hesitant to stick my hands in my tank .
My sister works at a doctors clinic and they sit around watching Monster Inside me on Animal Planet.
She tried to freak me out about an story about a young girl that wouldn't keep her hands out of her parents saltwater tank. She cut her hand on some live rock and almost died! haha now I'm rethinking my stance on gloves and I'm about to order some of those coral life gloves.
New build coming soon!
Posted 17 January 2013 - 07:53 PM
I am definitely going with gloves here.
Especially in the winter - my hands are so dry they crack and bleed (sorry for that picture everyone) So ya gloves it is.
Posted 21 May 2013 - 03:34 PM
Posted 21 May 2013 - 03:42 PM
300 gal Mixed Reef
55 Gal LPS
Posted 21 May 2013 - 03:59 PM
I do now that my clown bites.
Posted 21 May 2013 - 04:37 PM
Yes. 1 gram of palytoxin is enough to kill 125,000 grown men.
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Bulletin Issues
Current Issue
Past issues of the Bulletin are available here, or through the ASIS&T Digital Library.
Editor's Summary
As big data takes the limelight, it is critical that the value of research data is appreciated and the field of information science garners respect for its contributions. Despite being a logical leader in data management and curation, information science competes with other disciplines in handling research data and often fails to demonstrate its own expertise. Two developments presented through the annual Research Data Access & Preservation (RDAP) Summits hold promise for promoting the field and demonstrating its relevance to data management topics. First, the use of formal and systematic planning for data management is expanding, driven by requirements of many funding agencies. Second, research is offering insights into how researchers appraise, share and reuse data, with identification of data quality indicators related to satisfaction. As the effective use of research data becomes more pressing, the field of information science should lead in demonstrating the value derived from professional data curation, and the RDAP community must define and articulate its own research agenda.
data curation
research data sets
research and development
information reuse
information science
Bulletin, August/September 2013
The Relevance of Research Data Sharing and Reuse Studies
by Nicholas M. Weber
The hyperbole of big data [1] and the surprising backlash for small data advocacy [2] have been well documented in popular journalism, but research data are definitely experiencing a cultural moment. Much of this excitement turns on the potential that increased accessibility, interoperability and computing power can offer to the exploration of loosely related datasets (for example, tweets and the fluctuations of a stock index like NASDAQ) [3].
Research datas cultural moment should also be one for the field of information science. Our field has traditionally studied some of the most difficult problems in the use of large-scale information resources, including the meaningful organization, access, management and storage of scholarly products in all of their formats and encodings. But, thus far, our field has struggled to make its expertise in this area well understood, and more importantly, we've been slow to demonstrate the relevancy of our work to the vital issues that we face as an intellectual community and, more importantly, as a society [4].
Our struggles stem in part from the fact that this space is already crowded with sociologists, economists, computer scientists and statisticians, to name a few of the disciplines involved. These disciplines all play an increasingly important and insightful role in building information systems, developing standards and creating services to support the meaningful use and preservation of research data. While each of these fields faces similar dilemmas with respect to meaningful engagement with research data, information science should be well equipped to handle systems-based problems. In short, we must better apply what we've traditionally known about citation behavior, document retrieval and information seeking to a data-intensive paradigm, while simultaneously avoiding generic simplifications such as "publications are just like datasets."
Another part of our struggle is that we have a poor conception of our problem space as a colleague more elegantly put it, complications in data sharing and reuse are often due to the fact that we study "poorly bounded" digital objects [5]. At the most basic level, we have no idea how much data actually exist within an institution, department or even research group, let alone the entire enterprise of science [6]. This point is an especially important one for our field to address earnestly; it is tempting to indignantly accept headlines like "75% of research data is never made openly available" [7], but how much or how little of research data are "made available" is a fundamentally unknowable number. Irresponsible statements such as this headline hurt our cause much more than they help. We have no idea how much research data are produced or stored, let alone how much of it is shared. The goal of information science shouldnt even include the search for such numbers. Instead, we should seek ways to meaningfully define our research subject so that we can make reliable statements about what is knowable a perfect example is a recent study indicating the citation advantage for publications with archived, openly accessible data [8].
RDAPs Promising Results
Over its short period of existence, the Research Data Access & Preservation Summit has become a crucible for data sharing and reuse studies. It provides a forum for those working in research institutions to share early results and take stock of or note gaps in our current understanding of these two related issues. Two particularly promising areas of research in sharing and data reuse were presented this year at RDAP I highlight them both because their preliminary results are exciting and to combat any negativity that might be inferred from my earlier comments.
Data Management Planning. The first area is the rapid and unbridled success of research data management planning. Most formalized data management planning services and tools have emerged only as a result of requirements from funding agencies for grant applicants to explicitly document how research data will be stored and made available for future use. As these mandates were handed down, many institutions were quick to adopt templates and develop tools to help grant applicants submit competitive data management plans. Emerging from the data management planning work is a thread of evaluation research that looks at how these policies have shaped grant applicants behaviors and points out the sometimes subtle gap between the expectations of funding agencies and potential best practices for institutions supporting basic research activities. The RDAP13 lightning talks presented by Katherine G. Akers and Jennifer Doty, Heather Coates and Martin Donnelly all address this research question.
The RDAP community has been especially active in this sphere, and this year a quarter of all accepted Summit submissions had data management in the title or subject. Some of these presentations included general overviews, while others offered a more detailed look at data management for a more narrowly defined field, such as Konkiels lightning round talk, Bootstrapping Library Data Management Services for Epidemiology.
As part of the panel Data Use and Reuse Sharing Open Data Success Stories, Renata Curty shared preliminary results from a survey study of successful NSF grant applicants. The approach taken in this pilot study was to sample awardees that recently created data management plans for NSF asking about attitudes and opinions on both the process of creating and the prospect of sharing the data produced in the course of their funded research projects. Though this survey was largely a proof of concept study, its results can serve a dual purpose. On the one hand it helps in the gathering of valuable demographic data so that the RDAP community can better understand questions regarding who shares or reuses which data; on the other, it provides valuable insight as to what is difficult about this process and what can be improved in the near future.
This study is a promising first attempt to look at how sharing and reuse are affected by data management planning policies from the perspective of data producers. We should also think about operationalizing this type of study across different funding agencies and awardee types as there are many public policy implications to this type of work. To put this work in some perspective, the U.S. government contributes about 59% ($32.6 billion) of the $54.9 billion in annual spending on research and development in higher education. Of that $32.6 billion, six agencies (Departments of Agriculture, Defense and Energy, NASA, NIH, NSF) provide 97% of all research and development funding [9], and NSF has by far the smallest budget of the six. Understanding differences among awardees of NIH, NSF or DoD is an important next step to understanding sharing and reuse in a broader research data context.
Data Sharers, Data Reusers. A second exciting thread of research focuses more closely on the behavior of researchers in sharing and reusing data, often from a practice-based perspective. This vein of research is similar to traditional use and user studies in information science, but also includes issues of appraisal, valuation and quality that cut across archival science and information systems literature more broadly.
Ixchel Faniel presented novel findings from the DIPIR (Dissemination Information Packages for Information Reuse) project. In this iteration, she largely focused on data quality indicators for reuse satisfaction among quantitative social scientists. Early analysis of an Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Science Research (ICPSR) survey indicated that, not surprisingly, data documentation, as well as completeness and accessibility, were important in determining data quality; however, survey results also indicated that producer reputation was not a significant factor in reuse satisfaction. Of particular value in this analysis is Faniel etal's framework of data quality indicators. This framework drew upon diverse information systems literature, and it will be interesting to see how it evolves as it is reused and tested by the data curation community in future applications.
Similarly, Dharma Akmon offered early analysis from a dissertation that tackles large questions about how time-scales and accessibility affect perceptions of value in research data. The implications of this work may affect not only systems development, but also our understanding of data practices more generally. Akmons field work and observations of stream ecologists emphasized an evaluation of data in an instrumental capacity, which resonates with Bernd Frohmann's plea for information science to more seriously consider material practices in user studies [10]. This type of ethnographic work plays a mapping role similar to the surveys discussed by Curty and Faniel, but we get a narrower, yet richer account of how data use and reuse might be better supported in field campaigns. This perspective is especially valuable as data curators begin to embed themselves in research centers and individual small science laboratories.
Slides from the Summit for many of these talks are available on slideshare at www.slideshare.net/asist_org/tag/rdap13
Future Directions for RDAP Research
At a time of sequestered budgets and shrinking economies, our field should be capable of providing policymakers and legislators with reliable information about the value of research data from one domain to the next. As the RDAP community begins to coalesce and clearly articulate its research agenda, it is similarly worth considering whom the audience of this research might include. As studies of data sharing and reuse expand in scope and sophistication, so, too, will their impact. While ASIS&T may not have the capacity to lobby Capital Hill on our behalf, the research of this community increasingly plays an evaluative role for agency mandates and funding at a federal level, so it seems natural that we should point our research results, however preliminary, in that direction.
Resources Mentioned in the Article
[1] Jacobs, A. (2009). The pathologies of big data. Communications of the ACM, 52(8), 36-44.
[2] Pollock, R. (April 26, 2013). Forget big data, small data is the real revolution [blog post]. Open Knowledge Foundation Blog. Retrieved June 14, 2013, from http://blog.okfn.org/2013/04/22/forget-big-data-small-data-is-the-real-revolution/
[3] Bollen, J., Mao, H., & Zeng, X. (2011). Twitter mood predicts the stock market. Journal of Computational Science, 2 (1), 1-8.
[4] Dillon, A. (2007). Keynote address: Library and information science as a research domain: Problems and prospects. Information Research, 12(4), 12-4.
[5] Wynholds, L. (2011). Linking to scientific data: Identity problems of unruly and poorly bounded digital objects. International Journal of Digital Curation, 6(1), 214-225.
[6] Berman, F. (2008). Got data?: A guide to data preservation in the information age. Communications of the ACM, 51(12), 50‐56.
[7] Chen, J., & Huang, A. (January 2, 2013). 75% of research data is never made openly available. Program of the 23rd International CODATA Conference. Retrieved June 14, 2013, from http://codata2012.tw/news/75-of-research-data-is-never-made-openly-available
[8] Piwowar, H., & Vision, T. J. (2013). Data reuse and the open data citation advantage. PeerJ PrePrints, 1, e1v1.
[9] National Science Board. (2012). Science and engineering indicators for 2013. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. Retrieved June 14, 2013, from www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/pdf/seind12.pdf
[10] Frohmann, B. (2004). Deflating information: From science studies to documentation. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Nicholas Weber is a PhD student at the University of Illinois, where he is affiliated with the Center for Informatics Research in Science and Scholarship. Weber is also a fellow in the Data Curation Education in Research Centers (DCERC) program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. He works on projects related to data curation and software studies. He can be reached at nmweber<at>illinois.edu.
Articles in this Issue
Partnerships Between Institutional Repositories, Domain Repositories and Publishers
The Relevance of Research Data Sharing and Reuse Studies
Tracking Citations and Altmetrics for Research Data: Challenges and Opportunities
The Research Data Alliance: Implementing the Technology, Practice and Connections of a Data Infrastructure
The DCC's Institutional Engagements: Raising Research Data Management Capacity in UK Higher Education
An Asian-Pacific ASIS&T Chapter?


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WASHINGTON (USA TODAY) -- Hispanic voters give President Obama big support, but there is one source of friction: Record numbers of deportations of illegal immigrants.
President Obama defended his deportation record Wednesday in a pair of interviews with Spanish language television networks, and said that is one of the reasons he wants to revamp the system through "comprehensive immigration reform."
Asked by Univision about the deportation of 184,000 "non-criminals" in 2012, President Obama said: "I'm not a king. I am the head of the executive branch of government. I'm required to follow the law. And that's what we've done."
President Obama, who received 71% of the Hispanic vote in the 2012 election, said he has asked his government to take people's "humanity" into account.
On Telemundo, President Obama said he makes no apologies for enforcing the law, and it has contributed to a major drop in illegal crossings.
"What we've seen is that the people who are being deported, the vast majority of them now are criminals," President Obama said. "That did not used to be the case. But there are still obviously gonna be people who get caught up in the system."
The president has proposed an immigration plan that would continue to beef up border security, while providing a pathway to citizenship
Some deportation stories are "heart breaking," President Obama told Telemundo, and "that's why we're pushing for comprehensive immigration reform."


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MacDonald, Thank you for your service and dedication to our country.
I am in the same boat. I find I shoot a lot less frequently than I did.
When I shot my first bull elk a couple years ago it was one of the greatest hunting times but also one of the saddest. What a beautiful animal in an incredible location. Simply amazing. My most emotional hunting event by far.
I have managed to get my 22 year old nephew hooked on hunting last year. Everyone should have the experience of mentoring a young hunter. What a rewarding experience to be able to pass good values and hunting ethics to a new hunter. We discuss the value of letting that little buck grow up to be a big buck some day and other ethical choices he needs to make. Everything is so exciting to new hunters. It is so fulfilling.


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Why All of Us Might Pay for BoA's $5 Fee
Last week, Bank of America ignited a firestorm of controversy by choosing to charge its customers $5 a month to use their debit cards. Now, an angry consumer group has called for a federal investigation. Is this overkill or a smart response to what could be a budding disaster for the bank -- and taxpayers?


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10 Steps to Pick the Right Doctor
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Royals acquire pitcher Felipe Paulino from Rockies for cash considerations, designate Tejeda
Late on Thursday evening, the Royals announced that the club has acquired right-handed pitcher Felipe Paulino from the Colorado Rockies in exchange for cash considerations. Paulino, who will wear #59, is expected the join the Royals bullpen tonight as they open a three-game series in Texas against the Rangers. In a corresponding move, the club designated right-handed pitcher Robinson Tejeda for assignment.
Paulino, 27, was 0-4 in 18 relief appearances for Colorado this season with a 7.36 ERA in 14.2 innings before being designated for assignment on May 22. In parts of a four-year Major League career with the Houston Astros (2007, 2009-10) and Rockies (2011), the 6-foot-2, 270-pounder is 6-25 with a 5.93 ERA in 65 games, including 34 starts. In 223.0 innings, he has struck out 201 and walked 97. Paulino was the Astros number two prospect prior to 2008 but missed that entire season with a pinched nerve in his right arm. He bounced back in 2009 to record 93 strikeouts in 91.2 innings, the most by a Houston rookie since 2003.
Paulino was acquired by the Rockies in exchange for infielder Clint Barmes on November 18, 2010. Born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, he was originally signed by Houston as an undrafted free agent shortstop on July 2, 2001. He currently resides in Pearland, Texas, with his wife, Paola, and daughter, Victoria.
The 29-year-old Tejeda was 0-1 with a 6.14 ERA in nine relief appearances for Kansas City in 2011.


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Devlin Designing Boat Builders 3010 37th Ave. S.W. Tumwater, WA. 98512
(360) 866-0164 Email Sam Devlin www.devlinboat.com
Driving directions to our boat yard & dock [top of page] Copyright © 1978 - 2015 Sam Devlin and Devlin Designing Boat Builders. All Rights Reserved. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from Sam Devlin is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used provided that full and clear credit is given to Sam Devlin, Devlin Designing Boat Builders and www.devlinboat.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.


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Delicate pastel butterflies flutter across a pale blue background on this new leather cover featuring the artwork of Anne Higgins. Celebrate Springtime with your checkbook and order today.
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June 1, 2016
An 88-year-old Scott County man has pleaded guilty to passing a stopped school bus and striking and injuring two children.
Assistant District Attorney Steven Kilgore says Sammy Floyd Hunter pleaded guilty to the charge.
He says Hunter was sentenced to five years, with five years suspended and three years' probation. Hunter also surrendered his driver's license.
In July 2011, Hunter was charged with hitting two young girls with his vehicle as they got off a school bus in rural Scott County.
Shortly after his arrest, Sheriff Mike Lee said Hunter told authorities he was approaching the bus from the opposite direction of U.S. Highway 80 just east of Forest and did not realize the bus was stopped.
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text: I need to change my smtp HELO so that it matches my MX record. I tried changing it in my "main.cf" postifx file, but when I restarted the zimbra services it overwrote it to my servers hostname again. I did find this bug post, but I couldn't follow where to change zimbraMtaMyHostname. Any help would be appreciated!! Thanks!


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Good luck Robin.
I lived in Sheridan for a bit years ago.
You are headed into beautiful country.
Do you have a Wyoming resident going with you?
Wish I knew more about 45.
Hey guys, as you can see, Im new to this forum. I just drew unit 45 elk in WY and am very excited. I am from Utah and love hunting in Wyoming. Ive gone there 3 times for lopes and love it and am addicted to Lope hunting.
So now that I have drawn this tag, I am looking for some help and pointers. I have been in contact with 1 hunter, David, from this forum right off the bat. He has given me some great help and pointer. I would love to hear from others also.
I am looking for pics of bulls and area/terrain of this area. I think I might start off by Tensleep and Deer Haven Lodge. I hope to kill with a bow, but will return later for rifle if needed. Its an 8 hour drive for me. So my time off work needs to be used wisely. What type of bulls can I expect? Quality and quantity? I would be lying if I said Ill shoot anything. BUT, like everyone else (usually) I want to kill the best bull possible. Any help and pointers will be greatly appreciated. If I can be of help for Utah hunts, I will gladly trade info!
Thanks for any help! Happy Hunting!!!
Good luck Robin.
I lived in Sheridan for a bit years ago.
You are headed into beautiful country.
Do you have a Wyoming resident going with you?
Wish I knew more about 45.
From google earth and the pics people have posted there, IT LOOKS AMAZING!!! I dont have a resident going with me. Ill be hunting the non wilderness area. I do have a friend that is a guide in wyoming that might be able to come with me.
I don't have any good advice specifically about 45 but the best advice in general I can give you is to go out there and bowhunt. Assuming they don't change it from last year, you could bowhunt there Sept. 15-30. Even if it is only for 3-4 days, at the very least it will be a great scouting trip for the October rifle season. Although maybe in September the elk will be up at higher elevations which is pretty much all wilderness, I'm not sure... With all that wilderness, if your WY friend could go with, that would probably be huge.
Also take a look at the deer season dates. I'm almost positive that the Region R deer season will be open during that time so there might be a ton of deer hunters to compete with in your unit. You might also want to think about getting a Region R deer tag just in case you see a big buck. Although that is more than likely terrible advice since if you start seeing deer, you might start wasting time chasing those instead of focusing on elk.
I thought unit 45 had a type 9 archery tag, so you could only hunt archery if you drew a type 9 for that unit.
Most other units in the state allow you to draw rifle, and go early for Archery.
I thought most of the Bighorns had type 9 and did not allow that.
Did I miss that?
Last edited by Topgun 30-06; 03-28-2014 at 08:52 AM.
Cool, or crappy if you have a type 9 tag
Robin, I would be there with a bow in hand on the 15th.
Good luck
Thanks guys. Yes, I plan on being there on the 15th of Sept for archery season. Thats my passion, archery hunting and elk. I just hope I can get it done with the bow. Its a dream of mine to kill a good bull with a bow.
Robiland, give yourself 10 days at least with the bow. You will get it done. You will have encounters every day and several shooting opportunities in those 10 days.
NRA Life Member
Colorado Bowhunters Life Member
Nebraska Bowhunters Life Member


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Never piss off the proletariat.
Upset about his low pay and dismal working conditions, a worker at one of Facebook's Third World contractors has leaked the social media site's ultra-secret document about what type of content it censors.
Amine Derkaoui, a 21-year-old Moroccan man, worked for an outsourcing firm last year that scanned Facebook members' pages for banned content. Given Facebook's profitability, Derkaoui became angry about its stinginess with workers.
As a result, Derkaoui gave a copy of Facebook's internal guidelines about what content it will delete to Gawker, a top Internet gossip site.
Some of the forbidden items are obvious like racial slurs, depictions of human or animal mutilation, photographs or cartoons of sexual activity, violent speech and content that organizes or promotes illegal activity.
But some of the other verboten items are more unusual, if not downright strange.
For example, naked "private parts" including female nipple bulges and butt cracks are forbidden, but male nipples are allowed. The list specifically mentions "mothers breastfeeding" as unacceptable.
Also, most depictions of bodily fluids are unacceptable, but not all. It lists "urine, feces, vomit, semen, pus and ear wax" as unacceptable (yes, ear wax). But, it helpfully notes, "cartoon feces, urine and spit are OK; real and cartoon snot is OK." Well, that's good to know.
Other items subject to deletion include cartoon nudity, images of internal organs, bones, muscles, tendons and "deep flesh wounds," along with "blatant (obvious) depiction of camel toes and moose knuckles." (Confession: I had to Google "moose knuckle" to know what that meant.)
Images of "crushed heads, limbs, etc. are OK," however, as long as "no insides are showing" and the person posting them doesn't express delight or gratification.
Moreover, all criticism of Ataturk, the founder of the nation of Turkey, along with images depicting the burning of Turkish flags are forbidden. It's believed this restriction is due to certain European laws that, if violated, could cause the site to be blocked in Turkey.
The 17-page manual includes a one-page "cheat sheet" so workers can quickly reference it when making decisions about what to delete.
Gawker said Derkaoui found his job through the outsourcing firm oDesk, which provides content moderation services for Facebook and Google. About 50 people across the globe — mostly in Turkey, the Philippines, Mexico and India — work to moderate Facebook content. They work from home in four-hour shifts and earn $1 per hour plus commissions.
"It's humiliating. They are just exploiting the Third World," Derkaoui told Gawker.
If you need to do some research, post on Facebook or look at online porn (c'mon, we know you do it), you had better get it done before March 31.
That's when the global computer hacking group known as Anonymous — or someone claiming to represent it — allegedly plans to launch "Operation Global Blackout." To protest efforts by corporations and governments to restrict access to some material on the internet, the hacktivists plan to shut the web down, maybe just for an hour or perhaps much longer.
Anyone who knows me well can tell you that I'm a total Internet junkie. I spend a lot of my free time online, browsing various sites like Youtube, chatting in forums with friends and otherwise killing time. As of late, though, one particular subject seems to have pushed itself into the forefront of internet denizens everywhere. That is, SOPA, or the Stop Online Piracy Act, a censorship bill which was proposed by the US House of Representatives on Oct. 26, 2011. It's created quite a buzz online, and with all the people talking about it and what it supposedly proposes, it's hard to get one's facts straight. Friends of mine claim that the government's trying to censor the internet, block access to certain sites - that SOPA will cripple the World Wide Web as we know it.
Congressman Steve Chabot could give Olympic gymnast Nadia Comaneci a few pointers about doing quick backflips.
Less than three days after Chabot prohibited the use of cameras at a supposed "town hall" meeting in North Avondale and used the services of a Cincinnati police officer to stop offenders, the congressman is rescinding the rule for future sessions.
For all the rhetoric about the United States' right to freedom of the press, the best reporting on the governmental secrets revealed by WikiLeaks, and the deeper issues they raise, has been done by media outlets in other nations. And the best and most in-depth interview with Julian Assange has been done by a British journalist for Al Jazeera, the Arab satellite news channel.
David Frost, who famously interviewed President Nixon a few years after his resignation following the Watergate scandal, now has a program on Al Jazeera, entitled Frost Over the World.
With donations from filmmaker Michael Moore and others, WikiLeaks provocateur Julian Assange made bail today and was released from a British prison, awaiting extradition to Sweden on sex charges.
A judge had set Assange's bail at 240,000 pounds, which equals about $380,521. Moore donated $20,000, which equals about 12,633 pounds.
In the latest volley in the escalating cyberwar involving attacks on WikiLeaks and its founder, anonymous hackers have blocked access and disrupted service to Web sites for MasterCard, the Swedish prosecutor's office and the attorney representing two women accusing Assange of crimes
After WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange voluntarily turned himself into British authorities today, he was denied bail and remains in custody until at least Dec. 14, according to The Guardian newspaper in London.
Assange, 39, was told by London Metropolitan police about new charges he faces in connection with two sexual encounters he had in Sweden. "He is accused by the Swedish authorities of one count of unlawful coercion, two counts of sexual molestation and one count of rape, all alleged to have been committed in August 2010," the newspaper reported.
Just hours after a Swiss bank froze access today to a legal defense fund established for WikiLeaks provocateur Julian Assange, a group of hackers have shut down the bank's Web site in an escalating "infowar."
A group calling itself Operation Payback took responsibility for the Internet attack on the Swiss bank, PostFinance, via its Twitter account. "We will fire at anyone that tries to censor WikiLeaks," the group said in its announcement.