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Understanding Stride Rate and Stride Length
This simple equation is a staple in sprinting and biomechanics material. It simply means that to see a change in speed you've either got to increase the ground you cover (stride length) or increase your turnover (stride frequency) or some combination of the two. The bottom line is that something has to change. But what is it that changes when we go faster?
If you are a Chi Running proponent, your answer will be stride length, as Danny Dreyer says to keep the frequency constant while only changing length. In the real world though, the answer is that it depends and that limiting yourself to only being able to change one or the other is a mistake. Let's look at what the elites do.
One study looked at the stride length and frequency of the top 3 finishers in the 10k at the 2007 world championships. This included Bekele (1st) Sihine (2nd) and Mathathi (3rd). They calculated their individual speed, frequency, and length for every 400m lap of the 25 lap race. The graph below depicts their speed, stride length, and stride frequency:
The first thing you notice is that these three different athletes ran the same speed until the last 2 laps or so. That's to be expected, but what is interesting is that they had different strategies to do it. Bekele had a low stride frequency with a long stride length for the first 9,000m. On the other hand, Mathathi had a small stride length and a very high frequency to run the same speed. Sihine was somewhere in between these two. What is also interesting is that Mathathi who is 1.67m tall and Sihine who is 1.71m tall both had considerably smaller stride lengths than Bekele who is only 1.60m tall. So, all you shorter runners complaining about how your height keeps you from having a long stride, just look towards Bekele. The point is though that we have three runners all employing different strategies to run the same speed.
It gets even more interesting when we look at the last 1km when the pace changed dramatically. For reference they went from hitting around 2:42-2:45 for each km to final km of 2:30, 2:33, and 2:36 respectively, and had last laps of 55.51, 58.66, and 62.16 so the pace picked up considerably. The question is how did these athletes do it?
Bekele did it by changing his stride frequency from roughly 190 strides per minute to an astonishing ~216 strides per minute, all while keeping his stride length about the same. So he went from having the lowest stride rate to the highest by far, thus using an increase in stride rate to increase his speed, while maintaining stride length. On the other hand, Sihine showed an interesting pattern. On the 3rd to last lap, he picked up his pace slightly with an increase in stride frequency. But then on the last lap, he increased his speed dramatically with an increase in stride length. The exact opposite approach of Bekele. Lastly, Mathathi, who had the shortest stride length, increased his stride length on the 3rd to last lap to increase his speed. What is really interesting is that on the last two laps, Mathathi's stride frequency, which was the highest during the race, decreased slightly, while he increased his stride length significantly on the last lap. What this tells me is that he was suffering from the most fatigue and to compensate for the drop in stride rate, he tried to increase his stride length. The net result on the last lap was a maintenance of speed, not the giant increase like in the other two.
What does this all mean? Three different runners all had different ways of running at there race speed and then chose different methods of increasing speed when it was time to do. Interestingly, they seemed to increase the one factor that was lowest during most of the race. In Bekele's case he had a low stride rate, so he increased that dramatically. Mathathi who had a small stride length tried to increase that during the final kilometer. And Sihine who was in between both during the race in terms of rate and length, did a little bit of an increase in both. It's almost as if the runners subconsciously chose to rely more on rate or length for most of the race, to "rest" the other factor, and then went to the other factor when it was time to increase the speed.
This opens up a lot of questions, but before delving into those let's look at one more study.
Sprinting- Stride length and Frequency
The above examples showed that there are several different ways to maintain a steady pace and different ways to increase the pace. But what about during maximum speed? Obviously when we sprint all out we are trying to maximally optimize the rate/length combination. Rate and length have an interesting relationship in that at max speed increasing one will lead to a decrease of the other, so it's balance between the two that matter.
Which brings us to a study Salo et al. (2010) entitled: "Elite Sprinting: Are Athletes Individually Step Frequency or Step Length Reliant?"
In this study they looked at world class 100m dash competitions and calculated the individuals stride length and rate to see what the best athletes did. What they found was very interesting.
Individual athletes seemed to favor either longer strides or higher cadence. Just as we saw in the earlier study where Bekele versus Sihine and Mathathi adopted a different combination of length and frequency, it seems to occur in sprinters too. In the study, they found that individual athletes differed in their reliance on stride length. Some were very heavily reliant on having a large stride length, while others trended more towards relying on both, and even one athlete being reliant on stride frequency.
What's interesting about this is that the author's speculate that perhaps differences in the nervous system or power generation explains why some athletes rely on a longer stride or higher frequencies. For sprinters who are powerful athletes and can generate a large amount of force through their stride, they are more likely to cover more ground with each stride, thus being stride length dependent. On the other hand, some sprinters seem to rely on the nervous system's ability to rapidly turn the legs over and contract and relax the muscles extremely quickly, thus making them more reliant on stride frequency. Driving this point home, the author's stated that "Thus, it is possible to reach the absolute top level of sprinting in the world (run under 10.00 s) with widely varying pattern of SF and SL reliance."
In recent years there has been a trend towards focusing solely on maximum force production as a way to train sprinters. It was fostered by Weyend et al.'s early 2000's study that showed sprint speed was partially determined by vertical Ground reaction forces. Some coaches took this to mean that the only way to increase speed was to increase force production. In the Salo et al. (2010) study they mention that increased ability to produce force has been shown to be a determinant of stride length in animal models. What the current study shows us though is that for some athletes the limiter is not force production, but how quickly an athlete can contract and relax the muscles and ultimately turn the legs over faster. The author's conclude by saying:
"Overall it is reasonable to conclude that SL is related more to increased force production, and SF is associated with faster force production during the contact and quick leg turnover requiring neural adaptations. Higher SF requires cross-bridges within the muscles to be built at high rates, and thus these need a high rate of neural activation.
Consequently, it is proposed that the SF reliant athletes are required to concentrate on neural activation in their final preparations for the major races and have a nervous system ready such that they can produce the quick turnover of the legs. On the other hand, the SL reliant athletes need to keep their strength levels up throughout the season and have the required flexibility in the hip area to produce long steps. Naturally, athletes cannot totally forget the non-reliant variable, as any disproportionate reductions in one variable cannot be generally compensated for by the other variable."
Another interesting fact, which we saw in the 10k study too, is that the height of the athlete did not impact whether or not they would take longer strides or have a higher cadence.
Putting it all together
The point of this is to show you that there are many roads to running the same speed, whether it is sprinting or running a 10k. What the above studies show is that perhaps it is highly individual. Runner's like Bekele may have adaptations that lead to him being able to hold a massive stride length for a long time, and then switch and be able to hold a large stride rate during the latter stages of the race.
The question is should we individualize based on our preferred method of running? Stride length dependent athletes might need to do more strength/power work, while stride frequency athletes might need to do more turnover work/neuromuscular work. Or should we work on our weaker side of the equation? The ultimate answer for us distance runners may be that we should be like Bekele and be able to run submaximally with one strategy and then be able to switch strategies when fatigued. Maybe this is why he can kick so well? He's able to run both ways.
The great Hungarian coach Mihali Igloi was a big fan of what Bekele seems to have done in the 10k. Igloi believed that runners had a natural stride they preferred, but then should use their "unnatural" stride during heavy fatigue. He called them short swing and long swing strides. Short Swing would be equivalent to a shorter stride length with a high frequency, while long swing would be a long stride with a reduced frequency. His contention was that you needed to work on going back and forth between these two stride types during practice. If you could become adept at using both strides, then you could run the majority of your race in your preferred stride style, but when fatigue started to happen, you'd switch to the other stride style. His contention was that by switching, you are changing the muscle fibers that are recruited slightly, and you are also changing how they work (powerful as in a long swing stride, or rapidly as in a short swing stride). In essence, this is what Bekele did. He went from a long swing to a short swing style in the final kilometer.
Hopefully this mini stride frequency versus length topic makes you think a little bit. In particular it should be obvious that there is no magic stride frequency that everyone should run. It depends on the athlete and their speed. Some rely more on stride length, while others will rely more on frequency like Mathathi. But you have to be able to change but frequency and length throughout the spectrum of running speeds. If you, like Chi running advocates, try to hold one constant, you'll reach your limit in increasing the opposite one before you should, and thus will be slower. In an ideal world, you should train to be able to do both when needed. Perhaps that's what makes Bekele the man to beat on the kick?
Salo et al. (2010) Elite Sprinting: Are Athletes Individually Step Frequency or Step Length Reliant? Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise
Enomoto et al. (2008). Biomechanical analysis of the medalists in the 10,000 metres at the 2007 World
Championships in Athletics, New Studies in Athletics
30 comments:
Excellent post, especially through reflecting upon the diverging running tactics of Bekele, Sihine and Mathathi. The conclusion, that we're all different and that we utilize different stride length / cadence strategies depending in part on our fatigue is consistent with Matt Fitzgerald's book "Run: The Mind-body Method of Running by Feel" which I recommend.ReplyDelete
Another great and informative post Steve. Towards the end it did get me to thinking. Which method of increasing speed generates less impact force with the ground, and increase of stride rate or an increase of stride length?ReplyDelete
Thanks for your expertise!
- Anonymous2:00 AM
Do they do this explicitly ie are they conciously aware and thinking "now I'll increase my stride length/ frequency" Or are they less conciously aware of the mechanics and just aiming to run faster and doing that in naturally different ways? "Tactics" was mentioned which hints that it's a concious decision. What do you think Steve?ReplyDelete
Back in my cycle racing days the book I read by Eddie B [ ex national US coach]recommended a cadence of 86-92 revs per min for time trials, this I followed until I started doing road racing as well.ReplyDelete
Due to the changing pace and much faster speeds of road racing my cadence often reached 120 Rpm and more!
The side effect of this was, I found that in Time trials my average cadence increased so i felt more natural at holding higher revs around 95-100 rpm.
End result was faster 10 and 25 mile TT's.
We often here that a turnover of 90 is best, but is it?
Often new runners and cyclists will have a much slower turnover of 60-70 but with training can quickly improve into the 80-90 range, I guess my question is would training for even higher average cadence lead to greater performance.
Arthur Lydiard used downhill strides with his runners, should we be adding this type of session to our workouts?
Did arthurs runners have a higher leg turnover than the other runners of that time period?
- Anonymous10:18 AM
I'm a Chi Running instructor and a competitive runner. I enjoy reading your blog to get a scientific perspective on training.
I'd like to clear up the misconception that Danny Dreyer suggests to ALWAYS keep the stride rate the same. Danny suggests an increase in cadence while sprinting, kicking and potentially other situations such as running down a really steep trail hill. So while Danny does suggest keeping the stride frequency constant in *many* situations, this is not *always* the case. Please bear in mind that Chi is mostly training runners who are not elite and have no intentions of being, or training like an elite. Many runners have benefited greatly from getting their cadence up and running at a steady frequency. You'll note that elite runners make up a very small percentage of the entire running population.
That being said, I'm not even sure why it is necessary to bring Chi Running into your blog posts. You have mentioned it several times now, and many times have included a snide remark ("pseudo guru style" "in the real world")
I'm not sure I understand what exactly your issue is with Chi Running/Danny Dreyer, and why the need to mention it in so many posts?
Finally, my main point in posting here is to clear up the misconception that Chi Running is promoting some dogmatic - one size fits all program that never changes and is professed to work for all people in all circumstances. This is entirely not the case. Danny has helped me and many others to break away from a lot of the dogma in the running community and explore other options outside of the conventional discourse. In all of his material, workshops, and interviews he practically pleads with people to listen to their own body and find what works for them. He often says "don't take my word for it, go out and try it for yourself." The last thing Danny wants is to become an expert on running that people listen to blindly without personal experimentation. This is part of the reason why he named his book "Chi Running" as opposed to "The Danny Dreyer Formula"
While there are several physical suggestions, guidelines etc...the main point of Chi is to find a comfortable, efficient running stride that will help each individual runner meet there goals and objectives. We are working to find principles that work for about 80% of people. We fully acknowledge there are things that will not work for some people. Based on the huge positive reception to Chi Running, massive amounts of emails/testimonials and passion behind it, I'd say we are off to a great start.
It's certainly beneficial to dissect and analyze different teaching methods. I welcome the discussion. I do think you could improve in your approach as you seem to be more emotional about Chi than scientific. (basing that on your sarcastic comments)
Hopefully, this clears up some of the ideas you have about what and how we teach. I think a further exploration into Chi Running will help you find that a lot of instructors are very similar to yourself. Runners looking to break from the dogmatic conventional paradigm and find evidence based practices that enhance the overall experience of running whether it be running for pleasure, speed, or both.
- Anonymous2:28 PM
Speed=stride lengthX frequency/running gauge measurementsXdrift rate.ReplyDelete
Stride and frequency are determined by skeletal efficiency and how easily the entire body moves. If optimum running form isn't measured or described, then optimum speed will never be achieved.
One's running gauge measurement reduces the body's ability to even run straight. If it isn't measured, then the original formula can't be right.
If two runners run at the exact same speed, the runner that runs straigher will cross the finish line first.
If your stride and frequency push you further off a straight line course, then optimum speed measured in linear distance travelled will be negatively imacted.
Sport Jester
Sport Jester-ReplyDelete
The deviation from a straight line is minimal to non-existant in almost every good runner. It's so much so that no one really measures it except for in the start of a sprint race where they are coming out of the blocks.
There's a reason that it's not in the research literature at all, because it's not a big factor .
Mark- Thanks for the comment, I'm reading that book right now.
Rick- Thanks for the cycling info. There seems to be a lot of connections that you can make with cycling. I always found it interesting that for decades (and some still do) insisted that cycling at a low RPM was more efficient than a high RPM. Only recently have people conceded that the pro's might be right. I don't know about Lydiard's guys. That would be interesting to look at.
Flow- An increase in stride length seems to cause more impact
Thanks for the post and thanks a lot for claryifying the Chi running stuff. My only source is the Chi Running Book. In that book, Dreyer stated that cadence should be kept the same with stride length being the variable that you change. So that's what I was basing it off of. If he's changed some, then I'm glad.
As for my comments on Chi or Pose or whatever. First off, I'm a bit of a perfectionist. Second off, I feel like those groups all have their websites and such where you can go to learn about their methods. My goal is to provide that counterbalance that says "hey wait a minute, that might not be correct."
As far as my past "pseudo-science" comments, it's a pet peave of mine. If you want to train runners a certain way and you've had success with it, go for it. Just don't try and make up a scientific sounding explanation to justify it. With both Pose and Chi, the whole gravity thing is what I call pseudo-science. It's using science to justify your beliefs instead of looking at the science, research, and practical and forming beliefs off of that.
Lastly, I deal with the competitive side of the sport. It bugs me when pose/chi/whoever cross over into the performance side and say this will make you run faster. I'd have more respect for Chi running if it didn't use pseudo-scientific explanations to justify it, and didn't try and bridge a method that seems to be for recreational runners, into the competitive side of the sport.
We run counter clockwise because that's what International governing body of track declared. There used to be some clockwise races in Europe way back in the day.ReplyDelete
Sport Jester- Sorry, no mean spirit intended, but you sound like those SOMAX guys who think bounce, crossover are what is keeping americans from running sub 2hr marathon.ReplyDelete
Drift doesn't matter. It does not take 20-40sec off your 5k. That's ludicrous.
- Anonymous3:34 PM
I'm definitely not a "SOMAX" guy...ReplyDelete
Clinical studies show a 3 meter drift rate per 20 seconds of running if uncontrolled (gladly link the studies). The reason little literature exists is because its a mental skill, not physical one so coaches exclude it from any training routines.
Right handed runners (and the majority) as athletes drift to the left because of side dominance in strength, so that drift is taken advantage of to maximize times.
Left handed athletes have to be trained completely different in technique to overcome the right handed drift that's natural to them.
How do you train for the side dominance advantage to track running as pertaining to speed? It has nothing to do with stride length or frequency.
It also applies to street running when corners are in opposite to a runner's natural drift tendencies as technique has to change since increasing speed during the curves of any race is impossible to do.
And for elite marathon runners, are measured at 29-31 miles and amateurs at 36 miles, in physical distance travelled calculating in drift rates.
Cutting 20 seconds of a 5K is easy when the biomechanic factors which induce drift are eliminated in track competition.
For cross country runners, without the physical visual guidelines of a track lane to give drift reference, a 40 second cut in time is easy...
Sport JesterReplies
Do you actually believe what you are saying? If this was the case, then running a sub 2 hour marathon wouldn't be that hard. Just work on drift and they can run 1:50 or under.Delete
Your logic baffles me.
- Anonymous4:49 PM
What's your opinion on the recently Salazar/Ritz article discussing his form changes? There is an accompanying video with the article that shows a comparison btw Bekele and Ritz. Have you seen the video? Is the hip angle/separation legit, I see you mentioned SOMAX in your above post and they describe a similiar hip angle comparison btw Sammy W. and Hall & Ritz, SOMAX also has another article describing hip angle with various UK runners showing that Coe and Cram had the 100+ degree as oppose to their recent runners that were in the 85-90 range. Does this concept of hip angle/separation really mean proper hip extension?
The Salazar/Ritz piece was a good article. It's an article though written by someone who has no running background most likely, so it's hard to tell what the exact changes are and such.
As for hip angle/seperation= It's essentially a way to sort of quantify hip extension/knee lift. Is it useful? It can be, but it has to measured correctly, which is where the SOMAX people go wrong.
In order to take any 2d angle measurement worth anything, you have to make sure the camera is exactly parallel to the runner and that the runner is as close to directly in front of the camera when measurements are taken. If you don't do this, you can't measure angles. Secondly, you have to make sure the angles are measured at the exact same point in your two comparison pictures. Lastly, you have to have a marker to insure that you measure the angles from the same spot in the two comparisons. Meaning that the 3 points better be somewhere consistant.
Somax just takes random youtube clips, regardless of the camera angle and measures stuff. THe angles mean nothing.
To give you guys a visual, I took two screen shots of video I had of myself running. This is during the exact same 150m sprint. It's exagerated to make a point, but if you go look at the SOMAX website they take random angles no matter the camera angle.
What you get is a "stride angle" of 71deg and 111deg on the same run, going the same speed, depending on the camera angle...So you see how it's easy for them to manipulate angles to prove their point? They use similar tricks in all their other "analysis". The pictures are linked below:
From my own personal experience, increasing stride rate at the end of a race is easier for me than increasing my stride length. It seems like I rest the neural component for most of the race because in most races I can turn it over quickly in the last 600-800m.ReplyDelete
I wonder if there is a way to "feel" whether your body prefers a longer SL or a faster SF? I know that when I'm finishing a race and trying to sprint, I tend to focus on the fastest turnover I can - rather that a more forceful muscle contraction which will give you a longer SL.
Great post Steve and I love the pictures you linked to. Cheers!
- Anonymous11:38 PM
Hi Steve,ReplyDelete
This post is one of my favorite topics about running and IMO one of the most misunderstood. Speed = Stride Length x Stride Rate is an incorrect and outdated equation. Stride Length and Stride Rate are the results of increased speed not the causes of speed. Your mention of the 2000 Weyand et al study of faster running speeds is only partially correct, "sprint speed was partially determined by vertical Ground reaction forces." What you neglect to mention is the fact that the study also concluded that rate of force delivery and ground contact time available for force delivery are also determinants in faster running speeds. To me, the rate of force delivery and the onset of fatigue are the critical issues affecting speed. I'm not certain how trainable rate of force delivery is, but improving muscular force and ground contact time have training applications.
Coach Doug Robinson
- Anonymous2:53 PM
Hey Steve,ReplyDelete
I was wondering about anaerobic work and its effects upon the aerobic system. Say I wanted to do start introducing sessions such as 20x200m or 10x300m in say January once a week at about 60s 400m pace to prepare for indoors (for a sub 14min 5k guy). Do you think this hurt the aerobic development that would need to be had for later in the year? I understand that too much anaerobic work can alter the blood ph; esp if one was to do that kind of work for a long amount of time. But I'm wondering how much is appropriate to be implemented. thanks.
- Anonymous7:46 AM
Frequency and stride length seem to be inversely proportional. whenfrequency of stride increases the length gets shortened. when the length of stride increases that puts a premium on stride frequency. It all depends on how good the athlete is in combining both to produce optimum performance. because of the room for improvement within limits this writing has good implication on training. As a coach i experimented a longer stride length by putting 2+ meters line marks on the track so that athletes keep this interval of stride for running. I mimicked frequency with a computer generated beeps with which athletes adjust their stride frequency by hearing. There is improvement but there is also a risk of body injury (such as the groin)with higher stride length.ReplyDelete
- Anonymous3:16 PM
Love the post! I think Usain Bolt is a great example of how speed is derived from a combination of stride length and stride frequency. His stride frequency is about equal to his competitors, but his stride is so much longer thanks to those long legs of his. When you watch him run you can tell that he covers so much more ground with each stride, but he still manages to keep his stride rate high.ReplyDelete
- Anonymous12:04 AM
I searched dozens of posts to find any with actual numbers for the stride length. I have heard for years I should increase my stride rate, but what if I was already fast? This is the only post where you can see what other good runners actually get for stride rate and length - thanks. Now I know where I stand in relation to other runners.ReplyDelete
- Anonymous2:53 AM
Steve, this is very useful and practical material. I've been searching for my ideal walking and running pace since I run my first marathon in 2011. Your article has set me on a more sensible track; to vary my strategy for different stages of the run and to get the right balance between length and frequency for each stage. The example of what the top runners do was a great help. Thanks.ReplyDelete
Thanks for a great article. I've been trying to increase my walking speed and I'm experimenting to see if the stride rate affects my speed. I'm using a click generator (metronome) on my mp3 player to keep a constant rate and Fitbit to check it. So far, I don't have any conclusive results.ReplyDelete
What I can say with certainty is without the click generator, I tended to slow my rate going up mild hills and increase it going down the same hills. When I started using the click generator, my speed increased.
Great food for thought, thanks for sharing.ReplyDelete
Preference may be more a product of what one is accustomed to doing rather than best built for. There may be other ways of running we cannot execute right now, but could be conditioned to master, and do better with.
Also, Bekele might be more efficient in long stride when he's mainly aerobically. His high-frequency finish may not just be what he uses when the "preferred" technique fatigues away, he may simply not be able to reach such speeds at a relatively low frequency.
His relatively low cruising frequency might not point to raw strength after all. It may well be much more complicated than that, or result of a lazy technique when just running along. More study necessary :-)
If an athlete's height is no factor to stride frequency, perhaps calf length or girth is?
I am 6ft4 and have switched from 145spm to much higher, while getting rid of heel strike which ruined my body and had me given up by a sports doc. No treatment for my louzy feet. But when I changed my running, I quickly bested PB's in a big way.
Anyway, my frequency is often higher than even lightweight girls and women around me. Watching myself jog in the shop windows' reflection is looks silly and weak. My strides are tiny for my height. Thus, my range of motion is tiny. If I'd open up the range of motion, I'd look like doing high knee drills when just running along. Not exactly efficient.
If cadence is not height related, then range of motion is inversely related to height. That does make us wonder why the given stride frequency for a given speed (or should we think intensity?) is so relatively constant.
Lots to think about...


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Last week IBM made news by announcing innovative new storage systems that are optimized for workloads such as transaction processing and real-time analytics, reflecting the company's $6 billion annual investment in R&D.
Among the new products is a midrange disk storage system, called the IBM Storwize V7000, designed to efficiently and cost effectively manage the torrent of data flowing into companies so it can be swiftly delivered for such workloads as transaction processing -- like the growing volume of transactions completed from the Web and mobile and embedded devices. The new announcements include technologies that can eliminate the need to repeatedly make copies of the same data; scale-out storage technologies to support growth -- particularly of unstructured data like video and photos -- and high-performance workloads like cloud computing; and technologies to place the most critical data on fast, dynamic storage devices so it can be more quickly made available for workloads like analytics and mobile transaction processing. Examples include:
- IBM System Storage Easy Tier software, which was invented by IBM Research and can improve performance by up to 200% (3). Easy Tier automatically moves the most active data (such as credit card transactions) to faster solid-state drives (SSDs) to prioritize and provide quick access to data for emerging workloads like analytics, while moving secondary data (less urgent data to be saved, for example, for regulatory requirements) to more cost-effective storage technologies;
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subset: commoncrawl


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|Kafka starts Holyoke-based prison ministry
|Written by Kyle Arnoldy
After volunteering at the Sterling Correctional Facility for five years, Dan Kafka has begun the first prison ministry with roots in Holyoke as he heads the Holyoke Church of Christ prison ministry.
His hope is that through the prison ministry, those locally who want to extend a helping hand as a volunteer will now have a way to do so.
Dan Kafka recently opened the doors for local
"We have great Christian people out here in the community," Kafka explained. "Of all of the groups of churches we have in the community and all of the different faith beliefs, there are good Christian people who want to do something, want to be more involved than they are right now. This is an opportunity for them to be involved in a very fulfilling way."
Kafka first considered pursuing a degree in biblical studies online in 2000, claiming he always felt like he could be doing more. Five years ago, Kafka decided to go through with the online courses to attain the degree. As a way to supplement those studies, Kafka saw an opportunity to volunteer at the prison and jumped on it.
His goal when he began classes was to one day be a preacher at a local church, but since his involvement in the prison ministry, he says he no longer has that desire.
"My passion has really become prison ministry," Kafka said. "I saw a side of Christianity that I have never seen before. Not the day-to-day, not the Sunday only thing. I saw what Christianity was and it was really compelling to me."
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We recently upgraded from 7.2.0 to 8.0.2.
In Version 7.2.0 all synchronisation with mobile devices (Smartphones: iPhone, HTC, Motorola, Samsung; Tablets: iPad, Acer Iconia) work fine.
In 8.0.2 synchronisation works for all devices except "Acer Iconia". On the tablet it shows that the synchronisation is OK. But there is no synchronisation. On the calender it shows "Kein Kalender" (no calendar). Zimbra server is hosted by our service provider. Actually we have no access to any log files.
Any idea?


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If I am in the United States on a B visa can I study at Saddleback College?
Unfortunately non-immigrants holding a B visa violate the terms of their visa when they enroll in a college program of study. Consequently, Saddleback College does not admit individuals who hold B visas.
Which universities do international students transfer to from Saddleback College?
Saddleback College international students transfer to many prestigious universities in United States including UC Berkley, UCLA, UC San Diego, UC Irvine, UC Santa Barbara, USC, Cal State Fullerton, Cal State Long Beach and San Diego State University.
Do you have an intensive ESL (English as a Second Language) Program?
Saddleback College offers ESL classes that are designed to be taken with other academic classes if you are an F-1 international student. However, we do not offer an Intensive English Program. International students who apply to Saddleback College must submit TOEFL or IELTS scores that meet the English proficiency requirement.
Can I study Nursing, EMT (Emergency Medical Technology), or MLT (Medical Laboratory Technician) at Saddleback?
No. Unfortunately, due to the nature of the programs and how impacted they are, international students cannot study Nursing, EMT or MLT at Saddleback College at this time. Also due to the largely online course requirements for Computer and Information Management and SEVIS limitations on the number of online courses allowed a term, F-1 students are not elegible to declare this major.
Where should I mail my documents?
Please send all application documents to us at:
International Student Office
Saddleback College
28000 Marguerite Pkwy, SSC #107
Mission Viejo, CA 92692 - 3635
Do I need to attend International Orientation if I am a new student?
Yes, International Orientation is mandatory for all incoming international students. During orientation, you will learn valuable information about maintaining valid F-1 status, the requirements for studying at Saddleback College, and much more.
What does "available funds" mean when I'm submitting my bank certification?
"Available funds" means that the money is accessible at any time (i.e. you are able to withdraw money at any given time, without penalty). Examples of "accessible funds" include: checking or savings accounts. Please note that your bank certification should be current (not older than 6 months).
What are the requirements for submitting my transcripts?
When submitting transcripts, please note that we require original official transcripts. We cannot accept faxed and/or copied transcripts. We require transcripts from high school (showing graduation date), and transcripts from any colleges/universities/languages schools you may have attended. Please note that transcripts which are not in English must also have certified English translations attached to them.
I have moved and now have different address. What do I need to do?
If you have moved, and changed your address, it is mandatory to notify us within 10 days of your move. It is very important that you inform us of any address changes, because the International Student Office needs to report your updated address in SEVIS. Please come by the International Student Office and fill out an address update form. Also, you must update your address in Mysite.
I need to travel out of the country. What do I need?
If you are traveling out of the country, you must ensure that the following criteria are met:
- Your passport is valid. Please renew your passport 6 months prior to its expiration.
- Your visa is valid. Please note that if you stay outside of the U.S. for longer than 5 months, you will need to apply for a new visa.
- Your I-20 is up-to-date and valid. You will need a current travel signature. Please note that travel signatures are valid for 1 year, however, we recommend obtaining an updated travel signature every 6 months. Please ensure that all of the information on your I-20 is current, and your stay does not exceed the I-20's expiration date.
- You are current on your student health insurance.
- You are currently enrolled on a full-time basis.
How many units am I required to take each semester?
All international students are required to be enrolled on a full-time basis during the academic year. Full-time means at least 12 units during the fall and spring terms, or if summer is your first semester, 6 units during summer. Enrollment for the summer term is not required if you began your studies in the fall or spring terms. There are a few reasons students can drop below 12 units during the fall or spring term. Please contact the International Student Office before you drop below 12 units.
How do I contact a U.S. Embassy/Consulate?
For the websites of U.S. Embassies, consulates, and Diplomatic Missions, please visit the US Department of State website.
Can you help me with my Mysite page?
If you have forgotten your PIN, click on "Forgot My PIN" and you can log in by correctly answering your security question (you provided the answer to this question when you submitted your application). If this fails to work, please visit the student technical support website. Do not keep trying to log in and guess your password. If you try to type in the incorrect password multiple times unsuccessfully, your account may be disabled for 1 hour. If you have forgotten your password, please refer to the directions in the previous link.
Do I need to purchase the international student health insurance from Renaissance Agency that Saddleback College offers me?
Yes, the student health insurance that is provided through the International Student Office is mandatory for all international students and must be purchased before enrolling in classes. Even if you have insurance in your home country, it is required for international students to carry the insurance offered by the Saddleback College International Student Office. If you are government or embassy sponsored, please visit the International Student Office for further information about insurance.
I want to change my major. What should I do?
If you need to change your major, you first need to meet with an academic counselor. You may make an appointment to meet with a counselor by calling (949) 582-4637. During your appointment, tell the counselor that you would like to change your major and that you need to create a new academic plan. Please bring your new academic plan to the International Student Office. We will make a copy of your new plan, and begin the process of updating your SEVIS record and I-20. Please allow us between 2-3 business days to issue you a new I-20 with your updated major.
I was accepted to another school, and want to transfer out of Saddleback College to my new school. What do I need to do?
If you have been accepted by another institution and wish to transfer, please bring your acceptance letter and the transfer authorization form from your new institution to the International Student Office. Some schools like USC do not have transfer authorization forms, so please consult your new school to see what their transfer in requirements are. We will process your request within 3 business days.
Can I work on-campus?
If you are interested in working on-campus, please call the International Student Office at 949-582-4637 to make an appointment with the International Student Program Specialist to discuss the possibility of on-campus work authorization.
Can I get permission for Optional Practical Training (OPT)?
If you are interested in OPT, please call the International Student Office at 949-582-4637 to make an appointment with the International Student Program Specialist to discuss possibility of pursuing OPT once you have completed your program.
I need to request transcripts from Saddleback College. What do I need to do?
You may request your official Saddleback College transcripts by following instructions on the Admissions and Records Transcripts page.
If you have any questions, please contact Admissions and Records at 949-582-4555.
I want to drop a class, because I am struggling. What should I do?
Most importantly, do NOT drop your class without consulting the International Student Office, especially if your enrollment falls below full-time! Saddleback College has resources for students who are struggling in their classes. The Learning Assistance Program offers tutoring services. Your instructor is also a valuable resource; he/she may be able to assist you with extra reading, or suggested study tips or resources.
If you have tried both of these methods, and still want to drop a class, please schedule an appointment with the International Student Program Specialist about your desire to drop a class. Please note that you are required to be enrolled in and complete at least 12 units. Please come by the International Student Office to meet with the International Student Program Specialist BEFORE you drop below full-time. Dropping a class and being enrolled in less than 12 units will have negative immigration-related consequences.


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It was a simple newspaper ad in the Rock River Times that saved four-year-old Angela Rushford's life. She was in need of a kidney, so her mother placed an ad in the classified section. A perfect stranger, who turned out to be a perfect match, replied.
Now the newspaper is trying to save even more lives.
The classified section in the Rock River Times has expanded - an entire column is now designated for organ donations. Those wishing to place an ad for an organ can do so for free.
It was a call Marieka McClendon says she won't soon forget: A desperate mother wanting to place a classified ad requesting a kidney for her daughter. McClendon says she was hesitant at first and never expected such a happy ending.
"I was kind of worried that I'd get in trouble for it because I didn't know if we could take ads like that, but yeah I'm happy," said McClendon.
The Editor and Publisher of the Times, Frank Schier: "The whole office is dancing around going 'We got a little girl a kidney, we got a little girl a kidney.'"
And now the Rock River Times is donating a section of their paper, hoping they can have that kind of celebration all over again.
"We saved a life and we'd like to save some more lives and we'd like to see some other newspapers, TV or radio stations and web sites try to do the same," said Schier.
The paper says the response so far has been tremendous. McClendon has already posted another classified ad for a kidney.
"It made me feel good that I was doing something to help people," McClendon said.
And while you don't want to think that someone would abuse this service, the paper is coming up with some guidelines that must be met to place an ad, such as having a note from a doctor.
wifr.com: Extended Web Coverage
Organ and Tissue Donors
Each day about 63 people receive an organ transplant, but another 16 people on the waiting list die because not enough organs are available.
Talk to your family members about organ and tissue donation so they know your wishes.
Organ Donation Frequently Asked Questions
Who can become a donor
Are there age limits for donors?
How do I express my wishes to become an organ donor?
What can be donated?
Are there any costs to my family for donation?
How are the organ distributed?
Current Waiting List – As of July 19, 2002
Source: http://www.organdonor.gov/ (U.S. Government Organ Donation Web site)


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Executive Carriage Transportation
The Maryland airport ground transportation company called Executive Carriage Transportation which is located in Jessup, Maryland was recently rated by our editors and received a GroundCar Score rating of 35. Scores range from 0 to 100. Companies with a high transparency score generally communicate important travel information on their website which may also include transfer rates going to and from Maryland area airports and or other locations.
8359 Washington Blvd
Jessup, MD 20794
Company Information
SERVICE AREA: Baltimore
SERVICE TYPE: Limousine
1 = Poor, 2 = Below Avg., 3 = Average, 4 = Above Avg., 5 = Great
Refer to our state regulatory page for additional information about agencies which may regulate Executive Carriage Transportation.
GroundSnapshot ™
Executive Carriage Transportation
|Update Snapshot
|Co. Results
|State Results
|GroundCar Score™
|32 Average
|Registered Company Name
|95% Displayed
|Full Contact Info
|58% Displayed
|License Info
|Not Displayed
|19% Displayed
|Airport Transfer Rates
|Not Displayed
|7% Displayed
|Meter or Hourly Rates
|Not Displayed
|17% Displayed
|Cancellation Policy
|Not Displayed
|14% Displayed
|Fleet Pictures
|67% Displayed
Company Name(s) displayed on www.ExecutiveCarriage.com
- Executive Carriage
- Executive Carriage
- The Registered Company Name is the name which is registered with the Maryland Public Service Commission, and or the Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation.
- The Maryland Public Service Commission assigns a permit number to all authorized ground transportation companies who operate in the state of Maryland and whom are under their direct supervision.
- State Results are compiled from all Maryland ground transportation companies who are listed on www.TransportationReviews.com.
- Top of Page -


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1932 Ford Coupe - Driven DirtyWritten by Chuck Vranas on June 1, 2012 Posies' Flat-Out '32-channeled coupe tears it up from coast to coast
For decades Posies has been building hot rods that push the design envelope by infusing just the right amounts of creativity, vision, and excitement within each build. It's one thing, however, to produce cars with such highly redeeming features that look great in the show world, it's another to put them to the test on a yearly basis by running them hard cross country through the elements. Sometimes it only takes two words to make a statement that speaks in volume: driven dirty. Back in 2006, Posies conceived the Driven Dirty Tour, which consists of a group of dedicated hard-core hot rodders who were ready and willing to drive their hot rods cross country from Posies shop in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, to SEMA in Las Vegas, covering on average 2,500 miles each way. The trip however isn't just about putting their rides to the ultimate test by merely driving non-stop (stopping only for fuel and a bag of burgers) to see who gets there first. It's about plotting a course (which changes yearly) that includes plenty of breaks to visit with friends, shops, manufacturers, various auto collections, points of interest, and some great restaurants along the way. The best part is that Posies puts a fresh build to the test every year and when the cars finally arrive at SEMA, they are shown dirty covered with all the remnants of their journey on the show floor. While most real hot rodders get it, there are always a number who pass each car while scratching their heads in confusion.
Posies latest creation, known as the Flat-Out '32, started with an idea to meld plenty of subtle and seductive design elements combined with vintage power and iconic looks. As with any build, starting with a rock-solid base was paramount and in order to get just the right ground-hugging stance with plenty of room for the passengers, Posies and his talented staff started from scratch. Engineering the frame, the team began with a set of Deuce 'rails, which they boxed and stretched, increasing the wheelbase by 1-1/2 inches while also adding a subtle kick fore and aft and a C-notch out back. To allow the driver and passenger to sit deep within the confines of the interior compartment, a transmission tunnel spine was fabricated from 10-gauge steel integrating the transmission and driveshaft tunnel to the floorpan and frame. With this accomplished the occupants sit a mere 1/8-inch above the bottom of the framerails. To further enhance the rigidity of the frame, a set of 1-3/4-inch tubular side rails were constructed from 0.95-wall steel tubing combined with tubular crossmembers. To complement the vintage theme of the build a 9-inch Ford rear by Johns Industries filled with 3.70:1 cogs was suspended in place by Posies adjustable SuperSlide parallel leaf springs combined with Pete & Jakes tube shocks and a Posies Panhard bar. Getting the frontend slammed to the ground was no small feat. A 4-inch dropped Super Bell tube axle was deftly matched to '37 Ford spindles and anchored in place by a pair of split '40 Ford 'bones, which were flipped and pie-cut. To smooth out harsh roads, a Posies Dual Flex spring combined with tube shocks from Pete & Jakes gets the job done. Going fast is easy, but when it has to come to a halt a dual master pushes fluid through stainless lines to Lincoln binders up front and Ford's out back while navigation is compliments of a Maval rack-and-pinion. To anchor the stance to the pavement a set of classic big 'n' little Dayton wire wheels wrapped in Coker Excelsior's up front and Coker/Firestone dirt trackers out back seals the deal.
With the rolling chassis completed it was time to focus on a vintage power source that could handle the long haul. Posies looked to Wayne Crew of Springfield, Ohio, to assemble '47 Ford 59AB Flathead loaded with stock internals capped with a pair of N.O.S. stock heads. Cooling flows through a pair of Speedway Motors water pumps to a Walker radiator while a perfect balance of fuel and air get sucked through a Speedway Motors intake crowned with a '56 Cadillac Carter four-barrel carb. Dumping spent gases, Posies stainless headers growl through a Flowmaster muffler till they exit through a pair of zoomie-styled pipes artistically formed to exit just past the passenger's rear quarter-panel. To get down the road a Chevy S-10 five-speed tweaked by Wayne Crew delivers the goods through a custom driveshaft by Mshar Powertrain Specialists of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. There's nothing quite like cutting up freshly struck steel so a call was placed to Brookville Roadster for one of their Deuce three-window coupe bodies. Knowing the number of subtle changes he wanted to infuse into Henry's original design, Posies got out the cutting tools and started by first lowering the lid with a heavy chop while retaining a well-balanced rear window opening. From there one of the most challenging aspects incorporated a '32 roadster cowl top in place. The roof was filled and a custom extended aluminum hood was then fabricated complete with custom designed side vents to add even more classic design elements. For lighting a set of '56 Porsche taillights were set in place while vintage Guide headlights were perched atop custom headlight mounts integrated into the upper shock mounts. The team then massaged the body to perfection while preparing it for the spray booth. In maintaining the subtle overall appearance of the project, Wendell Veach loaded his spray gun and laid down a wicked coating of PPG satin black for the body and Forest Green gloss on the chassis.
One of the main concepts throughout the build was to create a comfortable interior space allowing the driver and passenger to sit deep within the confines of the body and chassis combination. To accomplish this, Posies' team fabricated a pair of custom bucket seats with plenty of fore and aft movement as well as an adjustable incline. They were then mounted atop small adjustable airbags for even more comfort. The team then fabricated a custom aluminum dash and filled it with a single Haneline multi-function gauge to monitor the vitals while an ididit tilt column topped with a vintage Jaguar steering wheel looks downright bitchin'. To complete the vision, the car was sent off to Rich Perez of RP Interiors in Horseheads, New York, to work his magic in creating a memorable design pattern using plenty of deep green and ivory vinyl and complementing light sage green carpeting. Elements like braided door pulls and artfully stitched shifter and emergency brake boots show an endless attention to fine details. Checking out the Deuce in person personifies Posies' commitment to building hot rods that continue to make statements, especially when they're driven dirty!


text: I'm in the market for a new pad. I've heard Big Agnes is the way to go. Can anybody give me some recommedations? I want one that will be lightweight, but also give me a good tough barrier between me and the ground. Is inflatable or a foam pad the way to go? I have an inflatable now and it leaks so I want to get a good one and be done with it. I usually carry mine on the ouside of my Eberlestock so if there is one that will fit inside that would be helpful info also. I remember seeing something in a previous edition of Eastmans that had a recommedation but I can't find it. Any help is greatly appreciated.


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Coming along nicely. Great to see the steps from concept sketch on.
This is my first time participating in one of these challenges. Coincidentally, I was planning to make a map within the very specifications of this mapping challenge. This map will also be used for my RPG campaign, so I figured why not enter it into the challenge. The basis for this map is a lost undersea lab that served as a small research station. the lab is partially intact, but some of of the dome structure is shattered, and the entirety of the lab is now flooded. The lab has been lost for nearly 900+ years, and in my campaign world the player characters have just (re-)discovered it. The research lab has a dormant AI that they would like to awaken. Oh yeah, one more thing, the lab is also magical. It was created in a magictech environment from the distant past, so it has weird technologies involved with it and some which are still functional.
Here is the sketch with my initial ideas for the lab. Pen and paper.
Here, is the inking of it done in Photoshop with a calligraphic brush.
And finally the current WIP
The coloring, and some of the line work are still heavily in WIP mode. I want to make some changes to the color palette. I plan to use saturated colors at first and then desaturate them a bit and overlay a blue color on top with some wavy texture to make it look underwater.
We'll see how it works out.
Coming along nicely. Great to see the steps from concept sketch on.
I figured I had start getting to work on this map, if I am going to finish by the end date. This is two firsts for me: 1) I have never done and undersea/water map. 2) This is is my first challenge map. So far this is what I currently have:
I want it kinda dark and murky, but have the golds, and silvery glass textures stand out from the murkiness. I also need to add a light as if coming from a distant submarine or some sort of diving vessel not shown on the map.
Thanks to torstan's very helpful thread--
--great tips and tricks there.
Here is what I got to finish this challenge. I wish I had more time since there is a lot more that I could do here. But I got to focus on my dissertation right now, so that means maps take a back seat for a bit.
I decided the best way to go with this map was to make it sort of a cartoon-like scene viewed from a sub's porthole looking down on the sea floor. I decided not to add text directly to the map, but just leave some text on the brass of the porthole instead.
This is my first challenge. It was quite fun.
Now back to dissertating.


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Part 20: Proper PatchingWritten by on November 1, 2004 Contributors: Muscle Car Restorations The correct way to fix rust
Years ago, a lot of "car guys" considered a rust hole repair as juststuffing a news-paper in the hole, smearing a mixed plastic substanceover it, and a close match of rattlecan paint to finish it off.Thankfully, the hobby has forced us to take better care of ourdisappearing autos, and rust repair has definitely been an issue. Rustis a corrosion product primarily consisting of hydrated iron oxide.Whether you live along the coastline, inland, in a large city or smallvillage, rust is a serious problem. All vehicles are subject to at leastone of the following factors: rain, snow, humidity, damp salty air, wetroads, the home garage, atmospheric chemicals, car washing, and so on.All of these considerably accelerate the corrosion of vehicles.Hopefully, everyone has taken the necessary steps to prevent rust fromoccurring on their Mopars, but let's say you have a hole that needsrepaired. Well, we're here to help.
We decided to have Muscle Car Restorations (MCR) in Chippewa Falls,Wisconsin, show us how they would repair a hole in the rearquarter-panel of a car. these guys are so good at what they do we areconfident (with proper care) the rust will not come back. You would needsome pretty extensive tools to properly handle a repair like this. Itemslike an air compressor, welder, and cutting tools are just thebeginning.
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
The first thing is to determine just how much rust the car has. Thispanel may look like it just has some small pin-holes, but the entirearea around the holes will need to be cut out to ensure only rust-freemetal is left.Before any repairs can begin, you need to find out what needs to berepaired. Since the entire car is getting repainted, the body was mediablasted.MCR first marks out where the cuts will be made. We use masking tape forour lines to ensure a straight line; if you use a marker, it may getrubbed off.The cutting wheel follows the tapeline. this is crucial for metalreplacement because the repair piece must fit snugly in the opening. MCRreplaces the cut-out metal with a new piece of metal cut to the exactsize of the opening. This eliminates an overlap of metal, and whensmoothed produces an invisible repair.The cut-out piece is placed on the new metal for tracing. Keep in mind,the new metal must fit the cut-out hole precisely.The nice thing about our repair is the panel being repaired is almost aflat piece. Cutting the new metal on a break ensures a straight cut.This is also a necessity for replacement. you can always trim the newmetal a little, but making it larger can present a problem, so cutaccordingly.At the bottom of our repair, the metal rolled under the body. We use abreak to give the beginning of the body roll a straight line to formthe start of the bend.The replacement piece is fitted to the hole, and the welding can begin.The spot welds should be spaced far enough apart to avoid metal warpageduring welding.
When the grinding is done, a minimal amount of plastic filler is neededjust to "skim-coat" the repaired area. After that is smoothed toperfection, we cover it with a good primer/sealer and are ready forpaint.Quality materials are the backbone of a quality repair job. If you arestill buying your paint supplies at a flea market, let's just say you'llget what you paid for. Products, like these from PPG, will create a longlasting repair.


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Prize goes unclaimed for photo contest
Published: Saturday, August 2, 2014 at 6:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, August 1, 2014 at 5:21 p.m.
In Thursday's column, I ran a photo taken at the Land Bridge Trailhead off County Road 475A and invited readers to tell me Where Is It? The third correct entry was to be named the winner of a modest, but nice little prize.
As recorded by my faithful little computer time-keeper, the first entry came rolling in at 7:52 a.m. from Leslie Thorn, Belleview, who had the correct answer. Gwenda Ward, Ocala, sent in an incorrect answer at 7:58 a.m. At 8:13 a.m., I received a correct answer from Thomas Brown, town unknown, but his entry was disqualified because he did not include a mailing address. Linda Breske, Ocala, sent in her incorrect answer at 8:38 a.m.
At 10:09 a.m., I received an incorrect answer from Jack Sheets and his entry did not include a mailing address. At 11:08 a.m., another incorrect answer was submitted by Jerry Hodgen, Ocala. At 4:44 p.m., I received the second correct answer (and address) from Iris M. Diaz, Ocala.
No further entries were received by the midnight deadline, so the prize goes unclaimed this time around.
If you missed out, don't fret, we'll do it again Aug. 30, when once again, I'll be asking readers Where Is It?
SEEN IT ALL NOW!: We had been talking about drivers and the different ways they amuse, or irritate, the rest of us. Chris Barnes, Paddock Park South, wrote: "On a Monday morning early last month, around 11:15 a.m., we were driving down County Road 475 and wondered why traffic was only going 30 mph. That's when we saw a vehicle hauling a full-size trampoline. The legs were sticking out on the driver's side, causing oncoming traffic to swerve. The trampoline was brushing tree branches, so the driver would slow down and cross over to the opposite lane to avoid the branches. Thank goodness they turned left at 32nd Street because 475 had a railroad underpass up ahead. Guess we've seen it all now!"
RANDOM ACTS: Ocala's Mary Naughton wrote: "Today, my friend Mo wanted to take a ride with me to Kohl's to shop. Afterwards, we decided to go to Steak 'n' Shake for an ice cream soda, so we went to the one on (State Road) 200.
"Mo decided to go outside and wait while I paid the bill. The woman in line who was in front of me said hello and I returned her greetings. When it was my turn to pay, the cashier said my bill had been paid by 'the Angel.' The cashier would not tell me who it was so that I can thank them myself, so I said tell the Angel that I sure appreciate this. I was beside myself thinking what wonderful people are out there. If you know who does this, please tell them for me that I hope that someday I will meet them to tell them how wonderful they are."
Bob Froelicher, a retired Army guy, said he'd perform a RAK for being named in this column, and I reminded him the tab is 10 RAKs, not just one. He then wrote: "Mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa! I'll perform a baker's dozen RAKs as penance. Thank you for the note in your column."
A SHAME: Georgie Copeland, Ocala, wrote: "My mom, Dorothy Wilcox, and I drive by Winding Oaks Farm frequently. It will be a shame if it does not stay as a farm, and Ocala Stud, too, where they want to build. There are enough empty buildings around already."
GARY'S LIST: Latest subscribers to Gary's List of free weekly recipes distributed by email are Lynne Ricci, Ellee Brown and Lori MacKay, all of Ocala. If you'd like your name on the list, send me your request. This is a freebie.
Please send your comments to firstname.lastname@example.com and include your FULL name and town. This column appears Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday and online at ocala.com.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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text: Let's say, theoretically, you stumble into a parallel universe wherein you have to vote for either Michele Bachmann or Sarah Palin for President. Sure, they're both women, they're both Republicans, they both talk about Margaret Thatcher as though they're buddies, despite the fact that she declines to meet them. But other than that – how do they compare? Is one better than the other? Is one more fleecey? (Yes). We investigated!


text: Home Culture Fences: Performances Well-Worth the Price Score a triple for Denzel Washington and a home run for Viola Davis in the much-hyped--and expensive--production of August Wilson's most famous play. By: Authors Posted: April 25 2010 11:21 PM 0 Joan Marcus Nothing defines August Wilson's 10-play canon more than Fences. Certainly in the public's view: Fences was--is--the late playwright's most successful play to date, raking in the most at the box office (lots) and at the awards shows. (Four Tonys and a Pulitzer Prize.) Set in segregated 1957, it perfectly encapsulated the roots of black rage, particularly black male rage, and the impotency of such fury, answering Langston Hughes' question about the destiny of dreams deferred: They both fester and explode, leaving behind fetid, toxic waste. Not that Wilson's worldview was a bleak one. In his plays, there was hope and humor, and love, beaten down, often tortured love, but love, nonetheless. It's just that when it came to depicting the souls of black folks, Wilson liked to keep it real. You could feel the funk, smell the sweat, taste the ham hocks simmering on the stove. And in keeping it real, with Fences, Wilson created one of the great characters of American dramaturgy: Troy Maxson, a big, bitter, beautiful, black man, a supremely flawed mortal who, if it weren't for the difference in skin color, would find much in common with Willie Loman. So now, 23 years after James Earl Jones first brought Troy Maxson to vigorous life, Denzel Washington has been charged with inhabiting all the ferocity and stalled dreams of Wilson's Pittsburgh garbage man. This is the first Broadway revival of the play, and the combination of these big names--Fences, Wilson, Denzel--has created big buzz, so much so that there's been a run at the box office. Fences, premieres today for a limited, 13-week run, but already, with a week's worth of previews, it pulled in over $700,000. Hopes are high. And yes, for the most part, this newly reconstituted Fences is worth the price of its very steep admission. (Nearly $300 for premium seats; average paid admission is $111.) One very good reason to see this production of Fences is to watch Viola Davis in action. Yes, Fences is a man's play, but it takes a strong woman to offset Troy's forceful tyranny--and a strong actress to offset Washington's star wattage. As Rose, Troy's long, long, long-suffering wife, Davis brings it. This is the kind of performance that wins awards: Davis, who won a Tony for her role in Wilson's King Hedley II, has an easy way with his oft-times poetic language. She's warm and loving, earthy and pragmatic, portraying a woman of her time, a time when wives squashed their desires so that their husbands could realize theirs. As Rose says, she "planted" herself in her husband. And when he betrays her, Rose's deferred dreams explode as well. Watching this explosion is, simply put, stunning. She rages; she weeps; she just is. In lesser hands, this would be prime opportunity for scenery chewing. But with Davis, we're just watching a woman destroyed. Temporarily destroyed. Those who've seen Fences before will remember that, like all of Wilson's plays, it's set in the inner city of his hometown. Troy is a garbage man, yes, but there was a time when he was a baseball player hitting them out of the park with the Negro League. And before that, he was a thief who did time after he killed a man during a botched robbery. Troy's convinced that he shoulda been a contender. "You just came around too early," his friend Bono (played by the wonderful Stephen McKinley Henderson) tells him. But Troy doesn't want to hear that times have changed and that someone named Jackie Robinson is doing just fine playing baseball with the white folks. He's mad at the world, mad at what wasn't, and his rage poisons his relationship with his son, Corey. Corey has a chance to go to college with a football scholarship, but Troy wants him to learn a trade. Keep it safe because there's no way the white man's going to give you a break. (He's got a Booker T. Washington point of view.) "How come you ain't never liked me?" Corey asks him. At times, watching Washington, it's hard to escape the inevitable comparisons to James Earl Jones. Jones owned that role over 20 years ago (and pity poor Billy Dee Williams who took over after Jones. No way he could keep up.) But where Jones is all basso profundo voice and outsized emotion, Washington has an easy jocularity that is at once sexual and teasing. You see the charm in the man, what made Rose fall in love with him, what his friends love about him. And when he finally erupts in anger, you see the menace--a menace that evokes his Oscar-winning turn as the bad cop in Training Day. Early on, Washington, a stage veteran who got his start with the famed Negro Ensemble Company, seemed to be struggling a bit with finding his stage voice. But a quarter of the way through, you could see him start to transform, slipping into Troy. Both Jones and Washington are actors whose personas have made them marquee names. In performance, it's hard to escape the fact that you're watching James Earl Jones playing Big Daddy or Denzel Washington playing Malcolm X or Easy Rawlins. To say this isn't to knock their acting abilities--it's just the price of fame and having an outsized presence, the movie actor's conundrum, a conundrum also faced by, say, Cary Grant and Bette Davis decades before them. But this can be a problem for the actors acting opposite them. Clearly, Davis can hold her own, but Chris Chalk, as Corey, doesn't have quite the power to play a worthy opponent to Washington's Troy. (In the original production, Troy's son was played by Courtney B. Vance, who was nominated for a Tony for his performance.) Nor does Mykelti Williamson fare much better. As Gabriel, Troy's war-damaged brother, Williamson is a jarring presence, evoking unwelcome comparisons to his turn as "Bubba" in Forrest Gump. It's been said that an August Wilson play isn't a director's play (notwithstanding his long, fruitful collaboration with the late Lloyd Richards); rather, it's all about the actor. His plays--and Fences is no exception--are naturalistic and deceptively simple, requiring relatively straight-forward staging. No bells and whistles and outré interpretation is needed, and director Kenny Leon, who directed Wilson's Radio Golf, played with restraint. (Similarly, Branford Marsalis' music--from snippets of big band to rough and ready blues to spirituals--serves as a perfect punctuation in between scenes.) The actors, and Wilson's gorgeous language, are the true stars here. Teresa Wiltz is The Root's senior editor. Follow her on Twitter. Become a fan of The Root on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter. Get what we're watching delivered to your inbox everyday! Sign up for our daily video newsletter below. Page 1 of 2 NEXT PAGE > Powered by Livefyre 0


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Windows Live Mail is part of Windows Live Essentials, a suite of free programs for photos, movies, instant messaging, and more. The programs are downloaded together, but can be uninstalled separately.
Double-click Windows Live Essentials 2011.
Click Remove one or more Windows Live programs.
Select Mail, and then click Uninstall.
See all support pages for Windows Essentials.
Ask your question in the community forums.


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Monday, February 25, 2008
Opera fans won't want to miss the spring production of the UWG Opera Workshop's presentation of "Cosi fan tutte" on Thursday, March 6, and Saturday, March 8, at 8:15 p.m. in the Townsend Center for the Performing Arts at the University of West Georgia.
Considered one of the greatest operatic masterpieces ever, "They (Women) All Do It" is the last opera written and composed by Mozart before his untimely death in 1791. The comedic and bawdry production explores the issues of trust in relationships between males and females and will be sung in English, with full period costumes and scenery designed by professional guest artists.
Directed by Dr. Larry Frazier, professor of music, and accompanied on a Boesendorfer Grand Piano by Dr. Joel Williams, the evening promises to be one of great entertainment. The cast includes guest baritone Philip Jones, a UWG alumnus, and voice and music majors Rose Blanchard of Austell; Andrea Pearson of Woodstock; Nandani Persaud of Dalton; Jeff Orme of Douglasville; Joseph Bryan of Cataula; Lindsey Rhodes of White; and Jessica Sheffield of McDonough.
Tickets are $10 for adults, $7 for senior citizens, $5 for county and city students, $3 for children 12 and under and free for UWG students with ID. TCPA box office hours are Monday – Friday from 10 a.m. – 4 p.m. For more information, call the TCPA at 678-839-4722.


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Plus Blog
December 11, 2014
If you've ever redecorated a bathroom, you'll know that there are only so many ways in which you can tile a flat plane. But once you move into the curved world of hyperbolic geometry, possibilities become endless and the most amazing fractal structures ensue. Beautiful images such as these form the heart Indra's pearls: the vision of Felix Klein by Caroline Series, David Wright and David Mumford.
Image by David Wright
For a feel of the book read our short introduction to the maths behind their beautiful images. In the book itself, as well as pages of stunning images, you'll find instructions for how to create the images yourself, as well as detailed explanation of the mathematics involved. One of the most compelling ideas is the way these contained images can represent the infinite. In many eastern philosophies, especially Buddhist, this idea of the infinite appearing from copies within copies is pervasive: "In a single atom, great and small lands, as many as atoms." This concept was so exactly reflected in the mathematics of their pictures that it inspired the title of the book, taken from the ancient Buddhist myth of Indra's Web:
In the heaven of the great god Indra is said to be a vast and shimmering net, finer than a spider's web, stretching to the outermost reaches of space. Strung at each intersection of its diaphanous threads is a reflecting pearl. Since the net is infinite in extent, the pearls are infinite in number. In the glistening surface of each pearl are reflected all the other pearls, even those in the furthest corners of the heavens. In each reflection, again are reflected all the infinitely many other pearls, so that by this process, reflections of reflections continue without end.
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December 10, 2014
Why do diamonds sparkle? Why is the shower the best place to sing? Where is the 4th dimension in Dali's paintings? If you don't know the answers to these questions, or perhaps didn't even know you didn't know these interesting facts, then John D. Barrow's book will help. Its title, 100 essential things you didn't know you didn't know about maths and the arts, explains what's in it and you can a taster for Barrow's writing in this Plus article. You can be sure it's good though, after all this is Barrow's 22nd book!
If you like your science and maths visual, then we also recommend Barrow's book Cosmic imagery, which explores some key images in the history of science (find out more in our visual podcast). If, on the other hand, you like your arts and crafts to be mathematical, then check out Crafting by concepts and Origami polyhedra design.
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December 9, 2014
If you've got maths friends then you might have noticed that a large subset of them are also Simpsons fans. And there's a good reason for that: as Simon Singh's book The Simpsons and their mathematical secrets explains, a large number of Simpsons writers are mathematicians. The book explores the maths that has been hidden (and not so hidden) throughout the series and will make a great present for maths/Simpsons nerds.
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December 8, 2014
In June this year five mathematicians turned into millionaires when they were awarded the Breakthrough Prize set up by Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and internet entrepreneur Yuri Milner. Simon Donaldson, Maxim Kontsevich, Jacob Lurie, Terry Tao and Richard Taylor each received £1.8m. That's more than the £930,000 that's awarded for the Nobel prize and should make up for the fact neither of the five is likely to ever to receive a Nobel: there isn't one for mathematics.
Back in November the five winners gave a lectures at the Breakthrough Prize Symposium, which have been filmed for you to watch. We especially recommend Terence Tao's talk on collaboration in maths (mathematicians seem to be getting more sociable):
Richard Taylor's talk about some beautiful number theory (does get a little technical later but starts very accessibly):
And Jacob Lurie's talk on analogy and abstractions in maths, involving some impossible shapes:
Simon Donaldson and Maxim Kontsevich's talks are a little more technical, but still worth a look if you're a bit more advanced in maths. Just click on the links!
December 8, 2014
Time travel anyone? Human-eating aliens? Exploding Suns? If that sounds good to you, then Keith Mansfield's series of three Johnny Mackintosh books is what you need. And it doesn't matter how old you are. The hero of the books is thirteen-year-old Johnny Mackintosh, who is busy with football and school work when he picks up signals from extraterrestrials and is catapulted into an adventure that culminates in a mission to save the Earth. Which means that those books are great for anyone aged from about 10 upwards with a taste for adventure and sic-fi — and an interest in mind-bending concepts from real science, which are woven into the plot from the start.
Maths and science related books for children that are fun as well us instructive are rare, so we'd like to mention another couple that have gone down very well with our own offspring. Richard Schwartz's Really big numbers and You can count on monsters are beautifully illustrated books that give kids from around 6 to 8 and intuitive understanding of our number system and prime numbers (respectively). So there's no excuse not to give some maths to your younger friends and family this Christmas!
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December 7, 2014
What's your favourite number? If it's 7 then you're not alone. Alex Bellos, one of our favourite maths authors, conducted a survey this year to find the world's favourite number. After polling more than 30,000 people from around the world, he found that the winner was ... 7!
To find out more about the poll, see favouritenumber.net or read Alex's book Alex through the looking glass. We also highly recommend Alex's adventures in number land.
Happy reading!
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Tonight conditions were much cooler than a few days ago. And I was in for a big surprise. While I would have prefered to have sketched M42 from a dark site last new Moon, conditions weren't condusive to using much magnification. Even at low power, M42 from a dark site is a totally different beast than when viewed from home.
As the sketch progressed, seeing improved. To the point that not only was able to seen Trapezium E & F, but other component stars that are even fainter! Truely remarkable! While I've seen Trap' E & F before, tonight I could count a further 6 additional stars around the Trapezium.
The second attached image is a close up of the Trapezium.
Tonight I added tha circle of death to the sketch to give the piece a little more context on what I could see though the eyepiec.
Object: M42 & M43
Scope: 17.5" f/4.5 push-pull dob
Gear: 13mm modified Hyperion, 153X, OIII filter
Date: 15th Jan. 2013
Location: Sydney, Australia.
Media: Soft pastel, chacoal & white ink on A4 sized black paper
Time: Approx 2.5 hrs.


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Greensboro, NC -- Greensboro police found two women - one who was reported missing - dead in a home Thursday night after receiving information from authorities in Germantown, TN.
Yan Wu's co-workers at UNCG filed a missing persons report Thursday. Police said her fellow employees were concerned after she didn't show up to work for several days.
Officers were unable to find Wu or her husband, Guanghui Lei, during their daytime investigation. The couple and two children have a home in the 400 block of Coronado Drive.
Tennessee authorities alerted Greensboro Police Department they located Lei in Germantown. Based on new information, investigators went into the home on Coronado Drive where they found Wu and Lei's sister, Bi Fang Liu, shot dead.
According to neighbors, the couple and their children never seemed out of place.
"He always had a smile," said Lin Lawson who says Guanghui was always very friendly and helpful as a neighbor.
"They were very quiet; the children were quiet. There was a little bit of a language barrier," said another neighbor, Rachel Shirley.
The couple's children were found unharmed in Germantown. Police there are trying to place them either with social service or a family member.
"You never know what goes on in someone's home or what their personal lives are for something like this to happen," said Lawson.
Police say Lei is in custody in Germantown, awaiting extradition to NC. He has been charged with two counts of First Degree Murder.
According to UNCG, Wu was the assistant director for the school continual learning division. She worked at the school for more than 10 years after getting a master's degree in 2002.
In a statement to News 2, the school wrote, in part, "we offer our condolences and payers to Yan's family. Her bright spirit and committment to Higher Education will be greatly missed."


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MARIETTA, Ga -- What would you do if your child all of a sudden stopped breathing? It's a frightening scenario that one Marietta mother found herself in just last week.
"I was sitting in the living room with the baby and I noticed that he was off that day. He seemed kind of non-responsive to my smile. Something didn't feel right. At that point I put my finger under his nose and realized he was not breathing," said Susanna Rohm, mother of 12 weeks old Isiah Rohm.
RESOURCE GUIDE | CPR Classes and Certification
"We were outside playing football and somebody yelled call 911," said Rocky Hurt, 9 years old, and Ethan Wilson, 10 years old. They helped save the life of the infant.
"I said even if it's a burglar we still need to help because it's the right thing to do," Hurt said.
"We found that the baby was not breathing. She was splashing water on his face and Rocky and I thought she was doing CPR," Wilson added.
"I am just continuing to scream not knowing what to do and then Rocky runs in, whom I never met, and he is standing behind me," Rohm said.
"Use two fingers, push on the chest 5-10 times, tilt back the baby's head, plug the nose, and breathe into the baby's month," the boys added.
"He said it so confidently that I just listened to him right away," Rohm said.
Hurt and Wilson said they learned how to do CPR from posted signs at their school cafeteria, Sedalia Park Elementary.
"We just wanted to know just in case it happened but we never knew we would have to do it in real life," the boys said.
"If Rocky hadn't been outside playing right then, I definitely would not have the baby sitting in my lap right now," Rohm added.
"We didn't care if we were on the news, we just cared about saving that baby," the boys said.
While a bill is pending in the State Legislature to require basic CPR training in schools across Georgia, you can get training now for you and your children.
The courses are offered through the American Red Cross, the American Heart Association and Georgia CPR.


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CHICAGO (AP) — The creator of Beanie Babies stuffed animals has been charged with federal tax evasion for allegedly failing to report income earned in a secret offshore account, and he's agreed to pay a more than $53 million penalty.
Prosecutors in Chicago announced charges Wednesday against H. Ty Warner. His attorney issued a statement saying the 69-year-old would plead guilty and pay a penalty of more than $53 million.
Defense lawyer Gregory Scandaglia called the matter an "unfortunate situation" that Warner "has been trying to resolve for several years."
Warner lives suburban Chicago and is the sole owner of TY Inc. The company designs and sells plush toy animals, including Beanie Babies.
According to charging documents, Warner maintained a secret offshore account with the Switzerland-based financial services company, UBS, starting in 1996.


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The Scout300 is loaded with prospects on the West Team's offense and we take a look at them by position here.
The nation's top quarterback leads the quarterback trio in San Antonio in Sammamish (Wash.) Skyline's Max Browne.
The Gatorade National Player of the Year, Browne will be the second Skyline quarterback in the last four years in the game, the USC commit following former Skyline passer Jake Heaps.
Lone Star State native Tyrone Swoopes, who's headed to Texas, is one of four future Horns on offense. Swoops is ranked 6th nationally in the 2013 class.
LSU commit Hayden Rettig from Los Angeles rounds out the group. The future Tiger bounced back from a season-ending knee injury as a junior to lead his school to the section semifinals.
Running Back
The quartet this team has at this position is one of the best positional units in the game.
The West, and the nation's top running back, Justin Davis, leads the way, one of three USC commits on offense for the West.
He's joined by the West's #2 back, Thomas Tyner, the Oregon native who's committed to play for the in-state Ducks. Tyner had a monster senior season, including one in which he ran for over 600-yards and 10 touchdowns.
Illinois native Ezekiel Elliott joins the group before he heads to Ohio State, a four-star back ranked in the top ten nationally.
And Altee Tenpenny, from neighboring Arkansas, is a four-star back and a commit to Alabama who completes a running back group that is heavy on power.
Wide Receiver/Tight End
The bloodlines are strong at the receiver position, with two Texas natives, who will be heading to Notre Dame, having famous fathers, but making a name for themselves.
Future Irish receivers Corey Robinson, who will represent San Antonio, is the son of legendary San Antonio Spurs center David Robinson. The younger Robinson was at the U.S. Army Combine last January.
He is joined by Torii Hunter Jr., the son of MLB All-Star Torii Hunter. Hunter was named MVP of The Opening this past summer and then committed to the Irish during the fall.
Three other Lone Star State receivers join the group, two future Texas A&M pass-catchers in Derrick Griffin and Ricky Seals-Jones, the nation's premier receiver.
Texas commit Jake Oliver is the fifth Texas native in the game at the receiver position.
The lone Californian at receiver is Steven Mitchell, who's committed to USC, and starred at the U.S. Army Combine last year. He's likely to see a lot of passes from Browne, his future teammate at USC and a teammate at The Opening.
There are two LSU commits that will be targeted, and will get a chance to play with their future teammate in Rettig, in receiver John Diarse and tight end Desean Smith.
Offensive Line
Its a strong group of offensive linemen on the West roster, after having one of the best collection of linemen the game has seen a year ago.
Deon Mix, the top lineman in Mississippi, and a commit to Mississippi State, and Josh Boutte from Louisiana, an LSU commit, are two of the linemen headed to the SEC.
Texas will be getting two offensive linemen from the game, Jake Raulerson and Kent Perkins both having committed to the Horns.
Nico Falah, who's committed to USC, leads the West's tackle rankings and Chris Fox, who's committed to Michigan, heads the West's top guard rankings.
They're joined by another Western prospect in Reeve Koehler, the lone Hawaiian prospect selected to the game.
Notre Dame pledge Steve Elmer out of Michigan rounds out the group.
Special Teams
The two specialists in the game are both from Colorado, Auburn commit Daniel Carlson the kicker selection and Miles Bergner, who's headed to South Dakota.
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Learning from Day One
Business 120 Freshman Course
BUS 120 is the College of Business Administration's innovative, team-taught course designed to introduce our freshman business students to the dynamic global world of business.
Unique Experience
Business is an exciting and fast-changing field and the successful business student will want to start understanding the dynamics of how the real business world works as soon as possible. At Niagara University, you enroll directly into the business school and start in BUS 120, a required course for all incoming freshman. BUS 120 is designed to get students up to speed on the language and trends in business, as well as to develop important computer and communication skills.
At many universities, you may not be able to take business courses such as management, marketing and finance until your junior year, but at Niagara University you begin on day one of your freshman year to learn about all aspects of business and management.
We believe our freshman students are ready and eager to begin learning the language of business, the stories of successful firms, career options, and gain a better understanding of the technology and practices that are driving business today. According to Dr. Jim Kling, BUS 120 professor and chair of the department of management,
The more time students have to process the lessons of the real world of business, the sooner they will understand where their opportunities can be found. As faculty members, we are working hard to accelerate the students' business knowledge learning curve so they will have a competitive advantage when they graduate.
The Curriculum
The students read two business books and complete a reading assignment as part of the curriculum - Rich Dad, Poor Dad and Start Something That Matters that allow them to start thinking about what it means to be successful in business.
A day long, required BUS 120 retreat is held on campus in September. The students get to know each other and their professors while learning about business and participating in a financial board game, and several team building activities." For more information about the retreat click here.
We have been continuously improving our freshman business experience for 17 years. This course includes different modules that expose students to various aspects of business and also give them the skills they will need to succeed in the business world. Business freshmen learn how to find and interpret business news from finance to current global issues using the technology in our Financial Services Laboratory.
BUS 120 students also complete a module on proper business etiquette and professional communication including how to properly dress for various business functions. click here for business attire guide
BUS 120 students also have the opportunity to participate in a service learning project that sends thousands of lightly-used sandals from Niagara Falls' Cave of the Winds to developing countries and much more.
Contrast these experiences with other schools, which often don't allow you to take business courses or enter the business school until your junior year. If you are serious about your business career, do not wait any longer, join the BUS 120 team (Dr. Jim Kling, Dr. Anna McNab and Prof. Mitch Alegre) on this rewarding journey!