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A biblical and scientific Adam
Science | A challenge to evangelicals who have backed away from an historic Adam, using a theologically informed look at ape ancestry genetic claims
As the battle between Darwinism and the Bible rages, some evangelicals have backed away from maintaining that Adam and Eve were real, historical individuals created in the way Genesis 2 relates:
"… the LORD God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature. … So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. And the rib that the LORD God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man."
In a just-published article from the Westminster Theological Journal, Westminster Theological Seminary professor Vern Poythress brilliantly explains why such a surrender is wrong biblically and scientifically. Poythress, with both a Th.D. and a Harvard Ph.D. in mathematics, is well-positioned to write about both theology and evolutionary theory. He has published 13 books, including Redeeming Science and Redeeming Sociology, and numerous scholarly articles. We post this new one with the author's and WTJ's permission. —Marvin Olasky
Adam versus claims from genetics
Did Adam and Eve exist? Does science say otherwise? The human genome project has produced voluminous data about the information contained in human DNA. Various news media and scientists tell us that this information demonstrates our ape ancestry. How do we evaluate these claims?
Evaluation is important for theological reasons. As the claims based on genetics have mounted, the theological discussion about Adam has heated up. From people with biblical and theological training we hear the argument that we must revise our understanding of the Bible and theology because we have to accept that evolution is an established fact.[1] In response, we hear the opposing argument that the Bible and theology call on us to retain the conviction that Adam was a historical individual whose fall into sin resulted in guilt and sin for all his descendants.[2] On both sides, people with training in biblical studies have understandably avoided discussing in detail the character of the scientific claims, and yet these have obviously greatly influenced the side that has abandoned the traditional understanding of Adam.[3] It is important to undertake a theologically informed evaluation of claims coming from genetics.
We cannot within a short compass examine all the claims and all the evidence in detail. But we can summarize some of the main points, and direct readers to more extensive information.
I. Ninety-nine percent common DNA
We may begin with a commonly cited statistic, the 99 percent identity between human DNA and chimp DNA. In 2005 the Cornell University News Service reported: "Chimpanzees and humans share a common ancestor, and even today 99 percent of the two species' DNA is identical."[4] In 2010 the University of California at San Francisco News mentioned the same figure: "The genetic codes of chimps and humans are 99 percent identical."[5] In 2005 the National Institutes of Health News reported, "Our closest living relatives share perfect identity with 96 percent of our DNA sequence."[6]
But assessing these claims is more challenging than it may appear. Note that the NIH report mentions 96 percent instead of 99 percent. Why? The same NIH report also includes the figure of 99 percent further on in its description, so none of the figures is an error. It turns out that the 99 percent figure arises by using a number of restrictions: (1) ignore repetitive portions, (2) compare only sequences that can be aligned naturally with one another, and (3) consider only base-pair substitutions, not "indels" (see below).
Comparisons of this kind get technical, because there can be several kinds of correspondence and noncorrespondence between DNA strands. Let us lay out briefly some of the issues. At the level of molecular structure, DNA contains a "code" composed of four "letters," namely, ACGT (the letters stand for four distinct bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine). The DNA code uses a particular sequence of letters, such as ATTGTTCTCGGC, to specify the exact sequence of amino acids that are to be used to construct a protein.[7] Human DNA and chimp DNA align when one finds the same sequence of letters in both kinds of DNA:
A variation is called a "substitution" when there is a different letter at some one point in the sequence:
(The T does not match the G in the middle of the sequence.) A variation is called an "indel" (short for insertion/deletion) when one of the sequences has extra letters:
If the comparison focuses only on substitutions within aligned protein-coding regions, the match is 99 percent. Indels constitute roughly a 3 percent difference in addition to the one percent for substitutions, leading to the figure of 96 percent offered by the NIH.
II. Or less
But we have only begun. The 96 percent figure deals only with DNA regions where an alignment or partially matching sequence can be found. It turns out that not all the regions of human DNA align with chimp DNA. A technical article in 2002 reported that 28 percent of the total DNA had to be excluded because of alignment problems, and that "for 7% of the chimpanzee sequences, no region with similarity could be detected in the human genome."[8]
Even when there is alignment, the alignment with other primate DNA may be closer than the alignment with chimp DNA: "For about 23% of our genome, we share no immediate genetic ancestry with our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. This encompasses genes and exons to the same extent as intergenic regions."[9] The study in question analyzed similarities with the orangutan, gorilla, and rhesus monkey, and found cases where human DNA aligns better with one of these than with chimpanzees.
III. The challenge of interpreting data
The data from the human genome project and similar projects for chimpanzees and other animals has to be interpreted. It does not interpret itself. What is the significance of the similarities? Do they in fact show that human beings have ape ancestry? Do they imply that we are little more than naked apes? Do they tell us who we are as human beings?
The reigning framework for the interpretation of genetic information and biological origin is Darwinism. Darwinism is much more than the observation that we can breed dogs or that we can study the effects of mutations in fruit flies.[10] Darwinism says that all kinds of living things came into being by purely gradualistic processes. In the popular mind, and indeed also among many scientists, Darwinism also involves the additional assumption that the process of change over time was unguided and purposeless—in other words, God, if He exists, is absent. When applied to the question of human origins, Darwinism implies that we are here by accident, and the kind of race that we are is an accident. Darwinism excludes design by a supernatural Designer; it also excludes in principle the idea of a sudden origin of a new kind of living thing through direct creation from nonliving material, or through multiple simultaneous mutations, or through large scale reorganization of living cells, or any kind of event that could realistically have taken place only through the presence of a Designer.
We must take into account the influence of Darwinism as a framework, because the framework guides how people interpret the significance of genetic similarities. The similarities exist—of that there is no doubt. But what do they mean?
IV. No purpose?
First, we should distinguish two issues, the issue of purpose and the issue of gradual processes. They are distinct. According to the teaching of the Bible, God is continually involved in ruling the world providentially. He is intimately involved in regular, gradual processes; His presence is not confined to miracles or exceptions. The following verses in the Bible illustrate God's involvement:
"You [God] make springs gush forth in the valleys" (Psalm 104:10).
"You cause the grass to grow for the livestock
and plants for man to cultivate" (Psalm 104:14).
"You make darkness, and it is night" (Psalm 104:20).
"When you send forth your Spirit,
they [the next generation of animals] are created,
and you renew the face of the ground" (Psalm 104:30).
In particular, God is active in the formation of human life in a mother's womb:
"For you formed my inward parts;
you knitted me together in my mother's womb" (Psalm 139:13).
God is active as primary cause in addition to the secondary causes that are involved in spring water, the growth of grass, the coming of darkness, the birth of animals, and the gestation and birth of human beings. God has purposes in all these events. Within the picture presented in the Bible, scientific analysis of the secondary causes describes how God brings about His purposes—He does so through gradual processes.
Now for the sake of argument let us suppose that the mainstream picture of gradualism is true, that is, purely gradual processes produced all living things. That picture is completely compatible with God having done it all for His own purposes.[11] When Darwinism says that the process is "purposeless," it might mean merely that scientific research, narrowly conceived, is not competent to discern the purposes, but only the processes. But in the popular mind, Darwinism is much more: It implies that the purposelessness of the process is definitively established. And that claim overreaches the evidence and the competence of science. It is really a philosophical and religious claim. It makes sense only if a person already knows or believes that God does not exist or that God cannot have purposes that He is accomplishing in gradual processes. The belief is simply smuggled in; it is not an inference just from raw data.
Moreover, the belief about absence of purpose has the potential for feeding back into scientific investigation and influencing scientific interpretation. If there is no God or no purpose, gradualism is virtually the only option, and adherents may cling to it uncritically.[12]
V. Gradualism
Now consider the second issue, the issue of gradualism. According to the picture in the Bible, God can work as He wishes. Many times He works through gradual processes, as we have observed. The regularity of these processes reflects God's faithfulness. But He is not a prisoner underneath these processes. His rule over the world is what establishes the processes in the first place.[13] He is free to work exceptionally, whenever He wishes. The experimental aspect of science is possible because of the regularities in God's rule. But, rightly understood, science is subject to God and cannot presume to dictate to Him what He has to do. It cannot forbid exceptions. Thus, exceptions are possible in the case of one-time, unrepeatable events, such as the origin of the universe, the origin of the first life, and the origin of human beings. The gradual processes that represent the usual means for God's rule may have exceptions.
It has now become customary for mainstream representatives of Darwinism to say that the discussion of possible exceptions is not a matter of science but of religion. Of course it depends on how one defines science. But it also depends on how one defines religion. If Darwinism says that the events involving the origins of living things are purposeless, it is making a quasi-religious claim about the lack of God's involvement. If it says that there are no exceptions to gradualism, it is also presuming that it knows beforehand how God will interact with life, and that too is a religious claim. Atheism is a "religion" in this sense, because it makes a claim about God, namely, that He does not exist. And Darwinism is a "religion" in this sense, because it makes claims about the involvement of God.
The important feature here is that within the mainstream of modern culture Darwinism is not seen as religious, but merely "neutral" and "scientific." Why? Because the religious assumptions have already been incorporated into the "scientific" theory in the form of underlying assumptions about lack of purpose and gradualism. We are simply told that "this is how science is done."[14] Because of the cultural prestige of science and scientists, many people simply accept the present state of things as if it were the only possibility. But once we question the underlying assumptions, it becomes clear that there are other possible ways of construing the meaning of science: Science studies the regularities of God's providential rule, and can do so without making assumptions that ban the idea of divine purposes or ban God's exceptional acts.
VI. Interpreting the evidence
Now we can return to consider the similarities between human DNA and chimp DNA. What is the meaning of this evidence? It depends on the framework that we have for interpreting the evidence. If our framework is Darwinism, with its purposelessness and gradualism, clearly the similarities confirm the standard picture of gradualism. We postulate a gradual series of mutations by which a common pool of ancestors gradually separated into a proto-human and a proto-chimp line. The evidence confirms the framework because we already have the framework.
If, on the other hand, we use a framework in which God has purposes, He may act either gradually or exceptionally. Whichever means He uses, the DNA is fundamentally His design. The similarities are the product of His intelligent design. Both the similarities and the differences have purposes in the mind of God (though we ought not to presume to claim detailed knowledge about all His purposes). They testify to His wisdom, whether He brought about the present situation by gradual processes or by one or more exceptional acts. We cannot presume to say just how He did it without looking both at the data and whatever we have come to know about God.
The most striking genetic similarities between humans and chimps lie in many of the protein coding regions within the DNA. That is understandable from the standpoint of design, because proteins are the backbone of chemical machinery inside a cell. Cells have to have machinery for metabolism, for cell division, for translating DNA into proteins, for dealing with toxins, and for responding to the environment. The machinery has to accomplish many of the same things in cells of many kinds, so it should not be surprising that there are similarities among proteins not only between man and chimpanzee but throughout the world of living things. God may have brought about these marvelous similarities through gradual processes, if He so chose; but it is up to Him.[15]
Given the prevailing Darwinist framework, it is natural that media reports should concentrate on the striking similarities in protein coding regions, because these allegedly confirm the Darwinian framework. In popular reports, difficulties rising from dissimilarities in other regions of DNA are left in silence, with the expectation that these will be explained by the same framework some time in the future. Without any malicious intent, the evidence naturally selected to put in the forefront is the "confirming" evidence rather than evidence that is still problematic. But before ordinary people are bowled over by the claims, they should ask themselves whether the claims are colored by the assumptions of the framework.[16]
Does it make sense that God would create human beings with so much similarity to animals? Again, it is up to God how He wants to do it. If He wants to make similarities, He can do so—however many similarities He wants. We have to investigate, not presume beforehand to know how He would do it.
The Bible does not offer details about chemical composition or other technical matters about the human body. God had the Bible written for all of us, to tell us about Himself and about what is important for our practical living, not to overwhelm us with technical details that many people would not understand. But it is interesting that the Bible does give hints concerning similarities between human beings and the animal world. Genesis 2:7 says that, when God made man, "the man became a living creature." The expression "living creature" is the same as the expression used in Genesis 1:20, 21, and 24 to describe animals. Man is created from "dust from the ground" (2:7), which also hints at the common material stuff making up his body. Man made in the image of God is supreme over the animals (1:28), but He also has a definite solidarity with them. The language about "the image of God" underlines human uniqueness, but even here there is a subordinate similarity. The Bible indicates that Adam fathered a son "after his image" (Genesis 5:3). This imaging process through fathering has analogies to animal reproduction, such as even ancient people could observe. The common pattern of fathering derives by analogy from God, who is God the Father in relation to His divine Son.[17] This divine original pattern is reflected in an analogical fashion in all the patterns of similarity that we see among living things.
VII. Miracles and solidarity
We can illustrate the principle of solidarity in other kinds of cases. John 2:1-11 describes a miracle in which Jesus turned water into wine. If a scientist had been there to test the product, would the wine have tasted, smelled, and looked like ordinary wine? Would its chemical composition have been the same as wine? We do not know the details, but it is certainly a reasonable possibility that God would choose to work a miracle in such a way that the product would fit naturally into the world that He had already made.
Matthew 1:18-25 and Luke 1:34-37 indicate that Jesus was born of a virgin. If a scientist had been able to test a sample of DNA from Jesus' cells, would he have found a normal human Y chromosome, such as is present in the human DNA of men but not women? The Bible does not speak directly about such details, but Hebrews 2:14, 17; 4:15, and other passages indicate that Jesus was fully human. (Other passages, of course, indicate that He is also fully divine. He is one person with two natures, a divine nature and a human nature. This is a great mystery.) It is reasonable to infer that Jesus' full humanity extended even to details like the Y chromosome. If so, the Y chromosome is an example of a thorough-going DNA match that was not the product of ordinary mammalian reproductive processes. The match is the product of a miracle, and it has a clear divine purpose, namely, that Jesus should be fully human, in solidarity with the rest of humanity, so that He might represent us as our sin bearer and high priest: "Therefore he had to be made like his brothers in every respect, so that he might become a merciful and faithful high priest in the service of God, to make propitiation for the sins of the people" (Hebrews 2:17).
(Of course some people may reject water becoming wine and the virgin birth because they reject miracles in principle. But that is another issue. If God is God, He can work miracles when He chooses.)
Jesus' virgin birth is clearly a most exceptional case, but it shows that we must reckon with more than one possible account for DNA matches. The solidarity of human beings with animals and with primates belongs to a different order than solidarity within the human race, but the broad principle of solidarity remains.[18] John Bloom perceptively asks, "Does man have to be different to be proof that God made him directly?" The answer is no.[19]
VIII. Do percentages matter?
Now for the sake of argument, suppose that human DNA had matched chimp DNA in 99 percent of the cases all along the DNA strands, not merely in cases of single-base substitutions in aligned regions. What would that prove? Within a Darwinian framework, it might suggest that human beings are merely one more primate. But if God exists and is interested in human beings—if indeed He created human beings uniquely in His image, as the Bible indicates (Genesis 1:26-27)—the essential character of human nature is not to be found in quantitative comparisons in the chemistry of DNA. A merely quantitative approach to human nature is part and parcel of a materialistic worldview, where virtually everything reduces in the end to matter and motion. On the other hand, if persons are significant, because God made them, it matters little what is their exact chemical make-up. What matters is that they are persons who can relate to God who is personal. The framework for interpretation is different, and that framework leads to a different assessment of the significance of humanity. The question of genetic similarity remains of interest to scientists, but it is entirely secondary to the question of human significance.[20]
IX. Junk DNA
About 1.2 percent of human DNA has code that is translated into proteins.[21] What about all the rest? When geneticists became aware of noncoding DNA, the Darwinist framework provided an explanation. Noncoding DNA was interpreted as giving us a record of broken evolutionary pieces that no longer had a function—it was "junk" DNA.[22] Francis Collins pointed to this "junk" as one evidence for the gradualistic character of human genetic origins.[23]
But further research has uncovered many positive functions in what was formerly termed "junk." The ENCODE project (the "Encyclopedia of DNA Elements") has endeavored to catalog systematically the noncoding DNA, and reports that more than 80 percent "have now been assigned at least one biochemical function."[24] The leader of the ENCODE project accordingly called for retiring the word "junk."[25]
X. The function of the framework
Is Darwinism in trouble? In one sense, no, because Darwinism has become a flexible framework. Is 98 percent of the genome alleged to be nonfunctional? No problem, because it confirms that Darwinian evolution is messy. Is at least 80 percent of it functional? No problem, because it confirms how efficient natural selection, mutations, and DNA rearrangements are in producing superb fitness and complex functionality.
Many kinds of evidence can be fit plausibly into the Darwinian framework, because the framework itself has evolved over a hundred years to provide space to accommodate evidence.[26] The pervasiveness of the framework makes it difficult for people to stand back far enough to ask crucial questions.[27] Should we exercise skepticism about reigning assumptions? Should we ask whether the framework as a whole needs questioning? A few people see problems. Nobel Prize winner Robert B. Laughlin complains:
"Most important of all, however, the presence of such corollaries [from mass behavior in solid state physics] raises the concern that much of present-day biological knowledge is ideological. A key symptom of ideological thinking is the explanation that has no implications and cannot be tested. I call such logical dead ends antitheories because they have exactly the opposite effect of real theories: they stop thinking rather than stimulate it. Evolution by natural selection, for instance, which Charles Darwin originally conceived as a great theory, has lately come to function more as an antitheory, called upon to cover up embarrassing experimental shortcomings and legitimize findings that are at best questionable and at worst not even wrong. Your protein defies the laws of mass action? Evolution did it! Your complicated mess of chemical reactions turns into a chicken? Evolution! The human brain works on logical principles no computer can emulate? Evolution is the cause! Sometimes one hears it argued that the issue is moot because biochemistry is a fact-based discipline for which theories are neither helpful nor wanted. The argument is false, for theories are needed for formulating experiments. Biology has plenty of theories. They are just not discussed—or scrutinized—in public. The ostensibly noble repudiation of theoretical prejudice is, in fact, a cleverly disguised antitheory, whose actual function is to evade the requirement for logical consistency as a means of eliminating falsehood."[28]
One basic problem is that gradualism has become a built-in, unchallengeable assumption of the theory. In cases where gradualism is difficult to manage, Darwinism papers over the difficulties by citing other kinds of confirmatory evidence, by assuring us that the theory is well-established ("fact"), that the presence of the final form demonstrates that there must be a gradualistic path leading to it,[29] and that the difficulties would dissolve if we had more information. Scientists trust in current scientific theories, and in many cases the trust is warranted. But such trust is a form of faith, and it is unwise to denounce those who find themselves unable to muster the same faith.
XI. Does nonfunctionality matter?
And now, for the sake of argument, suppose it were the case that 98 percent of the human genome were biochemically nonfunctional. Would this outcome be decisive for our understanding of human nature and human origins? No, because we do not know the mind of God. Nonfunctionality, if it had existed, would still have to be interpreted, and it takes a framework to do this interpretation. More than one framework is possible, as we have already pointed out. If the framework is Darwinism, then nonfunctionality confirms Darwinian claims about the purposeless character of evolution. If the framework includes an affirmation of God's providential control—an affirmation found repeatedly in the Bible—then God has His purposes, whether or not we can discern them. Many of the ways of God are past finding out. The fact that we cannot figure out purposes does not mean that God does not have any.
And there is at least one possible purpose that is actually suggested by the Bible's teaching on the creation of man—namely, solidarity. Man is created both to rule and to have solidarity with the animals and plants over which he rules. The solidarity may be extensive, and if some DNA were to prove not to have biochemical functionality, it might still include either reminders of the fall of man, or reminders that the original unfallen creation, though good, was a beginning point that would lead to something even better, a new heavens and a new earth (Revelation 21:1). Thus, even if, for the sake of argument, we were to imagine for ourselves a world in which large amounts of DNA are nonfunctional from a narrow, biochemical point of view, it might still be the case that God could give it a "function" at a completely different level, as an expression of either solidarity or reminders of the fall or reminders of hope for the future. It is presumptuous to assume that, if we could find no function within narrow boundaries, we could draw firm conclusions about the purposes of God or lack of purpose.
XII. The minimum population bottleneck
We should also consider arguments about population size. A number of claims have been made based on studies of the present genetic diversity in the human population. Statistical analysis allegedly shows that there never was a single original human pair, but a larger population; figures of 5,000 or 10,000 are sometimes encountered as minimal figures for any population "bottleneck" in human ancestry.
(A "bottleneck" is a point in time at which the population of a group temporarily falls to a small number. A population can fall suddenly if a famine or plague or other disaster suddenly wipes out most of the population.)
For example, a 1994 study by Francisco Ayala et al. focused on polymorphisms (multiple variations among aligned DNA sequences) that "are shared among contemporary species."[30] Since the polymorphisms are shared by two or more species, they must have been passed on from a group of common ancestors, and the group must have been large enough to contain all of the variations in DNA sequences that match across species. The paper estimates that any population bottleneck must have included "several thousand individuals."[31]
The result sounds impressive, but there are difficulties. The particular genomic area on which Ayala's study focused was the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is involved in immune response. This particular area changes more rapidly over time than most other areas of the genome, because human beings and other animals are forced to adapt in their immune systems to new challenges from attacking parasites, bacteria, and other invaders. Moreover, new invasive threats may confront human beings and other animals simultaneously, and similar changes in the MHC may take place in more than one species in response to the challenges. So similarities in variations in the MHC of different species may result from common invasive challenges. A 2006 article reexamines the MHC evidence and concludes that
"most MHC diversity is de novo generated [i.e., within the human species] and not the result of trans-species inheritance as initially thought (Figueroa et al. 1988; Lawlor et al. 1988). This result finally puts the MHC in line with the bulk of population and evolutionary genetics data, which firmly conclude that a narrow bottleneck [!] has occurred at the origin of our species (Cann et al. 1987; Hammer 1995), a fact inconsistent with massive flow of alleles from one species to the next as required by the trans-species postulate (Ayala et al. 1994)."[32]
Notably, the quotation just given cites Ayala's 1994 paper and implies that it is now obsolete.
Dennis Venema cites several lines of evidence concerning human population size.[33] One paper by Albert Tenesa et al. analyzes linkage disequilibrium.[34] We cannot enter into the details of the technical analysis. Tenesa's paper depends on assumptions about constant rates of mutation and constant rates for chromosomal crossovers (recombinations). Even granted these assumptions, the study indicates that there is an effective limitation to how far one can probe into the past.[35] Information based on correlations between nearer locations on a chromosome probes further into the past, but the analysis always results in figures that represent a rough average over many generations in the human population. Consequently, the principal figures, like 3,100 for non-African populations and 7,500 for the African population, represent average populations over many generations.[36] They say nothing one way or the other about whether the size decreased rapidly to two individuals in the more distant past.
Another line of evidence uses cases where human DNA matches gorilla DNA more closely than chimpanzee DNA. Two supporting technical papers that Venema cites assume that common ancestry is the explanation for these similarities, and then use mathematical models to estimate the average and minimal population of the group of common ancestors for humans and chimpanzees. One paper gives as a principal figure a population of 52,000 to 96,000,[37] while the other gives 12,000 to 21,000.[38] If one grants all the assumptions leading to these figures, they describe the time at which lineages that would eventually lead to humans and to chimpanzees initially separated. They say nothing directly about whether there was a later bottleneck in the population size in the lineage leading to humans.[39] By leaving the question open, the paper does not in fact exclude the possibility of a bottleneck consisting in a single pair—Adam and Eve.
We should, however, be careful to note what assumptions go into the paper near its beginning. The paper assumes that a purely gradualistic process led to the human race, and then tries to calculate, based on that assumption and others, what might be the average population size at the time at which the proto-chimp and proto-human lineages initially diverged. The built-in assumptions imply that a later bottleneck consisting in a single human pair would still be purely gradualistic in nature: The key pair would have arisen by normal processes of primate birth and growth, and would differ only gradualistically from their parents. The assumption of gradualism thus leads to an overall picture that differs from the biblical teaching on Adam and Eve. But the differences arise from the assumption of gradualism, not from the genetic evidence in itself.
Another paper uses genetic diversity among humans today to estimate average population size over the remote past, and offers nine different estimates in the region of 10,000.[40] But these numbers depend on models that assume a constant population size through many generations.[41] The figures are in fact giving us rough averages over long periods of time, so they say nothing about the possibility of two original individuals.
XIII. How long ago did Adam and Eve live?
The studies from population genetics do seem to suggest long periods for the past of human populations. Figures of 40,000 years, 100,000 years, or more crop up in various articles. How do we evaluate these large figures? To begin with, we should observe that these figures all depend on mathematical models that rely on assumptions about the past. The models assume that the past is like the present, and that the rates of mutation and other genetic processes remain the same. If we receive the Bible's instruction, we must be cautious about such assumptions. The assumptions may be right, but then again they may not: The fall into sin resulted in a curse that may have had extended, multi-generational effects on mankind.
In addition, we should try to understand the information that the Bible is giving us with its genealogical records (primarily in Genesis 5 and 10). In his famous chronological calculations, Archbishop Ussher assumed that the main genealogical records in Genesis 5 and 10 had no gaps, that is, that they had omitted no names for intermediate generations. Using that assumption, he calculated backward to a date for creation in 4004 B.C. But the Bible does not say anywhere that its genealogies have no gaps. Moreover, the genealogy in Matthew1:2-16 places the name of Uzziah immediately after Joram (v. 8). When it does so, it omits the names of the intervening generations, Ahaziah, Joash, and Amaziah, which 2 Chronicles 22–25 mentions. Matthew 1:8 thus has a "gap."
William Henry Green did an extensive analysis of biblical genealogies and concluded that they may contain gaps.[42] If they do, the gaps mean that we cannot use Ussher's procedure of adding up the years in the genealogies to obtain a date for the creation of Adam and Eve. The Bible simply does not tell us how long ago it was. Thus, Adam and Eve may have lived further back in time.[43]
XIV. Three sides to the analysis
The question about Adam and Eve is challenging for several reasons. For one thing, research on the genomic information in primates and in other living things continues at a great pace. What looked like firm conclusions in the excitement at an early stage may be modified later. We need patience to assess the research.
In the midst of rapidly expanding research, popular claims made in the name of science easily fall victim to one of three failings: They overreach or exaggerate the implications of evidence, they misread the significance of technical research, or they argue in a circle by assuming the principle of purely gradualistic evolution at the beginning of their analysis.
In addition, the question about Adam and Eve contains several dimensions. It has a scientific side, because scientific reasoning about hominid bones[44] or DNA similarities or population genetics is being cited in favor of dismissing Adam and Eve.[45] For the most part we have focused on this scientific side. But the question also has a side focusing on biblical interpretation, since one of the questions is what the Bible teaches in the various passages that mention Adam or Eve or both.[46] It has a theological side, because theology undertakes the task of summarizing the teaching of the Bible as a whole, and asking about its implications for our own understanding of Christianity; for our understanding of ourselves as human beings (are we descended from Adam, whose one sin has resulted in universal human sin?); and for our living.[47]
XV. Commitments
I am a follower of Christ. So I do not come to this issue in a religiously neutral way.[48] But neither does anyone else. Science itself cannot be practiced without a prescientific faith or trust.[49] For example, scientists must believe (1) that the world displays regularities, (2) that human beings have minds so attuned to these regularities that they have a chance of discerning them, (3) that examination of the world and experimentation concerning its regularities are ethically legitimate, and (4) that scientists ought to and for the most part do remain honest in their examination of the world and their reports of their conclusions.
We can distinguish between approximate formulations of scientific laws by scientists and the real laws "out there," the systems of regularities that scientists believe in even before they do their investigations. I have argued elsewhere that the real law is God's speech, by which He rules the world.[50] All scientists actually rely on God. But, within our modern secularist environment, many scientists attempt to replace God by an impersonalist conception of law—law is just a kind of cosmic mechanism.
The difference is more than academic. If the laws are impersonal and mechanistic, there can be no exceptions to observed regularities. On the other hand, if God as a personal God is governing the world, His personal purposes may include several dimensions. He is faithful in His governance, and His faithfulness leads to the regularities. At the same time, He is personally involved in relation to human beings, and His personal involvements and personal commitments may lead to special acts in accord with special purposes. No one can stop Him from working exceptionally if He wishes.
XVI. Understanding the creation of human beings
This view of God's involvement has implications for Adam and Eve. It is up to God how He wants to go about creating the world. He is sovereign. He specifies all the laws that scientists later explore. He is not a victim or a prisoner of His own laws! He may if He wishes create new species through gradual processes; He may also create in unique ways.[51]
God gave us the Bible in order to guide us. This guidance includes instruction concerning our understanding of who we are as human beings and our understanding of sin as rebellion against God and a disruption of an initially good creation. Most significantly, it also includes the good news of redemption from the pit of sin, accomplished by Christ. If we understand God's purposes in this way from the Bible,[52] we may continue to have confidence that He gave us a reliable account when He spoke about Adam and Eve. They did exist, and they were specially created—"in the image of God." Because of Adam's fall, we are all subject to sin (1 Corinthians 15:21-22; Romans 5:12-21). We must come to Christ for deliverance.


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Readers speak out on assisted living investigation
Letters to the editor on the U-T Watchdog's series on assisted living
Your expose of assisted living centers was excellent, but failed to emphasize the primary reason for the breakdown of regulatory oversight — severe and continuing budget cuts over the past 10 to 12 years.
I am a retired supervisor with Community Care Licensing, the agency responsible for this oversight. Analysts responsible for inspecting these places are caring, hardworking professionals who each handle a caseload of 80 to 100-plus facilities. As a result of staff cuts, the Department of Social Services reduced the number of unannounced inspection visits from annually to once every five years. This ensures that problems at facilities will fester and that seniors will suffer and die.
Ron Swinea
La Mesa
After reading all the horror stories involving assisted living facilities, I suggest that anyone contemplating the use of one do their homework. Research it, visit it often, talk with the residents, become your own very-thorough inspector. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are at stake here for yourself and loved ones.
My mom is in a wonderful one, so they are out there, and it makes me feel great knowing that my mother is very well cared for by great individuals in a beautiful, affordable place.
Allen Stanko
Thank you for reporting this story about neglect and abuse in many senior-care facilities.
This entire matter is sad, disgusting, and appalling. It seems our elected officials and government agencies have time to spend on all kinds of nonsense but can't get around to watching over some of the most helpless people in our communities. They should all be embarrassed and ashamed of themselves.
Bill DiMasi
A police force that hasn't made an arrest in 10 years is not a police force ("Crimes go uninvestigated at assisted living homes," Sept. 10).
A criminal investigator who has not caused for a case to be prosecuted in 10 years is not a criminal investigator.
A police department that is not headed by a professional law enforcement executive is not a police department.
This "department" needs to be dissolved and its assets allocated to the various district attorney offices throughout the state.
Roy Nedrow
Family members finding a suitable assisted living facility for a loved one is a monumental task. Ensuring that a facility is living up to its contract requirements is an additional responsibility.
Just finding a place to park mom or dad doesn't relieve one of ensuring adequate care is being provided. If a facility is not meeting its obligation, neither is the relative.
Bill Stuart
La Mesa
Thank you for the Watchdog articles on assisted living. We have lived in one for 2 1/2 years and like it very much. When my wife became ill, I first looked at outside full-time help, but in this country you have to be a millionaire to afford that.
As people are living longer, we have all the ills and aches of old age. Independent assisted living is the only solution for most of us, and as a result of longer life spans this is a booming business.
I researched 50 before making our move and visited four. There is no way I could have gotten the info that the Watchdog gathered. I looked at six out-of-state facilities, all cheaper than those in Southern California. One thing I insisted on was an emergency room no more than 45 minutes away. You get what you pay for. I quickly discovered that if I could see the ocean, I couldn't afford it.
No one tells you about accidents, so it is easy to stumble on the wrong place. Keep up the good work; you might save lives.

subset: commoncrawl


text: I wondering if you could create graphs in the Server Statistics which are a bit more readable. I mean label the axis, instead of bar graphs use line graphs, perhaps a bit less bright colors. Its somewhat unclear what a few graphs mean. Like the 48 Hours' graph the x axis should be labeled hour of day I'm guessing. Just for example.


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Topic: Is there any API or how I can manage the accounts.
Hello to everybody in iredmail. You have a great project here. We are looking to buy the pro version but we want to know How we can integrate it with our autodelevery feactures.
How I can create an account from another server? Using any API or something that allow us to make it? Or it is all webbased.
- Urgent issue? Pay iRedMail developer to solve it remotely at $39.


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There are two weekends left for official visits, and after a heavy weekend of visitors last weekend, this week is much lighter.
But that doesn't mean there aren't some impact visits to Western schools or Western prospects visiting.
For the second straight weekend, all eyes are on Auburn (Calif.) Placer defensive tackle Eddie Vanderdoes, who's tripping to Notre Dame this weekend. He's joined by Redlands (Calif.) East Valley defensive end Kylie Fitts. Both Vanderdoes and Fitts were longtime USC commits before they opened things up in December and January, respectively, and now they're visiting one of the Trojans' chief rivals.
A couple of commits to schools in California will be visiting SEC schools too. Phoenix (Ariz.) Mountain Pointe offensive tackle Kenny Lacy, a UCLA commit, will visit Arkansas while Stockton (Calif.) Lincoln quarterback Zack Greenlee, a Fresno State commit, will visit Mississippi State.
Mississippi will host Ralston Valley (Colo.) offensive tackle Dan Skipper, a commit to Tennessee. And Wisconsin will be hosting Santa Clarita (Calif.) Golden Valley linebacker Leon Jacobs, a one-time commit to Fresno State.
Arizona State is bringing in San Diego (Calif.) Horizon receiver Darren Carrington, a long time commit to Oregon, who visited Arizona last weekend. Since Chip Kelly's departure, Carrington has decided to take official visits and he's likely tripping to Ohio State next weekend.
California has one of their longtime commits, Cameron Hunt, on campus this weekend for an official visit, but after Oregon wowed him last week, the Bears will have their work cut out for them in keeping him on board. The Bears also have some other uncommitted targets on campus this weekend including Cerritos (Calif.) Gahr cornerback Patrick Enewally and Encino (Calif.) Crespi outside linebacker Ray Davison.
UCLA will be hosting a pair of in-state commitments in Orange (Calif.) Lutheran offensive guard John Lopez and Moreno Valley (Calif.) Rancho Verde offensive tackle Poasi Moala.
Washington will have their chance at Bellevue (Wash.) linebacker Myles Jack, the Northwest's top defensive prospect and a longtime commit to UCLA. Jack will be taking his fourth visit before he visits Florida State next weekend, his final trip.
Boise State will be bringing in one of their commits, La Puente (Calif.) Bishop Amat athlete Dionza Blue and they'll also host Wilsonville (Ore.) receiver Tanner Shipley, a BYU commit they just offered this week.
Nevada is hosting Los Angeles (Calif.) Pierce linebacker Matthew Lyons and Corona (Calif.) Roosevelt cornerback Elijah Mitchell as well as Gardena (Calif.) athlete Tyree Simmons, a commit to Colorado State and Compton (Calif.) Dominguez cornerback Kalan Montgomery, a commit to San Diego State.
Bruins' Big Week
UCLA had some holes in the secondary in 2012, but they did a good job of stockpiling talent in the defensive backfield down the line, with four defensive backs committing in a three-day span.
And all four were a part of the Scout 100 for 2013.
Fresno (Calif.) Central cornerback Johnny Johnson, the #2-ranked corner in the West, committing on Saturday night, in the middle of his official visit. He was joined the next morning by Encino (Calif.) Crespi safety Tyler Foreman, the #4-safety in the West and a top ten safety nationally.
On Wednesday, the week got better for the Bruins, picking up the top-ranked cornerback in the region and the #3-ranked safety in the West.
Rancho Cucamonga (Calif.) safety Tahaan Goodman, ranked 7th nationally, committed to the Bruins and a couple of hours later, five-star cornerback Priest Willis from Tempe (Ariz.) Marcos De Niza also pledged to the Bruins.More Big Commitments
Aside from UCLA's four Scout 100 pickups, Oregon and Texas A&M both landed four-star receivers from the West Coast.
Friday saw Santa Monica (Calif.) receiver Sebastian LaRue, a one-time USC verbal, commit to Texas A&M, joining arguably the best receiver class in the country.
Not long after, Phoenix (Ariz.) Brophy Prep receiver Devon Allen committed to Oregon, just a few days after the Ducks offered the two-sport star.
Utah landed the #2-ranked player in the state, South Jordan (Utah) Bingham defensive tackle Lowell Lotulelei, the younger brother of All-American defensive tackle Star Lotulelei, expected to be a top five pick in the upcoming NFL draft.
And Beaverton (Calif.) Aloha offensive guard Brayden Kearsley came full circle, recommitting to BYU. The four-star was committed to the Cougars since he was a sophomore but opened things up before recommitting this week.Golden Flips
A few players switched their commitments this week, Cal benefiting from two of them and losing one of the bigger surprises too.
The Golden Bears picked up Chino Hills (Calif.) receiver Jack Austin, a longtime Boise State commit and also got Wilsonville (Ore.) linebacker Johnny Ragin, a BYU verbal.
But the Bears also lost Concord (Calif.) De La Salle linebacker Victor Egu. The three-star had 20+ offers from all over the country, including Oregon, Washington and Notre Dame, when he picked Cal. So Egu surprised many when he decommitted from Cal and committed to Yale.
"It's a great education with options after," said Egu. "They needed me and wanted me. There is an opportunity to play early. It's mostly because of the opportunities after football is over."
Joe Mixon- RB - Oakley (Calif.) Freedom - 2014
Mixon is already the top running back prospect in the West in the 2014 class, but he's now exploding on a national scale with more offers. This week alone, Boise State, Idaho, Lousville, Nevada, Houston and Fresno State offered as did Oklahoma. He's now got 13 offers already.
National Recruiting Analyst Greg Biggins also contributed to this notebook.
Twitter | Blog | Facebook | E-Mail |


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Kanye West has aided Hurricane Sandy relief efforts with his music by way of a benefit concert.
Now, Kanye is aiding the effort with his other passion: fashion.
Billboard reports that some of the entertainment industry's most prominent figures are joining forces for Re/Create, a series of fashion auctions held to aid in Hurricane Sandy relief.
Among the participants, in addition to 'Ye, are Skrillex, Michael Stipe (formerly of R.E.M.), Anne Hathaway, Mark Jacobs, and Kate Moss.
Kanye's contribution included an autographed pair of his signature Yeezy IIs.
"Like many New Yorkers, we were saddened by the devastation of Hurricane Sandy and motivated to help," says Re/Create on their website. "To assist the ongoing relief and rebuilding efforts we are proud to present this auction of personal, one of a kind items donated by prominent members of our creative community."
To place a bid on or view the items, visit Re/Create's website here.
RELATED: Kanye West Rants About Grammy Awards At Atlantic City Show


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Following my mantra that inspiration is absolutely everywhere, I wasn't exactly hedging my bets when I found all these for this week's edition of Five for Friday:
Raise your hand if you're smiling! I know I am. In fact, these little guys have made me feel so giddy, I'd love to give away a prize from my moxie magical prize drawer to one random winner. Just leave me a comment that says which of these you like most and why and/or what is the most unusual pet you've ever owned by midnight MST on Sunday, November 7.
Hailing from hedgehog heaven,
PS This is the last weekend to work on your entries to our Diggin' on Damask challenge here in the Moxie Fab World. Hope to see you there!
PPS To see more moxie fabulousness inspired by Brillo, click here.


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SPI Baby: Furniture for Babies, Kids & Teens
Store Profile
- Location: online only
- Website: spibaby.com
Store History
- Founded: 2010
- Founded by: Sarah Shetter and Alison Pavetsky
- Headquarters: Los Angeles, California
We founded our interior design firm, SPI Design, in 2004 with the idea that the ideals of modernism can be successfully combined with comfort and livability. In 2010, we launched SPI Baby, a kid's furniture and accessories line, that is based on the same principle. With all of our work, we strive to show that modernism can be sophisticated and fun, that livability should never mean compromising taste.
Los Angeles-based designers Sarah Shetter and Alison Pavetsky just launched a new line of children's furniture that's designed to make the transition from nursery all the way up to teen room, at least theoretically. The line includes changing tables that can pinch hit as hampers/dressers, upholstered rockers that resemble wing chairs, and area rugs that are bright and playful without feeling too babyish.
There are three main collections — Pinwheel, Color Swirl, and Jack — which can be mixed and matched. The line (not including the cribs shown above) just became available online — here's a little more info from Sarah and Alison:
- "Priced for the luxury market, items range from $15 for the cabinetry hardware to $1730 for the Windward Wingback Glider. Over the years, we have worked diligently to seek out local artisans who take pride in their craft."
"Except for the area rugs, the entire SPI Baby line is made by craftsmen in Los Angeles. Our customers want to invest in well-made and timeless products, and the close relationships we've formed with local manufacturers allow us to oversee the creation and quality control of our pieces."
What do you think? Could these pieces make the leap from nursery furniture to teen room?
• Pinwheel Collection
• Color Swirl Collection
• Jack Collection
• Windward Wingback Rocker
• Happy Hamper and Changing Table
Photos: SPI Baby


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- Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART)
- National Sexual Assault Response Team Toolkit
National Sexual Assault Response Team Toolkit
- National Sexual Assault Conference
- Child Sexual Assault Prevention
- Engaging Bystanders in Sexual Violence Prevention
- Healthcare Initiative
- Know Your Rights
- Lifespan
- Rape Prevention & Education (RPE)
- Rural Training Project
- Preventing Sexual Violence in Disasters
- SANE Sustainability TA
- Sexual Assault Demonstration Initiative
- Sexual Assault Demonstration Initiative
- Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART)
- Sexual Violence & the Workplace
- xCHANGE Forum
- Multilingual Access
With funding from the Office for Victims of Crime and assistance from a national advisory committee, the NSVRC created a Sexual Assault Response Team (SART) Toolkit to promote the development and implementation of a coordinated, multidisciplinary, and victim-centered first response to victims of sexual assault in communities across the United States and U.S. Territories. The Toolkit Project provides resources to help communities customize their outreach and expand services.
National Needs Assessment Results
This project was supported by grant number 2004-VF-GX-K007 awarded by the Office for Victims of Crime, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U. S. Department of Justice


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See All Contributors »
Is it against NCAA rules or was it Scott Drew complained about it?
Yes.. I made one that said: Rashad, we Vaughn't you to experience the MAGIC....
They told me to not put it up, to which I blatantly disregarded, and had mine removed from me about 10 minutes into the game.
Ev'ry Yard For ISU
signs or giving recruits money....he has no right to complain
We should have had this sign then," Drew is a Shrew."
Let Prohm's Posse Ride: Hallice, Brady, Stu, Lard, Naz, Deonte, Monte, Matt, Simeon, Jordan, and Babb.
Originally Posted by cyclonefan1983
Is it against NCAA rules or was it Scott Drew complained about it?
That little weinnie - as if he follows the rules.
"We are first and foremost an educational institution that values integrity, honesty and treating others with fairness and respect".
-ISU President Gregory Geoffroy; circa May 2003.
Scott Drew is just ****** that Vaughn isn't even considering them.
"Winning isn't everything, it's the only thing."
Wow, not the slightest bit surprised. What a tool bag. Another reason Vaughn should not consider this jerk off.
Originally Posted by Clones21
Scott Drew is just ****** that Vaughn isn't even considering them.
Scott Drew is a straight up *bag. His game day coaching abilities are a joke. Have great athletes only gets you do far.
Originally Posted by BoxsterCy
Dude, you are Gameday Rulzzz and could probably post about anything.
This is why you smuggle 30 blank posters and markers into the stadium.
***King of Diplomacy***
***Surviving Member of the Sandlot Mafia***
F Baylor, and all things Baylor. These dinks didn't even want to let us cut down the nets when we won the conference in 2000 and treated all of us ISU fans in atendence as rudely as possible. Hate em.
Originally Posted by KFitzy87
IMO it's down to us or Minnesota. I don't think he's going to go too far away from home.
That was ********. They took someone's flag too. Had nothing to do with Vaughn either.
Do your part, cyclONEnation...tell your hot girlfriends to send tweets to @ShowtimeMR. I have.
I was wondering as well. The sign behind me said "Hey Rashad, we want your bod" and they took it away, but I guess them taking that away is understandable for a list of reasons...
Forum Rules
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Victoria, Australia (SportsNetwork.com) - Suzann Pettersen fired a 6-under 66
on Thursday to grab a 1-stroke lead after the opening round of the ISPS Handa
Women's Australian Open.
The second-ranked golfer in the world collected four of her 14 career
victories on the LPGA Tour last season.
Jessica Korda, who won the season-opening Pure Silk-Bahamas LPGA Classic, Hee
Young Park, Jaclyn Sweeney and Marion Ricordeau shared second place at
Victoria Golf Club at 5-under 67.
Lydia Ko and Paula Creamer were among a group of 10 players tied for sixth at
4-under 68.
The Sports Network


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Davidson Farmers Market
9 a.m.-noon. The Davidson Farmer's Market is a year-round Market featuring more than 35 farmers and local producers from within a 100 mile radius. The Market offers locally grown fruits and vegetables, meats, and cheeses produced by sustainable or organic methods when possible. Other products such as breads, eggs, honey, flowers and soaps are also offered. Prepared foods, pastas and ready-to-eat foods are available, too!
Herald Weekly A & E Calendar Profile Page
Herald Weekly A & E Calendar
Look In Event DescriptionFor Promo/Event Location, NC, 28031


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Firefighters and medical teams rushed to the area after the tornado struck Tsukuba city, 40 miles from Tokyo. The city is a science center, with dozens of research and academic institutes, but the tornado appeared to mostly hit residential areas.
A 14-year-old boy died after being injured by the storm, Tsukuba Medical Center said.
More than 30 other people were injured, including at least 10 who were being treated at hospitals, fire officials said. Details of the death and injuries were not immediately available.
Public broadcaster NHK showed rows of houses without roofs, apartment complexes with smashed balconies and shattered windows, and tilting telephone poles that could barely stand.
It said about 200 homes were damaged.
Tokyo Electric Power Co. said 24,000 homes were without electricity as lightning added to the storm`s damage.
Tornadoes are relatively rare in the Tokyo area.---Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. ---Story image: This photo taken by an anonymous Tsukuba resident shows a tornado in Tsukuba city, northeast of Tokyo, Sunday, May 6, 2012. AP Photo/Kyodo NewsWhat do you think of this story?Click here for comments or suggestions.
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Greensboro, NC -- Police have released the identity of a body found in Douglas Park Friday night.
Detectives are investigating the death of 30-year-old Johnny Crosby, Jr., in what appears to be a shooting.
Officers responded to 701 Douglas Street around 7 p.m. after someone found the body.
Police are still investigating this case.
Anyone with information on Crosby's death should call Greensboro police at 336-574-3573 or Crime Stoppers at 336-373-1000.
Greensboro Police


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(based on 3 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Reviewed by 3 customers
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(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Too much of a difference between sizes
By Karbear
from Bangor, PA
About Me Midrange Shopper
Comments about Melissa Floral Bedding:
I love the country floral print which is why I bought the whole kitten kaboodle. However, when I washed the oversized king size spread and then put it in the dryer on delicate cycle, it melted. So, I ordered the queen size spread to replace it. That is so small it looks like I was too cheap to order the right size. Because I bought the shams and curtains, I don't want to return it.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
(4 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
Can't figure sizes
By SANDY
from MA.
About Me Budget Shopper
I RETURNED KING FOR QUEEN SIZE, BECAUSE KING WAS TOO LONG...THE QUEEN WAS SUPPOSED TO MEASURE 100" WIDE...THIS ONE ONLY MEASURES 95" WIDE...LOOKS REDICULOUS EVEN WITH BED RUFFLE..THE FABRIC IS GREAT AND SEEMS TO BE WELL MADE...i AM SO UPSET BECAUSE I REALLY LIKE THIS BEDSPREAD...DON'T KNOW WHAT I AM GOING TO DO NOW!!!!
(3 of 5 customers found this review helpful)
By sandy
from ma.
looks alittle different from picture...ordered king for queen bed but it was too long on the sides, so I returned it for a queen...I may have to use dust ruffle for the queen..
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend


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I thought this was a pretty cool example of what you can do with Ajax + Exchange + Active Directory. I am no web developer, so expect to find design bugs, and even bugs in the implementation of my own api : ) The security has been heavily scrutinized, however, and you're fine there. It's all open source code anyway, so look for yourself : )
The demo user name and password are 'owa.app'
Be aware that you will have to make certain security allowances. The page explains how to do it and why.
Maybe the Zimbra developers can use some of tihs to make their app integrate on the fly with Exchange...


text: I recently upgraded my Zimbra to 8.0.2. It seems that iOS sysnc now only happens when someone opens the app and it seems to have stopped 'pushing'. My users are not getting notifications of new email and must open their Mail app before it will check. Prior to this upgrade notification was instant. What's changed?


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Already a member? Log in.
Help support your Meetup
We're not looking for numbers of group members, we're looking for numbers of riders! If you have not specifically Mountain Biked, and do not have a Mountain Bike, you will not be approved to join. This group is for Avid Mountain Bike Riders.
If you Love to ride, you're in the right place.
We ride the entire Northeast at this point and we are expanding our range of trails. See "North East Trails" on the Group's Message Board.
We are mainly an Intermediate to Intermediate plus All Mountain/XC group of riders. Some of our riders also hit Downhill Parks every now and then.
We usually set up Big Rides for the weekend days and Local rides for during the week.
The only way to get better is to ride more. Come out and play.
Sorry, but at this time, we are not taking Beginners as new members. Thanks!
Sponsoring Rides n Clinics. Rated Best local place to buy bikes n gear
A Back Country adventure. Experience miles of flowing single track.
Teaching riders techniques to improve & master there riding skills
Discounts on Bike parts & accessories. See Bert for details.
900 Lumen LED helmet mount great for riding at night.1 year warranty
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Meetup members, Log in
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text: Anybody out there up for a camping trip in the big horns somewhere this summer? Maybe if anyone drew a tag and wanted to do some scouting, I never drew a tag for elk or deer but plan on hunting unit 39 in 2015 hopefully. But I would just love to go do some backpacking. I haven't done a lot of it but enjoy camping and want to spend more time in the mountains. Plus I'm going to alaska in sept so would also like to try out some of my gear and see if I need to make any changes. I live in sd and would be a little bit of a travel for me but thought it would be fun to meet up with some new people and enjoy what we love doing.


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Non-resident tag fees are out of control.
I think all states should agree to charge non-residents no more than 10x what they charge a resident for a trophy buck/bull type tag.
IMO most states discount tags for residents, ie most residents would happily pay more than they currently do, and non-residents are stuck with an absurd bill, ie subsidizing resident tag fees.
Also once in a lifetime type tags I think should be charged the same price as non-residents, or at least charge residents significantly more than most states do. Regardless of the state, a resident who has been applying for 20+ years for a bighorn sheep tag, will gladly pay more than $25 for that tag, and if it would increase drawing odds I'm sure most would happily pay much more! A bull elk tag for $25 is a big enough joke let alone a once in a lifetime sheep tag for $25!
I'm all for having cheap (meat) style tags for residents, does, cows, etc...
Assuming an elk tag was 10x, $75 and $750, and a cow tag was $15, a resident hunter might be more apt to take a cow elk for $15 vs a spike bull/small bull elk for $75, and helping increase the quality/age of elk in a given area.
I'd like to see Eastmans' post this as a poll question and/or an article at least and try to start bringing some fair prices to resident and non-resident tag fees by putting pressure on state agencies, or at least bringing it to their attention.


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You can copy and move files and folders in a few different ways using File Explorer.
Open File Explorer by swiping in from the right edge of the screen, tapping Search (or if you're using a mouse, pointing to the upper-right corner of the screen, moving the mouse pointer down, and then clicking Search), entering File Explorer in the search box, and then tapping or clicking File Explorer.
Browse to the folder or location that contains the files or folders you want to copy or move.
Copy or move the folders by doing one of the following:
Select the items you want to copy or move, tap or click Home, and then tap or click Copy to copy them or Cut to move them.
Browse to the new place where you want the files or folders to go, tap or click Home, and then tap or click Paste.
Open two File Explorer windows side by side, and then drag items from one window to the other. To open a new File Explorer window, tap or click File, and then tap or click Open new window.
The easiest way to arrange two windows side by side on the desktop is to drag the title bar of one window all the way to the left or right side of the screen until you see the outline of the window cover that half of the screen. Repeat this step with the other window on the other side of the screen to arrange the two windows side by side.
Press Ctrl+C to copy the items or Ctrl+X to cut them, and then browse to the new location and press Ctrl+V to paste the items.
Press and hold or right-click the item you want to copy or move, and then tap or click Cut or Copy. Browse to the new location, press and hold or right-click it, and then tap or click Paste.
See all support pages for files, folders, & online storage.
Ask a question in the
community forums.


text:
Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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The Greyhound is the fastest breed of dog. The Greyhound themed Whimsical Watch celebrates this speedy breed and your busy life. The hand-crafted time piece features unique miniatures of a Greyhound, a bone, a ball and a bowl of food.
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Welcome to Better Know a Guest, your guide to the wonderful and diverse array of personalities appearing on 'The Colbert Report' and 'The Daily Show' each week.
Hello Hubsters,
"Now's the time to say goodbye . . . Good night. Good night."
Yes, today is my final BKAG, at least for the time being. I'll still stick around to comment and support, and also continue to do some "special reporting" when something Stephen-related happens in New York City. I'm sad, but I know that right now it is the best thing for me.
Mr. Colbert has been smokin' for the past few weeks, really making the most of the madness out there in Congress, in the media, and in our society. We've been blessed with several WORDS, which I've enjoyed immensely, as well as some fantastic guests. I expect the fabulousness to continue as we move into February.
And so, without more ado: to the days ahead! One note: though I wanted to make this a good final post, I will not be doing Jon's guests. I was nearly done, went to leave the page after having saved the drafts SEVERAL TIMES, and lost everything on Stephen's Thursday show as well as all I'd done on The Daily Show. I simply don't have the heart or the time to recreate it all. I'm so sorry. Talk about going out with a whimper….


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May 31, 2016
Lauderdale County investigators are searching for a man who burglarized a business overnight.
Chief Deputy Ward Calhoun says officers are looking for a man who broke into the El Cheapo gas station on Highway 19 South around 1:30 a.m. Calhoun says the suspect got away with a large amount of cigarettes and cash.
If you have any information, call Crimestoppers at 601-485-1860.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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Globalization, or global integration, with its profound impact on the environment, is a growing concern for the conservation community. While international trade and investment present major challenges, globalization also includes social, cultural, linguistic, political, technical and environmental integration, each with its own set of problems and opportunities. It is clear that emerging global challenges such as climate change and the spread of invasive species require a global response.
It's not all bad. Globalization can create new opportunities for environmental stewardship such as international payments for ecosystem services while the rapid spread of information and communication technology is enhancing environmental awareness and advocacy.
This issue of World Conservation explores what the environmental community can do to ensure globalization follows a greener path. We hear academic and NGO perspectives on sustainable food production, invasive species and wildlife trade, from UNEP's Deputy Executive Director on the need to strengthen global environmental governance, and from the head of the World Tourism Organization on balancing tourism growth with biodiversity conservation.


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Missouri LB Zaviar Gooden is scheduled to visit the Bears.
Three-star 2017 QB Jay Urich committed to South Carolina.
A proposed Big 12 rule change could restore the year of eligibility Oklahoma senior QB Baker Mayfield lost when he transferred from Texas Tech.
CBS Sports' Dennis Dodd reports that Baylor, embroiled in a sexual assault scandal, hired a powerful law firm "in part as a hedge against a repeat of the NCAA's controversial penalties applied to Penn State."
In response to the NCAA Notice of Allegations, Ole Miss has suspended two unnamed assistants from recruiting.
Former Baylor HC Art Briles' daughter, Staley Lebby, released a post on Facebook defending her father's integrity and calling his firing a "media witch hunt."
In an interview with Tigerbait.com, LSU AD Joe Avella spoke at length about last season's near-firing of HC Les Miles, saying that "what happened is just part of the business."
In response to the NCAA Notice of Allegations, Ole Miss has self-imposed a reduction of 11 scholarships.
Baylor defensive coordinator Phil Bennett is expected to accept the interim head coach position.
Florida State coach Jimbo Fisher indicated that FSU junior RB Dalvin Cook (shoulder) is ahead of schedule and will be fully healthy at some point next month.
The Waco Tribune-Herald's John Werner reports that Baylor has yet to decide whether DC Phil Bennett will serve as interim head coach.
Baylor four-star 2017 QB Kellen Mond said that he would be discussing his commitment with his family following the firing of HC Art Briles.


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May 29, 2016
LANSING, Mich. (AP) -- The Michigan appeals court has approved a request for a grand jury to investigate a company linked to a deadly meningitis outbreak.
Attorney General Bill Schuette wants to know if New England Compounding Center of Massachusetts broke any Michigan laws is distributing tainted steroids to clinics in four counties last year.
At least 19 Michigan residents have died and 262 have been infected with fungal meningitis or other illnesses. Schuette says the numbers are the highest in the country.
Livingston County Judge David Reader will oversee the grand jury, whose members will come from Livingston, Grand Traverse, Genesee and Macomb counties. The investigation will determine if criminal charges should be pursued.
Appeals Court Judge Douglas Shapiro objected, saying Schuette failed to present enough evidence to justify a grand jury.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
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Powerful flat reflectors, with up to 750 candlepower, are highly visible – day or night
Ideal for buildings, driveways, field and road entries, pumphouses and boat landings
This flat reflector's durable, aluminum construction will withstand any climate. The flat reflector features top and bottom center holes for easy mounting. Flat reflective markers will also mount with double-sided tape, glue or other adhesives. Flat style for mounting to any straight surface. Hi-vis lime/black color. Measures 6"Hx3-1/2"W. Made in Canada.


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1932 Ford Grille Shell - Slicing And Dicing, Part 2Written by on January 1, 2011
Last month we went through the process of chopping a 1932 Ford grille shell. For another example of how a grille shell can set a particular style for a car, look at some of the modified roadsters built lately, such as Chris Staneck's car that was on the cover of STREET RODDER (April 2010), or some of the cars built by Steve Grimes. On these cars, the grille shell has been radically narrowed, which gives them a lean, narrow, and serious race car-style look.
The work required for this modification is just a little more involved than the previous example, but still within reach for a beginning to mid-level metalworker. Some of the challenges are getting the contours on each side to match in the center, after removing a 5-inch strip, and regaining the distinctive peak at the top of the radiator opening. By following these photos, you'll see how to accomplish these goals.
Ron Covell has made a DVD that covers the work done in parts 1 and 2 of this series, showing the process of re-proportioning a '28 and a '32 Ford grille shell. Every step is shown in detail, with great close-up shots, and lots of clear commentary that brings out many of the fine points involved in doing high-quality metalwork.
The price of the DVD is $20, and you can order from Covell Creative Metalworking online at www.covell.biz, or contact them by telephone at (800) 747-4631.
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
This is a reproduction grille shell from Speedway Motors. Knowing the dimensions the shell will be narrowed, I'm using a straightedge to lay out the cut lines on the top and bottom of the shell with a felt-tipped marker. All measurements are made from a carefully plotted centerlineA felt-tipped marker leaves a line too broad for an accurate cut, so I'm laying down strips of masking tape, and the cuts will just touch the edge of the tape.The cuts are made with an abrasive cut-off wheel in a pneumatic die grinder. I'm guiding the disc very carefully along the edge of the tape.Since I'm happy with the fit and the proportions, It's time to tack-weld the parts together. I'm using my new Miller Diversion 180 TIG welder, but MIG or oxy-acetylene would work, too.After de-burring the edges, the two parts of the grille shell are clamped together to check the alignment, and to make sure the proportions are exactly what I want. If any changes are going to be made, this is the time!Now I'll deal with the peak at the top of the opening for the radiator. I've cut a strip of metal from the piece I removed, and I'm holding it temporarily in place with tape. I like the peak on this part, but unfortunately, the contours next to the peak don't match the rest of the radiator opening very well. I've made a pattern from paper that shows how the filler piece needs to be re-contoured to fit properly.I'm using a metal stretching machine to gently re-contour the filler piece. If a stretching machine is not available, the same thing could be done by hammering on-dolly on the top edge of the piece.Now you can see that the filler piece is almost perfectly shaped! It's time to scribe around the edges of the filler piece, trim away the waste material, and tack-weld the filler into place.
With the filler piece tacked into place, the joint is worked with a hammer and dolly to level it and the joint is finish-welded. Here I'm sanding the weld bead flat.With the top of the shell completed, the bottom seam is welded, and the weld bead is sanded flush. I'm taking great care to preserve the crisp line around the inner edge of the opening.Again, a little "tune-up" is needed with a hammer and dolly to get everything up to the correct level.I've positioned the shell upright to make it easy to work on the top seam. The joint was tack welded, then worked with a hammer and dolly to get perfect alignment. Now, I'm putting the finish weld on the joint.After the weld has cooled, I'll hammer the joint against a high-crown dolly to ensure the top peak of the shell has a nice, uniform radius.And here's the finished grille shell. Notice that the welded joints are invisible, and how the peak at the top of the radiator opening blends in nicely with the contours next to it. Don't be afraid to tackle a job like this-it may be easier than you think!


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Who's That Girl?
We asked. She told…
Got any other questions for Emily? Comment below & she'll personally answer you.
Got any other questions for Emily? Comment below & she'll personally answer you.
Sign: Taurus. Yeah, we're pretty cool!
Ethnicity: Liberian, Filipina & Chinese
Fave Snacks: Kit Kats & Cherry Lime Arizona Tea
Beauty regimen: I wash my face with water (no cleanser because my skin is sensitive) & I use a mild moisturizer called Cetaphil. I'm too lazy to apply makeup on the daily, so I usually only wear it for photoshoots.
Fave sound: The sound of nature. The sounds of waves, wind & animals. Being in that peaceful state of mind is beautiful.
Currently listening to: Beyonce's "Crazy In Love!" Unfortunately, I'm crazy in love right now.
Song that best titles your life: "The Recipe" -Kendrick Lamar Ft. Dr. Dre
Perfect Sunday Funday: Chillin' with my best friend Keelan and having him take photos of me.
What did you want to be when you were younger: Everything, haha! Model, musician, actress and I wanted to own a business. I still have those dreams today.
Life beyond modeling: More focus on my music career!
Advice for aspiring models: My best advice would be to practice (constantly taking photos and practicing your poses in the mirror). Also doing your research on everything there is to know about modeling (There are many scams out there). And of course please be YOURSELF many people let the industry destroy them. Just make sure you have true passion for this, it's not all fun and games all the time.
Message to the fans: I just want to thank you all for your positive comments. I really appreciate that. Keep shopping with GoJane and never give up on your dreams! Keep it gee.
Follow her: kouwai.tumblr.com
Got any other questions for Kouwai? Comment below & she'll personally answer you.


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WASHINGTON, DC (WUSA) -- General Motors has recalled nearly 27,000 Buick LaCrosse full-size cars and Cadillac SRX crossover SUVs.
A software glitch in the 2013 models can cause the transmission to unexpectedly shift into sport mode, and that increases the chance of a crash.
NHTSA General Motors Recall Notice
GM will reprogram the transmission for free starting March 28, 2013.


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- 198Promote
Phone Cases
moonlight shadowby NikaQ
Protect your iPhone with a one-piece, impact resistant, flexible plastic hard case featuring an extremely slim profile. Simply snap the case onto your iPhone for solid protection and direct access to all device features.
tree, night, space, eye, ink, black&white
really beautiful
thank you, Anai :)
i love this
Witty piece!
Nice job :)
Nice job :)
Such a striking, sweet and touching design/drawing.
thank you everybody for so nice words!
Love this!
Could look at this for hours!
thank you :)
I like the eye shape holding the moon. This is lovely.
thank you, Rebecca! nice that you have noticed it :)
Beautiful! :)
:) thanks
Great work :) & thank you for promoting mine !!!
:)dont have to thank me
Cool, I'm currently working on something with this negative space idea you've done with the branches, I think is very clever. =]
thanks Kirovt :) would like to see your work then!
Sweet !
thnx ;)
Fantastic work!
:) danke!
very nice work!
thanks ;)
Amazing artist! I like your circular tendencies!
thank you very much Daniel! :)
Nice work!
Gorgeous negative space. Literally.
haha :D thnx Geoffrey! and Ceren :)
There are no words to describe how much I love this! -Tara
Beautiful, you art is wonderful and very unique, you have a fan here! ; )
thank you very much :)!
great stuff. I like your work!
This looked so good on green i got another one on light blue. Killer design!
thank you very much, Thomas! Im happy you enjoy it ;)
Awesome piece!
Very nice
Really beautiful and lovely night art :)
See More Comments


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American Hustle
|Release Date: December 13, 2013
|Running Time: 138 mins.
|MPAA Rating: R
|Box Office: $150,117,807.00
|Genre: Drama, Period
Christian Bale
Bradley Cooper
Amy Adams
Jeremy Renner
All Cast & Crew >>
Summary:Brilliant con man Irving Rosenfeld, along with his equally cunning and seductive British partner Sydney Prosser, is forced to work for a wild FBI agent named Richie DiMaso. DiMaso pushes them into a world of Jersey power-brokers and mafia that's as dangerous as it is enchanting. But it's Irving's unpredictable wife Rosalyn who could be the one to pull the thread that brings the entire world crashing down.
Event Photos:


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Hello everyone.
Now i using CreateAccountRequest (urn:zimbraAdmin) command and i can create email accounts one by one. But if i want to create 10 account i should call this command 10 times.
Unfortunately urn:zimbraAdmin does not support BatchRequest command.
Does command exist for requests optimization.
Can i use one request for create more than one accounts right away ?
Thanks. (Sorry for my English)


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Christopher (Chris) Kong is the national managing partner with the Tax Services group of PwC Canada, based in Toronto. He advises on corporate tax matters.
Chris has worked with multinational and private companies in manufacturing, distribution, retail and services for more than 22 years. He has experience in Canadian corporate and cross-border tax issues, including general Canadian corporate income tax advice, corporate reorganizations, corporate dispositions and divestitures, corporate acquisitions, structuring and financing inbound investments into Canada, income tax compliance, and tax audit defence and support.
Chris' prior experience includes his roles as the national Retail and Consumer leader and the Tax Retail and Consumer leader. An active member of the firm's global Retail and Consumer industry network, Chris has also served as lead relationship partner on a number of significant clients.
Chris is a Chartered Professional Accountant. He is a contributor to the Canadian Tax Journal and has previously tutored for the Canadian Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants In-depth Tax course.


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Moisturizers and treatment products should always follow a thorough cleansing. MD Formulations Cleansers were designed to remove almost all traces of dirt, makeup, debris and excess oil that can cloud a complexion. MD Formulations Cleansers are the first step in a healthy skin regimen and should never be skipped. The active ingredients that are found in MD Formulations moisturizers and treatment products can perform better when applied to clean skin. Impurities create a barrier that prevents treatments from reaching the skin cells. MD Formulations Cleansers create a clean slate that is ready to absorb active ingredients.
MD Formulations Cleansers thoroughly purify the skin's surface and pores while minimizing irritation. Many cleansers on the market contain irritating chemical additives but MD Formulations Cleansers contain only high quality ingredients designed to leave the skin in better condition. MD Formulations Cleansers prepare the skin for hydration and treatment ingredients.
MD Formulations Cleansers should be used morning and night for best results. There are different MD Formulations Cleansers for different skin types and different concerns. Purifying the skin is absolutely essential for a flawless complexion. Once people have experienced the kind of clean that only comes from MD Formulations Cleansers, they don't want to go back.
Selecting the right MD Formulations Cleansers is a matter of reading the information that comes with the product. This will help to determine which product will best serve the needs and skin type.
MD Formulations Facial Cleanser is the classic cleanser from MD Formulations that is suitable for all skin types. It contains a glycolic compound that exfoliates and smoothes without leaving the skin dry and irritated.
MD Formulations Facial Cleanser Duo contains two full sized MD Formulations Facial Cleansers in one convenient package. This is a great value set.
For sensitive skin, the best choice is MD Formulations Facial Cleanser Sensitive Formula which contains a glycolic compound with soothing plant extracts to avoid irritation. Many people who ordinarily find that they cannot tolerate glycolics find that they can use MD Formulations Facial Cleanser Sensitive Formula without problems.
Oily and problem skins require a deep cleanse that purifies the pores of excess oil that can build up, causing embarrassing shine as well as pimples. For sensitive skin, the best choice is MD Formulations Facial Cleansing Gel For Oily Skin helps to balance sebum levels while getting the skin squeaky clean. It is gentle enough for everyday use.


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'I Wish Jesus Hadn't Said That!' Bible Study at Franconia United Methodist Church
Saturday, 06 September, 2014|
Franconia United Methodist Church invites you to a free Bible study on "I Wish Jesus Hadn't Said That!" Jesus had a way of turning things on their head big time. We call ourselves his followers, but are we really willing to dare to follow him when he says: 'Take up your cross' 'Love your enemies' 'I did not come to bring peace, but a sword' 'Go and make disciples of all nations'.
Let's face it, being a follower of Jesus can be rather inconvenient ... a pain in the neck. It cuts right across so many of our 'natural' rights and desires. Or so we think. But the paradox is that it's in the losing, rather than the loving, of our lives that we find amazing joy and deep fulfilment. Obeying God, rather than spoiling everything, enables us to live the life we were always made to live.
We are located at 6037 Franconia Road, Alexandia, at the corner of Beulah and Franconia, next to the Franconia Elementary School, convenient to the Fairfax Connector routes 231, 232, and 310.
Our church is handicapped accessible.
Contact us at 703 971-5151 or email@example.com, and our website is http://www.franconiaumc.org.
Two class time opportunities start on Sept 21 at 6 PM or Sept 23 at 7PM.
Please sign up by Sept 10.
Alexandria, VA 22310
Event ContactEse
Phone: 703 971-5151
Website: Click to Visit


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Coming back to the office after the weekend wasn't a pleasant surprise. Suddenly i cant log in to the admin console. It is stuck at loading. I have tried flushing the cache but with no success.
When i change the skin to serenity it looks like this:
admin serenity.jpg'
When i try to log in with the default skin it looks like this:
admin default.jpg
Since i changed the skin file and skin.properties files i'm starting to think it may be a problem with that since i can see the admin interface with the serenity skin although it doesnt work well.
Anyone have the carbon skin files or have a soloution to this problem?
Anders Johansson


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(Sports Network) - The Chicago Bulls will try to just get some live bodies
back on the floor Saturday night when the visit Philips Arena to meet the
Atlanta Hawks.
The Bulls played in Brooklyn Friday night, but did so without starters, All-
Star center Joakim Noah, power-forward Carlos Boozer and point guard Kirk
Hinrich. Noah missed the game with a foot injury, Boozer a hamstring and
Hinrich a sore right elbow.
Noah is listed as day-to-day, but could be out until the All-Star break. Same
goes for Hinrich, who traveled back to Chicago to meet with Bulls physicians.
Boozer could be back on Saturday night.
And, despite missing three starters and shooting guard Rip Hamilton going for
about 17 minutes, the Bulls fell to the Nets, 93-89. The Bulls held a lead in
the fourth quarter, but couldn't hang on.
"This was our second unit," said Taj Gibson, who played all 48 minutes Friday.
"We played hard with our second unit. It shows we have a shot of winning the
East. We kept fighting and fighting. But no moral victories."
Deng, also an All Star, played all but four seconds, scored 18 points and
shared high-scoring honors with Marco Belinelli. Gibson netted 16 and Nate
Robinson and Jimmy Butler chipped in 12 apiece.
Chicago has won eight of its last 11 and owns a half-game lead in the Central
The Hawks have won four of their last five, including a 93-92 nail-biter over
the Toronto Raptors on Wednesday.
Al Horford scored the go-ahead basket with 21.5 seconds left, then played a
huge part on the defensive end. He swatted a Kyle Lowry shot with 12.6 seconds
to go, then blocked a DeMar DeRozan attempt just before the clock ran out on
the Raptors.
"I was a little frustrated just because I didn't feel we came out with energy
we needed," said Horford. "The important thing was we were able to win the
Horford paced the Hawks with 22 points, 10 rebounds and three blocked shots.
Josh Smith nearly mirrored Horford's stat line with 20 points, 11 boards and
three blocks.
It wasn't a crisp victory for Atlanta. The Hawks committed 17 turnovers, which
led to 22 Raptors points and they fell behind by 10 at the half.
Despite the double-figure rebounding numbers for Horford and Smith, the
Raptors owned the matchup on the glass, 52-36. Beside Horford and Smith, the
seven other Hawks too see action Wednesday combined for 15 rebounds.
The teams have split their two meetings this season with each team winning at
home. The Bulls have captured six of the last nine matchups with the Hawks,
but are 2-8 in their last 10 in Atlanta.
The Sports Network


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Miss Jessie's Stretch Silkening Creme
Miss Jessie's Stretch Silkening Creme is a quick-to-dry whipped souffle that delivers an amazing plump curl and a brilliant shine.
Guaranteed AuthenticGuaranteed Authentic
Folica is an authorized distributer of this product and guarantees its authenticity.Close
- Created for naturally curly, kinky and wavy hair
- Eliminates frizz
- No more curl shrinkage
- Adds super hi-gloss shine and luster, never dull
- Maximizes curl length and makes curly styles last longer
Apply product while hair is soaking wet for full coverage based on your length and density. Do not rinse out. Air dry or dry under an overhead dryer. For maximum stretch silkening: After curls are fully dried grab a section and stretch downward for tension. Using a blow dryer with a nozzle attachment blast heat from root to midshaft. This will further stretch those kinks to curls.
Water, parafinium liquidum, glycerin, wheat amino acids, triethanolamine, acrylates/C 10-30 ALKL, acrylate crosspolymer, aloe barbadensis leaf extract, hydrolyzed wheat protein, avocado oil, coconut oil, sweet almond oil, jojoba seed oil, olive fruit oil, PEG-12 dimethicone, fragrance, ethylexyl methoxycinnamate, oleth-5, DMOM hydration, iodpropynyl butylcarbanate, disodium EDTA, orange 4, red 40


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According to the March of Dimes, roughly 135 Kentucky babies are born preterm each week. This means that nearly 13 percent of all babies born in the Commonwealth are delivered before 37 weeks gestation.
Premature babies may have more health problems and may need to stay in the hospital longer than babies born later. They also may have long-term health problems that can affect their whole lives.
In honor of HMH's participation in the upcoming March of Dimes event in Hardin County on April 30, we are sharing the story of the Wallace Family and their time at HMH's Level II NICU.
"It was the worst experience to have a sick baby, but HMH has the most wonderful people there to take care of you," said mother of five, Brooke Wallace. "HMH was the right place with the right people on the right days for our family."
Click here for the full story.
Disclaimer |
Privacy Notice |
Copyright 2015 - Hardin Memorial Hospital, All rights Reserved.


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I was wondering if any one has heard anything from David or if he killed any giants last fall? Did he write any articles?I know he stepped down as the bow hunting editor last year but my subscription ran out last fall.So I am out of the loop.I need to renew I miss EBJ and EHJ.
Thanks Gabe
P.S. IF you have never read his book it is a must read!


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Commercial Outdoor Lighting
Commercial Outdoor Lighting
Area Lights
Area lights available in various light distributions to suit any application. Most commonly used in commercial settings such as parking lots, roadways, pathways and general area lighting.
Bollards are a popular landscape lighting option to illuminate walkways, steps and pathways.
Canopy Lights
Canopy lights area ceiling mounted and can be used for commercial applications such as gas stations, loading docks, underpasses and parking garages.
Flood Lights
Commercial flood light fixtures can be used for general and security lighting for large areas, building facades, signs and landscape. Various mounting options available such as trunnion, tenon and slipfitter to fit any application.
Landscape Lighting
Includes path and spread lights, in-ground lights, well lights, floods lights, step lights and other lights for your landscape needs.
Motion Sensors
Outdoor lights with option of motion sensors or photocell controls help add a layer of security to your home or business.
Step Lights
Accent your landscape, yard, or deck with outdoor step lights. Walk with confidence knowing your path will always be safely lit in all the right places. Our outdoor step lights are durable and provide ground level lighting at the flip of a switch.
Wall Packs
Available in various styles (such as fully shielded and cutoff) and sizes (from slim to large), wallpacks are a popular lighting choice for perimeter lighting around buildings.
Durable, versatile and economical vaporproof lighting fits a wide variety of indoor and outdoor applications.
Ideal for high abuse areas in public buildings, schools, garages and parks.


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It's that time again to place your votes for our Lite challenge entries.
The challenge this time was to use the supplied image of "Ink blots" to create a map of some sort.
We have 8 entries so that allows us to have 1 vote each, choose wisely. Although there can be only one winner remember to give reputation to all entries you enjoyed so they can feel your appreciation.
The winner will receive a fancy silver lite compass award.
The thumbnails are here for your viewing pleasure:
Poll closes in 5 days. Good fortune to everyone who entered!


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A list of student-submitted discussion questions for Fish Classification.
To use a memory aid to help students remember ordered events or sequences using Mnemonics.
To define and analyze the processes of a concept and build a step-by-step process using a Flow Chart.
Uses the symbiotic relationship between a fish and a sea cucumber to address life history, ecology and evolution of these organisms.
Uses unique deep-sea fish species to address fish biology, evolution, and ecology.
The structure, reproduction, classification, evolution, and ecology of fish are covered in this study guide.
These flashcards help you study important terms and vocabulary from Fish Classification.


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When dealing with a Cuban beauty, you must be careful. The banging Caren was waiting for her friend at a cafe, and Ramon convinced her to ditch the friend and go half on some fun. So once we got back to my place things got crazy and the Cuban hottie let loose. Ramon made her squirt all over the kitchen counter. With her beautiful perky tits, and luscious ass I believe this hot Cubanita could make any man drool... Enjoy..
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