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Fuel System Install - Getting TankedWritten by Gerry Burger on October 21, 2011 A Fuel System With An Eye To The Future
We've all been there, thinking maybe it is time to freshen up the old steed, bring it back to its former glory. You know, just a quick repaint, maybe fix a couple of those problems you've been putting up with over the years. That was the plan for my '40 Ford, but it quickly turned into the "one thing leads to another" syndrome, and what was originally going to be a quick repaint became a color change, bed-off, motor-out repair process. I purchased this truck about four years ago, the original builder is unknown. It was a reasonably well-built truck that appeared to have been completed in the '80s. However, time has a way of wearing things out and, frankly, we are better at building trucks today.
An initial examination of the fuel system showed room for improvement and a rather alarming fuel line. The tank was the original 1940 tank, and while it was in good condition it also had a tiny outlet line designed to feed a flathead. Problem is, it's feeding a 327 installed by the original builder using some very stout, homebrewed motor mounts. Unfortunately, these mounts eliminated the stock fuel pump so it relied on an external electric fuel pump. This system served us well, and since we had mounted our external pump below the fuel level in the tank it worked fine. Remember, electric fuel pumps are pushers so they must be mounted with a gravity flow of fuel to the inlet side.
The aforementioned fuel line was an odd combination of aluminum tubing with sections of rubber hose connecting them in no less than three places, one of which was hidden behind a boxed section of the frame. I immediately decided to run a whole new fuel line, in steel, from the tank to the firewall, and it was right about this time that I began to look to the future. Most of us will agree the future of fuel delivery is electronic fuel injection. While I was not quite ready to convert to EFI right now, I wanted to have a fuel delivery system that could be easily adapted to the high-pressure, higher-volume pumps used for EFI.
And that's when I decided the best route would be to install a new gas tank from Tanks. While our example is a '40 Ford unit, bear in mind Tanks has a full line of fuel tanks for virtually all popular applications.
The new tank would provide us with a three-fold improvement. First, a brand-new tank with expanded capacity; second, a large fuel outlet and in-tank submersible fuel pump that is far superior to most external electric pumps; and finally, a vented tank that would eliminate the need to run a vented gas cap. It was clear the Tanks gas tank would be the perfect solution to our fuel delivery problems now and into the future. Should I decide to convert to EFI it will be a simple matter of swapping in a high-pressure in-tank pump, running a return line, and then making the connection to the induction system.
The installation itself was quite simple, particularly since the bed was off the truck. The new Tanks gas tank bolted right in place and while the bottom of the tank is about an inch lower it still leaves ample room for tailpipes, plus it extends our cruising range. A pad between the tank and the frame prevents any metal-to-metal contact, and the tank lined up perfectly with the factory holes in the frame.
After the tank was positioned we routed the new fuel line along the top of the tank and into the side framerail, keeping it safely away from things like the exhaust system. We opted for basic steel lines with inverted flare fittings found at our local parts store. Stainless steel would no doubt be a better choice, but in the interest of budget and availability we went with steel tubing.
The in-tank fuel pump, also purchased from Tanks, was designed for carburetors with a maximum output of 8 psi, but they still advised us to use a pressure regulator. And while our tank and fuel lines are brand new they also recommend the use of a fuel filter, because dirt can be transferred while refueling.
A tubing bender was used for all bends, making for a professional looking job and preventing any unwanted kinks in the line. The line was attached to the chassis with Adel clips and routed up the firewall to a large Fram fuel filter and Holley pressure regulator. A Moon fuel pressure gauge purchased from Honest Charley Speed Shop monitors the fuel pressure and adds all-important style points to the firewall. The final connection from the firewall and hard tubing to the motor must incorporate a flexible line. There are several choices here, ranging from the basic neoprene gas line in black to a higher-quality braided stainless steel line with AN fittings. We opted for basic rubber hose as we are going for a '60's vintage appearance under the hood. Finally, we set the pressure at 3 psi to feed our trio of Rochester carburetors, and our all-new system was complete. CT
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
The new Tanks unit has a cool, ribbed bottom for strength, and it also looks great. The new tank has an increased fuel capacity, which will extend the driving range over the stock tank.If you haven't checked over your fuel system in a while now might be the time. Our filler hose was showing signs of dry rot and cracking so we ordered that new hose, too.The original tank has a small ¼-inch tubing feed line designed for the flathead, and, yes, that piece of neoprene hose has seen better days. Careful inspection of all fuel hoses is a must on old vehicles, particularly with today's gasoline that seems to eat hoses.More problems. Sure it worked for a long time but the pieces of aluminum tubing with rubber pieces in between are just not up to today's building standards, we are also no big fans of attaching wires to fuel lines.After removing the old fuel line we found that no less than eight hose clamps were used between the tank and the firewall. We reduced that number to zero.After purchasing 3⁄8-inch steel tubing and inverted flare fittings at the local parts store we were ready to run a whole new fuel line from our new in-tank electric fuel pump.Our system is now all steel from the tank to the firewall and we used only one coupling in the entire line. This fuel delivery system should last a very long time.Yet another problem area was the ground wire. In this case, the stranded wire was simply inserted under the bolt and washer holding the tank in place. It worked but there is a better way.
We fabricated a neat little stainless steel ground-stud to attach our ground wires to the chassis. Before bolting it in place we ground down to bare metal to ensure a good connection.The original 1940 filler neck has a vented cap, as the tank is not vented. Happily, our new Tanks unit is vented so we can now use the supplied, non-vented cap. We're hoping that will minimize splash-out that is common on these trucks in original form.The cure for a faulty fuel gauge and gas fill splash-out came in the form of a new filler neck and ventless cap, a sending unit for our Classic Instruments gauge, and a new piece of connection hose designed to handle gasoline. We got it all from Tanks.Gas tank pads are available in rubber from Bob Drake Reproductions, but we reused the cork pads that were under the original tank as they were in good condition.The new tank bolted in place perfectly, and the silver finish on the tank adds a bit of detail to the underside of the truck.Since we may convert to EFI sometime in the future (not to mention this is the correct way to fabricate fuel lines) we opted to run all new steel lines from the tank to the firewall. Note the fuel line is safely routed along the lip of the tank and into the framerail.A tubing bender from Harbor Freight makes for a professional looking job, and line wrenches are used on the inverted flare nuts.Our new Tanks in-tank fuel pump has ports for the fuel pump (F) and a return (R). The return line port can be plugged on the carburetor electric pump as shown. EFI systems require a return line. There is also a ground wire terminal (G) and a power terminal (P). The final port is the tank vent (V) and that hose should be routed up as high as possible in a location where no dirt can enter the tube.
The connections at the top of the tank are complete, with ground wires, and power to the pump and the fuel gauge. The vent hose is routed out into the rear fender at a point just above the filler cap.The steel line was routed to the firewall where we mounted a Fram HPG-1 filter along with a fuel pressure regulator. The rubber hose provides a flexible connection between the firewall and the motor.The big Fram HPG-1 filter should ensure clean gas to the carbs, while a Holley fuel pressure regulator will keep the pressure to 3 psi. A Mooneyes gauge monitors the pressure and looks very cool.These clamps are original-style replacements for the fuel hose and do a good job of clamping the hose in place. Universal hose clamps have slots in them that sink into the rubber, compromising the hose a bit.


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That's pretty cool, looking forward to the 3D version.
That's pretty cool, looking forward to the 3D version.
My Finished Maps | My Challenge Maps | Ghoraja Juun, my largely stagnated campaign setting.
Unless otherwise stated by me in the post, all work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 United States License.
Very nice. I'm kind of torn whether to use the hell out of ArcGIS while I got it(till june, since I graduate winter term, woohoo), or try to avoid getting attached since there's no way I'm paying $6,000 a year to RENT the MINIMAL version of the program. I really need to friend up with a professor at the university that uses GRASS on the Mac.
Astrographer - My blog.
-How to Fit a Map to a Globe
-Regina, Jewel of the Spinward Main(uvmapping to apply icosahedral projection worldmaps to 3d globes)
-Building a Ridge Heightmap in PS
-Faking Morphological Dilate and Contract with PS
-Editing Noise Into Terrain the Burpwallow Way
-Wilbur is Waldronate's. I'm just a fan.
hey su, you can get trial (student) versions that come with several different GIS textbooks available out there. the versions last anywhere from 180 days up to one year. they are fully functional arcview editions, some now with 9.3.1. check out amazon or places like that for the GIS books. and to buy a license version of arcView isnt near how much you said. you're thinking of an arcInfo license. i think arcview licenses are running around $1500 now. arcInfo is a pro upgrade for more spatial analyst and server tools.
I have the student version free till june 8th. Well... I paid $30.00 for a usb dongle about a month before they discontinued the hardware-based DRM.
You need the ArcInfo license to do any of the interesting raster-based analysis. Actually, between SAGA-GIS and GRASS I can do most of the raster stuff, although getting anything into GRASS is a nightmare. Vector and georeferencing are the places where ArcGIS really shines. All that said, I think I will use the hell out of ArcGIS till my student license expires.
EDIT: btw, did you build those mountains by hand or are they repurposed real-world DEMs?
Aaaand... Anybody interested in real world DEMs, for whatever reason, there's a good source at seamless.usgs.org, though it's been a little buggy lately...
Last edited by su_liam; 12-12-2009 at 07:58 PM.
Astrographer - My blog.
-How to Fit a Map to a Globe
-Regina, Jewel of the Spinward Main(uvmapping to apply icosahedral projection worldmaps to 3d globes)
-Building a Ridge Heightmap in PS
-Faking Morphological Dilate and Contract with PS
-Editing Noise Into Terrain the Burpwallow Way
-Wilbur is Waldronate's. I'm just a fan.
hey, you should buy this book while you still can, it looks like ESRI and many others have pulled it. but it's the only one left i think with a one-year version of 9.2 for $76.00. it's a great deal, you can add arcscene and arcglobe when installing too. i found one place still selling it:
and that seamless server...always been clunky. it used to be a little faster, but never great. make sure to turn off unneeded layers in the directory to the right, because it may have many turned on when you first boot in, and leave plenty of time for screen refreshes. if you target a big area for download, you'll still wind up ith many grid files to download, and then seam together in a raster catalog to even get them to look good. pain in the ...
maybe you knew that, idk.
yeah, i love the raster. guess it shows. any hillshades or dem's i use, i have manipulated them pretty good to get a look i like, or is needed. some backgrounds are even 2,3,4, layers of raster to a final look underneath. then there's the usual contrast, trans, bright, etc.
you know what i really want? the Map-Publisher plug-in for Adobe.
talk about some pricey stuff though...
Last edited by hubbardmapworks; 12-12-2009 at 10:28 PM.


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National Alliance on Mental Illness
page printed from http://www2.nami.org/
(800) 950-NAMI; email@example.com
House-Senate Negotiators Reach Agreement on Medicare Prescription Drug Legislation
As is being widely reported in the press, House and Senate leaders have reached an agreement on legislation to add a new prescription drug benefit to the Medicare program. Details on the legislation are beginning to emerge; however, the full text is not yet available. The new benefits for prescription drug coverage and protections for vulnerable, low-income beneficiaries (including those dually eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid) appear to be a major improvement over the status quo and previous congressional proposals. As a result, NAMI has sent a letter to House and Senate leaders urging members to vote in favor of passage later this week.
Details of Proposed New Medicare Drug Benefits Still Emerging
While House and Senate negotiators and the White House have reached an agreement on
Medicare prescription drug legislation, the final bill is still being written and scrutinized to determine its final cost over the next 10 years. Republican leaders and President Bush hope to get the bill passed before Congress adjourns prior to the Thanksgiving holiday.
Several key provisions of concern to NAMI are beginning to emerge. For example, the bill allows beneficiaries dually eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid to eventually access the new Medicare drug benefit (as opposed to current Medicaid coverage). More importantly, the final agreement will allow states to use their Medicaid programs to supplement or "wrap around" what is expected to be a modest Medicare benefit that includes both deductibles and cost sharing, as well as a gap in coverage for annual drug costs between $2,200 and $3,600.
The new program – which will not go into effect until 2006 – does contain many limitations. Beginning in the spring of 2004, discount cards would become available for Medicare beneficiaries as an interim measure until the benefit becomes effective. Once operational, the new program would be administered by private plans operating within geographic regions. The federal government would be allowed to use incentives to ensure that multiple plans are available in each region. While health plans would be able to contract with Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs), there are provisions allowing beneficiaries to appeal adverse coverage decisions resulting from a restrictive formulary. NAMI is also pushing for language in the final agreement that would require plans to take into account the special needs of beneficiaries with severe mental illnesses.
Each plan would have a $275 annual deductible and (on average) a $35 monthly premium. Coverage would be for 75% of drug costs up to $2,200. Catastrophic coverage would go into effect once annual costs exceed $3,600. Despite these limitations, this legislation does represent an improvement over the status quo that leaves many Medicare beneficiaries with mental illness with no drug coverage at all.
For low-income beneficiaries (those below 135% of poverty) there are protections that would either eliminate or severely limit co-payments above the catastrophic limit. More importantly, the conference agreement contains specific protections for Medicare beneficiaries dually eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid – including those with severe mental illness. This includes allowance for states to use their Medicaid programs to cover gaps in the new Medicare drug benefit – including all deductibles and cost sharing, as well as the gap in coverage between $2,200 and $3,600 of costs. Cost sharing for those below 100% of poverty would be strictly limited.
Click here for a summary of the House-Senate conference agreement on the Medicare drug bill
Click here to view the NAMI letter sent to Senator Frist
Click here to view the NAMI letter sent to Speaker Hastert


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The Lucky One (2012)
The Lucky One SynopsisZac Efron stars with Taylor Schilling and Blythe Danner in the romantic drama The Lucky One, directed by Academy Award®-nominated writer/director Scott Hicks (Shine), based on Nicholas Sparks' bestseller The Lucky One.
U.S. Marine Sergeant Logan Thibault (Efron) returns from his third tour of duty in Iraq, with the one thing he credits with keeping him alivea photograph he found of a woman he doesn't even know. Discovering her name is Beth (Schilling) and where she lives, he shows up at her door, and ends up taking a job at her family-run local kennel. Despite her initial mistrust and the complications in her life, a romance develops between them, giving Logan hope that Beth could be much more than his good luck charm.
The Lucky One Release Date
In Theaters April 20, 2012
The Lucky One Credits
Starring: Zac Efron, Taylor Schilling, and Blythe Danner
Written by: Will Fetters
Directed by: Scott Hicks
Produced by: Denise Di Novi and Kevin McCormick
MPAA Rating: [ PG-13 ]
Distributor: Warner Bros Pictures
External Info: The Lucky One Official Website
Subscribe To The Lucky One Updates
if you're excited for The Lucky One


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Take control of your organization's most cost-intensive corporate functions, such as enterprise asset management, project and portfolio management, and travel management, with integrated ERP corporate services processes supported by SAP ERP software.
Learn how India's largest Pepsi bottler is reducing fleet costs and improving fleet performance by relying on the plant maintenance functionality of SAP ERP. By integrating this functionality with GPS devices on fleet trucks, the firm has cut fuel costs by 12% and expects a 15% decrease in fleet maintenance costs.*
See how this leading chemicals company improved maintenance scheduling and operations at 11 manufacturing facilities by deploying enterprise asset management software from SAP.
Learn how Grainger saved time and money on employee travel by integrating SAP Travel Management and the company's online booking tool. Now employees book online more often, spend less time on expense reports, and make fewer calls to their travel agent.
Want to learn more about this SAP solution?
Increase operational efficiencies with software that span the asset lifecycle and integrate all processes, from HR to compliance.
Enable portfolio managers to better identify, select, prioritize, and manage a portfolio of projects by providing a centralized view of performance and risk.
Manage the quality of your products and assets throughout the product lifecycle and along the supply chain across all industries.
Reduce travel expenses and empower employees to manage their itineraries by streamlining travel-related processes – from trip approval through reimbursement.
*All implementation results are for informational purposes only and the examples provided while based on actual SAP customers' experiences do not represent commitments or guarantees by SAP and/or its partners. Actual pricing, costs, and implementation results may vary, based on customer-specific requirements and needs. The only warranties for SAP products and services are those that are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services, if any. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty.


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See All Contributors »
What a great name! Some future headlines? I'll kick it off...
"Hawks Still Looking for First Rhoads Win!"
"Hit the road, Jack? Rhoads Hits the Jack!"
"Rhoads Warriors!"
"All Rhoads Lead to Ames!"
I'm sure that's not all of them.... Feel free to pile on--er, chime in!
"Hawks Go Down Rhodes to Nowhere"
Damn it! Misspelled Rhoads again.
Opposing teams don't walk on Rhoads, Rhoads walks all over them.
When Prepared, Fear No One.
I would like to see a pair of the Rhoad warriors in the student section next year.
Make the world a better place, punch a hawkeye in the face
Colorado coach Gary Barnett "I thought we had a pretty good mascot. But when we showed up at Iowa State and they had a real tornado, that's the real deal." November 12, 2005
all rhoades lead to 2010 bcs national championship lol
"(Insert team here) defeated by the Colossus of Rhoads."
Tomorrow's could be Cyclones On With Rhoads Again.
What do you mean, "Flash Gordon approaching"?
My Policy: No stone throwing regardless of housing situation.*
All Rhoads lead to bad puns
"Rhoads...scholar of the game."
Randy Rhoads Charged with Public Indecency?
Oh wait, wrong Rhoads.
Cyclones on the Rhoads to the Big 12 championship
"Cyclones on Rhoads to Perdition"
Not sure how that one would play.
"Paul's Rhoadies"
"Cyclones on Long Rhoads Win Streak!"
Originally Posted by FlashGordon
Randy Rhoads Charged with Public Indecency?
Oh wait, wrong Rhoads.
I can't believe someone else has finally made the connection that I have been thinkin' over since they made this coaching announcement! Randy Rhoads is an absolute Guitar Genius! Some of his solos are absolutely amazing (see Suicide Solution live version).
Props to you buddy!
For those that don't know Randy Rhoads was Ozzy Osborne's lead guitarist after he left Sabbath. Totally face-melting good!
Buses drive on roads. Rhoads hit guys getting off of buses
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Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Sports Network) - Reigning champion Roger
Federer opened with a win, while fresh off his title in France last week,
French star Richard Gasquet was also a first-round victor Wednesday at the
$1.7 million ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament.
The top-seeded former world No. 1 Federer leveled Slovenian Grega Zemlja 6-3,
6-1 to reach the second round this week.
The reigning Wimbledon champion and 17-time major titlist Federer beat Juan
Martin del Potro in last year's marquee finale here and also titled in
Rotterdam back in 2005.
His next opponent will be Dutch wild card Thiemo de Bakker.
The fourth-seeded world No. 10 Gasquet withstood 11 aces in defeating Serbian
Viktor Troicki 7-6 (7-3), 6-1 on the indoor hardcourts at Ahoy Rotterdam.
The in-form Gasquet ran the table in Montpellier last week for his second
title of 2013 -- with the other coming in Doha last month -- and improved his
ATP-best match record to 15-1 this season.
Gasquet's second-round opponent will be dangerous Cypriot Marcos Baghdatis.
In some second-round action on Day 3, fifth-seeded Frenchman Gilles Simon
subdued Italian qualifier Matteo Viola 6-3, 6-1 and France's Julien Benneteau
dispatched Romanian Victor Hanescu 6-1, 6-3.
And in other first-round play, German qualifier Matthias Bachinger upended
sixth-seeded Italian Andreas Seppi 6-3, 6-4 and the former Australian Open
runner-up Baghdatis got past Benoit Paire, 6-0, 6-7 (3-7), 4-0, as the
Frenchman retired while trailing in the third set.
The Sports Network


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My grandpa did that to my brother when we were elk hunting in 2007. He poured whoppers on the ground, told my bro to taste them and see how fresh. When my bro wouldn't, he did and you should have seen the eyes of the 7 (almost 8) year old grow. Lol
Sent from my iPhone using tapatalk 🎯 🇺🇸


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The page you were trying to access does not exist.
Printable View
The page you were trying to access does not exist.
We apologize for the trouble. We're in the middle of a server move, and ran into some difficulty while transferring the code for ZimbraME. We hope to have the page restored soon.
I'll update this thread when the issue is fixed.
Once again, we apologize for the difficulty.
Any chance this will be back up today?
Managed to get the funambol connector running, took about an hour..
very nice.
I am impressed and more impressed with zimbra.
nice work guys.
http://demo2.zimbra.com/zimbrame/list is back up but only lists the Blackberry clients. Could you include the rest?
Hi there - we were just about to start an evaluation of the ZimbraME clients, and now they've disappeared. John - when you say you ran into difficulty transferring the clients, you don't happen to meanyou've lost them, do you?
Seriously, can this situation please be fixed with some urgency - it's been several days now.
This is fixed now. We were having an issue with jdk, and we've been super busy.
Thanks very much for the fast response!
this is 404 again
Still 404. Any ideas if this is going to work on the Curve. I am just about ready to switch my company back to Outlook because of the Blackberry sync not working. This is a third party syncing software (which does not work btw) but I would love to have perfect sync between my Zimbra server and a Zimbra client on a Blackberry.


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Summary: TNF(Tumour Necrosis Factor) family
Pfam includes annotations and additional family information from a range of different sources. These sources can be accessed via the tabs below.
This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "Tumor necrosis factors". More...
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Tumor necrosis factors Edit Wikipedia article
|TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) family
Trimeric structure of TNF alpha, produced by Mus musculus, based on PDB structure 2TNF (1.4 Å Resolution). Different colors represent different monomers. Baeyens, KJ et al. (1999).[1] Figure rendered using FirstGlance Jmol.
|OPM superfamily
|OPM protein
crystal structure of trail-sdr5
|Pfam clan
Tumor necrosis factors (or the TNF family) refer to a group of cytokines that can cause cell death (apoptosis). The first two members of the family to be identified were:
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), formerly known as TNFα or TNF alpha, is the best-known member of this class. TNF is a monocyte-derived cytotoxin that has been implicated in tumor regression, septic shock, and cachexia.[2][3] The protein is synthesized as a prohormone with an unusually long and atypical signal sequence, which is absent from the mature secreted cytokine.[4] A short hydrophobic stretch of amino acids serves to anchor the prohormone in lipid bilayers.[5] Both the mature protein and a partially processed form of the hormone can be secreted after cleavage of the propeptide.[5]
- Lymphotoxin-alpha, formerly known as Tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β), is a cytokine that is inhibited by interleukin 10.[6]
Family members
Nineteen proteins have been identified as part of the TNF family on the basis of sequence, functional, and structural similarities.[7] They include:[8][9][10]
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (also known as cachectin [11] or TNF alpha)[12][13] is a cytokine that has a wide variety of functions. It can cause cytolysis of certain tumor cell lines; it is involved in the induction of cachexia; it is a potent pyrogen, causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion; it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation under certain conditions.
- Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-alpha) and lymphotoxin-beta (LT-beta), two related cytokines produced by lymphocytes that are cytotoxic for a wide range of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.[14]
- T cell antigen gp39 (CD40L), a cytokine that seems to be important in B-cell development and activation.
- CD27L, a cytokine that plays a role in T-cell activation. It induces the proliferation of co-stimulated T cells and enhances the generation of cytolytic T cells.
- CD30L, a cytokine that induces proliferation of T cells.
- FASL, a cell surface protein involved in cell death.[15]
- 4-1BBL, an inducible T cell surface molecule that contributes to T-cell stimulation.
- OX40L, a cell surface protein that co-stimulates T cell proliferation and cytokine production.[16]
- TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), a cytokine that induces apoptosis.[17]
All these cytokines seem to form homotrimeric (or heterotrimeric in the case of LT-alpha/beta) complexes that are recognized by their specific receptors. Strong hydrogen bonds between the monomers stabilize the tertiary structure. One such example is the Asn34-Arg82 hydrogen bond in the M. musculus TNF alpha.[1] The PROSITE pattern for this family is located in a beta-strand in the central section of the protein that is conserved across all members.
All members of the TNF family, with the exception of the secreted lymphotoxin and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), are type II transmembrane proteins that protrude from immune cells. Such membrane-bound TNF ligands frequently signal back to the immune cells when they contact and bind their cognate receptors on other cells.[7]
Human proteins containing this domain include:
Notes and references
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR006052
- ^ a b c Baeyens KJ, De Bondt HL, Raeymaekers A, Fiers W, De Ranter CJ (April 1999). "The structure of mouse tumour-necrosis factor at 1.4 Å resolution: towards modulation of its selectivity and trimerization". Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 55 (Pt 4): 772–8. doi:10.1107/s0907444998018435. PMID 10089307.
- ^ Fransen L, Müller R, Marmenout A, Tavernier J, Van der Heyden J, Kawashima E, Chollet A, Tizard R, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Vliet A (June 1985). "Molecular cloning of mouse tumour necrosis factor cDNA and its eukaryotic expression". Nucleic Acids Res. 13 (12): 4417–29. doi:10.1093/nar/13.12.4417. PMC 321797. PMID 2989794.
- ^ Kriegler M, Perez C, DeFay K, Albert I, Lu SD (April 1988). "A novel form of TNF/cachectin is a cell surface cytotoxic transmembrane protein: ramifications for the complex physiology of TNF". Cell 53 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90486-2. PMID 3349526.
- ^ Sherry B, Jue DM, Zentella A, Cerami A (December 1990). "Characterization of high molecular weight glycosylated forms of murine tumor necrosis factor". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173 (3): 1072–8. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80895-2. PMID 2268312.
- ^ a b Cseh K, Beutler B (September 1989). "Alternative cleavage of the cachectin/tumor necrosis factor propeptide results in a larger, inactive form of secreted protein". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (27): 16256–60. PMID 2777790.
- ^ Waltenbaugh C, Doan T, Melvold R, Viselli S (2008). Immunology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 68. ISBN 0-7817-9543-5.
- ^ a b Sun M, Fink PJ (2007). "A new class of reverse signaling costimulators belongs to the TNF family". J Immunol. 179 (7): 4307–12. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4307. PMID 17878324.
- ^ Peitsch MC, Jongeneel CV (February 1993). "A 3-D model for the CD40 ligand predicts that it is a compact trimer similar to the tumor necrosis factors". Int. Immunol. 5 (2): 233–8. doi:10.1093/intimm/5.2.233. PMID 8095800.
- ^ Farrah T, Smith CA (July 1992). "Emerging cytokine family". Nature 358 (6381): 26. doi:10.1038/358026b0. PMID 1377364.
- ^ Bazan JF (September 1993). "Emerging families of cytokines and receptors". Curr. Biol. 3 (9): 603–6. doi:10.1016/0960-9822(93)90009-D. PMID 15335677.
- ^ D. CAPUT, et al., Identification of a common nucleotide sequence in the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA molecules specifying inflammatory mediators, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1670-1674 Biochemistry, 1986 and references cited)
- ^ Beutler B, Cerami A (October 1988). "The history, properties, and biological effects of cachectin". Biochemistry 27 (20): 7575–82. doi:10.1021/bi00420a001. PMID 3061461.
- ^ Vilcek J, Lee TH (April 1991). "Tumor necrosis factor. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of its multiple actions". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (12): 7313–6. PMID 1850405.
- ^ Browning JL, Ngam-ek A, Lawton P, DeMarinis J, Tizard R, Chow EP, Hession C, O'Brine-Greco B, Foley SF, Ware CF (March 1993). "Lymphotoxin beta, a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface". Cell 72 (6): 847–56. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90574-A. PMID 7916655.
- ^ Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S (December 1993). "Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family". Cell 75 (6): 1169–78. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90326-L. PMID 7505205.
- ^ Baum PR, Gayle RB, Ramsdell F, Srinivasan S, Sorensen RA, Watson ML, Seldin MF, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Clifford KN (September 1994). "Molecular characterization of murine and human OX40/OX40 ligand systems: identification of a human OX40 ligand as the HTLV-1-regulated protein gp34". EMBO J. 13 (17): 3992–4001. PMC 395319. PMID 8076595.
- ^ Wiley SR, Schooley K, Smolak PJ, Din WS, Huang CP, Nicholl JK, Sutherland GR, Smith TD, Rauch C, Smith CA (December 1995). "Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis". Immunity 3 (6): 673–82. doi:10.1016/1074-7613(95)90057-8. PMID 8777713.
External links
- Tumor Necrosis Factors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- pex1 tumor necrosis factor gene
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
TNF(Tumour Necrosis Factor) family Provide feedback
No Pfam abstract.
Literature references
Copley RR; , J Mol Med 1999;77:361-363.: The gene for X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia encodes a TNF- like domain. PUBMED:10353440 EPMC:10353440
Internal database links
|Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch:
External database links
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR006052
Cytokines can be grouped into a family on the basis of sequence, functional and structural similarities [PUBMED:8095800, PUBMED:1377364, PUBMED:15335677]. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (also known as TNF-alpha or cachectin) is a monocyte-derived cytotoxin that has been implicated in tumour regression, septic shock and cachexia [PUBMED:2989794, PUBMED:3349526]. The protein is synthesised as a prohormone with an unusually long and atypical signal sequence, which is absent from the mature secreted cytokine [PUBMED:2268312]. A short hydrophobic stretch of amino acids serves to anchor the prohormone in lipid bilayers [PUBMED:2777790]. Both the mature protein and a partially-processed form of the hormone are secreted after cleavage of the propeptide [PUBMED:2777790].
There are a number of different families of TNF, but all these cytokines seem to form homotrimeric (or heterotrimeric in the case of LT-alpha/beta) complexes that are recognised by their specific receptors.
The following cytokines can be grouped into a family on the basis of sequence, functional, and structural similarities [PUBMED:8095800, PUBMED:1377364, PUBMED:15335677]:
- Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (also known as cachectin or TNF-alpha) [PUBMED:3061461, PUBMED:1850405] is a cytokine which has a wide variety of functions. It can cause cytolysis of certain tumor cell lines; it is involved in the induction of cachexia; it is a potent pyrogen, causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion; finally, it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation under certain conditions.
- Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-alpha) and lymphotoxin-beta (LT-beta), two related cytokines produced by lymphocytes and which are cytotoxic for a wide range of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo [PUBMED:7916655].
- T cell antigen gp39 (CD40L), a cytokine which seems to be important in B-cell development and activation.
- CD27L, a cytokine which plays a role in T-cell activation. It induces the proliferation of costimulated T cells and enhances the generation of cytolytic T cells.
- CD30L, a cytokine which induces proliferation of T cells.
- FASL, a cytokine involved in cell death [PUBMED:7505205].
- 4-1BBL, a inducible T cell surface molecule that contributes to T-cell stimulation.
- OX40L, a cytokine that co-stimulates T cell proliferation and cytokine production [PUBMED:8076595].
- TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), a cytokine that induces apoptosis [PUBMED:8777713].
- TNF-alpha is synthesised as a type II membrane protein which then undergoes post-translational cleavage liberating the extracellular domain. CD27L, CD30L, CD40L, FASL, LT-beta, 4-1BBL and TRAIL also appear to be type II membrane proteins. LT-alpha is a secreted protein.
All these cytokines seem to form homotrimeric (or heterotrimeric in the case of LT-alpha/beta) complexes that are recognised by their specific receptors. The PROSITE pattern for this family is located in a beta-strand in the central section of the protein which is conserved across all members.
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
|Cellular component
|membrane (GO:0016020)
|Molecular function
|tumor necrosis factor receptor binding (GO:0005164)
|Biological process
|immune response (GO:0006955)
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
The graphic that is shown by default represents the longest sequence with a given architecture. Each row contains the following information:
- the number of sequences which exhibit this architecture
a textual description of the architecture, e.g. Gla, EGF x 2, Trypsin.
This example describes an architecture with one
Gladomain, followed by two consecutive
EGFdomains, and finally a single
- a link to the page in the Pfam site showing information about the sequence that the graphic describes
- the UniProt description of the protein sequence
- the number of residues in the sequence
- the Pfam graphic itself.
Note that you can see the family page for a particular domain by clicking on the graphic. You can also choose to see all sequences which have a given architecture by clicking on the Show link in each row.
Finally, because some families can be found in a very large number of architectures, we load only the first fifty architectures by default. If you want to see more architectures, click the button at the bottom of the page to load the next set.
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Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan C1q_TNF (CL0100), which has the following description:
The members of the C1q and TNF superfamily are involved in a diverse set of functions, which include: defense, inflammation, apoptosis, autoimmunity differentiation, organogenesis, hibernation and insulin-resistant obesity [1]. Both C1q and TNF domains form a compact jelly-roll beta- sandwich. The core of these structures are conserved between the two families and corresponds to the detectable sequence similarity. Proteins containing both of these domains, form trimers before they are active. However, the surfaces of the domains are quite different and this difference is thought to give rise to the function difference between the clan members[1].
The clan contains the following 2 members:C1q TNF
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.
Alignment types
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:
- seed
- the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
- full
- the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
- Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
- UniProt
- alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM
- alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
- meta
- alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM
You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:
- jalview
- a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
- an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
- PP/Heatmap
- an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:
- Selex
- Stockholm
You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.
You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.
View options
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
|Representative proteomes
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
Key: available, not generated, — not available.
Format an alignment
Download options
We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
|Representative proteomes
|Raw Stockholm
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
HMM logo
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
If you find these logos useful in your own work, please consider citing the following article:
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
|Seed source:
|Previous IDs:
|Finn RD
|Number in seed:
|Number in full:
|Average length of the domain:
|122.70 aa
|Average identity of full alignment:
|21 %
|Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:
|47.39 %
HMM information
|HMM build commands:
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 11927849 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
|Model details:
|Model length:
|Family (HMM) version:
|download the raw HMM for this family
Species distribution
Sunburst controlsHide
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|Other sequences
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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...
This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.
How the sunburst is generated
The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.
In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:
- superkingdom
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Colouring and labels
Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.
As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.
Anomalies in the taxonomy tree
There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.
Missing taxonomic levels
Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.
Unmapped species names
The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.
So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".
Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.
Too many species/sequences
For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.
Tree controlsHide
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- graphically
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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...
Species trees
We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.
Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.
If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.
Interactive tree
For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.
We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.
Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.
We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.
You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:
- show/hide the summary boxes
- highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
- expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
- select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
- save a plain text representation of the tree
Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.
There are 8 interactions for this family. More...
We determine these interactions using iPfam, which considers the interactions between residues in three-dimensional protein structures and maps those interactions back to Pfam families. You can find more information about the iPfam algorithm in the journal article that accompanies the website.
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the TNF domain has been found. There are 298 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.
Loading structure mapping...


text:
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Difference between revisions of "Randeep"
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I am a Masters student in Industrial Engineering. I took Health Care Financial Management in Summer and kind of liked it. So I thought it might be cool to do this course. I will be graduating this Fall
Revision as of 20:40, 16 September 2007
I am a Masters student in Industrial Engineering. I took Health Care Financial Management in Summer and kind of liked it. So I thought it might be cool to do this course. I will be graduating this Fall
Way Finding Problem
Lot of themes and icons have been used to overcome this problem. For example, DJ on 9/13 mentioned about the flower elevator and butterfly elevator. But I am puzzled how helpful these iconic symbols will be in a hospital, where people don't have the patience or rather composure to follow and infer these iconic symbols or themes.
I feel that this problem requires some technological blend with iconic symbols. Here are some of the ideas that I thought about:
- Cost-effective solution: Install kiosks at the hospital entrance or rather at the parking garage pathway to the hospital entrance. These kiosks can print out the direction for the required department/ service
- Costly but efficient solution: Develop a GPS kind of tool that would assist for directions inside the hospital. This could be made reusable. Further, some games can be integrated in this gadget (There are many popular hand held games which could keep the children engaging)
- Intermediate Solution: Use destination specific RFIDs which can guide you. A RFID scanner can be installed in specific junctions which could then guide you to proceed in the appropriate direction. Like, the RFID scanner could be integrated with some audio output system which would say "Turn Left", "Take the Elevator to your left for the first floor" and so on...
Another offline thought: To transport the patients from Hugh Spalding to Grady, automated walkways (like the one in airports) could be used.
I would like to hear some thoughts or feedback. Feel free to e-mail your comments to [email@example.com ]


text:
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