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"The Disappearance, Forced Conversions and Forced Marriages of Coptic Christian Women and Girls in Egypt"
Testimony of Michele Clark
Adjunct Professor, the Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University
July 18, 2012
Mr. Chairman, it is an honor to be invited to testify once more on this most important issue of the disappearances, forced conversions and forced marriages of Coptic Christian women and girls. I would like to express my thanks to the Commission for holding this hearing and launching this new report. I would also like to express my thanks to Christian Solidarity International, and in particular to Dr. John Eibner, CEO, for championing this issue and sponsoring the research and writing of the report we are discussing here. I would also like to express my thanks to Nadia Ghaly, the co-author of this report, who is not able to be here today, for her invaluable collaboration in this effort.
My testimony is based directly on the report introduced today, "The Disappearance, Forced Conversions and Forced Marriages of Coptic Christian Women and Girls in Egypt II", and I would therefore like to request that the report be included along with my testimony into the record of these hearings.
Coptic women in Egypt are disappearing from their homes, their schools and their jobs. They go missing while returning from church, picking up their children from school or traveling to the sick bed of an aging parent. They are often held as captives, subjected to physical and psychological abuse in the form of rapes, beatings, domestic labor without pay, forced marriage and conversion to Islam. Their lives, and the lives of their families, are severely damaged.
The Egyptian government has distanced itself from any responsibility or culpability. Those who dispute these claims assert that the disappearances are merely willful acts of young women seeking to leave oppressive home environments and that there is no criminal activity involved.
To investigate these claims, Christian Solidarity International and the Coptic Foundation for Human Rights Commissioned a report written in November 2009 which asserted that Coptic women and underage girls are deceptively lured into forced marriages with Muslim men and conversion to Islam; that the Egyptian authorities dismiss the criminality of such events; that the young women are presumed to be complicit in their disappearances; that the disappearances follow consistent patterns; that the Egyptian government rarely restores their Christian identities to women who have been forcibly converted to Islam.
This report marked the beginning of renewed discussion on the topic, including a hearing in front of this very Commission last summer.
Other US Government agencies were more skeptical.
For example, the 2010 US Department of States Annual Trafficking in Persons Report referenced our report, and stated that "During the reporting period, an international NGO released a report about alleged forced marriages of Coptic females in Egypt, indicating an allegation of forced prostitution, though the allegations have not been confirmed."
The 2010 Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report also referred to our report, stating,
"As in previous years, there were occasional claims of Muslim men forcing Coptic women and girls to convert to Islam. Reports of such cases were disputed and often included inflammatory allegations and categorical denials of kidnapping and rape. In November 2009 an international Christian advocacy group published a report regarding alleged cases of forced conversion; however, well-respected local human rights groups were unable to verify such cases and found it extremely difficult to determine whether compulsion was used, as most cases involved a female Copt who converted to Islam when she married a male Muslim. Reports of such cases almost never appear in the local media."
Before entering in the details of the new report, I would like to make one important point: Claims that all disappearances are the result of impulsive behaviors and not abduction reflect a misunderstanding of the force, fraud and coercion that are characteristic of the relationships between young Coptic women and girls and their captors. Both Nadia Ghaly and I recognize that not all disappearances are the result of abductions, that not all marriages are forced, and that some conversions can be consensual. We have spoken with a young woman who quite candidly left her husband because he beat her while her make Muslim neighbor was kind. She eventually returned to her family.
However, and notwithstanding the ambiguity of many situations we encountered, we claim that it is not possible to dismiss each case in the 2009 report on the grounds that the girls willingly and left their families.
And, since this first report, it is possible to say that stories of abductions and disappearances of Coptic women and girls are for the first time garnering attention in the mainstream media. On December 15, 2010, the BBC aired a documentary entitled, "Christian Minority under Pressure in Egypt." In the opening scene, a father relates to the interviewer that there will be no Christmas in their home this year; their daughter, who loved Christmas, was abducted and has never returned.
On June 15, 2011, Yasmin el Rashdi, writing New York Review of Books on June 15, 2011, quotes a parish priest who raises the issue of the disappearance of young Coptic women.
"There are no sizable attacks," he said, "but each week there are incidents of women having the cross grabbed from their necks as they walk in the streets. In this very neighborhood people are still being insulted as they leave church; and we still have young girls disappearing, kidnapped, being harassed for what they are wearing or for bearing the cross tattooed on their wrists."
Since the publication of our first report, the political landscape has changed considerably in Egypt. The Coptic community has become more vulnerable to persecution as a result of an upsurge in militant Islam following the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarkek. Emigration is increasing and asylum petitions in both the United States and other countries are on the rise. Young Coptic women are particularly vulnerable. Exploitation thrives in times of political unrest.
Among the most vulnerable members of this beleaguered community are women and young girls. Young Coptic women are applying for asylum on the basis of fear of being abducted and forced to convert and marry. In September 2011, I testified in federal court as an expert witness in one such asylum case. Asylum was granted for a young Coptic woman on the basis of fear of being abducted should she return. Other immigration lawyers attest to recent favorable asylum decisions based on threat or fear of abduction. We have here, as witnesses in this hearing, two young women who have sought and received asylum because of abduction and fear of abductions. These cases are not allegations.
A Second Report
Concerned with the escalating violence against the Copts in Egypt and dissatisfied with the lack of response from the US Government, Christian Solidarity International commissioned a second report, which we are launching here today. This new report substantiates our earlier findings. In addition, we have observed changes in trends and patterns, which reinforce the pre-meditation of the captors.
The goal of our second report is straightforward: To continue to support the claims of disappearances, abductions and forced conversions and forced marriages of Coptic women in Egypt and continue to challenge the use of the term "allegation" in US government reports.
The new findings in the report are based on:
1. Interviews with four Egyptian lawyers. These lawyers provided access to claims filed by families on behalf of Coptic women who had disappeared as well as young women who had returned from a forced marriage and conversion and were attempting to regain their Christian identities;
2. Interviews with representatives of civil society organizations;
3. Interviews with family members of young women who have disappeared. Some of these individuals are represented by attorneys;
4. A review of Internet sites reporting the disappearance of Coptic girls. The authors considered only those cases with appropriate documentation, including police reports.
5. Interviews with women who have returned from a forced marriage and conversion.
All interviews were conducted from November 16-25, 2011, in Cairo, Egypt. Only verifiable cases are included in this report. Each of these cases is verifiable through attorney files, personal interviews and police reports. The real names of young women and their family members and other identifying details are not published in this report in order to protect their identities.
Key Findings
1. The number of disappearances and abductions appear to be increasing.
Exact numbers of cases throughout the country are difficult to come by for reasons analyzed below. However, each of the attorneys interviewed for this report indicated an increase in his caseload since January 2011. Four attorneys collectively report a total of over 550 cases of abductions, disappearances and petitions to restore Christian identity following abductions, forced marriages and forced conversions over a five-year period. Furthermore, one attorney interviewed for this report indicates first-hand knowledge of over 1,600 cases of Christians petitioning to have their conversions to Islam overturned in recent years, with 60% of this number being women; in other words, 960 women are petitioning to have their Christian identities restored.
Data Collection Challenges
There is no systematic data repository within the Coptic community documenting the disappearances of young women. Priests or bishops keep records of activities within their churches and communities. Attorneys maintain their own caseloads. Activists maintain different websites but there is no cross-referencing with other data sources.
Families of victims do not report all cases. The police do not register all complaints filed by family members. In many cases, family members of missing young women reported that the police would not file a report until a lawyer intervened. In other cases, families do not file reports because they do not believe that their claims will be taken seriously or because they fear retribution by the authorities. Not all families are financially able to secure the services of an attorney; while not a guarantee of results, the presence of an attorney would at least enable the filing of a legitimate claim.
2. Fewer girls appear to be returning to their families
Our 2009 report focused on young women who had returned from forced marriages and conversions and were struggling to regain their Christian identities. They reported instances of abuse and forced domestic servitude; one women reported being prostituted by her captor. Since then, there has been a discernible change in the dynamics of the disappearances of young Coptic women. Attorneys handling such cases report that fewer young women are being returned to their families. There is speculation that young women might be trafficked overseas, but attorneys and activists have not yet been able to document this phenomenon.
3. Social Media
Many families are learning about their daughters' conversion to Islam through new Internet sites which document the conversion to Islam of Christian girls. Increasing websites are appearing which feature fully veiled young Coptic women and girls announcing their conversion to Islam. On the other hand, Coptic families are beginning to post announcements of disappearances also on the internet.
4. Minors and mothers of young children appear to be increasingly targeted.
In addition to disappearances of single young women over the age of 18, lawyers report an increase in the abductions of mothers with young children. While the age of consent to convert to a different religion is eighteen in Egypt, there are increasing reports that children of mothers who are forced to convert are also registered as Muslims. Even if a mother returns to her community, the children are considered by law to be Muslim and will remain Muslim.
5. Disappearances are organized and planned.
Attorneys, social workers and members of the clergy interviewed for this and the previous report all attest to organized and systematic planning in cases of missing Coptic women. Tactics to lure young women into relationships follow similar patters throughout the country. One lawyer interviewed for this report stated that the same man's name occurred in several police reports; he married five Christian women who subsequently converted to Islam. Family members report that their daughters or sisters were befriended by a schoolmate, a neighbor, or an older mother figure over time. Lawyers indicate that their clients report that the families of the captors benefited materially; frequently, family members were provided with new apartments or furniture, and unemployable young men were given jobs.
6. Abductors target vulnerable women and girls, and girls in vulnerable and unprotected moments.
The concluding observations of the UN's Commission on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) express concern "at the very limited information and statistics provided about vulnerable groups of women and girls" in Egypt.
Coptic women and girls are vulnerable in the following ways:
1. They are members of a religious minority.
2. They come from closed, insular communities.
3. Their minority status is the basis for legal and social discrimination
Coptic women and girls are vulnerable because of their minority status, yet little effort is made by the Egyptian Government to document this vulnerability or its consequences.
7. Captors sever contact between victims and their families.
The first task of the captor is to come between a young woman and members of her family. They can do this by force, taking away her phone and family connections. They lock her up, denying her any mobility. They threaten her, telling her that, even if she runs away, her family will never accept her; they will punish her and put her in a monastery. Eventually a young woman is brainwashed and believes that she will be safe only with her Muslim captor. Ultimately, she will be truly safe only if she converts to Islam. Because there is no obligation for a Christian woman who marries a Muslim man to convert to Islam, one attorney claims that conversion is the ultimate goal of the captivity.
8. Captors make use of measures involving force, fraud and coercion.
A young woman consents to a glass of sugar cane juice and the attention of a man whose words promise a life of love, ease and provision. Another woman shares a with a mother who is also waiting for children after school. And a third seeks friendship and escape from a harsh and sometimes abusive home environment. Victims who have not literally been abducted nonetheless did not consent to being ripped from their family without the possibility of ever seeing them again; nor do they consent to being forcibly converted to a religion other than their own. They do not consent to a life of captivity within one small apartment, every outing supervised by a member of her new husband's family. They said yes to the things that young women say yes to: friendship, romance, hope, a future, safety and security. It is reasonable to expect that most young women would respond in precisely the same way as many young Coptic girls responded to these offers of friendship or romance.
In developing recommendations for this report, the authors consulted with attorneys and civil society actors in Egypt in order to assess what government actions might support their efforts to protect Coptic women from falling into captivity and, as a result, into forced marriages and conversions. There was considerable consensus as to steps that the government might take.
Egyptian Government
1. Local police stations will take seriously and file reports on all claims of disappearance of Coptic women and girls. All claims will be investigated and family members kept appraised of the progress of each of these cases.
2. The Egyptian national government will request an annual accounting of all cases of disappearances including open and ongoing cases as well as any prosecutions that resulted from local police investigations.
3. The Egyptian government will create a registry to document the disappearance of minors.
4. Children of parents who convert will retain the religion of their birth until they are 18 years of age, the legal age of consent.
5. The legal age for conversion to Islam will be raised to 18, which is the age of legal consent in Egypt.
6. Laws which penalize discrimination based on religion in the areas of education, employment and the media will be enacted.
Coptic Church
1. The Coptic Church will maintain a central registry documenting instances of disappearances, abductions and forced marriages and conversions of Coptic women.
2. The Coptic Community will educate families and young women on the recruitment and deception patterns that lead to captivity.
International Community
1. A legal defense fund will be created to enable Coptic families to secure the presence of an attorney.
2. International or national agencies assessing the situation of Coptic women in Egypt will recognize that coercion and fraud are represented in most cases of disappearance, forced marriages and forced conversions, all of which obviate the consent of the victim.
3. International organizations will recognize both the scope and scale of the problem and no longer refer to such offenses as mere "allegations."
Mr. Chairman and members of the Commission, I thank you for your time and interest in this very important matter. I look forward to answering your questions.


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For us, corporate responsibility is about showing a commitment to the world around us - maximising the benefits that mobile telecommunications can bring to communities, and minimising any negative impact.
At Vodafone, we're committed to using our resources to make a positive contribution through our Corporate Responsibility (CR) programme. Through CR, we focus on making a positive impact on the environment, on society and on those with special needs.
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The Mövenpick Hotel Münster is directly located on the Aasee Lake. At the lake you can paddle, go pedal-boating, or relax on a round trip aboard the solar boat Solaaris. You can also rent the hotel's own bicycles for excursions to the nearby city centre or to explore more than 100 palaces, castles and country estates in the area. The all-season Zoo Münster provides "extraordinary animal experiences" all year round. More than 3,000 animals live in spacious naturalistic settings. Daily special highlights include the elephant and parrot feeding by the visitors and the penguin walk.
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The exhibit hall at PHA's PH Professional Network Symposium is an exciting opportunity for members of the PH-treating healthcare professional community to connect with familiar faces and forge new professional relationships. Exhibit hall visitors range from nurses and physicians to respiratory therapists to social workers -- there will be a chance to learn something new around every corner.
Exhibit booths are available for $3,500 per booth. Each booth space is 10' x 10'. Diamond Sponsors may purchase up to 5 booth spaces; Platinum Sponsors may purchae up to 4 booth spaces; Gold Sposors may purchase up to 3 booth spaces; and Silver Sponsors may purchase up to 2 booth spaces. All other exhibitors are limited to one booth space. For more information about sponsorships, please contact email@example.com or call 301-565-3004 x756.
Each booth space comes furnished with one 6' skirted table, two chairs, a waste basket and an ID sign.
PHA will assign exhibit booth space based on exhibitors' sponsorship level, stated booth preference and booth availability. Exhibitors will indicate their three preferred booth configurations. Diamond, Platinum, Gold, Silver and Bronze Sponsors who have signed an exhibiting contract and paid in full have first priority in the assignment of exhibit space. The order in which space is assigned will be based on approved sponsorship funds as of Friday, June 21, 2013, starting with the preferences of the highest Diamond Sponsor.
Booth spaces for non-sponsors will be assigned on a first-contracted/paid, first served basis following the assignment of space for all other sponsor companies. Every effort will be made to accommodate requests for booth assignments. PHA reserves the right to make changes to the floor plan of booths as may be deemed necessary at its sole discretion. Booth assignments for companies that have signed contracts and paid the exhibit fee will be communicated by Friday, June 28, 2013.
Nonprofit organizations may purchase one booth space at a 50% discount. Booth exchange is available under special conditions. If you are interested in a booth exchange, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
PHA accepts payment by credit card or by check. Please see the Exhibitor Contract for payment details. Signed contracts can be mailed to PHA, Attn: Symposium Exhibits, 801 Roeder Road Suite 1000, Silver Spring, MD 20910, faxed to 301-565-3994, or emailed to firstname.lastname@example.com. Contracts and payments are requested by Friday, August 2, 2013.
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Hargrove will send each exhibitor a service kit that contains a full list of exhibit services and complete instructions for shipping and material handling. Please do not ship any exhibit materials directly to the Crystal Gateway Marriott. Any shipments sent directly to the hotel will be refused. All shipping should be coordinated through Hargrove.
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Variable HC2 : Number of rooms for sleeping
Type: Continuous
Format: numeric
Width: 2
Decimal(s): 0
Range: 1-99
Valid case(s): 6684 (6684)
Invalid: 284 (0)
Minimum: 1
Maximum: 25
File: hh
Source of information
Head of household or other responsible household member
Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest.
Literal question
How many rooms in this household are used for sleeping?
Interviewer instructions
This information provides a measure of how crowded the house is, and reflects the socio-economic condition of the household. A room in this case refers to a special area with a permanent partition that is used for sleeping. It is not necessarily the number of rooms in the household that are called 'bedrooms', but rather how many rooms get used for sleeping on a regular basis. Exclude rooms that are used only for sleeping by visitors to the household, but include those rooms that may not be regular 'bedrooms' but may be regularly used by one or more of the household members for sleeping. Enter the number of rooms in this household that are used for sleeping.


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You searched for: Formats Text Remove constraint Formats: Text Collections Medicine in the Americas, 1610-1920 Remove constraint Collections: Medicine in the Americas, 1610-1920 Languages English Remove constraint Languages: English Subjects Homeopathy Remove constraint Subjects: Homeopathy Dates by Range 1900-1949 Remove constraint Dates by Range: 1900-1949 Start Over
1 - 3 of 3
Search Results
- Author(s):
- Stearns, Guy Beckley.
National Center for Homoeopathy (U.S.), donor.
- Publisher:
- [New York] : New York Homeopathic Medical College, [1919?]
- Subject(s):
- Influenza, Human -- therapy
2. Biographical index of the graduates of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania and the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia: including a history of the college and hospital, a list of all the graduates arranged by years of graduation, also a list of the graduates who are now in the medical military service of the United States
- Author(s):
- Bradford, Thomas Lindsley, 1847-1918
Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia.
Homœopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania.
- Publisher:
- [Lancaster, Pa. : Achey & Gorrecht, Printers], 1918
- Subject(s):
- Physicians
Schools, Medical
- Author(s):
- Fincke, B. (Bernard), 1821-1906, compiler
National Center for Homoeopathy (U.S.), donor.
- Publisher:
- [New York?] : [publisher not identified], [1910?]
- Subject(s):
- Materia Medica


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This sweet mug has an image of one of the Flower Fairies by Cicely Mary Barker on it. Choose from Flower Fairies listed in the Option Bar. Images of the Black Medick Flower Fairy is seen above. Others are shown in the images below. Each mug is 2 3/4" tall, about 2 3/4" wide and holds about 6 ounces of your child's favorite beverage. These mugs are made in Germany of Porcelain.
Please Note: They will break when dropped, so they are a "special" gift for a child who has careful hands or for those occasions when children use special hands.


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April 11, 2013 | 5354 views
Stepping Out
Spring pleasures around Long Island
Welcoming the first signs of the season
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Baseball season has arrived and the warmer weather is soon to follow (or so we hope). It's the time to venture outside and enjoy these early days of spring. Here are some ideas to welcome the season – and Earth month – now that some of the region's favorite spots have re-opened.
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Design by: Maggie Weldon
Skill Level: Easy
Size: 9″ wide at base x 11″ tall
Materials: Worsted Weight Yarn ;
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Maggie's Crochet Brand offers download versions of most of our products. Adobe Reader is required when opening the patterns. If you do not have Adobe Reader installed on your computer or device, you can download it here: http://get.adobe.com/reader/. Please note: Using other programs such as Preview or PDF Complete will cause printing errors and more. Due to the nature of downloadable products, we cannot and will not refund the cost of the item. If the item is a Maggie's Crochet Brand pattern, we can generally mail the pattern to you if you are having trouble downloading. Shipping and handling charges will have to be charged using a credit card by phone. Some downloads are not available to ship out - these are noted and all sales are final on those products. If you are not sure, please contact customer service.
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Any person in violation of our copyright will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. This site is owned and operated by Maggie Weldon Designs. All the content on this site, including but not limited to photographs, pattern designs, logos and text is owned by Maggie Weldon Designs. All materials contained on this site are protected by both United States and International copyright laws and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of Maggie Weldon Designs. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from copies of the content. A copy of downloaded patterns may be printed by the purchaser, for personal use only and are not to be distributed. Items made from Maggie's Crochet patterns may be sold, however a notice must be attached to each item giving credit to both Maggie's Crochet and the pattern designer.


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Last Update May 30, 2016
Nystop is a skin medication.
Uses: Our data suggest that Nystop is taken for Rash, although it is not approved for this condition. In addition, it is prescribed for Yeast Infection. Read More
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Peptic ulcers are eroded areas in the stomach (gastric ulcers) or first part of the intestine (duodenal ulcers). Ulcers occur in areas where the lining of the stomach or intestine is worn away and irritated, causing pain or bleeding.
Normally, a mucous coating protects the lining of the stomach and the intestine. This coating can be disrupted by a bacterial infection from Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) or by irritating medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). When this mucous coat is disrupted, strong digestive juices can erode the lining underneath it. This causes the ulcer.
Lifestyle factors such as diet and stress were once thought to be responsible for causing ulcers. However, now we know that the vast majority of ulcers are due to H. pylori infection or NSAID use.
In addition to creating discomfort, ulcers are serious because they can cause:
- Perforation : If an ulcer eats through the entire wall of your stomach or intestine, it is called a perforated ulcer. This is a very serious and potentially life-threatening condition, since the hole allows the contents of your stomach and intestine to leak out into the abdominal cavity.
- Obstruction : Scarring from ulcers can block flow through the stomach and/or duodenum. This can cause repeated vomiting, weight loss, and intense pain.
- Gastric Cancer : People who have had peptic ulcers due to H. pylori have a higher rate of stomach cancer.
Many more people are infected with H. pylori than ever develop an ulcer. Researchers are still trying to understand why some people infected with this kind of bacteria develop ulcers and others don't. Researchers are also trying to learn how people become infected with H. pylori . It may be passed in food or water. It also seems to live in the saliva of infected people, allowing the bacteria to be passed through kissing, for example.What are the risk factors for peptic ulcer disease?What are the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?How is peptic ulcer disease diagnosed?What are the treatments for peptic ulcer disease?Are there screening tests for peptic ulcer disease?How can I reduce my risk of peptic ulcer disease?What questions should I ask my doctor?Where can I get more information about peptic ulcer disease?
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Daus Mahnke, MD
- Review Date: 05/2015 -
- Update Date: 05/20/2015 -


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Event Type: Childrens Library Programs
Date: 5/22/2014
Start Time: 10:30 AM
End Time: 11:30 AM
Children ages 3 & up, with a favorite adult, experience stories through books, flannel boards, puppets, songs, and activities. This program encourages emerging reading skills by engaging children with shapes, sounds, rhythm, and rhyme in a playful environment. No registration required.Library: Cheyenne Mountain Library - 1785 S. 8th Street Suite 100
Location: Cheyenne Meeting Room
Contact: Melissa Leftwich
Contact Number: 7196336278
Presenter: Melissa Leftwich


text: Community 19th Annual Asian American Celebration planned May 21 Citizen Staff Reports 05/16/2016 The Asian American Society of Central Virginia will hold its 19th Annual Asian American Celebration on Saturday, May 21 at the Greater Richmond Convention Center, 403 N. 3rd St. in Richmond, from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Admission is free. The theme for this year's celebration will be "Our Heritage," in recognition of May as the Asian Pacific American Heritage month, designated by the U.S. Congress in 1992. > Read more. Sandston Founders Club honors Sydnor Citizen Staff Reports 05/09/2016 The Founders Club of Sandston presented lifetime membership to Charles W. Sydnor at its 12th annual meeting last month. Sydnor, who grew up in Sandston and later served as president of Emory and Henry College for eight years, was honored by Founder Club President Alice Taylor Baldwin at the April 23 event at Sandston Memorial Recreation Center. > Read more. Entertainment Restaurant watch 05/26/2016 Find out how your favorite dining establishments fared during their most recent inspections by the Virginia Department of Health. > Read more. News DRPT to host public meeting in Henrico about future of transit Business in brief 17 Henrico schools earn Virginia Index of Performance awards Henrico-based Virginia Bankers Association announces scholarship recipients 2 Henrico students win Congressional Art Awards - More News Print Edition May. 19, 2016 Click here to read the print edition. Entertainment Restaurant watch Weekend Top 10 Cultural Arts Center announces summer class schedule CAT's 53rd season opens with new directors Weekend Top 10 - More Entertainment Obituaries Obituary – Donald Mayo Obituary – Anna Lee "Toady" Ward Obituary – George Edward Moore, III - More Obituaries Community 19th Annual Asian American Celebration planned May 21 Sandston Founders Club honors Sydnor Anthem LemonAid registration opens - More Community Opinions 'Good old days' were good – for some Of character and parenting Opinion: Rename school for late Henrico officer - More Opinions Sports Strawberry visits Tuckahoe Little League Champions! Athlete of the Week – July 3: Kayla Sell - More Sports Reader Survey | Advertising | Email updates Tweets by @twitterapi Classifieds Place an Ad | More Classifieds Calendar The 8th Annual American Legion Post 242 & Battlefield Post 144 Sandston Memorial Day Parade will start at 1 p.m. at Seven Pines Elementary School on Beulah Road and proceed… Full text Forecast Radar Cameras Photos Your weather just got better. Henricopedia Henrico's Top Teachers The Plate © 2016 by The Henrico Citizen, Henrico County, VA • (804) 262-1700 • firstname.lastname@example.com | RSS | Privacy Policy


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- PeruRetailFunding via EDAPROSPO
San Isidro ...PeruFoodFunding via Asociación Arariwa
JuliaPeruRetailFunding via Asociación Arariwa
Cristo Salvador Group
Additional Information
About EDAPROSPOEDAPROSPO seeks to use micro-credit to foster productive commercial activity for the sake of economic and social development within vulnerable urban and rural sectors traditionally neglected by commercial banks. By offering innovative products such as technical education loans and microfinance groups for young people, EDAPROSPO helps disadvantaged Peruvians lift themselves out of poverty.
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Peru
46View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 6 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Apr 19, 2011
- Listed
- Apr 26, 2011
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Covered
- Ended:
- Sep 15, 2011


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This is a thick felted Gnome hat for any member of the family. It fits my assistant's 23" head, to fit smaller heads it will slide and the edge can be folded up for a brim. Laid out flat, this hat measures 18" from tip to bottom.
It's your choice of Chocolate Brown with splashes of blue, aqua and earth green or Gnome Red with splashes of gold and orange, Black with splashes of white, green and burgandy, or White with splashes of brown and black. Made in Nepal. Fair Trade. 100% Thick Wool.
"Sonya: I wanted you to know how much I appreciate the wonderful service you provided for my recent order. Not only did you personally call me to let me know that my payment information didn't get recorded, but I got the order 2 days later! My grandson and I love the items I have ordered, this time and in the past, from your lovely company. The toys and games in your extensive offerings are full of the gentle love that makes the world a better place in which to live.Thanks again for a wonderful experience. You can be sure that I will be back! Peace and love, Susan, Peninsula, OH 9/23/09"
"I just wanted to e-mail you and let you know that our order arrived today and that everything is fantastic! I felt like a kid at Christmas opening everything one by one! All of the home corner things are presents for my girls so I had to hide them but I was able to show them the two wooden sailboat stackers, which are new baby gifts, and the little gnomes and felted gnome hat which is a present for their 6 year old cousin. They were so excited by the felted hat that I'm sure I will be ordering more at a later date as they both looked so cute! Thankyou for such a great site, keep up the fantastic work, Melissa, Canberra, Australia, 5/14/08"


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Dakota Apartments
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Match ID 223437
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Tournament The Gathering 2012 - League of Legends BYOC
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Round Round 2 (Round 2)
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BinaryBeast is quickly becoming the must-have tool for running tournaments, leagues and other competitive eSports events.
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@A2PRodriguez I don't think I saw anything on this - are they still having trouble?
2016-02-08 02:14:28
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Add a rally, forum, town hall, or other event to collect RSVPs, give attendees directions and more.
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Create the perfect garden! Comb the rooms of a gorgeous mansion for hidden items and restore a once stunning garden to its former glory in Gardenscapes! Choose from tons of garden items and accessories to customize the garden to your taste. Become part of the city's community and partake in the competitive "Best Garden" contest. Become an outdoor décor pro in this cutting-hedge, Hidden Object game!
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text: Clemson Extension agents with primary livestock and forage responsibilities work closely with state extension specialists and researchers located on the Clemson campus and at the Edisto Research and Education Center near Blackville. They provide expertise in topics ranging from beef cattle, dairy cattle, equine, small ruminant, poultry and pork production. Establishment, management and efficient utilization of grazing and hay crops like bermudagrass, bahiagrass, alfalfa and tall fescue are also areas of expertise for many of the agents.


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You have invested in the Clarisonic skin care routine, and you're enjoying smoother, healthier, and noticeably younger-looking skin. Amp up your Clarisonic system by adding some Clarisonic Cleansers to your arsenal. You can maximize the effectiveness of your Clarisonic System by adding Cleansers designed specifically for your new skin care routine.
No matter your skin type and needs, you can find Clarisonic Cleansers that work for you and help maximize your benefits. Discover a Cleanser that exfoliates your skin, sloughing off dead skin cells that leave your skin looking dull. Remove impurities from your skin while enriching it with gentle but powerful antioxidants. Attract and retain moisture while you cleanse your skin.
Clarisonic Cleansers rely on gentle, natural ingredients, including vitamin E, green tea, and shea butter. These products are free of parabens and are pH-balanced, meaning you are putting only healthy ingredients on your skin. As a result, Clarisonic Cleansers are suitable for even sensitive and delicate types. Give your skin the pampering it deserves, and pick up a Clarisonic Cleanser today. You will enjoy balanced, clarified, and more even skin with regular use.
Each of the Clarisonic Cleansers is formulated specifically for use with any one of the Clarisonic skin cleansing systems. These cleansers gently rid the skin of impurities without causing irritation. Clarisonic Cleansers are non-abrasive and balanced, making them the perfect complement to the brush system.
Clarisonic Refreshing Gel Cleanser Duo is the ideal choice for skin that is oily with clogged pores. This is a foaming cleanser that gently lifts away impurities while clarifying the skin with willow bark, a natural form of the blemish fighter salicylic acid. Many clarifying cleansers leave the skin feeling tight and dry but this one balances oily skin and leaves it calm and comfortable. Added antioxidants protect against cell damage.
Clarisonic Gentle Hydro Cleanser Duo is appropriate for all skin types. This is a gentle foaming cleanser that soothes the skin with botanical extracts from aloe and cucumber as well as green tea and Vitamin E for antioxidant protection.
Those with dry and sensitive skin need to choose their cleansers carefully. Clarisonic Nourishing Care Cleanser Duo is a hydrating cleanser with a creamy consistency that nourishes the skin with the help of olive oil and shea butter. This is a protective cleansing formula that guards against environmental damage which can lead to premature aging.


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Morning Marketplace
This Morning Marketplace segment features a local non-profit making a difference in children's lives by providing them with beds.
Wednesday, October 30 2013, 06:09 PM CDT
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Video List
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Watch Morning Marketplace weekday mornings after FOX Richmond Morning News.. Get expert advise from the area`s top businesses and organizations and find out what`s happening in and around RVA. That`s Morning Marketplace, weekday mornings right here on FOX Richmond..


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Testimony :: Cathy Cosman
Senior Political Analyst - United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
May 15, 2012 Helsinki Commission Briefing on Political Prisoners in Central Asia
Written Statement on Religious Prisoners
Catherine Cosman, Senior Policy Adviser,
U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom
I'd like to thank the Helsinki Commission for the opportunity to speak today about the thousands of religious prisoners in Central Asia. Publicly highlighting their situation in Congress is important and we welcome it. We should not lose sight of the human tragedies behind the prisoner statistics. Most of these people have been unjustly imprisoned and often times abused if not tortured. Shining a light on their situation hopefully will result in their release, and if not, at least in an improvement in their conditions.
As mandated by the 1998 International Religious Freedom Act, the Commission in March 2012 recommended that Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan be designated by the U.S. government as Countries of Particular Concern (CPC) due to their systematic abuse of international obligations to respect freedom of religion or belief. Uzbekistan was designated a CPC by the State Department in 2006 and continues to have that status, while Turkmenistan and Tajikistan do not. I am going to focus on these three countries today, but have included background largely drawn from our materials, the State Department, Forum 18 and the International Crisis Group on how repressive Kazakh and Kyrgyz laws have impacted religious and other communities and individuals.
Uzbek religion law imposes major hurdles for the registration of religious groups and criminalizes legitimate activities of unregistered groups. The law also bans the production and distribution of unofficial religious publications; prohibits minors from participating in religious organizations; and forbids the wearing of religious clothing in public by anyone other than clerics. Any unregistered religious congregation is liable to massive fines and police raids, as well as threats or use of physical violence, detention and arrest.
Over the past decade, at least 5,000 individuals reportedly have been imprisoned in Uzbekistan (sometimes in psychiatric hospitals), for terms of up to 20 years due to their religious affiliations or beliefs. Many were imprisoned because they reject state control over religion or because the Uzbek government claims they are associated with groups it has banned as extremist. According to human rights advocates, however, the only "crime" of many of these individuals is the independent practice and intensive study of Islam.
Criminal convictions in Uzbekistan are based almost entirely on confessions, often gained through torture. Human rights organizations report that many detainees in Uzbekistan were arrested for, possessing the literature of a banned organization. Once arrested, they often are denied access to a lawyer, or are held incommunicado for weeks or months.
Uzbek authorities also often refuse to release religious prisoners at the end of their terms. Instead, prison authorities extend inmates' terms by accusing them, without judicial review, of new crimes or minor infractions of prison regulations.
In 2011, the Ezgulik human rights group documented the alleged torture of female detainees, including many imprisoned due to their religious beliefs. Not only is sexual violence common, but the "standard" torture methods increasingly also are being applied to female detainees. In 2008, the UN Committee against Torture (CAT) confirmed numerous, ongoing, and consistent allegations of the use of torture, often before formal charges are brought and often to extract confessions to be used in criminal proceedings.
Many of those imprisoned or detained on religion-related charges are treated very harshly in Uzbek prisons. Reportedly, prisoners who pray or observe Muslim religious festivals are tortured to force them to renounce their religious or political views. Torture remains endemic in prisons, pretrial facilities, and local police and security service precincts, and reportedly includes the threat or use of physical violence, rape, and the use of gas masks to block victims' air supply.
Included for submission in the briefing record is the 2012 USCIRF Annual Report list of 65 individuals jailed for their religious beliefs or activities in Uzbekistan in the past year.
The Uzbek government does not consider repression of persons or groups suspected of extremism to be an issue of religious freedom, but rather prevention of armed resistance. Uzbekistan does face security threats including from groups which advocate or commit violence in the name of religion. Terrorist bombings have occurred. Nevertheless, the Uzbek government's policies are highly problematic, since they lack due process guarantees, are based on the arbitrary application of vague anti-extremism laws against religious adherents and others who pose no credible threat to security. These abusive policies create future grievances with the next generation, and with no way to peacefully protest, has the effect of pushing more individuals towards violent activity.
Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT), or the Islamic Party of Liberation, is an international, secretive, radical Sunni Muslim political movement. HT is active in 40 countries, but its political emphasis varies somewhat in individual countries. While HT is not known to have engaged in violence, its literature suggests that it might resort to armed action. The group, which is banned in Uzbekistan and most Muslim countries, calls for a worldwide Islamic caliphate to replace existing governments and for the imposition of an extremist interpretation of Islamic law. HT literature expresses virulently anti-Semitic and anti-Western views. Nevertheless, a wide spectrum of observers has noted that the Uzbek government's prosecution of HT members is mainly motivated by the group's political activity and there was no evidence presented that individual defendants were involved in or advocated violence.
Alleged members of Hizb ut-Tahrir, a group that is banned in Uzbekistan, are believed to comprise most of the political prisoners, although arrests of alleged HT members in Uzbekistan appear to have decreased since 2008. but often they are imprisoned,without evidence of violence or that the accused had perpetrated or advocated violence. Many of those arrested claim they are falsely accused of HT membership. Some arrests follow alleged, or planted, possession of HT literature.
The Uzbek government also has repressed and prosecuted members of Akromiya (or Akromiylar) since 1997, even though experts view it as a non-violent group based on the 1992 writings of imprisoned Uzbek mathematics teacher, Akram Yuldashev. The charges against the 23 businessmen on trial in Andijon included alleged membership in Akromiya.
Another group prohibited in Uzbekistan, Tabligh Jamaat, is an Islamic missionary group which began in South Asia. In 2011, a group of 17 alleged Tabligh Jamaat members were convicted in one trial, the first time such a large number of alleged members of this group stood trial.
Particularly since 2008, the Uzbek government has imprisoned alleged members of the Nur group, which it banned in 2000, although some question if this group even exists. Nur refers to those who read the works of Said Nursi, a Turkish mullah whose books were in wide circulation in the 1990's. Nursi followers are not known to be linked to violence. In recent years, some 141 Nur members were sentenced to terms ranging from six to 12 years. For example, in May 2010, the Fergana Regional Criminal Court ten Nur followers were given terms ranging from five to eight years: Suhrob Zokirov was imprisoned for eight years; Islom Alikulov for seven years; Islom Manopov, Alisher Karimov, Farhod Sarymsokov, Botyr Sheraliyev and Kudrat Sultonov for six years; and Nosyr Mamazhanov, Muhammad Yarmatov and Ramzhon Abdukodyrov for five years and two months.
In December 2010, 18 Muslims were jailed for "membership in an extremist group" for belonging to Shohidiya, an Islamic religious movement which follows the Qur'an but not the hadith. Nasibullo Karimov, the movement's leader, received a nine-year sentence.
The Uzbek authorities also have adopted repressive measures against entire families on charges of alleged religious extremism, including the sons of human rights activist, Akhmadjan Madmarov, from Margilan in the Ferghana valley, with whom USCIRF met in 2004. In 2007, Uzbek authorities extended by 16 and one-half years the prison term of Madmarov's son, Habibullah, for his alleged role in a supposed extremist conspiracy. One of Madmarov's sons was released on parole in 2008 after his seven-year term ended, but another son and two nephews remain in prison.
Reports continued in 2011 from Uzbek human rights groups about the official Uzbek campaign against Muslims alleged to have violated religion laws. In April 2010 three women, including Mehriniso Hamdamova, received terms of up to seven years for threatening the constitutional order, public security, and public order; they had provided private religious instruction of girls. Mehriniso Hamdamova, a teacher at an official women's religion course at Karshi's Kuk Gumbaz Mosque, was sentenced to seven years in a prison camp; her sister Zulkhumor Hamdamova and their relative Shahlo Rakhmonova each received six and a half year terms.
The Uzbek government also has imprisoned Protestants and Jehovah's Witnesses for extremism and illegal religious activity. Pentecostal pastor Dmitri Shestakov from the city of Andijon was sentenced to a four-year term in a closed labor colony in 2007. Released in January 2011 after serving his full sentence, he is still under police surveillance.
Three Jehovah's Witnesses are currently imprisoned: Olim Turaev,Abdubannob Ahmedov, and Sergey Ivanov. In 2011, the three Jehovah's Witnesses prisoners were told by a prison official that if they did not renounce their faith, they would not be released at the end of their terms. Turaev and Ivanov will likely face new trials, with possible new five-year terms, for allegedly disobeying prison orders.
Also troubling are attempts by suspected Uzbek agents to attack religious leaders abroad. Obidkhon Qori Nazarov is known for his defense of religious freedom and condemnation of violence, was the imam of a Tashkent mosque until 1996. Two years later, Nazarov faced criminal charges, which Uzbek human rights activists say were fabricated. He fled to Kazakhstan and in 2006 Sweden granted him political asylum. On February 22, 2012 Nazarov was shot in Sweden; many believe that the Uzbek government is responsible for the attempt on his life, and some Nazarov followers have also been threatened.
In early 2010, a popular young Muslim journalist, Hairulla Khamidov, was arrested in Tashkent and charged with extremism. A police search of his home found recorded sermons by imam Nazarov. In May 2010, Khamidov received a six-year prison camp sentence.
It is very difficult to assess the full dimensions of human rights issues in Turkmenistan due to the Turkmen government's stranglehold on information about the country.
Since becoming president in early 2007, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov has not undertaken reform of the country's oppressive laws. On the eve of our 2007 visit to Turkmenistan, the president ordered the release of 11 political prisoners. In addition, the President released Nasrullah ibn Ibadullah, the country's former chief mufti, on whose behalf the Commission had worked for several years. While the president has limited the former President Niyazov's personality cult, he is now instituting his own cult at the center of state ideology.
Turkmen law has sets intrusive registration rules and bans activity by unregistered religious organizations. It forbids worship in private homes and the public wearing of religious garb except by religious leaders; requires that the government be informed of all foreign financial support and places severe restrictions on religious education. Conscientious objection to military service is not allowed and no provision of an alternative service regime is provided. These laws result in the imprisonment of those who wish to peacefully and freely practice their faith.
According to the International Crisis Group, Turkmenistan has one of the world's highest prisoner-to-population ratios. A June 2011 report by the UN Committee Against Torture (CAT) on Turkmenistan concluded that reports of torture are "numerous and consistent" and "there appears to be a climate of impunity resulting in the lack of meaningful disciplinary action or criminal prosecution against persons of authority accused of [torture]." Last year, three religious prisoners who reportedly were in the Seydi prison camp -- where most religious prisoners are held -- reported that solitary confinement and severe beatings by guards were "routine."
In recent years, members of religious communities, including Muslims, Protestants, and Jehovah's Witnesses, as well as a Hare Krishna adherent, have been imprisoned or sent into internal exile due to their religious convictions. Nurmuhamed Agaev, a former Muslim prayer leader, remains at the closed psychiatric hospital in the Lebap Region, where reportedly he is subject to forcible drug treatment. Islamic cleric Shiri Geldimuradov died in prison under unexplained circumstances in July 2010. Geldimuradov, 73, was arrested in April 2010 along with his three sons Muhammed, Abdullah, and Abdulhay. A fourth son, Abdulmejid, was sentenced to three years in prison in February 2010 for "misusing urban water resources." An anonymous January 2012 message to Radio Liberty's Turkmen Service claimed that an unnamed Muslim man was imprisoned the previous year for distributing religious audio and video discs; the government reportedly charged him with distributing pornography.
In October 2010, Pastor Ilmurad Nurliev of the unregistered Peace to the World Protestant Church in Mary was sentenced to four years' imprisonment on charges of swindling, which his family and church members refuted in court. He was held at the notorious Seydi prison camp, where he was put in a cell with an inmate with tuberculosis. The court ordered that Nurliev be given "forcible medical treatment to wean him off his narcotic dependency," and he reportedly was denied his diabetes medication and a Bible. Nearly 18 months after his arrest, Nurliev was released on February 18, 2012 along with about 230 prisoners, Forum 18 reported, but he must still report regularly to the police.
Pastor Nurliev expressed concern over several Muslim prisoners in Seydi who may have been imprisoned for peaceful religious activity, including Musa (last name unknown), a young Muslim from Ashgabat who reportedly received a four-year sentence for teaching the Qur'an to children. Pastor Nurliev also said the former chief imam of Mary Region, Muhammed-Rahim Muhammedov, remains in the Seydi camp for allegedly resisting the authorities.
In January 2012, Jehovah's Witness Vladimir Nuryllayev was sentenced to four years' imprisonment at a secret trial in Ashgabat on criminal charges of spreading pornography, which his community strongly denies.
As in neighboring Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan has been implicated in attempts to silence dissent among émigrés and activists whom we have met. In October 2010, Farid Tuhbatullin, exiled head of the Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights, said that he learned that the Turkmen Ministry of Security (MNB) planned an "accidental" attack on him in Vienna. Since then, despite police protection, Tuhbatullin has had to change his country of residence. Within Turkmenistan, in January 2012, Turkmen civil society activist Natalya Shabunts, a critic of the official Turkmen religious freedom record, after she gave a RFE/RL interview found a bloody sheep's head outside her home in Ashgabat.
Current Turkmen law has no civilian alternative to military service for conscientious objectors, as it did until 1995. At present there are five known Jehovah's Witnesses imprisoned as conscientious objectors in Turkmenistan, and one who is serving a suspended prison sentence. Zafar Abdullaev was given the maximum two-year prison term on March 6, 2012 at Dashoguz City Court, according to Forum 18. He had already served a two-year suspended sentence on the same charges. The four others are: Sunet Japbarov, 18 months, Turkmenabad Court, December 2010; Matkarim Aminov, 18 months, Dashoguz Court, December 2010; Dovran Matyakubov, 18 months, Dashoguz Court, December 2010; and Mahmud Hudaybergenov, 2 years, Dashoguz Court, August 2011. Three who were sentenced in December 2010 are due to complete their sentences in June 2012. All four are in the Seydi labor camp where some prisoners have been subjected to psychiatric abuse. Ashgabad-based Jehovah's Witness Akmurad Nurjanov, who was given a one-year suspended sentence in February 2012.
USCIRF recommended for the first time in 2012 that Tajikistan be designated a "country of particular concern" due in part to repressive new laws which have resulted in possibly the worst legal climate for freedom of religion or belief in Central Asia. Tajik law places major administrative hurdles on all religious groups and deems illegal non-violent unregistered religious groups. A 2011 law bans almost all participation by children in religious activities.
The 2009 law prohibits private religious education and requires state permission for an institution or organization to provide religious instruction. It also bans proselytism and requires prior official approval for religious organizations to invite foreigners into the country or attend religious conferences outside the country. It requires the government to approve the content and "appropriate quantities"of all published or imported religious literature and religious communities must pay for this "service." The law singles out mosques for very strict regulation and Muslim worship is limited to mosques, homes, and cemeteries and is not allowed in places of work or on streets around mosques.
Several articles of Tajikistan's Criminal Code penalize extremist, terrorist, or revolutionary activities without requiring acts that involve violence or incitement to imminent violence. However, the criminal code does not define "extremist religious" study or teaching. These overly broad provisions permit Tajik authorities to apply these laws against peaceful religious activity in an arbitrary and sweeping fashion or to penalize other non-violent activities which the government claims are prohibited.
Tajikistan has banned HT and 12 other organizations and has reportedly prosecuted and imprisoned over 500 people for alleged HT membership in the past 10 years, according to the AFP news agency. The acting chief prosecutor of the northern Sughd province said in early 2012 that 135 individuals had been arrested in 2011 on charges of membership in religious extremist groups; 14 criminal proceedings have been initiated. Observers have noted that the Tajik government's prosecution of alleged HT members seems mainly motivated by their political activity. Further, the Tajik government has reportedly not presented proof that defendants were involved in or advocated violence during trials of HT members, which generally lacked due process guarantees. The government of Tajikistan has been criticized, by the UN Committee against Torture, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, for its widespread use of torture against prisoners.
A court in Tajikistan's northern Sughd Province sentenced seven individuals in February 2012 to between three and five years imprisonment for their alleged membership in Tabligh Jamaat. In 2010, Tajik courts jailed at least 59 people for terms of three to eight years. According to Forum 18, those imprisoned include brothers Igbolsho, Amirali and Murodali Davlatov, Nosir Rakhimov, Doniyor Khashimov, Saynurdin Kalugshoyev, Churabek Saidzoda, Jamshed Boyakov, Mahkamjon Azizov, Umarjon Azizov, Nasrullo Khisomov, Talabsho Abdusamadov, Abdumanon Sattorov, Khudaydod Alnazarov, Churakhon Mirzoyev, Toirjon Samadov, and Abduvali Murodov. Tajik officials claimed that the Supreme Court banned the group as extremist in 2006, but two Supreme Court officials said in May 2009 that they were not aware of this ban.
The Tajik Supreme Court banned the Salafi school of Islam in February 2009, although no criminal acts have been linked to followers of Salafism in Tajikistan. In January 2010, seven individuals were sentenced to prison terms of from five to seven years for membership in the Salafi movement, according to the State Department.
In recent years, the Tajik government has also brought extremism charges against journalists who have been critical of official religion policies.
Conditions for religious freedom have declined sharply in Kazakhstan in recent years. In October 2011, President Nazarbaev signed two new laws regarding freedom of religion or belief. The laws garnered strong criticism from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), which Kazakhstan chaired in 2010, as well as from domestic civil society and religious communities.
The restrictive 2011 Kazakh religion law sets up a four-tiered registration system, bans unregistered religious activity, imposes compulsory religious censorship, and requires central and local government approval to build or open new places of worship. All registered religious organizations must re-register under strict new criteria or face liquidation by the courts. Despite official pressure on religious groups to halt activity until they re-register by the deadline of October 25, 2011, re-registration regulations have not been adopted. In early 2012, 579 small religious groups were stripped of registration. In February 2012, in the first known use of increased penalties, a leader of an unregistered Baptist community was fined 18 months of local wages (equivalent to U.S. $ 3,273). While registered religious organizations may teach their faith to their own members, only regional and national registered religious organizations can train clergy in officially-approved institutions.
Even before the new Kazakh religion law came into effect, police acted against disfavored religious groups. In October 2011, police raided a worship meeting of a registered Protestant church in Atyrau, due to the new requirement that restricts activity to its legal address. Also in October, Almaty authorities detained Jehovah's Witnesses because of the new ban on public missionary activity. In November 2011, Kazakh officials closed mosques, churches, and Muslim and Russian Orthodox prayer rooms in prisons and social care institutions, due to a new ban on religious activity in state institutions. The regional Agency for Religious Affairs ordered the independent but registered Abai District Mosque in the Karaganda region to re-register by February 14 or face closure. The semi-official Muslim Board issued a fatwa declaring Almaty's small Ahmadi community "infidels." The Ahmadi mosque in Almaty and the Grace Presbyterian Church near Turkestan are being challenged by local prosecutor's offices on whether they can be used as places of worship.
Registered religious community branches affiliated with Central Grace Presbyterian Church in Karaganda and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Astana were officially warned to halt activity and return their registration certificates. The head of Kazakhstan's registered Baptist Union told Forum 18 that across the country their small communities had received similar warnings. The Church of Scientology reported two members were found guilty for unregistered religious activity and police raided church properties. Kazakhstan's Agency of Religious Affairs actively supports "anti-sect centers," which promote intolerance against disfavored religious communities.
Reportedly, in 2011 local officials in the Zhambyl region detained members of the Tablighi Jama'at for illegal missionary activities by an unregistered movement. In June 2011, the Akmola Oblast court confirmed the sentence of Valeriy Tverdokhlebov to four years in prison for inciting social, national, tribal, and religious hatred, and for propagating terrorism. Tverdokhlebov, who follows Salafi Islam, maintained to the court that he confessed under torture, the State Department reported.
To investigate an alleged treason case against the leaders of Grace Presbyterian Church, the Kazakh government has conducted raids, brief detentions, and a tax evasion trial. According to a Kazakh security police report, the Zhambyl Grace Church threatened national security because it promotes pro-American ideology and discredits authorities. By late 2011, no church officials had been charged with treason, but the State Department reported there is alarm at the investigation.
The Kyrgyz constitution protects religious freedom, but laws and policies restrict religious freedom and the government generally enforced these restrictions, according to the State Department in September 2011. The then-interim Kyrgyz government continued restricting the activities of Muslim groups it viewed as "extremist."
The 2009 Religion Law affirms the equality of all religions and religious organizations, it bans children in religious organizations, and "illegal missionary activity." While the law allows religious organizations to produce, import, export, and distribute religious materials, they must be examined by state experts. The law also bans distribution of religious literature and materials in public locations, or at households, schools, and other institutions.The Religion Law requires that all religious organizations, including schools, register with the State Commission for Religious Affairs (SCRA), which can deny or postpone registration if it believes the proposed activities of that group are not religious. Unregistered religious organizations were prohibited from actions such as renting space and holding religious services, although many held regular services without government interference. During an October 2011 Universal Periodic Review of the UN Human Rights Council, however, the interim Kyrgyz government agreed to review the religion law to ensure that it did not infringe on religious freedom.
Registration requirements include at least 200 adult citizen members, and an application form, organizational charter, minutes of an institutional meeting, and a list of founding members to SCRA for review. SCRA recommended rejection when a religious organization did not comply with the law or was considered a threat to national security, social stability, interethnic and interdenominational harmony, public order, health, or morality. Applicants whose registration was denied may reapply and may appeal to the courts or apply for legal status through the Justice Ministry.
The government generally enforced restrictions on religious freedom vigorously. The 2009 Religion Law includes provisions that further restricted religious freedom. The government continued to restrict the activities of Muslim groups it considered threats to security, as well as other law-abiding religious groups.
In order to protest poor prison conditions, over 1,000 prison inmates in Kyrgyzstan are reported to have sewn their mouths shut in early 2012.
Batken Regional Court in southern Kyrgyzstan has overturned seven-year prison terms imposed on two cousins who are Jehovah's Witnesses, Forum 18 reported in June 2011. But the Court rejected the two men's appeal, therefore Iskandar Kambarov and Jonibek Nosirov still face possible prosecution. The two men had been found guilty of having two discs which police say were from Hizb ut-Tahrir, but the defendents claim the discs were planted on them. Batken Regional Court also ordered that "in order to remedy the gaps in the investigation process" the case should be sent for further investigation, and ordered that the two cousins should pay costs.
Central Asia faces genuine security concerns due to serious threats from groups which advocate or perpetrate violence in the name of religion and from terrorist groups based in Afghanistan. Nevertheless, the security policies of the Central Asian governments run the risk of creating the very security problems they are supposed to solve. In part this is because overly broad anti-extremism laws are used against non-violent religious adherents and others who pose no credible threat to security.
These harsh laws and policies also reflect the Soviet anti-religious bias of Central Asian governments, as they try to come to grips with societies increasingly drawn to religion. The impact of these anti-religious laws and po1icies is further heightened by corrupt and inept court systems, as well as a lack of due process guarantees. Once in prison, individuals are confronted with inept and corrupt institutions run along Soviet lines. Torture reportedly is often used to gain confessions which form the basis of convictions and maltreatment is all too often the norm in trying to maintain prison discipline.
I would also like to cite some key conclusions from a December 15, 2009 International Crisis Group briefing report, "Central Asia: Islamists in Prison."
"The growing numbers of Islamists in prison [in Central Asia] mean that more inmates, often with a record of violence, are drawn into the Islamist ideological orbit. In the future they may apply these skills, either in prison or outside, to promotion of their new faith. Prisons need funding, advice, assistance and close attention – from foreign governments, concerned NGOs and international organizations."
"The Central Asian crackdown on political Islam …is likely in fact to create more recruits for their combat teams… But ever longer sentences handed down to Islamic activists for relatively minor actions like political demonstrations – …risk [further] polarizing the Muslim community… It is not difficult to imagine… young unemployed males opting to join a revived [terrorist] Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) rather than the HT, as the sentences for participation in either movement are now roughly the same."
"An energetic and tangible effort is [urgently] needed to improve living conditions, crack down on corruption and abuse of office, and launch a real dialogue with observant Muslims. At the moment the region's leaders are only talking about the first two options and rejecting the third. In doing so, they are undermining their own position and their countries' futures."
In closing, we welcome the attention of the Helsinki Commission to the human rights issue of political prisoners. The security implications of such violations are clear, as issues of freedom of religion or belief are explicit or implicit factors in civil strife and violent extremism. The deteriorating religious freedom record in Central Asia, including the wide use of overbroad "extremism laws" against religious individuals and groups who have been accused but not been proven to be connected to violent acts, gives rise to serious concerns about future stability in that region.


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|Toddler Time
Event Type: Childrens Library Programs
Date: 12/11/2013
Start Time: 10:30 AM
End Time: 10:50 AM
Enjoy an introduction to stories, rhymes and songs. Designed for one and two year olds on their caregiver's laps.Library: Ruth Holley Library - 685 North Murray Blvd.
Location: Ruth Holley Meeting Room
Contact: Christa Funke, Children's Specialist
Contact Number: 719-597-5377
Presenter: Christa Funke


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Police are looking for two suspects they say are responsible for an armed robbery that occurred Jan. 16 at Jakes Hamburgers restaurant, 2405 Kirkwood Highway, Elsmere.
Investigators say the two suspects entered the store with handguns and forced two employees and two customers to kneel or lie on the ground, while a third employee was forced to empty the cash registers. They say after the suspects received an undisclosed amount of money, they forced all three employees and both customers to lie on the ground where their hands were bound with zip ties.
If anyone has any information on this case, call Robbery Unit at Troop 2 at (302) 834-2630 ext. 6 or Delaware Crime Stoppers at (800) 847-3333 or visit tipsubmit.com.
Location, ST | website.com


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