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The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, also known as the Helsinki Commission, is an independent U.S. Government agency created in 1976 to monitor and encourage compliance with the Helsinki Final Act and other OSCE commitments.
The Commission consists of nine members from the United States Senate, nine members from the U.S. House of Representatives, and one member each from the Departments of State, Defense, and Commerce. The positions of Chair and Co-Chair are shared by the House and Senate and rotate every two years, when a new Congress convenes. A professional staff assists the Commissioners in their work.
The Commission contributes to the formulation of U.S. policy on the OSCE and takes part in its execution, including through Member and staff participation on U.S. Delegations to OSCE meetings and in certain OSCE bodies. Members of the Commission have regular contact with parliamentarians, government officials, NGOs, and private individuals from other OSCE participating States.
The Commission convenes public hearings and briefings with expert witnesses on OSCE-related issues; issues public reports concerning implementation of OSCE commitments in participating States; and organizes official delegations to participating States and OSCE meetings to address and assess democratic, economic, security and human rights developments firsthand.
Co-Chairman Roger F. Wicker, Mississippi
Benjamin L. Cardin, Maryland
John Boozman, Arkansas
Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire
Tom Udall, New Mexico
Sheldon Whitehouse, Rhode Island
Chairman Christopher H. Smith, New Jersey
Alcee L. Hastings, Florida
Robert B. Aderholt, Alabama
Michael C. Burgess, Texas
Steve Cohen, Tennessee
Alan Grayson, Florida
Randy Hultgren, Illinois
Joseph R. Pitts, Pennsylvania
Louise McIntosh Slaughter, New York
Executive Branch Commissioners
Department of State, vacant as of March 2013
Department of Commerce, vacant as of July 2013
Department of Defense, vacant as of February 2012
*By clicking on the staff members' name an employee biography will appear*
The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is engaged in standard setting in fields including military security, economic and environmental cooperation, and human rights and humanitarian concerns. In addition, the OSCE undertakes a variety of preventive diplomacy initiatives designed to prevent, manage and resolve conflict within and among the participating States.
The OSCE has its main office in Vienna, Austria, where weekly meetings of the Permanent Council are held. In addition, specialized seminars and meetings are convened in various locations and periodic consultations among Senior Officials, Ministers and Heads of State or Government are held.
Selected OSCE Institutions and Structure
Summits - Heads of State or Government of the OSCE States set priorities and provide orientation at the highest level.
Review Conferences - review implementation of all OSCE commitments.
The Ministerial Council - Foreign Ministers of the OSCE States act as the central decision-making and governing body of the OSCE activities.
The Senior Council - responsible for the overview, management and coordination of the OSCE activities.
The Permanent Council - responsible for the day-to-day operation of the OSCE.
The Forum for Security Cooperation (FSC) - negotiates and consults on concrete measures aimed at strengthening security and stability throughout Europe.
The Chairman-in-Office (CiO) - vested with overall responsibility for executive action and coordination of current OSCE activities.
The Secretary General and the Secretariat - consists of the four permanent administrative departments under the Secretary General.
The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) - responsible for furthering human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
The High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) - responds at the earliest possible stage to ethnic tensions that have the potential to develop into a conflict within the OSCE region.
The Representative on Freedom of the Media - assists governments in the furthering of free, independent and pluralistic media.
The Coordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities - addresses economic, social and environmental issues of security.
OSCE Missions - serve as instruments of conflict prevention and crisis management in a number of participating States.
The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE PA) - meets annually to examine issues important to the national legislatures of the OSCE States.
The Court of Conciliation and Arbitration - established to settle disputes submitted to it by OSCE States.
Principles Guiding Relations Between Participating States
Origin of the Helsinki Accords
The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) had its origin in the early 1950s when the Soviet Union first proposed the creation of an all-European security conference. In the mid-1960s the Warsaw Pact renewed calls for such a conference. In May 1969, the Government of Finland sent a memorandum to all European countries, the United States and Canada, offering Helsinki as a conference venue. Beginning in November 1972, representatives from the original 35 nations met for nearly three years to work out the arrangements and the framework for the conference, concluding their work in July 1975.
On August 1, 1975, the leaders of the original 35 participating States gathered in Helsinki and signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Also known as the Helsinki Accords, the Final Act is not a treaty, but rather a politically binding agreement consisting of three main sections informally known as "baskets," adopted on the basis of consensus. This comprehensive Act contains a broad range of measures designed to enhance security and cooperation in the region extending from Vancouver to Vladivostok.
Basket I contains a Declaration of Principles Guiding Relations between participating States, including the all-important Principle VII on human rights and fundamental freedoms. It also includes a section on confidence-building measures and other aspects of security and disarmament aimed at increasing military transparency.
Basket II covers economic, scientific, technological and environmental cooperation, as well as migrant labor, vocational training and the promotion of tourism.
Basket III is devoted to cooperation in humanitarian and other fields: freer movement of people; human contacts, including family reunification and visits; freedom of information, including working conditions for journalists; and cultural and educational exchanges. Principle VII and Basket III together have come to be known as "The Human Dimension."
Since 1975, the number of countries signing the Helsinki Accords has expanded to 57, reflecting changes such as the breakup of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
Institutionalization of the Conference in the early 1990s led to its transformation to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, effective January 1995.
When the Helsinki Final Act (HFA) was signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975, it enshrined among its ten Principles Guiding Relations between participating States (the decalogue), a commitment to "respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience religion or belief, for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion" (Principle VII). In addition, the HFA included a section on cooperation regarding humanitarian concerns, including transnational human contacts, information, culture and education. The HFA and subsequently adopted OSCE agreements are not treaties and are therefore viewed as political commitments, not legal obligations.
The Role of the Helsinki Commission: The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (the Helsinki Commission) is a U.S. Government agency, established in 1976 pursuant to Public Law 94-304. It is mandated to "monitor the acts of the signatories which reflect compliance with or violation of the articles of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, with particular regard to the provisions relating to Cooperation in Humanitarian fields [i.e., the human dimension]." (Emphasis added.)
Since 1990, the Helsinki Commission has particularly focused on restrictions on the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly; the treatment of persons belonging to ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, including Roma; human rights violations in conflict settings and the prevention of torture. In addition, the Commission has monitored aspects of the transition to democracy, including challenges to the rule of law, free and fair elections, and the impact of corruption on the human and other dimensions of the OSCE.
What is the "Human Dimension"? "The Human Dimension" was a term coined during the drafting of the 1989 Vienna Concluding Document. This term was designed as a short-hand phrase to describe the human rights and humanitarian provisions of the agreements concluded within the framework of the Helsinki process. In addition, since 1989, this term has embraced the more recently adopted "democratization" commitments of the OSCE, summarized below.
Consensus: All of the agreements of the Helsinki process have been adopted on the basis of consensus; i.e., each participating State has agreed to every provision in each OSCE document.
Universality: Each participating State is equally bound by each document. All countries which joined the Helsinki process after 1975 have pledged, as a condition for membership, to "accept in their entirety all commitments and responsibilities contained in these documents and [. . . ] to act in accordance with their provisions."
Establishing Common Standards on Human Rights: Through the negotiation of successive agreements, the OSCE participating States gradually expanded the body of shared commitments. It was often the case, however, that Soviet-bloc countries might concede to a provision in principle, only to undermine it through the operation of national laws, rules, or regulations. The 1989 Vienna Concluding Document stated, "In this context, [the participating States] confirm that they will respect each other's right freely to choose and develop their political, social, economic and cultural systems as well as their right to determine their laws, regulations, practices and policies. In exercising these rights, they will ensure that their laws, regulations, practices and policies conform with their obligations under international law and are brought into harmony with the provisions of the Declaration on Principles and other CSCE commitments." (Emphasis added.) By 1990, as the Iron Curtain began to fall, the OSCE Heads of State and Government declared in the Charter of Paris for a New Europe: "We undertake to build, consolidate and strengthen democracy as the only system of government of our nations." (Emphasis added.)
Two OSCE documents enshrined the practice of raising human rights concerns. First, the 1989 Vienna Concluding Document committed each participating State (1) to respond to requests for information and to representations from any other participating State on specific cases or broad situations relating to commitments in the human dimension; (2) to meet bilaterally with participating States requesting such a meeting to examine these cases or situations; (3) to bring these cases and situations to the attention of the other participating States; and (4) to provide, if it deems necessary, information on what has transpired under the first two points at OSCE meetings.
Further establishing the OSCE commitments as the basis for bilateral and multilateral dialogue, the 1991 Moscow Concluding Document stated: "The participating States emphasize that issues relating to human rights, fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law are of international concern, as respect for these rights and freedoms constitutes one of the foundations of international order. They categorically and irrevocably declare that the commitments undertaken in the field of the human dimension of the CSCE are matters of direct and legitimate concern to all participating States and do not belong exclusively to the internal affairs of the State concerned." (Emphasis added.)
Summary of OSCE Commitments to Build, Consolidate andStrengthen Democracy
Democracy and the Rule of LawThe OSCE participating States have identified the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms as one of the basic purposes of government and reaffirmed that recognition of these rights and freedoms constitutes the foundation of freedom, justice and peace.
They have acknowledged that democracy is an inherent element of the rule of law.
They have declared that the elements of justice which are essential to the full expression of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all human beings include (in addition to protections of civil and political rights):
a form of government that is representative in character, in which the executive is accountable to the elected legislature or the electorate;
the duty of the government and public authorities, which are not above the law, to comply with their constitution;
a clear separation between the state and political parties; in particular, political parties may not be merged with the state (the "no establishment clause" for political parties);
military forces and police under the control of, and accountable to, the civil authorities;
independent judges and impartial operation of the public judicial service.
The participating States have declared that the will of the people, expressed through periodic and genuine elections, is the basis of the authority and legitimacy of government.
To that end, they will respect the right of individuals and groups to establish freely political parties and organizations and enable them to compete with each other on a basis of equal treatment before the law and the authorities;
Recognizing that the presence of observers, both foreign and domestic, can enhance the electoral process, they agreed to invite governmental and non-governmental observers for national elections.
From its inception in the early 1970s, the Helsinki process – which includes the original Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), follow-up activities after 1975 and, since 1995, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) – has been a multilateral, politically binding security arrangement. Having addressed successfully the challenges of the Cold War, this arrangement has maintained its relevance in the present era of regional conflict, arms proliferation, terrorism and other emerging threats by combining a uniquely comprehensive definition of security with flexibility and innovation of response.
Defining Security Comprehensively
The first of three chapters of the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, commonly known as Basket I, deals with "Questions Relating to Security in Europe." This chapter first sets forth 10 Principles guiding relations between participating States:
Some of the principles can be found in earlier international agreements, including the UN Charter, but the "primary significance" which the Final Act gave them all provided a uniquely comprehensive, political-military definition of security, particularly by making respect for human rights and the building of democratic institutions in one participating State a legitimate concern of all others. By committing to apply them "equally and unreservedly," the OSCE also recognized a linkage between progress in one of these areas and progress in the others, a concrete and significant conceptual contribution to European security. The justification for balancing progress was most explicitly stated in the 1990 Charter of Paris for a new Europe, where the participating States expressed their conviction that "in order to strengthen peace and security among [them], the advancement of democracy, and respect for and effective exercise of human rights are indispensable."
Early Soviet proposals for a pan-European conference were designed to manipulate the military balance in Europe, divide the United States from its allies and confirm Soviet hegemony over East-Central Europe. The OSCE's new and unifying definition of security, however, instead formed a basis for ending the Cold War's division of Europe and for recognizing that severe and continual violations of human rights are often the source of a conflict. Democratic development, therefore, was subsequently made a prerequisite for building a stable peace. Participating States today seek to ensure its realization "from Vancouver to Vladivostok" and to give this definition wider application around the globe.
Building Confidence and Security Through Transparency
The Final Act's first chapter also contains specific military commitments which, as developed in subsequent documents, enhance European security in modest but very concrete ways. Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) – such as prior notification of troop maneuvers and observation of military exercises – that form the core of this work on military aspects of security overcame barriers of secrecy and diminished the threat of surprise attack or misunderstanding of military activity.
For a few tense years in the early 1980s, OSCE negotiations were the only place where East and West sat at the same table to discuss security matters. The 1986 Stockholm Document not only achieved progress through measures for greater transparency but ushered in a new era of effective, mutually beneficial East-West arms control encompassing both nuclear and conventional forces. The OSCE capitalized on this success in the 1990s by expanding military openness and encouraging further reductions in force levels. A web of interlocking and mutually reinforcing arms control obligations and commitments links the politically binding Vienna Document of 1999 on CSBMs with the related 1990 Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) and the 1992 Treaty on Open Skies, both legally binding and negotiated on an East-West basis, to form a framework for arms control. Reinforcing the regime of new measures in the Vienna Document 1999 is an updated mechanism for consultation and cooperation regarding unusual military activities.
An Agreement on Adaptation of the CFE Treaty was also signed in 1999, taking into account realities associated with the break-up of the Warsaw Pact and the demise of the Soviet Union. NATO countries, however, have linked ratification of the agreement to Russia's implementation of commitments made in parallel with the 1999 Istanbul OSCE Summit to the withdrawal Treaty-Limited Equipment and military forces from Moldova, and the withdrawal or destruction of excess equipment, the closure of two bases and negotiations on remaining Russian bases and facilities in Georgia. To date, these commitments remain unfulfilled, making it impossible for the Agreement on Adaptation to come into force and for additional OSCE States, including some NATO allies, to become parties.
Maintaining a Security Dialogue
The Forum for Security Cooperation (FSC) was established in 1992 to provide constant attention to implementation of existing arms control agreements, including through regular information exchanges, and to strengthen them when possible. The Forum also encourages a dialogue among the participating States on topics of common concern, such as non-proliferation measures, the importance of adhering to international humanitarian law and civil-military emergency preparedness. The adoption of the 1994 Code of Conduct on Political-Military Aspects of Security, which broke new ground by formulating norms on the role of armed forces in democratic societies, was among the FSC's first notable achievements. The adoption in 2000 of the Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons was a later but even more significant achievement, providing a basis for developing guidelines on dealing with threats such weapons can pose, as well as for providing assistance upon request in securing stockpiles, disposing of small arms and enhancing border controls to reduce illicit arms trafficking.
Security issues are also discussed during the Annual Security Review Conference, the first of which was held in 2003. These conferences provide impetus for bringing new ideas for activity relating to European security into the OSCE framework. Meetings of OSCE foreign ministers and summits of heads of state/government have addressed security issues of paramount concern such as the threat posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the means to deliver them.
Addressing Regional Conflicts
Regional conflicts erupting in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s have been responsible for the most egregious violations of Helsinki principles since their adoption. In response, considerable effort has been devoted by the participating States to developing early warning of potential conflict, offering "good offices" for bringing conflicting parties together, monitoring borders vulnerable to sources of instability and ensuring that sub-regional arms control and security-enhancing measures are adopted and implemented. A good example of the latter were the Article II, Article IV and Article V agreements originally mandated by the Annex 1-B of 1995 Dayton General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, the OSCE has contributed to the training of civilian police in several post-conflict situations.
The need to respond to regional conflicts also required the OSCE to become more than a negotiating forum. OSCE field operations, taking many forms, including efforts by OSCE institutions and designated representatives, began in the early 1990s. Significant among them, especially given the ethnic character of regional tensions, was the establishment of the High Commissioner for National Minorities with a specific task to provide early-warning of potential conflict. Field activities, however, take their most visible form as field missions of various sizes deployed at one time or another in places like Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Chechnya, Georgia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova, Kosovo and Serbia and Montenegro. Since 1992, the OSCE has had the capability to organize unarmed peacekeeping forces, although the need for more robust operations in conflict areas has precluded serious activity in this regard.
Combating Terrorism
The events of September 11, 2001, galvanized OSCE efforts to combat terrorism. An OSCE Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism, adopted in 2002, targeted four strategic areas for specific action: policing, border control, trafficking and money laundering. The Action Against Terrorism Unit established in the OSCE Secretariat provides assistance to participating States, often in field activities along with the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, in strengthening the legal framework for combating terrorism. OSCE efforts have sought to strengthen personal travel and document security as well as transport container security. The OSCE has also broadened the application of export controls on man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS).
The Helsinki Commission's Role
The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (the Helsinki Commission) is a U.S. Government agency, established in 1976 pursuant to Public Law 94-304, mandated to "monitor the acts of the signatories which reflect compliance with or violation of the articles of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe…" While particular emphasis was given to "provisions relating to Cooperation in Humanitarian fields," today known as the Human Dimension, the Commission also monitors developments regarding the Security Dimension and has similarly sought to encourage greater compliance with commitments adopted by the participating States on the basis of consensus. Activities in recent years have included hearings on combating terrorism and on illegal arms/weapons transfers, briefings on the U.S. chairmanship of the Forum for Security Cooperation and on OSCE police training, as well as attendance at security-related OSCE meetings.
Economic, scientific and environmental cooperation were grouped together in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act and form the economic dimension of the Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Based on the view that trade, as well as scientific and environmental collaboration, enhance security, OSCE efforts in this area are designed to facilitate and build on the transition from command to market economies, to lessen economic disparities between participating States, and to combat economic and environmental threats to security.
Within the economic and environmental dimension, as it is generally referred, the OSCE countries have adopted a wide range of commitments designed to foster free market economies and enhance economic cooperation, including better economic and commercial information and improved business contacts and facilities. They have also agreed on industrial cooperation measures such as harmonization of standards and arbitration of disputes.
Additionally, this dimension includes cooperative efforts in the fields of science (such as physics, chemistry, meteorology, oceanography, space research) and technology (e.g., energy, new technologies, computer technology). With respect to the environment, participating States have committed to study bilateral and multilateral environmental problems and ways to increase the effectiveness of national and international protection measures. Areas of specific interest include trans-boundary air and water pollution, marine protection, and protection of the Mediterranean environment.
Key Economic and Environmental Commitments
The 1975 Helsinki Final Act, the 1983 Madrid Concluding Document and the 1989 Vienna Concluding Document contained general commitments on cooperation in the economic and environmental spheres.
The 1990 Charter of Paris and the Concluding Document of the Bonn Conference on Economic Cooperation in Europe, also from 1990, articulate the aim of the OSCE participating States to usher in a new era of economic relations and exchanges following the collapse of communism. These documents contain commitments designed to develop free and competitive market economies as well as environmentally sustainable economic growth and development.
The 1999 Istanbul Charter for European Security broke new ground in the economic commitments as it was the first time that the participating States collectively recognized that corruption poses a great threat to the OSCE's shared values. The countries, at Istanbul, committed themselves to combat corruption and the conditions that foster it.
The 2003 Maastricht Ministerial Council updated the Bonn Economic Strategy document by adopting concrete measures designed to foster sustainable development, improve corporate governance, promote regional integration and overall to address the uneven economic development among OSCE States and to address the emergence of new threats to security and stability.
The OSCE Economic Forum
With the collapse of communism, states in Central and Eastern Europe as well as those of the former Soviet Union embarked on a difficult process of economic transition.
This transition has been threatened by high unemployment, corruption and weak rule of law, factors that hinder investment, impede economic growth and fuel illegal economic activities. Environmental degradation, mismanagement and uneven distribution of natural resources have also caused tension in communities and between countries.
In the early 1990s, the United States attempted to give political stimulus to the dialogue on the transition to free market economies and to suggest practical efforts to assist in their development. Thus, in 1992 the OSCE Economic Forum was created as an annual conference designed to enhance dialogue on the transition to free-market economies; suggest practical means of developing free-market systems and economic cooperation; provide an annual focus for activities by targeting major issues of economic or environmental concern; contribute to the elaboration of specific recommendation and follow-up activities; and review the implementation of the participating States' commitments described in key documents.
OSCE Projects
The OSCE economic and environmental commitments, and activities of the OSCE in this area, reflect the desire of participating States for economic development that contributes to stability and treats citizens fairly. The Office of the Coordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities under the OSCE Secretariat, was created in 1997 to strengthen the ability of the Permanent Council and the OSCE institutions to address economic, social and environmental aspects of security. For example, labor migration within the OSCE region allows for an important source of income for residents of less-developed countries who are able to find work in more economically vibrant countries. With this opportunity also comes the risk of trafficking or exploitation. The OSCE has developed a "Handbook on Establishing Effective Labour Migration Policies in Countries of Origin and Destination" in conjunction with the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). This handbook serves as a discussion point and best practices guide for participating States seeking to develop effective regional labor migration management.
Part of the OSCE's effort to combat human trafficking is also encompassed in this work. Lack of economic opportunities, unemployment and loss of social cohesion are the main factors that contribute to women's and children's, but also men's vulnerability to trafficking. The Economic Coordinator's office has developed an Anti-Trafficking Programme on Public-Private Co-operation in the Prevention of Trafficking in Human Beings (ATP). The ATP aims at addressing both the demand and supply side of trafficking in human beings by promoting self-regulation of the private sector; awareness-raising in countries of destination, in particular in Western countries; and creating economic empowerment opportunities for potential victims of trafficking in countries of origin.
The environment is also recognized as a key factor in not only economic development, but security as well. Environmental degradation, resource scarcity, the uneven distribution of natural resources or resource abundance are emerging as potential triggers or accelerating factors of tensions within and among states. One of the ways the OSCE is addressing environmental issues is through the Environment and Security Initiative (ENVSEC) that provides a framework for cooperation on environmental issues across borders and promoting peace and stability through environmental cooperation and sustainable development.
To read about other specific projects the OSCE field missions are working on in this area, click here.
The Helsinki Commission's Role
The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (the Helsinki Commission) is a U.S. Government agency, established in 1976 pursuant to Public Law 94-304, mandated to "monitor the acts of the signatories which reflect compliance with or violation of the articles of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe…" While particular emphasis was given to "provisions relating to Cooperation in Humanitarian fields," today known as the human dimension, the Commission has also focused attention on the economic and environmental dimension of the OSCE, including related commitments and decisions. Activities in recent years have included hearings stressing the importance of democratic governance, transparency and the role of civil society as well as a hearing specifically focused on the lingering consequences of the Chornobyl disaster. Initiatives have also been undertaken on topics ranging from ethics standards and parliamentary immunity to combating corruption and international crime.
Title: Act of June 3, 1976, Public Law No. 94-304, 90 Stat. 661 (codified as amended at 22 U.S.C. 3001-3009)
Sec. 3001. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe; establishment
There is established the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (hereafter in this chapter referred to as the ''Commission'').
Sec. 3002. Function and duties of Commission
The Commission is authorized and directed to monitor the acts of the signatories which reflect compliance with or violation of the articles of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, with particular regard to the provisions relating to human rights and Cooperation in Humanitarian Fields. The Commission is further authorized and directed to monitor and encourage the development of programs and activities of the United States Government and private organizations with a view toward taking advantage of the provisions of the Final Act to expand East-West economic cooperation and a greater interchange of people and ideas between East and West.
Sec. 3003. Commission membership
(a) Selection and appointment of members
The Commission shall be composed of twenty-one members as follows:
(1) Nine Members of the House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Five Members shall be selected from the majority party and four Members shall be selected, after consultation with the minority leader of the House, from the minority party.
(2) Nine Members of the Senate appointed by the President of the Senate. Five Members shall be selected from the majority party of the Senate, after consultation with the majority leader, and four Members shall be selected, after consultation with the minority leader of the Senate, from the minority party.
(3) One member of the Department of State appointed by the President of the United States.
(4) One member of the Department of Defense appointed by the President of the United States.
(5) One member of the Department of Commerce appointed by the President of the United States.
(b) Commission Chairman and Cochairman
There shall be a Chairman and a Cochairman of the Commission.
(c) Designation of Chairman
At the beginning of each odd-numbered Congress, the President of the Senate, on the recommendation of the majority leader, shall designate one of the Senate Members as Chairman of the Commission. At the beginning of each even-numbered Congress, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall designate one of the House Members as Chairman of the Commission.
(d) Designation of Cochairman
At the beginning of each odd-numbered Congress, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall designate one of the House Members as Cochairman of the Commission. At the beginning of each even-numbered Congress, the President of the Senate, on the recommendation of the majority leader, shall designate one of the Senate Members as Cochairman of the Commission.
Sec. 3004. Testimony of witnesses, production of evidence; issuance of subpena; administration of oaths
In carrying out this chapter, the Commission may require, by subpena or otherwise, the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and the production of such books, records, correspondence, memorandums, papers, and documents as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued over the signature of the Chairman of the Commission or any member designated by him, and may be served by any person designated by the Chairman or such member. The Chairman of the Commission, or any member designated by him, may administer oaths to any witness.
Sec. 3005. Presidential report to Congress; annual submission; contents
In order to assist the Commission in carrying out its duties, the Secretary of State shall submit to the Commission an annual report discussing the overall United States policy objectives that are advanced through meetings of decision-making bodies of the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the OSCE implementation review process, and other activities of the OSCE. The report shall also include a summary of specific U.S. policy objectives with respect to participating States where there is a particular concern relating to the implementation of OSCE commitments or where an OSCE presence exists. This summary shall address the role played by OSCE institutions, mechanisms, or field activities in achieving U.S. policy objectives. The report, covering the period from January 1 to December 31, shall be submitted within 90 days after the end of the reporting period. The report shall be posted on the website of the Department of State.
Sec. 3006. Commission report to Congress; periodic reports; expenditure of appropriations
The Commission is authorized and directed to report to the House of Representatives and the Senate with respect to the matters covered by this chapter on a periodic basis and to provide information to Members of the House and Senate as requested. For each fiscal year for which an appropriation is made the Commission shall submit to Congress a report on its expenditures under such appropriation.
Sec. 3007. Appropriations for Commission
(a) Authorization; disbursements
(1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Commission for each fiscal year such sums as may be necessary to enable it to carry out its duties and functions. Appropriations to the Commission are authorized to remain available until expended.
(2) Appropriations to the Commission shall be disbursed on vouchers approved -
(A) jointly by the Chairman and the Cochairman, or
(B) by a majority of the members of the personnel and administration committee established pursuant to section 3008(a) of this title.
(b) Use of foreign currencies
For purposes of section 1754(b) of this title, the Commission shall be deemed to be a standing committee of the Congress and shall be entitled to use funds in accordance with such sections.
(c) Official reception and representational expenses
Not to exceed $6,000 of the funds appropriated to the Commission for each fiscal year may be used for official reception and representational expenses.
(d) Foreign travel for official purposes
Foreign travel for official purposes by Commission members and staff may be authorized by either the Chairman or the Cochairman.
Sec. 3008. Commission staff
(a) Personnel and administration committee
The Commission shall have a personnel and administration committee composed of the Chairman, the Cochairman, the senior Commission member from the minority party in the House of Representatives, and the senior Commission member from the minority party in the Senate.
(b) Committee functions
All decisions pertaining to the hiring, firing, and fixing of pay of Commission staff personnel shall be by a majority vote of the personnel and administration committee, except that -
(1) the Chairman shall be entitled to appoint and fix the pay of the staff director, and the Cochairman shall be entitled to appoint and fix the pay of his senior staff person; and
(2) the Chairman and Cochairman each shall have the authority to appoint, with the approval of the personnel and administration committee, at least four professional staff members who shall be responsible to the Chairman or the Cochairman (as the case may be) who appointed them. The personnel and administration committee may appoint and fix the pay of such other staff personnel as it deems desirable.
(c) Staff appointments
All staff appointments shall be made without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointments in the competitive service, and without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to classification and general schedule pay rates.
(d) Commission employees as congressional employees
(1) For purposes of pay and other employment benefits, rights, and privileges and for all other purposes, any employee of the Commission shall be considered to be a congressional employee as defined in section 2107 of title 5.
(2) For purposes of section 3304(c)(1) [1] of title 5, staff personnel of the Commission shall be considered as if they are in positions in which they are paid by the Secretary of the Senate or the Chief Administrative Officer of the House of Representatives.
(3) The provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection shall be effective as of June 3, 1976.
Sec. 3009. Printing and binding costs
For purposes of costs relating to printing and binding, including the costs of personnel detailed from the Government Printing Office, the Commission shall be deemed to be a committee of the Congress.


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- hammerhead
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- classic & legacy red classic
- premium fabric - matte & soft finish for style & premium feel
- follow-the-sun angle adjustability
- flip-out mesh sun visor for ultimate sun protection
- side pockets for storage at your fingertips
*Please note, you will need to upgrade your sun & storm covers to navigator covers to fit this new style sunhood.

subset: commoncrawl


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Encyclopedia - Compare
To add more people to this comparison, navigate to the desired person and click the "compare" link in the right menu.
|Kôhei Miyauchi
Answerman - How Do Publishers Decide Whether To Release A Blu-ray Remaster?
Justin breaks down how exactly your favorite old shows get selected for big fancy high definition remasters on bluray, and why some classics get left in the dust. ― It's a holiday weekend, so we'll take an easy one this time. Nadeem asks: I buy physical media as I am a collector. With that said, I've been trying to improve my collection by purchasing Blu-rays instead of DVDs or upgrading my older DV...
Shelf Life - Wake Up, Girls! The Movie
Yutaka Yamamoto's idol singers get their very own prequel movie, out now on bluray from Sentai Filmworks. PLUS: all of this week's new anime releases! ― With all the craziness that's been going on in the last few days regarding anime on Hulu (see this Answerman article for the details), I'm reminded of why it's nice to own stuff on disc. Forget all that stuff about video quality and dependence on a ...
Bodacious Space Pirates: Abyss of Hyperspace Blu-Ray
This 2014 follow-up to the 2012 TV series retains the series' storytelling feel and features strong technical merits, but those expecting a continuation of established plot lines may be disappointed. ― Abyss of Hyperspace is the 2014 movie follow-up to the 2012 TV series, at least in the sense that it continues the timeline of the animated part of the franchise; its events are set during a break befo...
Product Spotlight: Fullmetal Alchemist Collector's Edition
Fullmetal Alchemist The Complete Series - Collectors Edition is the ultimate celebration of Fullmetal Alchemist and an essential addition to any anime collection. But time is running out... ― Fullmetal Alchemist is one of the most legendary anime of all time. The adventures of the Elric brothers have resonated with fans all over the world. This Fullmetal Alchemist The Complete Series - Collectors Ed...
The Mike Toole Show - Youth in Re-Voltes
Netflix's brand-new Voltron series has Mike remembering Voltes V, another giant robot show with an incredible and bizarre production and release history! ― In a couple of weeks, we'll see a brand new version of Voltron hit Netflix, bringing forth yet another iteration of World Events Productions' localization of Toei Animation's super robot series Golion. This latest version has caught my interest fo...
blanc et noir: Takeshi Obata Illustrations Artbook
Takeshi Obata's illustrations from 2001-2006 get the deluxe treatment in this gorgeous artbook. ― Even if you aren't a fan of the series he has illustrated, it is hard to deny that his artwork is impressive. Showing a firmer grasp of human anatomy than many other mainstream mangaka along with beautiful composition skills, Obata's artwork isn't just good manga art, it's good art. While I recognize tha...
The List - 7 Anime to Ring in the Summer
The summer is just about here and what better way to spend those long hot months than parked in front of your favorite anime? Here are seven perfect shows to get your summer going. ― Summer is quickly taking hold as temperatures climb and the school year winds to a close. Three months of freedom are knocking on your door. You can spend your time at cookouts, watching blockbusters in the oasis of you...
A Silent Voice GN 6
A Silent Voice's sixth volume is a structurally self-conscious expression of its greatest strength, the generous insights it provides into all of its characters' secret lives. ― It's always an interesting experience when a new volume of A Silent Voice comes out. On the one hand, I immediately want to rush through it - the story is a masterpiece, after all. It has an intimacy of characterization that'...
ANNCast - Kabaneri Sauvignon
Zac wants Jacob to explain why Kabaneri of the Iron Fortressis more than just another Attack on Titan - plus Sakamoto, Tanaka-kun and more with special guest Lauren Orsini! ― ANNCast Episode 260: Kabaneri Sauvignon Zac wants Jacob to explain why Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress is more than just another Attack on Titan - plus Sakamoto, Tanaka-kun and more with special guest Lauren Orsini of Forbes and ...
What Makes Magical Girls So Popular?
They're an anime staple, embraced by audiences of all ages and types, and are frequently described as "empowering" - but what is it exactly that makes magical girls connect with so many people? ― Sailor Moon just got remade, Madoka Magica was the biggest anime hit of the past five years, and US-made cartoons are getting more mahou shoujo-tastic by the day. I think it's fair to call magical girls, you...
Answerman - Where Is All The Anime On Hulu Going?
An enormous portion of Hulu's anime catalog disappears suddenly on June 1; Justin unpacks why that's happening and what it means for the industry. ― Michael asks: I noticed quite a few anime titles on Hulu expiring in the coming days. From what I can tell, it's more than usual. Do you think this is a sign of Hulu losing interest in anime as a whole and only want to focus on their American television...


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This is a growth of hair on chin, cheeks, or upper lip. Factors such as simple genetics, menopause, obesity and even some medications can be the cause of increased hair growth on the face. However, an increase in facial hair is not necessarily as sign of any medical problems.
There are many ways to reduce or remove facial hair safely such as shaving, depilatories, epilators, waxing and laser treatments. Electrolysis procedures are also an option as a way to remove hair permanently by destroying the hair follicle. Always check with your dermatologist.
It's nice to have a flowing head of hair, but most women don't want to have hair on their face. According to research by Bristol Myers, about 20,000 women are troubled by facial hair, and take steps to remove it. What causes this common problem and what can you do about it?
One of the most common times for women to have this problem is around the time of menopause. At this time, levels of male hormones called androgens increase, and this can stimulate hair growth on the face. Some women who have facial hair before menopause produce too many androgens. This may be due to a condition called polycystic ovary disease as well as certain other medical conditions. Some medications also cause hair growth on the face, and some women develop facial hair during pregnancy as a result of hormonal fluctuations.
An increase in hair growth on the face isn't necessarily a sign of medical problems. Facial hair increases with age, especially in women who are obese. Obesity is linked with higher levels of androgens. Genetics are a factor too. If you're developing hair on your face, it may be because it runs in the family.
Since hair on the face can occasionally be a sign of medical problems such as polycystic ovary disease, it's a good idea to see a doctor if you notice an increase in facial hair growth. Once you have a clean bill of health, there are ways to treat this frustrating problem.
Some women shave or pluck hair off of their face, but this isn't a permanent solution. The hair simply grows back, and plucking and shaving can cause facial irritation and redness. Another approach is to wax the excess hair or use a chemical depilatory. Bleaches and depilatories both contain chemicals that can irritate the skin, and it has to be repeated as the hair grows back. In addition, women who have facial hair growth during pregnancy shouldn't put chemicals on their face since small amounts can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Another treatment option is electrolysis. There are electrologists trained to perform this procedure, and it destroys the hair root, which should permanently stop hair growth. Unfortunately, it's costly, requires multiple visits to treat all of the involved hair and most people find it to be painful. It can also potentially cause scarring.
A treatment option that's growing in popularity is laser hair removal. This method uses a device that delivers concentrated waves of light through the skin. Melanin inside the hair follicle absorbs the light, and the hair shaft is damaged, which stops further growth. This form of treatment works best for people with light skin and dark hair since dark hair contains more melanin to absorb the light from the laser. Lighter skin contains less melanin, which is a positive since you don't want to damage the surrounding skin cells during the treatment. Side effects of laser therapy include skin discoloration, especially in people with dark skin, burns, swelling, blistering and tenderness.
There are now light systems you can use at home to remove facial hair. If used properly, these devices give results comparable to a laser treatment. They use pulsed light to stop hair growth in a manner that's painless. As with laser hair removal, this treatment is best for people with dark hair and fair skin. People with dark skin may experience skin discoloration from either laser or pulsed light treatments. The advantage of this treatment is it offers a more permanent solution to the problem of unwanted hair.
For severe cases of excess facial hair where the problem stems from excessive androgens, doctors sometimes prescribe medications such as oral contraceptives to correct the hormonal imbalance. Unfortunately, these medications may cause side effects.
Excessive facial hair is a relatively common problem that's sometimes due to a hormonal imbalance or a medical problem, but it's often an effect of aging. Fortunately, there are a variety of treatments for this problem including options available for home use.


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Main Content
Rep the Jets in style with this New Era Melton Basic 59FIFTY hat! Your NY pride will be on display with the 3D embroidered logo on the crown and the contrast team-colored bill. The NFL shield on the back, brand logo on the left side and the top button even boast the Jets' colors. Whether you're heading to a game, or just out with some friends, this cap will top off your look with New York spirit!
- 100% Polyester bill
- 60% Viscose/40% Wool body
- Contrast color accents
- Fitted
- Flat bill
- Imported
- Officially licensed NFL product
- Quality embroidery
- Structured fit
- Imported
- Brand: New Era
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Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Clear, gorgeous looking skin takes a bit of work to maintain, especially when you have an oily, combination, acne-prone or problematic complexion type. This task is simplified when you select remedies with high performing ingredients that are also gentle on the skin. The full line of Pevonia Botanica Cleansers offers such solutions, and they are yours for the taking. The most important part of selecting your skin care items is to choose formulas that have been blended specifically to treat your skin type or concern. The varied assortment of Pevonia Botanica Cleansers offers something for everyone, and it contains quality solutions that take advantage of naturally sourced ingredients and advanced technology.
Take a look and you will see that many types of skin issues are addressed with the formulations featured by Pevonia Botanica Cleansers. For example, did you know that exfoliating your skin can assist you in your quest to get rid of acne and all of the symptoms it brings with it? Well, it can, and a formula that does just that can be found in the medley of Pevonia Botanica Cleansers along with many others.
Washing away the impurities upon your skin is a daily task that should include gentle formulas that won't damage your skin. The full line of Pevonia Botanica Cleansers offers clarifying remedies that include natural ingredients. Experience an enjoyable cleansing routine when you use solutions designed to encourage healthy skin while removing grime and makeup residue.
Exfoliating your skin can open up clogged pores, eliminating blockage created by dead skin cells and the bacteria that cause acne. When you use the calming formulation offered by Pevonia Clarigel Exfoliating Cleanser, you treat your skin to an anti-bacterial, acne-solving solution that clears your skin up. Containing triclosan, citric acid, soapwort, and grapefruit oil, this emulsifying blend of ingredients delivers intensive cleansing that can be used during the morning and evening.
As you probably know, it is extremely important to select your skin care remedies according to the type of skin that you have if you want to create the best results when using them. Developed for individuals with normal-to-combination skin, Pevonia Combination Skin Cleanser removes the impurities that have accumulated on your skin, producing clarity and balancing your skin. This light-weight formulation is blended with essential oil of grapefruit and rosemary to promote deep cleansing. This hydrosoluble cleanser is perfect for individuals with problematic T-zones.
Rosacea sufferers will appreciate the mild formulation offered by the Pevonia RS2 Gentle Cleanser. This creamy remedy removes impurities gently and calmly as it decongests pores and refreshes your skin. Blended with French rose oil and allantoin, it offers cooling relief for hypersensitive skin types.


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You searched for: Formats Text Remove constraint Formats: Text Subjects United States Remove constraint Subjects: United States Subjects Equipment and Supplies Remove constraint Subjects: Equipment and Supplies Titles Circular Remove constraint Titles: Circular Dates by Range 1850-1899 Remove constraint Dates by Range: 1850-1899 Start Over
1 to 1 of 1
Search Results
1. Circular
- Author(s):
- Alexander, R. H., d. 1889
United States. Army. Dept. of the Gulf (1862-1865). Medical Director's Office
- Publisher:
- [New Orleans : Medical Director's Office, Dept. of the Gulf, 1863]
- Subject(s):
- Military Medicine
Equipment and Supplies
American Civil War
United States
United States. Army.


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Jeremy Menez looks set to join Milan from French champions Paris Saint-Germain, and has spoken of his excitement at the move.
The 27-year-old found playing time hard to come by in the French capital last season, starting just seven matches as PSG romped to a second straight Ligue 1 title.
The France international revealed in March that it was unlikely he would stay in Paris, and he now appears on the verge of moving to San Siro as Milan aim to rebuild after the appointment of Filippo Inzaghi as head coach.
It will be Menez's second stint in Serie A, after three years spent in the Italian capital with Roma between 2008 and 2011, and he will arrive as a free agent with his PSG contract set to expire.
"I am very happy and I want to win as always, as I did with PSG," he told MilanNews.it.
"Why Milan? Because they are a great team and a great club.
"I hope to do well here. I haven't spoken to any of the French players at Milan yet.
"What is the difference between the Menez at Roma and now? You'll see that on the pitch.
"I have grown a great deal compared to four years ago and I want to prove that on the field."
|´Impossible´ to see MSN leaving Barcelona - Bartomeu
|Thiago pledges future to Bayern
|AFC Champions League Review: Urawa pay the penalty as Seoul advance
|Uruguay v Trinidad and Tobago: Sanchez skips final to help Suarez-less La Celeste
|Benitez ´convinced´ he can win trophies at Newcastle
|Nigeria v Mali: Moses among many absentees for Super Eagles
|Benitez to stay at Newcastle
|Kramaric leaves Leicester for Hoffenheim permanently
|Neustadter gets green light for Russia Euro 2016 selection
|Chile v Jamaica: Copa plans crystallize in Vina del Mar
|Ledley making progress in bid to prove Euro 2016 fitness
|Gotze returns to Germany training
|Ronaldo: Madrid would be smart to give me a new deal
|Varane disappointed by Euros absence
|Republic of Ireland v Netherlands: O´Neill wants confident display
|Ronaldo shakes off injury in Real Madrid training
|Atletico star Griezmann ´listening to different clubs´
|United States - Ecuador Preview: Klinsmann pins hopes on Yedlin as Copa preparations continue
|Gold tells Middlesbrough to ´dream on´ over Antonio
|Schweinsteiger wants Mourinho to spice up Manchester derby
|England v Australia: All eyes on Rashford debut
|Aggressive Premier League better for me - Xhaka
|Schweinsteiger ´right on schedule´ for Euro 2016
|Darmian relishing Euros after return from injury
|Northern Ireland v Belarus: Last chance to impress as O´Neill prepares to trim squad
|Ventura leaves Torino amid Italy talk, Mihajlovic appointed
|Sevilla confident of keeping Emery
|Godin wants Atletico to use 2014 defeat as inspiration
|Xhaka agrees Arsenal move
|Idolisation of Ibrahimovic warranted Sweden captaincy - Hamren
|Scholes hopes Mourinho keeps Giggs at Manchester United
|Gotze snubbing Liverpool will boost Germany - Bierhoff
|Bosz honoured by Ajax appointment
|Ramos highlights Griezmann threat
|Record-chasing Ronaldo and taming the Wolves - Real Madrid´s route to the Champions League final
|Donnarumma dreams of being Milan captain
|Koke: History, not revenge motivating Atletico
|Costa Rica v Venezuela: Hosts ramp up preparations for maiden Copa America tilt
|Argentina v Honduras: Messi and co warm up for Copa America
|USA will win a World Cup, says Donovan
|Pumas UNAM 2 Independiente del Valle 1 (3-3 agg, 3-5 on penalties): Hosts suffer shoot-out heartbrea
|Gracia leaves Malaga as Rubin Kazan loom
|Messi: Argentina deserve to be Copa America champions
|Dybala included in Argentina´s preliminary Olympics squad
|Mourinho and United a ´good wedding´ - Ancelotti
|Klinsmann: Copa America better than Euros
|Messi: Joining Barcelona not an easy decision
|Carrico receives four-game ban for homophobic slur
|Dani Alves wants Atletico to win Champions League
|McNair out to impress ´world-class´ Mourinho
|Ranieri: Premier League survival is Leicester´s priority next season
|Argentina forward Lavezzi suffers hamstring scare
|Koeman talks ´very positive´, say Southampton
|Rami replaces injured Varane in France´s Euro 2016 squad
|Matthaus applauds Gotze for rejecting ´easy solution´ of Liverpool
|Suarez silenced his doubters - De Boer
|AFC Champions League Review: Jeonbuk, Shanghai SIPG progress
|Klopp can take Liverpool right to the top, says McAllister
|Lindelof happy at Benfica amid Real Madrid, Barcelona links
|Zidane is perfect on and off the pitch - Lippi
|Bale: Zidane has brought the best out of Real Madrid
|Favre takes over as Puel and Nice part ways
|Liverpool complete Karius deal
|Van Gaal was treated poorly by United, but Mourinho will be a success - De Boer
|Dani Alves: I have won more titles than Pele
|I know who I´m taking - Conte sure on Euro 2016 selection
|Xavi backs Guardiola to ´change the face of English football´
|Lucescu appointed Zenit boss
|Manchester United and Liverpool hit with €40,000 fines
|Weinzierl: I have nothing to lose at Schalke
|Rangers complete Barton signing
|Italy better placed as underdogs ahead of Euro´s - Motta
|Cantona: I love Mourinho, but he is not Manchester United
|Ben Arfa wants Lyon move - Aulas
|David Silva praises Iniesta´s Copa del Rey heroics
|´It was a little scare´ - Ronaldo plays down injury fears
|Eder the real deal for Lille
|Van Gaal treated unfairly during Manchester United spell - Daley Blind
|Ginola doing ´very well´ after heart surgery
|Depay rules out Manchester United exit following Van Gaal departure
|Hojbjerg confirms desire to leave Bayern
|Ronaldo leaves Madrid training early after knock
|Abbiati unimpressed with Milan players´ attitude
|Pepe calls on Madrid to continue making history
|Ayestaran signs two-year deal with Valencia
|Montolivo, Antonelli sign new AC Milan contracts
|Ronaldo ready for UCL final after being rested from practice match
|Hummels, Sanches deals will not stop Bayern spending - Rummenigge
|Oblak´s penalty heroics, Griezmann´s Barcelona brace - Atletico Madrid´s route to the Champions Leag
|Salvio all but confirms Gaitan will join Atletico Madrid
|Motta warns PSG over Ronaldo, Neymar interest
|Europa League Mourinho´s best hope for United trophy - Sheringham
|Injustice if Iniesta never wins a Ballon d´Or - Del Bosque
|Van Gaal didn´t deserve United sacking - Blind
|I´ll be happy if we make Euro 2016 semi-finals - Del Bosque
|Koke: Why would I want to leave Atletico?
|Fofana could retire aged 25 - Lyon president
|Sandro set to leave Barcelona
|Silva plays down injury worries ahead of Euro 2016
|United would be brave to appoint Mourinho, says Schmeichel
|Neymar adamant he is happy at Barcelona
|Wilshere: Arsenal play me out of position
|Ryan backs former coach Neville
|Keane talks up Galaxy move for Ronaldo
|´Free agent´ Diarra wants Mourinho reunion
|Eintracht Frankfurt beat Nuremberg to secure Bundesliga status
|Manchester United to turn to Mourinho, the man who most resembles Ferguson
|Manchester United kids are Van Gaal´s legacy - Ferdinand
|´Sex-masochism´, ´fat man´ and ´Mr Mike Smalling´ - Van Gaal´s best quotes as Manchester United mana
|I have fulfilled a long-held ambition - ´Very disappointed´ Van Gaal´s statement in full
|Van Gaal should call time on career after Manchester United sacking
|Better than Busby? - The stats behind Van Gaal´s United exit
|Van Gaal sacked by Manchester United
|Suarez expected to miss Copa America group stage
|Herrera wants more trophies with Manchester United
|FIFA sacks deputy secretary general Kattner
|Asensio wants to fight for his chance at Real Madrid
|SFA to investigate Rangers-Hibernian disorder
|Van der Wiel takes aim at Blanc after PSG exit
|Halilovic: Missing Euro 2016 would not be a tragedy
|Van Gaal leaves United training ground as Mourinho speculation goes on
|Zanetti rules out Inter move for Simeone
|Rodgers adamant Celtic is not a step down
|Sanches chose Bayern Munich over Manchester United
|Rosicky was the perfect player for Arsenal - Wenger
|Tonelli becomes Napoli´s first close-season signing
|Thigh injury rules Steffen out of Euro 2016
|Gotze is a perfect fit for Liverpool - Hitzfeld
|Hummels completes Bayern move after passing medical
|Guardiola era has been sensational - Neuer
|Bayern will never sign a Messi or Ronaldo - Hitzfeld
|Wilkins backs Mourinho appointment
|Suarez´s Copa America hopes alive despite hamstring injury
|Delneri exits Verona following relegation
|Ireland´s Wilson ruled out of Euro 2016
|Gotze looking forward to new season with Bayern
|Pirlo, Giovinco out of Italy Euro 2016 squad
|Coleman signs new Wales contract
|Gotze talk intensifies as Bayern Munich forward leaves agent
|Rami called up by France following Varane injury
|United States v Ecuador: Klinsmann pins hopes on Yedlin as Copa preparations continue
|Gabriel, Lucas Lima unsure on Santos futures
|AC Milan to terminate Mihajlovic deal in June
|Emery confirms Banega will leave Sevilla
|Neville still unsure over Valencia future
|Van Gaal arrives at United training ground amid Mourinho talk
|Messi: We suffered but we won together
|Evra confirms two-year Juventus deal
|Son unfazed by Tottenham exit rumours
|Argentine footballer dead after being struck in head
|Arnautovic refuses to commit to Stoke
|Sirigu: PSG wanted me out
|MLS Review: Galaxy held by Earthquakes, Timbers end skid
|Alba: Messi deserves credit for my goal
|Pique: Barca deserved Copa del Rey title
|Smalling admits relief after Lingard winner
|Suarez, Barca unsure on extent of injury
|Luis Enrique revels in Barca´s spectacular end to season
|Emery proud in Copa del Rey defeat
|Rooney hopes FA Cup lifts United - with or without Van Gaal
|Iniesta: Copa del Rey win caps magnificent season
|Barcelona 2 Sevilla 0 (AET): Alba and Neymar decide heated Copa del Rey final


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Hamburg offers numerous of interesting sights, such as the harbor with the historic warehouse district as well as the modern harbor city and the city center with the town hall, various shopping possibilities and the lake Alster.
A visit at Hagenbeck's zoo, at the famous St. Michaelis church and the vibrant district Sternschanze with its individual bars, cafés and boutiques, is always worth it.
Our employees will gladly inform you about all the attractions, museums and cultural activities when you stay at the Mövenpick Hotel Hamburg.
Sights around our historic water tower
Discover Hamburg's numerous and interesting sights.
Enjoy sightseeing and shopping in Hamburg's city center.
Cultural highlights of the Hanseatic City of Hamburg.
Great sport events in the city of Hamburg.
Entertaining and varied activities in Hamburg.


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Huge Selection. Tremendous Value.
That's what the pre-owned department at New Holland Auto Group is known for. We have something for every budget, and we never stray from our strict quality standards. Bottom line? When you buy a pre-owned vehicle from the New Holland Auto Group you can rest assured that you're getting the most bang for your buck. No one else can offer everything we have to offer!
Remember to browse the Pre-Owned Specials for up-to-date promotions, or check out New Holland Auto Group's Featured Vehicles, highlighting both used and


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In order to best benefit from a skin care regimen, most of us have to go beyond the basics in order to take our specific issues seriously and enjoy significant and long-lasting improvements. Be sure to find the Peter Thomas Roth Treatments that are best suited for your skin type and concerns. These products contain concentrated actives designed to dramatically improve the tone and texture of skin, no matter what the concern is. Be sure to cleanse, tone, moisturize and protect. But also be sure you are using one of the Peter Thomas Roth Treatments for maximum results.
You may be experiencing signs of aging such as wrinkles, loss of firmness and age spots. Peter Thomas Roth Treatments can help you revive your youthful glow by restoring elasticity, smoothness and an even tone to your complexion. Or perhaps you are suffering from other issues such as blemishes or irritation. Peter Thomas Roth Treatments can help to improve your skin by delivering healing and balancing ingredients in elegant formulations. Be sure to use your Peter Thomas Roth Treatments regularly to achieve healthier skin and maintain results.
After cleansing and toning, apply Peter Thomas Roth Treatments and allow them to absorb into your skin. You may need a moisturizer to follow if you treatment product does not offer hydration.
You may have shied away from laser treatments in the past out of fear of discomfort as well as the potential expense. This doesn't mean you can't enjoy a less risky and less expensive alternative. Peter Thomas Roth Laser-Free Resurfacer With Dragon's Blood Complex does an amazing job of rejuvenating, resurfacing and repairing aging skin. The secret is a unique ingredient that comes from a tree found in the Amazon. This extract helps reduce inflammation and promote the natural healing and corrective properties of the skin. If you have experienced a great deal of cellular damage from environmental assailants, Peter Thomas Roth Laser-Free Resurfacer With Dragon's Blood Complex will be your best friend. Watch as signs of aging such as wrinkles and dark spots become less noticeable while elasticity and tone improve.
If wrinkles and dryness are your primary concerns, look for a treatment and moisturizer in one that relaxes lines and creases. Peter Thomas Roth UnWrinkle is formulated with six different peptides which stimulate collagen production and fight expression lines caused by facial movement. The result is smoother and firmer skin that looks markedly less wrinkled. Hydrators and vitamins help to nourish and plump the skin tissues, leaving them healthy and resilient. The formula is effective on all areas of the face, even the very stubborn points where we tend to get smile lines and squint marks.


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Air Lift 88286 - Air Lift LoadLifter 5000 Front & Rear Kits
JEGS Part Number: 022-88286LoadLifter 5000 Rear Kit
Air Lift LoadLifter 5000 Front & Rear Kits
Air Lift's heaviest-rated kits for hauling and towing full time load support and improved ride quality in a safe and easy to install design. The LoadLifter 5000 kit eliminates or reduces squat and does away with trailer sway when you are hauling a load, but it allows you effortlessly change back to the factory spring rate and ride height when you aren't towing or hauling a load.They're engineered with reinforced rubber bellows and end caps made of ultra high-strength Zytel nylon, which is as strong as steel but lighter and corrosion-proof, and then secured with exclusive Shur-Grip crimps for durability. Lifetime Air Spring warranty. Features:
Jegs Easy Kits are designed by Jegs professionals to ensure that you get all the performance parts you need. Each Kit contains Air Lift LoadLifter 5000 Rear Kit and Air Lift WirelessAIR On-Board Air Compressor System.


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The FCA has created online forums to encourage discussion and the exchange of ideas and experiences among funeral consumers. Note that you must be a registered user of the site in order to post to the forum threads. To register, visit our home page and click "create an account" on the lower left-hand corner. There's also a Help section in the forums you can click on below.
For those who want a more detailed discussion with funeral consumer advocates and concerned industry people, try our email-based discussion list. To join the list, email: firstname.lastname@example.com. NOTE! - you must put the word gazelle in the subject line (this cuts down on spam-bots trying to join the list).
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CAN'T AFFORD THE FUNERAL? We can show you how to bring the bill down significantly. Click here for advice.
Copyright © 2010 Funeral Consumers Alliance. All Rights Reserved.Joomla | CiviCRM | Lighthouse Consulting & Design


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Try our new web page, the ID Generator, generate realistic random identities with address, phone number, e-mail, SSN, credit card, and more.
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The Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood community is looking for good programmer to help us to create new OFFICIAL mod for multiplayer game. Also if you will find a way how to integrate the LUA code into the dedicated server it would be a great success.
No tutorials were found matching the criteria specified. We suggest you try the tutorial list with no filter applied, to browse all available. Join now to share your own content, we welcome creators and consumers alike and look forward to your comments.
Since 2002 we have explored, played and enjoyed mods of all shapes and sizes just like CoJ: BiB mod is looking for programmer!. We love games like Call of Juarez: Bound In Blood that have opened themselves up to modding. Because of communities like Workshop, Nexus, Curse, RTSL, GameBanana and Mod DB, more games support modding today than ever before.
As mods play a bigger role in the future of gaming, we believe it is important to recognize the effort the teams behind the work put in, giving us countless hours of enjoyment while asking nothing in return. We have the power to change our games and that needs to be celebrated to ensure it remains a big part of PC gaming's future.
In 2015, when the paid modding dispute left many gamers and modders worried about the direction the industry is headed. Things have since settled down, but we believe it is important to continue this small tradition to show we are not alone in our love for mods, and the open platforms that embrace them.
Nothing is more motivating than knowing something you've built is being enjoyed by others. So this week if there is a mod you love on Mod DB (or anywhere else), make the effort to shout out to them, mention and link their mod in a tweet, blog, forum or facebook post with the hashtag #modlove2016 (or click the icons above for a pre-built post).
To thank those who participate in spreading the love and awareness, we have partnered up some friends of Mod DB (Killing Floor 2, Mount & Blade Warband, Space Engineers, Insurgency, Chivalry: Medieval Warfare, Black Mesa, Contagion, S.T.A.L.K.E.R - get involved) & have a few keys to giveaway. To win one of the games, after you have linked to a mod on Mod DB (or anywhere else) in a tweet, blog, forum or facebook post, let us know by leaving a comment with a link to your post. At the end of the week we shall be picking members at random who followed these rules, and will send them a key from one of these games."; var modapprecation = $("#modappreciationweek span.messagealt").html(); $("#modappreciationweek a.modshare").mouseenter(function(){ $("#modappreciationweek span.messagealt").html($(this).attr("alt")); }); $("#modappreciationweek").mouseleave(function(){ $("#modappreciationweek span.messagealt").html(modapprecation); }); $("#modappreciationweek .togglebox").click(function(){ if(modapprecationtext) { $(".modappreciationweekbox .body").html(modapprecationtext); modapprecationtext = false; } $(".modappreciationweekbox").slideToggle(); return false; }); $(".c76625d26ff7f0c55142db2c328da119watch").saveUpdate("watch", false); $(".44825bfc951a8ff5714f8bb710efda3freport").saveUpdate("report", false); if($(".span-300-alt").outerHeight(true) > ($(".span-300").outerHeight(true))) { $(".span-300").css("min-height", $(".span-300-alt").outerHeight()); $(".footernextmediabox").stickit(); } $("a.thickbox").click(function() { $.colorbox({href:$(this).attr("href"), rel:$(this).attr("rel"), open:true, onOpen:function(){ $(".nextmediabox").hide(); }, onClosed:function(){ $(".nextmediabox").show(); }}); return false; }); }); //-->


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Click for preview
Mercedes-Benz 220S Chilton repair manuals are available at the click of a mouse! Our Mercedes-Benz 220S information is updated monthly, to ensure you get the most up-to-date information.
Chilton's Mercedes-Benz 220S repair manuals include all the diagrams, photos, and instructions you need to easily undertake any Do-It-Yourself 220S repairs. Our online 220S repair manuals cover everything you need to make repairs, including trouble codes, descriptions, probable causes, step-by-step routines, specifications, and troubleshooting guides.
Remove the guesswork from 220S repairs. When you want to save money, and do the job right the first time, turn to an online Chilton Mercedes-Benz 220S repair manual.


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Snug as a rug in a bug(gy)!
A lightweight, soft-shelled baby carrycot with a zip away top cover, cocoon will keep your baby snug & warm in their sport or red classic stroller. Carry handles and a firm base allow you to lift baby in & out of the stroller without disturbing their rest.
"A wonderful add-on to the best stroller in the world. Our newborn can sleep comfortably in the back while our toddler is riding in the front. The cocoon makes the ride more plush and keeps our baby warm and comfortable. Great because we can remove our baby from the stroller without waking her." - Mum of Two, cocoon owner
Not currently available in this region.
sport cocoon carrycot is HOT! because:
- swaddle, carry, roam: in & out of the buggy
- ultra lightweight at just 1.2kg; 2.7lbs
- soft, long handles for 'sway relax' and easy carry
- secures snugly into the lie-flat seat of your phil&teds stroller
- plush sides & padded, firm base for a comfortable ride
- snug & warm - perfect for winter babies!
- elasticated toggle around baby's head for additional warmth
- durable & wipe clean polyester exterior fabric
- zip down top for easy access to baby
- suitable for newborn up to approximately 6 months
- plenty of room (length x width x height): 60 x 30 x 20cm; 23.6 x 11.8 x 7.8"
- suitable for a maximum load of 9kg; 20lbs
- safety certified to standard EN1466: 2004 - Europe
Compatible with most legacy & current phil&teds strollers


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Make the changes in the proper fields below, do not type the changes in the Comments field. Also, do not leave comments claiming that an aircraft/airline/airport is incorrect without supplying us with the correct info.
Note! Corrections submitted using this form are processed by the
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messages to the photographer.
©Copyright 2016 Demand Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved


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Here are a few of my favourite things. Plus you can get music, and other items like DVDs and books in the Miscellaneous section. Hope you find something you like.
Live At The Royal Albert Hall now available.
You can order HERE
This is also available as an NTSC version.
You can order HERE
Collector's Edition - Also available
You can order HERE


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10 Pack Jerky Spice and Cure
25 Pack Jerky Spice and Cure
Andouille Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Original Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Cajun Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Fajita Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Cracked Pepper and Garlic Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Hot and Spicy Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Pepperoni Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Teriyaki Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Sweet Hardwood Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Mesquite Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Hot Sticks Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Buffalo Wing Hot Chili Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Jerky Seasoning Trial 2 Packs
Jerky Seasoning Variety Pack
Nesco Jerky Works Kits
Hot and Spicy Jerky Seasoning 25pk.
Item Number: HJ-25
7 Reviews
Write a Review
Availability: In Stock
Available Color/Flavor:
Hot and Spicy
Learn How to Make Jerky
Hot and Spicy, 25- Pack ($19.95)
If you like your jerky hot and spicy, this is the flavor for you. Our hot and spicy jerky spice has just the right kick for all of you serious hot and spicy lovers.
Our Food Dehydrator line makes beef jerky easy to prepare.
Can't decide? Want more choices? You can also try the Variety Pack! It includes an assortment of flavors, so you can choose a favorite! Just click on the Variety Pack on the menu bar on the left.
Make great tasting Beef Jerky or Venison Jerky at Home!
Why make homemade jerky?
Great for watching the game.
For your health, it is a nutrient dense, high-protein food.Great tasting satisfying snack, or you could eat potato chips?
Lunch boxes.
It has superior flavor and texture over processed jerky!
Use our kits to make delicious beef jerky, venison jerky, poultry jerky or wild game jerky.
Jerky is the choice of many as a healthy, protein packed energy snack.
� Each 25 pack includes 25 Spice Seasoning packs of the same flavor. 25 Cures packs are also included.
Click Here to View Spice Ingredients
Customer Ratings and Reviews
7 Customer Reviews
5 out of 5
Write a Review
5 out of 5
Too C
Savanna, IL
Mix Hot and Spicy with Sweet Hardwood
Nov. 27, 2015
I like to mix the spicy with the sweet. Been doing this for a couple of years now and people go crazy about it! Gave some to a farmer friend, now he gives me free meat just so I make some for him! Try it, you won't be disappointed!
5 out of 5
Laura B
Cody, WY
Delicious when mixed half-half with original
Apr. 28, 2015
Excellent seasoning . We mix packages of hot or cracked pepper & garlic with original so isn't overwhelming. I want to still taste the meat. And the price on website kicks the socks off what I could get locally...including Walmart.
5 out of 5
Don H
Glen Ellyn, IL
Kick **s
Oct. 2, 2013
I've been using both hot and spicey and the original for over 10 years and recommend both without any hesitation. For those of us who like a little more kick...try adding a couple of habenero peppers to the mix (usually make 7-10 lbs at a time). I usually let it marinate for 24 to 48 hours before dehydrating for 5 1/2 hours.
5 out of 5
Laura C
Front Royal, VA
Deliciously hot & spicy
Feb. 3, 2013
If you are looking for a real kick of heat & spice, this hot & spicy jerky seasoning is the one for you! We've always purchased the original mix (which is truly amazing) but our family wanted us to kick it up a notch in the spice/heat dept. We added our own pepper flakes to original flavor but it didn't add the kick we really wanted. I purchased the smaller pack of the hot & spicy to tried out and my husband and I were immediately hooked. The hot & spicy flavor is phenominal but it is not for the faint of heart. This is for those of you who really like to hot & spicy food. It has the kind of heat that hits you right away but keeps you wanting more and more. With that said, I just ordered the 25 pack. Venison jerky never tasted so good! Nesco, thank you for such a wonderful product.
5 out of 5
Joseph J
sydney, NS
This stuff is awesum
June 18, 2012
Want to be a hit with your jerky loving buddies. Try this spice and watch them reach for more. This stuff is awesum, just enough to offer you that heat loving taste, just cool enough to have you wanting another piece. I love it and my friends love it and if that's not good enough then try it yourself. You will be thanking me in your comments after you give this spice a try. And here is a little tip, Make Lots, Joey
4 out of 5
James C
Ochelata, OK
This is a very good Jerky mix
May 7, 2012
I add ground jalapeno's I grow in my garden to the mix.
5 out of 5
Alice H
Lufkin, TX
Great Jerky Seasoning
Apr. 28, 2012
I use this jerky seasoning in all my jerky. It is the best of all I have tried.
FD-28JX Jerky Xpress Food Dehydrator
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Hot Sticks Jerky Spice 2pk.
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Jerky Spices and Kits
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Learn How to Make Jerky with Nesco Jerky Spice, Jerky Kits, and Dehydrator
Making Beef Jerky, Venison Jerky and Turkey Jerky in your home with Nesco Jerky Seasonings is fun and easy.
Nesco Jerky Spice, Nesco Jerky Kits and Nesco Food Dehydrators make fun and easy to make Jerky! Free Dehydration Recipes of all kinds and instructions on how to make Jerky are here at nesco.com.
Nesco is known for their Roasters and American Harvest for their Dehydrators but combined into Nesco/American Harvest we have extended the product line with Coffee Blade Grinder, Coffee Roasters, Coffee Urn, Food Slicers, Food Grinders, Pressure Cookers, Juice Blenders, Water Kettles, Food Steamers, Bread Machine, Waffle Maker, Toasters, and even a Portable Induction Cooktop.
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Jerky Seasonings - 25 Packs
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10 Pack Jerky Spice and Cure
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10 Packs Jerky Spice Exclusive to Nesco
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