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subset: commoncrawl


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News »
St. Tammany Parish annual report shows positive progress
COVINGTON – St. Tammany Parish President Pat Brister released the 2015 St. Tammany Parish Annual Report, which showed several big improvements to the parish. St. Tammany Parish Government made significant steps with the completionRead More »
Mandeville Middle School student wins TV show 'Chopped'
MANDEVILLE — Emily Roche, a 6th grader at Mandeville Middle School was named champion on the Food Network show "Chopped Junior" and took home a $10,000 prize. On an episode titled "Quail Quest," sheRead More »
Florida men arrested for St. Tammany Parish burglaries
COVINGTON — Three men arrested over the weekend in Florida have been tied to "felony lane gang" car burglaries in St. Tammany Parish, according to St. Tammany Parish Sheriff's Office Capt. George Bonnett. ThomasRead More »
Father Gregory provides great leadership for 20 years
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news COVINGTON – There is more than one way to fall in love, Father Gregory Boquet explained when asked about his decision to become a priest. The president andRead More »
St. Joseph's must restore most ministries on campus after devastating flooding
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news COVINGTON – Quietly nestled in the midst of the thick Louisiana forests north of Covington, St. Joseph Abbey and Seminar College has been producing much more than priestsRead More »
Lawsuit by D.A. against parish ruffles feathers
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news COVINGTON – When St. Tammany Parish elected the first new district attorney in over 30 years with a December, 2014 victory for Warren Montgomery, the warm and fuzzyRead More »
Smith changes planned
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news COVINGTON – Randy Smith said he was given some good advice on the night he won election as the new sheriff in St. Tammany Parish. "I was toldRead More »
Northshore Community?Foundation awards $1.3 million in grants
COVINGTON — The Northshore Community Foundation held its 9th Annual Meeting in April at the Justice Center in Covington. The event served as the organization's premier event to celebrate the successes and achievements overRead More »
West 15th Avenue bridge finally getting closer to completion
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news COVINGTON – Residents who have endured the difficulties associated with the state ordered repair for the dangerous bridge that went over the West 15th Avenue canal in CovingtonRead More »
Call to priesthood comes in different ways for young men
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news COVINGTON – How does a young man make a decision to forego having a family and devote his entire life to serving as a priest in the CatholicRead More »
St. Joseph's Abbey has record enrollment, then faces $30 million bill to rebuild after extensive flooding
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news COVINGTON – When flood waters from swollen area rivers began spilling over their banks in St. Tammany Parish during the heavy rains in early March of this year,Read More »
Marigny still has obstacles
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news MANDEVILLE – Any thought that the $200 million Port Marigny development project in Mandeville will soon spring out of the ground following a unanimous backing from the PlanningRead More »
City removes 80 truckloads of sand from Bogue Falaya flooding
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news COVINGTON – The quarterly meeting with city residents for Covington Mayor Mike Cooper focused a lot on issues that resulted from the heavy rains in March, leading toRead More »
'Operation Angel' plan revealed for St. Tammany
By CHRISSY SMITH Tammany West news COVINGTON – St. Tammany Parish leaders took a strong step forward in the fight against drug addiction by announcing a new program on Monday on the steps ofRead More »
Reed found guilty
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news NEW ORLEANS – A quick verdict on Monday evening in the corruption trial of former St. Tammany District Attorney Walter Reed suggested there was little the jury believedRead More »
Two South Shore men tied to burglaries in Mandeville
MANDEVILLE — Two Southshore men are in jail after a multi-jurisdictional investigation identified them in connection with several Mandeville-area vehicle thefts and burglaries last month, according to Capt. George Bonnett. Brian Ernst, 30 yearsRead More »
Mandeville man arrested for sex crimes with teens
MANDEVILLE – A Mandeville man was arrested for sex crimes on Wednesday, April 20, according to Mandeville Police Department Lt. Gerald Sticker. Mandeville Police arrested 18-year-old Stiles Patrick King of 134 Mead Court, Mandeville,Read More »
Covington inventor finding explosive success with Cajun Rocket Pot
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news COVINGTON – The success for businessman/entrepreneur/inventor Todd Tunstall might best be summed up in a remark from his wife, Debbie. "He is a genius and doesn't know it,"Read More »
Public reacts to two teen suicides
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news MANDEVILLE – Another public meeting, more public officials doing what they can to find answers, and more professionals offering what advice they have. That was the result ofRead More »
Walter Reed trial rolls into third week of testimony
By KEVIN CHIRI Tammany West news NEW ORLEANS – Former 22nd Judicial Court District Attorney Walter Reed sat quietly in U.S. District Court for the second week in a row as his corruption trialRead More »


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Listen to Your Body, Your Best Friend on Earth (Paperback)
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We have gathered in this section books from a diverse number of healing modalities and "energy medicine" techniques. You will find some of the primary books on Reiki, which has gained incredible popularity in recent years. In addition, we have titles on Chakras, Reflexology, Polarity Therapy, etc. to provide you the opportunity to explore a wide and diverse field of "energetic health".
This book was written for those who have made a conscious decision to improve the quality of their lives and have decided to take control. The author provides the tools and the guidelines necessary for step by step personal development in every area of life. Based on the concept of Whole Mind Integration, the book is presented in five parts. Exercises at the end of each chapter provide the opportunity for guided practical application of the concepts presented.
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Written on: 08/05/2013 by TonyMi (1 review written)
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The UMass women finish fifth of 12 with 123 points. Results |
Softball. Softball Seeded Third for Atlantic 10 Championship
Minutewomen face host and No. 6 ssed George Washington in first round action on Wed., May 11.
W. Rowing. Rowing Quartet Selected Atlantic 10 All-Conference
Hill, Kolovson tabbed to first team; Boisvert, Rubi-Mooney selected to second team.
Softball. UMass Softball Pitching Stifles Dayton in Weekend Sweep
Colleran, Carbone combine for UMass softball's Sunday gem in 4-1 victory over the Dayton Flyers.
W. Rowing. UMass Finishes Second at A-10 Championship on Tie-Breaker
UMass, Rhode Island each pick up 51 team points, Rams' Varsity 8+ win nets Rhody team title.
W. Lacrosse. Defense Leads No. 16 Women's Lax To Atlantic 10 Championship
Minutewomen win eighth straight A-10 title, ninth overall, en route to NCAA berth.
Baseball. UMass Baseball Takes Series Finale at Richmond, 8-3
The Minutemen used a seven-run eighth inning to rally past the Spiders on Sunday. Box Score |
Athletic Department. A Look Back at 2015-16 Scholar-Athletes
Massachusetts Athletics recognized six scholar-athletics during the fall, winter and spring seasons.
M. Track. Chuma, Horn, Highlight Day One at A-10's for Minutemen
Chuma captures silver in pole vault, Horn scores in two events as the Minutemen sit third in the team standings. Results |
W. Track. Women's Track Sits Second After Day One at A-10 Meet
Cowan breaks school 400m record, Minutewomen score three in javelin, highlighting the day's action. Results |
Baseball. UMass Baseball Drops Doubleheader at Richmond
The Minutemen fell 14-4 in game one, while suffering a 6-3 loss in 11 innings in game two. Game 1 Box Score | Game 2 Box Score |
Softball. Minutewomen Blank Dayton In Doubleheader
UMass celebrated Senior Day with a pair of shutout victories over the Flyers, 4-0 and 7-0. Game 1 Box Score | Game 2 Box Score |
Field Hockey. Carlino, Sabia Finish Stellar Careers with UMass Field Hockey
Graduating senior class duo helped team to 57 victories, three NCAA Tournaments.
W. Rowing. Rowing Senior Class Leaves Legacy in Graduation
11 Minutewomen helped program win two A-10 titles with 2016 championship event approaching.
W. Lacrosse. No. 16 Women's Lacrosse Advances to Atlantic 10 Championship
Minutewomen down Saint Joseph's 13-8 in A-10 Semifinal for ninth straight trip to title game.
M. Lacrosse. Men's Lax Celebrates Four-Member Class of 2016
Fahey, Hunziker, Karaska and Porzelt comprise UMass men's lacrosse senior class.
W. Rowing. Rowing Season Continues at Atlantic 10 Championship
Two-time defending champion Minutewomen look to secure NCAA berth with Sunday victory.
W. Track. Women's Track and Field in Search of Second A-10 Crown of 2016
The Minutewomen will be in action this weekend at the Atlantic 10 Championships in Fairfax, Va.
W. Basketball. Kim Pierre-Louis Signs with Germany's Donau-Ries
UMass women's hoop alum signs one-year deal after playing last season in Romania.
M. Track. Men's Track and Field Off to Virginia for A-10 Championships
The Minutemen will be in action at George Mason, looking to build upon their third-place indoor A-10 finish.


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April 30 - May 6, 2012
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George Zimmerman claiming self-defense in the killing of Trayvon Martin
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It was a rough morning for drivers west of Auburn Wednesday morning after a three-vehicle accident caused Routes 5 and 20 to be closed to eastbound traffic near the Cayuga County and Seneca County border.
Eastbound motorists were diverted north and south onto Route 89 in Seneca Falls as a result of the accident, which didn't result in any injuries, according to the Seneca County Sheriff's Office.
The accident occurred at about 8:07 a.m. near the Seneca/Cayuga County line in an area known locally as the Montezuma Flats.
According to the sheriff's office, a tractor trailer driven by Todd A. Wilcox, 45, of 21 Hobson Ave., Auburn, was westbound on Routes 5 and 20 when an eastbound pick-up truck driven by Aaron L. Maybury, 41, of 1288 Hecker Road, Waterloo, tried to pass an eastbound state Department of Transportation salt truck.
Maybury's and Wilcox's vehicles collided and a ladder rack that came off of Maybury's pick-up truck due to the impact struck the westbound vehicle of Emily A. Carpenter, 40, of 7251 Potter Road, Auburn, according to the sheriff's office.
Routes 5 and 20 were shut down for three hours in the morning while clean-up took place. The Seneca County HazMat team responded to a fuel leak at the scene, and the state Department of Environmental Conservation also assisted.
Wilcox's and Maybury's vehicles were towed from the scene and Carpenter's vehicle was driven from the scene.


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Testo Wynken, Blynken & NodLyrics → Artists: C → Carly Simon lyrics → Testo Carly Simon - Wynken, Blynken & Nod
Testo Carly Simon - Wynken, Blynken & Nod
Carly Simon Wynken, Blynken & Nod lyrics was added to the site 26 Jun, 2009 and since that time has 0 hits and voted 0 times. Other popular Carly Simon lyrics are: In The Name Of The Hundred Acre Wood, The Right Thing To Do and You're So Vain.
Translation in progress. Please wait...
Carly Simon lyrics:
- They Just Want You To Be There lyrics
- Voulez-Vous Danser lyrics
- The More I See You lyrics
- Back Down To Earth lyrics
- I Only Have Eyes For You lyrics
- In Honor Of You (George) lyrics
- Do The Walls Come Down lyrics
- Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow lyrics
- One More Time lyrics
- Share The End lyrics
- Slave lyrics
- Waterfall lyrics
- The Garden lyrics
- James lyrics
- As Time Goes By lyrics


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MFA Launches Holiday Ad Against Butterball
The animal-welfare group is airing a consumer warning advertisement asking viewers to refrain from buying Butterball turkeys this Thanksgiving.
Following the release of its haunting undercover video at Butterball turkey farms, which revealed workers violently abusing birds, nonprofit Mercy For Animals has launched a new television campaign against the turkey supplier. The ad, which will air in Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; and Raleigh-Durham, NC (the latter is the site of Butterball headquarters) leading up to Thanksgiving Day, issues a warning to viewers that the company's workers have been found guilty of criminal cruelty to animals. The ad also features footage of a 2011 undercover investigation at Butterball factory farms by MFA. It will reach nearly one million households and can also be viewed and shared online.
UK's Largest Indy Retailer Promotes Vegan Fashion
ASOS explains the importance of vegan fashion in a blog post earlier this month.
Read More »
National Restaurant Chain Bans Bacon
"Simply put, you cant be a healthy food business and serve bacon," says Sweetgreen salad chain.
Read More »
Eight Best Vegan Meats Named by Top Millennial Site
From hot dogs and chicken tenders to maple-smokehouse bacon, meaty vegan proteins have PopSugar excited.
Read More »
Bleeding Vegan Burger Sells Out in One Hour
Customers flock to get their hands on Beyond Meats Beyond Burger at Whole Foods Market.
Read More »
World's First Vegan Lifestyle Series to Debut on A&E
More than 70 million subscribers of A&Es FYI Network have a new plant-based TV show to look forward to this July.
Read More »
More Flashbacks
- Vegan Butcher Shop Makes 6-foot Party Subs for Moby
- The Guardian Conducts Massive Vegan Taste Test
- Philadelphia Hosts Vegan Pizza Tribute to Pussy Riot
- Tyson Found Torturing Animals, Again
- Just Mayo Makers Reveal Massive New Product Line
- Vegan Chef Hopes to Feed Stevie Wonder at Napa Festival
- Forbes Profiles Vegan Startup, the Pandora for Food
- New Orleans Bakery to be Featured on Flip My Food
- Another UK Veg Fest Draws Massive Crowds
- Brazilian State Bans Cosmetic Animal Testing
- Vegan Product Labels Are Fastest Growing in Western Europe
- Bon Appétit Offers Advice to Help Veg-Curious Go Vegan
- Baileys Releases Vegan Irish Cream
- Sia Gives $100,000 to Animal-Loving Survivor Contestant
- UKs First-Ever Vegan Billboards Go Up
- New Documentary Follows People with "Veggie-Full Lives"
- First Vegan Burger to be Sold Alongside Meat Debuts
- Sweet Potato Soul Blogger Makes Vegan Crab Cakes for Today
- General Mills Invests in Kite Hill Cheese
- Justin's Nut Butters Acquired for $286 Million by Hormel


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Lake Arrowhead California Golf Courses
|Lake Arrowhead Country Club
Featured Golf Course Review:
|Lake Arrowhead Country Club -- Too bad it's private
|Review by: Geoff Levy
|This is a very nice course and its quite a shame it's private. It is located in a dense forest with trees lining most all of the fairways. The course, being in the mountains, is very hilly and there are some dramatic elevation changes on the back nine. It is closed until april 2004 so you can sneak on if you are that kind of person, but be prepared to deal with subpar conditions and no flagsticks to mark the hole. If you do sneak on I recomend you play the four holes that are seperated from the rest of the course because the guys don't ussually patrol there. The signature hole, the 15th or "The Monster," is the most difficult hole I've ever played. You drive from an elevated tee through a narrow valley onto a fairway that is only about 25 yards wide. Then you must hit your second shot completly blind up a steep hill to a difficult green. This is the hole where Michael Jordan was ubducted by the movie "Space Jam". If you play in the winter, be prepared for the 40 degree temperatures that are the norm and possible snow and ice coming into play. Above all, I recomend playing this course if you have a friend with a membership but unless you are a millionare, you can't afford a membership.
|From Lake Arrowhead, CA USA
Golf Courses: Additional Golf Course Reviews:
|Hiddenbrooke Golf Club -- Great Golf Course
|Review by: Paul
|I have played this course several times now... Different times of the day will lend different experiences according to the wind. The course is a challenge without the wind, and an extra sleve is required when the wind is blowing. Arnie did a great job designing this course. The use of the natural water hazards is spectacular. A slice of paradise in the middle of Vallejo. I'm thinking of buying there!
|From Pleasanton, CA


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Bring a buddy.4.55 / 5.00 10,135 Views
Yugi and Kaiba have a duel to the death!4.46 / 5.00 37,757 Views
Vampire Pixel in the Neon City
A sinister deal is underway in the underbelly of Neon City4.34 / 5.00 11,549 Views
You know whats scary...
a lot of psychologists are really like this.
This episode was legit.
very funny writing and good voices. great comedic delivery overall.
decent animation.
I like the script and voice acting. It really reminds me of Home Movies. But the lip sync wasn't that good.
The voice acting really makes this flash.
he should
just beat down the door


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Animals fighting are nature doing what it does, but as humans, it's in our ...
Biking can be one of the most dangerous sports in the world, which can only...
Every other Monday, our team of blacksmiths and craftsman build some of you...
Hey, it was cool in the 80's.
In This Picture: Photo of Pee-Wee Herman and the Fat Boys
In the 80's only rich people had phones installed in their toilet paper dis...
starts here http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/80s-toy-revival-boom
What the hell for?
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The Kid in "Big" Lives There - #'80's Reference
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Don't ask why. Just enjoy the anger.
This girl was really hot in the 80's.
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Nothing says 80's like a mullet, a walkman, and acid washed jeans.
They're creepy and there kooky, mysterious and spooky, they're altogether g...
I pity the fool.


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Relevant offers
Internet millionaire Kim Dotcom could soon be free to buy the $30 million Dotcom mansion - because extradition proceedings have forced him to stay in New Zealand.
An application by the German mogul to buy the Coatesville property was turned down last year, because the Government said he did not pass a required 'good character' test.
But because he has been a permanent resident since 2010 - with no periods of absences this year - he will soon no longer need consent from the Overseas Investment Office.
His arrest in January, on internet piracy charges, has forced him to remain in the country while he fights extradition to the US.
However, it remains to be seen if he will make a fresh bid to buy the sprawling property - once home to Chrisco founders Richard and Ruth Bradley - because his assets have been frozen.
Land information minister Maurice Williamson, who has responsibility for the OIO, today confirmed Dotcom will soon qualify to buy the house - if he has the cash.
"If you are a resident who have been resident for a fixed period of time without breaking that - I understand after 12 months of being fixed - you no longer qualify under the OIO," he said.
"So I think by virtue of his incarceration and his being held he will now reach an eligibility point to be able to buy as he wishes as a New Zealander."
The OIO website says someone must dwell permanently in the country for the immediately preceding 12 months. The Overseas Investment Act provides that they must not be absent for more than 183 days in aggregate.
Dotcom was granted a residence visa in November 2010 under the Immigration Act 1987, Investor Plus category, because he pledged to invest $10m in the country.
His residency status proved a headache for the Government Security Communications Bureau when they realised they were illegally spying on him. The agency is only permitted to track foreigners.
Former Justice minister Simon Power declined Dotcom's OIO application last July because he had been fined for insider trading in Hong Kong. Williamson had initially approved the tycoon's bid.
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Photo SpecialThis Week's 10 Best Celeb Quotes
Kanye: The Prince to Justin's M.J.? Plus: Hayden Panettiere and others
Credit: Mark Von Holden/WireImage
Updated: Friday Aug 24, 2007 | 06:00 AM EDT
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Marrakesh Hua Hin Resort & Spa, Hua Hin
- Free Internet and free parking
Main amenities
- 76 guestrooms
- On the beach
- Restaurant and 2 bars/lounges
- Full-service spa
- Outdoor pool
- Breakfast available
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- Air conditioning
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- Garden
- Tour/ticket assistance
What's around
- In Nong Kae
- Hua Hin Railway Station (1.9 mi / 3.1 km)
- Hua Hin Night Market (2 mi / 3.3 km)
- Wat Khao Takiab (2.6 mi / 4.2 km)
- Khao Hin Lek Fai View Point (3 mi / 4.9 km)
- Cicada Market (0.7 mi / 1.1 km)
Marrakesh Hua Hin Resort & Spa, Hua Hin
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $119
- Celestial suite
- Jacuzzi Suite
- Oceanfront suite
- Fountain Pool Suite
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 76 rooms
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is Noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- One child (11 years old and younger) stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- No cribs (infant beds)
- No pets or service animals allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free wired Internet access in rooms
- Free self parking
Nearby Four Star Hua Hin hotels
In the hotel
- Breakfast (surcharge)
- 2 bars/lounges
- Restaurant
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Free beach cabanas
- Beach sun loungers
- Outdoor pool
- Fitness facilities
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- Beach umbrellas
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- In-room safe
Top Hua Hin hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Hua Hin
- Manathai Hua HinFrom
"This hotel is located in the main street between Hua Hin train station and the beach. It's very close to the night market and city centre. The room is spacious and there is a pool…"May 9, 2016
- Evason Hua HinFrom
"To start with, it's just beautiful: spread-out, low-rise, amid lush tropical vegetation. They've made the fullest use of the climate, with an open lobby and restaurants. We…"May 5, 2016
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Special features
Guests can indulge in a pampering treatment at the resort's full-service spa.
DiningOnsite venue - This fine-dining restaurant overlooks the ocean.
Marrakesh Hua Hin Resort & Spa, Hua Hin's small print
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for THB 2000 per stay
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
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Home > News > Water repellent also absorbs
December 29th, 2003
Nano-carpet may guide liquid movement. A new material that can repel or absorb water could be used to guide flowing liquids. The coating, made from zinc oxide, is normally water-resistant - liquid droplets roll off when the surface is tilted. But when the material is exposed to ultraviolet light, it becomes water-absorbing. Droplets flatten into a smooth film and soak into the surface. After seven days in the dark, the material becomes repellent again.
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'Deathly Hallows' Epilogue Reshoot Wrapped Over the Weekend
After recently returning to the set of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson and Rupert Grint have once again said goodbye to each other. The three main stars reshot "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part II" epilogue scenes just days before Christmas and wrapped it over the weekend, MTV Movies Blog reports.
The filming took place in Leavesden studios while the scenes are actually set at King's Cross Station. The actors reportedly were looking much more comfortable than they did when they were rushed for time shooting the original scenes on the real location.
The reshoot was done after fans were not pleased with the make-up used on the stars, which made them look much older instead of 35 years old. Tom Felton also took part in the filming.
In the meantime, it has been revealed that 13-year-old Bertie Gilbert will portray Draco Malfoy's son Scorpius in the epilogue. Additionally, 14-year-old Benedict Clark is tapped to play young Severus Snape.
"Deathly Hallows: Part II", which is also helmed by "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part I" director David Yates, is slated to hit U.S. theaters on July 15, 2011. This last installment of the series is planned to get 3-D treatment.
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Tech Tips, Nov 2009
Professional quality audio cards are expensive and many times you have no choice but to make do with the built-in sound interface from standard PC. One example is the Henry Engineering USB Matchbox II, a generic, stable USB interface with stereo professional level XLR inputs, outputs and even a headphone monitor. Windows PnP recognizes it and it provides error-free great sound for almost the same price as the old analog Matchbox. And the extra added bonus of a headphone is perfect for editing.
Several manufacturers provide similar interfaces, including Yellowtec, Tascam, Digigram, Musicam, SBS and Edirol. Some are extremely portable and can be tossed in a laptop bag.
Landry is an audio maintenance engineer at CBS Radio/Westwood One, New York.
Ideas submitted to Tech Tips may be suitable to earn SBE recertification credits.
Do you have a tech tip? Send it to us at firstname.lastname@example.com
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Aug 1, 1972
|Filing date
|May 1, 1970
|Priority date
|May 2, 1969
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Claus H Schuenemann, Wilhelm G Spruth
|Original Assignee
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (13), Classifications (27)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent Schuenemann et al.
[451 Aug. 1,1972
[54] ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING 3,287,703 I l/l966 Slotnick ..340/l72.5 SYSTEM WITH PLURAL 3,462,742 8/1969 Miller et al. ..340/172.5 INDEPENDENT CONTROL UNITS Pr P U imary Examiner au .Henon [72] Inventors $6322: f g ffi gggf z g zfi Assistant Examiner-Sydney R. Chirlin both of y Attorney-Hamlin and Jancm and Edward S, Gershu- [73] Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY. 57] ABSTRACT [22] Filed: May 1, 1970 A data processing system which consists of individual, essentially highly integratable, storage structures,
[2]] App! 33567 which are linked with each other by means of a bus system, without the use of connecting, unordered logic [301 Foreign Application Priority Data circuits, and which perform the functions of the system control. The data processing system is com- May 1969 Germany 19 22 415's posed of independent control units; the actual system control (CPU), and the individual controls (CON) as- (5|. sociated with the input/Output devices A common 58] Fieid 340/172 5 bus system is employed for data and signal communication between the units. All these controls have identical circuitry, differing from each other only by [56] References Cited the specific microprogram used. Logic personalization UNlTED STATES PATENTS of the individual controls is ensured by their specific mlcroprogram or by their table stored in read-only 3,328,767 6/1967 Ottaway ..340/l72.5 storages A central control within the individual Com 3,199,085 8/1965 Rhodes etal. ..340/172.5 "0| units is not used, Since a part of the operation g code in each function unit is separately decoded.
en e 3,537,074 10/1970 Stokes et al ..340/l72.5 5 Chain, 17 Drawing Figures L52 L81 SH AM p-SP BR HSP R2+LS2 R1+LS1 SH+SEL AM Li BR+SEL AB ae +R2 +AM-SEL STL PAIENTEUAuB 1 1912 3.681. 761
SHEEI 1 UP 6 FIG. 1 FIG. 2 (PRIOR ART) 1 1, SP1 SP2 BED MBR L ADRi 1 IL ADR2 D L .J E MBF EL Hill p-OP L32 L81 SH AM p-SP BR HSP R2+LS2 R1+LS1 SH+SEL ,AM 1 BR+SEL AB 0 @112 +AM-SEL s11 FIG.4 zanszanszans 4511s sens BBITS 10 1111s Ls1Ls2AM* SEL R1 R2 AN-p OP-CODE FIG. 5
A B A B A B A a BITS ROM ens ROM ans ROM ans ROM INVENTORS CLAUS H. SCHUENEMANN WILHELH G. SPRUTH Y MS M AHOHMY 2048 BITS PATENTEII IIIB I I972 sum 2 or 6 2048 BITS 2048 BITS 2048 BITS ROM 2048 2048 B BITS BITS I6 BITS +2 CH BITS I6 BITS FIG.7
I6 BITS PATENTED MIG I I972 SHiET '4 BF 6 FIGJ3 EDL PATENTED MIG I I972 POSITION F HULTIPLIER "4" (THE) FETCH (F) OPERAND 1 OPERAND 2 LOW-ORDER SHEEI BF 6 FIG. 16
L5 14110-110. LS 2-1110-110 2 3 4 5 1 2 5 1 5 A 1111 110 010 100111310 001 01111110 2111 110 101 010100 xxx 001 01111111 3111101 110 101 010100 xxx 001 10000000 11 09.93 J10 0.190 JQ90999L JLQ 1 J9 "112911901 1 A 0,0 9,9 3,9 1 1 015111 100 010 010 100 001; 10009011 7 0 1 Y T REP 1 REP ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM WITH PLURAL INDEPENDENT CONTROL UNITS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to an electronic data processing system with storage units, in which tables of arithmetic functions are stored, and with bus systems for the transmission of data, addresses and control signals between the system elements.
The invention proceeds from data processing systems in which certain arithmetic functions, such as, for example, multiplication, are performed by means of tables stored in the storages of these systems and which contain the result of the arithmetic combination of two operands, (e.g., the product of the two operands in the case of multiplications).
The control of the program sequence in existing electronic data processing equipment has its origin in the program storages of the central units in which the program consisting of instructions-micro and macro instruction-is stored. A micro instruction register is initially loaded from the program storages of the system. The micro instruction read into this register is, as a rule, the first micro instruction of a micro instruction sequence. The first micro instruction is decoded in a decoder and transferred to a micro instruction sequence control. Systems have become known in which the micro instruction sequence control consists of a matrix, the lines of which are excited by the output signals of the micro instruction decoder. The gate control signals for the respective micro operation are formed at the cross points of a selected line and particular columns of the matrix. The micro instruction sequence control also generates the address of the next micro instruction which can be modified by means of certain machine conditions with the help of special switches.
The gate control signals derived by way of central decoding are routed to the individual processing locations of the system where they implement the required operations. The logic structures used in existing data processing systems follow no particular order, and, as sequential networks, from several aspects do not represent optimum solutions for the system control of a data processing system. These aspects concern in the first place the flexibility of a system, for logic function circuits once designed and installed in a machine can not be altered without going to excessive expense. Therefore, a data processing system designed for commercial applications cannot be conveniently redesigned for purely scientific purposes.
Moreover, the use of central instruction decoding prevents maximum processing speeds being obtained, which in such instances are limited by the logic structure of the system, rather than the speed of the circuits and components employed.
in addition to these disadvantages, existing systems have a further disadvantage which is due to the hybrid character of the total design of the system comprising storages and logic sequential networks. It is the latter disadvantage which accounts for the considerable expenditure involved in the testing and maintenance of electronic data processors.
It is an object of the invention to eliminate in particular the above disadvantages inherent in existing data processing systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION For an electronic data processing system with storage units in which tables of arithmetic functions are stored, and with bus systems for the transmission of data, addresses and control signals between the system elements, one embodiment of this invention is characterized in that the system consists of a number of autonomous system elements representing the system control and the control of the Input/Output devices, that these system elements consist of further storages which contain tables for performing logic functions and microprograms tailored to the functions of the lnput/Output devices, and that the instructions transmitted over the bus are decentrally decoded at the location of execution by means of the decoders in the system elements.
It is a further feature of this data processing system that the microprogram storage is coupled with the branch control unit (branch unit), in which a truth table for performing the logic function d= (bAc)Va is stored, in a manner that it forms a part d of the address of the next micro instruction in accordance with this function, wherein the values b are transmitted to the branch unit from the data bus common to the system control, while the values 0 are transferred from the common address bus.
Yet a further advantageous embodiment of this data processing system is characterized in that the lnput/Output devices are controlled by means of control units incorporated in and connected to the system control through buses, that these control units differ from the system control and the other control units only by the microprogram stored in them, and in that the control units are linked with the bus of the system control or the Input/Output devices by means of parallel gate circuits.
The advantages of the invention which, as mentioned, comprise the elimination of the described disadvantages of existing data processing systems, are obtained in that the electronic data processing system is comprised, in the main, only of storagelike structures and of essentially identical circuit techniques for the system control and the control of the Input/Output devices, taking into account that the logic functions are performed by means of truth tables contained in the storages.
Decentralized decoding of the instructions and the use of common buses results in an increase of the operating speed and a reduction in the error frequency. The almost identical circuit design both of the central control and the controls of the input/Output devices leads to an extremely economical price structure with regard to the manufacture of such data processing systems. In view of the fact that a control of a printer differs from the control for a disk storage or a punch card unit only by the microprogram contained in the respective storages, one type of control can be universally applied by loading different microprograms into the read/write storages or by exchanging complete read-only storages in which the microprogram is stored.
Also by loading other microprograms into the system control (CPU), the latter, without changing existing circuits, can be readily adapted to commercial or scientific applications.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows prior art micro instruction controls;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the typical structure of the function control units on which the system control is based;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a complete system control',
FIG. 4 is a representation of the format of a micro instruction;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a function control comprising 4 read-only storages;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a function control designed for a higher speed than that of FIG. 5',
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a binary addition;
FIG. 8 is a representation of a typical read-only storage decoder;
FIG. 9 is a representation of a typical table realized in a read-only storage;
FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing the combination of a microprogram storage with a branch unit;
FIG. 11 is a timing diagram of the system time control;
FIG. 12 shows connections of the Input/output unit control devices to the system control;
FIG. 13 is a block diagram of the connections in accordance with FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 is a block diagram of the complete system;
FIG. 15 is a block diagram of the error correction circuit connections;
FIG. 16 is a flow chart for a multiplication example;
FIG. 17 represents the register contents of two working storages during a microprogram for a multiplication.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows the control of a micro instruction sequence and the generation of the gate control signals for performing the micro operations as are utilized in existing data processing systems. The micro instruction register MBR is initially loaded from the program storages of the system. The micro instruction read into this register is, as a rule, the first micro instruction of a micro instruction sequence. The first micro instruction is decoded in the decoder DEC and transferred to the micro instruction sequence control MBF. Systems have become known in which the micro instruction sequence control consists of a matrix, the lines of which are excited by the output signals of the micro instruction decoder. The gate control signals for the respective micro operation are formed at the cross points of a selected line and particular columns of the matrix. The micro instruction sequence control also generates the address of the next micro instruction which can be modified by means of certain machine conditions with the help of special switches BED.
TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM CONTROL FIG. 2 shows the typical structure of the function units of which the control of the electronic data processing system in accordance with the invention consists. As is hereafter described, this structure permits the control of the system to be essentially decentralized so that, in principle, the number of internal or external units of the system (several central units, peripheral equipment) is of no importance.
The first storage arrangement SP 1, which can, for example, take the form of a highly integrated arrangement with a minimum number of external linkage paths (similar to the remaining storages of the system), supplies address information for the second storage arrangement SP2 as output information on the internal bus IL. The data of the second storage arrangement thus addressed can be used for addressing an information field in the first storage arrangement during the next cycle, the information being transferred to the external bus EL either in part or in full. This information can also be used in part or in full for addressing as described.
The bus system is advantageously designed in a manner that it suits the highly integrated design of the storages. Therefore, only one bus is provided for the input and output data, the input and output functions of which are controlled by means of gate circuits integrated in the storage substrate. The same applies to the buses for transferring the address and control information between the system elements.
The structure shown in FIG. 2 can perform comparatively complex functions at a relatively low storage capacity. In view of this it is possible to design the complete control system of a data processor of a number of such or similar structures.
A control of this kind is shown in FIG. 3. The coupling of the microprogram storage u-SP to the branch unit BR is very similar to the arrangement of FIG. 2. The output signals of the microprogram storage p-SP are transferred as control signals over the control signal bus STL, for example, to the local storages (working storages) LS l and LS 2, the shift unit SH, the arithmetic unit AM or the main storage HSP for performing the next operation, which may be a micro operation. The bus principle permits the said units to transfer data or address information to a data bus or an address bus or to receive, in addition to control information, data over a bus DL.
With regard to the control of the system control CPU, as is shown in FIG. 3, it is important that the 10 bit field of the operation code (OP code) of the micro instructions, the format of which is shown in FIG. 4, is not decoded in the manner known from existing systems, but that each working storage L8 1, LS 2 and the units SH, AM, and HR (which are used for function control: i.e., for the control of arithmetic and logic functions) extract from the transmitted field of the operation code of a micro instruction only those control bits which they require for implementing a specific operation. This means that a working storage, rather than fully decoding the field of the OP-code, only decodes a particular part which permits it to differentiate whether a read operation, a write operation or a read/write operation is to be performed. Examples for coding the OP-code field are hereafter describai in conjunction with an example of the most frequently employed micro instructions of the system.
In the implementation of such micro instructions, in- 5 formation is addressed in the working storages LS l and LS 2, read and subsequently transferred to the arithmetic unit AM over buses DL and AL. The result is issued over bus DL and re-stored in one of the two working storages.
As is hereafter shown, the storage structure, in a slightly modified form, may also be employed for performing arithmetic and logic functions. FIG. 5 shows an arrangement which consists of only four read-only storages ROM, each having a capacity of 2 572 bits, and which is suitable for four different functions:
binary addition (ADD) ORING (also exclusive) (XOR) inversion (INVERT) In this arrangement four bits are provided for the data to be linked and the operands A and B, two bits for the selection of the above four functions, one bit for a carry, if any, which may, for example, result from a binary addition, and four bits for each storage ROM for data output.
Addition The operands A and B to be linked serve as an address for controlling the storages ROM in which the function tables are stored. The arrangement of FIG. 5 is relatively slow, particularly on account of the serial handling of the carry C during additions.
A version employing higher speeds is shown in FIG. 6. This arrangement consists of the storage blocks ROM A, ROM B, and ROM C which perform different functions. Whereas storages ROM A, for example, form results without considering carries C, if any, during addition, storage ROM B simultaneously process the carries, while storage ROM C performs particular control functions, such as, for example, a propagating carry P, the zero result NE, the check bit CH for the high-order positions, and the OP-code. The check bit Cl-I for the low-order positions is generated by means of the storage ROM C which is shown on the extreme left of the figure.
FIG. 7, which is very similar to FIG. 6, serves to explain the operations necessary for binary addition. As already mentioned, specific tables are stored in the storages ROM. For addition, for example, the following Table I can be provided:
TABLE I A B A and a c 11 X: a 4
In the chosen example, operands A and B are twoposition dual numbers with positional values ranging from x, to 2; The result of the addition of the operands A and B is composed of the positional values 31,, y,, and the carry C.
The result in the stored table is located, for example, by means of a decoder such as that shown in FIG. 8. This decoder derives from the available positional values x, to x, the corresponding columns 0 to 15 which correspond to the binary values 0000 to llll. In the matrix connected to the output of the decoder DEC, certain columns are excited with the help of a specially selected cross-point coupling, the output signals of which are amplified in the read amplifiers SA so that the result is supplied by the values y,, y,, and C. In FIG. 7 each one of the individual blocks ROM 1 to ROM 7 represents a realization of a table. In this arrangement addition is completed after two stages have been passed, since the arrangement is designed so that waiting for carries, if any, is rendered superfluous. Carries, if any, are taken into account by the stored logic structure of the arrangement. In the example of FIG. 7, l6- bit operands are binarily additively linked. As is shown in FIG. 7, the individual bits of the operands are referred to as i to 1' During addition, values to be issued and intermediate values are generated in the individual storage stages. These values are individually identified in FIG. 7. The identifications imply the following meanings:
.n -x are generated by binary addition 0 M4,, to i -e'. (taking into account a carry C, if any)v is the carry obtained during this addition.
is a bit indicating whether a carry from the preceding stage may result in a carry to the next stage (th'a only applies in cases where all values it to it are indicates whether the modulo-2 sum of x -x is 0" or 1".
(parity check).
indicates whether all values x x and c, are "0".
indicates whether the eight low order bits of the result contain an even or uneven number of indicates whether the eight highorder bits of the result contain an even or uneven number of I For preparing the table the following rules have to be observed, in addition to those applicable to binary addition:
gositions (storage block ROM Cl-I CH, CH-(J -x 4. The following equation applies to the check bit of the high-order positions (storage block ROM CH CH, CH (x -x 5. The following equation applies to forming the zero result:
TABLE 2 Ala S A I B x, x, at, 1: 1
0 0 l U 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 l O 0 0 l l 0 0 0 0 l 0 U l U 0 0 l 0 l 0 0 l 0 l l 0 l I 0 O l l l 0 0 l l U 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 l 0 l 0 l 0 l 0 0 l 0 l 0 l l 0 l 0 l l 0 0 l O 0 l l 0 l 0 0 l l l l 0 l l 0 l l l l O l I For a three-bit x, to x, operand A or B, Table 2 shows the new values A or 8* for a shift of the operand by one bit position to the left or right. The direction and magnitude of the shift S are determined by the x, bit. If x, is zero, the operand is shifted to the left by one bit position, while it is shifted by one bit position to the right, if it is one. The bit configuration after the shift is determined by the y. to y, bits. Out of the 16 configuration possibilities, which result during the shift, several occur a number of times so that the seven bit configuration of Table 3 cover all possibilities arising during shifting.
TABLE 3 r 2 ya 0 0 O 0 0 l 0 l O 0 l l l 0 0 l O l l l O Similarly, for performing logic functions, read-only storages can be used in which the truth tables of the functions are stored. With the aid of decoding, columns can be determined which, when coupled to specific columns, lead to the required logic output result being formed.
Branching of the Micro Program FIG. 10 is a more detailed view of the bit lines for combining the microprogram storage u-SP with the branch unit BR. In the present example the micro instructions read from the microprogram storage consist of 32 bits, 22 of which are directly transferred to the control bus STL. In accordance with the format shown in FIG. 4, the bits transferred to the control bus STL are the first 22 bits of a micro instruction. The remaining 10 bits serve to address the next micro instruction in the microprogram storage [Ir-SP. Out of the 10 address bits, four are used for addressing the branch unit BR which is designed as a read-only storage. These four hits represent the input information 0. Further input information b and c, which each consist of four hits, are transferred to the branch unit BR over the address bus AL and the data bus DL. From this input information the branch unit generates the address information d which is transferred over the address bus ADLl to the microprogram storage and forms part of the address of the next micro instruction to be fetched. The linkage of the output information d with the input information a, b, and 0 can be represented by the following equation:
d= (b c)Va The remainder of the sequential address is formed by the six bits which are contained in the address part of the micro instruction and which are transferred over bus ADL 2 to the address decoder of the microprogram storage. By means of the input information b and c it is also possible to execute branch instructions and test mask operations (TMB).
Timing Timing of the system can be selected as described below:
Each machine cycle consists of three sub-cycles, such as for example,
l Reading from working storage LSi 2. Reading from arithmetic and logic unit (AM FlG.
3. Writing into working storage LSi (plus reading of function control, plus next micro instruction) or b.
l. Reading from working storage 2. Blind operation (e.g. reading a USE instruction into the function control) 3. Writing into the working storage (reading of function control, next micro instruction) or (for storage/main storage operations) 1. Reading into working storage (plus request for access to bus) 2. Blind operation e.g., main storage access) 3. Blind operation (e.g., reading from main storage) A read operation of the mainstorage is performed during the sub-cycles 2 and 3. Data is available at the end of the second sub-cycle. Write operations are carried out during the first sub-cycle of the subsequent machine cycle. The validity checks of the storage addresses and the storage protection checks, which are also possible in the system in accordance with the invention, are performed for all storage access operations outside the above timing control.
FIG. 11 is a timing diagram including a survey of the timing control of the system. The different system components are based on the following time assumptions:
Mns 200m 350m 175m Microprograrn Storage Working Storage 450 n;
150 ns Gate Circuits 2Sns Inpu /Output Controller The system control CPU communicates with the connected Input/Output devices E-lA-G and other peripheral units through controllers CON. These controllers are control units ANS which are arranged in the system control CPU, link a specific Input/Output device with the system control, and which are particularly tailored to the Input/Output device selected. The design and operation of a controller CON are very similar to those of the system control CPU. The controller consists of two working storages, one arithmetic and logic unit AM and a function control, which is similar to the combination of p-SP and BR. Thus, both the system control CPU and the control CON for the Input/Output devices can be constructed using identical circuit structures or system elements. Personalization in the form of a system control or a control for a tape unit is essentially obtained by means of the stored microprogram. The associated control buses are used to interrupt the communication between any one of the controllers and the system control.
The controllers CON with their associated Input/Output device, are interlinked through the connecting system shown in FIG. 12. This system consists of an eight-bit input data input line EDL, and eight-bit data output line ADL and an eight-bit control line SL. Within the Input/Output device the data is transferred to the respective locations by means of AND gates or, if required, through latch circuits which are controlled by the control data on the control bus SL. These AND gates and latch circuits are arranged in the Input/Output device. The connected system between the [nput/Output device and the Input/Output controller CON invariably uses the same lines. In the present instance, 24 lines are employed, not considering current supply and non-logic function lines. The connecting system is commonly used by all the Input/Output These gates and latch circuits are controlled with the aid of control data which is fed to these arrangements through the control bus SL. From there, the data is transferred to the associated Input/Output device which may either belong to group GR IV or GR V.
Similarly, the output data of the Input/Output devices, which are associated with the groups GRI to GRIII, is transferred to the output data bus ADL through output gates AUT and latch circuits.
Design of the Complete System FIG. 14 shows the complete system which consists of a number of controls, which are very similar to the system control CPU previously described. The system control CPU cooperates with these controls through a bus system. The controls in accordance with FIG. 14 are intelligent Input/Output controllers" which perform any function of a connecting control tailored to a specific Input/Output unit. Others of these controls serve as multiplex or selector channels. The system also comprises an additional unit, the storage PRST, which serves as a priority control. As is shown in FIG. 14, the system of the chosen example consists of a disk storage control PL-ST, which controls the disk drive PLA, a tape storage control B-St, which controls the tape drive BA, a card Input/Output control K-St, which controls the card Input/Output KE/A, and a printer control DR-ST for controlling the connected printer DR. The system also includes a selector channel SK and a multiplex channel MK for connecting a high-speed Input/Output device S-E/A and a low-speed Input/Output device L-E/A respectively.
The bus system which links all the units of the system as illustrated, consists of a 16-bit data bus DT, a 16-bit address bus AD and a control bus S. The control bus S includes two lines (two bits) for each system control CPU and each Input/Output controller. The individual units of the system are fully synchronized during their operation.
The bit position FE'ICI'I/STORE of the selection field SE1. of the micro instruction (see FIG. 4) is directly linked with the control bus. When proceeding in the subsequent specification from a system consisting of a system control CPU and seven Input/Output controllers, the eight lines required necessitate an eight-bit address for the storage which is provided for the priority control PRST. Out of the eight output bits, one bit each is fed back to each of the above controls, CPU and CON. In cases where more than one control unit or the system control CPU simultaneously requests control through the bus system, the priority control unit PRST responds. The latter may consist, for example, of a simple read-only storage with a capacity of 256 words, in which a table is stored, by means of which the data indicating the priority of a control are logically linked with the data representing a request. This priority control unit PRST assigns control through the data bus DT,
the storage address bus AD, and
the control bus S, by keeping low-priority control units waiting. Priority may be assigned in the following order:
1. the specially tailored control units of the Input/Output devices,
2. the selector channel,
3. the specially tailored control units of the tape storage units, and
4. the system control CPU.
Priority is controlled by a control unit which has a control request to the bus system, and which cannot be received because the control unit has a lower priority than another control unit which simultaneously issues such a request, continuing to loop or repeat the same micro instruction or micro instruction sequence, while seeking access to the bus system. The relation between the data speeds of the input/Output devices and the data speeds of the main storage is such that this loop is only repeated for the duration of a few storage cycles. During looping, no gate control signals are applied to the gate circuits which link the control unit with the bus system. By ORing, the control signals are rather fed to the next micro instruction sequential address. Thus, the microprogram can only be continued after the control unit has obtained access to the bus system. The system control CPU and the Input/Output device control units communicate with one another by storing control words in a reserved area of the main storage. This area serves a letterbox function, the units of the system being programmed so that they periodically interrogate their letterbox" for information destined for them. Error Correction The lines of the data processing system are designed so as to permit bit parallel transmission of information from one unit to another. In contrast to existing systems using bit serial or partly bit parallel and partly bit serial transmission, it is possible for error-correcting arrangements to be connected in all stages, that means essentially to the in and output of the system elements. such as for example, to the working storages LS1 and LS 2. For this purpose, Hamming code regenerators can be employed, which, according to the degree of redundancy, are capable of correcting one, two or three error bits in a word.
FIG. is a sectional view of FIG. 3, which shows in what manner the Hamming code regenerators can be employed in the data processing system in accordance with the invention. The Hamming code regenerator HREG 2 is, for example, connected to the output lines, such as, for example, the output lines of the working storage L5 2, which transfer address information to the address bus AL. Thus, depending upon the scope of the code used, one, two or several bits of an address word, which was erroneously read from storage, can be regenerated. The inputs of these system elements are also provided with Hamming code regenerators to reduce to a minimum the transmission of erroneous data to the corresponding lines.
The design of the data processing system in accordance with the invention permits the Hamming code regenerators or other error correcting arrangements being realized in the form of tables which are stored in read-only storages. Example of a Micro Instruction Set TABLE 4 Name Meaning ADD binary addition an overflow carry forces a l in the lowest bit of the address of the next micro instruction.
AND ANDing of operands XOR EXCLUSIVE Olling of operands lNVERT inversion of operands USE (U) the four low order bits of R l and the addrea ofthe next micro instruction are XORed SHIFT (S) shining amount of shifting is set in R 1 MOVE (M) transferring zero shifting TEST ifthe 4 low order bits of R 1 and the mask UNDER set in R 2 are not in compliance with each MASK AND other, the
low order bit of the next micro BRANCH (TMB) imtruction is changed. FETCH (F) fetching information from main storage STORE (ST) writing infonnation into main stor Distinction bein possi le by the L5 1*: All E-IA operations are routed through the main storage.
TABLE 5 Field Code Meaning LS 1' 00 LS l rests 0| reading from L5 1 and writing into l-lSP l0 writing into LS l and reading from HSP ll LS 1 reading and writing L8 2 00 L5 2 rests 01 reading from LS 2 and writing into HS! l0 writing into L8 2 and reading from HS? 1 1 reading and writing AM 00 BINAD (binary addition) Ol AND (AND) 10 INVERT (inversion) l l XOR (exclusive OR) SEL Owl AM (unit AM) 00l0 SH (unit SH) 0100 BR (unit BR) 1000 FETCH/STORE (readstore) R l selection of one out of 64 registers in L8 1 R 2 selection of one out of 64 registers in LS 2, in addition the amount of shift is specified ON 2 bits to the left OlO lbittothelefl 0! 1 zero shift l bit to the right I01 2 bits to the right 001 8 bits to the left/right OIO 4 bits to the lefi 01 l zero shift 100 4 bits to the right Multiplication Example In the following, a multiplication example is used to illustrate the operation of the system control, which, as previously mentioned, only consists of storagelike structures in which tables with arithmetic and logic data are stored. The example refers to the multiplication ofthe binary numbers H0 and 101:
TOTAL llllO FIG. 16 is a microprogram flow chart for the multiplication. As for the following description only the typical operation of the control arrangements if of importance, no consideration is given to the effectivity of the program. First of all, the two operands, which are to be linked with each other by multiplication, are fetched from the main storage I-ISP by means of a fetch instruction (F). The first operand, representing the multiplicand, is transferred from the main storage to register 3 of the working storage LS 1. FIG. 17 gives a survey of the contents of registers l to 64 of the two working storages LS 1 and L8 2. In the left-most column the number of the micro instruction and the relevant abbreviation (the latter in brackets) are indicated. The columns continuing to the right constitute the individual register stages. The last column, finally, gives the address of the next micro instruction to be fetched. The second micro instruction of the multiplication microprogram fetches the second operand, the muliplier, from the main storage and transfers the same to the register with the address 5 of the working storage LS I. With the aid of a test mask it is determined whether the low order position of the multiplier is a one. To this end, the test mask and branch operation (TMB) is employed, whereby the test mask is stored in the register defined by field R 2 of the micro instruction. In the present case, the mask is stored in register 5 of the working storage LS 2. As the multiplier position in question contains a one at the location defined by the mask, a branch is taken to the micro instruction ADD 2, which, as shown in FIG. 17, has the address 10000001. The flow chart of FIG. 16 shows that the multiplicand is added into the result field. ADD 2 identifies the result field as being in the working storage LS 2. As is illustrated in FIG. 17, this field is stored in register 3 of the working storage LS 2. This micro instruction is adjoined by two further micro instructions, the first one of which shifts the multiplicand by one position to the left, while the second shifts the multiplier by one position to the right. The direction and the amount of shifl are defined by the corresponding micro instruction (S) in field R 2. Table 5 shows the shift coding. For the lefi shift the relevant binary coding is l0, which is stored in the working storage LS 2 in register stage 1. For the right shift, the binary coding 100 is stored in the working storage LS 2 in register stage 2. As is further illustrated in FIG. 16, this loop must be repeated as many times as there are binary positions in the multiplicator. Upon completion of multiplication, the result appears in the result field, that means in the register with the address 2 of the working storage L8 2.
As in the chosen examples of FIG. 17 the number of positions of the result field was limited to four, the field does not contain the complete result of the multiplication. The operations required for restoring the operand in the main storage are not included in the microprogram either. Moreover, the above example does not consider output operations.
While the invention has been shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments therof, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that various changes in the form and details thereof may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. An electronic data processing system with Inllii ili rfifiti'oh 'slri ifiifi ,liifdid fisfi iirfii for the transmission of data, addresses and control signals between system elements, the system comprismg:
a number of autonomous system elements representing the system control and the control of the Input/Output devices;
said system elements being interconnected by said bus systems;
said system elements comprising further storages which contain tables for performing logic functions and which contain micro-programs tailored to the functions of the lnput/Qitput devices;
said system elements also comprising decoders for decentrally decoding instructions at the location of execution in the system elements; and
a branch unit in which a truth table for performing the logic function d (In 0)? a is stored;
said branch unit being coupled to a portion of said further storage containing a micro-program in such a manner as to form a part d of the address of the next micro instruction in accordance with this logic function, wherein the values a are transmitted to the branch unit from said portion of said further storage, the values b are transmitted to the branch unit from the data bus common to the system control, while the values c are transferred from the common address bus.
2. An electronic data processing system in accordance with claim 1 further including:
control units for controlling Input/Output devices are incorporated in and connected to the system control through buses;
said control units differing from the system control and the other control units only by the microprogram stored in them; and
said control units being linked with the bus of the system control or the Input/Output devices through parallel gate circuits.
3. Electronic data processing system in accordance with claim 2 further comprising:
priority control means comprising a storage in which is stored a table with the priorities of the units and a truth table for logically combining a priority with a request from a unit;
said priority control means being connected to the remaining system elements only through the control bus.
4. An electronic data processing system in accordance with claim 3, wherein:
gate circuits integrated in the storage substrates control the function of the buses as input or output lines.
5. An electronic data processing system in accordance with claim 4 further comprising:
areas of storage which are permanently associated with the individual system control elements;
said areas of storage being caused to store control words when system controls communicate with Input/Output control devices.
# i i t i
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification