text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 25, 2005
|Filing date
|Oct 22, 2002
|Priority date
|May 26, 2000
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Peter Guilfoyle, Gary S. Evans, Cheng C. Ko
|Original Assignee
|Opticomp Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (19), Classifications (22), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/867,718, filed May 29, 2001, now abandoned, claims priority under 35 U.S.C. � 119(e) from provisional application Ser. No. 60/207,540, filed May 26, 2000.
The present invention is directed generally to a method and apparatus for generating high-power coherent light; and more particularly to a method and apparatus for generating high-power coherent light from arrays of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs).
VCSEL arrays can be used as low-cost, high-power light sources for a variety of military and commercial applications. Currently, the cost of high power (500 to 1000 W) Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers exceed $100/Watt. Coherent VCSEL arrays have been realized in the premises network market where low power (<0.005 W), VCSEL based transceivers selling for ˜$100 dominate the market, having displaced edge-emitting semiconductor laser based transceivers that sell in the $500 to $5000 range.
Other applications, such as optical pumps at 980 nm for Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) for telecommunications will benefit from low cost lasers with increased power (0.05 to 1.0 W). High-powered EDFAs cannot be achieved from single element VCSELs, but could be economically fabricated with VCSEL arrays. VCSEL arrays are theoretically capable of kW of power with current material and heat sinking technology.
Aside from these commercial and economic applications, coherent arrays of VCSELs have far-reaching significance because they have the potential to deliver >>1 W of power, over a wide variety of wavelengths. These devices can be used to accelerate progress in areas such as medicine, communications, manufacturing, and national defense.
High-power VCSEL arrays have been demonstrated by several research groups. Grabherr et al. reported VCSEL power densities exceeding 300 W/cm 2 from a 23-element array [M. Grabherr et. al., Electron. Lett., vol. 34, p. 1227, 1998]. Francis et al. demonstrated VCSEL power in excess of 2-W continuous wave and 5 W pulsed from a 1000-element VCSEL array [D. Francis, et. al., IEEE Int. Semiconductor Laser Conf. (ISLC), Nara, Japan, October 1998]. Chen et al. also reported the power density of 10 kW/cm 2 from an array of 1600 VCSELs using a microlens array to individually collimate light from each laser [H. Chen, et. al., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 506, May 1999]. However, their beam quality at high power is still poor. A high quality beam requires a narrow linewidth single mode with high spatial and temporal coherence.
In order to produce coherent, single-frequency, high-power arrays of VCSELs, the elements of one or two-dimensional VCSEL arrays should be phase-locked. Although the light from each individual VCSEL is coherent, the phase and frequencies (or wavelengths) of the light from each VCSEL are slightly different, and therefore uncorrelated. For such an incoherent array consisting of N elements producing the same power P, the on-axis power in the far-field is ˜NP. However, if the array can be made coherent, in phase, and with a single frequency, the on-axis power in the far-field is N2P and the width of the radiation pattern is reduced by ˜1/N. This high on-axis far-field power is required in laser applications such as free space optical communications and laser radar where a large amount of power is required at a distance, or in applications such as laser welding, laser machining, and optical fiber coupling that require high power to be focused to a small spot.
Previous efforts to phase-lock arrays of VCSELs have used diffraction coupling [J. R. Legar, et. al., Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 52, p. 1771, 1988] and evanescent coupling [H. J. Yoo, et. al., Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 56, p. 1198, 1990]. Diffraction coupling depends on geometrical scattering of light and evanescent coupling requires that the optical field of adjacent array elements overlap. Both approaches impose restrictions on the array architecture. More importantly, these existing approaches have had very limited success, even in 1D edge-emitting arrays where both approaches have been extensively investigated. Recently, Choquette et al. has demonstrated phase locking in a VCSEL array using an anti-guide approach [D. K. Serkland, et. al., IEEE LEOS Summer Topical Meeting, p. 267, 1999].
The foregoing and other problems and disadvantages of previous attempts to provide a high-power coherent source of light are overcome by the present invention of a high-power coherent array of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers. In accordance with the present invention, a plurality of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are provided; along with a structure which optically couples each of the VCSELs the plurality of VCSELs to one another by a predetermined amount to cause a coherent mode locking condition to occur. The coupling structure can be a beam cube.
More particularly, the beam cube is positioned to couple light from a reference source of light into the plurality of VCSELs with a vertically dependent phase, and to provide a predetermined amount of coupling between the plurality of VCSELs to cause a coherent mode locking condition to occur. Preferably, the light from the reference source which is coupled by the beam cube to the plurality of VCSELs has a phase difference between ones of the plurality of VCSELs which is substantially equal to an integer multiple of 2π radians.
In one embodiment of the present invention, VCSEL/waveguide grating system for realizing high-power coherent arrays of VCSELs is provided to achieve phase locking through a waveguide with grating couplers. Coupling into and out of a waveguide using a grating is a simple method to transfer free space data to waveguides in optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs). Waveguide gratings can perform a large variety of functions such as reflection, filtering, deflection, and input/output coupling. A periodically modulated grating can perform holographic-wavefront conversion. As a coupler, the grating converts a waveguide mode into a radiation mode, or vice versa. Surface-normal grating couplers direct light perpendicularly into and out of the waveguide. With the advance in VCSEL technology, the use of such diffraction grating becomes an interesting mechanism to create high-power coherent light sources.
The approach of the waveguide/grating embodiment of the present invention to achieve high-power coherent lasers is based on the use of a periodic grating in a common connecting waveguide to provide optical coupling between the array elements.
Unlike previous phase locking approaches, the distribution waveguide method of the present invention can provide phase locking by controlling a precise amount of coupling between array elements independent of the element size and element spacing. A bulk beam cube, a collection of smaller distributed beam cubes, or gratings formed along the optical path, or the like, provide waveguides which collect and distribute light from/to the VCSELs, and through controlled coupling, provide a phase locking of the VCSELs.
In the coupled waveguide approach of the present invention, there is provided a linear array of elements which can be extended into a 2D array. Another major advantage of this approach is that phase adjusters can be included to assist in beam-forming and electronic beam steering. In the simplest implementation, the phase adjusters could be a VCSEL element operated below lasing threshold, where variations in current correspond to refractive index changes in the gain regions causing a change in the effective optical length of the element. This approach brings the proven technological and economic benefits demonstrated by combining transistors, capacitors, and resistors into large scale integrated circuits to integrated photonic circuits consisting of lasers, optical waveguides, and grating or other couplers.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the present invention, and accompanying drawings.
In accordance with the present invention,
In another embodiment of the present invention, shown in
While the embodiments of
An implementation of the above sinusoidal in the frequency domain can be accomplished by the use of surface gratings 22 on waveguides 24, as shown in
Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, a periodic grating is used to implement frequency domain phase adjustment for coherent coupling and mode locking in a VCSEL array.
One difference to be noted between the embodiments of
The embodiment of
A variation to be noted between the monolithic embodiments of
The surface-normal waveguide grating coupler embodiment of the present invention,
A surface-normal waveguide grating coupler has been developed to achieve coherent high-power light sources. Three approaches will be described to integrate the grating-coupled waveguide with the VCSEL array: (1) a hybrid VCSEL/waveguide structure, (2) a monolithic VCSEL/waveguide structure with a top waveguide grating coupler, and (3) a monolithic VCSEL/waveguide structure with an internal waveguide grating coupler.
Any architecture that attempts to combine individual semiconductor lasers into a coherent array must address several issues:
The phase of the coupling is determined by 1) the DBR mirrors; 2) the spacings of all the epitaxial layers; and 3) the index changes of the optical paths due to injected current. This latter mechanism contributes detrimentally to the phase control of existing semiconductor laser arrays since all existing large arrays have individual elements that are electrically connected. As a result, instabilities between the photon densities and injected current in each element are impossible to control. Although individual current control to each element may be cumbersome and undesirable, with the VCSEL geometry, it is possible to use a patterned submount [G. A. Evans and J. M. Hammer, editors, Surface Emitting Semiconductor Lasers, Academic Press, New York, 1993] to individually control the current to each element. Further, instead of directly controlling the current to each array element, the overall complexity can be reduced and the desired amount of phase control still achieved by independently controlling of groups of subarrays of the VCSELs. The phase change due to gain-induced index variations may be exploited to maintain the array in the "in phase" mode.
In principle, with additional care in matching the lattice structure of the epilayers, the surface of the array can be made optically flat. In this variation, the ends of the common waveguide can have high reflectivity coatings and the coherent array emission can be emitted through one of the wafer surfaces. Such surface emission could be from either the VCSEL surface or through a transparent substrate. The naturally occurring surface emission (due to the second-order grating coupling light out of the common waveguide and the undeflected light generated by the VCSELs) can be enhanced with the addition of an anti-reflective coating (in the case of emission through a transparent substrate) and possibly an additional outcoupling grating.
Hybrid VCSEL/Waveguide Structure
Light from each VCSEL 36 is coupled by the grating coupler 38 and diffracted equally to the left and to the right of each grating 22. The grating coupler 38 is designed to separate first-order modes and couple these modes into the waveguide 24. The waveguide 24 allows the light to travel in either direction.
The first-order diffracted light can be transmitted through the grating 22 and reflected back from the grating 22. The light can be also coupled back into the VCSELs 36 for phase locking.
As mentioned previously, phase locking can be achieved using the distribution waveguide method by controlling a precise amount of coupling between array elements. This approach is independent of the element size and element spacing. The amount of coupling for phase locking is dependent on the VCSEL element diameter, grating depth, waveguide dimensions, and material compositions. It is estimated that ˜1% of the single pass optical power in the common waveguide can be coupled into each VCSEL element, which is sufficient for phase locking. The grating coupled waveguide provides a linear array of elements which can be extended into a 2D array to produce high-power coherent arrays of VCSELs.
Monolithic VCSEL/Waveguide Structure with Top Waveguide Grating Coupler
Referring to
A common waveguide 42 with grating couplers 22 is placed above the VCSELs 36 for coupling the output light from the VCSEL array.
For this approach, a VCSEL epitaxial structure 40 is first grown using standard growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or metalorganic chemical beam epitaxy (MOCVD). An additional layer 42 is grown on top of the VCSEL structure for the waveguide grating coupler. The coupling waveguide surface 44 is holographically exposed and the resulting photoresist grating is etched into the exposed wafer surface 44. The grating period required to couple the waveguide light into the VCSEL elements Λ is typically ˜0.25 μm. It is calculated from Λ=λo/ηeff, where λo is the free space wavelength of the laser and ηeff is the effective refractive index of the coupling waveguide.
Finally, the waveguide layer is epitaxially grown using a regrowth technique.
This approach avoids introducing complexity and losses into the basic VCSEL elements, and allows testing the VCSEL elements on a portion of the wafer before the waveguide and grating is fabricated. After the grating fabrication is complete, the remainder of the waveguide is epitaxially grown, where standard n- and p-side metals are applied prior to wafer testing.
Monolithic VCSEL/Waveguide Structure with Internal Waveguide Grating Coupler
One of the potential challenges associated with the monolithic VCSEL/waveguide structure of
The problem is that Al is very reactive and surface oxides can easily form when the sample is exposed to air. This surface oxide is very difficult to remove and in-situ etching is often required prior to regrowth on the AlGaAs interface [Mui, Strand, Thibeault, Coldren, Int. Symp. on Compound Semiconductor, San Diego, Calif., paper no. TUA4.8, 1994].
Another concern with regrowth on the grating coupler is whether the surface would planarize enough to allow for high quality DBR mirrors on top of the grating. As a safety pre-caution, the active region of the VCSEL structure are grown prior to the definition of the grating. It has been found that MOCVD is the best technique to perform a regrowth on the grating coupler 46 in order to ensure a planarized surface. Depending on the depth of the grating coupler 46, planarization should occur within 0.5 μm of the regrowth material.
Waveguide Grating Coupler
The waveguide grating coupler is a key component of the VCSEL/waveguide grating system.
The performance of the system depends largely on the grating coupler. It is of considerable interest to develop predictions of the efficiency of the diffraction process in terms of the waveguide and grating parameters. The coupling efficiency of a grating coupler is dependent on several parameters such as the grating depth, the index modulation of the grating, and the type of grating.
Several theoretical models have been developed to calculate the waveguide-grating interactions in terms of the tooth profile, composition, and position of the grating with respect to the optical waveguide. One model uses a modal formulation based on a Floquet-Bloch approach [Hadjicostas, et. el., IEEE JQE, Vol. 26, No. 5, p. 893, May 1990]. An-other model relies on a boundary element method [Evans, et. al., IEEE JQE, Vol. 27, No. 6, p. 1594, June 1991] and allows analysis of arbitrary grating profiles. The predictions of the Floquet-Bloch model have been compared to a complete, self-consistent experimental measurement of the wavelength dependence of reflection, transmission, and outcoupling from a Bragg second-order grating. Comparisons were made with the calculations for 50% duty cycle square-wave gratings with tooth depths equal to the experimentally measured values ranging from 40 nm to 600 nm. Close agreement between the theoretical and experimental results were obtained [Ayekavadi, et. al., SPIE meeting, Los Angeles, January 1991].
Waveguide Grating Design
A typical three-layer waveguide is shown in
The waveguides are designed for both singlemode and multimode operations. The number of modes in the waveguide is dependent on the thickness of the waveguide core layer as well as the index difference between the waveguide and cladding layers.
Since a majority of the light will be guided in layers 2 and 3, these layers must be transparent at the VCSEL emission wavelength of 850 nm. This requirement is satisfied if the mole fraction of Al is greater than ˜5%. The thicknesses of layers 2 and 3 should be designed such that the optical fields are not influenced at the interface between layer 1 and layer 2. In addition, for the wave to be guided, the refractive index of the waveguide core should be greater than that of the cladding layers, layers 2 and 4.
The thicknesses and compositions of layers 2 and 3 are also determined by considering the number of modes in the waveguide. If the refractive index step is too large, layer 3 will have to be very thin to remain singlemode. If the refractive index step is too small, the light will be loosely confined to layer 3 requiring that layer 2 be very thick so that the light is isolated from the lossy GaAs substrate (layer 1). To meet all of these constraints, the composition of layer 3 was chosen to have a mole fraction y of Al between 0.15 and 0.2 and the mole fraction x of Al in layer 2 to be between 0.3 and 0.4.
A complete solution of the field configuration (modes) for the four-layer waveguide which is shown in
These parameters were used in designing the waveguide and grating structures for optimal performance.
For example, the real and imaginary parts of the effective refractive index were used to determine the grating period and the mode structure, respectively. The confinement factor and the effective refractive index have a strong dependence on the waveguide layer thicknesses and their index differences. Therefore, it is very important to consider these parameters in the design of waveguide and grating.
The optical confinement factor is defined as the ratio of the optical power in a layer to the total mode power. The confinement factor for the ith layer, Γi is given by
where E(x) is the transverse field distribution in the waveguide structure and the integral in the numerator is performed over the width of the ith layer region. Since the coupling efficiency of the grating coupler is related to the field at the grating region, it is important to consider the field distribution in order to determine the fraction of the optical power within the grating layer. The grating layer will be etched into layer 3.
The confinement factor in each layer is illustrated as a function of the waveguide core thickness d3 Layer 2 has an Al mole fraction of either 0.3 or 0.4 and layer 3 has an Al mole fraction of either 0.15 or 0.2. The Table of
The variation of optical confinement with the waveguide layer thickness for d2 of 1.5 μM is shown in
The confinement factor shows a trend similar to the case of d2 of 1.5 μm. As d3 increases, the confinement in layer 3 is considerably increased and rapidly saturated with a small value of d3 (
From the solutions of the wave equations, the effective refractive index of an asymmetric waveguide structure can be obtained by considering the propagation constant in the waveguide.
The effective refractive index is calculated by the ratio of the wave propagation constant in the waveguide to the free space wave number. This effective index can be complex depending on the parameters of the waveguide structure.
From the theoretically calculated results for an asymmetric waveguide, the strongest grating confinement and hence a large optical coupling can be achieved with an asymmetric waveguide with a layer 3 Al mole fraction of 0.15 and a layer 2 Al mole fraction of 0.4. The thickness of the waveguide core layer is then determined mainly by the requirements of optical modal properties such as singlemode or multimode operation. First the design of a singlemode asymmetric waveguide will be considered with an optimum grating parameters to achieve high coupling efficiency.
When a grating is etched into the asymmetric waveguide which is shown in
A multimode asymmetric waveguide grating coupler was also designed for a laser emission wavelength of 850 nm. The number of optical modes in the waveguide depends on both the thick-ness and the index difference between the waveguide and cladding layers. The number of modes can be approximately calculated from the following equation:
where ko is the free space wave number and ni is the refractive index of layer i. This equation was derived by assuming a three-layer asymmetric waveguide which consists of the cladding layer (layer 2), the waveguide core (layer 3), and the air (layer 4). From
From the propagation constant in the waveguide, the effective refractive index was calculated.
Scattering Characteristics of Waveguide Grating
A schematic diagram of the waveguide grating coupler structure of the present invention is shown in
The objective of the present invention is to couple light between the optical guide layer and a surface emitting laser that is just above the grating region of
The cross-section of the waveguide shows that grating 56 is etched onto the main guide layer 56 that is surrounded by cladding layer 58 below and an air layer above. The guide layer 56 has a refractive index value of n=3.5101468 while the cladding layer 58 has n=3.3601311. All refractive index values are for a free-space wavelength λ=0.85 μm. The cladding layer 58 has a thickness of 0.4 μm while the guide layer 56 thickness is 0.4 μm and the grating depth is 0.1 μm. It is assumed that the total thickness of the grating and waveguide layer is 0.5 μm.
The refractive index profile of the asymmetric waveguide shown in
The waveguide section of
The powers radiated in the up and down directions are computed using Poynting vectors. The up and down powers are computed by integrating the upward (or downward) component of the Poynting vector over the grating length L. Only the fast-wave space harmonics around the second Bragg are needed for the radiated power calculation.
The scattered powers are shown in
Because the grating acts as a four port network, the grating region can be characterized as a four port network as shown in
Assuming input is from port 1, S11 represents the reflection coefficient, S 12 represents the transmission coefficients to the second port, etc. If the port is lossless, then Sij=S*ji, where * is the complex conjugate. Because of the symmetry conditions between ports 1 and 2, all scattering elements can be found. The magnitude of the reflection coefficient S11 is the square root of the reflected power (
High-power coherent light sources can be achieved by using a VCSEL/waveguide structure.
The surface-normal grating coupler is employed to achieve the desired coupling light from the VCSEL into a single common waveguide for phase locking. Three architectures have been proposed to integrate the grating-coupled waveguide with the VCSEL array. These architectures can be utilized to fabricate low-cost, high-power coherent light sources for a variety of military and commercial applications.
The present invention has been described above with reference to a grating coupling embodiment. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes and modifications may be made in the above described embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, while the present invention has been described in connection with a specific processing flow, those skilled in the are will recognize that a large amount of variation in configuring the processing tasks and in sequencing the processing tasks may be directed to accomplishing substantially the same functions as are described herein. These and other changes and modifications which are obvious to those skilled in the art in view of what has been described herein are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 22, 1990
|Jul 16, 1991
|Massachusetts Institute Technology
|Optical device for laser coupling and coherent beam combining
|Oct 14, 1997
|Feb 29, 2000
|Geoff W. Taylor
|Grating coupled vertical cavity optoelectronic devices
|Jul 10, 2001
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|Manni Jeffrey Glenn
|Systems and methods for speckle reduction through bandwidth enhancement
|J.R. Leger et al., Coherent addition of AlGaAs laser using microlenses and diffractive coupling, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 52, pp. 1771-1773, 1988.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 29, 2003
|Nov 14, 2006
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Optical waveguide
|Jul 23, 2003
|Aug 14, 2007
|Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated
|Phase array oxide-confined VCSELs
|Feb 15, 2003
|Nov 13, 2007
|Avago Technologies Fiber (Singapore) Pte Ltd
|Frequency modulated vertical cavity laser
|Jun 30, 2004
|Feb 19, 2008
|United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration (Nasa)
|Communication using VCSEL laser array
|Mar 14, 2006
|Jan 6, 2009
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Interconnecting (mapping) a two-dimensional optoelectronic (OE) device array to a one-dimensional waveguide array
|Dec 16, 2004
|Jun 30, 2009
|Yeda Research And Development Company Ltd.
|Resonator cavity configuration and method
|Jun 8, 2009
|Apr 26, 2011
|Yeda Research And Development Company Ltd.
|Resonator cavity configuration and method
|Mar 21, 2013
|Feb 24, 2015
|Tria Beauty, Inc.
|Dermatological treatment device with one or more vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL)
|Jan 21, 2011
|Dec 29, 2015
|Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development Lp
|Wavefront synthesizer systems
|Mar 10, 2015
|May 10, 2016
|Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development Lp
|High density laser optics
|Feb 15, 2003
|Aug 19, 2004
|Peters Frank H.
|Frequency modulated vertical cavity laser
|Apr 29, 2003
|Nov 4, 2004
|Epworth Richard E.
|Optical waveguide
|Jun 9, 2004
|Dec 23, 2004
|Photonami Inc.
|Method and apparatus for suppression of spatial-hole burning in second of higher order DFB lasers
|Jul 23, 2003
|Jan 27, 2005
|Palo Alto Research Center, Incorporated
|Phase array oxide-confined VCSEL
|Mar 14, 2006
|Sep 20, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Interconnecting (mapping) a two-dimensional optoelectronic (OE) device array to a one-dimensional waveguide array
|Jun 8, 2009
|Oct 1, 2009
|Yeda Research And Development Company Ltd.
|Resonator cavity configuration and method
|Sep 19, 2007
|Jun 24, 2010
|Alcatel Lucent
|Tunable laser with a distributed bragg grating comprising a bragg section made of strained bulk material
|Mar 10, 2015
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|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|High density laser optics
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|Sep 26, 2013
|Tria Beauty, Inc.
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|U.S. Classification
|372/50.1, 372/18, 372/19, 372/44.01, 372/43.01, 372/46.01, 372/45.01
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 22, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 31, 2011
Owner name: OC ACQUISITION CORPORATION, NEVADA
Effective date: 20110310
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Welcome to SportsNation! On Wednesday, ESPN.com NASCAR writer Terry Blount will stop by to talk about all the latest news and notes from around the NASCAR track.
Blount covers motorsports for ESPN.com after 25 years as a sports reporter and columnist at three major metro newspapers.
Send your questions now and join Blount Wednesday at 2 p.m. ET!
More Terry Blount: Chats | Search | NASCAR index
Terry Blount (2:01 PM)
How's your days going folks? Off to Texas tomorrow. What's on your mind?
Kevin (Boston, MA)
Terry, do any of the three Chase contenders really hang it out going for the win this weekend or next? Wouldn't the smart play here be to bring the cars home close to each other and then go for it at Homestead?
Terry Blount (2:02 PM)
I think eadch guys feels like he needs a win to separate himself from the other two. I would be surprised to see all three in the top 5 in the final laps Sunday because all of tyhem are good at Texas. That's why I think it's going to be a heck of a show.
Matt (Surprise, AZ)
Terry... Yeah this won?t happen BUT it would be cool.... PSR (Petty-Stewart Racing) ? Richard Petty Team up with Tony & Haas. Continue get equipment from Hendrick, you get AJ
Terry Blount (2:03 PM)
Nice idea, but you're right. Ain't happening.
Joshua (GA)
Anybody know what happened to Gordon with 15 to go. He was pushed to the lead and then said his motor was blowing. Then he finished 8th.
Terry Blount (2:05 PM)
He told me he smelled oil and saw smoke in the cockpit so he backed off, thinking he was going to blow the engine. As we now know, that didn't happen. But all day long, the back car in a 2-car draft was getting hot after a couple of laps of pushing.
Terry Blount (2:05 PM)
I'm going with Hamlin, but I think all three Chase contenders could finish in the top 5.
Dane (NJ)
More likely Dale Jr outcome this weekend - Strong run, lead a few laps like Texas in April, or 2 laps down by lap 100 like Charlotte a few weeks ago?
Terry Blount (2:07 PM)
I expect him to run well. The 88 team has built some momentum the last two weeks. Jr. ran well at Martinsville and was running well at Dega before the crash. And Jr. loves TMS.
Rick (Philly)
Terry - I have read quite a bit on how even the teams are for the last 3 races. What I have not read is the performance of the teams since Atlanta on the 1.5 mile and 2 mile tracks. It seems like come chase time the 48 team stepped up and has performed better at these tracks. Is this a trend that should fortell the outcome at Texas and Homestead or is just a coincidence/
Terry Blount (2:09 PM)
Maybe not. Hamlin also has run well. He won at TMS in April and won at Miami last year. And Harvick believes his team is better now on the 1.5-mile tracks than it has been in a long time.
Jake (Irving, TX)
Hi Terry, Do you find it ironic that only Rowdy is talking about helping his teammate win the championship while fan favorite Burton hasn't said 1 word about helping Harvick and Gordon, Martin and Dale Jr haven't lifted a finger to help Jimmie?
Terry Blount (2:10 PM)
Not true. Gordon pushed Jimmie to the front at Dega. Burton said at Dega he would do anything he could now to help Kevin win the title. And Martin stopped pushing hamlin last week at the end when hamlin passed JJ.
Fred (Al) [via mobile]
So wads the latest wid JGR an Justin Allgaier... an which program are they tryin ta put him in nationwide or cup
Terry Blount (2:11 PM)
I think JGR will sign Brian Scott, not Justin.
nick (hartland)
what does kevin have to do this weekend at texas to keep him in the hunt for the chamionship
Terry Blount (2:11 PM)
Simple. Win the race. That's what all three of them need to do because odds are the other two will finish well.
Chris Fiegler (Latham,NY)
If Stewart-Haas Racing Expands to a 4-Car Team Probably in 2012 who will be the 2 Other Drivers that will drive for Stewart-Haas Racing?
Terry Blount (2:12 PM)
It could be anyone at this point, and who knows if they will expand. All that depends on sponsorship. But I wouldn't count our Danica in one of those cars.
Z (florida)
Is there going to be an extension wit jamie mac and ganassi racing or what? what seems to be the holdup Jamie has done a superb job!
Terry Blount (2:14 PM)
Don't worry. It's a done deal. They just have to run everything through the attorneys. It may get announced this weekend at Texas.
sydney (florida)
where is scott speed going to do next year?
Terry Blount (2:15 PM)
Probably something other than race in Cup. But I don't buy the rumors that he will return to F1. That ship has sailed.
Kevin (Boston, MA)
There has been an elimination format talked about in upcoming years. Hasn't it really worked out that way? With three races left there are 3 guys going for the title?
Terry Blount (2:16 PM)
Good point, and I don't think that will happen now. If JJ had run away with it again, we'd see a big change in 2011. Since this Chase has produced a close 3-man battle, I don't think NASCASR will make any major changes.
Kelsey (Mass. )
Have you heard if the Cope twins will be running anymore truck races and do you think they are the "real deal"?
Terry Blount (2:17 PM)
I'm not sure what they have lined up, but if by real-deal you mean capable of winning races. Uh, no.
bridge (california)
Hey Terry, Will we see smaller fields in cup with possibly not even a full field?
Terry Blount (2:18 PM)
Possibly, but so what? Frankly, I'd rather see 36 cars that actually intend to compete rather than 43 when five of six are start-and-parkers.
Ron (VA)
Terry, can you give us a quick thought/story on Jim Hunter?
Terry Blount (2:22 PM)
I loved that man and I will miss him greatly. He was one of a kind. I wrote a story saying Hunter loved NASCAR, but his gift was he could make you love it, too. I will pass along one little story about him. Jim quit drinking over 30 years ago, but he always planned to have one last shot before he died. He asked a friend to come to the hospital and they'd have a toast. Sadly, when the friend came to have that drink, Hunter already was too ill to take part.
Ronny (LA)
Who of the non-chasers do you see being a threat this weekend?
Terry Blount (2:23 PM)
Jamie for one. JPM also. And maybe Jr.
Marc (Pinecrest, FL)
Are you at the SEMA show in Vegas and who are some of the racing people attending?
Terry Blount (2:23 PM)
Newt is there for us. I'm heading to Fort Worth in the morning.
Daniel (VALDOSTA, Ga.)
Terry, all three contenders are very deserving of the title as they have all been up front for the entire season (rather than only in the Chase). In the end, who do you see walking away with this trophy?
Terry Blount (2:25 PM)
I picked Denny before the season started and I'm sticking with it.
Ron (VA)
Terry, on the start and parkers, is NASCAR looking into changing the rules to make them compete and certain length of the race to get purse money?
Terry Blount (2:26 PM)
I don't think so. That's whay smaller field isnm't such a bad thing if it happens.
Dax (ND)
Will any of the Roush cars contend this weekend?
Terry Blount (2:27 PM)
Jack's boy have been very good at TMS over the years. I think Kenseth, Biff and Edwards can contend on Sunday.
Lester (VA)
With Waltrip, Labonte, Elliott still racing why don't others from their era like Jimmy Spencer, Rudd, Rusty, DW, Ward Burton get back into NASCAR?
Terry Blount (2:28 PM)
Because no one is giving them a ride, and I don't really think they want one.
Jamerson (Georgia)
Another non-Chase contender that you didn't mention... Mark Martin. This team is starting to get their mojo back and the #5 hasn't finished outside the top-14 since Loudon.
Terry Blount (2:29 PM)
And Mark was sixth at TMS in April and fourth at Texas a year ago.
Andrew (miami)
How come the ECR engines are so fast? Do they have some sort of unfair advantage?
Terry Blount (2:30 PM)
No, but they have figured something out at the restrictor-plate tracks. They swept the season in plates races.
Nick (NY)
do you ever get dizzy watching the cars go in cirlces
Terry Blount (2:31 PM)
Actually, that can happen sitting in the press box at Bristol. If you try to follow one car around the track for several laps, you can feel a little loopy.
kimberly (Texas)
Going down to TMS this weekend, who you got for trucks, nationwide and cup?
Terry Blount (2:32 PM)
Bodine in trucks, Kyle in NW and Denny in Cup.
Trini (Texas)
With Las Vegas being the place for the banquet, any possibility that LVMS becomes the finale?
Terry Blount (2:35 PM)
Not anytime soon. It's complicated, but politics gets in the way. For one thing, Ford has a long-ternm deal at the title sponsorof the Miami race that states it has to be the last event. NASCAR also would need to shorten the season and move up back a week to have those two events back-to-back because Thanksgiving is in between.
Phil (Mesquite, TX)
As you probably know, Texas is Ford country so do you see Carl finally getting a win Sunday at TMS?
Terry Blount (2:35 PM)
It wouldn't shock me, but I'm not predicting it.
Daniel (VALDOSTA, Ga.)
Terry, if Jimmie finally falls, do you think that he was slimmer away in the years to come, similarly to the way Jeff Gordon did? Not to say Jeff hasn't run well, but after winning his 4 titles, he hasn't won another since.
Terry Blount (2:36 PM)
No, I think JJ has a few more titles in him before he hangs it up.
Billy (Cleveland)
Would NASCAR ever consider holding the banquet at the hall of fame?
Terry Blount (2:37 PM)
They might. It's a beautiful place, but Vegas cut them a sweet deal to have it there.
Jason (New York)
What does Jimmie have to do to win his fifth championship?
Terry Blount (2:38 PM)
Win at least one of the last three races, if not two of them. I think whoever wins the championship will win races down the stretch.
zack (canada)
Montreal is a great place to watch a race. I would love it if they brought the cup series here! do you think that will ever happen?
Terry Blount (2:39 PM)
You never know, but not anytime soon. NASCAR has the road race at Watkins Glen, which is just down the road. But I'd love to see it. Montreal is a great city.
tommy (denver)
So great when Clint Bowyer won at 'dega. Do you think if the team wasnt penalize at NH, they could have contended? It seems they lost their mojo because of that penalty
Terry Blount (2:41 PM)
It certainly hurt them, but I think it's a bit of an overstartement to say they'd still be in it. They'd still be 217 points out. Granted, they might have raced differently without the penalty, but I don't think they be up with the top 3.
Jimmy (STL)
Hey Terry, Is the win by the 33 more of a statement on their part as a race team coming into their own or about ECR horsepower owning the plate tracks this year?
Terry Blount (2:43 PM)
I'd have to say the ECR engines.
Matt (Surprise)
Is there any chance Bruton Smith low balls the Dover group and attempts to buy Gateway? It?s too bad a relatively new track has to close.... I say run each track once for the 1st 26 races than visit some race tracks for a 2nd time during the chase. Add Iowa, add Gateway, add Road America to the regular season?.. C?mon you greedy bastards! (Not you ? Nascar) ;-)
Terry Blount (2:44 PM)
Bruton has no interest in buying Gateway, but he'd love to buy Dover and has tried to do so several times.
adam (wisconsin)
What would be more of a surprise Junior winning at Texas or Randy Moss ending up back with the Patriots?
Terry Blount (2:46 PM)
Junior might win at TMS, but Moss isn't going back to the Pats because someone will claim him before they get a chance, assuming they wanted him back.
Zack (Michigan)
Without his daddy's backing, would Paul Menard have ever made in racing? That's the only reason he's going to RCR. His daddy has the big bucks.
Terry Blount (2:48 PM)
Paul really gets a bad rap. I don't know if he would have made it without help from dad, but he's a pretty darn good racer now and Childress is thrilled to have him coming in.
Jamerson (Georgia)
One good thing about a closer championship race... I want to see Jimmie Johnson have to actually push himself at Homestead for a change. I think half the reason he's never won there is because he's never had to... for the past few years, he's just cruised his way to the championship. It would be an interesting change if he needed to win Homestead to win the championship... be cool to see if he and Chad can step up to the plate.
Terry Blount (2:49 PM)
Very good point Jamerson. We really don't know what Jimmie can do in Miami because he hasn't had to show us a lot.
jason (georgia)
If Junior gets a new crew chief, who do you think can handle that pressure?
Terry Blount (2:50 PM)
Ron Malec for one.
Daniel (VALDOSTA, Ga.)
Terry who do you have winning at Texas this weekend. Denny won in the spring, but just another lap and Jimmie would have taken the checkers. Do you see it playing out similarly?
Terry Blount (2:51 PM)
Wouldn't surprise me a bit to see the two of them fighing for the win in the final laps Sunday. That's why I think this can be a great race.
Jamerson (Georgia)
In your opinion, does Jimmie surpass Richard Petty and Dale Earnhardt and break the 7-championship record?
Terry Blount (2:53 PM)
If I had to say today, I'd say no. Four more Cup titles is asking a lot. But it's not out of the question, especially if he wins again this year.
Val (Plano, TX)
With Dale jr only winning 3 races in the last 6 years why do fans expect him to win races when he's proven he can't anymore?
Terry Blount (2:54 PM)
Junior always will have a huge following. And I don't know that he can't win anymore. I think he still can win races, but I don't see him winning a championship now.
Daniel (VALDOSTA, Ga.)
Terry, do you ever think NASCAR will consider putting more plate races on the schedule by either giving Daytona or Talladega a third date, OR possibly building a track for plate specifications? The fans love it and they are without a doubt, the most exciting races of the season.
Terry Blount (2:55 PM)
No third date for either track. I think they're good when only one plate wildcard in the Chase.
Rocky (WA)
Who's your sleeper pick for Sunday?
Terry Blount (2:56 PM)
Val (Plano, TX)
Do you think in the long run that Dale Jr will go down in the record books as sort of a Harry Gant or Ricky Rudd?
Terry Blount (2:57 PM)
Something like that. A good Cup driver, but not a great one.
Stephen (Fort Lee)
What are the chances of Bayne driving the #6 in 2012?
Terry Blount (2:59 PM)
Predicting 2012 before 2011 starts and even before 2010 ends is like me predicting when the sun will explode. I think predicting guys, but come on. OK, yes, he could be in the car in 2012.
Monica (Reno, NV)
With all the females getting into racing like Danica, The Cope twins, Jenifer Jo, Kristy Wallace do you think NASCAR might have a ladies series like the LPGA?
Terry Blount (3:00 PM)
Intersting, but not happening.
Terry Blount (3:01 PM)
I'm out folks. Some great questions today. I have a torture session at the dentist before heading the Texas. Have a great week. Peace.
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Your Favourite Photoshop Tutorials in One Place
Manipulating a Witch in a Forest
Under Photo Effect, Photoshop Tutorial
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Photoshop is a fantastic tool to help you create all types of artwork. By combining the right photographs, you can say just about anything you want without saying a word. You can form your own style artwork.
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Simple photo manipulation can allow you to do many interesting scene. This is going to show you making a funny diving scene and filled with water inside the goggle.
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A Lady Situating in a Wonderland
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Make a Football Sport Event Poster with Photoshop
Becoming a football player was once the dream of m……y younger brother. Now maybe he can create a poster that he is playing football in football events. The great thing about this tutorial is learners can easily personalize the poster by simply changing the abstract wallpaper image and the football player and the stadium stock images.
Create a Fantastic Batman Symbol in Sky
If you are batman fans, you will be interested in this tutorial. You may find it easy to create the batman symbol straight forward, but not using the surrounding buildings to form the batman symbol. Here will show you the techniques.


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text:
Michael Jordan House For Sale - NBA Legend Puts Chicago Mansion On Auction; 7-Hectare Property Has Full Indoor Court
By Staff Writer | October 19, 2013 06:53 AM EDT
Michael Jordan is really going on the next phase of his life. He has to leave the city that brought him to glory.
His Airness recently remarried (after settling a $168million divorce) and has a sprawling mansion in Florida.
He is currently the owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. He doesn't have any long-term reason to stay in Chicago. In his own words: "My kids are grown now and I don't need a large house in Chicago. It was time for some warmer weather down at my new home in Florida."
The description of the house and the auctioneer details from Wall Street Journal: "The 7.39-acre property is in Highland Park, a suburb 30 minutes north of Chicago. The contemporary-style home has nine bedrooms and 19 bathrooms. According to the auction company, it also has a three-bedroom guest wing, an outdoor tennis court, pool pavilion and entertaining area, a deep water pond, putting green and three climate-controlled multicar garages.
Mr. Jordan bought the land on which the property was built in 1991. The home was finished a few years later, and he says he moved into the house in 1994. Mr. Jordan said he decided to sell the home at auction because "some of the best things in the world are sold at auction, and I've seen that this is the beginning of a trend for selling unique, one-of-a-kind homes."
New York-based Concierge Auctions will hold the live auction on Nov. 22 in cooperation with Ms. Malkin of Baird & Warner. There is no minimum reserve, but bidders will have the opportunity to submit opening bids before the auction. A $250,000 deposit is required to bid."
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text:
Madrid Open: Serena Williams beats Maria Sharapova to lift title
Zee Media Bureau
Madrid: World no 1 Serena Williams defeated Maria Sharapova 6-1, 6-4 in straight sets to lift the Madrid Open title for the first time in over a decade on Sunday.
The battle between the top-two female tennis players lasted for one hour and 18 minutes in which the American emerged victorious and in the process defended her top ranking as well.
"This court definitely plays more like Roland Garros, so I think that`s a plus. It`s a little slower than it was last year and plays more like a true clay court so I think it`s great preparation," Williams was quoted as saying after the match.
Serena is now eyeing the second grand slam of the season -- the French Open -- that begins later this month in Paris.
"I wanted to last year and I didn`t get it. So this year I`m just looking forward to Rome, and then after that Roland Garros, and see what happens," she said.
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text:
About Modelio
Modelio is an open source modeling environment (UML2, BPMN2, ...). Based on a 20-year track record of high end commercial products, Modelio delivers a broad-focused range of standards-based functionalities for software developers, analysts, designers, business architects and system architects.
Welcome to the community platform for users who utilize the Modelio open source modeling environment and developers who build extensions for it. This website provides valuable resources and everyone will be happy to help should you have questions.
Recent activities
Posted: May 27, 2016I suggest to read the following page: Modelio Teamwork Manager to learn advantages about managing model with SVN.
For more information about the teamwork management, I suggest to contact the Modeliosoft sales team.
Posted: May 27, 2016I am not quite able to understand how the Project are managed with SVN project and Local Project.
In the information page of any project there two option Local Model and svn model. After I have created a new project added local model and in SVN model I gave URL repository of a project which is already existing...
Posted: May 26, 2016Thank you for your help!
Posted: May 26, 2016Pan hello,
I want to use the English language as a basis for translation into Spanish and I look forward to hear from you how to manage the translation.
Have a good day,
Posted: May 25, 2016Hi mike,
Please find enclosed two screnshots showing the Modelio 3.5 Java Designer's create/update autodiagrams feature and its creation wizard with the available automatic diagrams circled in red.
In the pictures, I reversed the code from Java ZIP File Example, the source code of this example is ZIPFileExample...


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Many parts of your shop have been configured with, and can be extended by, what are
known as rules. Rules are program sections in programming language PHP 4 that are
carried out at defined points in the programme sequence (e.g. when displaying the
shopping basket).
With rules, beginners will be able to operate the shop easily and advanced users
can achieve there requirements as needed.
Rules give you direct access to internal data structures, which means you can adapt
your shop's logic to your requirements. There are rules for the items, the shopping
basket and the order pages.
Rules can be entered directly using the shop configuration surface. You don't need to change any source codes.
You should have some knowledge of PHP 4 to be able to write rules. The whole shop is
written using PHP. If you understand languages such as C, C++ or Java you should
not find it difficult to get to know the syntax of PHP because it is based on the
syntax of these languages.
Apart from the FAQ's you can also refer to the eShop Manual which can be found in
the 1&1 Control Panel under Manuals.
NoteRules are intended only for calculations, and not for output. Trying to base output
on rules (e.g. with the command echo "...";) could lead to errors. Avoid using them
in output at all times.
Do ensure that you maintain syntactic precision of the PHP code in the rules, and
test it before using it in the online shop. Syntactically incorrect code will lead
to so-called Parse errors that give an unprofessional impression, confuse the
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text:
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Weekly gloriousness sent to your inbox.
Featured Local Event full calendar»
Monday, May 30th - 1:00 PM-1:00 PM
|Taste of Cincinnati @ Cincinnati
DERF Happy Hour
Keep checking back here to find out where the next DERF Happy Hour will be!
Mexican brothels now safer than pig farms
MEXICO CITY - Following reports of swine flu linked to Mexico, in depth analysis has determined that Mexican brothels are less harmful to visitors than pig farms. Experts from the United States Center for Disease Control and the World Health Organization conducted weeks of research before announcing their findings.
Mexican government officials praised the report. Official tourism spokesman Mario Sandoval stated, "We thank all of the visitors from foreign lands who are visiting us at this time. Should you have any concerns about health issues in the country of Mexico, rest assured that you can always remain healthy by taking sanctuary in the nearest brothel."
Mexican prostitutes were also thrilled by the news. "This should be very good for business," said a young woman going by the name Peaches Caliente. "I am guessing the many tour buses that would normally go visit the pig farms will now come to see us instead."
CDC spokesman Harold McDowell warned that visitors to Mexico could still be putting themselves at risk, but added, "I guess if you are going to go there, you would be much better off in a brothel than at a pig farm. Unless its one of those brothels that also has farm animals in it. You know, the kind where they dress up pigs and goats and sheep in lingerie. I've heard they have those. I can't personally confirm they exist but that's what someone told me."
- Area sluts explore ways to continue wearing costumes after Halloween
- City Council adds fun mustaches to Fountain Square viral beating video
- Norwood and Colerain residents prepare to battle for most fingers lost during 4th of July celebrations
- Irish Americans argue DUI laws culturally biased
- Indian Hill High School students spend snow day scrambling for place to buy drugs
- Cincinnati Zoo objects to neighboring 'Festival of Crack Pipes'
- Tragedy - Randy Beattie of Kiwanis International Misplaces I.D. Badge
- Larger World's Largest Office Party' discovered in China
- Area woman announces plans for all that junk, all that junk inside her trunk.
- Club Clau more profitable as crack house.
- Drivers insulted by lower than actual speed readings.


text:
No concert dates found for this venue.
Add venue to my AutoNotify list
Submit Concert Information
07:55 PM, Feb 06, 2011
i saw johnny a here i had fun the place is great
Bridge Street Live
41 Bridge Street
Collinsville, CT
United States
Phone Number:
860 693-9762
Santander Arena, Reading, Pa.
Matt Christine / Santander Arena
April 1, 2016 |
Selland Arena, Fresno, Calif.
Leslie Gilliland / Pollstar
April 11, 2016 |
Headline Artist are listed in Bold
If we have information that is incorrect on this itinerary, please send us an email
© Copyright 2015 Pollstar. All Rights Reserved.
Use of information on this website is subject to
License Agreement.
Tickets for dates listed may not yet be on sale. Dates may change without notice.


text:
GE Capital Renews and Extends Credit to Golfsmith
NORWALK, Conn. — GE Capital today announced it is providing a four-year extension of its $90 million asset-based revolving credit facility to Golfsmith (NASDAQ: GOLF), a specialty retailer. GE Capital has been a lender to Golfsmith since 2002.
"GE Capital's retail industry expertise and its long relationship with us and with our principal owner, First Atlantic, were important factors in our decision to renew this facility with GE. We also value GE Capital's willingness to hold the entire transaction."
Headquartered in Austin, TX, Golfsmith is a 40-year-old specialty retailer of golf and tennis equipment, apparel and accessories. The company operates as an integrated multi-channel retailer through 76 stores across the United States, through golfsmith.com and through catalog distribution.
"With this new credit facility, we have a capital structure in place to fully support our growth strategy," said Sue Gove, chief operating officer for Golfsmith. "GE Capital's retail industry expertise and its long relationship with us and with our principal owner, First Atlantic, were important factors in our decision to renew this facility with GE. We also value GE Capital's willingness to hold the entire transaction."
"We're pleased to be able to build on our eight-year relationship with Golfsmith as they continue on their growth path," said Jim Hogan, senior managing director for GE Capital, Corporate Retail Finance. "Providing businesses with the capital they need to execute their business plan is our specialty."
About GE Capital, Corporate Retail Finance
GE Capital, Corporate Retail Finance is a leading provider of senior secured loans to retailers, primarily in the U.S., to support working capital, growth, acquisitions and more. With Access GE, clients also benefit from access to GE's best practices. Visit gelending.com/clnews.
GE Capital offers consumers and businesses around the globe an array of financial products and services. For more information, visit gecapital.com or follow company news via Twitter (@GECapital). GE (NYSE: GE) is Imagination at Work - a diversified technology, media and financial services company focused on solving some of the world's toughest problems. Visit ge.com.
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I am currently a Spanish/ELD(ESL) teacher in the Capistrano Unified School District. I earned a Master's Degree in Bilingual Education from Columbia University in New York and an undergraduate degree in Spanish from Boston College. I also studied at the Universidad Complutense in Madrid, Spain and worked and taught in Bolivia while serving in the Peace Corps.
Ladera Ranch, CAView Tutor
...I'm guessing you're probably a bit stressed about taking your SAT, GRE or GMAT. I know. I've been there.
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Pasadena, CAView Tutor
...I also provide tutoring services for the SAT and ACT math section. I earned a 780 on my SAT Math section. I will work with you and focus on your weaknesses.
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Studio City, CAView Tutor


text:
AMD Overclocking Guide - October 2002
Basic Strategies
Before we start the actual overclocking process, you should understand that there are two basic strategies for successfully overclocking the processor. These are FSB Overclocking and Multiplier Manipulation. The best results come from the use of both of these techniques together, but you can use either of them individually as well.
It should also be noted that not all motherboards will support overclocking attempts. The main motherboards that will not support this type of setting adjustment are the ones from system vendors like Dell, IBM and Gateway. Though there are a lot more manufacturers who fall into this realm, this will serve to give you an idea of what I am talking about.
And why would a vendor remove the ability to adjust settings like this? Support! When it comes to overclocking, there are many things that can either go wrong, or at least become unstable without proper tweaking. If a manufacturer can remove the ability to adjust speed settings beyond default, then they are effectively reducing the amount of technical support required to service their product line.
Now that we have that out of the way, let's talk turkey.
FSB Overclocking
When it comes to general overclocking, this is probably the most common type of method used. In our definition of FSB we stated that it was nothing more than the data path between the processor and the memory. The speed of this data flow is measured in Megahertz (MHz). All processors have a native FSB speed. Below is a small listing of some of the more common processors and their associated native FSB speeds:
The trick of overclocking comes in when you raise the default FSB speed to a new level. Since the FSB relates to the raw speed of the data flowing along the motherboard's bus, the benefits of this type of overclocking are immediate. To figure a processor's speed, you take the FSB speed and multiply it by the Clock Multiplier of the processor. Below is a simple example of how the FSB tweaking can affect the system speed:
(FSB) 100 * (Multiplier) 10 = 1000MHz Processor Speed
Overclocked FSB
(FSB) 133 * (Multiplier) 10 = 1333MHz Processor Speed
As you can see, the raising of the FSB can make a dramatic difference in your overall system speed. But what about those newer processors that already have a native speed of 133MHz? That is where your entire system comes into play. Since 133MHz FSB is the highest current official FSB speed, you may have to tweak your system a bit to achieve higher overall speeds. We'll talk later on about some of the tweaks that can help you gain higher speeds, but for right now we'll just state that you really can get higher than 133MHz FSB, and in some cases a lot higher.
Multiplier Manipulation
What we're getting ready to explore right now is the heart of many of the conflicts between the Intel and AMD crowds. When you are able to manipulate the clock multiplier of the processor itself, you are giving yourself a much greater degree of flexibility in your overclocking. But why the big controversy? AMD processors can use multiplier manipulation while Intel processors can't. All Intel processors are locked. What this means is that there is no simple manner to allow the end user the ability to adjust the clock multiplier. AMD processors, on the other hand, while locked from the factory are easily fixed to allow for the adjustment of the clock multiplier. Even better, several motherboard manufacturers put settings right in the system BIOS to make this adjustment a matter of pure ease.
Using the same example as above, by taking the same processor that is now running at 1333MHz, we'll add in a multiplier manipulation and set the clock from 10x to 12x:
(FSB) 133 * (Multiplier) 12 = 1596MHz Processor Speed
As you can see, the difference is once again quite significant. Now just because you have the ability to make the adjustments to FSB and the multiplier does not guarantee a successful overclocking experience. There are several factors to take into consideration. While we aren't quite ready to talk about them all right now, they will be discussed in detail later on.
For Your Consideration
It isn't too hard to find people who will swear by either FSB overclocking or Multiplier Manipulation overclocking. Most who choose one strict discipline over the other are usually newer enthusiasts. Old timers will generally agree that a combination of both of these methods will give you the best results.
Something else to consider is that when you overclock by means of the multiplier, all of the extra power is coming directly from the processor. There is no other component that is helping create a more powerful system. While some may state that this is less stressful to the system components, it goes without saying that when we have help from other components, we should be able to get better results. Here is what I mean:
When you adjust the multiplier, the processor is the only component being stressed. When you raise the FSB to gain higher speeds, the entire system is working together to garner these faster speeds. Why? Because when you raise the FSB, you are also raising the speeds of the AGP, PCI and ISA ports. These ports run at a fixed speed that is computed as a ratio of the FSB. Native speeds are as follows:
A ratio equation is built into every motherboard's chipset to allow for these values when the system runs at default speeds. Since the equation is built in, there are very few methods of bypassing it. With this in mind, it is a simple matter to see why the higher FSB speeds will force these ports to run at faster speeds. This is also where you may start running into bottlenecks since some components will not run well at speeds much higher than default. The most notable bottleneck is the NIC cards, but manufacturers have been striving for better flexibility so even these components are generally better than they once were.
A final thought in this category is your choice of chipset. The newer the chipset, the greater likelihood of a successful overclock. Not only are the newer models allowing for higher FSB speeds, they are also beginning to incorporate additional ratio settings between the FSB and the port speeds. The benefits of these are rather obvious, but the idea of being able to run a 166MHz FSB and still have your ports at their default speeds should be ringing bells in your head right about now.
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- AMD OC Guide - Page 1 [Introduction]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 2 [Terms/Definitions]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 3 [Basic Strategies]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 4 [Additional Tweaks - Cooling]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 5 [Additional Tweaks - BIOS Pt 1]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 6 [Additional Tweaks - BIOS Pt 2]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 7 [Additional Tweaks - BIOS Pt 3]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 8 [Unlocking the Processor - TBird]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 9 [Unlocking the Processor - Athlon XP]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 10 [General Troubleshooting]
- AMD OC Guide - Page 11 [Conclusion]
- We at TweakTown openly invite the companies who provide us with review samples / who are mentioned or discussed to express their opinion of our content. If any company representative wishes to respond, we will publish the response here.
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text:
Skittles N Bitz
Crazy comedy sketches featuring your favorite video game characters!
In the poopshoot!
Movies about Alfred the dog.
freaky characters should have more moves a shop and weopons though...
Ididn't like it. Sorry.
Has potential to be a good game, the grubs are cool, the fighting is cool.... but it's just...dumb.
Maybe because there were nothing but 11 year olds playing..
bloody thats the thing
I love this game
this game is gross, bloody , my type i write a fans comic inspired by the badlands
i like this game!!
This game is cool! I like how you can get new things like hats and stuff GREAT CUSTOMIZATION!! lol oh and this is pretty kool! =]]


text:
I offer Math and Science tutoring for students located in the NW suburbs of Chicago. My degree is in Mechanical Engineering from Rice University. I have worked in many positions related to the field as well as in software development.
Buffalo Grove, ILView Tutor
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Exceprional prospect that has been started under saddle, can jog all day on a drape, beautiful flat loper that still needs work but he only has a few rides…$150,000
Gorgeous 16.3 HUS mare that is winning in the show pen, she is still green eligible and has only been hauled to a few shows placing everytime she has entered…$25,000
Beautiful strawberry roan. Smooth as silk in flat walk and running walk. Stands still for mount/dismount; no bad habits; goes where ever you point him…$4,500
3 year old thoroughbread gelding! Fun and energetic personality! Needs an experienced rider to give him the consistency he deserves:) he is broke and…$10,000