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10 Commandments – teaching kids
If you are teaching the 10 Commandments to kids we've put together 10 fun and creative ideas that can be used with your own kids or in a Sunday School or Children's Church setting.
First why teach children the Ten Commandments is one question we hear. The answer at least for me is simple. God gave them to us as a basis to live our lives and he commanded us to put His word into our hearts and minds. We learn to letters so we can read. We learn numbers so we can learn and understand math. Without the fundamentals we never can exceed.
The Ten Commandments are the foundation that can have a huge impact on our lives.
Here is a quick list of the 10 Commandments
- You shall have no other Gods before me
- You shall not make for yourself an idol
- You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain
- Remember the sabbath day to keep it holy
- Honor your father and mother
- You shall not murder
- You shall not commit adultery
- You shall not steal
- You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor
- You shall not covet
We normally list Memory Cross resources last, but I've decided to list them first here. Memory Cross has a number of origami cards that teach children the 10 Commandments. Each card has four panels that make a never ending loop. We have created cards for younger kids – 10 commandments that which allow them to use their creativity and cards for older children that just list the Ten Commandments. The video below shows how they fold.
Ministry-to-Children is always one of my favorite places to start when looking for free Sunday School lessons. Tony and his group continue to churn out great content. It's all on the web with free downloads so if you are preparing a Sunday School lesson but running late you can almost find something there related to the topic you are teaching children.
This lesson on the 10 Commandments is designed for kids ages 5 through 11 and includes a lesson plan, craft activities, and scripture memory plan. – Visit Ministry-To-Children for more information.
The next resource is a fun video created to help children learn the 10 Commandments. If you don't have internet access at church you can download the video to your computer by click on this link. Your browser might give you a warning depending on your security settings but the link and webpage are safe. It will give you an option to download the video below.
An article by Karen Jones does not teach the 10 Commandments but has some good ideas about keeping God's love in mind when talking to children. Here is an excerpt. The full article can be found by click on this link.
- God gave us the Ten Commandments because He loves us.
- The Ten Commandments are not a kill-joy but a joy-maximizer.
- Sin is a kill-joy.
- The Ten Commandments show us what God is like.
- We are not able to keep the Ten Commandments perfectly.
- The Ten Commandments show us our sin and need for a Savior.
- Jesus kept the Ten Commandments perfectly on our behalf.
- The obedience God requires of us is the obedience of faith.
If you are looking for craft ideas check out Bible Story Printables. Valerie has over 20 different hands on ideas that you can use with children.
Finally here is a another video that I thought did a good job teaching children the 10 Commandments.
If you have a favorite way to teach children the 10 Commandments or have comments on the ones we've listed, be sure to let us know in the comments section.
Why don't churches care about evangelism anymore in America
Evangelism is not dead, but is it dying in America? Busyness in America is killing Christianity.
Seems like everyone is maxed out. Families are maxed out with moms and dads working more hours than ever before. From 1979 to 2007 the average number of hours worked in America increased by 4.5 weeks per year! Every spare moment of kid's lives are tied up doing something. Even if they are not in sports or after school activities text messages, Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram can easily fill every minute.
We're loosing relationships everywhere and sitting down having a conversation is becoming a dying art. And our relationship with God? Alive, vibrant, life changing or relagated to a few exhausted minutes before we fall asleep?
We fill our lives up with so many things that in the end do not matter and neglect the things that really do.
What does our crazy busy schedules and lack of close relationships have to do with evangelism and our church? Jesus gave the church this mission: Go into all the world and make disciples. The church is made up of individuals and families and when they are breaking down or too busy to spend time with Jesus then the church becomes ….. lukewarm.
Jesus gave this warning to the church in Laodicia "I know your deeds, that you are neither cold or hot. I wish you were either one or the other! So because you are luck ware – neither hot nor cold – I am about to spit you out of my mouth. You say I am rich, I have acquired wealth and do not need a thing. But you do not realize that you are wretched, pitiful, poor, blind and naked.
So what is the answer? What has God called us to do?
Paul says in Philippians 3: "Not that I have already obtained all this, or have already arrived at my goal, but I press on to take hold of that for which Christ Jesus took hold of me. Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself yet to have taken hold of it. But one thing I do: Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called me heavenward in Christ Jesus."
God called us to do three things:
- Love God with our whole heart soul and mind
- Love people
- Go into all the world and make disciples
These are the things that matter. When your life is over and you stand before God it won't matter the size of your house or how important your job was. It won't matter how much money you accumulated or how many toys you had. What will matter is how much you loved God and people, and responded to His calling.
Evangelism is dying because we are dying. Dying from focusing on things that don't really matter and forgetting the things that do.
Here is a few "radical" ideas to revive you and your church.
- Turn off the TV. Better yet, sell it and give the money to the poor.
- Spend more time praying, reading the Bible or other book that encourages you to grow in your relationship with Jesus. God says: "be still and know that I am God." The creator of the world wants to be your friend but it is up to you to take the steps.
- Spend no more than 15 minutes a day personal time on Facebook, text messages, Instagram, Twitter or other social media. Instead develop a deeper relationship with the people who are close to you. Don't be on the phone when you are with your friends. Turn on the airplane mode. You'll probably find 80% of the messages were unnecessary noise.
- Take walks and talk with God. Your body and soul will appreciate it. Ask God what he wants you to do with your new found time.
- Sell your house or downsize. Take the money you save and invest it in things that will matter eternally.
- Read Dave Ramsey's book, Total Money Makeover and become debt free. Now you'll be totally free to respond whenever and wherever God calls you.
Why churches don't care about evangelism anymore?
Do you see that the church in America does not care about evangelism because we are the church and we've gotten to busy. Our lives are not being transformed by the power of God but merely dusted by his shadow. God wants us to experience an amazing life.
Jesus said: I have come so that you may have life, life in its fullest measure. Don't waste your life. Live it walking in close relationship with God and live it to its fullest measure.
Noah Bible Story and Crafts for Kids
Teaching kids about the story of Noah? We've put together the best stories and crafts for kids on the web that will make the story of Noah come alive.
You don't have to go far in the Bible to find the story of Noah. Genesis 6:9 through 9:28 tells the entire story of Noah. Here is the short version: From the time of Adam and Eve to Noah humans had become evil and did not follow God. Reminds me a lot of modern day America but at least we're not down to one true follower. During Noah's time he and his family were the only people on earth who honored God so God decided to end human life sparing only Noah and his family.
God told Noah that he was going to destroy the world by sending a great flood and gave him the instructions to build a big boat. How they ever got it built without power tools is a miracle all by itself. It took Noah a long time to build the ark, estimates range from 50 to 75 years. During that time people had to think Noah had lost his mind but finally the ark was built and animals loaded.
Then it rained and rained which covered the entire earth, even the tops of mountains. Finally it stopped raining and the waters went down and the ark came to rest on a mountain. After more time life came back and everyone left the boat. As a final sign God put a rainbow in the sky promising not to destroy the earth by water again.
Most children in church learn this story before the 5th grade either in Sunday School, Vacation Bible School or in Children's Church.
Noah Crafts and Bible Stories for Kids
Danielle's Place has a number of crafts that teach children about Noah. Carolyn's site is a membership site so you'll have to join or you can download each craft that you find interesting for around $2.00 each.
Here is one of the crafts on her site: Using different size paper plates, scissors, markers and craft paper kids can make their own Noah's Ark.
Other crafts on Danielle's Place include: Noah's Ark Rainbow Paper Plate Craft, Noah's Ark craft stick or popsicle stick Bible craft printable, Lift the flap Noah's Ark and rainbow craft, Noah's Ark match game and God keeps His promises.
Memory Cross has created a card that helps children learn this Bible story. It has four panels that fold to make an endless loop. The image below shows the four panels and the video shows how it works. You can order a free sample. Just ask for the story of Noah when ordering your sample pack. Use the code "new" and if you live in the United States we'll even pick up the freight.
First School Pre-School activities has a number of projects that are easy to do which will help children learn the story of Noah. They include:
Artistic Hands of Faith has created some of the nicest activities to teach children about Noah. The lesson has a variety of questions and craft activities for kids as young as 2.
Kid's Sunday School Place has created 5 lessons about Noah. Below is a summary. Click this link to see all the lessons.
Lesson 1 – Noah Obeys God
In this lesson, the children learn about Noah and the ark he built according to God's instructions. The children also learn that it is very important to obey God in all things.
Lesson 2 – Noah's Big Job
Children learn that we should all listen to God and obey Him. They will also learn that God has some very important jobs for each of us to do.
Lesson 3 – The Great Flood
In this lesson the children learn about the great flood and how God kept Noah and the animals safe and dry.
Lesson 4 – God's Rainbow Covenant
Through this lesson, children learn about God's everlasting covenant with Noah and the earth.
Lesson 5 – Noah Listened
This lesson will review the past four lessons on Noah and reinforce the importance of listening to God and being obedient to Him.
Teach Children their ABCs with Noah
If you have younger children who are learning their letters this Noah based flash card set teaches children their letters .
If you are looking for information about tracts for children visit our store.
What I've learned from the death of my mom
"Lessons Well-Learned"
4 Lessons I Learned When My Mother Passed Away
I am not a mother's girl but as Mother's day is once again approaching, I definitely miss her so much. She passed after fighting with cancer. When you lose your mom, you also lose a piece in you. That is why it is so important that you celebrate her life while she is still with you.
Moms are special. Their love is incomparable. Their sacrifices are deep. They may drive us nuts at times but they will always be our number one supporter and source of encourager and though we know deep in our hearts that we always value and love them, most of the time our actions speak otherwise. We need to take every opportunity that we have to let our mothers know that we love them.
Beyond flowery words and extra special gifts for this Mother's Day, I am giving you lessons that I gained after I lost my own mother. I hope that you will think about them before you run out of time.
In Ephesians 6:1, it clearly commands children to "obey" our parents for this is the right thing in the eyes of the Lord. But most of the time our obedience is half-hearted obedience and delayed obedience. Unfortunately, half-hearted obedience and delayed obedience is still disobedience. If you truly want to let your mom know that you truly love her, obey her words. Our best interest is always at their heart.
If we learn to obey our mom, we will also eventually learn to respect them. Respect is one of the utmost honors that we can give our parents especially our mother. Maybe there are times that our decisions don't match hers or her life's principles don't fit with ours, but still we have to give her our respect. After all the pains and labors she has to be through just to bring us up to this world, she sure is worthy of our respect.
We tend to disobey and disrespect our parents especially our mom because we don't trust her. As children living in the new generation, we tend to think highly of ourselves as if we know everything and that we don't need our mother's advices. Wrong! Maybe they were born in a different generation but lessons from life experiences never fail and I strongly believe that God never made a mistake of giving us the mom we have. We had been given to them as their children because God trust them. Shouldn't we do the same thing?
Time, I believe is the most valuable thing we can give to our mother if we want them to feel that we truly love them. Time is gold. This may be an old saying but it is sure true. Once a time is wasted, it can never be recovered, it is gone forever and all that is left will be regrets. Life is short and our mothers will not be there for us forever. Let us give her our attention, let us give her our time, enjoy life with her, celebrate life with her and most of all celebrate her life.
Obedience. Respect. Trust. Time. These are the four important lessons that I learned from the death of my own mom. Sure, I have always been called a good daughter but deep inside I know I have a lot of shortcomings when it comes to my mother. Yes I was obedient but I usually obeyed after a period of time. I respected my mom but I was also hard headed at times. I trusted her but there are times that I did my own thing. I lived with her in our house but I didn't spend much time with her. I didn't get to create many wonderful and memorable moments with her and as much as I want to dwell on a lot of regrets in my life I know it will just do me no good at all.
So today, as we are celebrating Mother's Day, I am passing to you these lessons. And I will also be passing these lessons to my children hoping that someday I won't be singing this song from the movie Enchanted:
"It's not enough to take the one you love for granted
You must remind her, or she'll be inclined to say…
"How do I know he loves me?"
May you have a blast of pure joy and unforgettable moments with your mom this Mother's Day and may Mother's Day be an everyday experience for your Mom from now on.
What are the most important things you learn from your Mom? Care to share? Comment it down. We would love to hear it from you.
Mother's Day ideas and crafts
8 Ways of Making Mother's Day Extra Special
Mother's Day is already around the corner and what a better way to make our dearly beloved Moms to let them feel how they are truly love is to make this day extra special for them. Afar from beautiful bouquet of flowers, lavish gifts and luxury dates, we have collected some ideas that we find extra special to make your Mom's day extra special as well plus we made a free printable (wall décor and bookmarker) for you to add more touch of love on your gift for your mother.
Mothers love to decorate so why not let us start her day with colorful decorations of paper garland pack with surprising gifts of assorted sweets inside the box. This amazing idea from Lexy of Properblog.com is surely a wonderful idea to let your mom start her day. I'm sure your mom's morning will truly be a joy to behold.
Let your mother once again feel the lady in her by giving her this totally chick piece of decoration. This entirely beautiful monogram by lulus.com can truly awakened the true feminine side of your mom. You can sneak up and put it up on her wall the night before Mother's day for an additional touch of surprise.
Cards are classic gift. But this gift can be way cooler if you make it by yourself. This flower pop up cards by diyjoy.com will surely be a hit for your mom as you have specially made it for her. It will showcase your creativity making it extra special for your mom. If you want a more unique and amazing cards for your mom, feel free to check our arrays of Mother's Day Cards by Memory Cross.
If you are into sewing, this easy to sew tote bag by Whitney on elmstreetlife.com will surely be a perfect gift for your mom. Casual but elegant. I'm sure your mom will love this one.
Who doesn't want to be pampered? More than anyone, our Moms deserve all the pampering in this world but they are too busy for that. So on this day; give her a pack of real pampering treat that will remind her that she also deserves a break. You can have your list from this Spa basket by Jessica from mom4real.com.
We all know that moms love flowers, but how about giving her something that she could enjoy year-round and that's low maintenance. Check this inspiring succulent and cactus gardens from apartmenttherapy.com.
What better gift you can give to your mom than a daily dose of prayers. I believe it always work wonders. But how about giving her a prayer box where she can write down all her prayer request and we can help her pray for those. Check this super easy DIY from A Traveler's Dream.
If you really want to indulge into another classic gift for your mom, check out our fair trade collections. They are products (jewelries, handbags, baskets, etc.) that are handmade with love and care from local artisans around the world. Every purchase you made will make a difference on the life of these artists and their family. So as you give your mom a gift, you are also giving other persons a chance to live a good life.
Here is the link to the free printable.
*She is blessed beyond measure
Which one from the above you would most likely for your dearest Mom? Would you mind sharing it with us? We would love to hear how you make Mother's day for your mom extra special.
Gospel Tracts for Kids
Finding Gospel tracts written for kids that they enjoy and will keep can be a challenge.
Memory Cross noticed the lack of tracts written for kids and has created a number of Gospel tracts designed especially for children, who find the endless loop design fascinating. The tracts are available in English, Spanish, Haitian Creole, French, Romanian and a wordless version.
The image and video below show how each card folds.
Most of the Gospel tracts for kids are printed in black and white which makes them a good craft activity, allowing children to color in or decorate the cards with stickers. The tracts are bi-linguel in Spanish/English, Haitian Creole/English and Romanian/English which makes it easier to work with children on a mission trip.
Each card is printed on 100 lb. uncoated cover that is made from recycled paper and measure 6 inches square, which is a good size for kids to handle.
There are tracts designed for mission trips which present the Gospel and tracts for use as a local outreach and with events like Halloween. Some of the tracts that are available include:
- God's plan of salvation in English, Haitian Creole
- Roman Road in Haitian Creole and English, Roman Road in KJV, Roman Road NIV, Roman Road Spanish, Roman Road English and Romanian, Roman Road English and Spanish
- I am the good shepherd English and Spanish
- Wordless Gospel tract
There are also cards that are used to teach children Bible stories such as the 10 Commandments, the birth of Moses, the first Passover, creation story, God frees Peter from prison, God's love doodling cards also available in French and Spanish along with many others.
The Memory Cross design is different from anything else currently on the market. Sometimes it is hard to grasp how effective the design is so we offer a free sample pack. Normally we ask that you pay for shipping but if you put int he code "new" in the discount code we'll even pick up the shipping. (offer only good in the United States).
What does God want from me?
I've been thinking about the question what does God want from me lately so I decided to write down my thoughts along with what other people have said. I'm getting close to 60 and God is still leading me but here is what I've learned over the years.
What does God want from me?
First God wants us to have a relationship with Him. He does not want us to be separated from Him, not in this life nor in the next. He loves us so much that he sent His son to take our punishment. All he asks is that we accept His gift and it is free.
For those people who accept His gift he calls us to do more. First he calls us to love Him and love others. Matthew 22: 36-40 says: Teacher, which is the greatest commandment in the Law?" Jesus replied: "'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.' This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.' All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments."
In the Old Testament we are told: This is what the Lord requires from you: to do what is right, to love mercy, and to live humbly with your God. – Micah 6:8.
What does it mean to love God? When I think of that question I think about what it means to love anyone. If you love someone you'll want to spend time with them. Their interests will become your interest. Their life will become your life.
The State Farm ad is a great example of how love can influence our life.
Our love for God must have the same influence on our life. If we love God we'll spend time with Him and I don't mean five minutes before we fall asleep at night. It won't be an obligation, it will be something we crave, something we are excited about. Just like our relationships influence our life when we spend time with Him our life will change and we'll see our relationships with people start to change also.
1 John 4:20 says: If someone says, "I love God," but hates a Christian brother or sister, that person is a liar; for if we don't love people we can see, how can we love God, whom we cannot see?
Those are the guiding principles that he expects every person who believes in Him to follow. The next question related to what does God want from me is what does He want me to do with my life?
This would be specific questions like to marry or not marry, who to marry, what school to go to, what type of job to take, etc. The answer to this question will be different for every person.
For the question about work I believe that you should look for something that you are passionate about. You can serve God in almost any job so look for something you enjoy doing. The Bible tells us to stay out of debt which will free you to serve God in ways you cannot do when you have debt to service every month.
Finally look at what you are doing in relationship to eternity. It is easy to get focused on things of this world but God wants us to look at life from the perspective of eternity. I've included a few videos that help answer the question what does God want from me. I hope you will enjoy them.
The final verse comes from Hebrews 12:1 Therefore, since we are surrounded by such a huge crowd of witnesses to the life of faith, let us strip off every weight that slows us down, especially the sin that so easily trips us up. And let us run with endurance the race God has set before us.
Let us focus on Jesus and love Him with all of our heart, mind and soul. Life is short, don't waste it. Another related post can be found here.
Comments? Put them in the comments box.
Romanian Gospel Tracts
Romanian Gospel tracts for children now available
Memory Cross has a new Romanian Gospel tract for children that is written in Romanian and English. It is based on verses from the book of Romans and is designed to walk kids through God's plan of salvation. The card is written in English and Romanian to create a way for people going on a mission trip to communicate the Gospel with the children of Romania.
The image shows what each panel looks like.
The Romanian Memory Cross card consists of four panels that make a never ending loop. The unique design encourages children to keep the card and continue to read it after the mission trip is over, helping to instill Gods message into their hearts and minds.
The Romanian Gospel tracts pack easily in a suite case and can be used as a craft activity. The video below shows how the card folds.
Memory Cross also makes Gospel tracts in the following languages: Spanish, French, Haitian Creole and a wordless version. There is an option to to translate any existing tract, Bible story card or Scripture memory card into any language.
Memory Cross makes a variety of cards using this same unique design. They teach children Bible stories, help them memorize Scripture and share the Gospel and have been used domestically and taken all over the world on mission trips.
Organizations such as The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, Child Evangelism Fellowship, and LifeWay have used this design to cards that engage children and adults.
How to teach children that God loves them
How do you teach children that God loves them so that they really understand and respond to His love?
Next I'll ask them if they know any scriptures that talk about how much Jesus loves me. Here are 8 verses that talk about how much God loves us.
John 3:16 – For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.
Romans 8:37-39 – No, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us. For I am sure that neither death nor life, nor angels nor rulers, nor things present nor things to come, nor powers, nor height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord.
Ephesians 2:4-5 – But God, being rich in mercy, because of the great love with which he loved us, evenwhen we were dead in our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ— by grace you have been saved …
Romans 5:8 – but God shows his love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us.
Zephaniah 3:17 – The LORD your God is in your midst, a mighty one who will save; he will rejoice over you with gladness; he will quiet you by his love; he will exult over you with loud singing.
1 Peter 5:6-7 – Humble yourselves, therefore, under the mighty hand of God so that at the proper time he may exalt you, casting all your anxieties on him, because he cares for you.
Psalm 86:15 – But you, O Lord, are a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness.
1 Corinthians 13: 4-7 – Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres.
Here are a couple other videos that will help children learn about how much God loves them.
I am not showing the video below but including it because I mentioned Francis Chan's book above plus in this sermon he talks about our purpose in life which for me is to love God and love others. That should be our overall mission in life.
I'll be closing the lesson asking if they've experienced God's love in their life or want to know God in a personal way and then saying a prayer.
I usually have something the kids can take home to remind them of the lesson. This time I'll either be giving them the ABCs of salvation or a card with 1 Corinthians 13: 4-8.
Love to hear your thoughts and comments. God wants people who are passionately in love with him and who prove it with their lives. Final quote from the book Crazy Love: "Leftovers are not merely inadequate; from God's point of view, they're evil. Let's stop calling it "a busy schedule" or "bills" or "forgetfulness." It's called evil. According to God, we are here to love. Not much else really matters.
What does God want from me?
What does God want of me? I've struggled with that question most of my life. I wish I'd known at 20 what I know at 59 so I decided to write down what I've learned. Maybe you're 20 and wondering the same question. If you're 100 and know the answer then be sure to post in the comment section.
First I want to mention what God does not care about. I think it helps focus our mind on what is really important.
- How big our house is
- How nice a car we drive
- How much money is in our bank account
- How close we can park to the front door at the grocery store
- How impressive our job is
- How good looking our spouse is
After I finished the list I realized that is not totally true. God does care about those things, but His perspective is not the same as ours so I've modified the list:
- God does care how big your house is. Smaller is probably better. A paid off house is better than one you do not own. Owe nothing to anyone except to love one another; for he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law. – Romans 13:8. With the extra cash you can feed poor children who don't have the ability to feed themselves, sponsor children who are orphans or do any number of other projects that change the world. Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world. – James 1:27
- God does not care whether we drive a 68 VW bug or a Tesla Model X. You could make the argument that God gave us the responsibility to take care of the earth and that the Tesla is more earth responsible but I think he would rather have us walk.
- Unless we are handicapped and someone who is not has taken the handicapped parking space God is not concerned with where we park our car. God does not care whether you are parked next to the front door or you have to walk for 5 minutes to reach the front door. I used to hear pastors and others say they prayed about a parking space and God always made one available. If that is true then pray about something that is more important, like children in your community who will go to bed hungry.
- God does not care how impressive your title is but he does want you to serve him through your work and he does want you to do your best. I've worked for a number of people and owned my own businesses. Personally I've found that owning my own business gives me more opportunities to serve him, but that is me. Work needs to be put in perspective. God commands us to work but he does not command that it take over our life. Paul says "Even while we were with you, we gave you this command: "Those unwilling to work will not get to eat." – 2 Thessalonians 3:10.
- God does not care how good looking our spouse is. We are commanded to take care of our bodies. 1 Corinthians 6: 19-20 says: "Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So glorify God in your body." When you are young your body is probably in good shape even if you don't do the best at taking care of it. The older you get the more you appreciate your health. It is harder to serve God when you have spent years abusing his temple.
So what does God want of me and you? Here is my list.
- First he wants us to have a relationship with him which only comes through faith in Jesus Christ. God wanted this relationship so much that he sent Jesus to die on the cross for our sins. There are four steps to this journey. Click here to find out more.
- Next he wants you to love Him with all your heart, soul and mind. No longer will any of the things that matter to the world matter to you. You'll want to spend lots of time with God and as you do God will change your life. God will transform you into a new person.
- Finally he wants you to love others. Jesus' last commandment given to his disciples was: "A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another." – John 13:34.
That's it. Your list becomes really short. Love God and love others. Put God first, others second and become passions about following him. Spend time with him and you'll find your life transformed.
Finally I'll leave you a video to watch. Christian Hosoi had everything the world offered yet he found it meaningless. Don't wonder through life. Make your life count. Find passion, follow Jesus.


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The Manteca Branch Library will host "We Got Game!" on Friday, April 9, at 3:30 p.m.
Nominations are being sought for the Manteca Hall of Fame's Class of 2009.
The East Union High School KIWINS Club Co-ed Dodgeball Tournament takes place Saturday, March 20, from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. at the East Union High School Dalben Center.
Give Every Child a Chance (GECAC) is once again offering the Service Challenge Scholarship. A total of six $1,000.00 scholarships are available to one graduating senior selected from each high school in Manteca Unified School District (Sierra, Calla, Manteca, East Union, Weston Ranch and New Vision High Schools).
The Manteca Convention & Visitors Bureau is offering a series of tours.
STOCKTON – The Stockton Civic Theatre patrons and supporters are invited to spend an evening of fun at the 2nd Annual SCT Shrimp Feed and Auction, featuring music by Waterloo, the well-known local Abba Tribute Band.
ck trying to steal a Manteca garbage truck.
Everybody's Irish on St. Patrick's Day.
Two of Manteca's roughest stretches of street from a pavement standpoint will become much smoother this summer.
Several months ago, Stella Brockman School and the local Chili's Grill & Bar held a carnival for a good cause.
Three auto burglaries took place within some two hours in Manteca Saturday morning in addition to vehicle thefts and home burglaries during the day, according to Manteca Police.
The Manteca Garden Club's popular garden tour is back.
Vada McKinnon would have been proud to have seen the flowering plum tree added to Cotta Park Monday morning.
They are Great Options, whether the economy is up or down.
Elvis lives.
Page 695 of 875
With a stretch of the Stanislaus River severing as its southern border, Ripon – or at least parts of it – has always had that potential threat ...
It's a midway filled with popcorn, cotton candy and fun.
John Rallios had dreamed of being a published author since the age of 14.
Doctors Hospital of Manteca has added a new associate administrator to its ranks, Business Development Manager Barbara Bell.
ECHO SUMMIT - A nearly average spring snowpack in the Sierra Nevada will likely prolong tough water conservation measures in drought-stricken California - although the restrictions could ...
Weston Ranch High School senior Mariz Dano learned two important life lessons this year.
Manteca Unified has failed to seek the inclusion of a number of new Manteca housing projects into a Mello-Roos district that's considered crucial to ...
The Second Harvest Food Bank is looking for a dozen good citizens to volunteer in its "Mobile Fresh" food distribution system two days a month ...
If you ask Joe Brocchini what he likes the most about Manteca, you might want to pull up a chair.
The biggest spring shindig in South San Joaquin County is getting bigger.
Diane Lazard is Lathrop's newest planning commissioner.
The "over-the- hill" expression can have so many connotations.
It was a tale of two halves Tuesday with Manteca winning the first half and Sierra the second but neither won the game as the ...
Editor's note: This is part of an occasional series on rivers, lakes, reservoirs, the Delta and the weather that play a key role in ...
Petitioners for a "Change in the Point of Diversion" permit before the California State Water Resources Control Board, on Monday requested a second delay in ...
Page 17 of 18
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text:
Window Shopper: Luck Be A Lady With The Alex Wang Lydia Clutch
This little metallic bag gives a whole new application for the lucky rabbit's foot. Now, we can't help but fall for this super-shiny metallic clutch from Alexander Wang. Once again, the NYC designer has created a hot, lust-worthy item that takes a daring approach to handbags. The patent leather Lydia Clutch features a silver clasp, wristlet strap, and a shine so bright, your posse will never lose you in a darkly lit crowd. The only feature that makes some of us question this accessories and others outright cringe is the double rabbit-fur charms that playfully hang at both sides, mimicking a lucky rabbit's foot. It's not uncommon for this gorgeous Alexander Wang bag to earn you a few stares and always compliments, but gawks? What do you think, is this Alex Wang bag a good-luck charm, or just plain icky?
Alexander Wang Lydia Clutch, $525, available at Kirna Zabete; 96 Greene Street (between Spring and Charlton streets); 212-941-9656.
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May 24, 2016


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text: Best Buy (BBY) Is Heading Higher After The Bell 12/12/2012 5:28 PM ET Best Buy (BBY) was range-bound throughout Wednesday's session and closed up by 0.07 at $12.18. The stock finished near the middle of a 3-week range at the lows of the year.Best Buy is currently trading higher by 0.53 on 2.6 million shares after the bell. by RTT Staff WriterFor comments and feedback: email@example.com News Hotel Chains Ranked For Guest Satisfaction Airlines Ranked For Customer Satisfaction Six Stocks Awaiting Phase III Trial Results in Q2


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The International Documentary Association (IDA) is dedicated to building and serving the needs of a thriving documentary culture.
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What's New: A Presentation by Vimeo's Peter GerardJun. 6 @ 4:30pmIDA Offices3470 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 980Los Angeles, CA 90010United States
Join us and Vimeo's Peter Gerard, Director of Content Distribution, for the next installment in our What's New series, in which prominent industry leaders in documentary present up-to-the-minute information about what's happening in the documentary landscape and discuss new opportunities for filmmakers.
Doc U: Master Class with Producer/Director Barbara KoppleJun. 11 @ 10:00amIDA Offices3470 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 980Los Angeles, CA 90010United States
Join us for a one-of-a-kind Master Class that will shed light on the art and craft of documentary filmmaking from two-time Academy Award®-winner Barbara Kopple.
IDA Conversation Series: Steve JamesJun. 11 @ 2:00pmChicago Cultural Center, Claudia Cassidy Theater78 East Washington StreetChicago, IL 60602United States
Co-presented by Kartemquin Films and DCASE
Interviewed by Adam Kempenaar
Join Kartemquin Films for the first IDA Conversation Series event in Chicago, an exploration of the extraordinary work and career of the Academy Award® nominated director Steve James (Hoop Dreams, The Interrupters, Life Itself).
- Jun. 23 @ 6:00pmThe Theatre at Ace Hotel929 S BroadwayLos Angeles, CA 90015
Join Juxtapoz Magazine and the IDA for a screening followed by a Q&A led by Cheech Marin and featuring director Roger Gastman, TAKI183...
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Spring 2016: New Documentary Frontiers
In this issue, discover the liberating limitations of working in short form, where a documentary's emotional impact can be distilled and even intensified.


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Calif.-based Riverside Transit Agency (RTA) will receive a $2.4 million federal grant to help replace its fleet of heavy-duty compressed natural gas (CNG) buses.
The U.S. DOT notified RTA that it qualified for the federal grant money to purchase eight new replacement vehicles for its aging fleet, which provides bus service throughout western Riverside County. In total, RTA plans to replace its entire fleet with 97 new buses.
Funds are provided through the Federal Transit Administration's FY2012 Clean Fuels Grant Program. The Clean Fuels grant is part of $59.3 million awarded for 27 projects nationwide that will help transit agencies accommodate cleaner, greener buses that reduce harmful emissions, improve fuel economy and save on operating costs.
RTA has always been an advocate of clean fuel technology. In 1988, prior to today's laws that regulate bus emissions, RTA was among the first transit systems in the nation to operate low-emission methanol buses. In fact, when RTA's Riverside headquarters was built in 1986, it included a separate fueling system for alternative clean fuels. In 2001, the agency took its biggest step by replacing its entire fleet of diesel buses with CNG buses.
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After more than three decades of bearing more than a passing resemblance to refrigerators on wheels, the appearance of North America's largest transit bus fleet is undergoing a stunning transformation
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These clearance-sensing automatic brake adjusters are designed for the severe-duty requirements of the transit market.
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text:
"A Picture on My Penny"
Description from NY Bella: Happy Birthday, Abe!
- "Earth Mother": on
"Love this earthy pick! That Desert Rose pendant is just awesome-love the druzies and the deep…" read »
- "Fossilized Dreams Revisited": on
"The more I look at this one the more I love it. I had to add…" read »
- "Earth Mother": on
"I love the Summer Wind pendents! The The African opal and the Ocean jasper look so…" read »
- "Dragonfly Season": on
"I've always adored dragonflies. I remember many an idyllic day spent at the pond watching these…" read »
- "Necklace, Anyone?": on
"I would love a necklace made with this beautiful pick! I especially love the bellflowers and…" read »
- "Think Of Tomorrow": on
"Autumn is my absolute favorite season! This pick is perfect for that time of year!…" read »
- "Pales in Comparison": on
"Ooo Ahh! Nancy, this is lovely, I love all these soft greens.…" read »
- "Heart of Gold": on
"These little hearts would be just the perfect finishing touch to so many projects! Congrats on…" read »
- "Earth Mother": on
"Beautiful, earthy pick! And Mmmmmmm....look at all the wonderful gemstones you chose. I can't help but…" read »
- "Earth Mother": on
"I keep coming back to this one, means I would wear the finished piece a lot!…" read »
- "Destination Unknown": on
"What an interesting trip from black to white, or the reverse. All the items are standouts,…" read »
- "Nature": on
"These colors are so harmonious that each item seems to flow into every other item! Love…" read »
- "Dragonfly Season": on
"Thank you for the two pictures, the photo and the mental one your bead choices create.…" read »
- "Heart of Gold": on
"Congrats on your great collection of hearts POD! I have to get a couple of…" read »
- "Dragonfly Season": on
"You nailed that sunset perfectly! I love the colors you chose to use in this…" read »
- "Fossilized Dreams Revisited": on
"This is a fabulous combo - your choice of colours & unique shapes ! What…" read »
- "Dragonfly Season": on
"Sunset! …" read »
- "Nature": on
"Beautiful - I like these colours from nature combined with the artisan copper !…" read »
- "Earth Mother": on
"Absolutely lovely.…" read »
- "Destination Unknown": on
"This pick is intriguing, especially the sea scales & biwa pearls. Love it !…" read »
- "Earth Mother": on
"Wonderfully earthy & rich - love this shade of green !…" read »
- "White Sandy Beaches": on
"Congrats on POD !…" read »
- "Melding Colors with Metal": on
"This shade of teal is so eye-catching - lovely pick !…" read »
- "Marooned on Lima Isle": on
"Whimsical & gorgeous pick that captures the images one might find on a secluded tropical beach.…" read »
- "White Sandy Beaches": on
"Thank you for all your wonderful comments!…" read »
- "Earth Mother": on
"Mahala I love the beads you chose to go with this pick and the Summer Wind…" read »
- "Destination Unknown": on
"Liz, your rocked this pick! I love the Saki bronze spiral pendant and the smoke…" read »
- "Nature": on
"I love the what Creel U and Mary have already said about this delightful pick! …" read »
- "Fossilized Dreams Revisited": on
"This is an even more beautiful extension of Fossilized 1! I love the Desert Rose…" read »
- "Fossilized Dreams": on
"Great textures and colors! I love the Turitella Agates! You don't have to go…" read »
- "Color Me Blue": on
"Beautiful blues! I agree with S Katoll about there being a blue in this pick…" read »
- "Fossilized Dreams": on
"Great textures and subtle colors add up to a great pick.…" read »
- "Destination Unknown": on
"Those unicorn beads remind me of exotic snails! I had never seen those before. I want…" read »
- "Atacama desert": on
"Paint away, Creel U! …" read »
- "Nature": on
"I don't usually like yellow but this zigs into reds and zags into greens and dances…" read »
- "White Sandy Beaches": on
"You capture the beach vibe but mostly, you make white just cool for summer. a white…" read »
- "Playing Dress Up": on
"So beautiful-reminds me of my mom's jewelry box that I played in when I was little.…" read »
- "Sunken Treasure": on
"Ditto to all above-love the earthy colors with the blues. Definitely a fave!…" read »
- "The Blackberry Patch": on
"Beautiful! This pick has some lovely elements that would make a gorgeous necklace!…" read »
|16" strand
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Read the comments (or add your own)
I like this mix together Maria!
Very nice!
Nice tribute to Honest Abe's birthday!
Cool pick, Maria! I forgot all about the penny chain. And of course, you had to have the copper in this pick!
OMG! You did me a huge solid Maria. I am notorious for forgetting birthdays. I forget everyone's except my kids. The problem is nobody ever forgets mine (which would make me feel better) since it is July 4th. My brother's b-day is tomorrow (Lincoln's b-day) and your pick reminded me beforehand. It usually dawns on me on Valentine's Day. Yeah Maria!
Great tribute to the Honest One. (Coral, my oldest son's b-day is 4th of July, too.)
Thank you ladies! Happy birthday to everyone celebrating!!
What a lovely pick for Lincoln's birthday! The pilbara jasper barrels really look like logs!
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Maxwell Loren Holyoke-Hirsch
Endlessly brilliant work by this San Franciscan illustrator. Not a bad piece of work here. I particularly love the projects with Annuals, Victor Bermon and The Submarines.
- Submit Saturdays: Tips for Social Media
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Sep 13, 1966
|Filing date
|Jan 28, 1965
|Priority date
|Jan 28, 1965
|Publication number
|Oppenheimer Suzanne Bohnen
|Original Assignee
|Oppenheimer Suzanne Bohnen
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (35), Classifications (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
p 3, 1966 F. OPPENHEIMER 3,271,874
INFRA-RED SUBLIMATION METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FREEZE DRYING TECHNIQUES Filed Jan. 28, 1965 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 low MAI-mas Chm-IP04 Z7 INVENTOR. F? q l a By 6 4/1 2 OH s/Me/M Wcam United States Patent 3,271,874 INFRA-RED SUBLIMATION METHOD AND APPA- RATUS FOR FREEZE DRYING TECHNIQUES Franz Oppenheimer, deceased, late of Chicago, 11]., by
Suzanne Bohnen Oppenheimer, executrix, 900 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, in. 60611 Filed Jan. 28, 1965, Ser. No. 428,879 3 Claims. (Cl. 34-5) This invention relates generally to freeze drying techniques, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for freeze drying meats and other products wherein the water of composition of the frozen product is removed 'by sublimation through the use of infra-red energy radiate-d in a spectral region selected for optimum results. This invention constitutes an improvement over the invention disclosed in my co-pending application, Serial No. 199,341, filed June 1, 1962, now US Patent No. 3,233,333.
It is known to dehydrate food and other materials by the freeze drying process wherein the material in first frozen and the water om composition is then removed by sublimation whereby the solidified water is converted to vapor without passing through a melting phase. Sublimation is normally carried out in a high vacuum, drying being promoted by supplying the latent heat of sublimation from an appropriate heat source.
In freeze drying, the components of the food product are locked together in the frozen state so that physical changes and chemical reactions are inhibited, thereby minimizing the loss of volatile components. This process overcomes many of the drawbacks of conventional drying methods, for shrinkage of the material and migration of dissolved constituents are eliminated by maintaining the material in the frozen state until it is dry.
*Products which are properly freeze-dried are highly porous andare quickly reconstituted by adding water, the reconsistituted product being almost identical to the fresh material both as to appearance and palatability. Such products can be kept safety for protracted periods in storage at room temperature in the absence of moisture and oxygen, i.e., in an inert atmosphere within a hermetically sealed container.
=In freeze-drying, two basic freezing methods are in use; namely, prefreezing and evaporation freezing. In prefreezing, the material is first frozen by refrigeration equipment before being placed in a vacuum chamber for sublimation, whereas in evaporation-freezing the material is placed in the unfrozen state in the chamber, and freezing is carried out by the cooling action which accompanies evaporation.
The three main types of heating used in freeze-drying are conduction, dielectric and radiant heating, and these will now be separately discussed.
In conduction heating, the latent heat of sublimation is applied by direct heat transfer from heated plates or shelves on which the material to be treated is placed. During dessication, the frozen material is progressively dehydrated from its surface to its center. The ice phase boundary at which sublimation occurs thus recedes from the heated surfaces.
In conduction heating, dehydration becomes progressively slower during dessication because of the low thermal conductivity of the dessicated layer separating the ice phase boundary from the heating plates during the latter stages of drying. Dessicated meat has a low thermal conductivity which is as little as 1% of the same meat when in the frozen state. Hence the surface may become overheated and scorched during desiccation of the center. Also in drying irregularly shaped pieces, such as chicken parts, contact with the plate is poor and the rate of heat transfer is consequently reduced.
In dielectric heating, the food is placed between electrodes and subjected to a high-frequency electric field. The food acts as a dielectric radio-frequency energy being absorbed by the frozen material. Such heating has not proved to be commercially feasible, for causes ionization and spark discharges in the residual gas in the vacuum chamber and has the effect of burninng or scorching the food. However, if the voltage is decreased to avoid ionization, the rate of heating becomes so low as to nullify whatever advantage dielectric heating has over other methods. Moreover, food is not characterized by a uniform and homogeneous dielectric constant, hence dielectric heating produces highly irregular results and is difiicul-t to control.
In radiant heating, infra-red coils or heater elements are ordinarily used as the primary heat source. Radiant heat has the advantage of distributing the heat uniformly over the surface of the food without requiring contact therewith. However, most solid food products are relatively opaque to infra-red radiation, and as drying normally takes place from all surfaces of the product laid on a tray, it is difficult to maintain the optimum rate of heat input necessary to penetrate the food without at the same time burning the dry surface. Only in the initial stages of drying does sublimation take place from a frozen surface. As soon as the ice boundary recedes below the outer surface, thermal resistance is presented by the outer porous layers. If the heat is applied at a slow enough rate to avoid damage to the dried material, the process is slowed up to a point where it will take as much as twenty-four hours to dry a beef steak of average size.
In view of the foregoing, it is the primary object of the present invention to provide an improved and commerically feasible technique and apparatus for freeze-drying food and other materials, wherein the latent heat of evaporation is supplied by an infra-red source whose radiation is maintained throughout the sublimation process in a spectral region which, with respect to the food being dried produces optimum results and maximizes the amount of water removed for each watt of applied energy.
Visible energy lies in the spectral range of 3900 to 7700 Angstrom units, this range being the one to which the visual sense of human beings is sensitive. Shortwave, infra-red energy lies in the range of 7700 to 14,000 Angstrom units, and while organic tissue is relatively opaque to visible energy, it is penetrable by infra-red radiation. Physical measurements indicate that bodily tissue is chiefly transparent to radiant energy between 6000 and 14,000 Angstrom units, with maximum penetration occurring around 11,000 Angstrom units. Less penetration is obtained in the long-wave infra-red region above 14,000 Angstrom units.
The effectiveness of radiant heating in sublimation depends on the spectral distribution of the energy emitted by the infra-red element with reference to the character of the frozen product being irradiated. It is known, for example, that the percentage of total energy emitted within a particular portion or band in the spectral region is different for a tungsten element than for a carbon element, and that the relative distribution of energy for either element varies with its temperature. But whether infra-red energy concentrated in a particular band will penetrate to a greater or lesser extent depends on the physical properties of the frozen product and is different, for example, for shrimp which is whitish in color, and for frozen steak, which is reddish in color.
For a given heater, such as the high-voltage, black body resistance element disclosed in my co-pending application, the percentage of total energy radiated within a given band in the spectral region will shift as the temperature of these bodies is raised or lowered. Hence when decreasing the wattage of the heater in the usual way, as by lowering the voltage applied thereto, the surface temperature will at the same time be reduced, so that not only will the total amount of radiated infrared energy be reduced, but its spectral distribution will also be altered.
Accordingly, it is a more specific object of this invention to provide a sublimation method wherein the optimum heater temperature is determined to effect the greatest degree of penetration of the frozen product being irradiated, which temperature is maintained constant to optimize the sublimation process, even as the wattage of the heater operation is reduced.
Briefly stated, these objects are attained in an infrared heater structure having heater elements which may be operated at different wattage levels, the temperature of the heater element being measured to control the power system for the heaters so as to maintain a desired temperature value regardless of the wattage level to which the system is adjusted.
For a better understanding of the invention as well as other objects and further features thereof, reference is made to the following detailed description to be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a freeze-dry apparatus in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 2 is a separate showing of the infra-red heater unit included in the apparatus to effect sublimation.
General description of process We shall first consider in general terms the succession of steps which constitutes a freeze-drying process in accordance with the invention. The invention is of particular advantage in connection with freeze-drying of commodities having cellular structures, including such meats as beef, lamb, pork and chicken, and such fish as shrimp, crabmeat, lobster and scallop.
The material to be dried must be held under vacuum in a chamber during the drying process. The absolute pressure required will depend on the physical characteristics of the material and on the temperatures at which the frozen material must be held. Two types of equipment may be used for freeze-drying, namely; mechanical vacuum pumps and steam jet ejectors. The vapor formed by sublimation can be pumped out directly or can be removed ahead of the'pump by a condenser.
The first step in the process, which is called pre-cooling, is concerned with the condition of the food product before it is placed in the vacuum chamber. In order to obtain effective results it is desirable that the food before freeze-drying be maintained in a humid or super-saturated atmosphere to prevent loss of moisture. The food should be refrigerated to a point close to freezing evenly throughout, i.e., the food before insertion in the vacuum chamber should be in a temperature range of +1 C. to +4 C., and preferably at about 2 C.
In the second step, called de-gasification, the cold and humid food is placed in a vacuum chamber, and the pressure therein is reduced in a succession of steps which serves to cause removal of gases from the internal structure of the food including oxygen from the cells and some moisture, but without substantially lowering the temperature of the food. This step, which is carried out within a relatively brief period, say a half-hour, serves to prepare the food for freezing. De-gasification must be carried out in a series of progressive steps in order to prevent an excessive rate of de-gasification which might result in gas explosions with disruptive results.
The second step has a two-fold purpose. First, it partially evacuates the capillaries and cells of the food so that upon subsequent freezing the ice crystals occupy the evacuated space, thereby minimizing internal explosions which burst the capillary walls and cell membranes. Second, the removal of gases produces a bubble-free or gasfree ice block having relatively high thermal conductivity as compared to a gas-containing ice block, thereby accelerating sublimation when heat is applied thereto.
In the third step, called evaporation freezing, a full vacuum is drawn in the chamber, and the de-gassed food is frozen solid by evaporative cooling, an ice pack being formed which extends throughout the body of the food and is contiguous with the faces or surfaces thereof.
In the fourth and final step, called sublimation, radiant heat is applied to one surface of the food, the food having been initially placed on and pressed against a platen which is effectively transparent to infra-red radiation in such a manner as to seal the contacting pores thereof. In this way the infra-red rays impinge on the surface of the ice pack, engaging the platen, and are conducted by the pack throughout the food product. Sublimation can then occur only from the free surface of the food. Thus the ice phase recedes not from the platen-contacting surface exposed to the rays, but from the free surface, and water vapor passes out through a porous layer of the material in order to escape into the vacuum chamber.
The ice boundary therefore moves inwardly and unidirectionally from the free surface to the contacting surface until the food is entirely dessicated. Thus until the ice at the very bottom boundary is sublimated, the food is not completely dried and the vapors passing through the fibers prevent cooking thereof.
Description of freeze-drying apparatus Referring now to FIG. 1, the apparatus for carrying on the process is illustrated, the apparatus comprising a vacuum chamber 10 having a door or cover for admitting food, and a pair of condensation chambers 11 and 12 communicating therewith, on either side of the chamber. The pressure within the chamber is measured by a suitable gauge 13, such as the McLeod type, and leak-detector means may also be provided.
The condensation chambers each contain a freezing coil 14 and 15 for removing sublimated vapors from the chamber, the coils being connected to conventional compressors 16 and 17, respectively, adapted to pump a boiling refrigeration fluid therethrough, such as freon or propane. In order to maintain the coils at a uniform temperature, the coils may be connected to the compressors through a suitable manifold. The condensation chamber 11 is coupled to the vacuum chamber through large ducts 18 provided with valves 19, and chamber 12 is similarly coupled to the vacuum chamber through ducts 20 having valves 21 therein.
The condensation chambers are arranged so that all vapor must fiow past it in order to reach the vacuum pump 22. As drying proceed-s, a layer of ice is built up on the condenser coils. The condensation area of the condenser should therefore be large enough so that the ice thickness is not excessive. Upon completion of a run, the condenser coils may be defrosted by steam, hot water, or other conventional means, and the fluid run out through valved outlets 11a and 12a. If the operation is continuous, rotary condensers may be used to remove the ice by means of rotating scraping blades.
The food 28 to be dried is supported directly above the heating unit 23 on the flat, non-porous platen 29 which is effectively permeable to infra-red energy and is not heated thereby. A glass plate such as Corning No. 7280 may be used for this purpose, but preferably the material is a solid plastic sheet which is effectively transparent to infra-red radiation in the selected region, such as one constituted by polymerized propylene material or a heat-resistant synthetic having similar structural and optical properties. The food-supporting members should have minimum heat capacity so that there is no greater. evaporation of water in the liquid state than is necessary to freeze the material.
The temperature of the food within the chamber is sensed by three thermocouple probes. Preferably the probes are constituted by very thin-gauge wires (Le, 25- 50 microns in diameter) enclosed in hypodermic needle tubing, in order to minimize heat conduction and thereby obtain true readings. Thermistors may be used for the same purpose. Probe 30 tests the temperature on the top surface of the food, and is coupled to a galvanometer 31 or other indicating or recording means. Probe 32 penetrates the food at the half depth point, and is coupled to galvanometer 33, while probe 34 lies half-way between probe 32 and the bottom surface, and is coupled to galvanometer 35. Thus the thermocouples effectively afford readings of the temperature throughout the body of the food.
By way of example, we shall consider the freeze-drying of steak. The steak is kept in a humid condition in a refrigerator, and before being placed in the chamber, it is at a temperature in the range of +1 C. to +4 C., preferably at 2 C. After taking the steak out of the precooler, it is pressed firmly down on platen 29 to seal off all of its under-surface pores. Hence the vapors can emanate only from the free surfaces of the steaks.
With the pre-cooled steaks in the vacuum chamber, we start to pull a vacuum for a period, say, of 5 to minutes, at which the pressure is about 10 millimeters. The temperature of the steak, as indicated by the three thermocouples inserted in one of them, will not change significantly at this point.
Then the pressure is further reduced to, say, 5 millimeters, and held at this level for about 10 to minutes, during which gases and some liquid in the steaks are withdrawn. The temperature, as indicated by the thermocouples will still read about 2 C. All readings mentioned herein are in degrees Centigrade.
Now that the steaks have been de-gassed, the pressure is further reduced to 3 millimeters, and the temperature drops to about 2 (thermocouple 31), 2 (thermocouple 33), and 2 (thermocouple 35), and then proceeds to move downward. At this point the meat is frozen and full vacuum is slowly applied (less than 200 microns) and in about 10 minutes the temperatures are now down to about 28, depending on the final vacuum and the water vapor pressure controlled by the temperature of the cooling coils.
The heater unit 23 is then activated to supply the latent heat of sublimation. As pointed out previously, vaporation from the under-surface is blocked by the platen 29, hence the vapors are emitted from the free surfaces of the food, and the ice boundary represented by dashlines Ia, Ib and la, recedes progressively from the top surface, the vapors passing through the dried pores of the food and into the vacuum chamber and from there to the condenser 11 where they form ice on the coils. When condenser 11 reaches its ice capacity, the valves thereof are closed, and the valves of condenser 12 opened to put this condenser into operation.
In practice, during sublimation, the temperature of the thermocouples will remain at about C. for 3 to 4 hours and the surface temperature will then rise to about 18 C., then 15 C., and at the end of 6 hours it will reach 0 C. When the bottom thermocouple reaches about +15 C., the wattage of the heater is cut down stepwise until no further rise in temperature occurs. In the drying cycle, the temperature, as indicated by the surface probe, should not be permitted to rise above 15 C.
In carrying out the process on a mass production basis, a series of heaters may be stacked one above the other, the reflectors being water-cooled so that the radiant energy is upwardly directed to sublimate the food on the platen thereabove and to avoid cooking of the food therebelow.
Sublimation heaters Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown in greater detail the heater unit 23, and it will be seen that the unit is constituted by an array of identical wire-like heating element sets, each set being composed of three elements 24a, 24b and 24c, each set lying at the focal point of an individual parabolic reflector. The heater elements are preferably of the high-voltage type, each having a different wattage range, element 24a being of relatively high Wattage, element 2412 being of medium wattage, and element 24c being of low wattage. The elements are black bodies, which when electrically energized are caused to glow between about C. and 1500 C. to emit infrared energy whose percentage distribution through the spectral region depends on the operating temperature.
The high-wattage elements 24a are connected together through a switch S to a power supply 26, the mediumwattage elements being connected thereto through a switch S and the low-wattage elements through a switch S Attached to the surface of the elements in one set are thermocouples T T and T respectively, which in turn are coupled to an automatic control circuit 27 which regulates the voltage of power supply 26.
Each thermocouple measures the temperature of its associated element to produce a control voltage whose value is adjustable by means of a variable resistor, resistors R R and R being provided for the three thermocouples. The control circuit, which may be in the form of an electronic reactor, acts to regulate the voltage applied to the heater elements which are operative to maintain the temperature level at a desired constant level. It will be appreciated that the ambient temperature conditions within the chamber and surrounding the operative elements vary in the course of sublimation, hence regulation is necessary to maintain the desired temperature. is a particular band within the spectral region which provides optimum conditions of heat penetration and As noted previously, for any given food product there absorption to promote rapid sublimation without scorching of the food. The highest percentage of the total emitted energy emitted by the operative elements is a function of the temperature of these elements. For example, in the case of beefsteak, it has been found that the optimum condition is created when the heater surface temperature is at about 200 C., but for other foods different temperature values are indicated.
Having determined what the optimum infra-red heater body temperature is for a given food product to generate the most effective radiation, it becomes important to maintain this temperature despite changes in the wattage of the heater unit. This is carried out by the circuit shown in FIG. 2, which is arranged to provide the same heater-element temperature regardless of which wattage is made operative by switches S S and S Hence it becomes possible to hold the radiated spectral region at its assigned distributive value, while the total amount of infra-red energy radiated is varied in accordance with the requirements of sublimation. Similar results may be accomplished in single-element systems, in which the elements are tapped at different points to afford different wattage ratings.
While there have been shown preferred method and apparatus for freeze drying techniques in accordance with the invention, it will be appreciated that many changes and modifications may be made therein without, however, departing from the essential spirit of the invention as defined in the annexed claims.
What is claimed is:
1. The method of freeze-drying water-laden food within a vacuum chamber provided with an electrically-operated radiating device adapted to direct infra-red energy onto said food, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) reducing pressure in said chamber to effect evaporative cooling of said food to freeze same,
(b) supplying electrical power to the radiating device to produce infrared energy to sublimate the water of composition of the frozen food, the surface temperature of said device determining the band in the spectral lregionin which said energy is primarily radiated,
(c) varying the amount of power supplied to said device in the course of sublimation in accordance with the temperature of said food, and
(d) adjusting the radiating device to maintain the sunface temperature thereof at a substantially constant level regardless of the amount of power supplied thereto in the course of sublimation, said level being such as to give rise to radiation in a band within said spectral region which provides optimum conditions of heat penetration and absorption to promote rapid sublimation without scorching of the food.
2. Apparatus for freeze-drying food having a water of composition, said apparatus comprising: 1
(a) avacuum chamber,
(b) means to support food withinv said chamber,
() a radiating device within said chamber to produce infra-red energy which is directed onto said food,
((1) pump means to reduce the pressure on said chamber to etfect evaporative cooling of said food to freeze same,
(e) means supplying electrical power to said radiating device to generate infra-red energy to sublimate the water of composition of said food, the surface temperature of said device determining the band in the spectral region in which said energy is primarily radiated,
(f) means to measure the temperature of the food in the course of sublimation,
(g) means to vary the amount of power supplied to said radiating device in the course of sublimation in accordance with the measured temperature of said food,
(h) means to measure the surface temperature of said radiating device, and
(i) means responsive to said surface temperature measurement to adjust the radiating device to maintain a substantially constant surface temperature at a predetermined level regardless of the amount of power supplied thereto in the course of sublimation, said level being such as to give rise to radiation in a band within said spectral region which provides optimum conditions of heat penetration and absorption to promote rapid sublimation without scorching of the food.
3. Apparatus as set forth in claim 2, wherein said radiating device is constituted by an array of units, each unit being composed of elements of different wattage, and wherein said means to vary the amount of power supplied to said device includes means selectively to energize elements of corresponding wattage in said units.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS Rieutond 34-5 WILLIAM J. WYE, Primary Examiner.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 12, 1943
|May 21, 1946
|Lyophile Cryochem Company
|Process and product of dehydrating foodstuffs
|Sep 30, 1943
|Feb 3, 1948
|Michael Reese Res Foundation
|Drying of frozen materials
|Jun 5, 1951
|Nov 10, 1953
|Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze
|Optical radiator
|Oct 27, 1950
|Feb 9, 1954
|Dry Freeze Corp
|Drying of materials by infrared radiation
|Aug 17, 1950
|Nov 15, 1955
|Honeywell Regulator Co
|Control apparatus
|May 21, 1952
|Jun 26, 1956
|Proctor Drying And Freezing Co
|Process and apparatus for producing stabilized products
|Feb 15, 1957
|Oct 6, 1959
|Charles E Bender
|Drying device
|Jan 26, 1959
|Feb 13, 1962
|Raytheon Co
|Method and apparatus for control of freeze drying
|May 28, 1959
|Oct 16, 1962
|Pedersen Norman E
|Radiant heater and method of operating the same
|Jan 8, 1960
|Feb 12, 1963
|Leybold Hochvakuum Anlagen
|Temperature responsive freeze drying method and apparatus
|Sep 29, 1961
|Jun 2, 1964
|Pennsalt Chemicals Corp
|Drying apparatus
|Dec 1, 1961
|Feb 9, 1965
|Leybold Anlagen Holding A G
|Control device for vacuum freeze drying systems
|May 25, 1962
|Apr 20, 1965
|J P Devine Mfg Company
|Process and apparatus for freeze dehydrating of food material
|Jan 12, 1962
|Jul 6, 1965
|Apparatus for regulating freeze-drying operations
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 28, 1965
|May 14, 1968
|Fmc Corp
|Internal sublimation condenser apparatus
|Jul 15, 1968
|Jul 21, 1970
|Pagnozzi Vincenzo
|Process and plant for the vacuum drying of wood in the form of planks or laths
|Oct 4, 1968
|Jul 27, 1971
|George Tooby
|Method for dehydrating materials
|Feb 25, 1971
|May 8, 1973
|H Gottfried
|Continuous freeze dryer
|Sep 27, 1972
|May 21, 1974
|Nestle Sa
|Freeze-drying apparatus
|Aug 5, 1974
|Apr 20, 1976
|The Virtis Company
|Portable refrigerating unit for freeze drying apparatus
|Oct 26, 1976
|Jul 18, 1978
|General Electric Company
|Semiconductor body heater
|Apr 14, 1977
|Apr 3, 1979
|Georgia-Pacific Corporation
|Method and apparatus for drying veneer
|May 16, 1978
|Nov 6, 1979
|The Virtis Company, Inc.
|Shelf arrangement for freeze drying apparatus
|May 16, 1978
|Dec 11, 1979
|The Virtis Company, Inc.
|Shelf arrangement for freeze drying apparatus
|Mar 28, 1978
|Dec 18, 1979
|The Virtis Company
|Condensation chamber for freeze drying apparatus
|Dec 14, 1978
|Dec 25, 1979
|Georgia-Pacific Corporation
|Apparatus for drying veneer
|Jun 8, 1981
|May 4, 1982
|American Brands, Inc.
|Apparatus for increasing the filling capacity of tobacco
|Aug 27, 1985
|Sep 16, 1986
|Stephano & Co., Ltd.
|Method for producing refreshable dry food
|Sep 30, 1985
|Oct 28, 1986
|Stephano & Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus for producing refreshable dry meat
|Jul 23, 1984
|Nov 4, 1986
|Laskowski Donald R
|Dry kiln and method
|Aug 10, 1987
|Jan 9, 1990
|Micropore International Limited
|Electric heaters
|Nov 9, 1988
|Aug 6, 1991
|Wu Ching S
|Paint drying furnace
|Feb 22, 1991
|Jul 21, 1992
|Finn-Aqua Santasalo-Sohlberg Gmbh
|Freeze-drying apparatus
|Jul 31, 1991
|Apr 6, 1993
|Sp Industries
|Freeze dryer apparatus having an interim condensing system and use thereof
|Apr 29, 1993
|Jul 18, 1995
|Altos Engineering, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for vacuum drying
|Nov 15, 1999
|May 1, 2001
|Hull Corporation
|Microwave lyophilizer having corona discharge control
|Dec 4, 2001
|Nov 11, 2003
|Eisai Co., Ltd.
|System and method for measuring freeze dried cake resistance
|Apr 17, 2001
|Feb 1, 2005
|Astrazeneca Ab
|Method of monitoring a freeze drying process
|Mar 23, 2005
|Jun 10, 2008
|Apollo Hardwoods Company
|Method for drying veneers
|Sep 25, 2007
|May 5, 2009
|Fujifilm Corporation
|Method and apparatus for drying coating film and method for producing optical film
|Apr 7, 2005
|Aug 2, 2011
|Erickson Robert W
|Restraining device for reducing warp in lumber during drying
|Sep 17, 2008
|Nov 15, 2011
|Slack Associates, Inc.
|Method for reconditioning FCR APG-68 tactical radar units
|Nov 29, 2012
|Apr 22, 2014
|Howard C. Slack
|Method for cleaning and reconditioning FCR APG-68 tactical radar units
|Apr 17, 2001
|Jun 26, 2003
|Brulls Mikael Johan Alvin
|Method of monitoring a freeze drying process
|Mar 23, 2005
|Oct 6, 2005
|Apollo Hardwoods Company
|Method and apparatus for drying materials including veneers
|Sep 25, 2007
|Aug 28, 2008
|Fujifilm Corporation
|Method and apparatus for drying coating film and method for producing optical film
|Sep 17, 2008
|Mar 18, 2010
|Slack Howard C
|Method for reconditioning fcr apg-68 tactical radar units
|Apr 17, 2001
|Oct 25, 2001
|Astrazeneca Ab
|Method of monitoring a freeze drying process
|Dec 4, 2001
|Oct 3, 2002
|Eisai Co., Ltd.
|System and method for measuring freeze dried cake resistance
|U.S. Classification
|34/292, 392/416, 34/92
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
The Range is ready to open at Stafford retail park
Final preparations are being made to a new homewares superstore which will open in Staffordshire tomorrow, creating more than 80 jobs.
Final preparations are being made to a new homewares superstore which will open in Staffordshire tomorrow, creating more than 80 jobs.
Rugeley Power Station will close at the end of June, it has been confirmed today.
Residents have won their battle to stop a £36 million distribution centre being built in their village.
The new boss of the Saddlers Shopping Centre has said he wants to put the centre 'at the heart of the Black Country'.
Lord Digby Jones says he plans to vote Brexit in the EU referendum as he heralded 'Asia's century' and branded the Euro bloc as 'something that was really good for another time'.
A £36 million distribution centre is poised to be built in Essington, despite fierce objections from residents.
Britain's biggest care homes group Four Seasons, which looks after scores of people across the Black Country and Staffordshire, is running out of cash and risks falling into the hands of its creditors this year, a credit ratings agency has warned.
Ikea is to open a new Order and Collection Point store in Birmingham city centre, creating 30 jobs.
John Spellar has accused the Government of reneging on its promise to set up a taskforce to support workers affected by the proposed closure of British Gas's Oldbury offices.
Hundreds of West Midlands delivery jobs could be at risk in the fall-out from the BHS collapse, union leaders fear.
Stafford's huge new Next store opened its doors to the public today, creating 27 jobs.
Taxi firm Go Carz is set to create 150 new jobs in Wolverhampton and Walsall under plans to recruit more drivers.
The group planning a management buyout of Tata Steel's UK assets has confirmed it has registered a letter of intent expressing its formal interest.
Business Secretary Sajid Javid has admitted that, 'with hindsight', he should have gone to Mumbai for the crucial Tata Steel board meeting in March that decided to sell or close its UK operations.
Residential, commercial and industrial options are on the table for when Rugeley B power station closes.
A meeting to discuss 'what exactly is being proposed' at a mooted £8.5 million West Midlands Interchange is being called for by Staffordshire MPs.
Dozens of workers from the ill-fated Rugeley Power Station are expected to apply for 40 new jobs being created at a nearby energy plant.
Developers have released the first images of a what a £12 million regeneration scheme in Walsall town centre is likely to look like.
The Prime Minister said he is committed to helping to save Tata Steel's under threat UK business as he visited the firm's Port Talbot plant for discussions over the crisis gripping the steel industry.
Roast chicken was a once-a-week treat when the Malik brothers set up their poultry stall in Wolverhampton indoor market 42 years ago.
Odeon will open a new six-screen cinema at Stafford's £70 million Riverside complex, it has been announced.


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39 of 42 people found the following review helpful
A Total Waste Of Money!,
This review is from: Cassette to CD and MP3 (Electronics)
I'm giving this 1 star because I can't give it none!
None of these devices are necessary to record from a tape deck onto a computer!
To avoid the expense, simply download Audacity, make sure it's the latest version and then visit their Wikis for the instructions. It's so simple you'll laugh.
Hardware wise all you need to ensure is that the tape/record deck has a line out. Connect it to the Line In on the desktop, adjust sound properties to make the Line In the default recording device and hey presto.
Don't be ripped off, save yourself time and money and do it yourself!
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Initial post: 18 Oct 2012 12:00:41 BDT
Good4tune says:
Great money saving advice thanks. Already making my first recordings five minutes later!!
In reply to an earlier post on 29 Mar 2014 20:54:11 GMT
Wilf says:
great advert for Audacity but not a review of the product, other than telling us we don't need it!
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text:
The combination of a V-6 engine and this high-output three motor system realizes acceleration performance that is equivalent to that of a V-8 engine with the fuel economy of an inline 4-cylinder engine.
What does I4 stand for?
I4 stands for Inline 4-Cylinder Engine
This definition appears somewhat frequently
See other definitions of I4
Other Resources:
We have 1 other meaning of I4 in our Acronym Attic
- Abbreviation Database Surfer
- « Previous
- Next »
- Interactive 3D Documentation (software)
- International Conference on e-Business, e-Services, and e-Society
- I3 General Military Intelligence
- ITC Infotech India Limited
- Initiative for Information Infrastructure and Linkage Applications
- Installation Information Infrastructure Modernization Program
- European Network in Intelligent Information Interfaces
- Incubatore Imprese Innovative Politecnico (Innovative Enterprise Incubator of the Politecnico; Turin, Italy)
- Institute for Information Infrastructure Protection (Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH)
- Integrated Immigration Information System
- Inline Four (engines)
- International Information Integrity Institute
- Interstate 4 (Florida)
- Investigating the Increasing Impact of the Internet (DuPree College of Management, Georgia Tech)
- Imidazole-4-Acidic Acid
- Innovation for Creativity (online community)
- Internet 4 Classrooms
- Institute for Corporate Productivity
- Innovation for Development
- Interface, Inheritance, Implementation, Installation Definition Language (OSF)
Samples in periodicals archive:
4L inline 4-cylinder engine," a company statement said, adding that the repair "involves installing a new power steering hose, o-ring gasket and fluid.
4L inline 4-cylinder engine," a company statement said, adding that the repair "involves installing a new power steering hose, o-ring gasket and fluid.
5-liter inline 4-cylinder engines, and a long list of technology features -- including available Intelligent Key with Push Start Ignition, Bluetooth(R) Hands-Free Phone System, RearView Monitor and an advanced touch-screen navigation system.
6-liter Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG (TM)) Turbo, 16-valve DOHC aluminum-alloy inline 4-cylinder engine rated at 188 horsepower and 177 lb-ft of torque.
8-liter DOHC inline 4-cylinder engine designed to satisfy both performance and environmental requirements.
4-liter inline 4-cylinder engine paired with a six-speed manual transmission; and a 1.
A base King Cab model with an inline 4-cylinder engine also will be available.


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