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Reconstructing the ups and downs of primate brain evolution: implications for adaptive hypotheses and
Brain size is a key adaptive trait. It is often assumed that increasing brain size was a general evolutionary trend in primates, yet recent fossil discoveries have documented brain size decreases in some lineages, raising the question of how general a trend there was for brains to increase in mass over evolutionary time. We present the first systematic phylogenetic analysis designed to answer this question.
We performed ancestral state reconstructions of three traits (absolute brain mass, absolute body mass, relative brain mass) using 37 extant and 23 extinct primate species and three approaches to ancestral state reconstruction: parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo. Both absolute and relative brain mass generally increased over evolutionary time, but body mass did not. Nevertheless both absolute and relative brain mass decreased along several branches. Applying these results to the contentious case of
Our results confirm that brain expansion began early in primate evolution and show that increases occurred in all major clades. Only in terms of an increase in absolute mass does the human lineage appear particularly striking, with both the rate of proportional change in mass and relative brain size having episodes of greater expansion elsewhere on the primate phylogeny. However, decreases in brain mass also occurred along branches in all major clades, and we conclude that, while selection has acted to enlarge primate brains, in some lineages this trend has been reversed. Further analyses of the phylogenetic position of
Phylogenetic comparative methods and ancestral state reconstruction play important roles in evolutionary biology. They enable historical evolutionary processes, and the function and evolution of specific traits, to be inferred from patterns of diversity in extant species
Recent studies, however, indicate that brain size, measured either in volume or mass, may have decreased in some vertebrate lineages
Although many studies have investigated the possible selective advantages and disadvantages of increased brain size in primates
The importance of understanding the evolution of reduced brain size in primates has recently been brought into sharp focus with the discovery of a small-brained hominin,
Figure 1
Phylogeny of primates with extinct primates
Phylogeny of primates with extinct primates. a) Phylogeny used for main reconstruction analysis. Extinct primates are denoted with an asterisk (*); b) and c) Phylogenies off
Reconstructing ancestral brain and body sizes provides a means of testing the generality of the trend of increasing brain and body size through primate evolution. It also provides estimates of brain and body sizes at key points along the primate phylogeny allowing inferences to be made about the ecology of the ancestors of key clades, based on what we know about the relationship between body size, ecology and life history traits in living primates
Here we investigate the evolution of brain and body mass in Primates and assess whether brain mass and body mass show evidence of directional trends. Given the strong allometric relationship between brain and body mass
First, we adopted three approaches to reconstructing the evolutionary history of these traits: weighted squared-change parsimony, maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
We discuss the implications of our results for hypotheses on the adaptive origins of modern primates, and identify branches along which brain mass has increased greatly or at a high rate, or along which brain mass has decreased in either absolute or relative terms. Finally we use our results to evaluate alternative scenarios about the origin of
Results and discussion
Ancestral reconstructions: congruence between estimates with and without fossil data
Previous studies have used either volume or mass as a measure of brain size. Here we used log10-transformed brain and body mass in all analyses. Brain and body mass estimates were collected for 37 extant and 23 extinct primate species (Additional file
Additional file 1
Supplementary tables and figures. 1. Table S1: Brain and body mass of primates used in the analyses. 2. Table S2: Posterior distribution of the scaling parameters to identify the best model before reconstructing ancestral states in Bayesian analysis. 3. Figure S1: Correlations between estimates made using directional constant variance random walk and non-directional constant variance random walk models in BayesTraits. 4. Table S3: Ancestral state estimates using most supported models. 5. Table S4: Change in absolute brain and body mass and relative brain mass along each branch. 6. Additional analyses in relation to
Click here for file
Figure 2
Phylogeny of extant primate genera
Phylogeny of extant primate genera. Branches are drawn proportional to time. This figure was prepared in Mesquite
Ancestral values for all nodes of the tree with and without the inclusion of fossil data were highly correlated for absolute brain mass (parsimony, Spearman's correlation coefficient (
Figure 3
Correlations between estimates of absolute brain mass in log(grams)
Correlations between estimates of absolute brain mass in log(grams). a) Correlations are shown with and without fossil data using ML; b) with and without fossil data using Bayesian MCMC; c) without fossil data between ML and Bayesian MCMC results; d) with fossil data between ML and bayesian MCMC results. Numbers indicate nodes in figure 2.
The results from the Bayesian analyses agree more strongly with ML when fossil data are included than when they are excluded for both brain mass (with fossils:
To measure relative brain mass for the species in the tree we performed a phylogenetically controlled GLS regression analysis between log(brain mass) and log(body mass) using ML in BayesTraits (see Methods), that returned the following fit line: log(brain mass) = 2.18 + 0.684 [log(body mass)]. We then reconstructed ancestral character states for relative brain size with two alternative approaches. With the first approach, which we term
The level of congruence between ancestral state estimates made with and without fossil data was much lower for relative brain mass than for absolute brain mass. Spearman's rank correlations for all three methods were highly significant although
Figure 4
Correlations between estimates of relative brain mass
Correlations between estimates of relative brain mass. a) Correlations are shown with and without fossil data using ML; b) with and without fossil data using Bayesian MCMC; c) without fossil data between ML and Bayesian MCMC results; d) with fossil data between ML and bayesian MCMC results. Numbers indicate nodes in Figure 2.
It is interesting to note that for all three approaches the estimated brain mass of the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees is larger when fossil data are not included. For example, the average estimate of brain mass for the
To summarise, parsimony and ML produced ancestral state estimates that were more discrepant between analyses with and without fossils when compared to estimates obtained with Organ
One possible reason for lower consistency in estimates with and without fossils, particularly for ML and parsimony, might be the presence of directional trends
Evolutionary trends in body and brain mass evolution
We tested for evolutionary trends by comparing a directional random-walk model to the non-directional random-walk model in BayesTraits. The implementation of the directional model requires variation in root-to-tip branch length
We found no evidence for a directional trend in absolute body mass, as the directional model did not provide a better fit to the data when compared to the non-directional model (Table
Figure 5
Posterior distributions of log-likelihoods for the non-directional and directional models
Posterior distributions of log-likelihoods for the non-directional and directional models. Figure a) shows body mass; b) brain mass; c) relative brain size. The log-likelihood of the directional model is shown in red, the non-directional model in blue. The posterior distributions of ancestral state estimates were obtained using uniform priors, two million iterations and a sampling interval of 100 (see Methods). The harmonic means and Bayes Factors of the posterior distributions are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Tests for evolutionary trends1.
Harmonic mean Log(Lh): Constant-variance model
Harmonic mean Log(Lh): Directional model
Bayes Factor
Absolute body size
Absolute brain size
Relative brain size
1 The model with the highest log-likelihood is the best-fitting model.
To assess how the presence of a directional trend affects the accuracy of estimates made with a non-directional model we performed correlations between the results obtained from the directional and non-directional models. Correlations between the estimates made for absolute brain mass under the directional and non-directional models suggest no nodes are estimated less accurately than others under the non-directional constant-variance model (
Taken together our results suggest that the ancestral state reconstruction procedure implemented in Bayesian framework following Organ
Having obtained the most reliable estimates of ancestral states at each node in the tree for each phenotype it is then possible to use these to make evolutionary inferences. For example our most supported estimate of the body mass at the root of the primate tree using Bayesian analysis is largely consistent with some previous qualitative estimates. Martin
Figure 6
Posterior distributions of trait estimates for the LCA of living primates for a) body mass and b) brain mass
Posterior distributions of trait estimates for the LCA of living primates for a) body mass and b) brain mass. Histograms are plotted from a posterior distribution of ancestral state estimates obtained using uniform priors (prior range: -100 to +100) acceptance rates were within 20 to 40% (see methods). To ensure the chain fully explored the parameter space, we extended the MCMC run to 25 million iterations with a sampling interval of 1500.
Body mass variation is associated with a number of behavioural, ecological and life history traits
Our reconstructions suggest the ancestral primate had a small brain (120.23 mg, 95% CI: 114.42 mg to 126.33 mg) which, in relative terms, was much smaller than in any living primate. This result is consistent with a study of a virtual endocast of
Increases in brain mass in particular lineages
We next examined the amount of change along different branches of the tree, both as total change along the branches and as rate of change accounting for differences in branch lengths (see below). We first calculated the means of the posterior distribution of the ancestral states for each node, using the same posterior predictive model developed for brain and body mass, and we computed the change in absolute brain and body mass, and relative brain mass (using the
Figure 7
Evolutionary trajectories of brain and body mass
Evolutionary trajectories of brain and body mass. Evolution of brain (red) and body (blue) mass from the ancestral primate to a)
Changes in absolute brain mass along each branch of the phylogeny can be considered in two ways: a proportional increase (as % of increase relative to the ancestor) and an absolute increase in mass (described above). The average proportional change in absolute brain mass along a branch is 0.243 (i.e. a 24.3% increase), with changes greater than 0.344 being in the upper quartile, which includes branches from all the major clades of the phylogeny. Notably, three of the top four proportional increases are along the deepest branches (ancestral primate to ancestral strepsirrhine (node 38-node 65; see Figure
The average proportional change in relative brain mass is 0.201 (that is, 20.1% increase), with changes above 0.278 falling in the upper quartile, which again includes branches from all major primate groups. The five branches which show the largest increase in relative brain mass are the terminal
We next examined evolutionary changes along branches controlling for branch length (change relative to time). The average rates were an increase of 0.025/million years (that is, a 2.5% increase/million years) for a proportional change in brain mass, 5,640 mg/million years for an absolute change in brain mass, and 0.020/million years for a change in relative brain mass confirming that most change in relative brain mass was due to brain rather than body mass. The branch with the highest rate of change in absolute brain mass is the terminal human branch (140,000 mg/million years). However for rate of proportional change in absolute brain mass the human branch comes only fourth, below the branches between the last common ancestor of Macaques and other
It is also notable that the estimated brain size of the last common ancestor of modern primates is smaller relative to body size than any living species and that the expansion of the primate brain began early, with the deepest branches (for example, 38 to 39; 38 to 65; 39 to 40) ranking in the upper quartile in terms of both increases in absolute and relative brain mass (Additional file
Decreases in brain mass and evolutionary scenarios for
Despite both absolute and relative brain mass showing strong and significant evolutionary trends to increase, we find several branches go against this trend (examples shown in Figure
To assess whether the proposed evolution of
Under a number of scenarios the evolution of
Table 2
Evolution of brain size during the evolution of
Ratio of change in log(absolute brain mass) & log(body mass)2
Change in log(brain mass)
Change in log(relative brain mass)
1 computed as: [(brain descendant - brain ancestor)/(body descendant-body ancestor)]
* indicates a result which falls within the range of decreases in brain size for Primates estimated in this study.
Thus under the insular dwarfism model, if
Next we performed several analyses to test whether the evolution of the
Table 3
Evolution of brain size during the evolution of
Ratio of change in
log(absolute brain mass) & log(body mass)2
Change in
log(brain mass)
Change in
log(relative brain mass)
Argue Tree 1
Argue Tree 2
Both trees
1 These are the two most parsimonious topologies obtained by Argue
2 computed as: [(brain descendant - brain ancestor)/(body descendant-body ancestor)]
* indicates a result which falls within the range of decreases in brain size for Primates estimated in this study.
To further study the selective pressures and anatomical changes associated with decreases in brain mass we suggest
By reconstructing ancestral states of brain and body mass in primates we have shown that Organ's et al
Our results provide robust confirmation for the suggestion that strong evolutionary trends have governed the expansion of the primate brain. In contrast body size evolution has not tended to increase in primates, implying brain and body mass have been subject to separate selection pressures and supporting the findings of previous studies in other taxonomic groups that these two highly correlated traits can show differences in their patterns of evolution
Brain and body mass data
Data for body and brain mass were obtained from previously published datasets
Through a literature search we obtained data for fossils where cranial remains were sufficiently intact to make reliable estimates of cranial capacity (N = 23, Additional file
To calculate relative brain mass we performed a phylogenetically-controlled regression analysis (see below) between log(brain mass) and log(body mass) in BayesTraits
Relative brain mass on body mass for each species (extant or extinct) was calculated as residual values using the regression equation (see below). These residuals were used to test for an evolutionary trend to increase relative brain mass and to reconstruct ancestral states (
It is important to incorporate both topology and branch length information during reconstruction analyses as species are part of a hierarchically structured phylogeny, therefore not statistically independent, and differences in time since divergence from the common ancestors determines differential potential for evolutionary change
Where fossil data were included we follow Finarelli & Flynn
We also use the two most parsimonious
Reconstruction methods
Ancestral state reconstructions of absolute brain and body mass and relative brain mass at each node of the phylogeny were estimated using three methods: weighted squared-change parsimony in the Mesquite
Weighted squared-change parsimony infers ancestral states by minimising the square-change along branches
ML reconstruction is based on a Brownian motion model to estimate transitions at any node along the phylogeny. The advantages of this method are that the probability of change at any point in the tree is not dependent on a prior state change or on changes on other branches
Finally, the ancestral state reconstructions of brain and body size were performed in Bayesian framework with MCMC in BayesTraits
Results of the Bayesian analysis obtained using 2 or 10 million runs were qualitatively similar, therefore we performed all analyses with two million runs. All analyses were performed using uniform priors (prior range: -100 to +100), with 2,000,000 MCMC runs after a burn-in of 500,000, sampling every 100 runs, and repeated multiple times to test the stability of the harmonic means. Rate deviation was adjusted to obtain an acceptance of the proposed model parameters (above) between 20% and 40%. Ancestral state reconstructions were then simultaneously estimated using the best evolutionary model for the data; data deviation was adjusted to obtain an acceptance rate for each node's estimate between 20 to 40%.
Next we tested if a directional-change random walk model improved the fit to the data relative to the best non-directional random walk (Brownian motion) model obtained as described above. While the non-directional random walk model has one parameter - alpha, the variance of evolution - the directional random-walk model has an additional parameter that captures the directional change using a regression between trait values and the total path length (beta)
ANCML (ML analysis) provide standard errors for each nodal value reconstruction. However, some authors consider standard errors to be underestimated and difficult to compare across methods
The change in brain and body mass along each branch was calculated by taking the difference between consecutive nodes. As the estimates for each node using absolute values of log brain and body mass are log values, subtracting consecutive node values gives a proportional change in mass. We therefore also converted log values into absolute numbers before calculating differences to get the absolute change in mass. Estimates of ancestral relative brain mass are based on residual values from a regression analysis of two log values. We therefore simply subtracted successive nodes to calculate change in relative brain mass. Finally, to control for differential potential in divergence due to longer time since the last splitting event we repeated the analysis and calculated the rate of change by dividing the change along a branch by the branch length, for each measure of brain mass.
CI: Confidence Interval; GLS: Generalised Least Squares; MCMC: Markov-Chain Monte Carlo; ML: Maximum Likelihood.
Authors' contributions
SHM, NIM, IC and RAB designed the study, SHM performed the study, SHM, NIM, IC and RAB wrote the manuscript.
We thank Chris Venditti for advice and help with the analysis in BayesTraits and for helpful comments on the manuscript, and Brenda Bradley, Adrian Friday, Dieter Lukas, Jeremy Niven and four anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. SHM & NIM thank BBSRC, the Leverhulme Trust and Murray Edwards College for financial support. IC & RAB thank BBSRC/NERC for financial support (grant number BB/E014593/1).
Reconstructing ancestral character states: a critical reappraisal
Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution
Evolution of the brain and intelligence
Primate brain evolution: integrating comparative, neurophysiological and ethological data
Evolution in the social brain
Evidence for coevolution of sociality and relative brain size in three orders of mammals
Brain evolution: Getting better all the time?
Bigger is not always better: when brains get smaller
Why do parasitic cuckoos have small brains? Insights from evolutionary sequence analyses
Reduction of brain and sense organs in the fossil insular bovid
Inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands
Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus
Insular dwarfism in hippos and a model for brain size reduction in Homo floresiensis
Brains, islands and evolution: breaking all the rules
The expensive-tissue hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution
Visual specialization and brain evolution in primates
The social brain hypothesis
Natural selection of mammalian brain components
Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates
Encéphalisation et niveau evolutif chez les Simiens
Primate origins and evolution
Variation in brain size and ecology in Pongo
Evolution of the human brain: is bigger better?
A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia
Geochronology of cave deposits at Liang Bua and of adjacent river terraces in the Wae Racang valley, western Flores, Indonesia: a synthesis of age estimates for the type locality of
Pygmoid Australomelanesian
Comparative skeletal features between
Dwarfism, where pericentrin gains stature
The brain of LB1,
Comment on "The brain of LB1,
Brain shape in human microcephalics and
Descriptions of the upper limb skeleton of
The primitive wrist of
LB1's virtual endocast, microcephaly, and hominin brain evolution
The foot of Homo floresiensis
Comment on "the brain of LB1
Flores Hominoid: new species or microcephalic dwarf?
Primates follow the 'island rule': implications for interpreting
Testing the island rule: primates as a case study
Body size and scaling of limb proportions in primates
Primate Adaptation and Evolution
Adaptive origins of primates revisited
Ancestral state reconstruction of body size in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia): The effects of incorporating data from the fossil record
The evolution of encephalization in Caniform carnivores
Eyes wide shut: can hypometabolism really explain the primate colonization of Madagascar?
Positive selection in
Independent contrasts succeed where ancestor reconstruction fails in a known bacteriophage phylogeny
Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology
Paleontology and the comparative method: Ancestral node reconstructions versus observed node values
Bayesian estimation of ancestral character states on phylogenies
Origin of avian genome size and structure in non-avian dinosaurs
A critique of comparative studies of brain size
Sociality, ecology and relative brain size in lemurs
Principles of brain evolution
Absolute brain size: did we throw the baby out with the bathwater
Overall brain size, and not encephalization quotient, best predicts cognitive ability across non-human primates
Cellular scaling rules for primate brains
Squared-change parsimony reconstructions of ancestral states for continuous-valued characters on a phylogenetic tree
Likelihood of ancestor states in adaptive radiation
Testing the accuracy of methods for reconstructing ancestral states of continuous characters
Inferring evolutionary processes from phylogenies
Correlates of body mass evolution in primates
Cope's Rule and the dynamics of body mass evolution in North American fossil mammals
Cope's Rule
New paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates
Allometry of food intake in free-ranging anthropoid primates
The ecological implications of body size
Scaling: why is animal size so important?
Why do primates have such long lifespans and so few babies
Primate life histories
Allometry of behavior
On the use of anatomical features to infer foraging behaviour in extinct primates
Arboreal adaptations and the origin of the order Primates
Virtual endocast of
Virtual cranial reconstruction of
Primate Societies
New and revised data on volume of brain structures in insectivores and primates
Anatomical analysis of an aye-aye brain (Daubentonia madagascariensis, Primates: Prosimii) combining histology, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion-tensor imaging
Evolutionary radiation of visual and olfactory brain systems in primates, bats and insectivores
Callitrichids as phyletic dwarfs, and the place of the Callitrichidae in Platyrrhini
The Thinking Ape: Evolutionary Origins of Intelligence
How quickly do brains catch up with bodies? A comparative method for detecting evolutionary lag
Morphological Evolution Is Accelerated among Island Mammals
Brain-size evolution and sociality in Carnivora
Distinct evolutionary patterns of brain and body size during adaptive radiation
Gyrification in the cerebral cortex of primates
Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex
The scaling of frontal cortex in primates and carnivores
Evolution of increased glia-neuron rations in the human frontal cortex
The brain with special reference to the telencephalon
Bayesian analysis of correlated evolution of discrete characters by reversible-jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Bayes factors
Introducing Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Phylogenies and the comparative method
Comparative methods for studying primate adaptation and allometry
Moving primate genomics beyond the chimpanzee genome
Development and application of a phylogenomic tookit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs
Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates)
Catarrhine phylogeny: Noncoding DNA evidence for a diphyletic origin of the mangabeys and for a human-chimpanzee clade
Primate phylogeny, evolutionary rate variations, and divergence times: a contribution from the nuclear gene IRBP
A composite estimate of primate phylogeny
Primate molecular divergence dates
The human genus
A new skull of early
Mesquite: A modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.5
Systematics and morphological evolution within the moss family Bryaceae: A comparsion between parsimony and Bayesian methods for reconstruction of ancestral character states


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CDA starts anti-litter campaign to clean city
ISLAMABAD: The Capital Development Authority (CDA) on Thursday launched anti-littering campaign commencing from Sector I-9 to keep the city clean and in tidy condition.
Chairman CDA Syed Tahir Shahbaz, while inaugurating the campaign, directed the concerned formations of the Authority to make coordinated efforts and formulate a strategy for implementation of municipal and anti-littering laws in effective manner.He said that wild shrubs, heaps of construction material, encroachments and leaking water poring into the streets are the serious threats to the beauty of the city.
During the campaign, emphasis would be given on sensitising the residents of the federal capital on the issue. Focus will be given to I and G Sectors.A large number of people representing different walks of life participated in the launching ceremony and walk organized in this regard. Children participating in the anti-littering walk were carrying banners play cards to raise awareness on civic issues. Students of the CDA Model School and teachers are playing an active role in the campaign.
The walk was also participated by the Members of CDA Board and other senior officers. Chairman CDA said that anti-littering drive would help raise awareness on cleanliness as well as on environmental issues of the city.He said that the CDA is making all-out efforts to keep the city in tidy condition, however, cooperation of all segments of society is vital to make initiatives of the Authority successful.
He said that the citizens should play their active role and own the city to keep it clean and well maintained. Chairman CDA assured the residents that civic issues like repair and improvement of footpaths, provision of clean drinking water, sewerage, improvement of roads and up-gradation of parks and recreational facilities would be resolved on priority. – Nation

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Extreme Sailing Series - Positive experience for Team Tilt in Act 5
by MaxComm Communication on 30 Jul 2013
Team Tilt - Porto (Portugal) - Extreme Sailing Series Act 5 © Mark Lloyd
The Swiss youth sailors onboard Team Tilt have their collective eye firmly on the upcoming Red Bull Youth America's Cup which kicks off in San Francisco on 1 September and racing Act 5 of the Extreme Sailing Series in Porto was part of their ongoing training programme.
The young team won a race and posted three podium finishes to finish eighth overall on Sunday on equal points with fellow Red Bull Youth America's Cup team ROFF Cascais and within reach of the New Zealand youth team that has been racing the Extreme circuit since the beginning of the year.
'Several races were held on the river which is tidal and gusty,' said Lucien Cujean, Team Tilt skipper. 'It took us a while to get used to these conditions, but by the end of the event we had got the hang of it and we all came away feeling that we had learned a lot and are stronger from the experience. The standard is very high on the Extreme circuit and it was particularly interesting to see how the other teams set up and operate.'
Over the four-day event the fleet raced 30 races with The Wave, Muscat, skippered by Leigh McMillan coming out on top, closely followed by Alinghi with Morgan Larson on the helm and Realteam skippered and helmed by Pierre Pennec completing the podium in third place.
Lucien Cujean and his Team Tilt crewmates progressed throughout the event, getting the hang of the challenging conditions, and scoring their best results in the 'Open' races which were conducted on the sea as opposed to the river where the 'Stadium' racing was held.
'We had a lot of close contact situations and improved our starts throughout the event,' said Lucien Cujean. 'The whole team did really well and our performance improved significantly every time we raced even if the overall result doesn't necessarily reflect that. We will take away good memories of this event where we learned a lot and bonded even tighter as a team.'
Team Tilt will take a few days off before they fly to San Francisco at the beginning of August for their next international event: the Red Bull Youth America's Cup!
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Zhik - The brand born of a notion, not its history
here is probably every reason that ocean rhymes with notion. Zhik's tagline is officially marketed as Made For Water
There is probably every reason that ocean rhymes with notion. Zhik's tagline has been officially marketed as Made For Water, and this is precisely what the company has done for the last eight years before the succinct and apt strapline came from out of R&D and into mainstream visibility.
Posted on 8 May
Shape of next Volvo Ocean Race revealed at Southern Spars - Part 1
Southern Spars has been confirmed as the supplier of spars for the 2017-18 Volvo Ocean Race.
In mid-April, Race Director, Jack Lloyd and Stopover Manager Richard Mason outlined the changes expected for the 40,000nm Race during a tour of Southern Spars 10,000sq metre specialist spar construction facility. A total of up to seven boats is expected to enter, but time is running out for the construction of any new boats.
Posted on 3 May
Sailing in the Olympics beyond 2016 - A double Olympic medalist's view
Bruce Kendall takes a look at what he believes Sailing needs to do to survive beyond the 2016 Olympics.
Gold and Bronze medalist and multiple world boardsailing/windsurfer champion, Bruce Kendall takes a look at what he believes Sailing needs to do to survive beyond the 2016 Olympics. A key driver is the signalled intention by the International Olympic Committee to select a basket of events that will be contested.
Posted on 29 Apr
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Google has slashed the price of its Maps application programming interface (API), according to a post on the Geo Developers blog.
In a move to attract more enterprise use of the system, U.S. companies will now pay 50 cents instead of $4 for every thousand map loads, an 88 percent lower rate.
With the plunge in API costs, Google also introduced simplified usage limitations, saying that the same usage limits and pricing will now apply to applications using Styled Maps and the default Google Maps.
"We're beginning to monitor Maps API usage starting today, and, based on current usage, fees will only apply to the top 0.35 [percent] of sites regularly exceeding the published limits of 25,000 map loads every day for 90 consecutive days," Google Maps API project manager Thor Mitchell said in the post.
Mitchell also insisted that companies using the software will not see a break in the Maps service if they see a sudden surge in popularity. Instead, Google will contact them to discuss payment options.
The move comes six months after Google began charging for Maps use in January, and just days after Apple removed Google's Maps API for its own mapping service.
This article was originally published on the Inquirer.
Related reading
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It's SEO that may lead traffic to the site and help it reach a higher position on SERPs, but it's UX that will determine whether the traffic can be maintained and converted into the set goals.
Shhhhh! Don't tell anyone but SEO tools are great for market research and completely free
SEO isn't anything new, there are very few people involved in marketing who don't have some appreciation of how you might need to make an active effort to appeal to the search engines.
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If you're working as an SEO professional this post is for you. I'll show you some practical ways you can ensure that your campaign reaches it's potential.
Here's a new content marketing strategy documentation map
I'm currently going through the process of establishing a content strategy from scratch and thought I'd share what I'm doing, which I've summarised in this visualisation.


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Today's spring storm will bring widespread showers and thunderstorms. The best chance for strong to severe storms will be on the southeast plains with hail, gusty winds, and lightning as the main threats. Tonight we will see the rain turn to wet snow for Teller County and along the Palmer Divide. Accumulations will be light. For the full forecast, click on the "weather" tab.
A vehicle versus motorcycle crash has been reported on eastbound Cimarron west of 8th Street blocking the left lane.
Police say there are injuries but they don't appear to be life-threatening.
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Contemplating Obtaining Dental Insurance
Teeth insurance payments can become more pricey than merely paying out and about of your current own wallet for schedule checkups as well as cleanings. Thus if you aren't one regarding the thousands of folks with absolutely no
vision and dental insurance
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But typically the real gain is currently being covered regarding bigger-ticket treatments, such because fillings, main canals and also crowns. It can like health and fitness insurance -- you're actually buying calmness. Fewer when compared with 7 out there of each 10 folks had dental care benefits throughout 2011, in accordance to some sort of report launched in delayed 2012 by simply the American Dental Organization. Dental guidelines vary extensively, and picking the proper one may be harder than recollecting to comb twice the day.
Individuals with teeth insurance typically have exactly what is described since "100-80-50" protection, meaning the idea pays hundred percent regarding the expense of regimen preventive as well as diagnostic proper care, such while checkups along with cleanings; masks 80 per cent for contents, root chenal and additional basic methods; and fifty percent with regard to bridges, crowns and significant procedures. The actual vast bulk of individual dental insurance Texas is supplied through worker and class policies, programs that recharged annual rates of among $224 along with $422 for each person throughout 2012, in accordance to estimates.
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Ever wondered how it feels to be tossed around like a hacky-sack?
Just ask Mathieu Biron. The 21-year old has been passed back and forth between the Tampa Bay Lightning and Springfield Falcons four times already this season.
Frustrating? Hardly. Biron takes the transition in stride. "It's not what I prefer, but it's part of the business," he explains. A business that might require the young defenseman to take stock in Dramamine. As if being traded three times in three years weren't strain enough, Biron has spent the past two seasons being juggled between his NHL teams and their affiliates.
Follow the bouncing defenseman…
He's up: Averaging over 14 minutes of valuable NHL experience per game, not to mention the off-ice guidance he's receiving from veteran defenseman Grant Ledyard. He's down: Displaying offensive potential with three goals and four assists in his 23 games with the Falcons. He's up: Disproving his critics, averaging 1.4 hits per game. He is currently ranked 10th among his teammates in hits, even though he's played half as many games. He's down: Fine-tuning his game while awaiting his return to the city by the bay.
While most players may view a trip to the farm as a confidence-denting demotion, Biron takes it as a challenge and utilizes his time there to improve his game. "The style in the AHL is so much different," he said. "Here (in the NHL) it is so much more under control. When you make a mistake, you are going to pay for it."
The more open Read more»


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A program that would affect retailer reimbursement by manufacturers has been endorsed by the Video Software Dealers Assn. board of directors.Manufacturers will be urged to adopt, at a minimum advertised price, a program promoting a stable marketplace. If adopted, manufacturers will not reimburse retailers under their co-op advertising policy if retailer ads contain pricing below the manufacturers' established minimums. That and two other endorsements suggested by the VSDA retail advisory committee were made during March 4-6 board meetings in Orlando in conjunction with the National Assn. of Recording Merchandisers convention. VSDA also recommended that any product licensed by manufacturers for sale through mail order should not be available to consumers through clubs until the product is priced for sell-through by all video retailers. The board also asked that product sold through the mail be clearly identified and permanently marked as such. Finally, the board wants product clearly identified as extended-play or long-play. In other business, the board endorsed the Video Industry AIDS Action Committee's fund-raising campaign, A Penny for AIDS, from Nov. 24-Dec. 1 (World AIDS Awareness Day). The committee will solicit one penny for each video transaction; for example, retailers will be asked for a penny for each rental or purchase, distributors a penny for each vid shipped or invoiced. Consumers will be asked for contributions.
VSDA board backs bid
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Golf club for senior men is seeking new members. Outings twice a month at Grant Park on Friday mornings. Play 9 or 18 holes. Membership meeting March 25, 2011 at Grant Park Club House 9:00 AM.
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Canada: Lesbian couple ordered to divide sperm in split
Post your comment
Comments on this article are now closed.
Reader comments
Lesbians fighting over who gets the sperm, don't hear that everyday.
Us greedy gays have so much of it. *throws in air like money*
Yet any evidence of the stupidities that arise when you allow the completely-nuts idea of same sex marriage!
yes, agreed, because heterosexuals NEVER ever have huge divorce fights over "stupidities" like who gets the dog, and who gets to keep the paper cup from that Rolling Stones concert, and other insignificant trifles.
Because this issue is "stupid" right?
It's no different for a gay couple than it is for a straight couple. I see nothing wrong in this case. It IS a serious issue. They both participated in paying for the sperm donations. It is a community asset.
Why the hell am I arguing with an obvious homophobic troll???
Straight couples fight over such things too, Ken, as I suspect you well know. But don't let facts get in the way of your burning obsession with gay people….
Why not shared ownership? Such thing cannot be split equally.
Wow! That must of been the perfect sperm from the "perfect man". I mean what's so special about this sperm. Was he drop dead gorgeous? The respondent just wanted to give her one last middle finger and was super stoked about giving it to her in the guise of sperm.
Many people in this situation want to use the same donor so that their children are all full genetic siblings, which is understandable I think.
While I agree with this decision, the language makes me deeply uncomfortable – treating the 'gametes' (=sperm) as 'property' sounds like another step on the road to the commodification of children.
When are men going to stand up for themselves and say NO to being a sperm donor.
Women now just take us men for granted. Think we are nothing but a commodity for them.
That our sperm is on tap and can turn it on and off any time they want it.
This is what gay rights has done to us.
This is what happened to us before gay rights and stonewall.
There is NO dignity in being a gay man or man today.
The ruling on the 13th gamete made me chuckle – it reminded me of stories of King Solomon for some reason.
One for you… one for me…
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HBO to Debut Documentary NOTHING LEFT UNSAID: GLORIA VANDERBILT & ANDERSON COOPER, 4/9
by TV News Desk - March 18, 2016
In the poignant and revealing feature-length documentary NOTHING LEFT UNSAID: GLORIA VANDERBILT & ANDERSON COOPER, Vanderbilt and son Anderson Cooper look back at her remarkable life. Directed by Liz Garbus, the exclusive presentation debutsSATURDAY, APRIL 9 (9:00-11:00 p.m. ET/PT) on HBO.... (more...)
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Filmmaker Everardo Gout to Direct National Geographic Channel's Six-Part Global Miniseries Event MARS
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Kenan Thompson Joins Maya Rudolph & Martin Short's NBC Variety Show
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FilmRise announced today that it has acquired U.S. distribution rights for the documentary, Holy Hell, which premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival. The distributor will release the film theatrically on May 20, 2016.... (more...)
Logo to Premiere All-New GAY FOR PLAY GAME SHOW STARRING RUPAUL, 4/11
by TV News Desk - March 03, 2016
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Lionsgate and Hulu Join Forces to Acquire N.A. Rights to Jeff Baena's JOSHY
by TV News Desk - March 02, 2016
Lionsgate (NYSE: LGF), a premier next generation global content leader, and Hulu announced today that they have joined forces to acquire the North American rights to Jeff Baena's JOSHY... (more...)
Filmmaker Chosen for First-Ever espnW Film Fellowship, Presented By Walmart
by TV News Desk - February 26, 2016
The espnW Film Fellowship program, presented by Walmart, will grant funding to filmmaker Daniele Anastasion to direct a docu-series consisting of four short films examining motherhood and athleticism through the eyes of Sarah Brown... (more...)
EPIX Acquires Hard-Hitting Breakout Sundance Film Festival Documentary UNDER THE GUN
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University of Michigan Acquires Archive of Filmmaker Nancy Savoca
by TV News Desk - February 04, 2016
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BETWEEN SEA AND LAND, THE BIRTH OF A NATION, and More Win Feature Film Awards at 2016 Sundance Film Festival
by BWW News Desk - January 31, 2016
Sundance Institute tonight announced the prizes in feature filmmaking at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival, with top awards going to Between Sea and Land, The Birth of a Nation, First Girl I Loved, Jim: The James Foley Story, Sand Storm, Sonita and Weiner.... (more...)
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Leopard 'Notes' to sync with iPhoneNew evidence suggests that a more significant software update for Apple's iPhone handset will arrive following the release of the company's Mac OS X Leopard operating system, adding features such as Note syncing, among others.
In its public previews of Leopard, Apple has demonstrated a new feature dubbed "Notes," which has been commonly showcased as part of Mail 3.0 but is actually a new system-wide feature that can be accessed from just about anywhere in the OS.
As RoughlyDrafted pointed out in one of its earlier Leopard overviews, Notes are really just specially formatted HTML emails that reside in a special IMAP mailbox and are formatted with a distinct font and background style that sets them apart from other emails.
Apple says that "notes can include graphics, colored text, and attachments" and adds that "since your notes folder acts like an email mailbox, you can retrieve notes from any Mac or PC.
Although Apple makes no mention of Notes on the iPhone and excludes it from the iPhone's online demos, RoughlyDrafted went on to predict that the company would eventually allow Note syncing to the iPhone under Leopard. As a tipster informs AppleInsider, there is now direct evidence to suggest this is indeed the case.
Creating a new Note under the latest builds of Leopard and then attempt to covert that note from its standard HTML format into a rich text format yields a dialog box that reads: "Changing the style or formatting requires that this note be converted to rich text format. Rich text notes may not be editable on iPhone and other devices."
This is sure to increase the usefulness of the iPhone's own "Notes" application tremendously, as the current incarnation only allows users to output Notes as plaintext emails and does not offer any form of text import or syncing.
On Topic: General
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- Facebook working on optional end-to-end encryption for Messenger
- Square pushes Apple Pay contactless reader with new $1/week installment plan
- Prospect of Indian Apple Stores still on the table, minister says


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who we areWe are the largest Thailand Company limited or Export all new and Used cars export around the world. Vigo4u.co.ltd. In our main locate base stocks in Bangkok Thailand We are supplying brand new & Used Hilux & cars for Export mainly to Indo-China Countries, South of China, Asian Countries Europe, Russia and Africa Countries. Full stock Ready Our main scopes are covering for Export; Cars Accessories & Spare parts i.e. SUVs 4×4, pickup, van, trucks cars and Cars workshop service. We have wide and fresh stock cars ready for supply range including 4WD vehicles, Pick-ups, Commercial vehicles.


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Review Links at Kuilima, The - Turtle Bay Course
The Fine Print:
Golfable Golf Quote of the Day:
" I'm a golfaholic, no question about that. Counseling wouldn't help me. They'd have to put me in prison, and then I'd talk the warden into building a hole or two and teach him how to play. -- Lee Trevino "
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Does anyone know what that material is called? It's fibrous and dark brown, cut or molded into posts buried in the soil and sticking up, and various types of philodendrons will send support roots into it as they grow upwards. Thanks!
ID for the fibrous 'posts' that philodendron roots grow into
Sure don't know what that is...but I've seen them in small versions for house plants before.
Good Luck....
Could you be describing coir (coconut bark)? It is brown and used in planting baskets.......If it can be shaped into basket form, could as well be shaped as described.
The fibers are thicker than what I see described as coir (lining for hanging baskets), darker brown, and pretty rigid...it might be that but it would have to have been treated in some way.Thanks!
I know what you are talking about, but I haven't seen any in years. They used to be everywhere. I'll be watching to see if anyone knows!
I just saw some at Calloway's Nursery here in the DFW area - in the houseplant section.
I used to see them at Home Depot in the houseplant section, so maybe they still carry them?
I don't remember seeing them for the last few years until yesterday. They're not just compressed "sticks" of fiber any more - they're made of some kind of netting over a bundle of what looks like coconut fiber.
Have fun!
Oh.. I know what you mean.. I see it all the time
it's I believe what you're refering to.. Tree Fern posts.. or as this catalog calls them tree fern totems
Well..I bet I have some in one of my pots..I believe park princess..or is it pink princess.. philodendrum is growing over one somewhere here
BINGO!!!! Gordon that is exactly the ones I remember. I couldn't find them anywhere. I bookmarked that web site.
Thank you Gordon! This is it exactly. I and my philodendrons thank you! Bob
Great Pam... glad it was a help
Bob... Oh good... I thought that was what you were taling about I'd seen it about.. and a few years ago someone gave it to me for a plant that was languishing... but it immproved greatly with the tree fern post.. I'm a believer in it now..
I'm glad it was a help to you also...
another container grouping.. heavy on the Angels Trumpets
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"It [the State] has taken on a vast mass of new duties and responsibilities; it has spread out its powers until they penetrate to every act of the citizen, however secret; it has begun to throw around its operations the high dignity and impeccability of a State religion; its agents become a separate and superior caste, with authority to bind and loose, and their thumbs in every pot. But it still remains, as it was in the beginning, the common enemy of all well-disposed, industrious and decent men." ~ H.L. Mencken
Tucson SWAT Helmetcam Records The Murder Of Jose Guerena
Please listen closely - if you can hear them announce themselves as Police after breaching the doorway, your ears are better than mine.
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In my neck of the woods, the police scream "search warrant" before they knock your door in with a battering ram. Only after you're face-down on the floor in handcuffs do they identify themselves as "officers." Only after the shooting stops is evidence of illegal activity searched for, and only AFTER they trash your house do they call in the drug dogs. Because only the public gives a damn about drugs; the police care only about doing violence. Violence is what they DO.
This article describes the video as "shocking" -- yeah, it's shocking, alright -- if you've been living under a rock for the past, oh, 40 years. Maybe I'm the one who's crazy, but I honestly don't see how anyone with even a shred of sanity can pretend there's anything okay about any of this.
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A 26 year old former Marine, Jose Guerena, was slaughtered in front of his spouse and kid by SWAT officers, who later found absolutely nothing illegal in his home. It has been determined that Guerena, an Iraq war veteran that went on 2 tours, didn't shoot at police officers who went into his home with a search warrant. Many people are up in arms over the event. The validity of the search and the shooting are being questioned. I read this here: Jose Guerena did not shoot at SWAT team that killed him, newstype.com
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Especially during the harsh winter months, everybody could use some revitalizing skin care every once in a while.
Whether your a man or a woman, there's nothing like having clean, smooth and healthy skin. It's an intrinsically attractive feature and can really make a big difference to your appearance, so some revitalizing skin care is worth looking into.
For those of you who might be a little apprehensive of skin care, it can start simple. You don't have to dive head first into a spa day, just throw on some chap stick and get rid of those flaky lips.
For women trying to tone up their mid section, there is even a torso tightening lotion available. Although nothing can substitute for a good diet and regular exercise, this cream will do its part to keep your skin looking toned.
Stats for 24 Revitalizing Skin Care Products
Trending: Older & Average
Research: 3,057 clicks in 179 w
Interest: 1.6 minutes
Concept: Revitalizing Skin Care
Related: 146 examples / 112 photos
Segment: Females, 12-35
Comparison Set: 53 similar articles, including: budding skincare branding, food-formed branding, and apothecary tropical toiletries.
24 Revitalizing Skin Care Products
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Food-Formed Branding
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From Masculine Skin Repair Cream to Torso Tightening Lotion
By: Jonathon Brown - Published: Dec 22, 2012


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Listen to The Rock live from anywhere
Mike at Night7 - 10pm weekdays
Rocker Tom Meighan experienced a "meltdown" during Kasabian's U.S. tour earlier this year as he struggled to cope with his gruelling schedule and impending fatherhood.
The British band hit the road Stateside for a series of shows, but Meighan admits he found it difficult to handle being so far away from his girlfriend Kim, who was pregnant with their daughter Mimi.
He tells U.K. newspaper The Sun, "I had a meltdown. Not a complete breakdown but I just lost it through the realisation of what was going on in my life.
"I went a bit mad for a couple of days. I panicked. I've never had that before. And I was at breaking point. But the band were there for me and crying helps.
"I cry a lot and I'm not ashamed to say that but America was hard. It was nine weeks of non-stop touring. But we're doing all right there now, so it was worth it and we're going back there in the autumn."
However, Meighan is relishing every moment of being a new dad, adding: "Wow what can I say? She's unbelievable. Becoming a father has opened my eyes a lot to the realisation that it's not about me any more.
"I've got a child. I don't think it will sink in for a while as it's so overwhelming. And Kim is at home doing all the hard work - it's been hard to adapt and be back on the road."
This could also be of interest...
"Pick a window. I hope you like hospital food... Give me the f**king finger, mate. You f**king come backstage and I'll f**king sort you out myself. C*nt."
The Chilis just released their first song in five years. Let us know what you think.
Turns out not everyone's stoked about Axl Rose standing in for Brian Johnson.
Iron Maiden touched down in the country in the wee hours this morning in their plane, Ed Force One.
No singing, just a sweet guitar solo of 'Purple Rain' in the middle of a Pink Floyd classic.
Pearl Jam covered Neil Diamond's 'Rockin' In The Free World' with 'Red Hot Chilli Peppers' drummer Chad Smith and 'Kings of Leon' drummer Nathan Followill.
The band played 'Out ta Get Me' and 'Used to Love Her' for their second headline show.
Great cover, great tribute.
Slipknot will make their much awaited return to New Zealand this October and we can't f**king wait.
One of the few guitarists in the world to be recognised by the Hendrix family is heading to NZ.
They promised they'd be back and now we've got Disturbed's new NZ show details.
Rog, Bryce and Tom talk to a guy who traded pizza for lapdances
The Morning Rumble Podcast - Thursday May 26
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Winnebago Motor Homes
We are the local dealer for Winnebago and Itasca for the Rockford, Illinois area. Please Contact Us if you are interested in a quote.
Please see our Motor Homes page for product information and feel free to call us with any questions. We have also included a handy map on our contact page to help you find our business.
Need RV parts? Look no further. Click here to visit our Online RV Parts Catalog.
Winnebago Motor Homes in Rockford seeks an experienced mechanic with proven ability to work with a range of vehicles. The right candidate will work with the small workshop team to ensure all tasks are carried out on time and at an exceptional standard to maintain staff-client relations.
The successful applicant will have:
- -experience as an auto mechanic
- -experience in body work
- -excellent customer service skills.
This is a full time position with benefits.
For more information, call Mick Franklin at (815) 378-9256 or send your resume and cover letter to firstname.lastname@example.com
Please contact us if you are interested in a quote. CALL TOLL FREE: (866) 964-5591 or (815) 964-5591 / Email for more information about YOUR NEW MOTOR HOME!


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MVP Studios
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Posted: July 03 2014
Always be on the alert for potentially fraudulent job postings online - never send money to a potential employer.
DescriptionIDOT4TV.com and Magazine is seeking content journalists to join assist in moving the brand forward. if you feel that can bring your energy and creativity to join a fast paced, action packed Team, then submit your resume' to this post and we will be in touch
ResponsibilitiesWhile the position is non-paying; College credit may be given if needed. This is a great hands-on internship, for those who are seeking experience in the Marketing and/or Video Production fields.
-brainstorming and creating content for website and shows
-writing treatments for music videos
-seeking sponsorship's
-Writing jingles for commercials
-Finding prospective clients
-Doing general Internet searches
-Setting up appointments
-Create email-marketing campaigns
-Responding to emails
Requirements-Must be a college student interested in Marketing or Business Management
-Must be able to work at least 25 hours a week
-Self-motivated, organized, and be able to work efficiently with minimal supervision
-Strong sense of urgency and attention to detail
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-Strong Writing Skills
-Able to think outside the box


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Friday, May 27, 2016
Movie News
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Silver Linings Playbook leads Spirit Awards nominations
'Silver Linings Playbook' has been nominated for five Film Independent Spirit Awards. The David O. Russell directed quirky romance received nods for its stars Bradley Cooper and...
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The Red Nose Day Special 2016: Yvette Nicole Brown On Her Part In The Event
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'National Treasure 3' Still on the Way
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Amazon launches Game Connect service for online gamers
Lets shoppers play free MMO games
JUST HOURS after it launched its social Gamecircle platform for the Kindle Fire, Amazon has announced the launch of a service called Game Connect.
Amazon's new games service enables customers to discover a new range of free-to-play and massively multiplayer online (MMO) games on its online games store. It also allows developers to implement "simple and secure" in-app purchases in their games, which customers can buy and have sent directly into their game.
With Game Connect, a customer's game account can be linked to their Amazon account allowing any subscriptions and virtual goods purchased to be sent directly to the game without having to copy and paste a code - simplifying the buying process for customers while creating a fast and easy way for developers to offer and sell more virtual content.
Mike Frazzini, director at Amazon Games said that the new service is beneficial for both developers and customers, and should help the retailer boost its gaming offering.
"Customers can now discover a new category of free-to-play games and can experience the convenience of having virtual items purchased with their Amazon account delivered directly to their game accounts," he explained.
"Game Connect helps game developers reach more customers, move more quickly and grow their business by simplifying the purchase process for customers. This is an exciting next step for the Digital Games Store and we have even more to come." µ
INQ Latest
Three to trial controversial network-level ad blocking next month
24-hour ad blocking frenzy to take place in June
Court decision ruins the whole Tor FBI Mozilla problem
Evidence binned as FBI declines to unbuckle
Galaxy Note 6 release date, price, rumours and specs
Or Galaxy Note 7, who knows
Eben Upton 'excited' by potential Android for Raspberry Pi tree
Marshmallow Pi sounds tasty to us


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Startup News – sorted by country
Recent JobsSales And Business Developer (Sweden, Stockholm) at TAVIQ Ltd. - Stockholm, Sweden
Senior Java Backend Developer for Web Platform in Berlin at Team2Venture GmbH - Berlin, Germany
UK Content Production & Customer Care Manager (f/m) at greatcontent AG - Berlin, Germany
Mobile Developer (m/f) Android or iOS in Berlin at offerista - Berlin, Germany
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- crowdfunding community on Amsterdam-based HelpTheCrowd launches Equity Crowdfunding Analytics
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- Startup Basics on Riga – a great place for startups to start going global! An interview with Latvia's former Minister of Economics
- Che on Exclusive: Michael Arrington, the founder of TechCrunch, acquires EU-Startups.com for $2.5 million and moves to Berlin
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Tag Archives: Beintoo
Worth reading: PayLeven, CogniCor, Beintoo, Barcelona, Twago
There are so many interesting stories out there and unfortunately we don't have the time to cover all of them. With our section "Worth reading" we provide you every now and then with a few links to interesting articles of … Continue reading
Posted in Germany-Startups, Spain-Startups Tagged barcelona, Beintoo, Berlin, CogniCor, Milan, PayLeven, twago 3 Comments
Italian startup Beintoo closes angel round to gamify mobile apps
Beintoo, a young italian startup, just announced the closing of its angel round. The Milan-based startup, is developing an API framework that allows developers to immediately introduce what they called a "rewards layer". Developers can decide a set of achievements and their … Continue reading
Posted in Funding, Italy-Startups Tagged angel round, app gamification, Beintoo, Milan Comments Off


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Cloth Diaper Tech Support
Cloth diaper woes? We're here to help.
Cloth diaper woes? We're here to help.
My husband stays home with our baby but lets him sleep all day…so he's awake all night! How do I fix this without sounding accusatory?
How to make the bottle-to-sippy-cup transition as painless as possible.
It's no secret that my favorite baby gift is a bundle of my favorite children's books. Here are some (or seventy) of my favorite books for babies and young children.
I came home to find my baby in a dark room crying his eyes out…and my husband passed out drunk. What now? What's next?
If I were getting ready to cloth diaper a newborn again, what would I buy? What would I do differently?
My pediatrician is concerned that my nine-month-old isn't showing any signs of crawling yet. Is he right or overreacting?
My 14 month old just weaned. I thought I was more than ready, but I'm devastated. Is this normal?
I plan to start trying for baby #2 when my first baby turns one. Am I nuts?
I'm having second thoughts about our daycare provider. Should I listen to my gut or are my mommy instinct overreacting?
This new series of board books will have you all excited even if you weren't an English Lit major.
It's easy to get frustrated by the long days of parenting and want to essentially quit before your shift is over. Don't. It's not fair to anyone. Including you.
My baby has learned to stand up in his crib. Now how do I get him to lie back down and SLEEP?
It's been a week since my daughter nursed! Is this a strike or the end of breastfeeding?
All milk and no solids! What to do with a newly-minted toddler who's stuck with babyish eating habits.
My two-year-old's obsession with the television is growing stronger by the day. How can I set reasonable limits without driving us both to tears?
My mother-in-law watches my children during the day for free, but it's costing me my sanity!
The daycare I chose for my baby turned out to be terrible and borderline neglectful. How can I ever trust my instincts again?
Thanks to everyone who entered the Old Navy giveaway! Unfortunately, we can only have one winner of the five! hundred! dollar! gift card, and according to the algorithm-ninja-robots at random.org, that person is Allison F, who has already been contacted and virtually high-fived us through…
Purees vs. finger foods vs. baby-led weaning and choking and coughing…when did feeding babies get so complicated?


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North Orissa University MBA Result
Question: I have appeared for the North Orissa University MBA exam so please inform me if the result has been announced with the website from where I can get the result?
As you are looking for the North Orissa University MBA exam result so let me tell you that the result has already been declared and we have uploaded the result at one of our websites. Here is the link of the website from where you can get the result of the exam.
At the link you will get snap shot of the page and instructions how to get at the link.
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