text:
Bassin de Jonction
Copyright: Peter Stockdale
Taken: 22 June 2011
The boat awaits to lock up to the Canal Lateral a la Loire
Bassin de Jonction is a minor waterways place on the Canal Lateral à la Loire (Embranchement Decize) between Port de Jonction Decize (Junction of Canal Latéral à la Loire and Embranchement Decize) (0.33 kilometres and 1 lock to the south) and Kilometre Post 0 (The marker denoting the end of the Canal du Nivernais) (2.19 kilometres and 1 lock to the north).
The nearest place in the direction of Port de Jonction Decize is Ecluse 16 bis St. Maurice; 0.26 kilometres away.The nearest place in the direction of Kilometre Post 0 is Ecluse 16 ter Decize; 0.21 kilometres away.
The place is a marina and a basin.
|Port de Jonction Decize
|0.33 km
|Ecluse 16 bis St. Maurice
|0.26 km
|Bassin de Jonction
|Ecluse 16 ter Decize
|0.21 km
|Embranchement Decize - Loire Junction
|0.31 km
|Pont de la Jonction
|0.81 km
|Loire - Aron Junction
|2.02 km
|Canal du Nivernais - Loire Junction
|2.14 km
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Information retrieved Monday 30 May 2016 at 19:49
- L'Abri du Pêcheur (Food & Restaurant)
1435 to the northeast.
- Le Phoenix Discothèque (Clubhouse)
708 to the west.
- Mu bijouterie Atelier -Mµ- (Jewelry Supplier, Jewelry Store)
1012 to the northeast.
- Patfabrik (Outlet Store)
934 to the northwest.
- La Perle d'Aphrodite (Shopping & Retail)
1027 to the northeast.
- Millepertuis Bien-être (Medical & Health, Outdoors)
1057 to the northeast.
- Betty Boots Chausseur (Shoe Store)
1097 to the northeast.
- A La CAVE (Shopping & Retail)
1048 to the northeast.
Spasbeautypersonal care
- La Boutique Beauté (Hair Salon)
1004 to the northeast.
- Institut Cali's beauté (Beauty Salon, Cosmetics & Beauty Supply, Nail Salon)
1001 to the northeast.
- Institut Frimousse Samana-Spa (Aesthetics)
1075 to the northeast.
- Coiff' institut Decize (Hair Salon)
991 to the northeast.
Local business
- Hopital de Decize (Hospital)
287 to the northwest.
- Decize Restaurant Du Port (Restaurant)
205 to the north.
- Cineal (Movie Theater)
1134 to the north.
- La Reinette (French Restaurant)
1450 to the northeast.
- Camping les Halles (Campground)
1236 to the north.
- Le Charolais (Fine Dining Restaurant)
576 to the north.
- Le Grill (Steakhouse)
1471 to the northeast.
- Promenons NOUS (Toy Store)
1009 to the northeast.
- STUDIO VICTORIA (Hair Salon)
907 to the northeast.
- X'Trem Club Libertin (Adult Entertainment)
1184 to the north.
- Office de Tourisme Decize Confluence (Tours & Sightseeing)
1103 to the northeast.
- Restaurant Frank Rapiau Le Charolais (Fine Dining Restaurant)
654 to the north.
- Église Saint-Aré de Decize (Church)
833 to the northeast.
- LILA KEBAB (Burger Restaurant)
1031 to the northeast.
Non-profit organization
- Sinuo (Event)
436 to the north.
- HOTEL Restaurant De L'agriculture (French Restaurant)
648 to the north.
- Pâtisserie Chocolaterie Nicolas B (Food & Grocery, Place to EatDrink)
1027 to the northeast.
- Au petit marché (Fruit & Vegetable Store)
979 to the northeast.
- Skatepark De Decize (Sports & Recreation)
863 to the north.
Bankfinancial services
- Allianz Guy de Milleville (Insurance Agent)
1058 to the northeast.
- Decetia Bar Brasserie (Restaurant)
948 to the northeast.
- Le Petit Agité (Restaurant)
642 to the north.
- Le Courlis (Cr#x00ea;perie)
922 to the north.
Information retrieved Wednesday 25 May 2016 at 23:24


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 8, 1977
|Filing date
|Aug 9, 1976
|Priority date
|Aug 9, 1976
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert Michael Sisk, Lary Lynn Williams
|Original Assignee
|Deere & Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (11), Classifications (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a control lever and more particularly relates to a control lever for shifting a control valve such as to effect neutral, extension, retraction, and float conditions in an extensible and retractable hydraulic actuator.
Conventional motor graders include a main frame extending forwardly from an operator station and supported at its forward end by front wheels. The main frame is elevated above the ground and located therebeneath and having a forward end universally connected to the main frame is a drawbar or sub-frame having a circle structure fixed thereto. A blade-carrying standard is mounted for rotation on the circle structure and has a blade mounted thereon for endwise shifting movement relative thereto.
For the purpose of disposing the blade in desired positions relative to the surface or material to be worked, these conventional motor graders are often provided with a plurality of hydraulic functions including extensible and retractable lift and sideshift actuators connected between the main and sub-frames, extensible and retractable blade sideshift and blade pitch actuators connected between the sub-frame and the blade, and a blade rotation function for rotating the blade carrying standard on the circle structure.
In order to reduce the operator fatigue and ensure safe operation, it is a practice to group certain of the controls so that an operator may efficiently position the blade by operating controls with one hand while steering with the other hand. Two such controls heretofore grouped are a pair of control levers which are selectively movable independently or together among four different positions for effecting neutral, extension, retraction, or float conditions in an associated one of the actuators. This arrangement has not proved to be entirely satisfactory since it is sometimes desirable to only momentarily actuate one of the lift actuators to its float condition and heretofore this has necessitated the control levers to be shifted from a beginning position to their float position and then back to their beginning position.
According to the present invention there is provided a novel control lever and more specifically there is provided a control lever for controlling a direction control valve among positions for selectively effecting neutral, extension, retraction, and float conditions in an extensible and retractable hydraulic actuator.
An object of the invention is to provide a control lever capable of effecting an operative condition in a hydraulic actuator without necessitating movement of the lever.
A more specific object is to provide a control lever embodying an electric switch which may be closed without necessitating an operator to move his hand from a grip portion of the lever.
Yet another object is to provide a control lever, as described immediately above, having a hollow handle section containing a switch and including a finger-operable sleeve reciprocably mounted on the handle section for selected movement to effect closing of the switch.
These and other objects will become apparent from a reading of the ensuing description in conjunction with the appended drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic right side elevational view of a motor grader with which the present invention is particularly adapted for use.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a control system embodying a pair of control levers constructed according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a view, partly in section, showing certain details of one of the levers shown in FIG. 2.
Referring now to FIG. 1, therein is shown a motor grader 10 including an elongate main frame 12 supported at its forward end by a pair of front wheels 14 and at its rear end by a pair of tandem wheel sets 16. Mounted on a rear portion of the frame 12 is an operator station 18. The section of the frame 12 extending between the operator station 18 and the front wheels 14 is elevated above the mound and located therebeneath is a drawbar or sub-frame 20 having its forward end universally connected, as at 22, to the frame 12 at a location between the wheels 14. Mounted on the drawbar 20 is an elongate blade 24. Connected between the main frame 12 and the rear end of the drawbar 20 for adjusting the position of the latter and thus the position of the blade are right and left extensible and retractable hydraulic lift actuators 26 and 28, respectively, and an extensible and retractable side shift actuator 30.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a control system 32 for the lift actuators 26 and 28. As schematically shown here, the system 32 includes first and second identical control levers 34 and 36 respectively carrying normally open switches 38 and 40 connected in parallel with a battery 42. The levers 34 and 36 are pivotally mounted and are respectively mechanically linked, as functionally indicated by dashed lines 44 and 48, to first sections 50 and 52 of a pair of direction control valves 54 and 56 while the switches 38 and 40 are respectively connected in series with solenoids 58 and 60 respectively forming part of second sections 62 and 64 of the valves 54 and 56. A pump 66 has an inlet connected to a sump 68 and an outlet connected to the valve sections 50 and 52 via a branched feed line 70 while the sump 68 is connected to the valve sections 50 and 52, and 62 and 64 by a branched drain line 72. A pair of lines 74 and 76 connect the valve section 50 to opposite work ports of the actuator 26 while a pair of return lines 78 and 80 are respectively connected between the valve section 62 and the lines 74 and 76. Similarly, a pair of lines 82 and 84 connect the valve section 52 to opposite work ports of the actuator 28 while a pair of return lines 86 and 88 are respectively connected between the valve section 64 and the lines 82 and 84.
As shown in FIG. 2, the control levers 34 and 36 are in neutral positions wherein they hold the valve sections 50 and 52 in corresponding neutral positions to thus establish neutral conditions in the actuators 26 and 28 by blocking fluid in the opposite ends of each of them. Upon the levers 34 and 36 being pivoted rightwardly, the valve sections 50 and 52 will shift rightwardly to effect an extension condition in each of the actuators 26 and 28 by connecting the pump 66 to the right ends thereof while connecting their left ends to the sump 68. Upon the levers 34 and 36 being pivoted leftwardly, the valve sections 50 and 52 will shift leftwardly to effect a retraction condition in each of the actuators 26 and 28 by connecting the pump 66 to the left ends thereof while connecting the sump 68 to the right ends thereof.
The valve sections 62 and 64 are illustrated in respective rightward closed positions wherein they block fluid communication between the sump 68 and the actuators 26 and 28. The condition of the actuators 26 and 28 will then be as determined by the valve sections 50 and 52. Upon the switches 38 and 40 being closed, the valve sections 62 and 64 will be shifted leftwardly to respective open positions wherein they connect the opposite ends of each of the actuators 26 and 28 to the sump 68 to thus establish respective float conditions in the actuators 26 and 28.
Referring now to FIG. 3, therein is shown an upper part of the control lever 34, it being understood that the upper part of the lever 36 is identical. The control lever 34 includes a hollow cylindrical section 86 having an open upper end having a cylindrical housing 88 of the switch 34 snugly received therein. A first flat washer 90 rests on the upper end of the section 86 and a threaded tubular mounting part 92 of the switch 34 extends through the washer 90 and has a nut 94 received thereon. A second flat washer 96 rests on the nut 94 and projecting through the washer 96 is an actuator button 98 of the switch 38, the button 98 being biased, as shown schematically in FIG. 2, toward an extended position for effecting a closed condition in the switch 38. A cylindrical extension 100 has its lower end received on the upper end portion of the section 86 and is fixed thereto by a weldment 102. A tubular spacer 104 has its lower end in engagement with the washer 96 and the switch 34 is held in place by means of a rod 106 having a lower end portion threadedly received in an upper end portion of the extension 100 and engaged with the top of the spacer 104. A knob 108 is fixed to the top of the rod 106 and serves as a hand grip.
Provided for controlling the position of the actuator button 98 is a finger-operable sleeve 110 made of an electrically nonconductive material such as nylon and having a lower portion slidably received on the extension 100 and a necked-in upper portion slidably received on the rod 106, the upper portion having a flared upper end 112 affording a finger grip. The sleeve 110 is shown in a normal lower position to which it is biased by means of a coil compression spring 114 compressed between a closed inner end of a spring receptacle 116 defined by a bore extending axially into the bottom end of the rod 106 and a pin 118 fixed diametrically in the sleeve 110 and received in aligned vertically elongated pairs of notches 120 and openings 122 respectively in the spacer 104 and in the extension 100, the pin 118, when the sleeve 100 is in its lower position as shown, being engaged with the button 98 so as to hold the latter in a retracted position to effect an open condition in the switch 38. Thus, it will be appreciated that an operator having his hand in engagement with the knob 108 can effect the closed condition of the switch 38 by merely inserting his finger below and raising up on the end 112 of the sleeve 110.
The operation of the invention is thought to be clear from the foregoing description suffice it to say that with the levers 34 and 36 mounted adjacent each other an operator can use one hand to selectively operate the levers 34 and 36 and the switches 38 and 40 either separately or simultaneously.
Also, while the invention is here described as being embodied in a motor grader control, it is to be understood that this is only a representative use.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 15, 1953
|Jun 25, 1957
|Wooler John
|Combination control assemblies applicable to motorcycles
|Nov 12, 1959
|Jan 15, 1963
|Dana Corp
|Shift knob switch
|Mar 15, 1963
|Jul 28, 1964
|Aero Services Inc
|Guard for control member
|Oct 9, 1967
|Dec 16, 1969
|Caterpillar Tractor Co
|Control system for an ejector bucket
|Oct 15, 1974
|Dec 7, 1976
|Kabushiki Kaisha Tokai Rika Denki Seisakusho
|Lever switch structure
|"Dead Man Control Device", by A. Ludwig, Western Electric Technical Digest No. 1, Jan. 1966.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 3, 1977
|Feb 27, 1979
|Deere & Company
|Controls for actuating a direction control valve to and releasing it from a float-effecting condition
|Aug 4, 1978
|Dec 9, 1980
|Ing. Alfred Schmidt Gmbh
|Apparatus for actuating the operation of a snowplow
|Jun 1, 1988
|Jan 30, 1990
|Deere & Company
|Control handle for a work vehicle
|Jan 21, 1997
|Jun 23, 1998
|Misonix, Inc.
|Medical handpiece with autoclavable switch
|Jul 11, 2002
|Aug 17, 2010
|Misonix, Incorporated
|Medical handpiece with automatic power switching means
|Sep 18, 2012
|Robert Neil Pierson
|Locking non-metallic single lever control
|Jun 29, 2009
|Apr 23, 2013
|Ghsp, Inc.
|Shifter with one-touch assembly
|Jul 11, 2002
|Jan 15, 2004
|Ronald R. Manna
|Medical handpiece with automatic power switching means
|Feb 9, 2006
|Aug 24, 2006
|Alps Electric Co., Ltd
|Turn signal switch device
|Jan 7, 2010
|Kops William R
|Shifter with one-touch assembly
|Aug 25, 2011
|Robert Neil Pierson
|Locking non-metallic single lever control
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Got ur email. U can delete it.
What is it that u want to get done?
This will also help ur post count.
- 06-19-12 11:22 AM #18Cadillac Owners Member
- Automobile(s): 2008 CTS4
- Join Date
- Jun 2012
- Age
- 27
- Posts
- 3
Re: Modified OEM HID Headlight
The exact same thing as your headlights exept I want to keep the orange reflector.
So u want the e30 lens swap & color matched bezels?
Re: Modified OEM HID Headlight
I'm a new CTS owner and I love it.....I have a lot of plans and I really like what you've done with your lights. How would you go about doing them for someone else? I have the stock headlights and would like to do an HID upgrade in the near future.
- 01-13-13 08:49 PM #21Cadillac Owners Member
- Automobile(s): 2012 Cadillac SRX
- Join Date
- Aug 2011
- Posts
- 41
Re: Modified OEM HID Headlight
Nice work man! I've done two retrofits- so I know how detailed the work is, especially retroing them in a halogen reflector based headlight! also, check out hidplanet.com. I did an hid retrofit on my 2008 f250, I used the fxr 3.0 projectors, they don't have the "hotspot" most projectors do, just a nice even output with a sharp cut off line. Here's a pic of mine:
They're straight, but I'm on a tilted road.
Stock lights:
Finished retrofit:
I'd love to my cts's soon!
- 01-13-13 11:43 PM #22Cadillac Owners Member
- Automobile(s): 2008 CTS4
- Join Date
- Dec 2012
- Posts
- 14
Thanks for this write up. It's great. I am doing this now to replace a cracked lens on one of my headlights.
I have a couple of quick questions... How did you get the old sealant out? Reheat it?
Where did you get the new butyl rubber sealant? Was it a caulk type or weatherstripping type?
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Korea Republic clinch AIFF Youth CupSeo curls the ball in off a free-kick in the 114th minute of extra-time to seal the issue after both teams were locked 1-1 after 90 minutes 26 May, 2016, 05:54AM IST Team Herald email@example.com VASCO: Korea Republic defeated United ... Goa Herald, 2 days ago
I-League is dead, long live the ISL: AIFF
DELHI: The fledgling Indian Super League ( ISL ), now only in its third year, will enjoy the status of being India's premier football competition at the cost of the I-League , a competition the All India Football Federation first started in 1996. ...Times of India, 1 week ago Aizawl FC urge AIFF to reconsider relegation Times of India, 3 weeks ago Aizawl FC urges AIFF to reconsider I-League relegation Times of India, 3 weeks ago AIFF set to launch U-13 I-league for grassroots talent development Yahoo! India, 2 months ago
Peter gives the pinches as AIFF moots 3-tier system from 2017
NT NETWORK PANAJI Sporting Clube de Goa President, Peter Vaz was the only member , of the fifty odd representatives of different clubs in India ,who pinched All India Football Federation (AIFF) President Praful Patel over plans to stream roll ...Navhind Times, 1 week ago
We are protesting with our performance: Jahar Das
Bengaluru : Following their impressive show in the Federation Cup quarterfinal round where they eliminated defending champions Bengaluru FC, Jahar Das, head coach of Aizawl FC made a strong statement against AIFF and their relegation rules. Das ...Deccan Chronicle, 3 weeks ago
Aizawl coach pleads against team's relegation
Aizawl FC coach Jahar Das believes that the All India Football Federation (AIFF) should save the club from I-League relegation in order to develop Indian football. The Mizoram side finished eighth in the recently-concluded league, one rung above ...The Hindu, 3 weeks ago
Minerva FC deny Wahingdoh FC royal gloss
DULER: Minerva FC and Royal Wahingdoh played entertaining football. They shared two goals during regulation time but in the tiebreaker that followed, Minerva FC shot in more often to beat Royal Wahingdoh 5-4 and clinch the first U-15 Youth League ...Navhind Times, 4 weeks ago
Minerva Academy champions
The article below represents a preview only and is not meant for reuse or republishing. MAPUSA, April 30 -- Minerva Academy won a thrilling final to become the 2016 Nike Premier Cup winners after overcoming Royal Wahingdoh 4-3 in penalties at the ...HT Syndication, 4 weeks ago Minerava Academy FC crowned Nike Premier Cup champions Press Trust of India, 4 weeks ago Minerva Academy crowned Nike Premier Cup champions Times of India, 4 weeks ago
MRI test does not tell the age, says AFC doctor
AUGUSTO RODRIGUES | Sports Editor PANAJI: The All India Football Federation(AIFF) are making players participating in the final round of the Under-15 youth League go through tests for the under-17, if one is to go by the statement made by the AFC ...Navhind Times, 1 month ago
Indian Super League: Conflict Kick-off
CHENNAI: Conflict of Interest is a term that has sent BCCI officials, cricketers, coaches and commentators scurrying for cover recently. But after wreaking havoc in the cricketing world, it is now ready to create chaos in other sports as well, if ...New Indian Express, 1 month ago
2nd Division League 2016 final round schedule: Teams, fixtures, date and venue
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text:
Deadly typhoid superbug poses global threat after 'rapidly spreading' through Asia and Africa, experts warn
- Landmark study examined 1,832 samples of typhoid from 63 countries
- Found antibiotic-resistant typhoid is driven by one 'family' of bacteria
- 47% of samples found to belong to the resistant H58 strain
- Emerged in South Asia 30 years ago and spread through Asia and Africa
A deadly typhoid superbug poses a global threat after spreading through parts of Asia and Africa, experts today warned.
The rise of antibiotic-resistant typhoid is being driven by a single clade or 'family' of the bacteria, that causes the disease known as H58.
Multi-drug resistant H58 is responsible for a previously unreported wave of infections in eastern and southern Africa that may represent an ongoing epidemic, said the scientists.
They said it is vital that a global surveillance network to combat such illnesses is established.
A landmark study has warned a deadly typhoid infection, which is resistant to antibiotics, poses a global threat after spreading through parts of Asia and Africa. Typhoid is caused by the bug salmonella typhi, above
Dr Kathryn Holt, one of the researchers from the University of Melbourne, said: 'Multi-drug resistant typhoid has been coming and going since the 1970s and is caused by the bacteria picking up novel antimicrobial resistance genes, which are usually lost when we switch to a new drug.
'In H58, these genes are becoming a stable part of the genome, which means multiply antibiotic-resistant typhoid is here to stay.'
As part of the landmark study, scientists mapped the genetic codes of 1,832 samples of the typhoid bug Salmonella Typhi collected from 63 countries between 1992 and 2013.
The microbe is an especially nasty form of the S.enterica bacteria that commonly cause food poisoning.
It is chiefly spread by swallowing contaminated water.
Lead researcher Dr Vanessa Wong, from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridgeshire, said: 'The data were produced by a consortium of 74 collaborators from the leading laboratories working on typhoid and describes one of the most comprehensive sets of genome data on a single human infectious agent.
Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi.
It is transmitted through the ingestion of food or drink contaminated by the faeces or urine of infected people.
Symptoms usually develop one to three weeks after exposure, and may be mild or severe.
They include:
- high fever
- malaise
- headache
- constipation or diarrhoea
- rose-coloured spots on the chest
- enlarged spleen and liver
Some forms of typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics.
However, resistance to common antimicrobials is widespread.
Healthy carriers should be excluded from handling food.
Source: WHO
'Typhoid affects around 30 million people each year and global surveillance at this scale is critical to address the ever-increasing public health threat caused by multi-drug resistant typhoid in many developing countries around the world.'
Vaccination against typhoid is not widely available in these countries, which rely on antimicrobial drugs to control the disease, said the experts.
The research, reported in the journal Nature Genetics, showed 47 per cent of the samples analysed belonged to the resistant H58 clade.
The strain emerged in South Asia 25 to 30 years ago and spread to south-east Asia, western Asia, east and South Africa, and Fiji, the scientists found.
Professor Gordon Dougan, another member of the Sanger Institute team, said: 'H58 is an example of an emerging multiple drug resistant pathogen which is rapidly spreading around the world.
'In this study we have been able to provide a framework for future surveillance of this bacterium.
'[This] which will enable us to understand how antimicrobial resistance emerges and spreads intercontinentally, with the aim to facilitate prevention and control of typhoid through the use of effective antimicrobials, introduction of vaccines, and water and sanitation programmes.'
Co-author Dr Stephen Baker, from the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, an Oxford University clinical research unit in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, said: 'These results reinforce the message that bacteria do not obey international borders and any efforts to contain the spread of antimicrobial resistance must be globally co-ordinated.'
On February, 24 the ministry of Health in Uganda informed the World Health Authority of a typhoid fever outbreak. The disease first appeared in Kampala City, pictured, at the start of the year, and by March 5, around 1,940 suspected cases had been reported.
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text:
VIDEO: Justin Bieber Shares First Listen to 11 New Songs on Instagram!
|Related Links
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May 23, 2016
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November 18, 2015
Justin Bieber took to Instagram last night to share 11 new songs with his fans! The pop star did not reveal any titles are other details about the new tunes, and the Instagram only included a barely visible image of recording studio equipment.
Get a first listen below!
Bieber has received numerous awards, including both Artist of the Year Awards at the 2010 American Music Awards and the 2012 American Music Awards, and was nominated for Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 53rd Grammy Awards.
With a global fan base, termed as "Beliebers", and over 40 million followers on Twitter, he was named by Forbes magazine in 2012 as the third-most powerful celebrity in the world.
Source: Instagram
Photo source: Instagram


text:
Northstar Engines and System Technical Discussion Discussion, headgasket pics in Cadillac Engine Discussion; I timeserted by 96 STS with 110k miles. I had been using coolant for several years and last spring it ...
- 09-14-07 09:55 AM #1Cadillac Owners Connoisseur
- Automobile(s): 03 STS
- Join Date
- Aug 2007
- Location
- mpls mn
- Posts
- 2,530
headgasket pics
I timeserted by 96 STS with 110k miles. I had been using coolant for several years and last spring it got bad. I did see some buildup on the piston tops and started getting a P0300 code. I have only driven it 100 miles or so this week and it does not start smoothly. kinda rough and an occasional stumble at idle. seems to accelerate smooth though. runs ok on the highway. I was expecting it to run perfect. put a few more miles on and see what happens.
- 09-19-07 12:29 PM #2Cadillac Owners Fanatic
- Automobile(s): Cadillac 98sls
- Join Date
- May 2007
- Location
- San Francisco, California, Uni
- Posts
- 205
Re: headgasket pics
hi just want to know did you get the p0300 code before headgasket job are after job? I have the same code and car idles rough all the time it hesatates or misfiring the car by the way is 98sls in triffic temp gauge moves a little pass center fan comes on and gauge back to middle scared of headgasget problem.
Re: headgasket pics
I got the code before the job. it looks like both gaskets had some blowby though the odd side looked worse. on both gaskets, it looked like it was between 1-3 and 2-4. my car never ran hot, it just went from using a quart per month to about 1 gallon per week. than the code and miss starting showing up. i have only driven it for a week now and it seems ok but not perfect.
Re: headgasket pics
Have you changed plugs & wires? Have you cleaned the EGR valve?
+ Reply to Thread
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What took so long for someone to come up with this great pizza scissors? It doesn't damage your cooking pans as you would with knives and pizza wheels. You don't have to use a separate spatula to lift the slice as it comes with an integrated slice. The bonus part is getting a perfect slice each time because the wedge shaped slice helps guide the cutting. There is only one tool, not two to put in the dishwasher too.
The stainless steel scissors is for right or left-handed people. The Pizza Pro costs $20 from the Skymall.
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The worst computer company in the world, next to dell.
Dude, i am thinking about getting an apple
Man, Yeah, u might as well get a Dell.
Man, Yeah, u might as well get a Dell.
dodane przez Mac hater 1 sierpień 07, 2006
Computer manufacturing company that creates a sleek and simple design upon which to work in. They are also famous for creating the ever popular iPod, which is becoming increasingly popular. There is a slight uncompatability issue, however the company is working on creating more programs to satisfy the customers. Mac users are becoming more numerous, and can potentially rise up next to Microsoft, achieving equilibrium in computer sales.
Macs are alien to me, since they aren't what I'm used to working at, but just because they're different doesn't mean I have to hate them.
dodane przez Zexus czerwiec 11, 2005
Code name for the most beautiful amazing girl in the whole wide world. She is really random at times and has a great sense of humor. She also has a weird fetish for popping pimples. She has the look of a goddess and is funny, smart, random, and just the best! Everyone is jealous of her and wants to be her but simply can't because she is the best and no one compares to her. Shes just..... THE BEST
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To 'apple' is the act of shitting onto a person's shoulder while they vomit all over your dick.
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A secret code word for horny
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oral sex usually referring to a blow job
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Another word for alcohol.
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ACE Fit Share
August 27, 2013
August is here and that means that most kids are heading back to school this month. As you shop for new shoes and pencils, take some time to think about what new habits your family can work on to make this the healthiest school year yet. Here are some ideas from the Alliance for a Healthier Generation to help your family have a productive and energetic year:
About the Alliance for a Healthier Generation
This content was originally posted by the Alliance for a Healthier Generation. Founded by the American Heart Association and the William J. Clinton Foundation, this alliance works to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity and to empower kids to develop lifelong, healthy habits. They also work with schools, companies, community organizations, healthcare professionals and families to transform the conditions and systems that lead to healthier children. To learn more and join the movement, visit www.HealthierGeneration.org.
If you found this to be article useful to you or someone else, please share it with your friends!
Homemade Baby Food May Be Key to Decreasing Food Allergies
Fit Life Articles
Yoga has been around for centuries. It is the union of mind and body and one of the most widely practiced forms of exercise in the world. Yoga consists of patterns of stretches, balances, and strengthening movements focused with conscious breathing techniques. As it has...
Is eating organic food healthier? How do you identify organic produce and which ones are a must when choosing organic? Do pesticides cause cancer and other diseases? These questions and more are answered in this quick guide to choosing and eating organic foods.
If you feel like you need more time for yourself—time to eat better, exercise more, declutter your home or just making some changes—here are five ways to accept and address the challenges of life and succeed.


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Who was St Patrick?by E.A. Thompson
Everyone knows of St Patrick, but what do we know about him? Simply that it was he who 'converted the Irish to Christianity'. The strange fact is that for two hundred years or so after his death, although his name was remembered with respect, everything else about him was forgotten. E.A. Thompson pieces together the story of his life, drawing his evidence from the only real clues that exist, Patrick's own writings, not from the later Lives. He reveals him as coming from a well-to-do nominally Christian family in Britain, being captured by Irish raiders and forced into slavery in Co Mayo, converting to a most earnest Christianity, and eventually escaping from Ireland to the fulfillment of his calling. As a bishop, he is shown to have been a man of profound originality, and his writings - his Confession and his Letter to Coroticus - further display his character. It is no surprise that a host of legends became attached to his name, and the biography is completed with a look at some of those early legends. Preface to paperback edition by COLMAN ETCHINGHAM, Maynooth.E.A. THOMPSON was Professor of Classics at Nottingham University.
Editorial Reviews
Product Details
- 9780851157177
- Publisher:
- Boydell & Brewer, Limited
- Publication date:
- 10/20/1999
- Edition description:
- Pages:
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- Teen shot outside apartment off Lorimier Street (05/20/16)41
- Clay Waller faces federal charge of interstate domestic violence in wife Jacque's murder (05/23/16)1
- Charleston man accused of fatally shooting Cape teen (05/22/16)27
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German president concerned U.S. is lowering barriers to war
The Associated Press
BERLIN -- Germany's president expressed concern Monday that the United States had lowered the threshold for war with its invasion of Iraq, but he also criticized some in his own nation for their harsh tone in opposing U.S. policy.
Johannes Rau, whose post is largely ceremonial, urged German and U.S. leaders to repair their bitter rift over Iraq and insisted that Europe and America depend on each other "to solve the great challenges of our time."
But Rau echoed a widespread sentiment in Germany when he questioned U.S. policy in a foreign affairs speech in Berlin, just days after German leaders tried to smooth relations during a visit by Secretary of State Colin Powell.
While war must be allowed as a last resort, "I see the danger that when we speak of 'last resort,' we are actually in a process of getting accustomed, where military intervention and war ultimately become one means among many," Rau said.
"The differing viewpoints haven't only been about Iraq," he said. "We have to discuss that with each other -- without rejecting the other's moral view out of hand or denying them the right to see problems in a different light."
Rau's reminder of German reservations toward the Bush administration's policies came as Economics and Labor Minister Wolfgang Clement left on a U.S. trip accompanied by a delegation of business leaders -- a sign of reviving trans-Atlantic contacts after the Iraq war and of the unbroken strength of commercial ties.
Clement, one of Schroeder's most trusted Cabinet members, was expected to meet U.S. administration officials, including Treasury Secretary John Snow, and preside over meetings between German and U.S. business executives during three days in Washington and New York.
The German group includes senior executives from companies such as automaker DaimlerChrysler, construction company Hochtief and Deutsche Bank.
Rau, a Social Democrat like Schroeder, appeared to take aim at members of Schroeder's center-left government when he deplored "the choice of words, the tone and a wrong, overdrawn personalization" in public criticism of the U.S. policy on Iraq.
Statements angering the U.S. administration the most included comparisons by senior Social Democrats comparing President Bush to Hitler or Julius Caesar.
But Rau, whose office carries more moral than political weight, has himself angered U.S. officials by voicing European suspicions over Bush's use of religious references to defend the need for military action against Iraq.
"I don't believe that one people can get a message from God to free another people," Rau said in March. "There are situations in which war is inevitable, but that wasn't the case in Iraq."
Still, Rau said he was confident that emotional bonds between Germany and the United States would endure.
"The trans-Atlantic partnership will be more than just an alliance of convenience also in future," he said. "It is a community founded on values and convictions. Differences of opinion, even on important foreign policy issues, do not destroy the friendship between Germans and Americans."


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Advanced Search
Big Data | News
Arizona's Kyrene Elementary School District, near Phoenix, is implementing a data warehouse solution for data management, analytics, and reports to help consolidate and process information from the SIS and various other district systems.
The data warehouse is being developed in partnership with DecisionEd, a company that makes data consolidating and analytics tools for school districts and other markets. Using the IBM Cognos platform, the warehouse combines disparate databases--such as the SIS, human resources/finance systems, and student assessment systems--and provides reports and data dashboards for use by district staff.
According to the district, the goal is to help staff better understand important metrics and ultimately to make more informed decisions that lead to improved graduation rates.
"Our staff takes pride in putting data in the hands of teachers and administrators so that they may make informed decisions to guide instruction and learning," said Mark Share, director of curriculum and learning services for the district in a statement. "Once we isolate the variables and put programs in place to address the needs and concerns, the DecisionEd Data Warehouse will then help us to monitor the effectiveness of our actions."
About the Author
Stephen Noonoo is a contributing editor. He is on Twitter @stephenoonoo. Follow @stephenoonoo
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This report provides recommendations on how workers should address the psychosocial needs of women affected by Zika.
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Cops were treated to cakes as part of a fundraising drive in memory of a police worker's father who died from a brain tumour.
Sarah High wheeled a trolley full of sweet treats around the corridors and offices at Sutton police station for her Bandanas for Brian Tumour Day.
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Article (PDF Available)
Mechanical Dissociation of Swine Liver to Produce Organoid Units for Tissue Engineering and In Vitro Disease Modeling
Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.Artificial Organs (Impact Factor: 2.05). 01/2010; 34(1):75-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00784.x
Source: PubMed
The complex intricate architecture of the liver is crucial to hepatic function. Standard protocols used for enzymatic digestion to isolate hepatocytes destroy tissue structure and result in significant loss of synthetic, metabolic, and detoxification processes. We describe a process using mechanical dissociation to generate hepatic organoids with preserved intrinsic tissue architecture from swine liver. Oxygen-supplemented perfusion culture better preserved organoid viability, morphology, serum protein synthesis, and urea production, compared with standard and oxygen-supplemented static culture. Hepatic organoids offer an alternative source for hepatic assist devices, engineered liver, disease modeling, and xenobiotic testing.
Figures in this publication
aor_784 75..88
Thoughts and Progress
Mechanical Dissociation of Swine Liver to
Produce Organoid Units for Tissue
Engineering and In Vitro
Disease Modeling
*†‡Katayun Irani, *†Irina Pomerantseva,
*Alison R. Hart, *†Cathryn A. Sundback,
*†Craig M. Neville, and *†§Joseph P. Vacanti
*Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital; †Harvard Medical School;
§Massachusetts General Hospital for Children,
Boston, MA; and ‡New York University Medical
School, New York, NY, USA
Abstract: The complex intricate architecture of the liver is
crucial to hepatic function. Standard protocols used for
enzymatic digestion to isolate hepatocytes destroy tissue
structure and result in significant loss of synthetic, meta-
bolic, and detoxification processes. We describe a process
using mechanical dissociation to generate hepatic orga-
noids with preserved intrinsic tissue architecture from
swine liver. Oxygen-supplemented perfusion culture
better preserved organoid viability, morphology, serum
protein synthesis, and urea production, compared with
standard and oxygen-supplemented static culture. Hepatic
organoids offer an alternative source for hepatic assist
devices, engineered liver, disease modeling, and xenobiotic
testing. Key Words: Bioartificial liver—Liver slice—
Liver-specific function—Organ culture techniques—
Oxygen-supplemented flow culture.
The principal sources for the biological component
of engineered liver devices and in vitro disease and
toxicology models include isolated primary hepato-
cytes, immortalized and tumor-derived cell lines, and
differentiated stem cells. Freshly isolated liver cells
exhibit the greatest utility but have a finite lifespan,
poor ability to tolerate cryopreservation, limited pro-
liferative capability, and suboptimal function (1). The
availability of human primary hepatocytes is also
limited; consequently, porcine liver is a principal cell
source for hepatic tissue engineering (2). Hepato-
cytes are isolated using a labor-intensive, multi-step
collagenase perfusion method leading to the disrup-
tion of tissue architecture and polarity-dependent
To overcome the limitations of isolated liver cells,
organotypic culture (thin slices of tissue) is used to
create in vitro disease models, study drug metabolism
and toxicity, and as the source of the biological com-
ponent in experimental liver support systems. Prepa-
ration of liver slices does not require proteolytic
enzymes and allows maintenance of native polarity
and differentiation of hepatocytes, and cell–cell inter-
actions (3–5). However, tissue slices are very fragile,
making subsequent utilization of them difficult; we
have found that further dissociation of slices into
cubes allows easier handling of tissue in suspension
and improves diffusion of gases, nutrients, and
metabolites. Here, we describe a method using the
McIlwain tissue chopper for mechanical dissociation
of liver into organoid units for use in tissue engineer-
ing and disease modeling.
Harvest and mechanical dissociation of liver
Livers were obtained under sterile conditions from
six nonfasted Yorkshire swine (38.7 ⫾ 1.6 kg) sacri-
ficed for unrelated experiments. A wedge resection
was performed from the left lateral or left medial
lobe; large vessels were cannulated and perfused
until blanched with sterile ice-cold lactated Ringer's
solution supplemented with 0.27 M mannitol,
2 U/mL heparin, 25 mM glucose, 10 mg/mL insulin,
5.5 mg/mL transferrin, and 6.7 hg/mL sodium selenite
(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The liver was
manually cut into 2 ¥ 2 ¥ 4-cm pieces and then into
1.0–1.5-mm thick slices with a scalpel blade. Indi-
vidual slices were further divided into 250 ¥ 250-mm
units using the McIlwain tissue chopper (Campden
Instruments, Lafayette, IN, USA). Resulting orga-
noids were then filtered through a 1-mm nylon mesh
(Small Parts, Miami Lakes, FL, USA), and filtered
pieces were washed repeatedly with lactated Ringer's
solution using gravity sedimentation, with all remain-
ing supernatant removed by aspiration in the last
wash.Typically, 5–8% of initial tissue by weight would
be retained as organoid units, with a packed den-
sity of ~40 ¥ 10
cells/mL (as calculated by DNA
Received April 2008; revised November 2008.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Joseph P.
Vacanti, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Warren 1151, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. E-mail:
Artificial Organs
34(1):75–88, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
© 2009, Copyright the Authors
Journal compilation © 2009, International Center for Artificial Organs and Transplantation and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Page 1
Collagen gel preparation
Hepatic organoids were suspended in a 5 mg/mL
rat collagen I solution (3-D Culture Matrix, Trevigen,
Gaithersburg, MD, USA) on ice at a 1:10 ratio. One
mL of the suspension was placed into each well of
12-well plates or chamber of a perfusion device and
gelled for 30–40 min at 37°C.
Hepatic organoid culture
Organoids were cultured in 12 well plates in 1 mL
(approximately 2.6 mm average depth) of Hepato-
cyte Maintenance Medium with SingleQuot kit
(Lonza, Rockland, ME, USA) in standard 21% O
, or oxygen-supplemented vented containers
continuously infused with carbogen gas (95% O
); culture medium in both well plates and
devices was replaced daily. Custom perfusion flow
devices (Fig. 1) consisted of interlocking polyether-
sulfone parenchymal and medium flow chambers,
separated by a 0.4-mm pore polycarbonate mem-
brane (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Medium
(20 mL total volume) was continuously pumped with
a Masterflex peristaltic pump (Cole-Parmer Instru-
ment, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) at 2 mL/min through
a closed-flow circuit containing an oxygenator and
a perfusion device housed in a 37°C, 5% CO
incubator. The 100-mL Pyrex bottle oxygenator
housed a 200-cm length of 0.9-mm inner diameter
oxygen-permeable silicone rubber tubing, with inlets
and outlets for medium and gas. Medium flowed
inside the silicone tubing (2 mL/min), while carbogen
gas (1 L/min) flowed over the tubing exterior; the
carbogen pressure within the oxygenator was essen-
tially atmospheric as the carbogen outlet was vented
directly to the atmosphere. The perfusion device was
positioned immediately downstream of the oxygen-
ator to minimize diffusional loss of oxygen into the
incubator chamber, and oxygen tension was mea-
sured at the entrance of the perfusion flow device
using an in-line oxygen sensor (Microelectrodes,
Bedford, NH, USA). The sensor was calibrated using
21% and 0% oxygen tension standards, and the cali-
bration was repeated before each measurement to
compensate for the drift of the sensor. The oxygen
partial pressure at the entrance of the perfusion
device was measured to be 686 mm Hg and did not
vary significantly throughout the study. The oxygen
uptake by the organoids could not be accurately mea-
sured because of the large excess of oxygen in the
culture medium.
Histological evaluation and detection of apoptosis
On days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7, organoids were fixed in
10% formalin. Paraffin sections were stained with
hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and with periodic
acid Schiff (PAS) stain to detect glycogen. Terminal
deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end
labeling (TUNEL) assay (In Situ Cell Death Detec-
tion Kit, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA)
was used to detect apoptotic cells.
Urea production and albumin secretion
Urea production by organoids was determined by
culturing for 2 h in medium supplemented with 1 mM
ammonium chloride using the QuantiChrom Urea
Assay Kit (BioAssay Systems, Hayward, CA, USA).
FIG. 1. Liver organoid processing and
perfusion culture. (A) Perfusion device. (B)
Schematic showing cross-section of the
perfusion device. (C) Medium in the perfu-
sion bioreactor flow system was oxygen-
ated with carbogen by the oxygenator.
Artif Organs, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2010
Page 2
Albumin secretion was measured with the Quan-
tiChrom BCG Albumin Kit (BioAssay Systems). All
sample measurements were performed in duplicate
with three samples/culture method; total DNA
content (DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit, QIAGEN,
Valencia, CA, USA) was quantified by fluorimeter for
determination of relative cell number. All values are
expressed as the mean +/- SD. Analysis of variance
was used to calculate statistical significance.
Freshly isolated organoids had intact liver micro-
architecture and viable cells (Fig. 2A1, 11); mechani-
cal processing caused only minimal damage that was
restricted to the surface. In vitro incubation con-
ditions had significant impact on hepatic organoid
viability and function. Oxygen-supplemented condi-
tions better maintained organoid cultures than stan-
dard CO
supplementation (Fig. 2A), consistent with
prior observations for isolated hepatocytes and liver
slice cultures (5,6). The benefit of oxygen supplemen-
tation was most apparent for hepatic organoids cul-
tured longer than 24 h. At 5 days, organoids cultured
without oxygen supplementation had few viable cells
(Fig. 2A2); many of the remaining nuclei showed
signs of apoptosis (Fig. 2A12), while organoids cul-
tured with oxygen supplementation had better
viability. Currently, there is no consensus regarding
the effects of oxygen tension on the viability and
function of isolated hepatocytes and liver slices in
vitro (5–7). Oxygen levels ranging from 21 to 95%
have been utilized and the effects have been species-
dependent (4,5). Standard incubator conditions that
provide 21% oxygen result in low oxygen tension in
cultured tissues, adversely affecting the cells as indi-
cated by morphological integrity. On the other hand,
excessive oxygen supplementation can produce
detrimental reactive oxygen species (5). Perfusion
culture further improved the viability, consistent with
reports on isolated hepatocytes and precision-cut
liver slices (6,8). In our experimental conditions,
FIG. 2. Assessment of hepatic organoids
in three culture conditions. (A) H&E stain-
ing was performed on paraffin sections of
organoids that had been: freshly isolated
(1), cultured in static conditions for 5 days
with 5% CO
(2) or carbogen (3), cultured
in flow with carbogen for 5 (4) and 7 (5)
days. PAS staining was used to evaluate
glycogen stores in organoids that were
freshly isolated (6), 3 days static culture
with CO
(7) or carbogen (8), or perfusion
for 3 (9) and 5 (10) days. Likewise, orga-
noids from identical conditions were
assessed for apoptosis by TUNEL (11–15).
(B) Albumin and urea production in three
culture conditions over 5 days. Rates of
albumin secretion into the medium (graph
1) increased during the culture period and
were greatest in the oxygen-supplemented
perfusion system. Hepatic organoids cul-
tured in oxygen-supplemented perfusion
devices maintained more ureagenesis
(graph 2) than in well plates, *P < 0.05,
**P < 0.001. There was no statistically sig-
nificant difference in albumin secretion or
urea production between standard and
oxygen-supplemented well plates.
Artif Organs, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2010
Page 3
hepatic organoids cultured in oxygen-supplemented
perfusion culture retained their viability and function
for 7 days (Fig. 2A5, 2B1, 2), and had the best viabil-
ity at 5 days as indicated by the results of H&E stain-
ing, TUNEL assay (Fig. 2A4, 14), and glycogen store
maintenance (Fig. 2A9). Relative to conventional
static and dynamic culture methods, perfusion culture
ensures continuous supply of both oxygen and nutri-
ents and prevents the buildup of metabolic waste
products and cytokines that rapidly lead to hepato-
cyte apoptosis (8,9).
Environmental conditions (i.e., oxygen tension,
culture medium supplements, and additional cell
types) can greatly affect specific hepatocellular
functions. Serum protein synthesis and ureagenesis,
two of the vital functions of the liver, are often
used as markers to assess hepatic function (1,6,8,9).
Oxygen supplementation resulted in increased
albumin synthesis and ureagenesis in both static well
plates and perfusion devices (Fig. 2B1, 2); without
oxygen supplementation, synthetic functions in well
plates remained constant. Enhanced metabolic activ-
ity in the remaining viable cells has been suggested as
a possible explanation of the discrepancy between
the morphological appearance and maintenance of
synthetic functions (5,7). In our experiment, albumin
secretion and ureagenesis were significantly lower
in static culture conditions, both with and without
oxygen supplementation, indicating that oxygen
supplementation alone is insufficient to prevent the
trauma-induced crisis associated with hepatic orga-
noid isolation.
Apoptosis and necrosis after enzymatic dissocia-
tion result in significant cell death in isolated hepa-
tocyte cultures (1,10). Characteristic apoptotic and
necrotic morphological changes and positive TUNEL
staining appeared earlier and were more apparent in
hepatic organoid preparations maintained in stan-
dard well plates relative to the oxygen-supplemented
perfusion system. Even cells that appear viable may
be stressed, causing them to conserve energy by
decreasing enzymatic function and protein synthesis
(1), consistent with our urea and albumin results. In
standard and oxygen-supplemented well plates, hepa-
tocytes have poorer recovery after isolation and tend
to undergo apoptosis; conditions within the perfused
device lead to better functional recovery with a sig-
nificant increase in albumin production and ureagen-
esis over the course of the experiment.
Enzymatic dissociation of liver disrupts intercellu-
lar connections responsible for maintaining both
organ architecture and cellular morphology essential
for hepatic function. In particular, tight junctions
between adjacent hepatocytes form physical barriers
defining basolateral and apical domains and func-
tionally segregate receptors, channels, and other
restricted components, and are targeted by collage-
nase dissociation protocols. Processing the liver into
organoid units avoids the loss of cellular polarization
and maintains much of the tissue architecture and
minimizes anoikis. Cytokine-induced apoptosis can
result from factors released by cells either damaged
during mechanical processing or stressed from enzy-
matic dissociation. Continuous perfusion of orga-
noids in the devices may prevent the buildup of
stress-induced cytokines that can trigger apoptosis in
static cultures.
Our isolation protocol generates hepatic organoids
with viable cells and intact native tissue architecture
without using proteolytic digestion techniques.
Oxygen-supplemented perfusion culture system pre-
served viability and function of the hepatic organoids
in vitro, making them a promising potential cell
source for hepatic assist devices, engineered liver,
disease modeling, and xenobiotic testing.
1. Elaut G, Henkens T, Papeleu P, et al. Molecular mechanisms
underlying the dedifferentiation process of isolated hepato-
cytes and their cultures. Curr Drug Metab 2006;7:629–60.
2. Krebs NJ, Neville C, Vacanti JP. Cellular transplants for liver
diseases. In: Halberstadt CR, Emerich DF, eds. Cellular Trans-
plantation from Laboratory to Clinic. San Diego, CA: Aca-
demic Press, 2007;215–40.
3. Iwai M, Tanaka S, Mori T, et al. Investigation of parenchymal
cell differentiation in organotypic slice culture of mouse fetal
liver under administration of sodium butyrate. Cell Biol
Toxicol 2002;18:147–56.
4. Lerche-Langrand C, Toutain HJ. Precision-cut liver slices:
characteristics and use for in vitro pharmaco-toxicology. Tox i-
cology 2000;153:221–53.
5. Martin H, Sarsat JP, Lerche-Langrand C, et al. Morphological
and biochemical integrity of human liver slices in long-term
culture: effects of oxygen tension. Cell Biol Toxicol 2002;18:73–
6. Tilles AW, Baskaran H, Roy P, Yarmush ML, Toner M. Effects
of oxygenation and flow on the viability and function of
rat hepatocytes cocultured in a microchannel flat-plate
bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001;73:379–89.
7. Toutain HJ, Moronvalle-Halley V, Sarsat JP, Chelin C, Hoet
D, Leroy D. Morphological and functional integrity of
precision-cut rat liver slices in rotating organ culture and
multiwell plate culture: effects of oxygen tension. Cell Biol
Toxicol 1998;14:175–90.
8. Schumacher K, Khong YM, Chang S, Ni J, Sun W, Yu H.
Perfusion culture improves the maintenance of cultured liver
tissue slices. Tissue Eng 2007;13:197–205.
9. Khong YM, Zhang J, Zhou S, et al. Novel intra-tissue per-
fusion system for culturing thick liver tissue. Tissue Eng
10. Hansen LK, Wilhelm J, Fassett JT. Regulation of hepatocyte
cell cycle progression and differentiation by type I collagen
structure. Curr Top Dev Biol 2006;72:205–36.
Artif Organs, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2010
Page 4
Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The impact factor represents a rough estimation of the journal's impact factor and does not reflect the actual current impact factor. Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions from the publisher's actual policy or licence agreement may be applicable.
Article: Liver Tissue Engineering[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The development of liver support systems has been in intensive investigation for over 40 years. The main driving force is the shortage of donor organs for orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver cell transplantation and extracorporeal bioartificial livers (BAL) may bridge patients with end-stage liver diseases to successful orthotopic liver transplantation, support patients with acute liver failure to recover, and provide a curing method to patients with certain liver metabolic diseases. Another frontier of current liver tissue engineering is to construct many functional liver units in vitro for drug toxicity and metabolism screening. Much progress has been made, with several artificial liver dialysis devices on the market, a few BAL systems in clinical trials, and other in vitro micro-liver models in development. On the other hand, many lessons have been learned as well. In this chapter, we will focus on the review of advancement, challenges and the critical issues that have to be solved in the development of BAL systems and hepatic cell transplantation as well as in vitro micro-liver models from a tissue engineering perspective.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Nano-and microscale technologies have made a marked impact on the development of drug delivery systems. The loading efficiency and particle size of nano/micro particles can be better controlled with these new technologies than conventional methods. Moreover, drug delivery systems are moving from simple particles to smart particles and devices with programmable functions. These technologies are also contributing to in vitro and in vivo drug testing, which are important to evaluate drug delivery systems. For in vitro tests, lab-on-a-chip models are potentially useful as alternatives to animal models. For in vivo test, nano/micro-biosensors are developed for testing chemicals and biologics with high sensitivity and selectivity. Here, we review the recent development of nanoscale and microscale technologies in drug delivery including drug delivery systems, in vitro and in vivo tests.


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