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Policy Paper
Adding Up Senator Sanders's Campaign Proposals So Far
UPDATED: Previous versions of this analysis were published on April 7 and May 9, 2016. The analysis below, updated on May 19, incorporates the findings of two new independent estimates of Senator Sanders's "Medicare for All" plan that find – consistent with our previous "high health cost estimate" – that his plan would cost at least twice as much as the campaign's estimate
Senator Bernie Sanders deserves credit for trying to pay for his spending proposals' costs, but the offsets fall far short, according to our new analysis as part of our Fiscal FactCheck project. Senator Sanders's proposals would add almost $19 trillion to the debt. As a share of the economy, debt under these policies would grow from roughly 75 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) today to 154 percent of GDP in 2026 (compared to 86 percent of GDP under current law).
Read the full analysis on our Fiscal FactCheck website.
Senator Sanders would also increase spending and revenue levels as a share of the economy to well-above historical averages. Spending as a percentage of GDP would average about 37 percent over the next decade, compared to the historical average of about 20 percent. On the revenue side, it would increase to 25 percent over the next decade, while revenue as a share of GDP has averaged about 17.4 percent over the last half-century.
Ultimately, using Senator Sanders's tax increases in order to pay for new spending would leave less options available to address the current fiscally unsustainable path of our nation's debt.
Updated Appropriations 101
What are appropriations?
Appropriations are annual decisions made by Congress about how the federal government spends some of its money. In general, the appropriations process addresses the discretionary portion of the budget – spending ranging from national defense to food safety to education to federal employee salaries – but excludes mandatory spending, such as Medicare and Social Security, which is spent automatically according to formulas.
How does Congress determine the total level of appropriations?
Under current law, after the President submits the Administration's budget proposal to Congress, the House and Senate Budget Committees are each directed to report a budget resolution which, if passed by their respective houses, would then be reconciled in a budget conference (see Q&A: Everything You Need to Know About a Budget Conference).
The resulting budget resolution, which is a concurrent resolution and therefore not signed by the President, includes what is known as a 302(a) allocation that sets a total amount of money for the Appropriations Committees to spend. For example, the conferenced budget between the House and Senate set the 302(a) limit for FY 2016 at $1.017 trillion.
In the absence of a budget resolution, each chamber may enact a deeming resolution that sets the 302(a) allocation for that chamber. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 gave the Chairman of the Budget Committee authority to set the 302(a) allocation for the Appropriations Committee for Fiscal Year 2017 at the statutory discretionary spending cap established by the Bipartisan Budget Act.
In addition, discretionary spending is currently subject to statutory spending caps. The Budget Control Act of 2011 set discretionary caps through 2021, which were modified for 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, and Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015. Beyond 2017, the statutory caps set by the Budget Control Act are reduced by about $90 billion annually through an enforcement mechanism known as "sequestration" (see Understanding the Sequester) implemented after the failure of the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to produce legislation to reduce the deficit.
How does Congress allocate appropriations?
Once they receive 302(a) allocations, the House and Senate Appropriations Committees set 302(b) allocations to divide total appropriations among 12 subcommittees, each dealing with a different part of the budget. Those subcommittees must then decide how to distribute funds within their 302(b) allocations. These 302(b) allocations are voted on by the respective Appropriations Committees but are not subject to review or vote by the full House or Senate. The table below lists the FY 2016 regular (non-war, non-disaster) appropriations, along with the Senate FY 2017 302(b) allocations for each of the subcommittees.1
Source: Senate Appropriations Committee, CBO.
The table excludes funding not subject to the spending caps, such as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO). The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 exceeded the President's request for OCO spending by about $16 billion in 2016, creating the opportunity to spend around the caps (see more on that in our blog).
Each subcommittee must propose a bill that ultimately must pass both chambers of Congress and be signed by the President in order to take effect. Although the budget process calls for 12 individual bills, many of them are often combined into what is known as an omnibus appropriations bill and sometimes a few are combined into what has been termed a minibus appropriations bill.
How are appropriations levels enforced?
If any appropriations bill or amendment in either house exceeds the 302(b) allocation for that bill, causes total spending to exceed the 302(a) allocation, or causes total spending to exceed statutory spending caps, then any Member of Congress can raise a budget "point of order" against consideration of the bill. The point of order can be waived by a simple majority in the House as part of the rule for floor consideration of the bill and overridden by a 60-vote majority in the Senate. If, despite these points of order, Congress enacts legislation increasing spending beyond the defense or non-defense caps, then the President must issue a sequestration order to reduce discretionary spending across the board in the category in which the caps were exceeded, effective 15 days after Congress adjourns for the year. Importantly, certain types of discretionary spending – including for OCO and for designated emergencies – do not count against the statutory caps.
What happens if funds are needed outside of the appropriations process?
Congress can pass a supplemental appropriations bill in situations that require additional funding immediately, rather than waiting until the following year's appropriations process. Supplementals are often used for emergencies such as natural disasters or military actions. Occasionally, Congress has used supplemental appropriations to stimulate the economy or to provide more money for routine government functions after determining that the amount originally appropriated was insufficient. Supplemental appropriations bills are subject to the same internal and statutory spending limits as regular appropriations. They require the same offsets to ensure they do not exceed spending limits unless designated as emergency spending.
What role does the President play in the appropriations process?
Although the President has no power to set appropriations, he influences both the size and composition of appropriations by sending requests to Congress. Specifically, each year the President's Office of Management and Budget (OMB) submits a detailed budget proposal to Congress based on requests from agencies. The appendix to the President's budget submission contains much of the technical information and legislative language used by the Appropriations Committees. In addition, the President must sign or veto each of the 12 appropriations bills, giving him additional influence over what the bills look like.
What is the timeline for appropriations?
The 1974 Budget Act calls for the President to submit his budget request by the first Monday in February and for Congress to agree to a concurrent budget resolution by April 15. The House may begin consideration of appropriations bills on May 15 even if a budget resolution has not been adopted, and is supposed to complete action on appropriations bills by June 30. However, none of these deadlines are enforceable and they are regularly missed. The practical deadline for passage of appropriations is October 1, when the next fiscal year begins and the previous appropriation bills expire. For a full timeline of the budget process, click here.
What happens if appropriations bills do not pass by October 1?
If the appropriations bills are not enacted before the fiscal year begins on October 1, federal funding will lapse, resulting in a government shutdown. To avoid a shutdown, Congress may pass a continuing resolution (CR), which allows for continued funding, providing additional time for completion of the appropriations process. If Congress has passed some, but not all, of the 12 appropriations bills, a partial government shutdown can occur.
What is a continuing resolution?
A continuing resolution, often referred to as a CR, is a temporary bill that continues funding for all programs based on a fixed formula, usually at or at least based on the prior year funding levels. Congress can pass a CR for all or just some of the appropriations bills. CRs can increase or decrease funding and can include "anomalies," which adjust spending in certain accounts to avoid technical or administrative problems caused by continuing funding at current levels, or for other reasons.
What happens during a government shutdown?
A shutdown represents a lapse in available funding, and during a shutdown the government stops most non-essential activities related to the discretionary budget. To learn more, see Q&A: Everything You Should Know About Government Shutdowns.
Do agencies have any discretion in how they use funds from appropriators?
Executive branch agencies must spend funds provided by Congress in the manner directed by Congress in the text of the appropriations bills. Appropriations bills often contain accompanying report language with additional directions, which are not legally binding but are generally followed by agencies. And in some instances, Congress will provide for very narrow authority or can use funding limitation clauses to tell agencies what they cannot spend the money on. That said, Congress often provides broad authority, which gives agencies more control in allocating spending. Agencies also have some authority to reprogram funds between accounts after notifying (and in some cases getting approval from) the Appropriations Committees.
What is the difference between appropriations and authorizations?
Authorization bills create, extend, or make changes to the law and specific programs and specify the amount of money that appropriators may spend on a specific program (some authorizations are open-ended). Appropriations bills then provide the discretionary funding available to agencies and programs that have already been authorized. For example, an authorization measure may create a food inspection program and set a funding limit for the next five years. However, that program is not funded by Congress until an appropriations measure is signed into law. The authorization bill designs the rules and sets out the details for the program, while the appropriations bill provides the actual resources to execute the program. In the case of mandatory spending, an authorization bill both authorizes and appropriates the funding for a specific program, without requiring a subsequent appropriations law.
Where are the House and Senate in the current appropriations process?
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 allows for appropriations levels for FY 2017 of $1.070 trillion, which is above the Budget Control Act sequester level caps. Both the House and Senate are expected to attempt to pass individual appropriations bills this year.
As of May 16, 2016, neither chamber has passed a budget resolution. However, Senate Budget Committee Chairman Mike Enzi (R-WY) used the authority provided in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015's language to establish a 302(a) allocation at the $1.070 trillion statutory cap level. The Senate Appropriations Committee has already approved the 302(b) subcommittee allocations, and the Senate has begun floor consideration of appropriations bills.
The House Budget Committee has passed a budget resolution that includes a 302(a) allocation of $1.070 trillion consistent with the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, as well as $73.7 billion for the Overseas Contingency Operations account. However, the full House has not yet voted on this budget and has not approved a deeming resolution. Consequently, the Appropriations Committee has not issued 302(b) allocations.
The House Appropriations Committee informally set subcommittee allocation for some of the bills only in order to move forward with consideration, but it has not formally approved full 302(b) allocations for all twelve bills.
For a detailed explanation of how the chambers can move forward with appropriations without passing a budget resolution, see our blog House and Senate Move Forward on Appropriations. To follow the progress of appropriations throughout the process, see our Appropriations Watch: FY 2017.
1 As of May 16, 2016, the House has not passed a budget resolution or deeming resolution setting a 302(a) allocation for FY 2017. Therefore, the Appropriations Committee has not established 302(b) allocations.
Adding Up Donald Trump's Campaign Proposals So Far
UPDATED: This analysis was originally published on February 13, 2016. It has since been updated to reflect new policies offered by the Trump campaign, changes in the Congressional Budget Office's baseline, and formatting that mirrors our other candidate analyses. You can view the original analysis here: http://fiscalfactcheck.crfb.org/how-do-donald-trumps-campaign-proposals-so-far-add-up-archive/
Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump has put forward seven major sets of initiatives on his campaign's website in the areas of U.S.-China trade relations reform, protecting second amendment rights, immigration reform, Veterans Administration reform, tax reform, health care reform (including a proposal to block-grant Medicaid), and paying for a border wall between the U.S. and Mexico. By our very rough and initial estimates, these initiatives together would add anywhere from $10.7 trillion to $15.45 trillion to the debt over the next 10 years, with our central cost estimate being that they would add $12.1 trillion to the debt, including interest.
Under this central cost estimate, debt held by the public would increase from nearly $14 trillion today to $36 trillion by 2026 (compared to about $24 trillion under current law). This means debt would grow from 74 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at the end of last year (and headed to 86 percent by 2026) to 129 percent by 2026. Under our high cost estimate, debt could reach as high as 141 percent by 2026, or reach as low as 111 percent assuming his plans also lead to significant economic growth.
Read the full explainer on our Fiscal FactCheck website.
Read the full explainer on our Fiscal FactCheck website.
Adding Up Secretary Clinton's Campaign Proposals So Far
Democratic presidential candidate and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has proposed numerous new spending & tax cut policies that are largely offset by her proposals to raise taxes on the wealthy and cutting other spending, according to a new analysis posted as part of our Fiscal FactCheck project.
Read the full analysis on our Fiscal FactCheck website.
Using independent estimates from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the non-partisan Tax Policy Center (TPC), and elsewhere, we estimate that Secretary Clinton's proposals would cost $1.8 trillion over a decade with interest, and they would be nearly fully paid for with $1.6 trillion of offsets – primarily from taxes on high earners. The $200 billion shortfall from Secretary Clinton's proposals can be fully explained and would be more than fully covered by the $275 billion of corporate tax revenue that the Clinton campaign has called for but has not yet provided enough detail for us to credit.
Though Secretary Clinton's policies would not substantially add to current law debt levels, it would keep debt at post-war record-high and rapidly growing levels. Under Secretary Clinton's proposals, debt held by the public would climb from 74 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at the end of last year to 86 percent of GDP by 2026.
Nine Social Security Myths You Shouldn't Believe
Summary of 4 myths related to 2016 campaign
Social Security is a vital program for tens of millions of seniors, dependents, and workers with disabilities, and it has been a hot topic of conversation in the 2016 election campaign as well as discussions in and outside of Washington. Unfortunately, the program is currently on a financially unsustainable path toward insolvency. Already, Social Security pays more in benefits than it is raises from payroll taxes, a trend that is projected to worsen as the baby boom generation continues to retire and life expectancy grows.
The Social Security Trustees project that the trust funds will run out of reserves in just 18 years, and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projects they will run out in 13 years. Little time remains to enact sensible changes that would avoid deep cuts for nearly all seniors and workers with disabilities.
Yet too little of the discussion in Washington and on the campaign trail is about the types of solutions necessary to fix Social Security, and too much is focused on perpetuating myths that cloud the discussion. In this paper, we identify and debunk nine such myths:
Myth #1: We don't need to worry about Social Security for many years.
Myth #2: Social Security faces only a small funding shortfall.
Myth #3: Social Security solvency can be achieved solely by making the rich pay the same as everyone else.
Myth #4: Today's workers will not receive Social Security benefits.
Myth #5: Social Security would be fine if we hadn't "raided the trust fund."
Myth #6: Social Security cannot run a deficit.
Myth #7: Social Security has nothing to do with the rest of the budget.
Myth #8: Social Security can be saved by ending waste, fraud, and abuse.
Myth #9: Raising the retirement age hits low-income seniors the hardest.
Below, we debunk these myths in the hopes that an honest discussion of the facts will lead the next President and Congress to come together and put Social Security on sound financial footing.
Read the short version as a printer-friendly PDF.
Myth #1: We don't need to worry about Social Security for many years
Fact: There is a high cost of waiting to reform Social Security.
According to estimates from CBO and the Social Security Trustees, the Social Security trust funds have sufficient reserves to pay full benefits through 2029 or 2034. This has led some to claim Social Security reform can be put off well into the future; they are wrong.
Although 2034 seems to be far away, many of today's newest retirees would likely still be on the program – turning 80 – and today's 49-year-olds would be reaching the normal retirement age. At that point, all beneficiaries would face an immediate across-the-board benefit cut of about one-fifth.
The cost of waiting to avoid this cut is high. The longer lawmakers wait to enact Social Security reform, the more abrupt and less targeted changes will have to be, the less time workers will have to plan and adjust, and the fewer the options policymakers will have. Perhaps more importantly, the size of the problem literally grows over time.
For example, based on projections from the Trustees, the payroll tax would need to rise 21 percent (2.6 points) today to make Social Security solvent but by 32 percent (4.0 points) if lawmakers wait until 2034 to act.
The size of the necessary across-the-board benefit cut would similarly grow from 16 percent today to 20 percent in a decade and 23 percent by 2034. If lawmakers exempted existing beneficiaries, that cut would be 20 percent today, 33 percent in a decade, and literally could not solve the problem by 2034.
Prompt action is the best way to keep the program solvent. For this reason, "the Trustees recommend that lawmakers address the projected trust fund shortfalls in a timely way in order to phase in necessary changes gradually and give workers and beneficiaries time to adjust to them… [and] allow more generations to share in the needed revenue increases or reductions in scheduled benefits."
Read more about the cost of waiting here.
Myth #2: Social Security faces only a small funding shortfall.
Fact: Social Security faces a large but manageable financing gap.
Although many have claimed Social Security's shortfall is small, the reality is that significant adjustments will be needed to bring spending and revenue in line. In 2016, Social Security will spend about $70 billion more on benefits than it will generate in tax revenue. As the population ages, that gap will only widen.
Social Security spending has already risen from 10.4 percent of payroll in 2000 to 13.9 percent of payroll this year. The Trustees project the cost of scheduled benefits to further grow to 16.7 percent of payroll by 2040 and 18 percent by 2090. Meanwhile, revenue will remain relatively constant at about 13 percent of payroll.
Addressing this large and growing gap will require significant adjustments. Even acting immediately to make Social Security solvent for the next 75 years would require the equivalent of an immediate 21 percent (2.6 point) payroll tax increase or 16 percent across-the-board benefit cut, according to the Trustees. CBO estimates that a much larger 35 percent (4.4 point) tax increase or 26 percent benefit cut would be necessary. Closing the program's structural gap permanently will require a much larger tax increase of 38 to 52 percent, or a spending cut of 27 to 32 percent.
These shortfalls are much larger than the shortfall closed in the 1983 Social Security reforms.
Myth #3: Social Security solvency can be achieved solely by making the rich pay the same as everyone else.
Fact: Eliminating the payroll tax cap would still leave a shortfall.
Currently, Social Security's 12.4 percent payroll tax applies to a worker's first $118,500 of wage income, and benefits are calculated based on that income. Though this "taxable maximum" is indexed to wage growth, it currently only covers about 83 percent of all wages – meaning 17 percent remain tax free.
One common suggestion for solving the Social Security shortfall is to lift or eliminate the taxable maximum so more income is subject to the 12.4 percent payroll tax. This change would significantly improve Social Security's finances, but it would not by itself make the program sustainably solvent – and thus other actions would be necessary.
According to the Chief Actuary of the Social Security Administration, eliminating the taxable maximum would extend the life of the trust fund by 32 years, close 71 percent of the program's 75-year gap, and close 34 percent of the structural gap by the end of the projection window. CBO estimates the same policy would extend the life of the trust fund by 10 years, close about 40 percent of the program's 75-year gap, and close 19 percent of the structural gap.
One reason this policy does so little in the longer term is that the current Social Security structure pays benefits based on the amount of income being taxed, so eliminating the taxable maximum would significantly increase future benefits for higher earners. Breaking this link between taxes and contributions so that higher earners pay more taxes but do not receive more benefits would allow policymakers to close 71 to 88 percent of the 75-year gap and slightly more than half of the structural gap.
Even in this case, more would need to be done to fully ensure solvency. Working within the confines of the current system, such a policy would likely need to be accompanied by changes that slow the growth of benefits and/or increase taxes on income below the taxable maximum.
Myth #4: Today's workers will not receive Social Security benefits.
Fact: Even if policymakers do nothing (which they shouldn't), the program will still be able to pay about three-quarters of benefits.
Social Security has been around since 1935, and there is no indication that anyone intends to eliminate the program. Although Social Security faces serious financial challenges, benefits would not disappear unless lawmakers acted to eliminate them.
While the Trustees expect the combined trust fund reserves to be depleted in 2034, payroll tax revenue will continue to flow into the trust funds. This revenue would initially be sufficient to pay 79 percent of scheduled benefits and would ultimately decline to 73 percent by 2090.
Rather than causing benefits to "disappear," the absence of legislation would probably either lead monthly checks to be reduced by about one-fifth (more in later years) or to be issued on a delayed basis, resulting in equivalent annual benefit cuts. This cut would apply to all current beneficiaries regardless of age or income as well as to future beneficiaries.
An immediate cut of that magnitude – particularly for older and lower income retirees – could be devastating. For that reason, most observers agree that Congress should take action to avoid such an abrupt cut.
Myth #5: Social Security would be fine if we hadn't "raided the trust fund."
Fact: The program's financial shortfall stems primarily from a growing mismatch between benefits paid and incoming revenue.
In the 1990s and 2000s, Social Security ran $1.1 trillion in primary surpluses, and including interest, it has accumulated $2.8 trillion of trust fund assets. Those assets are invested in special U.S. Treasury bonds and effectively loaned to the rest of the government. Many argue that these Social Security surpluses masked other deficits in the rest of the government and thus allowed policymakers to enact more deficit-financed tax cuts or spending increases than they otherwise would have. In that sense, it could be argued that Congress and the President "raided the trust fund."
However, regardless of how that money was used, the full $2.8 trillion is still owed to the Social Security trust fund under current law, and nearly all measures of Social Security's long-term projections assume the $2.8 trillion will be repaid. Redeeming these bonds will require the non-Social Security parts of government to tax more, spend less, and/or borrow more than would have otherwise been necessary. In nominal dollars, the Trustees project paying trust fund principle and interest will cost the rest of the government about $4.4 trillion through 2034.
The reality is that Social Security doesn't face financial problems because those funds will not be repaid (they will) but rather because the trust fund is dwarfed by the system's projected shortfall over time. On a present-value basis, the program is projected to spend $13.5 trillion more than it raises in revenue over the next 75 years – far more than the $2.8 trillion held in the trust fund. In other words, policymakers must identify $10.7 trillion, or about 2.7 percent of payroll, to make Social Security solvent even after the trust fund's holdings are paid back.
Myth #6: Social Security cannot run a deficit.
Fact: Social Security is running a cash deficit today, and it will keep running deficits until its trust funds run out.
Social Security is legally barred from going into debt; in other words, it cannot spend more than it takes in (or has transferred in) over the life of the program. However, the program can (and does) run annual deficits. In 2016, for example, Social Security will run a cash-flow deficit of about $70 billion. Over the next decade, the Trustees project cash-flow deficits of $1.5 trillion, and CBO projects deficits of $2.2 trillion. Even including interest income, the program is projected to begin running deficits by 2018 or 2020.
Because the Social Security trust funds currently hold $2.8 trillion in reserves, the program is projected by the Trustees to continue to run "annual deficits for every year of the projection period" until the trust funds are depleted in 2034. At that point, current law bars Social Security from paying benefits beyond what is collected in revenue.
Myth #7: Social Security has nothing to do with the rest of the budget.
Fact: Regardless of how Social Security is viewed, it interacts in many ways with the broader federal budget.
There are two different ways to look at Social Security: as its own isolated "off-budget" program or as part of the broader "unified" budget. We discuss these two frameworks in detail in our 2011 paper, "Social Security and the Budget." Both of these frameworks are valid, and both show the program to have a financial problem. If treated in isolation, Social Security is on the road towards insolvency. If treated as part of the unified budget, Social Security is adding to the deficit, and this effect will increase over time.
If viewed as an off-budget program, Social Security does not directly add to the "on-budget deficit." However, it indirectly contributes to the on-budget deficit because the interest payments it receives from the general fund are on-budget. It also receives funding from income tax revenue on Social Security benefits, which is technically on-budget, and has at times received general revenue transfers to compensate for policies that would reduce Social Security revenue (such as when lawmakers cut payroll taxes in 2011 and 2012).
Viewing Social Security as a self-financed program is not a reason to exclude it from fiscal constraints. In fact, this view highlights the need to make the program solvent for its own sake without relying on general revenue transfers or borrowing. To be self-sufficient, the program would need changes to bring spending in line with revenues.
Although Social Security is excluded from on-budget calculations, most economists consider the unified budget deficit to be a more meaningful measure of the government's fiscal health because it better measures the budget's impact on the economy. The Social Security system has been contributing to unified budget deficits on a cash-flow basis since 2010 and will continue to do so indefinitely. The federal government will have to borrow more, cut other spending, or raise taxes to make up for the Social Security system's cash-flow deficit.
The Trustees noted the impact of the Social Security program on the federal budget in their recent report:
The trust fund perspective does not encompass the interrelationship between the Medicare and Social Security trust funds and the overall federal budget ... From a budget perspective, however, general fund transfers, interest payments to the trust funds, and asset redemptions represent a draw on other federal resources for which there is no earmarked source of revenue from the public. In the past, general fund and interest payments for Medicare and Social Security were relatively small. These amounts have increased substantially over the last two decades, however, and the expected rapid growth of Medicare and Social Security will make their interaction with the Federal budget increasingly important.
Myth #8: Social Security can be saved by ending waste, fraud, and abuse.
Fact: Even eliminating Social Security fraud would close only a tiny portion of the shortfall.
One popular idea to reduce Social Security spending is to eliminate improper and fraudulent payments made by the program. Certainly, some beneficiaries are fraudulently collecting Social Security retirement and (perhaps more frequently) disability benefits, and policymakers should do whatever they can to prevent this. However, even eliminating all fraud would not significantly improve the solvency of the program.
Simply put, there is not nearly enough waste, fraud, and abuse in the system to significantly impact its costs. The Social Security Administration estimates that improper payments – or payments made to the wrong person, for the wrong amount, or with insufficient documentation – total about $3 billion per year. By comparison, benefits would need to be cut by about $150 billion per year to make the program solvent.
This means that even assuming that the government could fully eliminate improper payments and do so with no additional spending on anti-fraud efforts – an impossible task – it would only close 2 percent of the program's solvency gap. More realistic anti-fraud efforts would save only a fraction of that.
Myth #9: Raising the retirement age hits low-income seniors the hardest.
Fact: Raising the normal retirement age has roughly a proportional effect on benefits that actually affects the benefits higher earners slightly more.
One common proposal to improve Social Security's finances – raising the normal retirement age – has been criticized as disproportionally affecting lower-income seniors. This claim makes intuitive sense, since workers with higher incomes tend to live significantly longer than those with lower incomes. However, the claim is based on a misunderstanding of how the retirement age works.
Social Security actually has several retirement ages, including an earliest eligibility age (62), a normal retirement age (headed to 67), and a delayed retirement age (70). Raising the normal retirement age – the only policy of the three that would significantly improve solvency – does not change eligibility but rather reduces the benefits one can receive at any age. In other words, raising the normal retirement age does not affect when people can claim benefits; it only affects when people can claim full benefits or how much they are penalized for claiming early.
Thus, an increase in the normal retirement age would result in a roughly proportional cut in scheduled benefits (both annual and lifetime) for all beneficiaries regardless of how old they are when they retire and when they pass on. The fact that higher earners are living relatively longer over time reduces the overall progressivity of the Social Security program but has virtually no impact on the progressivity of changing the normal retirement age.
Social Security experts from the left and the right agree on this fact. Former Social Security Administration Deputy Commissioners Andrew Biggs of the American Enterprise Institute has explained multiple times that raising the normal retirement age does not impact lower-income beneficiaries any more than higher income seniors. Social Security Advisory Board Chairman Henry Aaron of the Brookings Institution recently made a similar point, noting that "'raising the full benefit age from 67 to 70' is simply a 24 percent across-the-board cut in benefits for all new claimants, whatever their incomes and whatever their life-expectancies."
Indeed, actual analysis of raising the normal retirement age shows it is actually likely to be somewhat progressive relative to benefit levels. For example, CBO finds raising the retirement age by one year would reduce lifetime benefits for the highest earners by 5 percent but only reduce benefits by 3 percent for the lowest earners. Similarly, the Urban Institute finds annual benefits would fall 5.9 percent for the top quintile of earners compared to 2.9 percent for the bottom quintile. The main reason for this progressivity is that workers on the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program – who are disproportionally lower income – are unaffected by changes in the retirement age even after they enter the old-age program. Studies that find the policy to be literally across-the-board generally exclude these workers.
One caveat is that some proposals to raise the normal retirement age would also increase the earliest eligibility age. Enacting these policies together leads to complicated distributional outcomes that could be viewed as progressive or regressive depending in part on which measure of distribution one views as most important (annual, initial, or lifetime benefits), how one accounts for behavior, and whether one takes into account non-Social Security benefits.
In any case, it would be a mistake to look at the distributional impact of only one aspect of a comprehensive Social Security plan in insolation. Many plans that raise the retirement age would make the system much more progressive overall.
Read a summary of the new myths relelvant to the 2016 Campaign as a printer-friendly PDF. (2 pp.)
Read the full document as a printer-friendly PDF. (10 pp.)
Options to Address SSDI's Financial Shortfall
Adding Up Senator Cruz's Campaign Proposals So Far
Senator Ted Cruz's campaign promises to date would cost more than $12 trillion over a decade, according to the central estimate calculated as a part of our Fiscal FactCheck project . As a share of the economy, debt under these policies would grow from roughly 75 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) today to 131 percent of GDP in 2026 (compared to 86 percent of GDP under current law).
Read the full explainer on our Fiscal FactCheck website.
Because of widely varying estimates of his consumption tax from outside organizations, there's a wide range of potential costs from $3 trillion to $21 trillion. Under the high-cost estimate, debt could reach as high as 163 percent of GDP and under our low-cost estimate – assuming significant economic growth – debt would remain on roughly its current course relative to the economy and reach 84 percent of GDP. However, even at the lowest estimate, debt would be be at record-high levels and increasing unsustainably.
Interest Rates and the Debt
This paper was updated on 12/16/15 to correct a typo
The PREP Plan: Paying for the Tax Extenders to Set Up Tax Reform
Before the end of the year, Congress will again consider renewal of the "tax extenders," a collection of more than 50 expired tax breaks for individuals and businesses. These tax breaks, which are often extended a year or two at a time, range from the research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit and a deduction for teachers that buy school supplies to special depreciation for NASCAR tracks and racehorses.
Reinstating the normal tax extenders retroactively for 2015 and extending them through the end of 2016 without offsets would cost nearly $95 billion over ten years. A permanent extension would cost nearly $500 billion. If temporary stimulus-era provisions and refundable tax credits were also continued, the cost would rise to almost $1 trillion. CRFB's Paying for Reform and Extension Policies (PREP) Plan, originally released in the fall of 2014, offers a better approach.
The PREP Plan includes principles that should be used for tax extenders legislation. It is paid for using $95 billion of offsets that increase tax compliance and decrease avoidance and includes a process for tax reform to happen in 2016.
Principles for Addressing Tax Extenders
- Address tax extenders permanently in the context of tax reform
- Fully offset the cost of any continuations without undermining tax reform
- Include a fast-track process to achieve comprehensive tax reform
|Ten-Year Savings
|Extend Normal Tax Extenders Through 2016
|-$95 billion
|Improve Tax Reporting and Enforcement
|$35 billion
|Increase program integrity spending
|$35 billion
|Improve various reporting and enforcement rules
|$5 billion
|Increase oversight and accountability of the IRS
|Close Loopholes that Promote Tax Avoidance
|$50 billion
|Close the "John Edwards/Newt Gingrich" S-Corp loophole
|$15 billion
|Close the carried interest loophole
|$15 billion
|Tighten deduction limits for executive pay
|$10 billion
|Close other loopholes which encourage evasion
|$10 billion
|Restrict Inversions
|$5 billion
|Enact a one-year inversion ban
|Reduce the profitability of inversions
|$5 billion
|Total Offsets
|$95 billion
|Establish Fast-Track Process for Tax Reform
*less than $500 million in costs or savings
Details of the PREP Plan
The PREP Plan assumes policymakers will enact a clean two-year extension of all the expired regular extenders. We assume bonus depreciation, which was originally put in place to help strengthen the economy during the recession, remains expired. In total, this would cost about $95 billion over the next decade, before interest. Note: we are not endorsing the choice to extend all expired regular extenders, just showing how it could be paid for.
The PREP Plan offsets this $95 billion cost by generating an equivalent amount of revenue with enforcement and savings from refundable credits. To ensure this package does not interfere with decisions that should be made in tax reform, its policies increase compliance within the current confines of the tax code (or spirit thereof). In other words, the package does not adjust tax rates, change the design or size of any tax expenditure, or otherwise alter the structure of the code. Instead, it increases enforcement, improves rules, and closes loopholes so that individuals and businesses pay the taxes they should be paying under the current code.
Many components of the plan have bipartisan support and draw from either the President's budget or former Ways & Means Chairman Dave Camp's (R-MI) Tax Reform Act of 2014. The PREP Plan also includes a fast-track process for broader tax reform, and it restricts "inversions" to allow time for that reform to be put into place.
Principles for Addressing Tax Extenders
- Address tax extenders permanently in the context of tax reform. With a few exceptions, there is little logic to writing tax policy for one or two years at a time. Comprehensive tax reform should decide whether to repeal, reform, or make permanent most tax extenders, and it should do so in the context of other decisions about tax rates, breaks, and the structure of the code.
- Fully offset the cost of any continuations without undermining tax reform. Tax reform will not be possible before the expired provisions must be addressed. In the meantime, any extension should be not undermine future tax reform efforts and should be fully paid for so as not to add to the debt.
- Include a fast-track process to achieve comprehensive tax reform. The need to act quickly is not an excuse to abandon efforts to reform a tax code that is complicated, anti-growth, and in many ways broken. Temporary action on extenders should advance a plan that would broaden the tax base, lower rates, promote economic growth, and reduce the deficit.
Improve Tax Reporting and Enforcement ($40 billion)
- Increase program integrity spending ($35 billion): The PREP Plan reduces the amount of unpaid taxes by providing dedicated mandatory funding for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to audit and enforce tax compliance. The IRS estimates that every $1 spent on program integrity can generate $6 of revenue.
- Improve various reporting and enforcement rules ($5 billion): The PREP Plan makes statutory changes to close the tax gap such as improving reporting on tuition and increasing various tax penalties.
- Increase oversight and accountability of the IRS: The PREP Plan includes increased internal and external oversight over the IRS along with the new funding.
Close Loopholes that Promote Tax Avoidance ($50 billion)
- Close the "John Edwards/Newt Gingrich" S-Corp loophole ($15 billion): The PREP Plan prevents self-employed individuals from avoiding payroll taxes by disguising wages as "business income."
- Close the carried interest loophole ($15 billion): The PREP Plan prevents hedge fund and private equity partners from paying lower rates by structuring their earned income as capital gains.
- Tighten deduction limits for executive pay ($10 billion): The PREP Plan removes exceptions to limits on the amount of wages a company can deduct as a business expense for its highest-paid employees.
- Close other loopholes which encourage evasion ($10 billion): The PREP Plan closes a variety of other loopholes by preventing investors from using shell companies to evade taxes, stopping cruise ship companies from using rules intended for cargo ships to avoid taxes, banning companies from borrowing simply to buy tax-exempt bonds, and preventing other tax evasion strategies.
Restrict Inversions ($5 billion)
- Enact a one-year inversion ban (<$1 billion): Companies are again showing increased interest in corporate inversions: the practice of an American company moving its headquarters overseas, often to lower its U.S. tax bill. The PREP Plan calls for a one-year ban on inversions to give time for tax reform that will increase the competitiveness of our tax system and reduce the pressure for companies to invert.
- Reduce profitability of inversions ($5 billion): The PREP Plan permanently limits "earnings stripping" among inverted companies, preventing them from deducting interest on intercompany loans designed to move income overseas.
Promote Comprehensive Tax Reform (to be determined by Congress)
- Enact a "fast track" process for tax reform: The current tax code is complex, anti-growth, and in need of an overhaul. Yet tax reform has proved elusive so far. The President and Congress should agree to put tax reform near the top of their agenda and establish a fast-track process for business tax reform, individual tax reform, or both. Any tax reform should broaden the tax base, lower rates, promote economic growth, improve fairness and simplicity, and reduce the deficit.
Download a printer-friendly version here.
FY 2015 Deficit Falls to $439 Billion, but Debt Continues to Rise
This paper was updated on October 15, 2015 to reflect the final end of year deficit as announced by the Treasury Department.
The Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 budget deficit totaled $439 billion, according to today's statement from the Treasury Department. Although this is roughly 10 percent below the FY 2014 deficit and nearly 70 percent below its 2009 peak, the country remains on an unsustainable fiscal path.
In this paper, we show:
- Annual deficits have fallen substantially over the past six years, largely due to rapid increases in revenue (largely from the economic recovery), the reversal of one-time spending during the financial crisis, small decreases in defense spending, and slow growth in other areas.
- Simply citing the 70 percent fall in deficits over the past six years without context is misleading, since it follows an almost 800 percent increase that brought deficits to record-high levels.
- Even as deficits have fallen, debt held by the public has continued to rise, growing from $5.0 trillion in 2007 and $7.5 trillion in 2009 to $13.1 trillion today. As a share of GDP, debt rose from 35 percent in 2007 to about 74 percent in 2014 and 2015.
- Both deficits and debt are projected to rise over the next decade and beyond, with trillion-dollar deficits returning by 2025 or sooner and debt exceeding the size of the economy before 2040, and as soon as 2031.
Unfortunately, the recent fall in deficits is not a sign of fiscal sustainability.
The Deficit in FY 2015
According to the Treasury Department, the federal deficit totaled $439 billion in FY 2015 (an initial report from the Congressional Budget Office on October 7th estimated the deficit at $435 billion), with $3.25 trillion of revenue, $3.69 trillion of spending.
Since 2009, the budget picture has changed significantly, with deficits falling by 70 percent, from $1.4 trillion to $439 billion. This reduction was driven mainly by the 54 percent ($1.1 trillion) increase in tax collections that has come largely as a result of the economic recovery but also due to real tax bracket creep, new taxes from the American Taxpayer Relief Act, the Affordable Care Act, and increased remittances from the Federal Reserve.
At the same time, nominal spending is only slightly higher than in 2009, even as the economy has grown, and inflation has eroded the value of this spending. Indeed, nominal spending has decreased in a number of areas, particularly due to the absence and reversal of financial rescue and economic recovery programs through the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), the rescue of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the expiration of stimulus spending. Defense spending has also fallen as a result of the drawdown in war spending along with spending caps (further reduced under "sequestration") on base defense spending. Meanwhile, non-defense discretionary spending has remained relatively flat in nominal terms since 2009, while Medicare, non-ACA Medicaid, and interest costs have all grown slowly relative to their historical trends.
With spending growing at a relatively slow pace, revenue has largely caught up – leading to a substantial reduction in deficits between 2009 and 2015. However, at $439 billion (2.5 percent of GDP), the deficit in 2015 was still significantly higher than the pre-recession deficit of $161 billion (1.1 percent of GDP) in 2007.
Deficits Fell From Record Levels, And They Will Rise Again
A 70 percent drop in annual deficits since 2009 is certainly significant, but it is less impressive than some would suggest when put in context. The rapid fall was from record-high levels and followed an even more rapid increase. At $1.4 trillion, the 2009 deficit was the highest ever in both real and nominal dollars, and the largest as a share of the economy except during World War II. The 2009 deficits represented a 779 percent increase from 2007 – only two years earlier.
While legislated spending reductions, tax increases, and other factors have played a role in reducing deficits from since 2009, the end of trillion-dollar deficits was largely the expected result of the recovering economy and the fading of measures intended to boost the recovery. As unemployment rates have fallen and GDP risen, revenue collection has returned to more normal levels and countercyclical spending has subsided in areas such as unemployment insurance and food stamps. Meanwhile, stimulus and financial rescue measures enacted to speed the recovery have mostly ended and are in some cases now generating income for the government.
Unfortunately, even with these gains, the deficit remains about 270 percent as high as in 2007 (1.4 percentage points higher as a percent of GDP) and is projected to grow over time. Under CBO's current law baseline, annual deficits will return to trillion-dollar levels by 2025. In 2016 deficits are projected to fall slightly however the likely continuation of tax extenders – even if only retroactively – means deficits will almost certainly rise that year. Under the more pessimistic Alternative Fiscal Scenario in which policymakers fail to pay for new spending and tax cuts, the deficit will reach $1.3 trillion in 2025, rapidly approaching the nominal-dollar record set in 2009.
As Deficits Fall, the Debt Keeps Rising
Arguably the most important metric of a country's fiscal health is its debt-to-GDP ratio. And unfortunately, even as deficits have fallen the last six years, debt has grown. Indeed, over the same period that deficits fell by 70 percent, nominal debt held by the public grew by about 75 percent – from $7.5 trillion to $13.1 trillion. As a percent of GDP, debt has also grown rapidly, from 35 percent of GDP in 2007 to 52 percent of in 2009 and nearly 74 percent in 2015. This puts debt at just under twice the 50-year historical average of 38 percent of GDP, and leaves it near record-high levels never seen other than around World War II.
Falling deficits have not prevented the debt from growing; rather, they have only slowed down the growth trend. While the debt-to-GDP ratio was essentially stable between 2014 and 2015 and may remain so for the next few years, debt is projected to continue growing faster than the economy over the long run. As the population ages, health care costs grow, and interest rates rise to more normal levels, CBO projects debt will rise from 73 percent of GDP in 2018 to 77 percent of GDP by 2025, and will exceed the size of the economy before 2040. Under CBO's Alternative Fiscal Scenario (AFS), debt will exceed the size of the economy by 2031.
The fact that deficits have fallen from their trillion-plus dollar levels is encouraging, but more a sign of the economic recovery than enacted deficit reduction. And unfortunately, Washington's myopic focus on near-term deficits has led to savings which will do little to alter the trajectory of our growing debt.
The significant decline in the deficit followed a massive increase in response to the economic crisis. Moreover, this decline does not suggest the country is on a sustainable fiscal path as debt levels are near historic highs and are projected to grow unsustainably over the long run. In only a decade, deficits are projected to again exceed $1 trillion, and within 15 to 25 years debt is projected to exceed the entire size of the economy.
Policymakers must work together on serious tax and entitlement reforms to put debt on a clear downward path relative to the economy, and should not declare false victories while sweeping the debt issue under the rug.
Download a printer-friendly version of the paper here.
This paper was updated on October 15, 2015 to reflect the final end of year deficit as announced by the Treasury Department. In addition, the paper is an update of "Deficit Falls to $483 Billion, but Debt Continues to Rise" from October 2014


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Search engines are appearing to be indexing gift registries and ranking them well enough to be found by unsuspecting online consumers. This causes the registry to show that people have ordered an item or two that the bride and groom have never received. I wrote up the long-winded story here but let me explain in short.
- I placed a link to my wedding registries from my wedding site.
- Search engine found the link and indexed my gift registry pages.
- Unsuspecting consumer searches for product ABC in a search engine.
- Searcher is presented with several options including my registry.
- They click over to my registry and find the product.
- They order the product and ship it to their home.
The unsuspecting consumer has no idea that they ordered it from my registry; they just know they ordered it from XYZ Store.com. However, the registry now shows that the items that the unsuspecting customers purchased have been fulfilled and the "wedding party" no longer needs them. But we do need them!
Andy Beal says that these are not "fraudulent" orders, as I called them here but rather "unfortunate" orders. GrayWolf adds that he is aware of several wedding registry scams that we should be aware of.
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It is well-known that in order to get a good return on investment in terms of marketing, online retailers need to be constantly in front of their customers.
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Google has introduced new tools and features to AdWords to specifically address the consumer shift towards mobile.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
New York Underground
What goes on under the streets of NYC.
The best in arts & entertainment, news, pop culture, and your mom since 2002.
What goes on under the streets of NYC.
Nice one.
Check out the myths of underground NY. There`s a little Flash quiz for you history buffs/geeks.
just me then.
Yes but your city will probably be destroyed before that happens, God willing. ;P
why dont you shut the drate up
No doubt about it.
I`ve lived there for 10 years and it`s great.
But seriously, I love New York. It`s a great place.
You must be logged in to post a comment.


text:
Season 4, Episode 7 Syria
First Aired: October 21, 2006
Fiona goes undercover to negotiate secret talks between a Syrian diplomat (Sam Dastor) and the British, but something from Fiona's past complicates the operation. Farook: Darrell D'Silva. Joumana: Nathalie Armin. Basheer: Bjan Daneshmand.
Guest Cast
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Bijan Daneshmand Bijan Daneshmand Basheer Shaloob
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Cast & Details See all »
- Premiered: May 13, 2002
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Trending TonightSee all »
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Royal Pains stars play the Newlywed Game
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- 1. Kit Harington
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text:
Danielle Fleischman RSS
is JTA's marketing associate, responsible for JTA's email database management and assisting with marketing projects. Danielle is from Santa Barbara, Calif. and is a graduate of Indiana University's School of Journalism. She served for two years as an editor at the Indiana Daily Student and has interned at B|W|R Public Relations in Los Angeles.
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5 bed flat to rentFlat F, 35-37 Noel Street, Forest Fields, Nottingham NG7
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5 bed flat to rentThe Poultry, Nottingham NG1
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Fhp Student Living are delighted to present another of Nottingham's newest developments at The Poultry, opposite Pret a Manger and a 5 minute walk from ntu city campus. £115 pp pw - Rents are fully inclusive The development consists of 2 five bedroom ...
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Available mid March, this spacious, period home has been fully modernised throughout and is ideally located for Nottingham city centre. Comprising in brief; two reception rooms, refitted kitchen, five bedrooms, four bathrooms, private rear garden and ...
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Aug 10, 1965
|Filing date
|Dec 17, 1963
|Priority date
|Dec 17, 1963
|Publication number
|Waldrum John E
|Original Assignee
|Amchem Prod
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (9), Classifications (15), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Aug. 10, 1965 E. WALDRUM NOZZLE FOR LIQUID SPRAYING DEVICE 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Dec. 17, 1963 INVENTOR.
United States Patent 3,199,786 NOZZLE FOR LEQEHD SKRAYING DEVICE John E. Waldrurn, Ambler, 232., assignor to Amchem Products, Ind, Ambler, Pa, a corporation of Delaware Filed Dec. 17, 1963, Ser. No. 331,185 1 (Ii-aim. (Cl. 239223) This invention relates to a nozzle for liquid spraying device and has as its objective the provision of a new and improved device of this general class.
The invention has particular application to a spray device for applying agricultural chemicals to a field and particularly relates to a spray device for use with relatively heavy, viscous liquids.
It is known to apply agricultural chemicals, such as herbicides, in the field by mechanisms generally known as mist applicators or cyclone applicators. Essentially such mechanisms include a fan, usually enclosed in a shroud, and an orifice for introducing the liquid to be sprayed into the air blast created by the fan. The fan is of a high velocity type, often generating blasts of air of 90 miles an hour or more.
The orifice for injecting the liquid to be sprayed into the air blast was heretofore usually either provided in the hub of the fan or a plurality of orifices was provided on the shroud in a position to inject the liquid into the air blast in the form of a stream.
The above-mentioned systems were usually quite satisfactory for water-thin liquids; however, when relatively thick, viscous liquids were used, and particularly when such liquids had a tendency to work-harden, a considerable pumping force was necessary to get the liquids into the blast of air. In those cases where considerable thickening and hardening took place, such modes of application were found to be practically useless.
In order to overcome the foregoing problems, liquid spray devices of a difierent character Were introduced. These are exemplified by Waldrum Patents No. 2,917,242 and No. 2,965,302. In Patent No. 2,917,242 the thick, viscous liquid was fed to a spinning recessed plate from which the liquid was discharged by centrifugal force through spray heads. In Patent No. 2,965,302 the thick, viscous liquid was discharged from rotating nozzles into an air stream with laterally projecting blades adjacent the nozzles being positioned in the downstream path of airflow.
The foregoing devices have proved to be quite satisfactory. However, under certain applications it has been deemed desirable to apply the thick, viscous liquid as a stream of relatively uniform droplets with the ability to hove some control with respect to the size and amplitude of the droplets.
Accordingly, a device was provided to meet the aforesaid problems in prior co-pending application Serial No. 303,906, filed August 22, 1963, with the inventor being John E. Waldrum. The liquid spraying device of said prior filed application basically comprised an inner stator, a rotor generally telescoped about the stator, and a fixed rotor cover telescoped about the rotor. A fixed stator support or inlet tube was provided which permitted liquid under pressure to enter the stator. The stator of the prior device had a plurality of teeth defining passageways between them in order to permit the liquid under pressure to depart from the stator by moving outwardly therefrom through the passageway. In so doing, the liquid was chopped into segments.
The outwardly moving liquid was immediately forced to enter a compartment of the rotor which, in a first em bodiment of the invention, was caused to revolve about its own axis by means of a driving belt. The liquid in the compartments of the rotor accordingly had a centrifugal "ice force imposed thereon by virtue of the rotation of the rotor.
The liquid in the compartments of the rotor was forced outwardly from the rotor by virtue of the pressure of other incoming liquid and also because of the centrifugal force imposed thereon. The liquid leaving outwardly frem the rotor then emerged from the liquid spray device by passing through small openings provided in the fixed rotor cover which was telescoped about the rotor. Furthermore, an end cover was secured for rotation with the rotor in order to force the liquid to pass through the aforesaid stator teeth, rotor compartments and openings in the rotor cover.
However, for certain applications it is desirable to spray a heavy, viscous liquid without having to perform substantial work thereon. It is also desirable to be able to secure such a spraying device to a conventional tractor boom.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a nozzle for a liquid spraying device which achieves spraying of a heavy, viscous liquid without the necessity of performing substantial work thereon.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a nozzle for a liquid spraying device which can be associated with a conventional tractor boom.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a nozzle for liquid spraying wherein the liquid will depart or be sprayed in the form of a stream of droplets in a desired manner.
Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of several devices embodying the present invention being secured to a conventional tractor boom; I
FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspectiveexploded view of one of the devices of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of the fully assembled device of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along the lines 4-4 of FIG. 3.
Referring now to the various figures of the drawing wherein like reference characters refer to like parts, there is shown in FIG. 1 a nozzle for liquid spraying device embodying the present invention. The various elements comprising the device 10 are shown in detail in the exploded View of FIG. 2.
Thus, the present device 10 comprises a liquid feed adapter 12, a drive shaft 14 extending through the adapter 12 and stator 16, the shaft 14 being secured in the socket of a rotor cap 18 to which the rotor 2th is secured. Hence, rotation of the shaft 14 is conveyed to the rotor cap 13 which in turn causes rotation of the rotor 20.
As shown in FIG. 1, the present device and several like like it may be associated with a tractor boom 22 that is mounted on a tank spray 24 that is positioned on carriage 26.
Each of the devices 10 are connected together in a manifold-type arrangement by means of short lengths of tubing 28 through which the material to be sprayed passes. The liquid to be sprayed is contained in the sprayer 24 and is conveyed to the devices 10 by means of pump 30 forcing the same through flexible hose 32 and then into the lengths of tubing 28. The drive shaft 14 of each of the devices 19 is rotated by means of belts 34 that are driven by hydraulic motors 36 having hydraulic lines 38 associated therewith. Of course, other drive means, such as a spindle or cable type drive mechanism,
as shown in FIG. 3, may be utilized, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
The various elements comprising the device are illustrated in detail in FIGS. 2 and 3.
The liquid feed adapter 12 includes horizontal arms 40 with appropriate threads in order to receive the lengths of tubing 28 in the manifold arrangement. The liquid feed adapter 12 further includes upper vertical arm 42 and lower arm 44. The upper vertical arm 42 receives the drive shaft 14 and certain of the various elements associated therewith, and the lower vertical arm 44 is associated with the rotor and the various elements in connection therewith.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, the drive shaft 14 extends from a point within the adapter 12, downwardly beyond the adapter 12 for a considerable distance. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the drive shaft 14 is of a hexagonal cross-section.
Attention is further called to FIG. 3 which shows that the drive shaft 14 is driven by a drive spindle 46. In the embodiment of FIG. 3 a spindle or cable drive mechanism is associated with the drive spindle 46. As shown in FIG. 2, the drive spindle 46 basically comprises a rod 48 and a plate 50. The rod 48 merges into the plate 50 through the boss 52 which has an integral sealing ring 54 slidably positioned thereon. The undersurface 56 of the plate 50 has a square opening 57 formed therein which receives pin 58 of the square cross-section that projects upwardly from drive coupling 60 in order that the rotation of the drive spindle 46 may be transferred to the drive coupling 60.
As shown in FIG. 2, the drive coupling 60 includes an upper flat end 62 from which the pin 58 extends. The coupling 60 further includes a narrow upper collar 64 and a wide lower collar 66 which are separated by restricted section 68. A short flange 70 depends from the collar 66 and has an internally threaded bore 71 which receives the threaded stem of a drive link 72 that is in the nature of a bolt. .The head 74 of the link 72 possesses a hexagonal opening 75 in order that the top end 77 of drive shaft 14 may be coupled with drive link 72.
It is to be noted that a sealing ring 76 with an inner diameter slightly greater than the plate 50 and equal to the diameter of spindle cover 78. is seated about the plate 50 and receives the spindle cover 78 havin'g'an annular collar 80 through which the drivespindle 46-extends. Finally, the upper assembly of the device 10 is completed by the provision of an adapter cover 82 with an enlarged top opening andinternal side threads that mate with the external threads 84 of the upper vertical arm 42.
It is thus seen thatrotationof the drive spindle 46 is conveyed through the pin 58 to the drive coupling 60 which is in turn operatively' connected through drive link 72 to drive shaft 14. i
As previously discussed, the rotation of the drive shaft 14 is conveyed to the rotor cap 18 which in turn causes rotation of the rotor 20. The aforesaid elements are associated with the liquid feed adapter 12 through the stator 16 'which includes an internally threaded bore 86 that mates with the external threads 88 of the lower vertical arm 44. In this connection it is to be noted that the sator 16 is fixed and does not rotate whereas the rotor is telescoped on the stator 16 and revolves thereabout,
with respect thereto. a
It is to be further noted that the stator 16 includes adjacent its lower end a flange 90 which serves as a bearing to support the rotor 20. As shown in FIG. 2 the rotor 20 includes a section 92 having an open upper end 94 as defined by wall 96.
As best shown in FIG. 3, the wall 96 of the rotor 20 depends downwardly with the inner surface 98 thereof then extending outwardly in a step 100 from which an inner wall 102 of spray section 104 extends. I
The outer surface 106 of the wall 96 generally paral-- lels the inner surface 98 but then moves outwardly in a broad flange 108 adjacent the step 100 from which the spray section 104 depends.
It should, therefore, be seen that the step 100 is telescoped about or is supported for rotation on the fiange 90 of the stator 16. Where desired a suitable bearing may be associated with the step 100 in view of the relative rotation between the rotor 20 and the stator 16. Of further interest is the fact that the spray section 104 of the rotor 20 extends beyond the edge of the flange 90 (as demonstrated by FIG. 4 which is a sectional view taken below flange 90, looking in a downward direction) in order that the material being sprayed may emerge from the stator 16 and pass through the rotating opening 110 in the spray section 104.
As shown in FIG. 2, the rotor cap 18 includes a socket 112 having a hexagonal opening 114 in order to receive the lower end of the drive shaft 14. The rotor cap 18 possesses openings 116 in order to permit the bolts 118 to be secured in appropriate openings in the end wall of the spray section 104 of the rotor 20. A thrust washer 120 adjacent the inner end of rotor 20 is also provided.
In operation several devices 10 may be associated with a tractor boom as shown in FIG. 1 or operated by a spindle or cable type drive mechanism as illustrated in FIG. 3. In either event the drive spindle 46 is caused to rotate by the drive mechanism. This in turn causes rotation of the drive coupling by virtue of its being secured to the drive spindle 46 through interfitting of the pin 58 of the coupling 60 in a complementary opening in the undersurface 56 of the plate 50 of the drive spindle .46. Rotation of the drive coupling 60 is thereby conveyed to the drive shaft 14 through the drive link 72. Rotation of the drive shaft 14 is in turn conveyed to rotor cap 18 by virtue of the drive shaft 14 being coupled to the rotor cap 18 through the socket 112. Since the rotor 20 is secured to the rotor cap 18, the rotor 20 rotates whenever the rotor cap 18 is rotated by the drive shaft 14.
Thus, liquid pumped to the device 10 through the lengths of tubing 18 passes downwardly through the lower vertical arm 44 of the adapter 12, through the stator 16 and then through the rotating opening 110 of the spray section 104 of the rotating rotor 20. Because of the centrifugal force of rotation of the rotor 20, the liquid is sprayed in a circular area, and emerges from the opening 110 in a steady arcuate pattern, but without substantial Work having been performed thereon; In this manner, adequate coverage of the heavy, viscous herbicide is achieved.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claim, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
What is claimed as the invention is:
A liquid spraying device comprising a fixed inner stator, means to supply liquid under pressure to said stator, a movable rotor having a spray section with spray openings, said rotor being generally telescoped about said stator with said spray section being positioned beyond said stator, a rotor cap including a socket secured to and adapted to drive said rotor, and drive shaft means extending through said stator and being secured within said rotor cap socket, said drive shaft means being driven by an assembly including a drive spindle and a drive coupling, a source of power associated with said drive spindle, said drive spindle including an undersurface having an opening adapted to receive a pin projecting from said drive coupling, said drive coupling also including a flange at an end opposite of said pin, said flange having an inter nally threaded bore adapted to receive the stem of a drive link having a head with an opening adapted to receive the internal end of said drive shaft means, whereby rotation of said drive spindle in conveyed through said pin to said drive coupling and then further conveyed through said drive link to said drive shaft means, WhQIeby.
5 rotation of said drive shaft is conveyed via said rotor cap to said rotor with the liquid passing through the moving openings of said spray section with the avoidance of the performance of substantial work thereon.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,047,699 7/3 6 MacLachlan 239-223 2,5 87,083 2/52 Andermatt 239-223 3,026,046 3 62 Wickham 239-223 3,029,027 4/62 Gray 239-222 6 3,044,441 7/62 Blakeslee 239-223 3,127,109 3/64 Frase 239-162 FOREIGN PATENTS 5 141,689 1/50 Australia.
OTHER REFERENCES German printed application, G 15,659, December 1956.
10 M. HENSON WOOD, 111., Primary Examiner.
EVERETT W. KIRBY, Examiner.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 5, 1934
|Jul 14, 1936
|Harold L Periman
|Spraying apparatus for liquid and semiliquid material
|Mar 14, 1946
|Feb 26, 1952
|Luwa S A
|Apparatus for atomizing fluids
|May 4, 1959
|Mar 20, 1962
|Colston Ltd C
|Dish washing machine spray impeller head
|Aug 12, 1957
|Apr 10, 1962
|Pittsburgh Chemical Company
|Apparatus for coating pipe surfaces
|May 6, 1960
|Jul 17, 1962
|American Can Co
|Spray coating apparatus
|Jan 2, 1963
|Mar 31, 1964
|Mobile dual oval pattern fertilizer
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 17, 1976
|Feb 8, 1977
|Horstine Farmery Limited
|Spray apparatus
|Apr 20, 1983
|Aug 13, 1985
|Cutler Repaving, Inc.
|Dual-lift repaving machine
|Jul 10, 1985
|Feb 24, 1987
|Ciba-Geigy Ag
|Apparatus for spraying plant-protective agents
|Sep 8, 1986
|Jan 3, 1989
|Shepard Industries, Inc.
|Rotary atomizer
|Jan 17, 1989
|Jan 15, 1991
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Pesticide spray nozzle
|Dec 3, 1990
|May 5, 1992
|Spray nozzles
|Jan 28, 1994
|Aug 15, 1995
|Vaughan; Jack M.
|Equipment for applying crusting agents to coal loads
|Mar 22, 1995
|Aug 13, 1996
|Regents Of The University Of California
|Adjustable spray system and assembly method
|Jul 9, 1999
|May 15, 2001
|Anton Jager
|Apparatus for the ejection of liquid
|U.S. Classification
|239/223, 239/600, 239/162, 239/172, 239/264
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 1, 1981
Owner name: UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION A CORP. OF N.Y.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:UNION CARBIDE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:003903/0689
Effective date: 19810608
Owner name: UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:UNION CARBIDE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:003903/0689


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Houses to let in Eton Way, Dartford DA1
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Vimy Drive, Dartford DA1End terrace house to rent - 5 bedrooms
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Fully furnished 5 bed family house maintained to a very high decorative standard. Kitchen: Gas hob, extractor hood, oven, fridge freezer and dishwasher. Granite work top. Garden door opens via L... ** Property Reference: 137853 **
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House Medic Handyman Service - Worthington, OH - Phone: (614) 846-1045
Jimenez Builders - Worthington, OH - Phone: (614) 540-2300
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Construction companies in Worthington are industry leaders in engineering construction, nurturing projects that span across diverse segments such as transportation, power, marine projects, oil and gas pipeline constructions, irrigation and water supply, utilities and urban infrastructure, etc. They bring to bear their wealth of engineering and construction expertise to develop infrastructure aimed at further propelling the nation forward. They specialize in large-scale civil constructions by leveraging new age construction technologies. They have been a part of prestigious projects across a multitude of verticals, creating everything from roads and bridges to dams and barrages, nuclear power generators and tunnels and metros. They are dedicated to sustainable development.
By: Lee Ann Rush Those ubiquitous, multi-flavored individual coffee servings sold in plastic pods known as Keurig K-Cups might have been a clever and novel idea at first, but they are quickly becoming an environmental disaster. In 2014, billions of plastic K-Cups were sold; enough to circle the earth more than 10 times! As bad as that sounds, it gets..


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Produce Greenhouse Goes Carbon-Neutral
Houweling's Hot House, a British Columbia-based greenhouse tomato and cucumber grower, has put into place what it calls the world's first carbon-neutral commercial greenhouse for fresh produce.
At Houweling's Oxnard, Calif., greenhouse, where 40 acres of greenhouse capacity was recently added, a 1.2 megawatt solar array runs the facility, also generating heat to let the greenhouse operate with greater efficiently during cooler weather, reports The Packer.
Additionally, the greenhouse employs a water recirculation system, whereby rainwater, as well as runoff from plants inside, is purified and reused within the facility, which totals 120 acres of greenhouses.
Kirk Homenick, director of sales and marketing, said that because the structure is taller than a standard greenhouse, it will let in 15 percent more natural light. The company expects to see increased yields of fresh produce, with a reduction in fossil fuel. And the fact that the greenhouse is a closed system means that fewer pests can get inside, reducing the need for pesticides.
Solar arrays installed with the recent 40-acre addition are enough to power all 120 acres.
The adjacent coolor facility has a system to capture and store waste heat, which is used to keep the greenhouses warm at night, according to the firm's sustainability Web page. To see a video about the greenhouse, click here.
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Written by Jen Finn
Caught under the weather
Based on U.S. Coast Guard reports
The loss of a fishing boat from capsizing or sinking often occurs very rapidly. Severe weather can cause or exacerbate the emergency, leaving the crew little time to react — to save themselves or the boat. In bad weather, there is no replacement for easy access to safety gear and the training to don or deploy it quickly.
During a February fishing trip in the Gulf of Mexico, a 32-foot fiberglass bandit-rigged boat was in the vicinity of a popular fishing ground known as the Elbow, about 75 miles west of John's Pass, off St. Petersburg, Fla. The bandit boat was loaded with about 1,000 pounds of amberjack after a successful weeklong trip. The season was scheduled to close in a few days, but the skipper and his crewman intended to head back to the dock the next day.
The skipper briefly rendezvoused with a sistership and discussed their trip and plans before steaming toward home. After the vessels separated, the skipper decided to try to top off his catch with some mango snapper on the way back in. The weather became rougher, with a low-pressure system running though the area. By the next morning the weather was deteriorating, creating 5- to 10-foot seas, wind gusts up to 40 knots, and periods of intense squalls. The National Weather Service issued a special marine warning later that day for a tornado watch in the area.
The skipper hailed the sister boat on VHF radio with a wake-up call at about 7:30 that morning. That was the last known contact from the bandit boat. Later that morning, the crew on the sistership made several attempts to contact the skipper. The owner of the boat also tried to contact the skipper via satellite phone. The owner stated that the satellite phone was not always charged, so there was no reason to be concerned with the safety of the crew and vessel at that time. The sistership's crew was not immediately alarmed, as they assumed the boat was making her way into the pass and port.
By the next day, when the bandit boat had not shown up at their dock, could not be located elsewhere in the port, and did not answer any calls, the owner reported the vessel overdue.
Coast Guard search and rescue resources located the superstructure of the boat and recovered the body of the crewman with a partially donned PFD the following morning about 20 miles west of St. Petersburg. The skipper could not be located. There was never any mayday heard from the vessel, its EPIRB was never activated, and its life raft had not been deployed.
Lessons learned
The bandit boat had been reported to be in good condition and seaworthy for the area by a marine surveyor about a year earlier when it was evaluated for insurance purposes. The owner reported that the manually activated category II EPIRB was located near the helm and should have been easy to access and activate. A life raft and the PFDs were secured under the roof structure, and were probably more difficult to access and deploy. The EPIRB was properly registered. Other safety and survival equipment were believed to be in full compliance with regulatory requirements.
The cause of this accident is unknown, but the weather was likely the predominant factor. Vessels of this size fishing in this area often ride their anchor in conditions like those reported. If anchored up to ride out the weather, the bandit boat could have been swamped by waves coming over the stern, causing the superstructure to separate, thereby flooding and sinking the boat. The superstructure was not recovered for analysis.
The body of the crewman recovered had a PFD that was not properly fastened. The condition of the crewman, that no other boats report hearing a mayday call, that the EPIRB had not been activated or recovered, and that the life raft had not been deployed or recovered suggest the boat was lost very quickly. In addition to the lack of a debris field, this points to severe weather as the primary factor in this tragedy.
Monitoring weather conditions at sea can give the crew time to don life jackets, or at least have them prepared to do so. Safety and survival equipment must be accessible and easy to deploy. All vessels should carry automatically deployed EPIRBs and life rafts, especially on the high seas or in cold-water regions.
Be aware, be prepared, be safe! Return to fish another day!
Legislators from Connecticut and Massachusetts complained about the current "out-of-date allocation formula" in black sea bass, summer flounder and scup fisheries in a letter to the U.S. Department of Commerce earlier this week.Read more...
The Southeast Alaska Fishermen's Alliance recently announced that the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation has awarded the organization a Hollings Grant to reduce whale entanglements in Alaska salmon fisheries by increasing the use of acoustic whale pingers to minimize entanglements in fishing gear.


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Message Subject
Is there School Surveillance Video of the Sandy Hook Incident?
Poster Handle
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Post Content
I've tried giving a plausible explanation as to why there is no usable video footage....ie: no cameras in the areas affected, cameras there but pointed in the wrong direction, DVR malfunction...etc. But all I do is get called a SHILL....so why bother anymore.
Anonymous Coward 32175879
But I will post this:
this accounts for about 15% of all Security Cameras you see
Anonymous Coward 32175879
I haven't heard from anyone related to the investigation
officially say that the cameras failed, or even that there were cameras.
Let's say you were "in charge" of video surveillance and had a elementary school(s) that YOU had failed to install cameras in or had installed some cameras but several had failed due to say, a electrical storm, vandalism or such and you hadn't "gotten to fixing them yet"....and BAM! the worst thing happens, would you be all gung-ho to get that info out to the public???...sure you would!
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Reason for reporting:
The dangers of ramen noodles are self-evident to most, however there will always be those who will deny the dangers of consuming them.
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