text:
May 31, 2016Eknath Khadse out? His fate rests firmly in Devendra Fadnavis' hands
May 29, 2016Central Railway launches safety 'panic button' feature for women passengers
May 27, 2016Dombivli boiler blast: Police book factory owners; toll reaches 11
May 27, 2016US asks Pakistan to co-operate with India on 26/11 investigations
May 25, 2016Bombay HC admits petitions challenging Act on ...
May 23, 2016Khadse in more trouble: Charges of illegal purchase of ...
May 23, 2016Maharashtra cop who scaled Everest suffers frostbite, ...
May 18, 2016Mumbai to host its first food truck festival
May 18, 2016The trillion litre question: From where does Mumbai get ...
May 17, 2016Maharashtra: Closed pipelines to soon be used to supply ...
May 16, 2016Worrying trend: 144% rise in abortions among Mumbai ...
May 16, 2016Haul of fame: How Indian women are showing off their ...
May 13, 2016Court rejects Chhagan Bhujbal's bail plea in money ...
May 13, 2016Maha grants licences to three dance bars, but imposes ...
May 12, 2016Allot Adarsh flats to widows of Kargil war heros, ...
May 12, 2016Mumbai: Trupti Desai prays at Haji Ali Dargah, but not ...
May 10, 2016Matheran toy train services suspended after two recent ...
May 10, 2016Grant licenses to eight dance bars by 12 May, SC tells ...
- Why target Tanmay Bhat? Lata Mangeshkar, Sachin aren't bothered
- Modi's Afghan outreach compromised by Delhi's bureaucratic hurdles
- Italian marine Girone returns home: Will India now get entry to the Missile Transfer Control Regime?
- Pay money to get rid of your sins? Religion in India has become a business: The Aakar Patel column
- Suicide watch: What counsellors who work on the front lines have to say
- Vadra again: Dear BJP, if the Gandhi son-in-law is really guilty, why isn't he behind bars?
- Sonia's defence of Vadra shows he has blessings of Gandhi family: BJP
- Manipur: Agitation to intensify against CM Okram Ibobi's anti-migrant bills
- LIVE: Fire at Pulgaon ammunition depot doused completely; 20 killed, 90 injured
- Pulgaon fire: PM Modi, Maharashtra CM Fadnavis offer condolences
- 'Waiting' review: Naseeruddin Shah and Kalki Koechlin shine in a lovely film
- 'Brahmotsavam' review: Mahesh Babu is good, but the film puts you in a deep slumber
- 'Buddha In A Traffic Jam' may be shallow and daft, but it isn't propaganda
- 'Criminal' movie review: A mediocre thriller with nothing to recommend it
- Death of a Gentleman review: A film that tells you cricket isn't as white as its uniform
- Nextbit Robin review: Great looks, seamless cloud storage, but is that all?
- ASUS ROG G501VW review: An excellent laptop, if you don't mind the heat
- Micromax Canvas 6 review: At Rs 13999, the smartphone will face stiff competition
- Lenovo ZUK Z1 review: Good combination of hardware and software that is priced right!
- Pebble Time Steel review: An absolute delight, but remember it is not your conventional smartwatch
- The Beckenbauer column: France, Germany and Spain favourites for Euro 2016
- Beware England! Slovakia stun Germany in a friendly to fire warning ahead of Euro 2016
- UEFA lift Mamadou Sakho's provisional suspension for failing dope test
- Joachim Loew gives youth a chance for Slovakia friendly before Euro 2016
- New ammo for the Gunners: Arsenal signs 23-yeal-old midfielder Granit Xhaka
- Attacks on Africans: Envoys put the ball in Indian govt's court
- Imparting 'core values' through Gita, Mahabharata is no saffronisation of education
- Attacks on Africans: MoS Rijiju promises 'strictest possible action' against racist assaults
- Chinese govt says controversial detergent TV commercial 'improper' but not racist
- Foreign secretary S Jaishankar meets African students, assures safety


text:
Walmart Associate Scholarship
- Website Address
- https://walmart.scholarsapply.org/associate/
- Contact
- Scholarship Administrator
- Address
- 101 ACT Drive
- Iowa City, IA 52243-4030
- Email Address
- Application Deadline
- Varies
- Number Of Awards
- See Description
- Maximum Amount
- $16,000
- Scholarship Description
- The Walmart Associate Scholarship Program is administered by Scholarship America on behalf of the Walmart Foundation. Walmart Associate Scholarships cannot be offered to every applicant who meets the eligibility. To be eligible for the Walmart Associate Scholarship, applicants must meet all of the following criteria:
-Must be a U.S. Citizen or Permanent Legal Resident of the United States
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-If applying as a graduating high school senior, must wait to apply until you are within 6 months of starting your college courses
-Must have financial need and be able to demonstrate the need with required documents (Note: Students with other funds that pay entirely for tuition, books, fees, and on-campus room and board are ineligible)
For more information or to apply, please visit the scholarship provider's website.
See if you qualify for this award
Learn more about this scholarship and many more.
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- McDonald's of Southern California Ronald McDonald House Charities/African-American Future Achievers
- Microsoft Imagine Cup Earth Online Contest
- Microsoft Imagine Cup Games Competition
- Microsoft Imagine Cup Hello Cloud Online Competition
- Microsoft Imagine Cup Innovation Competition
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- Penguin Publishing Group's Signet Classics Student Scholarship Essay Contest
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- Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC) Scholars Award
- Ronald McDonald House Charities African American Future Achievers
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- Wells Fargo's CollegeSTEPS Sweepstakes
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Financial Aid
Latest College & Financial Aid News
Protestors Bully Conservative Guest Speaker, President Not Happy
May 27, 2016
by Susan DutcaOne former and one current DePaul student disrupted a presentation at the school's student center earlier this week. One of them snatched the microphone from the interviewer and appeared to threaten the guest speaker, Milo Yiannopolous, with it. The disturbance was reportedly due to the fundamental disagreement with the subject matter being presented, as it ran counter to that of the protesters [...]
12 Year-Old Genius To Be A Doctor By Age 18?
May 24, 2016
by Susan Dutca12-year-old Tanishq Abraham has already earned three associate's degrees and has been accepted to two University of California system four-year colleges. 60 percent of college students today are twice that age before they earn a single bachelor's degree. Tanishq Abraham started taking college courses at age 7 and has been accepted to UC Davis and received the highest honor - a Regents [...]
Netflix & Apply for Scholarships
May 19, 2016
by Susan DutcaNetflix is every college student's delight and distraction. What should've been a two-hour study session ended up being 5 hours of watching Game of Thrones. Apply for one of these Top 10 Scholarships in the time it takes you an episode or two of your favorite TV series. The Scholarships.com "Tell A Friend" $1,000 Sweepstakes Deadline: 6/30/2016 [...]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Qur'an & Tafsir (138)
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Latest Questions
- Protected: Islamic emphasis on gold and silver
- Maulana Sheikh Hisham's name Ihda
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- Prayers on Nisfu Sha`ban
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- baya` and muraqabah
- to find a job
Most Popular
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- The Most Powerful Wazifa
- Reciting "ya Hayyu, ya Qayyum" before dawn
- Wazifa for the baby boy
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- Prayer Request: Serious Blackmagic done on me
Tag Archives: Turkey
Conquest of Byzantium
I am studying history, and have been reading about the conquest of Byzantium, especially the venerable city of Constantinople – now Istanbul…
Continue reading
Posted in History Tagged Byzantine Empire, Christianity, Crusaders, Islambul, Istanbul, Ottoman History, Roman Empire, Sayyidina `Isa (as), Turkey Comments Off on Conquest of Byzantium
Wazifa website
this time i am not asking any questions.i just would like to tell u that i have made a website for turkish muslims in turkish language. Continue reading
Posted in General Tagged handbook, Imam Rabbani, Istanbul, language, Mawlana Shaykh Nazim Adil al-Haqqani, mureed, Muslims, sufi saints, Turkey, Turkish, wazifa, website Comments Off on Wazifa website
I would like to know whether me and a group of sisters could get Shaykh Nazim's permission to visit Istanbul, Turkey… Continue reading
Dream: Dagger and Sword Of Prophet Sal Allaho Alaihi Wasallam
I work in a call center hence sleep routine is different. I want to bring to your knowledge that it's my habit to listen to quran in mp3 player… Continue reading
Posted in Dream Interpretation Tagged amanat, broken, cab, call center, dagger, holy relics, Imam Mahdi, mp3 player, Prophet Muhammad (s), Quran, revive, saints, sleep routine, Sunnah, sword, taxi, Topkapi Palace, travel, Turkey, ummah, white Comments Off on Dream: Dagger and Sword Of Prophet Sal Allaho Alaihi Wasallam


text:
Characters in GTA Advance
Category page
11,151pages on
this wiki
this wiki
Pages in category "Characters in GTA Advance"
" Federico is a character in Grand Theft Auto Advance. He is local drug dealer in the Trenton...
" Freddy is an associate of Jonnie who has, according to Jonnie,'been playing me for a fool with...
Freddy (GTA A)
" Tomas is an associate of Pat, who asks him (along with Georgie and Rafael), however, all four...
" Pat is a character in the Grand Theft Auto series who appears in Grand Theft Auto Advance. He is...
" Scorelli is a criminal based in Liberty City, who in 2000 angers 8-Ball by putting a friend of...
Media in category "Characters in GTA Advance"
Posted in: Federico
Posted in: Freddy (GTA A)
Posted in: King Courtney
Posted in: Characters in GTA III
Posted in: Grand Theft Auto Advance
Posted in: Slick


text:
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Penntext Reviews and Ratings
PenntextSeller rating: (1,705) 93% *
Seller since July 2011
- Ships From
- Downingtown, PA
- Shipping Method
- Standard, Expedited
Penntext Ratings & Buyer Feedback
I got all what I ordered. I'm so thankful!
This book has extensive highlites in it and is missing a lot of pages.
Fast service aaaaa+
There are numbers written everywhere, and random things highlighted on just about every page. I'm surprised this book is still being rented but it still does the job. It's a great book.
Book came right away. easy transaction. Would buy from again
The book arrived in a timely manner and is in great condition
Book was in amazing conditioin
Great condition, great book
I did not get a cd with this book as promised. I am still waiting on the cd.
I received textbook, the words were true. Textbook was like new. I was satisfied delivery was on time
The book was in decent condition, even though used. I've gotten lots of books from Valore, over the years, and this Penitent seller is, also, a good representative for them.
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text:
Crocheted Blankets For Baby
Leisure Arts 3527
$8.50 $7.98 + $3.39 shipping within the U.S.
In Stock. Usually ships in 1-2 business days.
Item: LA3527 - Type: Crochet Patterns.
Wrap Baby in a blanket that's almost as sweet as those tiny little fingers and toes! These eight cozy crochet afghans are made using Homespun Baby yarn by Lion Brand Yarn Company. Patterns included: Baby Ripple Blanket, Granny square Baby Blanket, Hooded Blanket, Striped Squares Blanket, Sweet Pea Baby Blanket, Granny Shells Blanket, Marigold Squares Baby Blanket, Baby Stripes Blanket
123Stitch.com ships via the U.S. Postal Service to anywhere in the world. Orders to the U.S. typically arrive 3-5 days after we ship.
Shipping charges are shown in your shopping cart every time you add an item.
If you are not completely satisfied with any of our products, you can return it to us within 30 days for a full refund.
|Reviews From Customers Who Purchased This Item
on 03/01/2014 - .
The baby afghans featured are to be used with Baby Homespun which has been discontinued.
on 03/01/2014 - Worthless pattern book. .
The baby afghans featured are to be used with Baby Homespun which has been discontinued.
Other Popular Items You May Like
|Afghan Collector's Series 1993 - 2000 DVD by Annie's Attic
This unique collection contains original creations from the world's premier afghan designers and is filled to the brim with unforgettable samplings of the best afghan patterns crochet has to offer. Whether a novice or skilled artisan, there's something for everyone in the collection. Fully searchable PDFs and printer-friendly patterns and charts, complete with detailed stitch information, are included. On the disc are 12 sections of different style afghans: Granny Square Traditions, One-Piece Classics, Country at Heart, Take-along Blocks, Thrifty Scraps, Ripple Sensations, Aran Heirlooms, Quilt-look Favorites, Baby Love, Mile-a-Minute Wonders, Victorian Elegance, 12-Hour Time Savers.
DVDs are both PC and MAC compatible, as well as US television/DVD-player compatible.
|$39.99 $33.99
|Kids Caps - Crochet Patterns by Leisure Arts
Delight your little ones with fun and colorful winter caps! Everyone will want one, so be sure you have lots of material! Over 6 designs with easy-to-follow instructions will make each project fast and fun. Patterns included: Brrr-Braids, Winter Warmer, Chill Breaker, Frist-Free, Cozy Cuddle, Defroster, Cool Charmer.
|$6.95 $6.52
|Pineapple Doilies - Crochet Pattern by Leisure Arts
Show off your creative side with these 6 pineapple motif designs for doilies. From the quick-and-easy Four-Square Pineapple to the challenging Posh Pineapple, a hexagon of richly textured stitches, you'll do great -- just follow the diagrams!
(1 review)
|$3.50 $3.28
|Gold Tone Peach Epoxy Fish Hook Dangle Flamingo Earrings
Gold Tone, Peach Epoxy, Fish Hook Dangle Flamingo Earring Set. Drop 1 3/4.
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Length approximately 20" with 3" extender. Lobster claw clasp. Fish hook ear wire.
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text:
Adam Lambert Realized He Was Gay In Sixth Grade; Coming Out To Parents Was 'Easy'
North Carolina Republican Leaders Pressure Charlotte To Repeal LGBT Protections
San Francisco 49ers Want North Carolina Anti-Gay Law Repealed
Glenn Beck Condemns Hersheypark's Transgender Bathroom Policy: Next Stop Is Pedophilia
Hersheypark: Guests, Employees May Use Restrooms With Which They Gender-Identify
Raven-Symone Says She Was Pressured By Hollywood To Remain Closeted
A Baptist church's message has people
in Trenton, Georgia talking.
Calvary Baptist Church's marquee sign
read after the general election: "ELECTION / GAYS WIN / UNBORN
President Barack Obama, who won a
second term on that night, is a gay rights ally and is pro-choice.
According to NBC
affiliate WRCB, Pastor Billy Wallace would not speak to them
about the sign.
"That's not right," Fredia Hoffman
said. "That's your opinion. You need to keep it to yourself,
instead of sticking it out here for everyone to read. There's going
to be a lot of differences in people's opinions and how they feel
about that."
Kathy Everett disagreed, saying the
sign was truth.
"It's true, and it is what it is,"
she said. "I'm proud to see someone stand up and believe what it
Clay Moreland, pastor at Woodlawn
Baptist Church of Trenton, commented to The
Christian Post about the sign's message.
"The truth will stand and people
don't like the truth," he said, adding that the election results
were "another sign that Jesus is coming soon."
Eddie Cantrell, senior pastor at
Trenton First Baptist Church, said the sign was "not something I
would do."
"I do not believe that any sign will
convert a person," he said.
On Top Magazine


text:
Please remember to follow the manual of style and code of conduct at all times.
Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in our IRC channel #bulbagarden on irc.systemnet.info.
Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in our IRC channel #bulbagarden on irc.systemnet.info.
Milotic (Dragons Exalted 28)
From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
Revision as of 09:31, 23 July 2012 by BulbaBot (Talk | contribs) (r2.6.5) (Robot: Modifying de:Milotic (Dragons Exalted 28))
Milotic (Japanese: ミロカロス Milokaross) is a Water-type Stage 1 Pokémon card. It is part of the Dragons Exalted expansion.
Card text
Pokédex data
|Milotic - Tender Pokémon
|20'04" (6.2 m)
|357.1 lbs. (162.0 kg)
|Pokédex entry
|Its lovely scales are described as rainbow colored. They change color depending on the viewing angle.
|にじいろと いわれる きれいな ウロコは みるほうこうを かえると さまざまな いろに へんかする。
Water Pulse is a move in the Pokémon games that Milotic can learn. This card's Pokédex entry comes from Pokémon Black and White.
|This article is part of Project TCG, a Bulbapedia project that aims to report on every aspect of the Pokémon Trading Card Game.
Latest Pokemon News
- US field tests for Pokémon GO now live: New features revealed
- Mew to be available via Trainer Club newsletter: Second chance for players that missed out
- Black & White to air on Disney XD Asia starting June 4: Pokémon anime returns to Malaysia ...
- Mark McQuillan's Shiny Machamp to be distributed at the European National Championships: Live ...
- Video Game National Championships announced for HK and Taiwan: Shiny Mewtwo to be distributed ...


text:
Relevant offers
More than 20 people have lost their jobs after a devastating fire at an Auckland luxury boat builder's yard which also destroyed a $60 million super yacht.
Fire investigators are still working to determine the cause of the fire, which broke out at McMullen and Wing yacht and boatbuilding in Mt Wellington at about 1am on August 12, but arson had been ruled out.
The vessel at the centre of the fire, Star Fish, was a 50-metre super yacht being built for Hong Kong-based Aquos Yachts, which was only about six months away from completion.
Commercial manager Michael Eaglen said the fire had left the company with no option but to restructure the business and the devastating news of job losses was given to staff last week.
He said he was not able to say exactly how many people had lost their jobs but confirmed it was more than 20.
Eaglen said the main reason for the job losses was because there was expected to be significant delays before rebuilding could begin as it was expected to be a long time before the cause of the fire was determined and insurance could be settled.
He said the future of the company had been seriously affected.
"It's too early to prejudge if or when we are in a position to rebuild," Eaglen said.
"It was a very painful day. We acted as quickly as we could. It's a big process and we have been involved in one-on-one discussions with all our guys."
Eaglen said discussions with affected workers were progressing relatively well but it was difficult as many of the workers losing their jobs were the "fabric" of the organisation.
"We're working closely with them to help them find reemployment. It's going quite well. We've [identified] opportunities for some of the workers outside Auckland and in Auckland so far.
"McMullen and Wing has a long history of building luxury and high-performance yachts including New Zealand's America's Cup winning yacht Black Magic.
- Auckland Now
Sponsored links
Power outages across Auckland after heavy rains, wind
Caution urged on roads as heavy rains batter North Island
Will and Kate love Orewa toy train
Triple success at Smokefreerockquest for Pukekohe High School
"Dynamic lane control" peak traffic trial planned to unlock congestion
Five of the best places to buy art in Auckland
Fletcher gets go-ahead for Ihumatao special housing area
Pukekohe man lives life to full after macular degeneration diagnosis
Auckland Art Fair returns with bigger scope after three year break
Pukekohe medical practice claims award with community-led health care system
Stylish art on view at Waiheke Winter Arts Festival over Queen's Birthday
Allergies keep Auckland woman living in isolation
'It was bloody scary' – plane door appears to come ajar mid-air during domestic NZ flight
Power outages across Auckland after heavy rains, wind
Key gets tough on Auckland with new policy forcing councils to release land
Mangere school gets apology over sex offender neighbour
Day after day after day of rain in Auckland a 'rare occurrence'
Caution urged on roads as heavy rains batter North Island
Arthritis sufferer tackles base camp challenge
Black Caps fans welcome home returning World Cup heroes in Auckland
Tragedy strikes during dune motorbike ride
Lotto winners promise 'random acts of kindness'
Masala restaurants fined for exploiting migrant workers
Crown Lynn pottery museum set to open
New Zealand's most expensive homes for sale
'Victory for the little guy' after resident receives power cut payout
Lifeguards who saved life of 'clinically dead' Zumba instructor have emotional reunion
Schools luring teachers to Auckland with help of accommodation
Racing industry anti-corruption boss should resign over fatal affair, says husband
Holding on to hope when a loved one is lost
Power outages across Auckland after heavy rains, wind
Mum-of-three Amanda Ferreira loses her battle with cancer
Agent woos house sellers with Chinese demand
Schools lose half their students as poverty forces families to move
Are you happy with the council rates revaluation on your home?
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text:
Hello all,
We are planning to take a trip out to San Francisco last week of August with our son's 16 and 23. We will be spending a few days in the city and surrounding area. We've been there a few times and we've also been to Yosemite, Lake Tahoe, Carmel, Big Sur, Hearst Castle which we all loved!! We have never been up North with the exception of Mendocino for a day and of course Napa and Sonoma.
Could anyone out there familiar with the area North of Sonoma give us some advice on some great places to explore? We love nature and day hiking and beautiful sights. We would like to take about 4-5 days somewhere and maybe base and then move around a bit for day trips out. Things that look interesting are Lassen Ntl Park and Burney Falls. Just wondering what a good route or loop would be and possibly stopping in Healdsburg area either on the way up or back to San Fran. Woudl it be too much to try to go to sections of the North Coast as well? We also don't mind changing areas and splitting the days. Does anyone out there have any suggestions on some great things to see that we shouldn't miss? Thank you for your help!!
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Hello all,
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Not sure how far North you want to go, but check out Trinidad, CA -- beautiful scenic area with some great hiking. Not crowded at all.
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The Redwood Parks, both state and national between Leggett and Crescent City offer a lot of easy walks/hikes, ocean views/access/ You could take Higway 1 along the coast from SF to Leggett northbound and then on the return just stay on 101.
Point Reyes, Bodega Bay, Fort Ross, Mendocino, Fort Bragg, etc all offer interesting opportunities on the coast. You also have the Skunk Railroad that runs excursions out of Fort Bragg. Not as much to see on 101 south of Leggett, but Healdburg, Santa Rosa and Sonoma can be of interest. Sonoma has a lot of early CA history.
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Lassen is a great place to visit, Cinder Cone is great if you want to see the whole park. http://blog.roadtrippers.com/lassen-volcanic-national-park/ has more about interesting places in Lassen.
Also I suggest crossing the border into Oregon and visit Crater Lake. Lots of great hiking and it's breathtaking to see the lake in person.
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Hwy 1 is just amazing, South and North. Tons of little towns, but if anyone gets motion sickness, be warned, it is twisty. Point Reyes, Bodega Bay, Fort Ross, Mendocino, Fort Bragg are all great, but wonderful tiny spots like Sea Ranch, Gualala on the way up to Mendocino. Anchor Bay is a small campground in Gualala; I think they still rent the house on the cliff/hill. There is a cut over from Hwy 1 to I-5 somewhere up there, through wonderful redwoods.
If you go inland, I highly recommend Mt. Shasta City, McCloud, Burney Falls, and Dunsmuir all about 1.5 hours from each other. Beautiful country! You can drive up to about 7,000 feet on Shasta and then hike up to some snow. If you go to McCloud, there is the wine, dinner train. Go out to the lake, drive all the way to the dam, wonderful, easy hike down the river, but be aware that the drive from town to the dam is about 30-40 mins. Burney Falls is a must see, but skip Mosquito Lake. Castle Crags, south of Dunsmuir is beautiful, have never hiked it, but very popular. Lake Shasta is south too and nice to visit, it will be very low at this year and that time of the year. From Lake Shasta south on Interstate 5 (I-5) you get into the Valley and it will be 110 degrees and flatland, recommend you stay north. Unless you go to Lassen, then also go to Lake Almanor. You can take the back road from McCloud to Burney to Lassen and Almanor. Hwy 36 will take you down to Chico, nice small college town. All of these areas are off of I-5. Or you can continue going North up to Oregon, about 1.25 hours from Mt. Shasta City.
You could go to the Wine Country, head up Hwy 1, then cut over to 1-5 and the Shasta area. Very doable in 4-5 days.
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My bad Hwy 32 not 36 Lake Almanor to Chico. And this earthquake is crazy rare. Have family there for over 25 years and never had one this big.
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I second the Redwood parks and all along the coast from SF upwards. Definitely stop at Fort Ross. It's the only place where there is any kind of feel for Russians in California history.
If you find yourself in Chico, try the Sierra Nevada Brewing Company. Fun place, beer samplers, great steaks or salmon.
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Lots of great beer on the North Coast too. Can find good salmon too.
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Poland country overview — a summary of the national drug situation
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Poland country overview
A summary of the national drug situation
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The Polish national focal point (Centrum Informacji o Narkotykach i Narkomanii) was established in 2001 and is located within the National Bureau for Drug Prevention under the auspices of the Ministry of Health. The National Bureau for Drug Prevention is a state institution established to implement Poland's drug policies in the drug demand reduction field. The legal basis for the national focal point and its activity is provided by a Parliamentary Act. Read more »
National Bureau for Drugs Prevention - Ministry of Health
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National Bureau for Drugs Prevention - Ministry of Health
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Head of focal point: Mr Artur Malczewski
The Polish national focal point (Centrum Informacji o Narkotykach i Narkomanii) was established in 2001 and is located within the National Bureau for Drug Prevention under the auspices of the Ministry of Health. The National Bureau for Drug Prevention is a state institution established to implement Poland's drug policies in the drug demand reduction field. The legal basis for the national focal point and its activity is provided by a Parliamentary Act.
E-mail addresses have been inserted in a way discouraging spam. Please replace [a] by @ before actually using any of the e-mail addresses.
Drug use among the general population and young people
Four general population surveys on the use of psychoactive substances have been conducted so far in Poland (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2012). The most recent general population survey on drug use was conducted among 3 428 people aged 15–64. Cannabis had the highest lifetime prevalence, at 12.2 %. This was followed by amphetamines at 2.9 %, ecstasy at 1.1 %, and cocaine at 0.9 %. Last year prevalence of cannabis use was about 3.8 % and last month prevalence was 1.8 %. In terms of age distribution, the highest proportion of use was found among young adults under the age of 35. Lifetime prevalence of cannabis use among young adults was reported at 20.6 %, last year prevalence at 8.1 % and last month prevalence at 3.9 %. With regard to gender, males reported the use of any illicit drug more frequently than females. The survey reports that about 1.4 % of respondents had ever used new psychoactive substances, with males reporting six times higher lifetime prevalence rates than females (2.4 % and 0.4 % respectively).
The 2012 data indicate that the sharp rise in drug use prevalence between 2006 and 2010 has halted, or there may even have been a decreased.
A comparison between European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) studies conducted in Poland among 15- to 16-year-old students from 1995 to 2011 shows that the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use varied from 8 % in 1995 to 14 % in 1999, and increased to 18 % in 2003. The latest ESPAD results, for 2011, showed a further increase to 23 %. Lifetime prevalence for inhalants was 8 % (6 % in 2007), for amphetamines 4 %, and for cocaine and hallucinogens 3 %. For all other substances it was 2 % or less (for GHB it was 1 %). Last year prevalence of cannabis use was 19 % in 2011 (12 % in 2007), and last month prevalence was 10 % (6 % in 2007). With regard to gender, lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was 28 % among males and 18 % among females, and had increased since 2007 for both groups. The results of the Health Behaviour Survey in School-aged Children (HBSC), conducted in 2010, indicated lifetime prevalence rates of cannabis use at 19 % among 15- to 16-year-olds, with males having considerably higher rates than females.
In 2009–12 Poland was one of the few European countries to conduct an estimation of the population of drug users based on the study of sewage water in four cities.
Some other studies examining drug use prevalence among the general population and young people are reported in the 2014 National report for Poland.
Look for Prevalence of drug use in the 'Statistical bulletin' for more information
The National Bureau for Drug Prevention (NBDP) and the State Agency for the Prevention of Alcohol-Related Problems are central governmental agencies established to coordinate activities for drug and alcohol prevention. Apart from its coordination role, the NBDP, together with local governments, also provides funding for prevention. Local governments fund the implementation of prevention activities in communities from alcohol licencing fee revenues.
The Ministry of National Education is responsible for universal drug prevention in schools, and an Anti-drug Action Plan was adopted to improve the quality of drug prevention in schools and educational facilities. Schools and other units in the framework of the education system are obliged to implement a school prevention programme for children's and young people's problems that is coherent with a school socialising programme. Health education is part of the core curricula defined by the Regulation of the Ministry of National Education adopted in 2012. Educational settings are also encouraged to adopt health-promoting school principles in order to strengthen students' normative beliefs and psychosocial skills as protective factors for drug use. The NBDP, in cooperation with the Ministry of National Education, continues to develop a number of activities and short interventions to inform parents, teachers and students about the risks of using new psychoactive substances. In 2013 the NBDP continued the implementation of Unplugged, an internationally renowned prevention programme, and in 2013 a total of 400 teachers had been trained in implementing the programme. The evaluation of Unplugged in Poland was completed at the end of 2014, and the report will be presented in 2015.
In 2013 a project aimed at the prevention of psychoactive substance use in workplaces was launched. The project was supported by the Swiss Contribution Programme.
Family-oriented universal prevention programmes focus on developing parenting, interpersonal and personal skills. For example, the evaluation of the Polish version of the Family Strengthening Programme indicated that the programme had some positive influence on family functioning and motivated parents to change their behaviour. The programme School for Parents and Educators, which aims to improving parenting, is widely implemented nationwide, and by the end of 2012 approximately 5 000 people had taken part. An increasing number of electronic resources on drugs are available in Polish, for example an online drug counselling service is available with the support of the NBDP.
Selective and indicated prevention activities are targeted at recreational settings, at-risk groups (such as minors living on the street, delinquent youth and occasional drug users) and at-risk families. Most of these programmes are implemented in urban areas, and only 5 % of selective and indicative prevention activities are conducted in rural communities. The programmes centre around community action in a number of areas: education on drug-related risk; motivation to change attitudes and behaviour; strengthening the family's role in drug prevention and treatment and increasing parenting skills; direct user-oriented interventions; providing information on drug outreach centres; distributing information materials; and promotion of a healthy lifestyle. Under programmes targeting occasional drug users, the FreD Goes Net early intervention programme was continued. It targets young people who have come to official attention for the first time in relation to the possession/use of drugs. By the end of 2013 there were 69 facilities in different regions of Poland that were prepared to implement the programme. In 2013 around 47 communes provided funding for the project's implementation, while the NBDP supported nationwide dissemination of the project by financing its implementation at 26 facilities.
In 2013, a nationwide campaign to raise awareness on non-medical use of prescription medications among adolescents, called 'Taking medication or high on drugs? Prescription drugs serve treatment not getting high', was launched by the NBDP.
In 2013, the NBDP continued to improve the quality of drug prevention in Poland by implementing the recommendations for prevention and health promotion programmes, and by launching the Polish language version, of the European Drug Prevention Quality Standards and presenting them at various national conferences. The interdisciplinary team assessed a number of projects following the drug prevention quality standard framework, and by the end of 2013 the Polish database of recommended programmes listed 13 programmes.
High-risk drug use
Up to 2012 the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) defined problem drug use as injecting drug use (IDU) or long duration/regular use of opiates, cocaine and/or amphetamines. However, in 2012 a new definition of 'high-risk drug use' was adopted. The new definition includes 'problem drug use', but is broader (mainly in its inclusion of high-risk use of more substances). Details are available here.
The most recent estimates of the number of people with high-risk opioid use were calculated in Poland in 2012 based on 2009 treatment data, and using the treatment multiplier method within the framework of a 2010 country-wide population survey. It was estimated that there were 15 119 high-risk opioid users (range: 10 444–19 794), which corresponds to a rate of 0.56 per 1 000 inhabitants aged 15–64 (range: 0.38–0.73).
The same study has also estimated that there were 79 500 high-risk drug users in Poland (range: 56 000–103 000), or 2.93 per 1 000 inhabitants aged 15–64 (range: 2.1–3.8). This is a decline in comparison to a previous calculation in 2005 that estimated 100 000–125 000 problem drug users.
Based on general population survey data from 2012 it has been estimated that 0.1 % of 15- to 64-year-olds used cannabis daily or almost daily.
Look for High risk drug-use in the Statistical bulletin for more information.
Treatment demand
Information on the number of individuals admitted to residential treatment for drug addiction in Poland has been collected since 2010 by the National Bureau for Drug Prevention (which is also the national focal point) through a centralised system of electronic or paper-based data reporting from the treatment centres. The national focal point collects data on clients in treatment in the framework of the treatment demand indicator (TDI), which was a pilot project until the end of 2013. Following an Act of Law and Ordinance of the Minister of Health, since January 2014 the collection of TDI data by treatment facilities has been obligatory. Another relevant source of data on drug patients is the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (IPN), which has been collecting data for many years from residential treatment facilities (mainly psychiatric hospitals) on people with drug related problems. However, the data collected by the IPN are only partially in line with the EMCDDA guidelines.
In 2013, data were submitted by 25 outpatient and 22 inpatient treatment units on 2 759 clients admitted to treatment, of whom 1 118 were new clients entering treatment for the first time. Those data cover around 15 % of specialised treatment centres in Poland. Data from the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology for 2012 showed that 14 526 clients were admitted to inpatient treatment.
According to the TDI data collected in 2013 some 33 % of all treatment clients reported cannabis as their primary drug, followed by stimulants at 29 % (one in ten using the substance by injecting) and opioids at 26 % (more than half using the substance by injecting). A slightly different pattern is observed among new treatment clients — 52 % were admitted to treatment for cannabis use, 27 % for stimulants and 8 % for opioids. Among new treatment clients less than a half of opioid users injected the substance.
The mean age among all treatment clients was 27 years, while new treatment clients were slightly younger – on average 24 years old, which is the lowest mean age reported for new treatment entrants among all reporting countries. With regard to gender, among all treatment clients 81 % were male and 19 % were female. Among new treatment clients 78 % were male and 22 % were female.
Caution must be exercised when interpreting data as the current national monitoring system involves around 15 % of drug treatment centres. In particular, data on trends should be interpreted with caution because of the change in the reporting system.
Look for Treatment demand indicator in the Statistical bulletin for more information.
Drug-related infectious diseases
In Poland, data regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is collected by the National Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene. The Institute analyses data reported by Provincial Sanitary and Epidemiological Stations (Sanepid) for the whole country.
Up to the end of 2013 a total of 17 662 HIV infections had been notified by the National Institute of Public Health, and a third of these were among people who inject drugs (PWID). The number of newly reported cases of HIV infections among PWID declined between 2006–13 (127 cases in 2006; 91 in 2007; 52 in 2008; 56 in 2009; 41 in 2010; 65 in 2011; 42 in 2012 and 39 in 2013). However, there is a risk that the number of cases has been underestimated, as the transmission route for a large percentage of cases is not reported. The estimated prevalence of HIV among 217 PWID tested in 2013 was 4.6 %. This information is collected by the National Institute of Public Health from the laboratories providing diagnostic testing, but it has to be noted that the number of diagnostic tests attributed to PWID in recent years has decreased by 80 % when compared to the number of tests administered in 2007–09.The Institute also collects data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Regarding acute HBV infection, three of 81 notified cases in 2013 were among PWID. Regarding HCV infection, about 158 of 2 173 chronic HCV infection cases with a known transmission route in 2012 listed injecting drug use as a possible transmission route, while one of 41 acute HCV cases was linked with injecting drug use.
In a HBV and HCV seroprevalence study conducted among 184 PWID at two sites in 2009, the HCV prevalence ranged between 44.3–72.4 %, while for HBV it was between 26.3–56.7 %.
Look for Drug-related infectious diseases in the Statistical bulletin for more information.
Drug-induced deaths and mortality among drug users
The basic source of information concerning drug-related deaths in Poland is data from the Central Statistical Office (GUS), which is collected based on ICD-10.
Data from the General Mortality Register indicates that the number of drug-induced deaths seems to be relatively stable. In 2012 the total number of drug-induced deaths was 227, indicating an overall downward trend since 2002, when the highest number (324) of drug-induced deaths was reported. In 2012, as in other years, the overwhelming majority of victims were male. The mean age of the deceased was 41.7 years.
The drug-induced mortality rate among adults (aged 15–64) was 7.6 deaths per million in 2011, lower than the European average of 17.2 deaths per million in 2012.
Look for Drug-related deaths in the Statistical bulletin for more information.
Treatment responses
Poland is the central and eastern European country with the longest tradition of therapeutic communities aimed at rehabilitation and prolonged abstinence. The first centre was established in 1978. The role of these communities has superseded the overriding role given to psychiatric institutions in other central and eastern European countries.The implementation of drug treatment falls under the responsibility of communities and provinces, while it is delivered by a range of providers that have signed contracts with the National Health Fund. Funding for drug treatment is primarily covered by health insurance, while uninsured patients can be treated using funding provided by the National Health Fund. There is also an option to receive treatment at private clinics or from private practitioners, but for an additional fee paid by a client/patient.
Drug treatment services are provided through a network of inpatient and outpatient treatment centres, detoxification wards, day-care centres, drug treatment wards in hospitals, mid-term and long-term drug rehabilitation facilities and drug wards in prisons, and post-rehabilitation programmes. In territories where there is no specialised drug treatment service, help can be obtained from mental health counselling or alcohol rehabilitation clinics. In 2013 new standards for accreditation of residential treatment programmes were approved by the Ministry of Health, and work is underway to develop specific guidelines on accreditation audits.
In line with the public health perspective of drug treatment, the treatment system in Poland has two approaches: 'drug-free' treatment (psycho-social models) and pharmacological treatment (i.e. opioid substitution treatment). Of these two, the 'drug-free' model prevails and includes therapeutic communities, cognitive behavioural psychotherapy, 12-step programmes, case management and self-help groups. Treatment is provided in two modes: outpatient and residential. Outpatient interventions for users of illicit psychoactive substances are provided through more than 200 addiction counselling centres, day-care centres and consulting points located in large cities. Inpatient treatment, available through around 100 units, is dominated by long-term and mid-term residential treatment that usually lasts no more than one year. Detoxification, which is not a treatment in itself but is the first step to treatment, is provided in detoxification wards and usually lasts for 8–14 days. Outpatient and inpatient drug treatment is mainly delivered by NGOs, followed by public services and private providers. Detoxification is mainly provided by public services, and by private clinics and physicians. Polish post-rehabilitation programmes are also implemented, mainly by NGOs. These are subsidised from the state budgets and with resources from local authorities. In recent years, taking into account the changing profile of the treatment clients, a new treatment programme aimed at cannabis users has been promoted in Poland.
Opioid substitution treatment (OST) is available in Poland, and the first methadone maintenance programme was introduced in 1993. Since 2005 such treatment has only been carried out by public healthcare units that have been granted permission by the governor of the region in collaboration with the Ministry of Health. According to the 2005 drug law, NGOs can also establish and carry out OST, and the first programmes provided by private health centres and facilities were established in 2007. In 2013 some 25 non-prison OST programmes provided services to about 1 725 clients, of whom the majority received methadone as the substituting substance, while buprenorphine-based medications are also available. In addition, 138 clients received OST within seven programmes in 23 prison units.
See the Treatment profile for Poland for additional information.
Harm reduction responses
Harm reduction activities have been carried out in Poland since 1989 and consist predominantly of needle and syringe programmes, prevention-related educational programmes (including programmes for recreational users), and opioid substitution treatment. Polish decision-makers generally support the idea of harm reduction, which is also reflected in the Drug Act and in the National Programme for Counteracting Drug Addiction 2011–16 (NPCDA). Programmes are mainly operated by NGOs and based in big cities; they include outreach work at places frequented by drug users and sex workers, homeless shelters, and specialised agencies providing clean injecting equipment, including one mobile service.
In 2013, a total of 13 needle and syringe programmes were operating in 10 cities. The National Bureau co-financed 14 projects in the field, targeting high-risk drug users; local governments also made important contributions to the funding of 34 harm reduction programmes. In 2013 more than 124 000 syringes were distributed to more than 1 600 injecting drug users attending these specialised programmes. However, by 2013 the number of operational syringe and needle exchange programmes in Poland had declined, compared with 2002. This is attributed to a lack of financing; a change in the priorities for harm reduction to target recreational users; some difficulty in retaining staff in needle and syringe programmes; and a possible decline in the number of injecting drug users in Poland.
The National Health Fund intends to systematically increase the availability and reach of programmes aimed at reducing and treating infectious diseases in the next few years, in particular by contracting antiretroviral treatment services, and providing vaccination against HBV and counselling and testing for HCV and HIV.
See the Harm reduction overview for Poland for additional information.
Drug markets and drug-law offences
The Police Headquarters in Warsaw and the Provincial Police Headquarters report data on drug-law offences. Since 1997 the number of offences related to the illegal production of drugs has been stable, as has the number of reports on the cultivation of poppies or hemp. Since 2000 there has been a continuous increase in the number of offences related to encouraging others to take drugs. In line with a change in the drug law in 2000, the number of drug-law offences has been increasing steadily. In 2006 the number of reported drug-law offences peaked at 70 202, then fell in the two following years to 57 382 offences in 2008. From 2009 the number increased again, and in 2012 the highest number of drug-law offences was registered (76 239 offences). In that year 78.2 % of offences were cannabis-related, 17.3 % were amphetamine-related and 1.4 % were heroin-related.
Poland is both a transit country for drug trafficking from east to west, and the producer of synthetic drugs for the western European markets. Amphetamines, and also recently methamphetamine, are illegally produced in Poland and smuggled to Germany, France, Sweden and other Scandinavian countries, the United Kingdom and Ireland, and is also used in Poland. Heroin from Afghanistan, destined for Germany and the United Kingdom, reaches Poland through both the Balkan and the Silk routes, although the Polish home-made type of heroin, called 'kompot', is also used in the national market. An increasing number of Polish citizens have become involved in cocaine smuggling as 'drug mules' in recent years, and the substance is also smuggled by sea, for example in containers, and by air. Cannabis is trafficked primarily from the Netherlands; however, it is also increasingly produced domestically.
Cannabis products are involved in the vast majority of seizures, followed by amphetamines. There has been a continued upward trend in the quantity of herbal cannabis seized, from 233 kg in 2003 to 1 489 kg in 2012, while in 2013 the amounts seized fell to 1 242.84 kg. In 2013 a record amount of cannabis resin of 208.39 kg was seized. In addition, police operations dismantled 1 246 plantations, which resulted in the seizure of 69 285 cannabis plants. In 2013 a total of 676 kg of amphetamine was seized, which is an increase compared to 2012 (614 kg) and is the largest amount seized since 2001. In addition, 9.6 kg of methamphetamine was seized in 2013, twice the amounts seized in 2012. In total, 19 amphetamine-producing laboratories were dismantled in 2013. The number of ecstasy tablets seized in 2012–13 remained far below the amounts seized in 2007–08 (31 000–46 000 tablets vs 610 000–651 000 tablets). The largest quantity of cocaine seized was recorded in 2003 at 801 kg, while thereafter the quantity of cocaine seized has fluctuated between the lowest figure of 17 kg in 2005 and the highest figure of 161 kg in 2007. In 2013 a total of 20.6 kg of cocaine was seized, which is ten times less than in 2012, when around 213 kg was seized. In 2012 some 48.7 kg of heroin was seized, which is slightly more than in 2012, but remains below the levels seized before 2010.
New psychoactive substances have become firmly established in the Polish drug scene. In 2013 more than 28 000 products were temporarily seized from the market.
Look for Drug law offences in the Statistical bulletin for additional data.
National drug laws
Drug addiction in Poland is regulated by the Act of Law of 29 July 2005 on Counteracting Drug Addiction. The Act generally has a preventive and treatment-oriented character and the stipulated sanctions should not be used against problem drug users. Any drug possession is penalised, even a small amount for personal use, with up to three years' imprisonment. In minor cases the offender can be fined or ordered to serve a sentence involving limitation of liberty or deprivation of liberty for up to one year. Article 62a, which came into force in 2011, gives the prosecutor and the judge an option to discontinue the criminal procedure towards individuals caught in possession of small amounts of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for private use.
The court may, however, also decide to oblige a sentenced drug user to undergo treatment. The Polish drug law implements the 'treat rather than punish' principle. Article 72 allows proceedings to be suspended while an offender is in treatment, and Article 73a allows for breaks in serving the sentence while an individual is in treatment.
Trafficking of drugs is penalised by a fine and imprisonment of between six months and eight years, depending on the gravity of the offence and whether the objective was to receive benefit. In the case of a minor offence, the perpetrator may be fined, subjected to limitation of liberty, or imprisoned for a maximum of one year. In cases where the amount of drugs is substantial, the perpetrator may be imprisoned for up to 12 years.
In 2010, Poland passed an innovative law to penalise the supply of any unauthorised psychoactive substance, as enforced by the State Sanitary Inspectorate. This was revised in 2015 to introduce a list in a Regulation of the Ministry of Health of those substances declared to be psychoactive.
Go to the European Legal Database on Drugs (ELDD) for additional information.
National drug strategy
Adopted on 29 July 2005, the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction is a key legal text in the drugs field in Poland. It sets out, inter alia, the priorities to be addressed in the National Anti-Drug Strategy and Action Plan. On 22 March 2011 the fourth National Programme for Counteracting Drug Addiction (2011–16) was adopted. Since 2006 the National Programmes have had the status of a legal regulation. Primarily concerned with illicit drugs, the Programme's general aim is to reduce drug use and drug-related social and health problems. This is achieved through 113 actions assigned to 10 ministries, 24 institutions, provincial pharmaceutical and sanitary inspectorates, provincial and communal governments across the five pillars the Programme is constructed around: (i) prevention; (ii) treatment, rehabilitation, harm reduction and social reintegration; (iii) supply reduction; (iv) international cooperation; and (v) research and monitoring. The transversal nature of the last two pillars is designed to support the implementation of actions in the first three domains. Designed to integrate the majority of anti-drug activities in Poland, the Programme's implementation is coordinated by the Council for Counteracting Drug Addiction.
Alongside defined timeframes for actions, the Programme establishes aims that should be reflected in anti-drug programmes at the provincial and communal levels, in line with the 2005 Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction. For the years 2011–16 a greater emphasis has been placed on improving the quality of drug prevention programmes and the quality of life of those undergoing treatment, harm reduction and social reintegration measures. The Programme also takes account of changes in the drugs market and addresses domestic cannabis cultivation, the online sale of new psychoactive substances and the illicit trade in chemical precursors.
The National Bureau for Drug Prevention is responsible for evaluating the Programme and mid-term and final evaluations are scheduled for 2014 and 2016 respectively. Alongside its data collection activities on drug demand and supply reduction issues, the Bureau monitors annual implementation of the Action Plan's measures that the relevant ministries, institutions, provinces and communes are required to comply with. Analysis of the Programme's implementation is presented annually to the Minister of Health, the Council of Ministers and the parliament.
Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs
Established in 2001, the Council for Counteracting Drug Addiction is a coordination and advisory body in the drugs field. It is tasked with monitoring and coordinating government action against drugs, advising the Minister of Health on issues related to the National Programme for Counteracting Drug Addiction (2011–16), monitoring the implementation of the Programme and cooperating with the bodies undertaking the Programme's actions. The Council is comprised of undersecretaries of state from the ministries of Health, Interior, Justice, Social Care, National Defence, Agriculture, Education, Public Finances, Foreign Affairs and Science. In order to implement the Programme, the Council uses four teams to addresses issues in the areas of precursors, international cooperation, programme implementation and new psychoactive substances.
The National Bureau for Drug Prevention is a state budget unit subordinated to the Ministry of Health. It is responsible for coordinating the implementation of the National Programme for Counteracting Drug Addiction and the preparation of an annual report on the state of its implementation. Its activities also include setting priorities in the field of drug prevention. The secretariat of the Council for Counteracting Drug Addiction is located in the Bureau. Attached to the Bureau, the Council for Scientific Research is an advisory body that conducts research and helps to define priorities and needs related to addictions.
Provincial drug coordinators are responsible for the coordination of regional drug policy and the implementation of regional strategies that are legally required to be in line with the National Programme and Action Plan. Provincial experts on drugs and drug addiction collect and exchange information, data and documentation concerning the drug problem. The provincial drug coordinators and experts are often the same person. Every year, provincial experts prepare reports on the drug situation, summaries of which are available on the national focal point website.
Public expenditure
In Poland there are no budgets attached to the national drug programme and there is no systematic review of executed expenditures. Every year there is an attempt to estimate labelled (1) drug-related expenditures. Information is, however, incomplete.The most recent overall estimate, for the year 2011, suggests that labelled drug-related expenditure represents close to 0.01 % of gross domestic product (GDP); i.e., Poland spent an estimated EUR 49 378 597 on drug-reduction activities.
A survey was carried out in 2012 that was designed, among other things, to estimate the funding of all non-governmental organisations dealing with demand reduction in Poland, and to compare the information with an identical exercise done in 2003. Estimates suggest that this funding remained stable at 0.002 % of GDP (EUR 813 000).
Additionally, in 2013, in the course of monitoring the implementation of the National Drugs Strategy communal governments were asked to report spending on drug-reduction initiatives under local drugs strategies. It was found that the drug-related expenditure of local governments amounted to close to EUR 3 832 000 in 2013.
The available information does not allow the proportion that this funding represents of overall demand reduction initiatives nor the trends in drug-related public expenditures in Poland to be reported.
- (1) Some of the funds allocated by governments for expenditure on tasks related to drugs are identified as such in the budget ('labelled'). Often, however, the bulk of drug-related expenditure is not identified ('unlabelled') and must be estimated by modelling approaches. The total budget is the sum of labelled and unlabelled drug-related expenditures.
Drug-related research
Research and monitoring constitutes one of the five main areas of activity presented in the current National Programme for Counteracting Drug Addiction, with the primary objective of providing information to support the National Programme's implementation. Coordination of the implementation of the National Programme in the area of research and monitoring is carried out by the national focal point in the National Bureau for Drug Prevention (NBDP). The NBDP remains the main body commissioning and financing the implementation of research in the field of drugs and drug addiction, although Poland's global Scientific Research Committee also represents a funding source for drug-related research. Numerous research projects are conducted on the basis of grants awarded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and by international programmes. Scientific activity in the field of drugs and drug addiction in the scope of statutory activities is also conducted by the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology. Moreover, the NBDP supports research into drugs and drug addiction by announcing every year an open research competition where interested bodies are welcome to offer their research projects.
Scientific activity in the field of drugs and drug addiction in the scope of statutory activities is conducted by the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, but the national focal point, the National Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene, universities and research agencies functioning on the Polish market also carry out research projects. Research findings are disseminated through scientific journals, websites and national focal point activities, which also include the publication of a newsletter, a dedicated website and participation in conferences. Recent drug-related studies mentioned in the 2014 Polish National report mainly focused on aspects related to prevalence, incidence and patterns of drug use, responses to the drug situation and supply and markets, but research on the consequences of drug use was also mentioned.
Key national figures and statistics
b Break in time series.
e Estimated.
p Eurostat provisional value.
1 Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of economic activity. It is defined as the value of all goods and services produced less the value of any goods or services used in their creation. The volume index of GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) is expressed in relation to the European Union (EU-27) average set to equal 100. If the index of a country is higher than 100, this country's level of GDP per head is higher than the EU average and vice versa.
2 Expenditure on social protection contains: benefits, which consist of transfers, in cash or in kind to households and individuals to relieve them of the burden of a defined set of risks or needs.
3 Unemployment rates represent unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force. Unemployed persons comprise persons aged 15 to 74 who were: (a) without work during the reference week; (b) currently available for work; (c) actively seeking work.
4 Situation of penal institutions on 1 September, 2012.
5 Share of persons aged 0+ with an equivalent disposable income below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income (after social transfers).
|EU (28 countries)
|38 017 856
|506 824 509 ep
|Population by age classes
|12.4 %
|11.3 % bep
|36.4 %
|34.7 % bep
|21.3 %
|19.9 % bep
|GDP per capita in PPS (Purchasing Power Standards) 1
|Total expenditure on social protection (% of GDP) 2
|18.1 % p
|29.5 % p
|Unemployment rate 3
|9.0 %
|10.2 %
|Unemployment rate of population aged under 25 years
|23.9 %
|22.2 %
|Prison population rate (per 100 000 of national population) 4
|Council of Europe, SPACE I-2013
|At risk of poverty rate 5
|17.3 %
|16.6 %
Data sheet — key statistics on the drug situation
|EU range
|Country data
|Reporting Countries
|Problem opioid use (rate/1 000)
|All clients entering treatment (%)
|New clients entering treatment (%)
|Purity — heroin brown (%)
|25% - 50%
|Price per gram — heroin brown (EUR)
|Prevalence of drug use — schools (%)
|Prevalence of drug use — young adults (%)
|Prevalence of drug use — all adults (%)
|All clients entering treatment (%)
|New clients entering treatment (%)
|Purity (%)
|Price per gram (EUR)
|Prevalence of drug use — schools (%)
|Prevalence of drug use — young adults (%)
|Prevalence of drug use — all adults (%)
|All clients entering treatment (%)
|New clients entering treatment (%)
|Purity (%)
|Price per gram (EUR)
|Prevalence of drug use — schools (%)
|Prevalence of drug use — young adults (%)
|Prevalence of drug use — all adults (%)
|All clients entering treatment (%)
|New clients entering treatment (%)
|Purity (mg of MDMA base per unit)
|26 mg
|144 mg
|Price per tablet (EUR)
|Prevalence of drug use — schools (%)
|Prevalence of drug use — young adults (%)
|Prevalence of drug use — all adults (%)
|All clients entering treatment (%)
|New clients entering treatment (%)
|Potency — herbal (%)
|Potency — resin (%)
|Price per gram — herbal (EUR)
|Price per gram — resin (EUR)
|Prevalence of problem drug use
|Problem drug use (rate/1 000)
|Injecting drug use (rate/1 000)
|Drug-related infectious diseases/deaths
|HIV infections newly diagnosed (rate/million)
|HIV prevalence (%)
|HCV prevalence (%)
|Drug-related deaths (rate/million)
|Health and social responses
|Syringes distributed
|124 406
|124 406
|9 457 256
|Clients in substitution treatment
|1 725
|172 513
|Treatment demand
|All clients
|2 759
|101 753
|New clients
|1 118
|35 229
|All clients with known primary drug
|2 740
|99 186
|New clients with known primary drug
|1 114
|34 524
|Drug law offences
|Number of reports of offences
|426 707
|Offences for use/possession
|397 713
Additional sources of national information
In addition to the information provided above, you might find the following resources useful sources of national data.
European overviews
The products listed below provide overviews at European as well as, to some degree, at national levels.
- European Drug Report: Trends and developments
A top-level annual overview of the long-term drug-related trends and developments at European level, while homing in on emerging problems in specific countries
- EU drug markets report
Published every three years, this provides a comprehensive overview of illicit drug markets in the European Union
- New psychoactive substances annual implementation report
Annual report on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances in Europe
Data sources
The information below forms the basis for the EMCDDA's analysis of the European drug situation and provides greater detail on each national drug situation.
Thematic resources by country
These products generally focus on one particular aspect of national drug-related information, in some cases making it easy to compare situations between different countries
- Health and social responses profiles
Overviews of health and social interventions through interactive maps and timelines
- Legal topic overviews:
Legal approaches to particular areas of drug use (personal possession, driving, cannabis, precursors, harm reduction, etc.) by country
- Prevalence maps
Interactive maps showing patterns of drug use throughout Europe
- Prevention profiles
An overview of prevention responses by country in Europe
- Treatment profiles
An overview of treatment responses by country in Europe
- Harm reduction overviews
An overview of harm reduction responses by country in Europe
- National drug-related research
Resources on drug-related research by country in Europe