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Darrell Garner
Vice President, Relationship Management
Updated On : Apr 15, 2016
is Global Inventures, Inc's CEO. Their Vice President, Relationship Management is Darrell Garner. Their Lead411 profile is categorized under the Msps (mgmt) industry. If you're checking for Global Inventures, Inc email addresses, these are also available on Lead411 with the @inventures.com email format and possibly Darrell Garner's email. Global Inventures, Inc is based in San Ramon, CA. You can also get Darrell Garner's linkedin info, twitter, phone numbers, wiki, and biography on their Lead411 profile. Their contact information is filed under the Msps (mgmt) category. Some possible email formats for Darrell Garner are email@example.com, email@example.com, email@example.com, and firstname.lastname@example.com. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our firstname.lastname@example.com addresses.
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People Directory > Darrell Garner


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 8, 2009
|Filing date
|May 31, 2005
|Priority date
|May 31, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jean-Philippe Vasseur
|Original Assignee
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (33), Classifications (25), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to computer networks and more particularly to protecting against node failure in a computer network.
2. Background Information
A computer network is a geographically distributed collection of nodes interconnected by communication links and segments for transporting data between end nodes, such as personal computers and workstations. Many types of networks are available, with the types ranging from local area networks (LANs) to wide area networks (WANs). LANs typically connect the nodes over dedicated private communications links located in the same general physical location, such as a building or campus. WANs, on the other hand, typically connect geographically dispersed nodes over long-distance communications links, such as common carrier telephone lines, optical lightpaths, synchronous optical networks (SONET), or synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) links. The Internet is an example of a WAN that connects disparate networks throughout the world, providing global communication between nodes on various networks. The nodes typically communicate over the network by exchanging discrete frames or packets of data according to predefined protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). In this context, a protocol consists of a set of rules defining how the nodes interact with each other. Computer networks may be further interconnected by an intermediate network node, such as a router, to extend the effective "size" of each network.
Since management of interconnected computer networks can prove burdensome, smaller groups of computer networks may be maintained as routing domains or autonomous systems. The networks within an autonomous system (AS) are typically coupled together by conventional "intradomain" routers configured to execute intradomain routing protocols, and are generally subject to a common authority. To improve routing scalability, a service provider (e.g., an ISP) may divide an AS into multiple "areas." It may be desirable, however, to increase the number of nodes capable of exchanging data; in this case, interdomain routers executing interdomain routing protocols are used to interconnect nodes of the various ASes. Moreover, it may be desirable to interconnect various ASes that operate under different administrative domains. As used herein, an AS or an area is generally referred to as a "domain," and a router that interconnects different domains together is generally referred to as a "border router."
An example of an interdomain routing protocol is the Border Gateway Protocol version 4 (BGP), which performs routing between domains (ASes) by exchanging routing and reachability information among neighboring interdomain routers of the systems. An adjacency is a relationship formed between selected neighboring (peer) routers for the purpose of exchanging routing information messages and abstracting the network topology. The routing information exchanged by BGP peer routers typically includes destination address prefixes, i.e., the portions of destination addresses used by the routing protocol to render routing ("next hop") decisions. Examples of such destination addresses include IP version 4 (IPv4) and version 6 (IPv6) addresses. BGP generally operates over a reliable transport protocol, such as TCP, to establish a TCP connection/session. The BGP protocol is well known and generally described in Request for Comments (RFC) 1771, entitled A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4), published March 1995.
Examples of an intradomain routing protocol, or an interior gateway protocol (IGP), are the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol and the Intermediate-System-to-Intermediate-System (IS-IS) routing protocol. The OSPF and IS-IS protocols are based on link-state technology and, therefore, are commonly referred to as link-state routing protocols. Link-state protocols define the manner with which routing information and network-topology information are exchanged and processed in a domain. This information is generally directed to an intradomain router's local state (e.g., the router's usable interfaces and reachable neighbors or adjacencies). The OSPF protocol is described in RFC 2328, entitled OSPF Version 2, dated April 1998 and the IS-IS protocol used in the context of IP is described in RFC 1195, entitled Use of OSI IS-IS for routing in TCP/IP and Dual Environments, dated December 1990, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
An intermediate network node often stores its routing information in a routing table maintained and managed by a routing information base (RIB). The routing table is a searchable data structure in which network addresses are mapped to their associated routing information. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the routing table need not be organized as a table, and alternatively may be another type of searchable data structure. Although the intermediate network node's routing table may be configured with a predetermined set of routing information, the node also may dynamically acquire ("learn") network routing information as it sends and receives data packets. When a packet is received at the intermediate network node, the packet's destination address (e.g., stored in a header of the packet) may be used to identify a routing table entry containing routing information associated with the received packet. Among other things, the packet's routing information indicates the packet's next-hop address.
To ensure that its routing table contains up-to-date routing information, the intermediate network node may cooperate with other intermediate nodes to disseminate routing information representative of the current network topology. For example, suppose the intermediate network node detects that one of its neighboring nodes (i.e., adjacent network nodes) becomes unavailable, e.g., due to a link failure or the neighboring node going "off-line," etc. In this situation, the intermediate network node can update the routing information stored in its routing table to ensure that data packets are not routed to the unavailable network node. Furthermore, the intermediate node also may communicate this change in network topology to the other intermediate network nodes so they, too, can update their local routing tables and bypass the unavailable node. In this manner, each of the intermediate network nodes becomes "aware" of the change in topology.
Typically, routing information is disseminated among the intermediate network nodes in accordance with a predetermined network communication protocol, such as a link-state protocol (e.g., IS-IS, or OSPF). Conventional link-state protocols use link-state advertisements or link-state packets (or "IGP Advertisements") for exchanging routing information between interconnected intermediate network nodes (IGP nodes). As used herein, an IGP Advertisement generally describes any message used by an IGP routing protocol for communicating routing information among interconnected IGP nodes, i.e., routers and switches. Operationally, a first IGP node may generate an IGP Advertisement and "flood" (i.e., transmit) the packet over each of its network interfaces coupled to other IGP nodes. Thereafter, a second IGP node may receive the flooded IGP Advertisement and update its routing table based on routing information contained in the received IGP Advertisement. Next, the second IGP node may flood the received IGP Advertisement over each of its network interfaces, except for the interface at which the IGP Advertisement was received. This flooding process may be repeated until each interconnected IGP node has received the IGP Advertisement and updated its local routing table.
In practice, each IGP node typically generates and disseminates an IGP Advertisement whose routing information includes a list of the intermediate node's neighboring network nodes and one or more "cost" values associated with each neighbor. As used herein, a cost value associated with a neighboring node is an arbitrary metric used to determine the relative ease/burden of communicating with that node. For instance, the cost value may be measured in terms of the number of hops required to reach the neighboring node, the average time for a packet to reach the neighboring node, the amount of network traffic or available bandwidth over a communication link coupled to the neighboring node, etc.
As noted, IGP Advertisements are usually flooded until each intermediate network IGP node has received an IGP Advertisement from each of the other interconnected intermediate nodes. Then, each of the IGP nodes can construct the same "view" of the network topology by aggregating the received lists of neighboring nodes and cost values.
To that end, each IGP node may input this received routing information to a "shortest path first" (SPF) calculation that determines the lowest-cost network paths that couple the intermediate node with each of the other network nodes. For example, the Dijkstra algorithm is a conventional technique for performing such a SPF calculation, as described in more detail in Section 12.2.4 of the text book Interconnections Second Edition, by Radia Perlman, published September 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein. Each IGP node updates the routing information stored in its local routing table based on the results of its SPF calculation. More specifically, the RIB updates the routing table to correlate destination nodes with next-hop interfaces associated with the lowest-cost paths to reach those nodes, as determined by the SPF calculation.
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering has been developed to meet data networking requirements such as guaranteed available bandwidth or fast restoration. MPLS Traffic Engineering exploits modern label switching techniques to build guaranteed bandwidth end-to-end tunnels through an IP/MPLS network of label switched routers (LSRs). These tunnels are a type of label switched path (LSP) and thus are generally referred to as MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) LSPs. Examples of MPLS TE can be found in RFC 3209, entitled RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels dated December 2001, RFC 3784 entitled Intermediate-System-to-Intermediate-System (IS-IS) Extensions for Traffic Engineering (TE) dated June 2004, and RFC 3630, entitled Traffic Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2 dated September 2003, the contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Establishment of an MPLS TE-LSP from a head-end LSR to a tail-end LSR involves computation of a path through a network of LSRs. Optimally, the computed path is the "shortest" path, as measured in some metric, that satisfies all relevant LSP Traffic Engineering constraints such as e.g., required bandwidth, "affinities" (administrative constraints to avoid or include certain links), etc. Path computation can either be performed by the head-end LSR or by some other entity operating as a path computation element (PCE) not co-located on the head-end LSR. The head-end LSR (or a PCE) exploits its knowledge of network topology and resources available on each link to perform the path computation according to the LSP Traffic Engineering constraints. Various path computation methodologies are available including CSPF (constrained shortest path first). MPLS TE-LSPs can be configured within a single domain, e.g., area, level, or AS, or may also span multiple domains, e.g., areas, levels, or ASes.
The PCE is an entity having the capability to compute paths between any nodes of which the PCE is aware in an AS or area. PCEs are especially useful in that they are more cognizant of network traffic and path selection within their AS or area, and thus may be used for more optimal path computation. A head-end LSR may further operate as a path computation client (PCC) configured to send a path computation request to the PCE, and receive a response with the computed path, potentially taking into consideration other path computation requests from other PCCs. It is important to note that when one PCE sends a request to another PCE, it acts as a PCC.
Some applications may incorporate unidirectional data flows configured to transfer time-sensitive traffic from a source (sender) in a computer network to a destination (receiver) in the network in accordance with a certain "quality of service" (QoS). Here, network resources may be reserved for the unidirectional flow to ensure that the QoS associated with the data flow is maintained. The Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) is a network-control protocol that enables applications to reserve resources in order to obtain special QoS for their data flows. RSVP works in conjunction with routing protocols to, e.g., reserve resources for a data flow in a computer network in order to establish a level of QoS required by the data flow. RSVP is defined in R. Braden, et al., Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), RFC 2205, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In the case of traffic engineering applications, RSVP signaling (with Traffic Engineering extensions) is used to establish a TE-LSP and to convey various TE-LSP attributes to routers, such as border routers, along the TE-LSP obeying the set of required constraints whose path may have been computed by various means.
Generally, a tunnel is a logical structure that encapsulates a packet (a header and data) of one protocol inside a data field of another protocol packet with a new header. In this manner, the encapsulated data may be transmitted through networks that it would otherwise not be capable of traversing. More importantly, a tunnel creates a transparent virtual network link between two network nodes that is generally unaffected by physical network links or devices (i.e., the physical network links or devices merely forward the encapsulated packet based on the new header). While one example of a tunnel is an MPLS TE-LSP, other known tunneling methods include, inter alia, the Layer Two Tunnel Protocol (L2TP), the Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), and IP tunnels.
A common practice in TE-enabled networks consists of deploying a mesh of TE-LSPs between a plurality of edge devices (provider edge, or PE routers) through a core network of fewer (generally large capacity) routers (provider, or P routers). In a mesh between PE routers (e.g., a "full mesh"), each PE router on one side of the core is connected to each PE router on the other side of the core via one or more TE-LSPs. The mesh of TE-LSPs provides various benefits within the network, as known to those skilled in the art. In certain network configurations (e.g., with a large number of PE routers), however, this results in a large number of TE-LSPs throughout the network. For example, in the event there are 100 PE routers on each side of the core network, a total of 9,900 TE-LSPs are necessary to create a full mesh with unidirectional TE-LSPs. Generally, there are more (e.g., 5 to 10 times more) PE routers than there are P routers in the network, so one solution to limit the number of TE-LSPs in the network has been to create a mesh of TE-LSPs between the P routers, and not the PE routers. This may significantly reduce the number of TE-LSPs, such as by a factor of, e.g., 25-100. The PE routers may then communicate with the P routers through conventional routing, e.g., IP/MPLS routing.
Occasionally, a network element (e.g., a node or link) will fail, causing redirection of the traffic that originally traversed the failed network element to other network elements that bypass the failure. Generally, notice of this failure is relayed to the nodes in the same domain through an advertisement of the new network topology, e.g., an IGP Advertisement, and routing tables are updated to avoid the failure accordingly. Reconfiguring a network in response to a network element failure using, e.g., pure IP rerouting, can be time consuming. Many recovery techniques, however, are available to provide fast recovery and/or network configuration in the event of a network element failure, including, inter alia, Fast Reroute (FRR), e.g., MPLS TE FRR. An example of MPLS TE FRR is described in Pan, et al., Fast Reroute Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels <draft-ietf-mpls-rsvp-lsp-fastreroute-07.txt>, Internet Draft, February 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.
FRR has been widely deployed to protect against network element failures, where "backup tunnels" are created to bypass a protected network element (e.g., links, shared risk link groups (SRLGs), and nodes). When the network element fails, traffic is quickly rerouted over a backup tunnel to bypass the failed element, or more particularly, in the case of MPLS, a set of TE-LSP(s) is/are quickly rerouted. Specifically, the point of local repair (PLR) configured to reroute the traffic inserts ("pushes") a new label for the backup tunnel, and the traffic is rerouted accordingly. Once the failed element is bypassed, the backup tunnel label is removed ("popped"), and the traffic is routed along the original path according to the next label (e.g., that of the original TE-LSP). Notably, the backup tunnel, in addition to bypassing the failed element along a protected primary TE-LSP, the must also intersect the primary TE-LSP, i.e., it must begin and end at nodes along the protected primary TE-LSP. As such, there is currently no known method to protect against a failure of the TE-LSP tail-end node using FRR.
There remains a need, therefore, for a system and method for protecting against a failure of a tail-end node of a TE-LSP, e.g., using FRR and backup tunnels. There also remains a need to dynamically select an appropriate tail-end node backup tunnel for each destination address prefix. Selecting an improper backup tunnel could result in routing loops, black holing, time delay, or other undesirable outcomes.
The present invention is directed to a technique for protecting against failure of a tail-end node of a Traffic Engineering (TE) Label Switched Path (LSP) in a computer network. According to the protection technique, a node along the TE-LSP that is immediately upstream to the protected tail-end node and that is configured to protect the tail-end node (i.e., the "point of local repair" or PLR) learns reachable address prefixes (i.e., "protected prefixes") of next-hop routers from the tail-end node (i.e., "next-next-hops," NNHOPs to the protected prefixes from the PLR). The PLR creates a backup tunnel to each NNHOP that excludes the tail-end node, and associates each backup tunnel with one or more protected prefixes accordingly. When the tail-end node fails, Fast Reroute is triggered, and the protected prefix traffic (from the TE-LSP) is rerouted by the PLR onto an appropriate backup tunnel to a corresponding NNHOP. Notably, the PLR performs a penultimate hop popping (PHP) operation prior to forwarding the traffic along the backup tunnel(s).
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the PLR computes a shortest path tree (SPT) rooted at the protected tail-end node to learn address prefixes that are reachable from the tail-end node, as well as next-hops used to reach those prefixes. These learned prefixes and next-hops (NNHOPs to the PLR) are stored in a backup routing table (BRT) at the PLR that is maintained current in the event of protected tail-end node failure. The PLR then creates backup tunnels to the NNHOPs that are diversely routed around the protected tail-end node (e.g., by traversing another node or nodes between the PLR and NNHOPs). These backup tunnels are illustratively stored in the BRT of the PLR, so that conventional routing (along the TE-LSP) may still be performed by the PLR using its routing table.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, once the PLR determines that the protected tail-end node has failed, Fast Reroute is triggered, and all traffic destined to a protected prefix is rerouted by the PLR (after performing a PHP operation) onto an appropriate backup tunnel to a corresponding NNHOP, e.g., according to the BRT. Upon learning of the tail-end node failure, a head-end node of the TE-LSP may attempt to create or use an alternate TE-LSP to reach the protected prefixes, or revert to native (IP) routing if no TE-LSP is available. Also, in the event the head-end node tears down the protected TE-LSP, the PLR may tear down the corresponding backup tunnel(s) and revert to native routing.
Advantageously, the novel technique protects against the failure of a tail-end node of a TE-LSP in a computer network using Fast Reroute and backup tunnels. By creating backup tunnels between PLR and NNHOP routers, the inventive technique provides Fast Reroute protection of the tail-end node that requires minimal configuration and avoids the deployment of TE-LSPs and/or backup tunnels from head-end nodes to every next-hop of the tail-end node (NNHOPs of the PLR).
The above and further advantages of the invention may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals indicate identical or functionally similar elements, of which:
Data packets may be exchanged among the computer network 100 using predefined network communication protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol, Frame Relay protocol, Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol, etc. Routing information may be distributed among the routers of the computer network using predetermined Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs), such as conventional distance-vector protocols or, illustratively, link-state protocols, through the use of IGP Advertisements.
The memory 240 comprises a plurality of storage locations that are addressable by the processor 220 and the network interfaces 210 for storing software programs and data structures associated with the present invention. The processor 220 may comprise necessary elements or logic adapted to execute the software programs and manipulate the data structures, such as TE Database (TED) 246, routing table 600 and backup routing table (BRT) 650. A router operating system 242, portions of which is typically resident in memory 240 and executed by the processor, functionally organizes the router by, inter alia, invoking network operations in support of software processes and/or services executing on the router. These software processes and/or services include Router Information Base (RIB) 245, routing services 247, Traffic Engineering (TE) services 244, and RSVP services 249. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other processor and memory means, including various computer-readable media, may be used to store and execute program instructions pertaining to the inventive technique described herein.
Routing services 247 contain computer executable instructions executed by processor 220 to perform functions provided by one or more routing protocols, such as IGP, e.g. OSPF and IS-IS. These functions may be configured to manage a forwarding information database (not shown) containing, e.g., data used to make forwarding decisions. RSVP services 249 contain computer executable instructions for implementing RSVP and processing RSVP messages in accordance with the present invention. RSVP is described in RFC 2205, entitled Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), and in RFC 3209, entitled RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels, both as incorporated above.
TE services 244 contain computer executable instructions for operating TE functions in accordance with the present invention. Examples of Traffic Engineering are described in RFC 3209, RFC 3784, and RFC 3630 as incorporated above, and in RFC 3473, entitled, Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReSerVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions dated January 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. TED 246 is illustratively resident in memory 240 and used to store TE information provided by the routing protocols, such as IGP and/or RSVP (with TE extensions, e.g., as described herein), including, inter alia, lists as described herein. The TED 246 is illustratively maintained and managed by TE services 244.
Changes in the network topology may be communicated among routers 200 using a link-state protocol, such as the conventional OSPF and IS-IS protocols. Suppose, for example, that a communication link fails or a cost value associated with a network node changes. Once the change in the network's state is detected by one of the routers, that router may flood an IGP Advertisement communicating the change to the other routers in the network. In this manner, each of the routers eventually "converges" to an identical view of the network topology.
In one embodiment, the routers described herein are IP routers that implement Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and operate as label switched routers (LSRs). In one simple MPLS scenario, at an ingress to a network, a label is assigned to each incoming packet based on its forwarding equivalence class before forwarding the packet to a next-hop router. At each router, a forwarding selection and a new substitute label are determined by using the label found in the incoming packet as a reference to a label forwarding table that includes this information. At the network egress, a forwarding decision is made based on the incoming label but optionally no label is included when the packet is sent on to the next hop. In some network configurations, one hop prior to the network egress, a penultimate hop popping (PHP) operation may be performed. Particularly, because the hop prior to the network egress (the penultimate hop) is attached to the network egress, the label is no longer needed to assure that the traffic follows a particular path to the network egress. As such, the PHP-enabled device "pops" the labels from the traffic before forwarding the traffic to the network egress, e.g., using conventional or native (IP) routing, thereby alleviating the task of removing the labels at the network egress.
The paths taken by packets that traverse the network in this manner are referred to as label switched paths (LSPs) or Traffic Engineering (TE)-LSPs. An example TE-LSP is shown as the dashed lines and arrows (T1) between a head-end node (PE1) and a tail-end node (P3) in
In accordance with RSVP, to request a data flow (TE-LSP) between a sender (e.g., head-end node PE1) and a receiver (e.g., tail-end node P3), the sender may send an RSVP path request (Path) message downstream to the receiver along a path (e.g., a unicast route) to identify the sender and indicate e.g., bandwidth needed to accommodate the data flow, along with other attributes of the TE-LSP. The Path message may contain various information about the data flow including, e.g., traffic characteristics of the data flow.
In accordance with the RSVP, a receiver establishes the TE-LSP between the sender and receiver by responding to the sender's Path message with a reservation request (Resv) message. The reservation request message travels upstream hop-by-hop along the flow from the receiver to the sender. The reservation request message contains information that is used by intermediate nodes along the flow to reserve resources for the data flow between the sender and the receiver, to confirm the attributes of the TE-LSP, and provide a TE-LSP label.
If an intermediate node in the path between the sender and receiver acquires a Path message 300 or Resv message 400 for a new or established reservation (TE-LSP) and encounters an error (e.g., insufficient resources, failed network element, etc.), the intermediate node generates and forwards a path or reservation error (PathErr or ResvErr) message to the sender or receiver, respectively.
Error message 500 comprises in part a common header 510, a session object 520, and an error specification object 530. The session object 520 identifies, inter alia, the destination address of the message (sender or receiver). The error specification object 530 contains, inter alia, an error node address field 535, an error code field 537, and an error value field 539. The error node address field 535 holds a value that represents an address (e.g., IP address) of a node in the path that detected the error (e.g., insufficient resources). The error code field 537 holds a value that describes the error and the error value field 539 holds a value that represents additional information about the error.
Although the illustrative embodiment described herein is directed to MPLS, it should also be noted that the present invention may advantageously apply to Generalized MPLS (GMPLS), which pertains not only to packet and cell-based networks, but also to Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) and optical networks. GMPLS is well known and described in RFC 3945, entitled Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Architecture, dated October 2004, and RFC 3946, entitled Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Extensions for Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Control, dated October 2004, the contents of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
To obviate delays associated with updating routing tables when attempting to avoid a failed network element (i.e., during convergence), some networks have employed MPLS TE fast reroute (FRR). MPLS FRR is a technique that may be used to quickly reroute traffic around failed network elements in a TE-LSP. MPLS FRR is further described, for example, by Fast Reroute Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels, as incorporated by reference above. According to the technique, one or more network elements (e.g. links or nodes) in a network are protected by backup tunnels following an alternate path. If a failure occurs on a protected link or node, TE-LSPs (and consequently the traffic that they carry) are locally rerouted onto an appropriate alternate path (e.g., a "backup tunnel") by the node immediately upstream from the failure. The backup tunnel acts as an FRR path for the primary TE-LSP and obviates delays associated with other measures, such as tearing down the primary TE-LSP after having gracefully rerouted the TE-LSPs affected by the failure, should an alternate path around the failed network element exist. In the event of a failure of a protected element the head-end node of the backup tunnel (or a "point of local repair," PLR) may quickly begin routing traffic over the backup tunnel with minimal disruption to traffic flow. Those skilled in the art will understand that MPLS FRR is one example of link or node failure protection, and that other known correction mechanisms may be used in accordance with the present invention. As mentioned above, however, in order for failure protection to function properly within a TE-LSP, the backup tunnel must intersect the protected primary TE-LSP, which means the tail-end node of the primary TE-LSP may not be protected in the conventional manner.
The present invention is directed to a technique for protecting against failure of a tail-end node of a TE-LSP in a computer network. According to the protection technique, a node along the TE-LSP that is immediately upstream to the protected tail-end node and that is configured to protect the tail-end node (i.e., the PLR) learns reachable address prefixes (i.e., "protected prefixes") of next-hop routers from the tail-end node (i.e., "next-next-hops," NNHOPs to the protected prefixes from the PLR). The PLR creates a backup tunnel to each NNHOP that excludes the tail-end node, and associates each backup tunnel with one or more protected prefixes accordingly. When the tail-end node fails, Fast Reroute is triggered, and the protected prefix traffic (from the TE-LSP) is rerouted by the PLR onto an appropriate backup tunnel to a corresponding NNHOP. Notably, the PLR performs a PHP operation prior to forwarding the traffic along the backup tunnel(s).
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the PLR computes a shortest path tree (SPT) rooted at the protected tail-end node to learn address prefixes that are reachable from the tail-end node, as well as next-hops used to reach those prefixes (i.e., the next-hops that would have been selected by the tail-end node P3). Specifically, the PLR (P2) performs a shortest path first (SPF) computation rooted at the protected tail-end node P3 to create the SPT. The PLR traverses the SPT to locate a sub-branch starting at each NNHOP and tags each address prefix downstream from the NNHOP (i.e., away from the protected tail-end node) with a value corresponding to a loopback address of the NNHOP.
These learned (tagged) prefixes and appropriate next-hops (NNHOPs to the PLR) are stored in a backup routing table (BRT) at the PLR that is maintained current in the event of protected tail-end node failure.
For example, assume that a destination address prefix IP1 is reachable from P2 via P3. A destination address field 612 of entry 610 a contains the reachable address IP1, and the next-hop fields 614, 616, are populated with, e.g., link P2-P3 and a loopback address of node P3, respectively. Note that a loopback address of the next hop node is used as the next-hop address for many reasons, including as a way to avoid depending upon the availability of network interfaces of that node. The metric or cost to reach IP1 is the cost of all links to the reachable address, denoted as "X." Further assume that a destination address prefix IP2 is reachable from P2 again via P3. Destination address field 612 of entry 610 b contains the reachable address IP2, and the next-hop fields 614, 616, are populated with the same information as above, and the cost to reach IP2 is denoted as Associated with the routing table 600 is backup routing table (BRT) 650. As noted, the BRT 650 illustratively stores reachability information of the protected tail-end node (P3), to enable conventional routing operations at the PLR. The fields of the BRT 650 are populated by the information obtained from the PLR's computation of the SPT rooted at the tail-end node P3. The BRT 650 essentially comprises the same format as routing table 600, but with destination address prefixes reachable via the NNHOPs (next-hops to the tail-end node). Specifically, each entry 660 of the BRT 650 may include a plurality of fields for storing one or more destination prefixes 662 reachable from the NNHOP, a reference to a backup tunnel 664 to the NNHOP (described below), the address of the NNHOP (target node) 667, and (optionally) a cost metric 668, e.g., X′ and Y′. Notably, the cost may or may not be known by the PLR (e.g., in interdomain situations), in which case such cost would not be present in the BRT 650.
Using the reachability information, the PLR calculates and creates backup tunnels (e.g., TE-LSPs) to the NNHOPs that are diversely routed around the protected tail-end node (e.g., by traversing another node or nodes between the PLR and NNHOPs). To ensure that the tunnels are diversely routed from the protected tail-end node (P3), network element exclusion or PCE-based path computation can be used. In
These backup tunnels are illustratively stored in the BRT of the PLR, so that conventional routing (e.g., TE-LSP routing along T1 in accordance with MPLS) may still be performed by the PLR using its routing table. Within BRT 650, Tunnel Reference field 664 contains the appropriate backup tunnel identifiers (and possibly the appropriate label) corresponding to the learned address prefixes. Notably, BRT 650 may be configured as a single table for all reachable prefixes and all corresponding NNHOPs, or may instead be a table for each NNHOP. Also note that an indication (e.g., a flag or value) may be used to notify the PLR which routing table to use, such as, e.g., an indication as to whether the routing is in a steady-state or backup (FRR) situation, as described herein.
According to the present invention, the PLR may be configured to notify the head-end node of the primary TE-LSP (as well as any intermediate TE-LSP nodes) that it is the penultimate hop to the tail-end node, and that it can protect the tail-end node accordingly (e.g., with established backup tunnels). This notification may be carried within an LSP-Attributes object of the RSVP-TE signaling messages, such as, e.g., in flags field 355 of Path message 300, or flags field 435 of Resv message 400.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, once the PLR determines that the protected tail-end node has failed (e.g., as denoted by an "X" overlaid on P3 in
According to the invention, once Fast Reroute has been triggered, the PLR determines whether incoming traffic originated from the TE-LSP Ti (i.e., through the protected tail-end node P3). Upon receiving the TE-LSP traffic, the PLR uses the BRT 650 for the traffic in response to a flag, a pointer, or other indicating means, indicating that the PLR should route in accordance with the backup situation. Traffic that is bound for a prefix beyond the protected tail-end node (e.g., IP1 or IP2), is rerouted onto the corresponding backup tunnels in the respective shadow table entry 660 a or 660 b, such as in backup tunnel reference field 664 (backup tunnel 1 or 2) to the NNHOPs (PE2 or PE3).
Illustratively, a traffic packet along the TE-LSP T1 that is destined for a prefix previously reachable via the failed tail-end node is encapsulated by the PLR P2 into a backup tunnel packet (a tunnel label is appended or "pushed" onto the packet), which is rerouted onto the backup tunnel corresponding to the tunnel label (e.g., BT1). Once the backup tunnel tail-end node (e.g., PE2) receives the tunnel packet, it removes ("pops") the tunnel label, and routes the traffic packet according to conventional routing (e.g., to IP1). Notably, the PLR P2 may first perform a PHP operation to ensure that the appropriate next-hop receives the traffic without a TE-LSP label referencing the primary TE-LSP, of which the backup tunnel tail-end node has no knowledge. Note also that the penultimate node of the backup tunnel (e.g., P4) may perform a PHP operation, thus removing the label of the backup tunnel.
Also, once Fast Reroute is triggered, the PLR P2 may notify the TE-LSP head-end node PE1 that tail-end node protection has been triggered, such as in a PathErr message 500. Notably, a novel error code/value may be used within Error Code field 537 and/or Error Value field 539 to indicate the tail-end node protection. Those skilled in the art will understand that a Path Error State Removal (PESR) flag (not shown) within the PathErr message 500 may be used to indicate to intermediate TE-LSP nodes that the TE-LSP T1 need not be immediately torn down (e.g., the PESR flag is cleared). Moreover, the PLR continues to refresh the state of the TE-LSP Ti, e.g., through RSVP-TE signaling messages as described above. However, due to the fact that the tail-end node P3 of the TE-LSP has failed, the PLR does not refresh the downstream state of the TE-LSP. Particularly, the downstream path of the TE-LSP (previously to the failed tail-end node) now traverses a backup tunnel to a NNHOP with no knowledge (i.e., no state) of the primary TE-LSP T1, so a refresh message along the backup tunnel for the primary TE-LSP is unwanted. In essence, the PLR has become a pseudo tail-end node of the primary TE-LSP T1, with continuing service over the backup tunnels to the desired destination address prefixes.
Upon learning of the tail-end node failure, the head-end node (PE1) of the TE-LSP (T1) may attempt to create or use an alternate TE-LSP to reach the protected prefixes, or revert to native (IP) routing if no TE-LSP is available. Particularly, as understood by those skilled in the art, a conventional TE-LSP reroute operation is configured to utilize the existing tail-end node. Since the tail-end node is no longer operational, the head-end node uses an alternate TE-LSP (new or previously established) to a diverse tailend node or native routing (e.g., after convergence) to route the traffic, and tear down the existing TE-LSP to the failed tail-end node. Also, in the event the head-end node tears down the protected TE-LSP, the PLR may tear down the corresponding backup tunnel(s) and revert to native routing.
Advantageously, the novel technique protects against the failure of a tail-end node of a TE-LSP in a computer network using Fast Reroute and backup tunnels. By creating backup tunnels between PLR and NNHOP routers, the inventive technique provides Fast Reroute protection of the tail-end node that requires minimal configuration and avoids the deployment of TE-LSPs and/or backup tunnels from head-end nodes to every next-hop of the tail-end node (NNHOPs of the PLR), particularly if MPLS TE is used for fast recovery.
While there has been shown and described an illustrative embodiment that protects against failure of a tail-end node of a TE-LSP in a computer network, it is to be understood that various other adaptations and modifications may be made within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Notably, the invention has been shown and described herein using a core network architecture with P and PE routers. However, the invention in its broader sense is not so limited, and may, in fact, be used with any TE-LSP and corresponding TE-LSP tail-end node. Moreover, while the above description describes performing the technique at the PLR, which is the penultimate hop, the invention may also be advantageously used with PCEs. In addition, while one example of a tunnel is an MPLS TE-LSP, other known tunneling methods include, inter alia, the Layer Two Tunnel Protocol (L2TP), the Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), and IP tunnels.
The foregoing description has been directed to specific embodiments of this invention. It will be apparent, however, that other variations and modifications may be made to the described embodiments, with the attainment of some or all of their advantages. For instance, it is expressly contemplated that the teachings of this invention can be implemented as software, including a computer-readable medium having program instructions executing on a computer, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. Accordingly this description is to be taken only by way of example and not to otherwise limit the scope of the invention. Therefore, it is the object of the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Berger, L., RFC 3473, entitled Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions, Jan. 2003, pp. 1-40.
|Braden, R. et al., RFC 2205, entitled Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) , Version 1 Functional Specification, Sep. 1997, pp. 1-112.
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|Mannie, E., RFC 3946, entitled Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Extensions for Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Control, Oct. 2004, pp. 1-25.
|Moy, J., RFC 2328, entitled OSPF Version 2, Apr. 1998, pp. 1-183.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
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|May 31, 2005
Owner name: CISCO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:VASSEUR, JEAN-PHILIPPE;REEL/FRAME:016652/0307
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|Mar 29, 2011
|Certificate of correction
|Mar 8, 2013
|Fee payment
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text:
|2 reviews in total
Even though I thoroughly dislike this vandeVOrst fellow, timid ideal
son-in-law he should roar his shriek gay flamboyance a bit. I love the
concept of ten extravagant, long lasting, multiple marriage momma's
whatever wonder child from starplanet. As we love every freak show,
cause that's surely what it is. A relaxing peek in the Neverland ranch
of fame. They never cease to surprise, keep on going on fella's let the
happy slappers of the former Betty Ford clinic out. Last but not least,
the corniness of the former 10 presenter Reinout Oerlemans is one of
his biggest charms. Why such a clumsy big kid with dimples in his chin
and cheeks has such charisma and obvious fun in whoever he's seeing
that can't be topped on dutch TV, a true wonder child of the small
screen. The guy is a raging producing machine and owns his own
production company, Eyeworks.He's some kind of easy on the eye, in the
broad sense of the word. Behold of what he's up to...
Bye bye Dr.D.-Not even a fan-
After three seasons this programme starts boring me. They are running out of good ideas, although this show keeps on going. Now that the producers have noticed that, they brought in a new host for the fourth season (Peter van der Vorst) but still it's going downhill. After four whole years, this show should end.
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text:
Safety, Security and Surveillance Equipment Outlet
Whether your needs range from Security Cameras and Digital Video Recorders to personal security items, we carry the products proven most effective in assuring your safety, security and peace of mind. We also carry a wide selection of video transmitters and receivers for all your wireless security camera applications.
Protection Depot has been in business since 1999 and we are dedicated to bringing you quality products at affordable prices and customer support after the sale. Compare our low prices, $6.95 flat rate shipping and satisfaction guarantee with any other site and you'll discover why so many people choose to shop at Protection Depot.
Featured Products
High Resolution outdoor IR camera with 2.8~12mm varifocal lens and 48 infrared LEDs for up to 130 ft. night vision.
HD infrared IP dome security camera provides a 720p image and 35 to 40 ft. infrared illumination. The housing has an IP66 weatherproof rating.
Your Price: $149.00
8 Channel Digital Video Recorder features P2P, real time recording in 960H or 720p AHD resolution, supports iPhone, iPad, Android phone and tablet and works with multiple browsers including IE, Firefox, Chrome and Mac OSX/Safari.
This is an ordinary looking remote car key except it can record 720x480 resolution video and audio with time/date stamp. Records onto a microSD card (not included)
Color infrared night vision camera comes equipped with the 1/3" SONY 960H SuperHAD CCD II sensor, 700 lines of resolution, 42 IR LEDs for up to 115 ft. night vision and 2.8~12mm varifocal lens.
Smartphone night vision network camera that is truly plug and play with no router configuration. Motion detection, SD card recording and 20 ft. infrared illumination.
Your Price: $109.00
Wide angle 720p resolution image with over 60 ft. of night vision. Small easy to mount indoor/outdoor enclosure.
Your Price: $59.00
Wide angle 3.6mm fixed lens with 60 ft. of night vision and 1080p resolution. Easy mounting base and IP66 outdoor rated housing
Your Price: $54.00
Control the camera's 2.8-12mm motorized zoom feature right from the DVR using your mouse or remote control. Excellent image quality and up to 120 ft. infrared illumination.
Your Price: $159.00
Outdoor infrared security camera with 620 lines resolution and 2.5~10mm lens. Uses Dual Glass and Super Digital Noise Reduction (SDNR) which eliminates IR reflection and improves nighttime image.
Your Price: $149.00
Affordable License Plate camera with wide dynamic range for better capture ability at night.
Your Price: $229.00
Now you can have a vicious canine greet any individual that approaches your house when you are away, frightening prospective burglars, without the expense of dog food, veterinarian expenses, and so on.


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Below is a selection of search results matching: Herbalists Cottesloe
Cottesloe Naturopathic Clinic
Cottesloe, Western Australia
Naturopathic & Homeopathy Clinic Perth WA
Michael Blanch
(08) 93851484
0419 910 141
Cottesloe Preventive Medicine Clinic
Cottesloe, Western Australia
Combining life and work experience and clinical research, with emphasis, intuition, and great knowledge.
David Woolcott
08 9385 6066
Natures Harvest
Cottesloe, Western Australia
We carry a wide range of products including superfoods, healthy alternatives for the whole family, gluten free, and much more!
Natural Medicines Clinic
08 9384 8900
Remede Wellness Medicine
Mosman Park, Western Australia
Adv.Dip(T.C.M); Dip.App.Sc(Chinese Herbal Medicine); C.T.C.M. (China); M.A.A.C.M.A
Geoff Brothers
08 9286 1166
0413 955 521
Jan Purser - Naturopathic Nutritionist
Mosman Park, Western Australia
Treat what ails you the natural way, with the help of a professional Naturopathic Consultation and Program of Care from Jan Purser....
08 9286 1166
Perth Allergy Clinic
Mosman Park, Western Australia
Perth Allergy Clinic - About Us and What we Do Food Intolerance and Allergy testing . We offer accurate, laboratory food intolerance...
08 9226 0561
0414 886 686
NatMed Natural Medicine Clinic
Claremont, Western Australia
Proudly serving Perth since 1999 and with over 100 years of combined experience you are guaranteed to get the best in health care.
Deborah Taylor
08 9339 1999
9335 8320
Nedlands osteo acu clinic
Claremont, Western Australia
Acupuncture and Chinese medicine is a safe and effective treatment modality for many common conditions. With literally thousands of...
Benjamin Latto O'Brien
043 895 3685
Chinese Medicine Centre
East Fremantle, Western Australia
Acupuncture, Herbal medicine, Massage, Chi Gong
08 9339 8988
0404 971 618
Indira Mariappan
Nedlands, Western Australia
Based on many years of practical experience as a naturopath, homeopath and pharmacist, Indira offers you professional health care with...
Indira Mariappan
0415 314 374
Living Wellness Acupuncture with James Evans
Nedlands, Western Australia
Professional Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine service for both chronic and acute health needs. IVF support and fertility...
(08) 9389 1008
GAPS Perth
East Fremantle, Western Australia
The thought of commencing on the GAPS Protocol can be overwhelming, however the workshops and classes outlined below make sure it...
0433 151 029
High Street Natural Health
Fremantle, Western Australia
Aurora at High Street Natural Health has been bringing natural health care to the Fremantle and Perth communities since 2003. Our clinic...
Aurora-Rose Sheehy
08 9336 6880
The Healing Point
Fremantle, Western Australia
Treat what ails you the natural way, with a professional Chinese Medicine Treatment at The Healing Point in Fremantle.
0400 113 212
0400 113 212
Fremantle Acupuncture
Fremantle, Western Australia
Lisa Johnson of Fremantle Acupuncture specialises in the treatment of allergies, skin conditions and pregnancy-related issues with...
0400 061 761
Chinawest Clinic Fremantle
Fremantle, Western Australia
Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine Wade James is a Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioner, Acupuncturist and Chinese...
Wade James
08 9335 3111
0413 138 303
Natasha Norton Natural Medicine Clinic
Karrinyup, Western Australia
Professional Qualified Naturopath Incorporating Herbal and Nutritional Medicine, Dietary and Lifestyle Advice, Flower Essences and...
Natasha Norton
9341 3020
0400 377 726
Naturally OKaye
Fremantle, Western Australia
Body Talk I Facetime/Skype Consultation Follow Up Naturopath Consultation I Initial Naturopath Consultation I Swedish Massage
0415 046 070
Madeleine David, Naturopath & Herbalist
Shenton Park, Western Australia
0432 881622
Friendlies Pharmacy Subiaco
Subiaco, Western Australia
Eloise Charleson and Natalie Elliot are our Child Health Specialists offering you cutting edge, evidence-based natural health-care for...
Eloise Charleson
08 9381 1468


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Pool Re boss raises prospect of separate cyber reinsurance scheme
Funds for a potential public-private reinsurance scheme for cyber catastrophes should not be mingled with Pool Re, however, the remit of the terrorism fund's management team could be extended to operate a separate cyber initiative.
That is the view of Pool Re CEO Julian Enoizi in response to a 28 July Z/Yen and APM Group report that said a public-private cyber reinsurance scheme would support UK IT prosperity and add clarity and...
Top stories
Gable moves to reassure brokers following announcement of a company-wide review
Gable has said it will be 'business as usual' until a review commissioned by the company concludes in Q3.
Government accepts Insurance Fraud Taskforce recommendations
The government has accepted the recommendations it has been given by the Insurance Fraud Taskforce and has called for the whole industry to tackle the issue.
Kickboxer fined after fraudulent whiplash claim
A kickboxer who claimed for whiplash after a car accident but then took part in a full contact fight has been fined.
Hundreds of SMEs take insurance complaints to financial ombudsman
More than 850 small business complaints around insurance were received by the Financial Ombudsman Service, with 219 of those about commercial property insurance, according to its 2015/16 review.


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The 2016 IIHF World Championship is currently taking place in Moscow and St.
Read article
Welcome to Puck Drop Preview 2015-16, where our hockey department gives you a
Welcome to LWOS Hockey's summer series, Call to the Hall, where we take a look
The former Vancouver Canuck can call California home for the next few years.
For the month of June, Last Word On Sports will be covering each team in our 30 in
If the Blackhawks win Game 5 they will go on to win their third Stanley Cup in six
After a thrilling Game 2 that went to triple overtime, the Chicago Blackhawks wanted
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In 2005, Rhode Island enacted an identity-theft protection law, which remained unchanged for the past decade. Over that time, rapidly changing technologies and devious schemes by hackers have posed greater identity-theft risks to Rhode Islanders. … more
Linn Foster Freedman, chair of Robinson+Cole's Data Privacy + Security Team, has been recognized by Health Data Management as one of 50 Top Healthcare IT professionals. more
By PBN Staff
(Updated 3:12 p.m.) Former HealthSource RI director Christine C. Ferguson was arrested over the weekend by police for allegedly procuring alcohol for a minor. more
By Lori Stabile
A Patent, Trademark and Copyright Services Group has been added to the law firm of Adler Pollock & Sheehan PC. more
By PBN Staff
Laura Freedman Pedrick joined Aquidneck Land Trust as its new development director. She was formerly the marketing director at law firm Partridge Snow & Hahn LLP, where she had worked since 2006. She has a B.A. in French from the University of … more
Would people smoke less if cigarettes were sold in plain packages? Early evidence from Australia, which has required them for three years, suggests they might. The plain packs – which prohibit design features and logos such as Marlboro's red and … more
NEWPORT – The Breakers Welcome Center project will move forward after a Newport Superior Court judge last week dismissed all appeals of a Zoning Board decision that approved its construction. Judge Walter Stone decided that none of the … more
Adam Ramos has been promoted to partner at Hinckley Allen's Providence office. Ramos is a member of the Rhode Island Board of Bar Examiners, Bristol Warren Education Foundation and the Hope Alzheimer's Center. He holds a B.A. from Florida State … more
Employees who snipe at the boss, bicker with co-workers or consistently complain are becoming common at workplaces of all sizes. And in some cases, companies would do best to reassign or get rid of them, say human resources specialists. … more
By Mary MacDonald | email@example.com | 12/11/15
Kristie L. McCann, a local author and an attorney at the Law Office of Kristie McCann, was recognized as a winner of the 2015 National Indie Excellence Awards in the children's nonfiction category for being both exciting and educational. McCann's … more


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Watch Info
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Pac-12 Baseball Scores
More: California at Stanford - Baseball
Bears top Cardinal on The Farm
Pac-12 Networks' Ted Robinson and J.T. Snow discuss Cal baseball's 4-1 win over Stanford Thursday on The Farm.
Bears top Cardinal behind Cumberland's big night
Roxy Bernstein and JT Snow of Pac-12 Networks recap No. 18 Cal's 5-2 win over Stanford on Tuesday night in Berkeley. Brett Cumberland had three RBIs for the Bears.
Cardinal stuns Bears with ninth-inning rally
Ted Robinson and JT Snow of Pac-12 Networks recap Stanford's 8-6 win over No. 11 Cal on Tuesday night in Berkeley.
Cal Closes Pac-12 Play With Esquer's 500th Win
Bears Beat Washington State 11-5 To Earn Landmark Victory
Cal baseball finishes season with big win over Washington State
Pac-12 Network's Roxy Bernstein and Wes Clements recap Cal's 11-5 win over Washington State to seal manager David Esquer's 500th career win.
Cal's Esquer on 500th career win: 'This is a team I love coaching'
Roxy Bernstein and Wes Clements of Pac-12 Networks talk with David Esquer after Cal's 11-5 win over Washington State on Sunday afternoon in Pullman.


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Arizona Cardinals
NFL.com writer: Arizona Cardinals line most improved of NFC West teams
The Arizona Cardinals surprised many by winning 10 games in 2013, though they still fell painfully short of a playoff spot.
So, entering the offseason the goal set out by GM Steve Keim and coach Bruce Arians was to improve, and by way of many free agent additions, the belief is they did just that.
In fact, NFL.com's Gregg Rosenthal wrote that he thinks Arizona's offensive line is the most improved group of any in the NFC West.
That's why our choice for the most improved position group in the division truly comes down to one player. The Arizona Cardinals' left tackle situation has been among the very worst in football for five years running. Signing Jared Veldheer immediately gives the group an above average starter, and allows Cardinals fans to dream of the left side of the offensive line actually being a weapon. Last year's No. 7 overall pick, guard Jonathan Cooper, will return from a broken leg to play alongside Veldheer. The team also signed guard Ted Larsen for depth; he's started 31 career games.
On paper, the Cardinals defense's talent rivals any group in the league. Bruce Arians has proven he can coach up offense, and their talent is catching up to the defense. In Andre Ellington, Michael Floyd, Larry Fitzgerald and Ted Ginn, Arians has a lot of explosive playmakers to use. Now the Cardinals should have the protection necessary to test opposing defenses down the field.
Of course, the Cardinals did lose some players too, most notably linebacker Karlos Dansby.
But from the way it seems, the team went into free agency with a plan and executed it with precision.
Left tackle and offensive line depth? Check. Speedy wide receiver and another tight end? Check. More help for the secondary? Check.
The Cardinals were close last year but still needed a little more to challenge both the San Francisco 49ers and Seattle Seahawks.
And while no one knows if every move they've made will work out, there's no denying they appear to be exactly what the team needed.
Most Popular
Cardinals Audio
Monday May 23
The "Why I'm never moving to Florida" award, "We're all going to be suckers" award + more
James Bettcher - Cardinals Defensive Coordinator
Monday May 23
Coach Bettch and B-Train talk defense, Bettcher's rise in the coaching ranks and what to expect from
Doug Franz - The Doug & Wolf Show
Monday May 23
Doug, a lifelong Redskins fan talks with B-Train about the "Redskins" nickname and what he does and
Crazy Train w/ Ron Wolfley
Monday May 23
Wolf and B-Train get Crazy talking Draymond Green and the times where they handed out cheap shots on
Monica Lindstrom, Arizona Sports & KTAR News legal analyst
Monday May 23
Monica Lindstrom has a gut feeling that Tom Brady won't be facing the Cardinals Week One of 2016.


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PC Games
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your A Fork In The Tale question for PC and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
Sponsored Links
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Advance Reality Interactive
- Publisher: Anyriver Entertainment
- Genre: Adventure
- Release: Feb 28, 1997
- ESRB: Not Set
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
How to run a fork in the tale in windows xp?
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Posted On: 09-18-2010
Posted On: 09-18-2010
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This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant EY06338.
Peripheral and Central Effects of Naphazoline on Ocular Hydrodynamics: Involvement of Imidazoline Receptors, ANP, and Gi Proteinsa
Version of Record online: 6 FEB 2006
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09387.x
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Additional Information
How to Cite
OGIDIGBEN, M. J., CHU, T. C. and POTTER, D. E. (1999), Peripheral and Central Effects of Naphazoline on Ocular Hydrodynamics: Involvement of Imidazoline Receptors, ANP, and Gi Proteins. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 881: 388–391. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09387.x
- a
Publication History
- Issue online: 6 FEB 2006
- Version of Record online: 6 FEB 2006
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barber's scissors - tool of a hair stylist / tijeras de barbero - Herramienta de un estilista
This great custom product in black from our department Men and T-Shirt category can be printed just for you in the size and style you like. The design haircut with professional scissors (2c) was created by YASH2 and uploaded to Spreadshirt for you to have printed on a T-Shirt. Next to a host of other great customized designs, you can find this haircut with professional scissors (2c) design in Spreadshirt's Unemployed category. If you are interested in topics like barber or hair dresser, then you'll love haircut with professional scissors (2c) designs by YASH2. Spreadshirt also offers a huge selection of custom t-shirts, hoodies and accessories for the category Unemployed as well as top hair stylist clothing. YASH2's designs have already impressed many of our customers, so we are sure that we've got right stuff for you! Spreadshirt is your destination for great designs of all kinds – whether it's barber, hair dresser or hair stylist. We are sure that you will find something nice in our shop, there are many amazing custom Unemployed t-shirts, hoodies, or accessories for you to find! Tags: Design ID: 11135018
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Lightweight and slim-fitting, this t-shirt is perfect for that tailored look. Throw it on under a sweater or sweatshirt, or wear it by itself with a pair of jeans or khakis.
still to fill


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Summer's Indiscretion [Divine Creek Ranch 7] (Siren Publishing Menage Everlasting)by Heather Rainier
View All Available Formats & Editions
[Siren Menage Everlasting: Erotic Cowboy Menage a Trois Romance, M/F/M, spanking] Summer Heston is ready to give up on men and has sworn off blind dates permanently. A chance text message and phone conversation with two mysterious friends of Grace's changes her mind. A dangerous situation literally thrusts her into their powerful arms as the attacks on her ladies' adults-only boutique escalate and the tone of the Divine Morality blog grows more blatantly hateful. Ace and Kemp work diligently to protect the women of Discretion while simultaneously striving to win Summer's heart. A minor mistake on Kemp's part has big repercussions for their budding romance as their ability to withstand their growing attraction for Summer crumbles. When their passion finally flares out of control, their intimate tryst becomes much more than a minor indiscretion. When an old flame knocks at the door, Summer must face her doubts and make a decision. Can she trust her instincts? ** A Siren Erotic Romance
Product Details
- 9781610349031
- Publisher:
- Siren-BookStrand
- Publication date:
- 10/24/2011
- Series:
- Divine Creek Ranch 7
- Sold by:
- Barnes & Noble
- Format:
- NOOK Book
- Sales rank:
- 147,258
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DENTON (KRLD) — An associate professor of Chemistry at the University of North Texas has created a new tool to crack down on I-D theft, trace criminals and help in the fight against cancer.
The U.S. military and Department of Justice are already using the "nanomanipulator."
The inventor, Guido Verbeck, says the device is designed to extract and analyze chemicals within the ridges of a fingerprint.
He says the Department of Justice will use this to analyze inks, paints, paper and other materials criminals use to make counterfeit documents.
"We just recently got a cancer award from the State of Texas to take this device and go into single cells and look at metabolism on cancer and non-cancer cells and look for pathways where cancers and tumors are formed," said Verbeck.
(credit: Getty Images/American Cancer Society)
The hope is to have these in hospitals and with law enforcement around the country.
(©2014 CBS Local Media, a division of CBS Radio Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)
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