text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 16, 1994
|Filing date
|Jan 29, 1993
|Priority date
|Jan 31, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Paul de Groot, Yves Beauvais
|Original Assignee
|Thomson Tube Electroniques
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (18), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to image intensifier tubes of the type wherein, firstly, an incident ionizing radiation is converted into photons in the visible or near-visible range and wherein, secondly, a slab comprising microchannels is used to ensure a gain in electrons.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Image intensifier tubes such as these are often called "proximity focusing" tubes. They are used, for example, in radiology. The principle of radiological image intensifier tubes ( IIR tubes in short ) using slabs of microchannels is well known. It is described notably by J. Adams in "Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics", volume 22A, pp. 139-153, Academic Press, 1966.
FIG. 1 gives a schematic view of the structure of a standard IIR tube using a slab of microchannels such as this.
The IIR tube 1 comprises a vacuum-tight chamber, constituted by a tube body 2 positioned about a longitudinal axis 13 of the tube. The body 2 is closed at one end by an input window 3 and at the other end by an output window 14.
The X-rays penetrate the IIR tube through the input window, which should be as transparent as possible to these rays: the input window 3 is generally constituted by a thin metal foil (aluminium, tantalum, etc.).
The X-rays then encounter a layer 4 of scintillating material in which they are absorbed and give rise to a local emission of light proportional to the quantity of X-radiation absorbed. The scintillator material may be, for example, caesium iodide forming the layer 4 with a thickness of the order of 0.1 to 0.8 nm. The layer 4 of scintillator material is supported by a single plate 5 transparent to X-rays, formed for example by a thin metal foil (for example made of aluminium alloy) or else a silica-based glass plate etc. The supporting plate 5 is located towards the input window.
The scintillator 4 bears a photocathode 6. The photocathode 6 is constituted by a very small thickness (often smaller than one micrometer) of a photo-emissive material. This layer is deposited on a face of the scintillator 4 that is opposite the supporting plate 5. The photocathode 6 absorbs the light emitted by the scintillator 4 and, in response, sends out electrons locally into the surrounding vacuum, in proportion to this light. The set constituted by the supporting plate 5 bearing the scintillator 4 which itself bears the photocathode 6 constitutes a primary screen 15.
The electrons (not shown ) emitted by the photocathode 6 are directed by an electrical field towards the input face 8 of a slab 7 of microchannels. To this effect, a first potential and a second potential V1, V2 are applied respectively to the photocathode 6 and to the input face 8, the second potential V2 being more positive than the first potential V1.
The slab 7 of microchannels is an assembly of a multitude of small parallel channels 12 assembled in the form of a rigid plate. Each primary electron (sent out by the photocathode) that penetrates a channel is multiplied by a phenomenon of secondary emission in cascade on the walls of the channel, so that the flow of electrons at the output of the slab can be more than a thousand times greater than the input flow. The diameter d1 of the channels may range from 10 to 100 micrometers. The channels 12 are inclined with respect to the normal to the plane of the slab so that the electrons which are emitted by the photocathode 6 in parallel to this normal cannot emerge from a channel without giving rise to a phenomenon of secondary emission. In order to reduce the number of electrons that strike the input face of the slab 7 outside the channels 12, it is the usual practice to make a widened portion 35 at the input to these channels and hence to reduce the thickness of their walls. The thickness E of the plate that forms the slab 7 of microchannels is typically between 1 and 5 mm. The electronic gain of the slab may be adjusted over a wide range of values, for example between 1 and 5000, as a function of the voltage developed between the input face 8 and an output face 9 of this slab 7, namely an output face 9 to which a third potential V3 is applied.
The electrons at output of the slab of microchannels are accelerated and focused by an electrical field, on a luminescent screen (10) positioned so as to be facing the slab, parallel to this slab, and at a distance D of the order of 1 to 5 mm. The luminescent screen 10 locally emits a quantity of light proportional to the incident electron current. The luminescent screen therefore restores a visible and intensified image of the X-ray image projected on the scintillator, through the input window of the tube. The luminescent screen, which is a layer with a thickness of some microns, constituted by grains of luminophor material, is deposited on a glass port which may constitute the output window 14 of the tube. The face of the luminescent screen 10, pointed towards the slab 7 of microchannels, is coated with a very thin metal layer 18, made of alumininum for example. The metallization enables the electrical polarization of the screen (by the application of a fourth potential V4 that is more positive than the third potential V3) and acts as a reflector for the light reflected rearwards by this screen. The port 14 supporting the screen 10 may be made of glass, or may be constituted for example by a fiber-optic system. The screen 10 may be deposited directly on this port or on an intermediate transparent support if it is desired to insulate the screen 10 from the port because of constraints of use.
The primary screen 15 and the slab 7 of microchannels are fixedly joined to the body 2 of the tube, for example by means of lugs 21, 22, 23 sealed to this body. To these lugs, there are furthermore applied the polarizing potentials V1, V2, V3. The polarizing of the input and output faces 8, 9 is furthermore ensured by means of a metallization (not shown) with which, as a rule, these input and output faces of the slab are generally coated except, naturally, in positions facing the channels 12. The primary screen 15 and the slab 7 are thus fixed so as to be electrically insulated from each other while, at the same time, being separated by a relatively small distance D1 of the order of some tens of millimeters (it must be noted that for greater clarity, FIG. 1 has not been drawn to scale).
These conditions are necessary to obtain, between the photocathode 6 and the input face 8 of the slab, an electrical field suited to the task of accelerating the electrons emitted by the photocathode 6 towards the input of the microchannels of the slab 7; this electrical field should be intense enough to limit the angular dispersion of the electrons which tends to reduce the spatial dispersion of the IIR tube.
Furthermore, the distance D1 between the photocathode 6 and the slab 7 should be maintained uniformly to obtain high image resolution on the entire field.
Under these conditions, the accurate positioning of the primary screen 15 and, especially, of the photocathode 6 with respect to the slab 7, is a lengthy and delicate operation that is made even more difficult by the low mechanical rigidity of the supporting plate 5 (bearing the scintillator 4) in order to absorb the X-radiation to the minimum extent.
An additional complexity is provided by a difference between the expansion coefficients of the scintillator 4 and of its support 5. The result of this difference is that the primary screen 15 structure tends to get deformed, and that it is difficult to limit this deformation to less than some tens of millimeters when it takes effect over lengths close to several centimenters. Furthermore, if the primary screen 15 is moved away from the slab 7 to minimize the influence of the deformations, the result is an unacceptable loss of resolution.
Now, what is sought is the industrial-scale manufacture of IIR tubes with proximity focusing, capable of picking up large-sized images as is the case with IIR tubes in which the image, formed on the output screen by the electrons emitted by the photocathode, results from a focusing of these electrons by means of an electronic optical device. In IIR tubes using electronic optical devices, the primary screen may commonly attain a diameter of up to about 50 centimeters.
It is clear that, with such dimensions, the positioning of a primary screen with respect to a slab of microchannels raises serious problems. At present, this constitutes one of the major drawbacks of IIR tubes with proximity focusing. However, this type of tube has advantages as compared with those using an electronic optical device. Thus, for example, this type of tube may be much flatter than the latter type of tube (with a smaller distance between the primary screen and the output screen); furthermore, it can be made more easily to receive and form a rectangular image.
The present invention relates to image intensifier tubes wherein there is used, firstly, a scintillator to convert an ionizing radiation into light radiation or radiation close to the visible range, and wherein there is used, secondly, a slab of microchannels positioned in the vicinity of the primary screen and, more specifically, in the vicinity of the photocathode. The invention is aimed at enabling a relative positioning that is precise and reliable between the primary screen and the slab of microchannels, with a very small distance which may be smaller than 0.2 millimeters.
To this end, the invention proposes to fixedly join the primary screen and the slab of microchannels, by means of electrically insulating shims. The number and distribution of these shims are chosen notably as a function of the surfaces that face each other, so as to obtain the most efficient compromise between mechanical rigidity and minimum absorption of the electrons emitted by the photocathode.
The invention therefore relates to an image intensifier tube comprising a primary screen, a slab of microchannels fixed in the intensifier tube, the primary screen comprising a scintillator borne by a supporting plate, a photocathode borne by the scintillator, the photocathode facing an input face of the slab, wherein the primary screen is fixedly to the slab by means of insulating shims.
The invention will be understood more clearly from the following description of certain of its embodiments, made with reference to the appended drawings of which:
FIG. 1, already described, is a sectional view representing the structure of an IIR tube with proximity focusing according to the prior art;
FIG. 2 is a sectional, schematic view of the structure of an IIR tube with proximity focusing, made according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view illustrating the way in which a primary screen shown in FIG. 2 can be made;
FIG. 4 is a sectional schematic view of another embodiment of insulating shims shown in FIG. 2;
For greater clarity, FIGS. 1 to 4 have not been drawn to scale.
FIG. 2 shows an IIR tube 20 according to the invention. The tube 20 has a general structure similar to that of the IIR tube shown in FIG. 1.
However, the tube 20 differs from the one shown in FIG. 1 essentially by the way in which its primary screen is fastened.
The tube 20 comprises a vacuum-tight chamber, constituted by a tube body 2 closed at one end by an input window 3 and at the other end by an output window 14. This chamber contains a primary screen 19 and a slab 7 of microchannels positioned between the primary screen 19 and the output window 3.
The primary screen 19 is formed by a thin foil or plate 5 acting as a support for a scintillator 4; the scintillator is constituted for example by a layer of caesium iodide. The supporting plate 5 is oriented towards the input window 3 and the scintillator 4 is oriented towards the slab 7 of microchannels. On a face oriented towards the slab 7, the scintillator 4 bears a fine layer of a photo-emissive material forming a photocathode 6.
The slab 7 of microchannels is fixed into the body 2 of the tube by means of fixing lugs 22, 23 which, firstly, are sealed into the body 2 which they cross and, secondly, are soldered to the two opposite large faces 8,9 which respectively constitute the input face and the output face of the slab 7. The fastening lugs 22, 23 may thus serve, furthermore, to apply the potentials V2,V3 necessary for the operation of the slab 7 as .already explained here above.
According to one characteristic of the invention, the primary screen 19 rests on the input face 8 of the slab 7 of microchannels by means of one or more electrically insulating shims 25. The height of the shims 25 defines the spacing between the photocathode 6 and the input face 8 of the slab 7, i.e. the distance D1 between these elements.
In the non-restrictive example shown in FIG. 2, the shims 25 are glass beads having, for example, a diameter d2 of 100 micrometers which forms the height of the shims. Beads such as these are commonly available in the market with a small variation of diameters around the nominal value.
Since the slab 7 of microchannels is fixed to the body 2 of the tube, it constitutes the support of the primary screen 19 which is kept resting on this screen under the thrust force exerted by one or more thrustor elements 26.
The primary screen 19 is thus mechanically fixed to the slab 7 of microchannels, and not to the body 2 of the tube as is the case in the prior art.
The thrustor elements 26 may be constituted in different ways, notably as a function of the modes of manufacture proper to each IIR tube. In the non-restrictive example of the description, these pressure devices rest on an internal peripheral part 27 of the input window 3, this peripheral part being more massive than the central part which, for its part, must absorb the incident X-radiation to the least possible extent.
In the example shown in FIG. 2, these thrustor elements 26 comprise: a rigid spacer 28 and a spring washer 29. The spring washer 29 is placed on the supporting plate 5 (in a peripheral zone of this plate 5) and the spacer 28 is placed between the input window 3 and the spring washer 29. The spacers 28 have a height H that is suited to keeping the primary screen 19 applied to the shims 25 by means of the spring washers 29. Several thrustor elements such as these may be used, distributed about the primary screen 15.
The first potential V1 is brought to the tube 20 by a crossing or lead-through element 31, to be applied to the photocathode 6, without thereby setting up any rigid link between the body 2 and the primary screen 19. The electrical link between the lead-through element 31 and the photocathode may be set up in different ways through the use of means that are simple per se. In the non-restrictive example described, this is obtained, firstly, by connecting the lead-through element 31 to the spring washer 29, by a flexible conductive wire 32, the spring washer 29 being itself in contact with the supporting plate 5 bearing the scintillator (the supporting plate 5 is then preferably made of an electrically conductive material); furthermore, the spring washer 29 is electrically connected to the photocathode 6 through a conductive layer 33, and a metallization layer 34 made between the scintillator 4 and the photocathode 6 in a peripheral zone of the primary screen 19 (this metallization 24 clearly does not overlap the useful central surface of the primary screen).
The metallization 34 is made, for example, by vacuum evaporation of a thin layer (for example with a thickness of 0.1 to 1 micrometer) of chromium or aluminium or of another metal deposited on the periphery of the scintillator 4.
This metallization 34 is then covered partially by the photocathode, in such a way that the electrical connection with the photocathode is set up while, at the same time, the most peripheral part of the metallization 34 is kept clear. This most peripheral part of the metallization 34 is then covered with the conductive layer 33 which is also in contact with the supporting plate 5 and the spring washer or washers 29, and also with the edge of the scintillator 4. In fact, the conductive layer 33 may cover the entire perimeter of the primary screen 19, i.e. the edge of this primary screen, the edge on which it can be deposited simply: for example, it may be result from the application, by means of a brush, of a paste containing metal granules. Suspensions of silver granules enabling a use such as this are commonly available in the market.
In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2, where the shims 25 are constituted by beads, these beads may be fixedly joined to the input face 8 of the slab 7 of microchannels by bonding. The bonder used may be a photosetting or thermosetting bonder and may be compatible, in its set condition, with use under vacuum. The bonder used for this purpose may be, for example, the one known as Araldite, the polymerization of which is accelerated by heating.
The beads or shims 25 are distributed and fixed to the input face 8 in a pitch p in the range of 2 centimeters for example. This can be accomplished in a simple way, for example by the deposition, on the input face 8 of the slab, of the spots of bonder with a spacing pitch p of two centimeters. Once the spots of bonder are deposited, the input face 8 of the slab are covered with a layer of glass beads and then the bonder is made to set by insolation or by heating. The glass beads are then eliminated except for those that have been in contact with a spot of bonder and have been consequently fixed to the slab 7 by these spots of bonder. The laying of these spots of bonder can be done by hand, or by means of automatic laying machines that are standard per se.
Since the beads 25 are fixedly joined to the slab 7, said slab is fixed mechanically into the tube by means of standard techniques.
The primary screen 19 is then placed in the slab 7 and fixed to this slab as explained further above through the application of pressure, at regular intervals, on the small glass beads or shims 25. Clearly, the primary screen 19 can itself be made in a conventional way.
The diameter of the beads may be chosen as a function of the desired image resolution: it should be small enough for the beads not to be visible in the image. The pitch p of the beads is matched to the deformability of the primary screen 19, i.e. the greater the deformability, the smaller is this pitch.
To obtain a situation where the photocathode 6 rests more evenly on the shims 25, it is also possible to give the primary screen a slightly non-plane shape, notably a concave shape (as seen from the input window 3) before it is fixed to the slab 7.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view similar to that of FIG. 2, showing the primary screen 19 before it is fixed to the slab 7 of microchannels.
The primary screen 19 has a slightly concave shape such that, when it is placed above the slab 7 before being fastened to said slab 7, it is first of all by its central zone 30 that it is in contact with the shims 25. By then providing for regular pressure on the periphery 36 of the primary screen 19, when it is being fixed, by means of thrustor elements 26 (shown in FIG. 2), a uniform pressure of the primary screen on the shims 25 is obtained, by bringing the elasticity of the primary screen and, especially, of the supporting plate 5 into play.
A shape such as this, notably a concave shape, of the primary screen 15 may result from an internal mechanical tension of the primary screen 19. This mechanical tension may itself result from the concave shape initially given to the supporting plate or support 5 before the deposition of the scintillator 4 on this support. The coefficient of expansion of caesium iodide is generally higher than that of the support, and this scintillator is deposited hot on this support. As a result, the tension exerted by the scintillator 4 tends to reduce the initial concavity, and the support 5 should be given a concavity slightly greater than the one that is finally necessary. It is possible, for example, to give an initial deflection that is close to one millimeter for a support 5 made of an aluminium alloy with a 0.5 millimeter thickness and a diameter of 15 to 25 centimeters.
By thus fixing the primary screen 19 to the slab 7, the uniformity of the spacing between this slab 7 and the photocathode 6 depends to a greater extent on the diameters of the beads that constitute the shims 25 than on the mechanical rigidity of the support or supporting plate 5. Consequently, the thickness of the supporting plate 5 may be reduced so as to absorb the incident radiation to a smaller extent.
It must be noted that, by giving a concave shape such as this to the primary screen 19, resulting from an internal mechanical tension as explained here above, it is possible not only to obtain the most efficient fastening of the primary screen but also to restrict or even cancel the mechanical deformations of this primary screen, during operation, caused by differences between the heat expansion coefficient of the scintillator 4 and that of its support 5. This can be obtained, of course, on condition that the prior mechanical tension, on the one hand, and the cases of heat expansion, on the other, cause deformations in opposite directions.
FIG. 4 gives a schematic view of another way of making the insulating shims 25 which separate the photocathode 6 from the slab 7 of microchannels.
FIG. 4 shows a partial view of the slab 7 of microchannels in a sectional view that is similar to that of FIG. 3, but is enlarged with respect to this figure. In this other version, these insulating shims (referenced 25a) are constituted by a deposit or deposits of electrically insulating material, these deposits being formed by one or more layers 40 deposited on the input face 8 of the slab 7, between the inputs of certain channels 12 or all of them. These deposits or shims 25a should preferably (but not imperatively) obstruct the channels 12 to the least possible extent.
The deposits 25a can be obtained, for example, by a vacuum evaporation type of method for the deposition of an insulating material such as silica SiO2, alumina A12 O3 0 or any other material compatible with techniques using vacuums and photocathodes. The insulator material may be evaporated at an incidence that is highly oblique with respect to the surface of the slab, so as not to overlap the wall of the channels 12 in depth. The use of microchannels with a widened input 35 limits the surface area made available for the deposition of the insulator, and thus limits the obstruction of these channels 12. The penetration of the insulator material into the channels may be limited to the depth of the widened portion 35.
With a method such as this, it is possible to deposit a single layer 40 of insulating material on the input face 8 of the slab 7. This input face is pierced in the part facing each channel 12. However, it is also possible to make several localized deposits that do not constitute a single interrupted layer.
After the shims 25a are made, the slab 7 is fixed into the tube and the primary screen 19 is fixed to the slab 7 in a manner similar to that explained here above with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. Naturally, this embodiment of insulating shims is applicable also when the primary screen 19 comprises an internal mechanical tension that gives it a concave shape.
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|Capacitive Proximity Switch, and Domestic Appliance Comprising the Same
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 31, 1993
Owner name: THOMSON TUBE ELECTRONIQUES, FRANCE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GROOT, PAUL DE;BEAUVAIS, YVES;REEL/FRAME:006478/0442
Effective date: 19930112
|Jan 21, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 22, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 20, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Season two is slated to premiere in May 2013 with 10 hour-long episodes.
'Randy to the Rescue' Renewed by TLC for Second Season
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Home » Brain & Puzzle » Pete Harris Pegs
Pete Harris Pegs - FREE
by Pete Harris, Version: 1.0 , 84 KB Official Site
Package name: uk.me.peteharris.android.peg , Last Update: 2011-12-21 00:49:48
2 ratings (5.000 average)
100-500 downloads
The classic solitaire peg game - jump one peg over another into a hole to remove the middle peg.
Aim to remove as many pegs as possible.
Apps from the same developer
Pete Harris Love Tester Useful tool when on the pull in a bar or club. Simply set the desired compatibility level by sliding your finger u ...
Pete Harris Pub get Pete Harris to the pub
Related Android Apps
Word Run Find as many words as possible from a pile of 7 random letters against the clock. Get a 'run' of words fr ...
Hiroshige Art Puzzle Art Puzzle
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Kindergarten Alphabet Delite Have your kid experience the new look and feel of the Kid's Alphabet Delite. They will definitely love this ...
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Virginia Men Place Second at ACC Outdoor Championships
Young named Most Valuable Male Field Performer
Virginia Women Finish Ninth at ACC Outdoor Championships
Guy breaks school record in pole vault
Martin Maric Named Croatian Athlete of the Year
Virginia assistant coach honored in his home country
Two-Time Olympian Maric Named Assistant Track and Field Coach
Croatian Olympian will coach throws for Virginia
Two-time Olympian Martin Maric was named assistant track and field coach in September 2012. Maric works primarily as the Cavaliers' throws coach.
Maric's group had a stellar 2015 season, which earned him USTFCCCA Southeast Region Men's Assistant Coach of the Year honors. He guided the throwers to six NCAA Championship entries during the outdoor season, as Jordan Young was the only male to compete in three individual events in Eugene. Young earned first-team All-America honors in both the discus and hammer throw, while Filip Mihlajevic finished third in the discus. The Cavaliers broke four school records during the outdoor season, with Mihlajevic setting the marks in the shot put and discus, Young in the hammer throw and Christine Bohan in the women's shot put. During the indoor season, Young had a fourth-place finish in the weight throw at the NCAA Championships. Between the indoor and outdoor seasons, Mihaljevic and Young won a combined four ACC Championships.
In 2014, Maric coached Mihaljevic, the ACC Outdoor Track & Field Freshman of the Year. Mihaljevic won the ACC Outdoor Championship in the discus and earned first-team All-American honors in both the shot put and discus.
Maric is the Croatian national record holder in the discus and he represented his home country in the discus at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing and the 2012 Games in London. He finished 29th in 2008 before placing 17th in 2012. He was named Croatian Athlete of the Year for this efforts in London.
He also represented Croatia at the 2011 World Championships in Dague, South Korea, and at the 2007 and 2009 World University Games.
At the University of California, Maric was the NCAA Champion in the discus in 2009, as well as an All-American in the discus in 2008 and the javelin in 2007.
Maric spent the springs of 2010 and 2011 as a volunteer assistant coach at the University of Florida and served as an assistant coach at the ASK Split Athletic Club in his native Split, Croatia.
Maric graduated from California with a bachelor's degree in political economy of industrial societies in 2009.
UVA Athletics Information
In the NewsRecent Headlines News Archives
- Top Videos
Jeff White
Lynch Makes Timely Return to MoundBaseball5/28/16In his first appearance since April 13, freshman Daniel Lynch retired all four batters he faced Friday in Virginia's ACC tournament loss to Wake Forest.Transfers Eager to Help Lift ProgramFootball5/26/16UVA's football team added three transfers this spring: quarterback Kurt Benkert, offensive guard Jared Cohen and defensive end Jack Powers.Cavaliers' Reign Atop NCAA ContinuesMen's Tennis5/25/16With a 4-1 win over Oklahoma on Tuesday night, top-seeded Virginia captured its second straight NCAA men's title and third in four seasons.
Jeff White
Director of News Content
A 1985 graduate of UVA, White worked at the Richmond Times-Dispatch until July 2009. He was honored six times as the state's Sportswriter of the Year.
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No. 6 Cavaliers Advance Three More to NCAA Championships
Track & Field, Cross Country | 5/28/2016
Three student-athletes, juniors Filip Mihaljevic and Henry Wynne and redshirt freshman...
Virginia Women Finish Action at NCAA East Prelims
Track & Field, Cross Country | 5/28/2016
The Virginia women's track and field team finished action at the NCAA East Preliminaries...
Three Cavaliers Qualify for NCAAs at East Prelims
Track & Field, Cross Country | 5/27/2016
Graduate student William Gray and juniors Filip Mihaljevic and Jordan Young qualified for the...
UVA Finishes Second Day of the NCAA East Preliminaries
Track & Field, Cross Country | 5/27/2016
The Virginia women's track and field team finished action on the second day of the NCAA...
Wynne and Marsella Move on to NCAA 1,500m Quarterfinals
Track & Field, Cross Country | 5/26/2016
The No. 6 Virginia men's track and field team had two student-athletes move on to the...
Boyd Qualifies for NCAA Championships in 10,000m
Track & Field, Cross Country | 5/26/2016
Junior Cleo Boyd advanced to the NCAA Championships in the 10,000 meters as the Virginia women...
UVA to Begin Action at NCAA East Preliminaries Thursday
Track & Field, Cross Country | 05/25/2016
The No. 6 Virginia men's track and field team and Cavalier women open action at the NCAA...
Jeff White: Mihaljevic's Star Continues to Rise
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Station Crescent, Westcombe Park, London, Greenwich, SE37EQ
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The London Borough of Greenwich
Greenwich The London Borough of Greenwich lies on the south bank of the Thames. Rich in maritime history, Greenwich also has an outstanding architectural heritage. Many of its buildings are designed by well known English architects, including the Royal Naval College, the National Maritime Museum and the Royal Observatory built by Sir Christopher Wren for King Charles II. At the Royal Observatory visitors can stand astride Longitude Zero with one foot in the eastern and the other in the western hemisphere. The borough enjoys many royal connections and within its boundaries are two former Royal Palaces and two royal dockyards. Additional visitor attractions include Greenwich Market, the Cutty Sark - the oldest surviving tea and wool clipper, the Millennium Dome and the Thames Barrier. Greenwich can be reached in 15 minutes by train from central London, or via a leisurely 45 minute cruise from Westminster or Charing Cross Piers.
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Chrisp Street Market
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Concerts | On 28th May 2016
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How To Shake Things Up Without Losing Your Style
Photo: Courtesy of Mara Ferreira.
Lately I've wanted a change. While I still love feminine accents, I've recently been drawn to cleaner lines and silhouettes. I love how attractive a tailored outfit can be, and how sometimes pants might be preferred over a dress. In an effort to refine my style a bit more, and dress more like a woman than a girl (yes, I said it!), I'm taking it one step at a time. So, for this outfit I decided to embrace black, a color I've been more than a little apprehensive about.
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The Orioles' No. 1 prospect sent the first pitch he saw as a member of the Bowie Baysox over the left-center field fence in Thursday night's season-opening 4-2 win over the Harrisburg Senators.
"It was just a good swing," Machado said of his one-out homer in the second inning. "I was taking advantage because I saw that [Robert Gilliam] was throwing a first-pitch fastball to everybody, so I just went up there and I knew he was going to throw me a fastball. I am 19 years old so, I know he's going to attack me. ... A lot of guys are going to come challenge me up here, so I just try to take advantage of it."
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"Thank God, I went out there and had a good first start," Machado said. "That's a really good confidence-booster. I am just trying to go out there and just keep on doing what I am doing and just keep having fun."
Machado also got off to a quick start last season, batting .333 with five homers, a pair of triples, 21 RBIs and three steals in his first 24 games for Class A Delmarva. He was slowed by hip and knee injuries, finishing with a .257 average, 11 homers and 50 RBIs in 101 games that included a stint with Class A Advanced Frederick.
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"Being around the big leagues at camp, around these guys, seeing how they work, it's totally different than how it is down there [in Minor League camp]," Machado said. "It's great to be up here and being around these guys and seeing how they get ready for a long season."
Another hot start this spring could lead to another promotion for the third overall pick in the 2010 Draft, who's already playing at his fifth level as a pro.
"There's no expectations for me," Machado said in March. "I'm trying to stay healthy and play a full season -- 142 games before 162. If I get the callup this year or two or three years or next year, we never know. It's in their hands -- the farm director and the Orioles -- and it's up to them. Whenever they think I'm ready, then that's when I'll get the call."
Orioles' No. 3 prospect Jonathan Schoop went 1-for-3 with a double and a run scored in his own Double-A debut. Baysox starter Timothy Bascom, Baltimore's 2011 Minor League Pitcher of the Year, struck out four and allowed three hits over six shutout innings.
Jeff Kobernus, the Nationals' No. 13 prospect, was 2-for-4 for Harrisburg.
Today on MiLB.com
Top Stories on MiLB.com
- Peripheral stats show top prospects' value
- Indians' Hankins plates four in 'Ducks' rout
- Roundup: Phils' Eflin, O's Yaz keep rolling
- Jays' Greene getting attention in Dunedin
- Cubs' Stinnett staying simple on mound
- A-Rod singles twice in Thunder rehab start
- Ports pay homage with Asparagus Night
- Chiefs' Woodford hurls eight shutout frames


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Very worried about test results
Comments (6)
I'm so sorry to hear that. I haven't had that happen (this is my first), but I'm sure there are plenty of others that have. Maybe it's a false positive. God is in control and has a perfect plan for you and your baby!
I had a false positive before and literally freaked out about it but they retook the test and it came out negative...whew! They'll probably do an ultrasound as well on your next appt to see if theres any physical visible signs from the baby. Best of luck and wishes to you and your child! :-)
I later found out it has to do with a chromosomal malformation I have that caused the blood tests to come back positive.
Hang in there, God will only give you what he knows you can handle.
Sharon A. married to the love of my life Genaro
Taylor 04/29/99 * Lexie 12/10/09* MC 12/21/10 13 wks * MC 8/6/11 12 wks * Rainbow baby boy due 7/24/12
If it is the AFP then I would tell you to not worry, they have a very high rate of fale positives. You will find out more at your U/S...
( . Y . ) ruby for 38 months total
Learn more
Look how far your child has come.
Review your child's growth milestones.
Read about 3 years 9 months : Week 2.
Your growing child
Your 3 3/4-year-old: Language play
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Hornblower Cruises & Events says it has hired Scott Keever as Manager, Special Projects; details as follows:
After graduating from the California Maritime Academy with a Bachelor's degree in Marine Transportation, Scott began a sea-going career with Chevron Shipping. He continued with Chevron in various at-sea positions until July of this year when he joined Hornblower Cruises & Events.
In his new position, Scott will work on a number of special projects ranging from feasibility studies, energy and cost savings, risk management, regulatory concerns, procurement projects, business process improvement, SAFECRUISE efforts and Respect our Planet Programs.
About the company
Hornblower Cruises & Events has been a leading charter yacht and public dining cruise company in California for over 33 years. It operates 32 vessels, including the 3 largest dining yachts on the West Coast, in Marina del Rey, San Francisco, Berkeley, Sacramento, Long Beach, Newport Beach and San Diego, and New York City.
Two Hornblower subsidiary businesses, Alcatraz Cruises and Statue Cruises, are National Park Service ferry concessioners to Alcatraz Island and the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, respectively. Hornblower began operating the third subsidiary, Hornblower Niagara Cruises, out of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada this year.
Maritime Today
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SparkFun will be closed for Memorial Day (5/30). Orders placed after 2pm MT on Friday (5/27) will process and ship out on Tuesday (5/31).
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I would make the following changes if this was re-designed for another revision.
jumper to choose between powering the arduino off the 5v or 5vsb of the ATX PSU (or left off to leave it powered seperatly) and another jumper to enable connecting the green turn on wire to a pin of the arduino to allow the arduino to power the PSU up when required, and turn it off when not.
No public wish lists :(


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Lurking and posting (mostly lurking) in the official C&C forums since 2008. Actively posting media content on C&C Paradise since whenever. Please redirect all EA bashing to /r/circlejerk.
So while I was happily mining some belts in my Retriever, I thought of something. I should do something stupid by going to B-R5RB through a dangerous route. I wanted to see the mighty fallen Titans. I went to Jita, fitted a Condor with a MWD, shield extenders, and warp drive stabilizers because fuck you gankers, you ain't catching me. I undocked from Jita and head West to begin my journey. In the first lowsec system, I got caught in a bubble. Don't panic, I got this, I have a MWD so no worries. As I got out of the bubble, a interdictor dropped in and threw a second bubble at me. But he's too late as I am way too fast for him...
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This group contains a lot of stuff of the C&C community. Mod news, game screen shots and C&C humor(funny c&c moments). Join us if your a great fan of...
This group has been formed to gather the people who enjoy Japanese anime and all of its facets, to salute the people from the land of the Rising Sun.
Join this group if you are a big fan of the Battlefield series by EA/Dice!
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well since the C&C forum has gone best add you on here huh, you think it will be back?
Maybe, if there is a new C&C game. For now, I am taking refuge at CNCNZ, Tiberium Alliances, and the C&C sub reddit.
Since i cant troll him on the forums ima do it here.
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Orlando -- Winners of the 2013 National Association of Broadcasters Marconi Radio Awards were announced night at the annual NAB Marconi Radio Awards Dinner and Show held at the Radio Show in Orlando, FL.
Established in 1989 and named after inventor and Nobel Prize winner Guglielmo Marconi, the NAB Marconi Radio Awards are given to radio stations and outstanding on-air personalities to recognize excellence in radio. The 2013 NAB Marconi Radio Award recipients are:
■ Legendary Station: WBBM-AM Chicago, IL■ Network/Syndicated Personality of the Year: Steve Harvey, Premiere Radio Networks■ Major Market Station of the Year: WBEB-FM Philadelphia, PA■ Large Market Station of the Year: KSTP-FM St. Paul, MN■ Medium Market Station of the Year: KRMG-FM Tulsa, OK■ Small Market Station of the Year: WKDZ-FM Cadiz, KY■ Major Market Personality of the Year: Eric and Kathy, WTMX-FM Chicago, IL■ Large Market Personality of the Year: Cornbread, WIL-FM St. Louis, MO■ Medium Market Personality of the Year: Brian Byers, WSOY-AM Decatur, IL■ Small Market Personality of the Year: Monk and Kelly,WGSQ-FM Cookeville, TN■ Spanish Format Personality of the Year: Javier Romero WAMR-FM Miami, FL■ AC Station of the Year: WTMX-FM Chicago, IL■ CHR Station of the Year: WRDW-FM Philadelphia, PA■ Country Station of the Year: KKBQ-FM Houston, TX■ News/Talk Station of the Year: WBZ-AM Boston, MA■ Religious Station of the Year: KLRC-FM Siloam Springs, AR■ Rock Station of the Year: WZLX-FM Boston, MA■ Spanish Station of the Year: KLOL-FM Houston, TX■ Sports Station of the Year: KTCK-AM Dallas, TX■ Urban Station of the Year: WVEE-FM Atlanta, GA
Marconi finalists were selected by a task force of broadcasters, and the winners were voted on by the NAB Marconi Radio Awards Selection Academy. The votes were tabulated by an independent firm.
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Baby shower etiquette - don't know what to do
Started by Mozzie1 , Nov 24 2012 08:51 AM
14 replies to this topic
Posted 24 November 2012 - 08:51 AM
My extended family live very far apart, so it takes an event for us to get together. When DH and I announced our pregnancy, i got a lot of questions about when I was going to have my baby shower. I didn't really want one, because in the last 2 years I've had a wedding and a big 30th, and we are also better off financially than most of ur friends and family, so it seemed wrong to be asking for presents. I also wanted to see the family, who we don't see often enough and I miss.
So we compromised, and are having a unisex BBQ to celebrate the imminent arrival of our child. We've invited friends as well as family. The invite just calls it a baby celebration, and there is no mention of presents. But I have now heard from mum that most people have contacted her and asked what to buy us, so I gave her a list.
Now here is my dilemma. At a traditional baby shower, one of the highlights is watching the mother to be open her presents in front of everyone, and cooing over the tiny socks. I don't want anyone to feel like their gift wasn't appreciated. BUT we didn't position it as a ban shower, and I don't want anyone who doesn't bring a gift to be made to feel uncomfortable - after all, we weren't expecting them.
I might be over thinking this, but I really don't know what to do. Any advice?
Posted 24 November 2012 - 09:03 AM
QUOTE (Rawr @ 24/11/2012, 09:57 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
Pretend you like the gifts.
Huh? I'm not sure I understand - why wouldn't I like the gifts? I'm worried about opening presents in front of the whole group, and therefore making people who didn't bring one feel uncomfortable.
Posted 24 November 2012 - 09:03 AM
Give a heartfelt thanks in person when/if a loved one hands you a present.
Then open the gifts after the event and write heartfelt, prompt thank you notes.
Enjoy your time with your family and friends!
Edited by baddmammajamma, 24 November 2012 - 09:05 AM.
Posted 24 November 2012 - 09:03 AM
Simple - just don't. Have a table, or designated spot, for anyone who brings a gift to place them at the bbq and then just open them later. I had a champagne brunch(with some menfolk there too) for my shower and didn't even think to open gifts there as I find it odd.
I do think it is particularly important etiquette wise to ensure you write a thank you card as soon as possible mentioning each gift personally if you go this way though. That way everyone feels their gift was acknowledged and appreciated
Posted 24 November 2012 - 09:08 AM
QUOTE (baddmammajamma @ 24/11/2012, 07:03 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
Give a heartfelt thanks in person when/if a loved one hands you a present.
Then open the gifts after the event and write heartfelt, prompt thank you notes.
Enjoy your time with your family and friends!
This is what I would do.
Posted 24 November 2012 - 09:11 AM
QUOTE (baddmammajamma @ 24/11/2012, 10:03 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
Give a heartfelt thanks in person when/if a loved one hands you a present.
Then open the gifts after the event and write heartfelt, prompt thank you notes.
Enjoy your time with your family and friends!
Baddmammajamma has it in one.
If you have their email addresses a photo of you holding said gift with the goofy "Awwwww.... little tiny socks!" smile would be good too.
Posted 24 November 2012 - 09:19 AM
Baby showers have only been in vogue for the last 20 years or so and before that, people who wanted to buy you something, did so and brought it around after the baby was born or brought it to the hospital. This I think is better than a baby shower, which to me is a present expectation and not everyone can afford all these parties and present giving, especially if you have had big parties this year. I would decline the baby shower and just let people give if they want to and not feel obliged.
Posted 24 November 2012 - 09:19 AM
Agree with PP.
Thank you notes are lovely
Posted 24 November 2012 - 09:23 AM
Thank you notes it is! Thanks all.
Posted 24 November 2012 - 11:35 AM
I would open them later, if ppl are offended because u didn't open them at the BBQ - bad luck! And coming from the point of view of someone who didn't bring a gift as the invite stipulated no gifts, it was very uncomfortable when all gifts were opened at the shower!
Posted 24 November 2012 - 01:17 PM
I would open them later, if ppl are offended because u didn't open them at the BBQ - bad luck! And coming from the point of view of someone who didn't bring a gift as the invite stipulated no gifts, it was very uncomfortable when all gifts were opened at the shower!
That's what I was thinking.
Posted 24 November 2012 - 01:25 PM
QUOTE (baddmammajamma @ 24/11/2012, 10:03 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
Give a heartfelt thanks in person when/if a loved one hands you a present.
Then open the gifts after the event and write heartfelt, prompt thank you notes.
Enjoy your time with your family and friends!
This is what I would do also.
Just make sure your mum is onboard with it all so she can also answer the "when is she opening the presents" questions
Posted 24 November 2012 - 01:33 PM
Yep open later. I hate it when presents are opened in front of people.
I've been burnt though. This couple had an engagement party and had a registry for it. There was an $800 coffee table on the list and the party was a BBQ. I don't mind registry for wedding but not for engagement. Anyway ours was the third coffee maker to be opened - it was excruciating and highly awkward.
Posted 24 November 2012 - 01:39 PM
Sitting around watching presents get opened is usually my cue to quaff champagne and attack the cheese board with gusto. Believe me when I tell you no one will be disappointed if you open the gifts later.
Posted 24 November 2012 - 03:59 PM
Definitely don't open presents until later, it's your BBQ you can do what you want.
For our engagement party years ago we didn't want any presents (for similar reasons you mentioned in your original post) so we specifically said on the invite "please no presents". I despise baby showers for the reason that they are purely all about presents.
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Setting a new standard for development and growth!
Sponsorship of this event will show your commitment to DeSoto and allow the Chamber to showcase your business as one of the leading businesses in our area. Help make this Golf Tournament the most spectacular and successful one ever!
The Golf Tournament is one of the Chamber's largest events – and with your generous support, the Chamber will be able to provide so much more for our members, a well as for the business community in the coming year!
Special Thanks to some of our 2016 Golf Classic Sponsors! Our Title Sponsor, Hickory Trail Hospital and the Lunch Sponsor, Solar Turbines!
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Twelve mayors from the member cities of the Best Southwest Partnership will each present a scholarship to a graduating senior
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The DeSoto Chamber of Commerce would like to welcome you to our wonderful community! DeSoto is a progressive community with a small town feeling, rich in diversity and cultural arts. We're located in the "Best Southwest" – the southwest corner of Dallas County – DeSoto offers fine housing, friendly neighborhoods, a great school system, updated parks, restaurants and shopping.
Our mission is to expand, nurture and promote the business community by providing quality service, educational opportunities, establishing partnerships and advocating for businesses to build a stronger community.
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