text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 21, 2004
|Filing date
|Jan 25, 2000
|Priority date
|Feb 1, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Raymond J. Schneider, Randy Estep
|Original Assignee
|Comsonics, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (39), Classifications (14), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benifit of provisional application Ser. No. 60/118,107 filed Feb. 1, 1999.
The field of the invention relates to cable television systems and more particularly to the identification to radio frequency leaks in the distribution cables of such systems.
Community antenna television (CATV) systems are known. Such systems typically receive television signals from a variety of sources (e.g., by satellite, land lines, production studios, etc.) and distribute such signals among their subscribers within a community.
Television signals provided to the CATV system are often provided under a hodgepodge of spectrally overlapping and non-overlapping formats. Often the signals must be spectrally relocated according to a local CATV frequency plan for purposes of re-transmission.
In general, CATV systems transmit television signals in a frequency range of from 50 to 71 GHz. Often individual television signals are assigned 6 MHz slots at predetermined locations within the range and separated one-from-another by a guard band.
CATV systems distribute their signals to subscribers almost exclusively through coaxial cable systems. Where distribution distances are long, amplifiers are periodically provided to elevate signals to an acceptable level.
While the existing methods of CATV signal distribution is effective, it has the potential to disrupt other communication systems. For example, airlines typically use the same frequency range for communicating with landing towers. Where significant radio frequency (rf) leaks exist, the potential for airline disasters is significant.
Recently the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has mandated that CATV operators test their signal distribution system for rf leaks. However, reliable equipment and techniques for accomplishing this objective, for the most part, do not exist. Accordingly, a need exists for reliable methods of detecting rf leaks in CATV systems.
A method and apparatus are provided for determining a source of a leakage signal from a distribution cable of a cable television distribution system. The method includes the steps of sampling the leakage signal from the distribution cable of the cable television distribution system at each of a plurality of geographic locations within an environs of the cable, forming a leakage signal profile relating each sample with a respective location of the plurality of geographic locations; and determining a source location of the leakage signal based upon the formed profile.
FIG. 1 depicts apparatus for detecting leaks shown in a context of use in accordance with an illustrated embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 depicts a ground reflection example that may be accommodated by the apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 depicts sampling profiles that may be generated by the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 depicts multi-path interference that may be used by the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 depicts other forms of multi-path interference that may be processed by the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 depicts data collected by the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 depicts correlated data of the data of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 depicts the convolution of data of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 depicts an alternate antenna that may be used by the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 10 depicts headend receiver readings detected by the system of FIG. 1 during ingression; and
FIG. 11 depicts a dipole antenna used by the system of FIG. 1 under an alternate embodiment.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an rf leak detector system 10, generally in accordance with an illustrated embodiment of the invention. Under the illustrated embodiment, the detector system 10 may be portable and may be mounted within a vehicle (not shown) for purposes of profiling the leakage characteristics of a CATV system 30.
An rf leak 12 of the CATV system 30 may exist under any of a number of different formats (e.g., an impedance mismatch, a faulty connector, a break or fault in an rf shield, water penetrating a connector, etc). While the leak may exist under a number of different formats, the propagation of the energy from the leak may follow any of a number of paths and, in general, may be extremely complex.
For example, propagation of energy from an antenna designed for rf transmission is typically line-of-sight. Propagation of energy from an rf leak 12 of a CATV system 30 is seldom, if ever, line-of-sight.
CATV systems, by design, are intentionally and completely shielded. Because of the shield, line-of-sight transmission, for all practical purposes, does not exist. However, in context of a leak, an unintended de facto antenna may exist due to the interaction of the shield and surrounding structure. Where the shield is compromised, only a portion of the shield may be involved resulting in an asymmetric field of rf energy surrounding the leak 12. Because of the inherent anomalies in rf leaks, prior art triangulation is, for the most part, not an effective method of locating rf leaks.
Further, even where a leak could be directionalized, surrounding structures may reflect the signal, resulting in the perception that the leak is in another location. Multi-path interference, either from the ground or other buildings may combine to further complicate source localization.
While the term "direct path" may occasionally be used herein, it should be understood that the term is only meant to imply that signal energy which follows a relatively direct path from the de facto antenna to a receiver. Indirect path is that signal energy which may pass from the de facto antenna and be reflected from one or more obstacles within a surrounding environment.
Under the illustrated embodiment, the detection system 12 may collect rf leakage data within an environs of the leak 12. Typically the data may be collected at a relatively high sampling rate (e.g., 20 Hz). Collection of the data may be correlated with indicia of geographic location (e.g., latitude and longitude provided by a global positioning system (GPS) receiver 24).
From the data collected by the system 10, profiles may be created of the characteristics of the rf leak 12, which relate signal strength to geographic location. From the profiles, the location of the rf leak 12 may be determined.
To further refine the localization of a leak 12, the structure of the leak 12 may be used under a two-way format. For example, it has been found that while rf energy may egress through the leak 12 and be detected by the detection system 10, it has also been found that rf energy may also ingress into the CATV system through the leak 12 from the external environment. The ingress of a signal transmitted by the system 10 may be used to further enhance localization of the leak 12.
In the context of the CATV system 30, a flaw is defined as a non-uniformity in the system 30 where rf energy can both leave (egress through leakage) and enter (ingress/cause interference within) the system 30. A flaw has a location and a set of properties, which define it as an unwanted antenna. Due to these properties it will admit or emit energy in different degrees and with different characteristics as a function of frequency.
The flaw providing the leak 12 may be considered an unconventional antenna, and as such, the path between a conventional antenna (e.g., 16) and the leak 12 may simply be considered an example of a two-way transmission path 14. In the case of egress, the CATV downstream signal being broadcast by a transmitter 32 passes through the flaw along the transmission path 14. In the case of ingress an external transmission is received through the flaw and may be detected by a receiver 34 of the system 30.
The Friis transmission formula may be used to described the power transfer between a transmitter and a receiver in free space as follows:
where λ is the wavelength of the transmission, r is the distance between transmitter and receiver, GT is the transmitter antenna gain in the direction of the receiver, GR is the receiver antenna gain in the direction of the transmitter and PT and PR are respectively the transmitted power and the received power.
In practice, it has been found that power transfer from the CATV system 30 due to rf leakage is far more complicated than what is suggested by the Friis transmission formula. The transmitted power does not arrive at the receiver exclusively by a direct path. Instead, reflected power adds or subtracts from the signal, arriving from all directions depending upon the presence of reflecting, absorbing, and re-radiating elements in the surrounding environment.
In addition to these various multi-path signals, transmitter and receiver gain terms of the respective antennas vary with direction of arrival. Thus the actual power received is the coherent summation of all possible transmission paths which terminate at the receiver. In the case of rf leakage in a CATV system, this general situation is far too complex to model. However, where rf signal propagation is considered in general, there are various situations which can be modeled and which provide insight into the general process.
FIG. 2a depicts signal paths in the case of ground reflections. It is often the case with CATV egress signals that both the transmitter and the receiver are close to the ground. Thus ground reflections at moderate grazing angles (as shown in FIG. 2a) are unavoidable.
The analysis of a ground reflection can often be facilitated by analogizing ground reflection to the light reflecting off a mirror. The conducting ground reflects the signal from the leak 12 to a receiver. Since a signal from the leak 12 may also arrive through a relatively direct path, any signal detected by a receiver is a combination of the direct path signal and a reflected signal.
Since the direct path and reflected path are not of equal length, the reflected path will have a slight phase offset with regard to the direct signal. When the reflected signal is offset by 360 degrees constructive interference will occur. When the phase offset is 180 degrees destructive interference will occur. As an observer passes through a reception area the changing distance between the observer and flaw causes a change in phase shift between the two signals. The changing pattern of constructive and destructive interference appears as a series of peaks and troughs in signal strength.
FIG. 2a illustrates the simple geometry of the ground reflection phenomena as a vehicle moves through the peaks and troughs of signal strength shown in FIG. 2b. As the vehicle moves, the antenna 16 moves through the interference field illustrated by FIG. 2b observing a sequence of peaks and troughs in signal strength as a function of the reflection coefficient and the degree to which the signal is increased and decreased by the changes in phase shift. The period of the observed amplitude variation due to ground reflections will depend upon how far the path is offset from the actual leakage source (i.e., the center of FIG. 2b). A path that intersects the leakage source will exhibit the highest frequency of peaks and troughs (as an observer moves from one side to the other), while an offset path will show lower and lower frequencies (i.e., longer periods as the path is more and more offset.
In general, as a vehicle containing the detector 10 drives past the leak 12, the detected egress energy changes rapidly because the power is controlled by the inverse square of the distance. This variation in power due to distance is the dominant or primary effect. Smaller, secondary effects give character to (impart ripples to) the signal due to constructive and destructive interference between the direct and reflected path signals, and due to details of the radiation patterns of the equivalent flaw and receiving antennas respectively.
By knowing the distance between the rings of FIG. 2b, it is possible to estimate the degree to which a signal is offset from the track of the vehicle by measuring the spatial frequency of the interference signals. The rings of FIG. 2b represents a theoretical distance to leak that may be determined from signal leakage data. In each case, the theoretical distance to leak 12 is stored as a signal profile that sampled data may be compared with. In each case a normalized signal measurement is stored in conjunction with GPS data. Alternatively, theoretical data may be adjusted for local conditions to create empirical data profiles stored in memory 26 as a set of profiles that may be matched to a particular data set. In addition, an adjusted distance to leak figure in increments of feet or meters may be provided, based on a characterized theoretical or empirical amplitude versus distance table eligible for transfer to a map, graph or chart of the geographical are under survey.
A complicating factor is the presence of more complex spatial signals due to multi-path, re-radiation, vertical reflectors such as conductive building sides, multiple leaks and the like. Each of these phenomena will be discussed in turn, although it becomes harder to invert the data set (i.e., calculate the parameter of the situation) as the geometry becomes more complex.
If antenna patterns are neglected by assuming isotropic (omnidirectional) antennas, the magnitude of the electric field from the leak 12 can be written as:
where |Er| and |Et| are the magnitudes of the transmitted and received electric fields, respectively. The value rd may be defined by the expression, rd=√{square root over (d2+(ht−hr)2)}, where d is horizontal distance, ht is height of the source (transmitter) and hr is the height of the receiver. The value rr may be defined by the expression, rr=√{square root over (d2+(ht−hr)2)} and is the reflected path distance to the receiver. The value k is a reflection coefficient, λ is the wavelength of the radiation,
is the phase difference between the two paths, direct and reflected and φo is the phase change at the point of reflection. The terms
as well as the term multiplying the cosine term of equation 2 generate a waveform with a single maximum. The phase variation caused by the changing distances as the vehicle drives past the leak 12 can cause added structure in the signal, broadening a width of the waveform and putting ripple into it.
FIG. 3 illustrates a family of waveforms generated using the detector 10 and illustrating the concepts developed above with regard to equation 2. Each curve 50, 52, 54, 56 represents a locus of data points collected by the detector 10. In each case, the detector 10 (and vehicle) traveled along a straight line past the leak 12 collecting data at a rate of approximately 20 times per second. The abscissa represents a distance from a reference point "0". The ordinate represents a signal reading along the path of each locus of points.
The innermost lines 50 represent an energy level (signal reading) of the detector passing the fault at a lateral offset distance of 20 feet. The next set of lines 52 show the detector 10 passing the leak 12 at a distance of 30 feet. The third set of lines 54 are at 40 feet and the last set of lines 56 are at 50 feet.
In each case, the CPU 20 of the detector 10 causes a received signal strength indication (RSSI) 28 to perform a signal strength measurement on a detected signal. The CPU 20 also periodically (e.g., one per second) receives a position indication from the GPS 24. The CPU 20 receives and may store the collected information in a memory 26.
Each curve 50, 52, 54, 56 represents a leakage signal profile relating each sample with a respective geographic location. From the increasing width of the base of the curves 50, 52, 54, 56, it may be seen that the curves represent an objective indication of the distance of the leak 12 from each of the paths upon which the data was collected. More specifically, since the other variables of equation 2 remain constant, equation 2 could be solved to provide a calculated distance of the leak 12 from the path of each of the curves 50, 52, 54, 56.
The single peak shared by the curves 50, 52, 54, 56 of FIG. 3 is due to the fact that the leak 12 and the antenna 16 (for the data of FIG. 3) were only 5 feet from the ground at a frequency of 113 MHz (a wavelength of 8.71 feet). Thus the phase difference between direct and reflected paths is not significant.
Because of the proximity to the ground, the profile of the curves 50, 52, 54, 56 shows a relatively constant signal gradient related to distance. However, if the leak 12 or antenna 16 were raised vertically (or conversely if the frequency were raised proportionally), a number of interference lobes may be imposed on the curves.
Based upon a vertical height of the leak 12 and receiver 18, a peak to trough ratio of the interference lobes may be determined. If k is a reflection coefficient (≦1), the largest amplitude that the signal can acquire from constructive interference for a single ground reflection is (1+k) times the original amplitude. The smallest amplitude from destructive interference would provide would be (1−k) times the original amplitude.
The amplitude of a signal in dB may be described as follows:
This equation may be used to determine a worst case variation to be expected for any given reflection coefficient. For example, a 0.6 value of k (typical for ground reflection) provides a magnitude variation of 12 dBptt.
FIG. 4 shows a signal measurement profile for k=0.6 and the leak 12 situated 100 feet above the ground. The antenna 16 was approximately 5 feet above the ground. It should be noted from this leakage signal profile that not only can the distance of the leak 12 from the detector 10 be determined from the width of the base of the curve, but the height of the leak 12 can also be determined from the size of the lobes.
Moreover, by knowing the relationship of a peak to an adjacent trough in FIG. 4 and the ground distance between adjacent peaks, the distance to the leak 12 can be determined with a great deal of particularity. More specifically, the data of FIG. 4 may be used in conjunction with equation 3 to solve for the location of the leak 12.
The contribution of faceted reflections may be considered next. In addition to ground reflections, large expanses of metal (e.g., aluminum siding), found on the sides of many buildings provide effective reflectors. These reflectors may have reflection coefficients of 0.9 or more. At these reflection levels, multi-bounce reflections can sometimes play a role in a level of the received leakage signal.
FIG. 5 is a diagram which illustrates an example of multiple reflection modes based upon a selected building structure. In the case of faceted reflection, one can use image ideas to calculate the expected signal paths. However, the amplitude of the image will be limited by the size of the facet (reflecting area) and the visibility of the image from the line-of-sight being considered.
In FIG. 5, the front of the south side of the selected structure is the first facet encountered by the signal. It has the effect of displacing the image of the leak 12 in a northerly direction (as shown by the dotted line). The second mode illustrated is a corner reflector mode. In corner reflectors, energy is reflected off two walls that are 90 degrees apart and the energy emerges traveling in the opposite direction displaced but parallel to the incoming direction.
Faceted reflection modes produce more complex interference effects and also produce multiple images of the leak 12 distributed along the track of the detector 10 of the surveillance vehicle. These effects are often masked by the fact that the vehicle travels at different speeds as it passes a leak 12, so that even with a graph of the signal it may not be immediately evident that it arises from multiple reflections. Most leakage surveillance sampling is done at relatively slow sampling speeds. To guarantee that all interference effects are observed, it is important to sample fast enough to capture the effects of small phase changes.
FIG. 6 shows a sequence of leakage data including four runs past a large leak 12 intentionally inserted into a system 30. The leak 12 was located approximately 28 meter from a road running past a front of a structure. The vehicle containing the detector 10 rove past the leak 12 at varying speeds making two asses traveling south and two passes traveling north. These passes are annotated as p1s, p1n, p2s and p2n, respectively. FIG. 6 shows the raw data of the profile prior to any processing. The strong peaks vary in width from pass to pass because the vehicle drove past the leak 12 at different speeds.
Normally, one would view the spiky fine structure of FIG. 6 as noise. The data of the different runs may be compared by first normalizing the data to position. Selecting the largest value in each run as a reference point, the distance of the detector 10 to the reference point may be calculated using the GPS information. Intermediate positions may be interpolated by assuming the vehicle's speed did not change between GPS updates one a second. The data of the runs may then be compared directly.
FIG. 7 is a direct comparison of p1n and p2n data (the two northerly runs past the leak 12). The data is plotted versus distance from the reference point in meters north and south of the peak. What is significant in FIG. 7 is that each feature in the two profiles p1n, p2n is repeated in the two runs down to a very minute level of detail. The conclusion that may be drawn is that these details are due to physical and spatial properties of the leak (and de facto antenna) and its surroundings and not due to temporal variations. Thus it should be possible to analyze signal features and draw conclusions about the leak 12 and the environment in which it is active.
The primary objective is to be able to locate the leaks 12 as precisely as possible. To accomplish this objective, one must be able to distinguish the apparent leaks caused by reflections and other signal distorting effects from the signal due to the direct path. This might be accomplished by simply picking the biggest signal except that one would need a means of telling that the next biggest signal wasn't just a reflection (with a larger value caused by constructive interference). Signal analysis methods discussed herein provide a means of making such distinctions.
Convolution provides one method of identifying a signal within a profile which propagated to the detector 10 over a direct path. FIG. 8 provides results obtained by convolving a slice of the largest peak of the data in FIG. 7 across the full data run. Notice the resulting peaks in the data of FIG. 8. The central peaks shows the result of the convolution when it exactly matches the peak of the data. Also shown are three image peaks which are reflections of the nearby structure.
From the data of FIG. 8 it should be clear that a leak 12 may be located based upon a number of runs past the leak 12. The peak based upon a direct path may be selected from the run with the fewest peaks and convolved with the data of the other runs to remove reflections. Directional data may then be determined from each run after reflections have been eliminated. Correlating the directional data from the multiple runs may be used as a highly effective means of locating the leak 12.
Under another illustrated embodiment of the invention (FIG. 9) electronic signal measurement (ESM) may be used as further indicia of direction of the leak 12. As shown, the antenna 16 of FIG. 1 includes spatial diverse antenna 62, 64, 66, 68 (e.g., located on opposite corners of the vehicle 60). The spatial diverse antenna 62, 64, 66, 68 may, in turn, each be coupled to a switch 71. The switch 71, in turn, may be controlled by the CPU 20.
In operation, the CPU 20 causes the antenna 62, 64, 66, 68 to be selectively coupled to the receiver 28 where a RSSI measurement is performed through each antenna 62, 64, 66, 68. Using the RSSI measurements, a gradient of a static signal wavefront of the energy from the leak 12 may be measured. Based upon the detected gradient of the wavefront and a knowledge of the distance separating the antenna 62, 64, 66, 68, a direction of the leak 12 may be estimated.
Under another illustrated embodiment, beam forming may be used to enhance a directionality determination. Under the embodiment, a phase delay may be introduced into signals detected from the antenna 62, 64, 66, 68 of the array 70 to form a directional antenna array 70. The directionality of the antenna array 70 may be by the degree of the phase shift introduced into the signals from the various antenna 62, 64, 66, 68 using methods well known in the art.
Using beam forming techniques, the readings obtained using ESM may be verified. In fact, the combination of beam forming and ESM may be used as a further method of enhancing the accuracy of leak localization.
Under another illustrated embodiment, ingression may also be used to improve the accuracy of locating the leak 12. If the surveillance vehicle is transmitting in the return path, then ingress will take place in the neighborhood of the leak 12. The signal paths of the egress and ingress will be highly correlated in conformance with the reciprocity theorem. Since the wavelength of the ingress is generally much larger than the wavelength of egress, there will be less structure (lobes) in the ingress signal. If the transmitted ingress signal is to be modulated, information may be transmitted into the return path through the leak 12.
During the transmission interval, an ingress signal received by a receiver 34 at the hub 42 or headend location can be measured in amplitude in an RSSI 36 and phase variation. The amplitude can be further used to infer relative distance of the detector 10 from the leak 12.
FIG. 10 depicts data collected by the receiver 34 from signals transmitted by the detector 10 during an ingression run. Data was collected at 221 sample points. Each transmission interval was triggered within the detector 10 by the GPS 24 providing a reading (i.e., once a second). GPS position data and leakage detector readings are transmitted by the transmitter 22 and received by the receiver 34 at the headend 42. During the receipt of the data, the carrier level of the signal from the transmitter 22 is measured in the RSSI detector 36. The readings are recorded with the receive position and leakage data in a memory 40. In FIG. 10, the receiver carrier levels are plotted by slice. Each interval is a few tenths of a second long and there are up to 35 readings per transmission. The readings taken in the vicinity of the ingression peak provide high density sampling.
In an alternate embodiment (FIG. 11), the antenna 16 of FIG. 1 may be an extended dipole antenna with a primary axis 15 of maximum sensitivity of energy from the leakage 12. An orientation sensor 17 is provided within a handpiece of the antenna 16 to determine an orientation of the dipole 16 (e.g., in degrees from true north).
In use, the CPU 20 of FIG. 1 would collect an orientation value from the sensor 17 along with a signal strength value from the RSSI 28. The orientation value, signal strength and location from the GPS 24 would be stored as part of a single sample reading.
Ingress coupled with egress provides not only an independent look at the leak 12, but also positively confirms that the leak 12 is in the system 30 under surveillance. The use of the ingress path also provides a means of instantly transferring the location and vehicle developed leak information to the headend 42. The use of the ingress path also provides frequency diversity, hence spatially distinct information about the geometry of the leak 12.
Collecting egress and ingress information within the database 40 allows a diversity of sampling profiles that further improves upon localization of the leak 12. The use of different frequencies on the egress and ingress paths allows multi-path interference to factored out of the respective sampling profiles, thereby significantly improving the ability of the system to localize leaks.
The further improve on the above strategies, a further compounding of methods may be used. First, events may be isolated which may be leaks using leak-fitting methods (a group of specialized basis functions in a linear vector space). An event analysis may be performed on each event to assign attributes to the events. Events may be clustered which are spatially near one another and create cluster zones that may be related to a single leak 12. The analysis may be performed in a time sequential, adaptive manner to minimize time-late effects.
In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the leak detection system is divided among components located in a moving vehicle and components located at the headend. A leak detector may be located in the moving vehicle and may include the receiver 18, transmitter 22, CPU 20 and GPS 24. The data collected from the moving vehicle may be transceived with the headend via the leak using the Ethernet, Bluetooth, or other similar transmission protocol.
A host 38 located at the head end 30 may receive the transceived data and perform the functions of correlation, profiling, peak detection and distance determination. Based upon the GPS data transceived along with the sampled data, the headend host may plot a leak location on a geographic map.
In another embodiment of the invention, the leak detector within the moving vehicle may also include the use of inertial or magnetic navigational devices to provide a directional bearing of the leak. The directional bearing may be incorporated with the leak detector as further indicia of the location of the source of the leak.
A specific embodiment of a method and apparatus for locating leaks in a CATV system according to the present invention has been described for the purpose of illustrating the manner in which the invention is made and used. It should be understood that the implementation of other variations and modifications of the invention and its various aspects will be apparent to one skilled in the art, and that the invention is not limited by the specific embodiments described. Therefore, it is contemplated to cover the present invention and any and all modifications, variations, or equivalents that fall within the true spirit and scope of the basic underlying principles disclosed and claimed herein.
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|Trilithic, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for displaying network status
|Feb 24, 2011
|Arcom Digital, Llc
|Methods and apparatus for detecting and locating leakage of digital signals
|Apr 14, 2011
|Zimmerman Dennis A
|Signal Egress Alarm
|Jun 16, 2011
|Cable Leakage Technologies, Inc.
|Method and System for Analyzing Cable Television Signal Leak Information
|Jul 29, 2015
|Feb 4, 2016
|Cable Television Laboratories, Inc.
|Radio frequency leakage detection in a cable plant
|Aug 2, 2010
|Feb 24, 2011
|Arcom Digital, Llc
|Method and apparatus for detecting and locating leakage of digital signals
|Oct 15, 2013
|Apr 24, 2014
|Trilithic, Inc.
|Icon-based home certification, in-home leakage testing, and antenna matching pad
|Oct 15, 2013
|Jul 17, 2014
|Trilithic, Inc.
|Icon-based home certification, in-home leakage testing, and antenna matching pad
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 24, 2000
Owner name: COMSONICS, INC., VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SCHNEIDER, RAYMOND J.;ESTEP, RANDY;REEL/FRAME:010811/0257
Effective date: 20000523
|May 12, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 6, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 10, 2012
|Fee payment
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|Dec 10, 2012
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|Jul 23, 2015
Owner name: PNC BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, VIRGINIA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:COMSONICS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:036166/0346
Effective date: 20150630


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This one has it all! The Joker, Catwoman, and a cameo by just about every Bat-villain ever. No wonder Batman and Robin need Batgirl to help! Jonathan Case, the artist who launched BATMAN â66, returns to illustrate this epic full-length story.
Major "Justice League" #50 Revelations, Changes Lead Into "DC Universe: Rebirth"
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- Well pc3200 runs @ 400Mhz and the beauty of this RAM is it will automatically run at 400Mhz, 333Mhz, or 266Mhz. If your pc is a name brand you can google of bing its specs by its model number to see what speed of RAM is already in it and how much RAM it supports too. Some older pcs will only hold up to 1 gig of RAM. Unless you are a heavy pc gamer you'll never really notice a speed increase like say between pc3200,pc2700 & pc2100 RAM.by nogeekneeded9/4/2012Was this answer helpful? (1) (0)Was this answer helpful?
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Bought this for a computer hoping it would speed it up, it only had 256MB of RAM. Was easy to install, took longer to clean out dust from inside than to actually install RAM. The change in performance was instant. I was fortunate enough to get this when it was around $33. Not long after it went up to around $46. I would recommend this to anyone looking to speed up their computer.


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A woman known as A-shui and her partner, surnamed Chung, sit by the man's family tomb in Longtan Township, Taoyuan County, on Tuesday. A-shui decided to turn herself in to the police because she wanted her daughter to go to school.Mar 07, 2014FULL STORY
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Can you tell what it is? From the teeth of a snail and the skin of garlic, microscopic images reveal the world in close up
- Microscopic images taken at high magnification
- They include a snail's tongue, garlic skin and cells in the human eye
At first glance, they look like an odd assortment of terrifying giant teeth from a horror film, and perhaps brightly coloured wrapping paper.
In fact, these images have all been magnified.
The teeth for instance, are actually the tongue of a snail.
The radula, or tongue, of a common marine rocky shore 'netted dog whelk' Nassarius reticulatus photographed at 200x magnification.
Stanford scientists have proved when it comes to microscopy - less is more.
Foldscope is an origami-based print-and-fold optical microscope that can be assembled from a single sheet of paper.
There are 30 versions, each built with varying filters and stage configurations designed to look for specific diseases, such as malaria.
All the components, including micro optics, are embedded into the sheet of paper.
There are three stages - the optical stage, the illumination stage and the mask holding stage.
Once folded, there is room to place a sample slide, before these built-in stages are used to illuminate and magnify objects up to 2,000x.
The images were taken by David Maitland, the award-winning microscopic photographer, who created them for electronics firm Sharp to show off their TV displays.
One of the most stunning, above, is a series of seemingly giant teeth.
In fact, they are the tongue of a sea snail.
'This is the radula of a common marine rocky shore 'netted dog whelk' Nassarius reticulatus photographed at 200x magnification.'
Snails feed by scraping off food (algae growing on rocks, or lettuce in the garden) with a long ribbon-like 'tongue' or radula.
'The Radula is a funny structure – it's like a conveyor belt – the teeth are on it and as it gets worn out it grows another behind,' said Maitland.
The second images looks at tfirst glance like sweet-inspired wrapping paper.
In fact, it is the outer skin of the garlic plant.
'The pale white parchment-like outer skin covering garlic cloves are remarkable in having their cells filled with beautiful crystals of oxalic acid,' explained Matland.
This acid (calcium oxylate) is used by the plant for protection against animals.
In plants these crystals are known as raphides and it is the same chemical that forms kidney stones in humans.
'Here the crystals are made visible by polarised light at 200x magnification,' said Maitland.
Garlic skin up close: Cells in the skin arefilled with crystals of oxalic acid to protect the plant. The crystals are made visible by polarised light at 200x magnification.
Another of the images shows the human eye in close up.
The front surface of the eye is covered by a clear transparent structure called the cornea, and all the light for seeing travels through this clear surface eye structure.
Maitland was able to photograph it up close to reveal a surprising fact.
'It is not as transparent as you might think – for one thing it is covered in nerve cells for sensing when the eye is touched (remember how painful a bit of sand in your eye is!).
'Normally transparent, the nerve cells in the picture, which is taken from a Victorian slide, have been stained with silver to make them visible, shown here at 400x magnification.'
The front surface of the eye is covered by a clear transparent structure called the cornea. Nerve cells in the picture, which is taken from a Victorian slide, have been stained with silver to make them visible, shown here at 400x magnification.
The final image shows off nature's amazing ability to use light to create a stunning show.
'This is a feather of a male peacock or Indian peafowl, Pavo cristatus,# said Matland.
'This is taken at the edge of the blue eyespot on one of the tail feathers at 100x magnification.
'The light interferes with the layers of the feather and so you get colours being produced much like those of an oil slick on the surface of water.'
This is taken at the edge of the blue eyespot on one of the tail feathers of a peacock at 100x magnification.
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Google has developed secret lighter than air material it claims could 'change how we interact with the sky'
- Google's lab boss also revealed firm developed a vertical farm
- New material stemmed from abandoned work on a cargo airship
Google has developed a lighter than air material is says could 'change how we interact with the sky,' the boss of its secretive research division has revealed.
Astro Teller, the head of X, the search giant's lab designed to work on 'out there' projects such as self driving cars, smart contact lenses and internet beaming balloons, revealed the still secret project in his latest TED talk, when he revealed the firm abandoned plans for a cargo airship.
'As often happens, we may get a phoenix from the ashes of this project — the cargo project got us thinking about how we could make something lighter than air,' he said in a version of his talk posted on Backchannel.
Scroll down for video
Astro Teller, the head of X, the search giant's lab told a TED audience 'It could change how we interact with the sky, buildings, transportation, and more. Stay tuned!'
'Now we're investigating a new material that's super strong but wants to float.
'It could change how we interact with the sky, buildings, transportation, and more. Stay tuned!'
He also revealed the firm had developed, then killed off, a plan for a vertical farm growing lettuce and other crops.
'Vertical farming uses 10 times less water and 100 times less land than conventional methods, and you can grow food close to where it's consumed, so you don't have to transport it long distances,' he wrote.
'We made progress on many of the issues like automated harvesting and efficient lighting but in the end we couldn't get staple crops like grains and rice to grow this way, so we killed the project.
'If someone comes up with a dwarf species of rice, let us know — because that might crack the puzzle!'
Teller, who also helped develop the self driving car, also revealed progress on a kite that could replace wind turbines.
'Our Makani energy kite rises up from its perch by spinning up several propellers spread along its wing, pulling out a tether and drawing power up the tether as it rises.
'Once the tether is all the way out, the kite goes into crosswind circles in the sky and now the propellers that lifted it up have become small flying wind turbines, and this sends electricity back down the tether.'
A high altitude WiFi internet hub Google Project Loon balloon is displayed at the Airforce Museum in Christchurch
It comes as another Google X project, a balloon-powered high-speed Internet service known as 'Project Loon' began its first tests in Sri Lanka Monday ahead of a planned joint venture with Colombo, the country's top IT official said.
One of three balloons that will be used in the trials entered Sri Lankan airspace Monday, the Information and Communication Technology Agency chief Muhunthan Canagey said.
'The first balloon entered our airspace this morning. It was launched from South America,' Canagey told AFP. 'It is currently over southern Sri Lanka.'
He said a Google team was expected later this week to test flight controls, spectrum efficiency and other technical matters.
The government announced earlier this month it would take a 25 percent stake in a joint venture with Google to deliver a high-speed Internet service powered by helium-filled balloons.
Sri Lanka is not investing any capital, but will take the stake in return for allocating spectrum for the project.
Project Loon is a network of balloons travelling on the edge of space, designed to connect people to the internet in remote parts of the world.
The balloons travel approximately 12 miles (20km) above the Earth's surface in the stratosphere.
Winds in the stratosphere are stratified, and each layer of wind varies in speed and direction, so Project Loon uses software algorithms to determine where its balloons need to go.
It then moves each one into a layer of wind blowing in the right direction. By moving with the wind, the balloons can be arranged to form one large communications network.
Winds in the stratosphere are stratified, and each layer of wind varies in speed and direction, so Project Loon uses algorithms to determine where its balloons need to go. It then moves each one into a layer of wind blowing in the right direction (illustrated)
The inflatable part of the balloon is called a balloon envelope made from sheets of polyethylene plastic that are 49ft (15 metres) wide and 40ft (12 metres) tall when inflated.
The balloons harness power from card table-sized solar panels that dangle below them, and they can gather enough charge in four hours to power them for a day.
Each balloon can provide connectivity to a ground area of around 25 miles (40km) in diameter using LTE, also referred to as 4G, technology.
Project Loon is partnering with with telecommunications companies and mobile networks to share cellular spectrum.
Ground stations with internet capabilities around 60 miles (100km) apart bounce signals up to the balloons.
The signals can then hop forward, from one balloon to the next, along a backbone of up to five balloons.
A further 10 percent of the joint venture would be offered to existing telephone service providers on the island.
It promises to extend coverage and cheaper rates for data services.
Service providers will be able to access higher speeds and improve the quality of their existing service once the balloon project is up and running.
The balloons, once in the stratosphere, will be twice as high as commercial airliners and barely visible to the naked eye.
The balloons, once in the stratosphere, will be twice as high as commercial airliners and barely visible to the naked eye
The balloons will have a lifespan of about 180 days, but can be recycled, according to Sri Lankan officials involved in the venture.
Official figures show there are 3.3 million mobile Internet connections and 630,000 fixed line Internet subscribers among Sri Lanka's more than 20 million population.
Sri Lanka became the first country in South Asia to introduce mobile phones in 1989 and the first to roll out a 3G network in 2004.
It was also the first in the region to unveil a 4G network two years ago.
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Thursday May 26th I will be heading to Brooklyn for two Art openings.One is at the Museum of Contemporary African Art and the other is at AIR gallery. Details are here:
Adu (Warren's) art is still on display at BWAC http://bwac.org/ until June 12th so hopefully I'll get there on a Sunday. There seems to be a mystery walk from BAM to BWAC sometime in the near future. Perhaps Adu will tell us when.
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Brooklyn Art galleries, shows, museums, studios
Thursday May 26th I will be heading to Brooklyn for two Art openings.One is at the Museum of Contemporary African Art and the other is at AIR gallery. Details are here:
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Thanks as always Sue.
The walk is either June 11 or 12, I wrote to the organizer for the exact date. It is a fundraising event where people walk and seek supporters.
And then starting July 16th we have another show starting with the theme Black and White. Part of it will be a juried show, here are the details.
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Not going to make the walk. I am doing a 5 day with Road Scholar (the company formerly known as Elderhostel). On the Saturday we will be doing galleries in Chelsea (but I may be free for the afternoon....) and the Sunday early is brunch in Harlem and then I may be doing a Central Park walk unless I can convince them to go to the Open House tours in Daniel's neighborhood == (My favorite alternative to the Puerto Rican Day Parade)
seems to be a problem with their site right now
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Thanks SueNYC for the info. I finally made it to the Red Hook section of Brooklyn today and stopped in at BWAC. The paintings and prints were just beautiful. It is not hard to believe that there are very young talent people in the world.
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I was in building number 7
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Thank for coming to the BWAC show. We were also impressed by the talented kids from Morrow.
There was also art from approximately 200 BWAC members (some of which are not that young.)
I hope you return.
The BWALK is June 11 and starts in front of BAM and ends at the end of exhibit at Van Brunt.
We will also be a new show called Black & White on weekends starting July 16 through August 21.
Mrs. Adu, her sister, and I are working on new pieces for that show.
And thanks again Sue, for sending art lovers our way.
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Well hopefully I'll get there this summer. The children's art at www.mocada.org was even better than the Guggenheim in the Schools exhibit at the Guggenheim. Do visit Mocada.
And, 111 Front Street has several galleries including AIR. I do need to send Susan Bee a note. She was kinda surprised to see me since we hadn't seen each other since high school. Her art is thought provoking as well as more than interesting and pretty enough to be on someone's wall. Nice stuff!
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Thanks, I will return. What time does the walk starts from Bam?
I will keep the AIR Gallery in mind for my next visit.
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The BWALK starts at 10 AM. If you go ro the BWAC site you will find more information by clicking on the name Jon. He is such a sweetheart, I am surprised we are friends.
Thank you for your interest.
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Aduchamp1, unable to make the walk (working).
SueNYC, once again ,thanks for the info, I visited Mocada.
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Understood, thank you for your interest.
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Glad you did AWY. I was going to try to get to BWAC today but I got off the buses too late. I do need to do an IKEA trip so hopefully, I'll do it tomorrow. I loved the MOCADA exhibit and I still owe Susan Bee a note. Her art is great and needless to say she was surprised to see me after all these years.
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Sue if you go please go to Panel 139, Mrs. Adu, one of her sisters, and I combined to create one unified work.
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Adu - the IKEA shuttle came first. I never made it. More fun stuff at the end of the month.
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3 bed terraced house for saleCommercial Road, Talywain, Pontypool NP4
We are delighted to be offering for sale this modernised three bedroom terraced property situated in a popular residential location. This well maintained home briefly comprises of an entrance hall, modern downstairs WC, modern fitted kitchen/ diner ...
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Ali Al Issani reviews definitions contained in Omani labor law regarding the employment of women.
January 2008
In response to the Sultanate of Oman's recent amendments to its labor laws and its entry into a free trade agreement with the United States, the ABA Rule of Law Initiative (ABA ROLI), in conjunction with the Omani Ministry of Justice, sponsored a workshop entitled "The Fundamentals of Labor Law" in October 2007 in Muscat.
Though the free trade agreement requires provisions for labor unions in Oman's laws, the processes of union-formation and collective bargaining are completely new and untested in Oman. Lawyers at the Ministry of Legal Affairs, which drafts most of the Sultanate's statutes, have highlighted a need for a comparative examination of other systems as they develop their own statutes and rules for implementing the free trade agreement's required labor law reforms.
The ABA ROLI workshop was jointly led by Mary Joyce Carlson, Counsel to the Health Care Division of the Service Employees' International Union (SEIU), America's largest health care union; and Ali al-Issani, an Omani lawyer who specializes in labor law for the Ministry of Manpower in the Sultanate. Twenty-two Omani judges attended the workshop, which touched on topics including international labor standards and conventions, union formation, freedom of association, dispute settlement, human trafficking and equal employment rights.
ABA ROLI is committed to working with the Omani Ministry of Justice and other counterparts to continue this dialogue, and support training on this important area of Omani law.
American Bar Association and the Union of Turkish Bars Sign Historic Cooperation Letter on Future Programming Efforts
First Republican Congress of the Union of Advocates held in Dushanbe
Public Education Events on Women's Rights Held to Mark International Women's Day
ABA ROLI Supports Teams at the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition in Washington, D.C.
Traditional Leaders Demonstrate Support to Paralegal Program


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Courtyard by Marriott Toulouse Airport, Toulouse
During renovations, the hotel will make every effort to minimize noise and disturbance.
- Free WiFi in lobby and free parking
Main amenities
- 186 smoke-free guestrooms
- Restaurant and 2 bars/lounges
- Outdoor pool
- Breakfast available
- Free airport shuttle
- Fitness center
- 24-hour business center
- Terrace
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Computer station
What's around
- Blagnac Airport
- Purpan Hospital (1.4 mi / 2.3 km)
- Roman Amphitheater at Purpan (1.9 mi / 3.1 km)
- Eglise Sainte Radegonde Colomiers (2.1 mi / 3.3 km)
- Airbus Industry (2.2 mi / 3.5 km)
- Zenith de Toulouse (2.5 mi / 4 km)
Courtyard by Marriott Toulouse Airport, Toulouse
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $72
- Suite
- Suite, 1 Bedroom, Balcony
- Room
- Business Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 186 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 6 floors
- Check-in time 3 PM-Midnight
- Check-out time is Noon
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms *
- Free airport shuttle (available on request) *
- Free self parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Four Star Toulouse hotels
In the hotel
- Breakfast daily (surcharge)
- 2 bars/lounges
- Restaurant
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Outdoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Golf lessons available nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Pool umbrellas
- 24-hour business center
- Number of meeting rooms - 3
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms 3
- Conference space size (feet) - 1421
- Conference space size (meters) - 132
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Wedding services
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 2009
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Terrace
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Soundproofed rooms
- Pillowtop mattress
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Pay movies
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe (laptop compatible)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Toulouse hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Toulouse
- ibis Toulouse Blagnac AéroportFrom
"My dates had to be changed unexpectedly and everyone there was very understanding. Though I did not stay for a week as planned, they allowed me to add an extra room for one night…"May 6, 2016
- Novotel Toulouse Centre WilsonFrom
"very comfortable. the hotel is completely new. many restaurants close by. convenient location. perfect for a business trip."Mar 28, 2016
- Hôtel L'échappée BelleFrom
"wonderful stay at a small and characteristic old town"Mar 23, 2016
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"We are regular guests of this hotel as we have family and friends living nearby. It is always clean and in good condition, the staff are friendly and efficient and the free…"Mar 16, 2016
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Special features
DiningOleo Pazzo - Overlooking the pool, this bistro specializes in Mediterranean cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting).
Courtyard by Marriott Toulouse Airport, Toulouse's small print
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
For transfers, guests must contact the property on arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 2.20 per person, per night
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 10 per night
Breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 20 per person (approximately)
WiFi is available in guestrooms for EUR 15 per 24-hour period (rates may vary)
High-speed Internet access (wired) is available in guestrooms for EUR 15 per 24-hour period (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
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Girl Scout Junior: Grades 4-5
Good Times, Best Friends!
Girl Scout Juniors have fun with friends while discovering what girl power is all about! As a Girl Scout Junior, you will choose the activities you want to try and learn to take charge of your own plans. As you become an expert in things like horses, computers and music & theater, you will earn badges to wear on your sash or vest if you wish, but uniforms are not required. Leaders know that girls your age are really busy and will help you fit meetings and activities into your schedule. Juniors can also participate in other Girl Scout Pathways and do not have to be part of a troop.
Camp Sakakawea
A chance to visit and explore camp before the start of the season! Tour the.. more
Harbor Island, Grand Haven
Join GSMISTS and other Girl Scouts as we cruise Harbor Island from Grand Hav.. more
Harbor Island, Grand Haven
Join GSMISTS and other Girl Scouts as we cruise Harbor Island from Grand Hav.. more
Harbor Island, Grand Haven
Join GSMISTS and other Girl Scouts as we cruise Harbor Island from Grand Hav.. more
Camp Anna Behrens
It's a celebration of summer beginnings for you and your whole troop! Try c.. more
Traverse City Wastewater Treatment Plant Tour
For: All Girl Scouts ages 10+ and their friends-all participants must be ten years of age or old.. more
Camp Anna Behrens
Join us as we investigate, explore, play and discover our way through the WAGGS Water Challenge .. more
Camp Anna Behrens
Camp's a blast with all the girls - games, crafts, swimming, archery and mor.. more
To be determined
Girl Scouts will be walking in the National Cherry Festival Royale Parade! Parade begins at 6:3.. more
Camp Anna Behrens
Camping is intense - and in tents! Join us as we plan our very own camping adventure! We'll ga.. more
Camp Sakakawea
Not ready for a whole week of camp? This session is perfect for you! You'll.. more
Camp Sakakawea
How tough is your troop? Join us as we put your skills to the rest in a series of team building.. more
Camp Sakakawea
.. more
Camp Sakakawea
Camping is intense - and in tents! Join us as we plan our very own camping adventure. We'll ga.. more
Girls now have three series of National Leadership Journeys to choose from! It's Your World - Change It, It's Your Planet - Love It, and It's Your Story - Tell It! On every Leadership Journey, everything girls do—whether it's performing science experiments, creating art projects, cooking simple meals, or learning to protect the planet's water supply—is aimed at giving them the benefits of the Girl Scout "Keys to Leadership": Discover, Connect, Take Action. Learn about all the Girl Scout Journeys here.
Typical Activities for Girl Scout Juniors:
- Staying at a Girl Scout resident camp and learning outdoor skills.
- Sleeping over in a science museum.
- Learning a golf swing with a professional golfer.
- Working on the "Horse Rider" badge by learning to ride and care for a horse.
- Selling Girl Scout Cookies & Fall Product to earn money for a trip to a theme park.
- Cleaning up the community bike trail.
- Earning the Girl Scout Bronze Award for performing a community service project (download Guidelines here).
- Taking part if a Girl Scout Journey - an eight week themed program developed just for girls like you!


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This page contains Cheats for 100 Exits organized by sections for iPad. This game has "Action" as genre, made by Apperleft Ltd, released on May 25, 2012. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
- Developer: Apperleft Ltd
- Publisher: Apperleft Ltd
- Genre: Action
- Release: May 25, 2012
- ESRB: Not Set
Video Walkthroughs
If you know cheats, secrets, hints, glitches or other level guides for this game that can help others leveling up, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights and experience with other gamers.
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
I have done every thing I could do like hints tips hints...please help me!...
Posted on: 07-20-2012
How do I solve exit 15?...
Posted on: 07-15-2012
I need help on level six dont know what to do...
Posted on: 07-12-2012
Help me on level four...
Posted on: 07-10-2012
What do I do? I'm stuck on level 8...
Posted on: 07-09-2012
This level is NOT working. Have followed all cheats, but the buttons do not work. It's as if the buttons themselves are not computing when pressed. Help!...
Posted on: 07-07-2012
I have followed the walk through for this level and the door just won't open what do I do?...
Posted on: 07-02-2012
The System - Gameplay Video
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Fiscal Federalism 2016 surveys recent trends and policies in intergovernmental fiscal relations and sub-central government. Accessible and easy-to read chapters provide insight: into growing spending and tax devolution; the fiscal constitutions of federal countries; how immovable property taxation is regaining its former significance; on the true spending power of sub central governments; on the mix between own tax resources and intergovernmental grants; and on the role of fiscal rules and good budget frameworks for sustainable debt management at the state and local level.
The effective use of school resources is a policy priority across OECD countries. The OECD Reviews of School Resources explore how resources can be governed, distributed, utilised and managed to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education.
The series considers four types of resources: financial resources, such as public funding of individual schools; human resources, such as teachers, school leaders and education administrators; physical resources, such as location, buildings and equipment; and other resources, such as learning time.
This series offers timely policy advice to both governments and the education community. It includes both country reports and thematic studies.
Launch of the OECD review of the risk management policies in Morocco. The review provides an objective assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of Morocco's risk management policies by international experts.
In Hungary, young people want to have bigger families, but concerns over issues like housing and striking a work-life balance appear to be obstacles. In response, the government has introduced a range of family-friendly policies–a vital step in helping families fulfil their dreams and in meeting the challenge of a rapidly ageing population.
This review analyses the governance and institutional framework of digital government in Chile. It is based on the OECD Recommendation on Digital Government Strategies. It first benchmarks the institutional arrangements of ten advanced countries in the field of digital government, assessing their strategies, digital government units or bodies and policy levers, as well as the co-ordination mechanisms in place. The review then provides an in-depth look at the institutional set-up of digital government in Chile. The assessment reveals that the governance of digital government in Chile would benefit from a stronger legal basis, providing the unit leading the work on digital government with a better grounding and the necessary levers to drive the digital transformation of government and public services. Based on this analysis, the OECD advances two alternative recommendations to strengthen the institutional framework of digital government to foster public sector productivity, enhance efficiencies and improve service delivery. The strengths and weaknesses of the alternatives discussed in detail. The review includes a roadmap for the implementation of both alternatives.
OECD work on applying behavioural insights in public policy.
Meeting of the Working Group I on Civil Service and Integrity - 18 April 2016
While infrastructure investment remains a key focus of international efforts to jump start growth in OECD countries and trigger sustainable economic development elsewhere, it presents a range of challenges for policy makers. This report finds that in many cases, it is governance problems rather than financing, that are responsible for sub-optimal outcomes.
Blog article asks if our democratic processes are more responsive to the rich than they are to the poor and the middle class?
A set of clear standards of conduct for public officials can provide a critical tool for governments to promote openness, transparency and accountability in the public sector and eventually restore citizens' trust in government. With a view to strengthening the ethics framework, the Palestinian Authority has undertaken significant progress to implement a Code of Conduct and Ethics for its civil service. This report analyses the underlining factors of an effective Code of Conduct in the overall framework of public governance reform to build open and transparent institutions. The report traces the evolution of the code from the first draft to the adopted document and discusses the final version against OECD recommendations and international good practices. The report provides actionable policy recommendations to operationalise the code towards a stronger governance framework for public sector integrity in the Palestinian Authority. The report points to the code's strategic role alongside other measures to upgrade the ethics framework and sets an agenda to drive effective implementation in line with international principles of ethics and open government in the Palestinian Authority.