text:
Welcome to my blog. I document my adventures in travel, style, and food. Hope you have a nice stay!
Welcome to SnackFace, friends! I am Kailey, a twenty-something with a knack for all things delicious, fashionable, musical, witty, grammatical and fun. SnackFace™ is a space to share my passions and connect with everyone who wants to talk food/fashion/music/culture/life. In order to fully understand SnackFace the blog and SnackFace the woman, Imma need to break this down.
Snack-Face – \snak\-\fās\ (noun) Representing a young woman with a large appetite for everything in life, but mostly relating to food; the state of being hungry/snacky for life. Can also be used as a verb/gerund and adjective/adverb. Examples: By looking at what that girl ate for dinner, I can tell Kailey is a SnackFace. She certainly had her SnackFace on. She was so busy SnackFacing, she forgot to put on a bra. Her favorite activity is SnackFacing. Kailey SnackFacingly devoured that cake!


text:
Free Stuff Online
You are here:
Home Page
- Food & Drink
Untitled Document
Showing freebies
Free Moet & Chandon Champagne
Food & Drink
Upload a 'Now Moment' picture onto the Moet & Chandon #mymoetmoment web site and if they like it you will receive a free Magnum Bottle of Champagne
£5 off £40 Shop at LIDL
Food & Drink
Nice voucher here for LIDL shoppers. Just see page 11 of the Metro Magazine and print out the voucher and get £5 off a £40 shop at LIDL this Bank Holiday Weekend.
Free Schwartz Flavour Shots Spanish Recipes
Food & Drink
Hola! Want to knock up delicious Spanish recipes such as Chicken tray-bakes, Paella, Meatballs in Tomato Sauce and Smoked Paprika Chicken? Then you need a pack of Schwartz Flavour Shots, which you can pick up at Tesco and get your full money back using the CheckoutSmart app.
Free 100 Bag pack of Birchall English Breakfast Tea
Food & Drink
We've found a voucher code that entitles you to £5 off on the Birchall tea web site with no minimum spend. Just add whatever you like (we've linked to the 100 bag English Breakfast pack) and enter the code 'BT5FAN01' at the checkout to get it for free. There is a small postage fee to pay though.
Free Walkers Sunbites Popcorn
Food & Drink
As of Thursday 26th May the O2 Fortnightly giveaway in partnership with Boots will be updated. All Priority members can get a free pack of Walkers Sunbites Popcorn form Boots Pharmacy's.
<< Previous Page
Next Page >>
Free Solar Panels For Your Home
A Shade Greener are a BBC recommended, government initiated scheme that are giving away free solar panels and...
More Info
£5 for joining New Vista!
Your opinion counts and with Newvista when you share your opinions on products and services we reward you! Earn up to...
More Info
Risk-free Trial of Weight Loss & Fat Burning Supplement
Raspberry Ketone ProSlim is a revolutionary new supplement that will help you burn fat and lose weight without strict...
More Info
Free Caxton FX Currency Card with £5 Credit
The Caxton FX currency card is a great alternative to using cash, travellers cheques or a bank card abroad. Their...
More Info
Earn up to £700 per year TAX FREE
eCo Experts can help you earn £700 per year TAX FREE with Solar panels and what's more there is a Government backed...
More Info
Free Elizabeth Shaw Chocolates
Free Volvic Juice
Free Ryvita Goody Bags & Sistema Bento Lunch Boxes
Free Glutafin Gluten-Free Loaf
Free Champagne from Moet & Chandon
Free Moet & Chandon Champagne
Free Recipe Book 'Slow Cooker Curry' on Kindle
Free Brut Deodorant
Free Moisture Surge Cream from Clinique
£5 off £40 Shop at LIDL
Free Summer Beach Bag
Free Disposable Heat Resistant Food Safe Liners
Free Whiskas Jelly Tuna or Chicken Pouch
Free Beach Towel from Jet 2 Holidays
Free Schwartz Flavour Shots Spanish Recipes
My iDebt can help you write off up to 70% of your debt.
Freebie Categories
Books & Magazines
Cars & Motoring
Cash, Money & Finance
CDs & DVDs
Electricals & Computers
Fashion & Clothes
Food & Drink
Gaming & Lotteries
Health & Beauty
Holidays & Travel
Home & Garden
Kids & Toys
Mobile Phones & Telecoms
Pets & Animals
Sports & Fitness
Surveys & Market Research
Video Games & Apps
© 2016
- All Rights Reserved.
The use of this site must be in accordance with our
terms and conditions
of use. Please also read our
privacy policy
About Us
- What's FreeStuffSearch all about?
Contact Us
- Any questions or comments are welcome!
Link to FreeStuffSearch.co.uk
If you have a web site, blog, forum or social media page? Copy the link below and paste it into your page to link to us.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Calgon Carbon locks out employeeshttp://news.moneycentral.msn.com/ticker/article.aspx?Feed=ACBJ&Date=20080303&ID=8270928&Symbol=CCCthat may help explain the recent weakness {besides of course being weak with mr market}Michael Gaugler {Brean Murray} had ccc at "buy" with a target of $37 on Feb 22 and then only 3 days later on Feb 25 decided to downgrade to "hold" and get this.......based on valuation!http://screen.yahoo.com/d?tk=&src=mtx_165&aut=%22Michael+Gaugler%22&month=&day=&year=&dat=&vw=0&db=reports&z=dat
Nice found about the lockout. Thank you.Those things are usually wrapped up quick though...I wouldn't worry about it..They will probably end up giving the union more, not everything they want, but they will make a deal.
So why so many insider buys on 3/04 ????
Like the other small thread about brean murray something SMELLS about that..
brean = paid fraudsters


text: Do cats become dysphoric when given opioids? (1:12) Dec 01, 2008 By Sheilah A. Robertson, BVMS (Hons), PhD, DACVA, DECVA, CVA, MRCVS VETERINARY MEDICINE video Related linksGender-specific behaviors in dogs and cats: A surprising differenceHow to apply a spoon splintWhat changes in insulin availability have recently occurred?More videos Hot topics on dvm360Not One More Vet: Veterinary peers discuss suicide, offer safe place for dialogue Is the gold standard the old standard? Vet 2.0: A dvm360 Leadership Challenge Scaling Mt. Vet: Pain and progress in practice 5 ways to wow pet owners (and pets)


text:
Gerard Butler packs some paunch on his Barbados holiday as his Spartan muscles become a distant memory
Only three years ago he was the hunky Spartan whose rippling torso caused an excitable frenzy among millions of women.
But Gerard Butler appears to have succumbed to the calorific excesses of the Christmas period and alarmingly piled on the pounds.
Paunch-ing above his weight: Gerard Butler lets it all hang out on holiday in Barbados yesterday, a far cry from his Spartan six-pack in 300
Butler, 40, was snapped on the beach in Barbados yesterday enjoying
a warm and sunny start to the New Year after spending the Christmas
period skiing in Aspen and a cold New Year's Eve in New York.
But long gone is the taut and toned abdomen he showed off with pride in the film 300, and in its place is a flabby big belly that hung over his swimming shorts.
In a pair of loud pink patterned shorts, he wandered down to the ocean's edge with a female friend for a dip and there was no denying the paunch that hung over the top of his trunks.
It was certainly a far cry from his role as muscular Spartan King Leonidas in 300, the film adaptation of the graphic novel, in which Gerard's Leonidas go to war against the Persians.
Distant memory: Gerard and a female friend head down to the sea
Breathe in: Gerard's paunch is more than apparent as he turns to leave the beach
But the only battle Gerard will soon have on his hands will be one with the treadmill.
The actor will surely be ordered to get back in shape ahead of international promotional work for his upcoming films.
However, for now he's letting it all hang out - quite literally - on the Caribbean
island with some friends, as he spent his first day of his holiday
relaxing on the beach.
But he seemed a little embarrassed to be caught by the paparazzi as he made his way back to his resort and rubbed himself dry.
Gerard will be making the most of his island break before he gears
himself up for work again, with the release of his new film The Bounty
Hunter, which is released on March 19th and also stars Jennifer Aniston.
pair, who were romantically linked while shooting the film, play a
former married couple who are reunited after Gerard's bounty hunter
character learns that his next target is his journalist ex-wife, played
by Aniston.
His last film was Law Abiding Citizen, which came out in October and told the story of a man who seeks revenge on the men who killed his family and the criminal justice system.
Last month, Gerard was nominated alongside Susan Boyle, Andy Murray, Chris Hoy and Gordon Brown as a contender for the Scot of the Year crown which will be announced on Burn's Night on January 25.
- Extended video of Harambe shows gorilla holding the boy's...
- Terrified four-year-old grabbed and dragged by 400lb gorilla
- Giant alligator strolls casually across Florida golf course
- Harambe the gorilla enters his habitat for the first time
- Crazy road rage driver runs over motorcyclists with his car
- Cincinnati zoo director defends decision to kill Harambe
- Zoo director Thane Maynard on shooting Harambe to save boy
- Footage purportedly shows UFO flying above Ohio airbase
- Family believes their dog is trying to say 'Coca Cola'
- Several arrested in Oakland after rushing Bernie Sanders...
- Johnny Manziel hunted down and confronted by Mercedes owner
- 'Buenos dias!' Students film Spanish teacher's morning...
- New video footage of Harambe shows the 400-pound gorilla...
- EXCLUSIVE: Parents-of-four whose son fell into zoo enclosure...
- Parents of four-year-old who caused Harambe the gorilla's...
- 'It was like it came out of Jurassic Park!' Monster...
- 'He didn't beat his chest': Animal expert says Harambe the...
- RIP Harambe: Fury at 'neglectful' parents of boy who ASKED...
- EXCLUSIVE - 'We gotta protect Johnny at all costs':...
- Heart-stopping moment four-year-old boy falls 12 feet into...
- SIMON BARNES: Can a gorilla really feel empathy for a...
- Meet the law graduate who used SUGAR DADDIES she met online...
- Horrifying moment road rage motorist drives OVER Navy...
- Memorial weekend 'PTSD' tragedy: Army vet, 25, who served...


text:
It was the end of a remarkable journey that began hundreds of miles away at the Endangered Wolf Center in St. Louis, Missouri, where the pups had been born nine days earlier. The animals were chosen for their unique genetic makeup, and the hope was that they would be accepted and raised by their new family, eventually producing offspring of their own.
Getting wild wolves to raise captive-born pups is a tricky business. It's known as cross-fostering, and it has never been tried with Mexican wolves before. As the Wolf Center's Regina Mossotti says, "Not only do the stars have to align, but the moon and the planets, too." But with only 100 or so lobos still living in the wild, it is a risk that needs to be taken. Biologists say that infusing new genes into the wild population through cross-fostering and direct releases of paired adult wolves is urgently needed prevent the animals' extinction.
Happily, it seems to be working this time. The pups appear to have been adopted by their new wild parents.
Saint Francis of Assisi would have been proud. As the story goes, he miraculously brokered a pact between the town of Gubbio and the wolf that was said to be terrorizing it. Often overlooked in the telling of this medieval parable is that the offending wolf was motivated by hunger, not malice. Peace was only achieved after Francis acknowledged the wolf's needs and pledged to provide for the animals.
In modern terms, we might acknowledge the wolves' needs by admitting that the animals need enough room to roam and that they have an intrinsic right to exist. These are things that humans too often deny to the millions of other species with which we share the planet.
As Pope Francis has said, "Because of us, thousands of species will no longer give glory to God by their very existence, nor convey their message to us." Both the saint and his contemporary namesake might view bringing two wolf pups to the wilds of New Mexico to save a subspecies as the Miracle of Gubbio: Part Two.
But New Mexico officials don't seem to see it that way. The state's Department of Game and Fish threatened to take the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to court to prevent releases of wolves in the state. To its credit, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service did the right thing and released wolves anyway. Since then it has placed more pups with wild wolf families in Arizona.
State officials say their gripe is over legal issues – "states' rights" – and not opposition to wolves themselves. But that statement is suspect. The Fish and Game Department, the commission that oversees it, and Republican Gov. Susana Martinez, who appointed the Game Commission, have demonstrated ample times that they don't want wolves in New Mexico.
Shortly after Martinez was elected, for example, the state withdrew as a partner in the lobo recovery program. Then state officials began denying permits to import and release wolves, though such permits had been routinely issued in the past. More recently, Martinez joined with the governors of neighboring states in declaring their opposition to allowing wolves to expand into areas that biologists say are essential to the animals' long-term survival.
Even though the state is unlikely to prevail if it goes to court to stop additional wolf releases, a lawsuit could cause damaging delays. The loss of genetic diversity is a one-way ticket to extinction, and the only way to reverse it is to release more wolves, with different genes, before it is too late.
Ironically, throwing up roadblocks to wolf recovery simply puts one of the officials' goals further out of reach. Throughout the West, state officials insist that they want and deserve control over wolves. But their actions only postpone the day when the Mexican wolf is declared recovered and taken off the federal endangered list. And that is something that has to happen before management can be turned over to New Mexico. Where other states, such as Idaho, have taken over management, the usual response has been aggressive hunting and trapping to reduce wolf numbers. There's no reason to think New Mexico wouldn't do the same thing.
For now, keeping wolves under federal management is fine with the majority of New Mexicans who welcome wolves and want them to thrive here.
The bald eagle has been the national symbol since 1782, but the Western artist Charlie Russell was right: The buffalo was far more important to the story of the American West.
The story of the buffalo, once roaming in immense herds, also touches on some of the lowest points in American history. As settlers and gold-seekers pushed toward California throughout the course of the 19th century, tragedy often followed in their wake, including the brutal repression and massacre of the American Indian, the wide-scale exploitation of wildlife resources, and the near-extinction of North America's largest land animal, the buffalo.
With notable candor, the National Bison Association's Dave Carter says "the fact that we almost screwed it up" then did not prevent the diverse and sometimes conflicting groups from agreeing on a united effort to help restore the buffalo. The end goal: Everything from sustainable commercial meat production to Indian spiritual revitalization.
In the early 1800s, there were more than 30 million buffalo in North America, ranging in massive herds from Alaska to Mexico. By 1890, only about 500 animals were left. By the early 1900s, there were only about 30 genetically pure animals surviving in isolated areas, such as private ranches and the Yellowstone caldera.
In his book Last Stand, Montana author Michael Punke depicted the collapse of the buffalo in a sad telling of historical events. This included the scourge of the hide hunters, who sent 1.5 million hides back East in the winter of 1872-1873, leaving the carcasses to rot on the plains. In 1874, the Sharps Company issued the Sharps Old Reliable, "the rifle to end all rifles." Hunter Frank Mayer used one to kill 269 buffalo in a single hunt, shooting from 300 yards away.
Railroads sponsored buffalo-killing expeditions, during which one Kansas man is said to have shot 120 animals in 40 minutes. Passenger trains on the newly minted transcontinental railroads would stop for hours while a single herd passed, and sportsmen took aim. And the rail workers had to be fed. A young man who came to be known as "Buffalo Bill" Cody wrote in his diary that he killed 4,280 buffalo in 18 months to feed construction workers for the Kansas Pacific Railroad.
Mercilessly, the U.S. Army participated in wholesale slaughter of the buffalo. Author Larry Barsness, in Heads, Hides & Horns, chronicles the relationship of the buffalo to North American Indians, and why the Army worked to wipe them out: "Either the buffalo or the Indian must go. Only when the Indian becomes absolutely dependent on us for his every need will we be able to handle him. If we kill the buffalo, we conquer the Indian."
Yet, the buffalo survives, and Native Americans have a big role in the animal's restoration. The InterTribal Buffalo Council represents 63 tribes engaging in, or planning, management to restore buffalo culture, and in some cases to manage herds for commercial ventures, which in turn will aid Indian communities. Executive Director Jim Stone says the new national animal designation is a vehicle that will allow tribes to be "buffalo-centric" again.
People talk about oil and gas as the new buffalo, gaming as the new buffalo. "There's still the old buffalo," Stone says. Stone, a Yankton Sioux, says his South Dakota tribe harvested its last buffalo in 1886. It wasn't until 1993 – 107 years later – that the tribe could conduct another ceremonial slaughter of a buffalo. Stone believes a national buffalo designation resembles the effort to put the image of Harriet Tubman, the Underground Railroad "conductor," on the $20 bill.
Buffalo, you're the national mammal. You deserve no less.
Now, the Fish and Wildlife Service is trying to fix that problem, but in a way that may seem counterintuitive. The agency released a proposed revision to their eagle management strategies on May 6. But instead of putting stricter rules in place, it's doing the opposite. The new rule would increase developer permit lengths significantly, from 5 years to 30 years, and allow permit holders to collectively kill a total of 4,200 bald eagles per year — nearly four times the current limit.
That may sound crazy, but it's really the existing system that is skewed, not the proposed changes.
Currently, if a developer wants to build a wind farm or solar plant, she may apply for an eagle kill permit that requires her to abide by a conservation plan, but also shields her from fines or legal action for killing eagles. But here's the catch: The permit is not required, and because its requirements are expensive and somewhat burdensome, very few developers are opting to apply — currently only one California wind farm holds a permit. Those that choose not to get a permit risk being fined for bird kills under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, but they are rarely caught and even more rarely prosecuted. "Bird mortality is already happening," says Brad Bortner, Fish and Wildlife Service chief in the Division of Migratory Bird Management. "But we don't have frameworks to hold companies accountable for how many die each year."
The service says the new, more relaxed terms will entice more developers — primarily those in the energy sector, including wind, solar and companies with power lines that have the potential for killing eagles — to apply for the permits.
The change is meant, in part, to help quantify the number of birds killed by the permitted facilities, thereby giving the Fish and Wildlife Service a better handle on how to manage bald and golden eagle fatalities. "The 30-year periods will give us a longer timeframe to establish consistency and collect reliable data about exactly how many eagle deaths there are," Bortner says.
The proposed rule would work similarly to the Clean Air Act. Industry polluters would apply for permits that put limits on acceptable emissions per year. In this case, a wind or solar facility, for example, would assess approximately how many eagles per year their operations kill and apply for a $36,000 voluntary permit with the Fish and Wildlife Service to keep the number at a rate acceptable to maintain local populations. "By holding a permit, facilities would avoid fines for the birds they do kill," says Eliza Savage, manager of the service's eagle program. Facilities that don't opt for a permit would be on the hook for fines for eagle fatalities each year (a provision that is already in place).
What's more, bald eagle populations have rebounded. "Now we're updating the science and realizing that the (bald eagle) population is in a better biological place," Bortner says. Thus, the increase in the number of kills that are tolerable. On the flip side, golden eagle populations are in decline. Under the new rule, golden eagles will have stronger protections: The kill limit for the struggling population is zero, down from 28 annually.
"This doesn't increase or decrease eagle deaths, but it gets them in the system. Once we have a regulatory body in place to monitor this, we can work with developers to limit eagle deaths," Savage says. Whether the proposed rule will play out like this in practice, no one knows. Conservation groups that High Country News contacted for comment for this story were still thumbing through the more than 300-page proposal and impact statement.
Some renewable energy plants have worked to limit bird deaths independently. Chokecherry and Sierra Madre, the nation's largest proposed wind farm slated for development in south-central Wyoming, released a draft environmental impact study that included a conservation plan that would kill far fewer eagles —10 to 14 each year — than previous estimates of up to 68 deaths. Kara Choquette, spokeswoman for the Power Company of Wyoming that oversees the Chokecherry and Sierra Madre wind farm, says the company is reviewing the proposal to see how it might affect their newly developed conservation plan.
The proposed rule is open to public comment through July 5.
Paige Blankenbuehler is an editorial fellow at High Country News. She tweets @paigeblank]]>
The sport, writes Eliason, is "an uncommercialized and never-before-studied vernacular tradition." Although coyote hunting is widespread across the country, coursing, a subset of hunting, is relatively uncommon.
Many states allow coursing and offer bounties — in Utah it's $50 — for each coyote carcass. Coyote hunting contests are held in several Western states, including New Mexico, Idaho and Montana. In 2014, California became the first state to ban coyote killing contests, which sometimes includes coursing.
Opponents of coursing say the practice perpetuates unnecessary cruelty and wildlife abuse and isn't effective in population control. Yet proponents of the sport say it helps tamp down coyote populations and protect livestock. Available science is spotty and backs up neither in a convincing way, as High Country News reported in a February 2016 story on Wildlife Services.
In To See Them Run, no photo shows the end of the hunt, when the greyhounds catch their prey, side-stepping the controversy entirely. In the end, that's what is most unsettling about Eliason's book, which keeps the gore of an otherwise bloody sport out of view. The book provides a unique perspective on the culture to a familiar reader, but for the reader that comes to Eliason's collection to better understand the sport, it will leave them wanting. — Paige Blankenbuehler
To See Them Run: Great Plains Coyote Coursing
By Eric A. Eliason Hardback, $40.
University Press of Mississippi, 2015.
Whatcom Watch, in Bellingham, Washington, recently interviewed Lorena Havens, a longtime environmentalist and co-author of the popular classic, The People's Guide to Mexico. The reporter was curious about what inspired Havens to become an activist in the early 1970s. Apparently, it was a combination of indignation and common sense: Havens said that Judy Chicago, the artist and activist, urged her to tackle local problems first, saying, "Go home and see what needs doing — and do it!" A few weeks earlier, as it turned out, Havens had seen something that needed un-doing. From her "river shack on Ebey Island," Havens saw trucks from lumber mills lining up to dump bark and sawdust into a wetlands. That night, Havens wrote a petition asking the county to halt the pollution, got all her neighbors to sign it, and presented it a few weeks later to the planning commission. Her petition initially didn't get much traction, she recalled; a company lawyer dismissed it, saying that if dumping caused a problem, "there should be a stack of documents and scientific evidence" proving it. "I found myself walking up to the front of the room," Havens recalled, where she told elected officials that that kind of twisted logic had allowed rivers to become so fouled you couldn't drink the water or swim in them. To her surprise, the planning commission then denied the dumping permit; afterward, she was told that her statement tipped the balance. These days, Havens advocates for more complete recycling: "We must not only stop putting more trash in the ocean, we need to be cleaning the plastics out of the ocean and reusing that material."
Seventy-five goats hired to eat invasive species at a public park in Salem, Oregon, had to be fired for failing to do their job. Eenews.net reports that the animals preferred to munch on tree bark and some native plants, and instead of clearing entire patches of blackberry bramble, they fastidiously nibbled just the leaves. What's worse, renting the goats cost the town five times more than mowing or weed-whacking. Cleaning up the goat poop also wasn't cheap. They left behind "a heavily fertilized area — if you know what I mean," said Mark Becktel, Salem's public works manager.
While its owners were away for two weeks, a parked Toyota Tundra truck in Aztec, New Mexico, became a bed and breakfast for a rat. Vicky Ramakka says she and her husband didn't know about the rat's sojourn on top of the truck's engine until a routine truck servicing revealed the carnage that had occurred during their absence. A mechanic cleaned out an entire rat's nest filled with cactus and tree parts, as well as the remains of a rabbit, but "the wiring was intact, so thank God for that." Ramakka says, "We were dumbfounded at this detailed maintenance report — especially the rabbit corpse!"
"A cat with a bloody human hand in its mouth" must have been a chilling sight as it strolled down a street in Bozeman, Montana. That's what a caller reported to police, reports the Bozeman Daily Chronicle, though the eyewitness wasn't sure if the hand was real. Fortunately, it wasn't; another caller told dispatch that one of her missing pink gardening gloves was most likely the "hand" the cat was holding.
Back in the 1960s, the "man in black," Johnny Cash, played a series of concerts for the men in Folsom State Prison, on the edge of the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. Chris Hamilton, a young biologist from Auburn University in Alabama, knew about those concerts and loved Cash's song, Folsom Prison Blues. So it made perfect sense for him to name the all-black tarantula he recently discovered near Folsom Aphonopelma johnnycashi. Hamilton told the BBC that he also proudly sports a Johnny Cash tattoo; no word on how many legs it has.
That was back in 1985. The other day, I found our report buried deep inside an old file cabinet. It's not poetry, but it captures the flavor of the landscape, as well as the politics of a place that has been one of my journalistic foci for decades now. And I am still friends with Ann, who has lived in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem ever since, and who continues to be an ardent wildlife advocate.
Here's the thing about grizzly bears: They create a human ecosystem every bit as interesting as the natural one. And that system is also populated by fierce and persistent individuals. Ann is one of many who have remained in the grizzly-shaped system for decades.
Back in the 1960s and 1970s, for example, the legendary Craighead brothers — John and Frank — undertook the pioneering population studies that led to the bear's listing under the Endangered Species Act in 1975, and pushed the National Park Service to close the garbage dumps that had become dangerous, all-night buffets for too many bears.
In the 1980s and 1990s, biologists Richard Knight and Chris Servheen took center stage as successive directors of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, the federal and state scientists and managers assembled to monitor and manage the grizzlies. As former HCN intern Gloria Dickie reports in our cover story, optimism for full recovery grew once the dumps were closed and the population rose from a low of some 200 animals. And new advocates emerged from both within and without the bureaucracies.
One insider — former interagency team biologist Dave Mattson — and one outsider — bear activist Louisa Willcox — have spent the better part of two decades fighting Servheen's team's push to declare the Yellowstone grizzly, which now numbers around 700, fully recovered. Removing it from the endangered species list would mean handing management from the federal government to the states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, and possibly reinstating controversial grizzly hunting seasons.
There are good scientists and sincere grizzly lovers on both sides of the argument, as Dickie makes clear. One thing is certain, however: As the West's wild country continues to shrink, our struggle to live with bears will only get more complex. Should we be optimistic or pessimistic about the prospects for the Yellowstone grizzly? I say: Look to the humans the bear has surrounded itself with. As long as we remain diverse and engaged, our most celebrated fellow omnivore should be around for a long time to come.]]>
Mattson is one of the country's most eminent grizzly bear biologists, so he found the rapid decline especially worrying. In the summer of 1988, 28 percent of the whitebark pines in Yellowstone National Park burned in devastating fires. Later, in the 1990s, Mattson watched the region's whitebarks die from blister rust, a non-native fungus. So when the beetle-kill epidemic hit in the early-2000s, it devastated already struggling forests. And it also threatened everything that depends on those forests, particularly the Yellowstone grizzly bear, which relies on whitebark pine nuts as a key source of nutrition. Fresh off the endangered species list and without federal protections, the Yellowstone grizzly was suddenly facing an uncertain future. Citing Mattson's research on the relationship between the bear and the nuts, conservation groups fought hard in court to regain the bear's protected status. The strategy worked: In 2011, the 9th Circuit Court deemed the Yellowstone grizzly to be still in danger and relisted it as threatened.
But now Mattson feels like he's suffering from a serious case of déjà vu. In March, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced its plans to move forward with a proposal to delist the Yellowstone grizzly bear, citing the 700-some bears who currently live in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem as a victory for the recovery effort — the successful culmination of 41 years of struggle, and an indicator of the health of the grizzly population. With fewer federal restrictions, states would be able to restore trophy hunts and gain revenue, as well as more easily resolve livestock conflicts. But scientists and conservationists fear that the move to delist relies too heavily on uncertain science and is largely a response to state pressure. If the federal government had the bear's best interest in mind, they say, why wouldn't it wait to be sure the grizzly was truly recovered?
For Mattson, 62, who has dedicated much of his life to protecting these bears, another delisting would be a heartbreaking defeat. "It's been an incredibly fascinating career, observing these bears," he says. "And it's been a cause for grief."
Chris Servheen has served as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service grizzly bear recovery coordinator since 1981 — long enough for his thick mustache to turn from brown to gray — working from his office at the University of Montana, where he earned his Ph.D. in wildlife biology and forestry. For more than three decades, his job has been to keep the Lower 48's 1,800 grizzly bears alive and healthy; a delisting ruling would be the crowning achievement of his career.
"The objective of the Endangered Species Act is to get a species to the point where protection is no longer required," says Servheen, who announced his retirement at the end of April. "It's not like the Wilderness Act, where places must forever remain listed after they've been designated. The ESA needs success stories to strengthen the law, and the Yellowstone grizzly bear recovery is the greatest success story of all."
In 1975, with the grizzly bear extirpated from 98 percent of its former range south of the Canadian border, the federal government opted to protect the five remaining populations in the Lower 48 as threatened under the 1973 Endangered Species Act. The ruling triggered an array of protective measures for bears in Yellowstone, Bitterroot, Selkirk/Cabinet-Yaak, the North Cascades and Northern Continental Divide, including halting the grizzly hunting season. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which includes 34,375 square miles in and around the national park, rangers worked to close open garbage dumps, a long-standing source of bear-human conflict, in hopes of "rewilding" the fewer than 312 bears that remained.
In 1979, nearing the completion of his master's degree in plant ecology, Mattson joined the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, working as a field technician and collecting habitat data. Then, in 1983, federal, state and tribal entities formed the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee to help boost the grizzly population, which had continued to decline despite the new protections. The committee, which would guide the bear's recovery across all states, relied on the study team's research to establish policies and alter land-management practices. Members worked with area managers to close grazing allotments that brought bears into conflict with livestock; changed garbage management in Yellowstone National Park; and limited road access. For 14 years, Mattson, who took over field investigations in 1984, contributed to the committee's bear ecology research, counting bears and looking into the causes of bear mortality.
Much of this research came to fruition in 2013, 20 years after Mattson's departure, when the study team released a report examining the impact of whitebark pine loss on bears — the reason the courts had earlier restored federal protection. The report noted that poor whitebark pine production had caused bears to forage at lower elevations, -creating a spike in conflicts with humans. And it found that lower cub and yearling survival slowed population growth in 2002. However, the study team also praised the bears' diet diversity and ecological adaptability. Though omnivorous, Yellowstone grizzlies rely more on meat than other populations, the study team wrote, and many bears occupy areas with little or no whitebark pine habitat, and thus eat other foods. The reason more cubs and yearlings were dying, they figured, was not because of the whitebark pine declines, but because too many grizzlies were crowded into too small an area. Given that evidence, in 2013 the Yellowstone Ecosystem Subcommittee and Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee recommended that the Fish and Wildlife Service remove the bear from the endangered species list.
"We have three times as many bears occupying more than twice the range we did when we started," says Servheen. That's in spite of the fact that grizzly bears, or Ursus arctos horribilis, are the second slowest-reproducing land animal in North America, just behind the musk ox, taking two or three years to rear a single litter of cubs. And, unlike most other listed species, they sometimes kill human beings. Since 1872, grizzlies have killed eight people in Yellowstone National Park. "And yet we've done it," Servheen says. "That's a good story."
Yet it's a story with some hiccups. At the Yellowstone Ecosystem Subcommittee's annual meeting in Teton Village, Wyoming, this past November, Frank van Manen, the bald, bespectacled Dutch ecologist who now leads the study team, walked up to the podium in Hotel Terra's airy conference center and announced to dozens of grim-looking outfitters, photo safari guides and tribal representatives that the grizzly bear that Fish and Wildlife was so ready to delist had, in fact, declined over the previous year, from 757 to 714 animals. Van Manen quickly added that the number was within the range of variability, and that the long-term trends showed no evidence of decline, but that did little to dampen the palpable sense of frustration in the room.
And the most recent count doesn't factor in all of Greater Yellowstone's recent grizzly deaths — 61 in 2015, the most since records began. Instead, most of those deaths will be reflected in the 2016 count, when grizzlies first emerge from their winter dens. Last year, 37 bears were killed by humans, including the euthanization of the notorious mother grizzly who killed a hiker last summer. An additional 17 ursine fatalities are under investigation, the majority of which occurred during hunting season. Though they are much larger than their cousins and have distinctive features such as a dish-shaped face and shoulder hump, grizzlies can still be mistaken for black bears.
Fewer bears are living out their roughly 25-year natural lifespan in the wild. Instead, bear and human conflicts are increasing "because bears are getting into areas where they haven't been for decades," van Manen said in a phone conversation a few weeks before the Teton Village meeting. "They're moving into areas where people are not used to seeing grizzly bears."
Some wildlife managers actually worry that continued protection of the bears could increase conflicts with humans and livestock, resulting in yet more bear deaths. Brian Nesvik, chief warden of Wyoming's Game and Fish Department, believes that the states could do a better job of managing delisted bears, reducing conflicts and removing problem animals earlier. "The bottom line is the core of the grizzly bear population has reached carrying capacity, and there's not a lot of room left in the sardine can to put more bears."
Driving through Wyoming's rain-soaked Bridger-Teton National Forest, it's hard to miss the yellow, diamond-shaped signs that warn of "game" on the roads, a not-so-subtle reminder of how the state sees most wildlife: as something to be hunted. That may soon include grizzlies, too.
If and when the Yellowstone grizzly is delisted, regulated hunting will be allowed inside the 19,300-square-mile management zone that surrounds the park. The bear population would not be permitted to drop below 600, meaning that, according to the latest count, about 100 potentially could be killed. The quota would be divided between Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, with Wyoming hunters getting the largest share.
Further riling bruin-lovers, one Jackson Hole outfitter announced that as soon as grizzlies are delisted, he intends to target Bear 399, the Yellowstone ecosystem's most famous and beloved grizzly. First collared in 2001, Bear 399 and her several litters of cubs have frequented Grand Teton's roadsides for more than a decade, delighting sightseers. The outfitter told the Jackson Hole News&Guide that he was motivated by a hatred for "the federal government, bear-loving environmentalists and the Endangered Species Act."
Such vitriolic reactions, Mattson says, "go back to fundamental worldviews, where the idea that there would be a species out there that's not hunted is a literal moral offense," a philosophy Mattson refers to as "domestic utilitarian." The philosophy is "fully embodied in state wildlife management," he says, with disgust. "Wildlife are there to be used and dominated — and the ultimate act of domination is to kill them."
The delisting proposal "is very much responding to state pressure," says Noah Greenwald, the Center for Biological Diversity's endangered species director. "It's just unfortunate, because some of these state game agencies are terribly regressive."
Nesvik, the Wyoming wildlife official, notes that his state is a strong believer in the state-run "North American model of wildlife management." Management decisions, he says, are best made by the folks on the ground who live near bears. After all, he says, other species, like black bears, are successfully managed by the state. "What folks need to remember is the states are fully committed to ensuring we have a healthy recovered population of grizzly bears that won't ever be threatened again."
Some say that, unlikely as it may seem, the domestic utilitarian approach could help the bear. Once wildlife becomes game, hunters — a powerful, moneyed constituency — gain a stake in the species' survival. The healthier the bear population, the better the hunt. In effect, the same people who want to shoot the bears could become their best stewards.
It's been more than 20 years since David Mattson arrived for work one morning at the Yellowstone Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team to find that his office had been invaded: His computer files deleted, research folders emptied and data confiscated. The jarring event, which would mark a turning point in Mattson's career as a grizzly bear biologist, was chronicled in Todd Wilkinson's 1998 High Country News feature "Grizzly War." Later, Mattson learned that the apparent burglary had actually been a "raid," by the then-leader of the study team, Richard Knight, who stated in a memo that the incursion was "simply my retrieval of data that I am responsible for before it was used to further criticize the government." Mattson had openly challenged the scientific basis for removing endangered species protections from the Yellowstone grizzly, something the federal wildlife service was eager to push along.
The experience shook Mattson to the core. "I thought science drove the world," Mattson recalls, chuckling at his naiveté. "I thought science was the fountain of everything that mattered to decision-makers." The middle-aged scientist fled, seeking refuge first at the University of Idaho, where he finished his doctoral degree, then in the Canadian Yukon's Kluane National Park and Reserve, where he continued to study grizzlies, and later, when the ursine reminders proved too much, in the dusty American Southwest, where he surveyed the predatory behavior of mountain lions.
Eventually, Yellowstone's grizzlies pulled him back home to Montana — that, and a certain grizzly bear activist. "I came back to Louisa, and therefore I came back to grizzly bears," he says with a shy smile early one morning at the home he and his wife now share.
"Louisa" is Louisa Willcox, long a force to be reckoned with. Where Mattson appears soft-spoken and reflective, Willcox is outspoken and determined, quick to denounce what she sees as social and political injustices. She's on the "pointy end" of advocacy, her husband says. Having spent most of her professional life at the center of grizzly bear conservation in the Northern Rockies, the 62-year-old, gray-haired activist is accustomed to controversy. She served as program director of the Greater Yellowstone Coalition, then as the Natural Resources Defense Council's senior wildlife advocate for nearly a decade, where she fought to relist the grizzly in 2007. Now semi-retired, she authors an incendiary email news bulletin, Grizzly Times.
Today, after what Willcox calls "a long, weird, wild ride" and six years of marriage, the couple constitutes what they term "the rebel bear force" in this corner of Montana.
On a cold November night, shortly after the first snow of the season, Mattson and Willcox pore over a draft of their latest Grizzly Times entry. It's the day after the Teton Village meeting, and news of the population decline has traveled fast. Willcox and Mattson are in a bit of a tizzy. "Seven hundred and fourteen!" Willcox exclaims. The bookshelves in the couple's home office, illuminated by the computer monitor's harsh glow, overflow with skulls and specimens, books on bear biology and tomes of forest -ecology. Their dog, Tashi, a black-and-white shepherd, sits patiently at their feet as they run through final edits before blasting news of the meeting's revelations out to conservationists around the country. As the most persistent, and celebrated, auditor of the grizzly bear study team's data, Mattson spends much of his time conducting external reviews and delivering presentations on his findings around the region to the public. The couple's work has drawn the ire of many delisting advocates. When Willcox started receiving death threats, the couple installed an elaborate external lighting system around their property.
Mattson's audits go far beyond the whitebark pine nut research that made him famous. He examines population density and counting methods with a critical lens — because management decisions, and ultimately listing decisions, hinge on population figures — and he focuses on the bear's diet of army cutworm moths, cutthroat trout and ungulate meat.
According to the best available science, 717 grizzly bears roam the Yellowstone ecosystem (a slight revision to November's estimate of 714), the second-largest population in the Lower 48. But even van Manen, who has studied the world's ursines, from sloth bears in Sri Lanka to China's giant pandas, admits that the margin of error is large: Bears are notoriously hard to count. Still, he says, the agency has erred on the side of caution, and there may be as many as 1,000 bruins roaming the Yellowstone region's woods.
Mattson, however, is not so sure. The traditional counting method, the Chao2 estimator, which extrapolates population estimates and growth trends from ground and aerial observations of females and their young cubs, is prone to overestimation, he says. And a newer technique, mark-resight, which uses a combination of radio-collar tracking and aerial observation, is also faulty, according to critics, in that it can generate population trends that would be biologically impossible. Meanwhile, University of Colorado ecologist Daniel Doak found that the aerial "search effort" had increased substantially over the past 27 years, giving the false impression that the Yellowstone population was increasing. This leads folks like Mattson to believe the general population trend has remained stagnant, or even declined, despite the official counts.
The population impact of changing feeding behaviors can't be ignored, either. In Yellowstone, gender once determined diet: Female grizzlies ate a lot of whitebark pine nuts, while males consumed nearly twice as much meat. Now, more and more females with cubs are feasting on ungulate carcasses and livestock to make up for the loss of whitebark pine and cutthroat trout, which were a staple until the mid-1990s, when whirling disease and invasive lake trout devastated the Yellowstone Lake cutthroat population. The meatier meals lead to conflict not only with humans, but also aggressive male bears and wolves.
Though the study team found no significant effects from whitebark pine loss, changes in grizzly populations can take over a decade to manifest. "Van Manen's estimates are averaged essentially over the past 10-plus years, which completely masks the fairly dramatic changes that have gone on," Mattson says. "Looking in the rearview mirror doesn't have any sensitivity to what's unfolding in real time."
Other scientists are cautious too. For her master's thesis, Ohio State University student Harmony Szarek surveyed the world's foremost grizzly bear experts to determine how many were in favor of delisting. Of the 234 respondents, more than 60 percent believed the Yellowstone grizzly should remain listed as threatened or be upgraded to endangered.
"This was shocking to us," says Jeremy Bruskotter, Szarek's advisor and a professor in OSU's Terrestrial Wildlife Ecology Lab. "We had anticipated that if the Fish and Wildlife Service was moving this proposal forward, then other scientists were probably going to be on the same page."
Tom France, senior director of the National Wildlife Federation's Northern Rockies Regional Center, is one of the few environmentalists willing to defend delisting.
"We have many, many species under the ESA and a limited set of federal resources. As we achieve success, like the Yellowstone grizzly, we need to redirect those federal resources to other more imperiled fish and wildlife."
France says he's looked closely at scientific audits done by Mattson and others, and believes "it doesn't overcome the tremendous body of research that has been developed around the Yellowstone population. It's indisputably one of the most studied populations in the world, and the body of evidence speaks loudly to recovery targets being met."
Still, he adds, much of his support ultimately comes down to what happens afterward. He's OK with the Yellowstone grizzly being delisted, provided Montana and the Fish and Wildlife Service make strong, clear plans to link grizzly populations across the state.
Outside the entrance of Hotel Terra, Jim Laybourn clasps a white plastic sign between wooden claws. A gaping grizzly mouth covers his mustachioed face; fangs protrude over his eyebrows. A bodysuit of brown fur protects him from the -November wind.
Laybourn, a photo guide, outfitter, and hunter in the Yellowstone valley, is here in bear costume to send a message to the Yellowstone Ecosystem Subcommittee: We grizzlies are worth more alive than dead, and there's a very real economic reason to keep protecting us under the Endangered Species Act.
"Our tourism economy here is so based on bears," says Laybourn, who ends up acting as doorman to the members of the study team as they search for the correct entrance. In 10 years working as a guide, Laybourn has taken hundreds of people into the dense coniferous forests of Yellowstone in search of grizzlies, not geysers. "Every single person I have ever taken out asks, 'Are we going to see a bear today?' For some people, it's a life-changing experience."
A 2014 study published in The Journal of Environmental Management entitled "The Economics of Roadside Bear Viewing" found that Yellowstone visitors would be willing to pay an additional $41 if it ensured spotting roadside grizzlies. But if bears were barred from roadside habitat, the study noted, 155 jobs and more than $10 million to the local economy could be lost.
At the end of January, Grand Teton National Park officials publicly spoke out against the potential delisting decision. "We are concerned about the potential harvest of grizzly bears adjacent to Grand Teton," park spokesman Andrew White said. "This is a very important issue that may negatively affect grizzlies using the park as well as bear-viewing opportunities for visitors."
Down the road, the bears' charisma is on full display at the Grizzly and Wolf Discovery Center, nestled between an IMAX and a McDonald's in West Yellowstone, Montana, the park's tourist hub. As many as 100,000 people visit the center each year when the wild disappoints. On a chilly November day, Kimberly Shields, a young naturalist with dark brown hair and maple-leaf-red winter coat, talks to the few off-season visitors. Behind her, resident brother and sister grizzlies Kobuk and Nakina tussle in their enclosure. Their mother and another sibling were caught raiding a chicken house 17 years ago in Alaska and shot by a farmer, who left the two remaining cubs for dead.
Now lumbering, full-grown bruins, they awe, even as they fight over pumpkin snacks. When asked what it was about grizzlies that inspired him, Mattson made no mention of their brute force or 400-plus pound presence. Rather, he gave a scientific answer: "They're more intelligent, adaptable, omnivorous. The ways they plug into the environment are unending. Frankly, they just do that many more interesting things."
When it comes to delisting, Shields says, "we try to provide a neutral stance and let people decide for themselves. Unfortunately, she adds, few of the people who come through understand delisting, or are even aware of the pending decision.
She's less worried about hunting than about the potential loss of habitat under delisting. "Right now, the grizzly population seems like it's at a really healthy level," she says, "but it's ultimately an island population."
Under the draft Grizzly Bear Conservation Strategy most development is restricted in the 5.5 million-acre conservation area. But more than half of the habitat outside the recovery zone is open to oil and gas development and timber cutting, with even more land available to road building.
"We like to tell people, you don't need to save hundreds of thousands of acres to save these bears. You just need to save the right spots," says Shields.
The Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem, which spans 9,600 square miles in northwestern Montana and includes Glacier National Park, is home to an estimated 960 grizzly bears. A century ago, Yellowstone's grizzlies mingled and procreated with these northern neighbors, and one goal of the 1993 Recovery Plan was to re-unite the two groups. But today more than 150 treacherous miles of farmland and roadways still separate the populations.
Servheen, however, is confident the two populations will soon connect, aided by projects to help the animals bridge highways, like I-90, which cuts the two populations in half. Even without connectivity, the Yellowstone population is genetically healthy, says Servheen. "It's not a small isolated population; it's a large isolated population."
Mattson confirms that the divide is shrinking. "They've covered about half the distance going down — the gap, at this point, is not huge." But he worries that once the Yellowstone grizzly is delisted, the progress will cease. Suddenly, bears will be hunted on the fringes, or euthanized for moving into agricultural land. "There's a predictable geography to where death rates are going to escalate first," he explains, "and it's going to be on the periphery."
In 2007, David Mattson knew the "rebel bear force" had a good chance at getting grizzlies back on the endangered species list; the possible impacts of whitebark pine loss were clear. But this time, he says, will be tougher.
On a crisp, winter morning, while Mattson sips coffee out of a Grizzly Bear X-ing mug, a knock, followed by Tashi's barking, echoes from the front door.
"Oh, that's Kelly," says Willcox, rushing to greet a young woman with bright red curly hair, whom I immediately recognize from the meeting at Hotel Terra. Kelly Nokes was the only one who managed to make the Fish and Wildlife Service squirm, when she asked Richard Hannan, deputy director of the agency's Pacific Region office, if he was familiar with the case of gray wolves in the Great Lakes region.
Hannan, who seemed to have been brought in as a quasi public relations handler, cleared his throat and gruffly replied, "The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service does not agree with the decision of the Department of Justice when it comes to the gray wolf and is appealing their decision."
In 2013, the Humane Society sued to overturn U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's final rule to delist the Great Lakes gray wolf. The U.S. District Court ruled in the Humane Society's favor, calling the agency's decision "arbitrary and capricious." Judge Beryl Howell ordered the immediate restoration of endangered species protections in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan, halting the controversial hunts.
Nokes, who has a J.D. and master's in environmental law and policy from the Vermont Law School and is now the WildEarth Guardians' Carnivore Campaign Lead, plans to use a similar angle of attack against the Yellowstone grizzly delisting: The law does not allow for the piecemeal delisting of species by distinct population segments.
"The plain language of the Endangered Species Act is that a listed species may be delisted in its entirety only," she says. "The Service, in effect, is really thwarting the very purpose of the ESA and undermining efforts to recover the grizzly as a whole."
In other words, since the grizzly bear was listed in 1975 in all of the Lower 48 states, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service cannot slice the population into different subgroups, like Yellowstone or Bitterroot or North Cascades, simply for the purpose of delisting them one by one.
Not long after the Great Lakes gray wolf verdict, Michigan and Wisconsin filed an appeal, which is pending. The outcome of the case could very well determine the grizzly bear's future.
B Bar Ranch, marketing itself as an "organic working guest ranch" that focuses on environmental stewardship, lies about 40 miles from Willcox and Mattson's home. On my last day in Montana, Louisa suggests we stop in for a visit. Rumor has it that grizzlies have been seen foraging in nearby fields.
Indeed, says Trina Smith, the ranch's guest services supervisor, cars clogged the ranch's private roads all summer long. Some visitors even held tailgating parties while they waited for the grizzlies. By mid-September, Smith had counted 18 bears at once feeding on what the ranch presumed to be wild caraway root (an exciting new dietary discovery, if true), not far from the ranch's cattle. What might horrify some ranchers is more than tolerated at the B Bar — it's celebrated.
"The West is changing," Willcox concludes at dinner later that night, pulling apart a piece of chicken as we discuss the day's events. "Whether it's Bozeman or Yellowstone, or Colorado. There's a new kind of people living here, and they are not reliant on agriculture, logging and mining."
Instead, newcomers tend to be more interested in recreation, tourism and simple mountain living, far away from the highways and high-rises that plague cities. They have different value systems, says Willcox. But that doesn't mean the grizzly is out of the woods.
"The bears are still adjusting to a world without whitebark, trout and fewer elk. They can't withstand too much killing," says Willcox. Moreover, the new people moving to the mountains aren't as vocal or as engaged in the political process, leaving the microphone open for hunters, loggers and miners.
The Yellowstone grizzly remains in a perilous position, despite the hints of change. Perhaps only when the old value systems give way, and the rebel bear force is rendered obsolete, will Willcox and Mattson support delisting.
"The Old West knows it. They know they're going down. And they're just putting up the last, biggest fight they can over the thing they can fight over — -grizzly bears."
As I head to bed that night, snow beginning to fall again in Paradise Valley, I have to wonder: Just how many grizzly bears is enough? How many bears will the people of Montana, Wyoming and Idaho truly tolerate? Once described by The Milwaukee Journal as the "king of the wild beasts of the Rocky Mountains" after the mauling of legendary frontiersman Hugh Glass, grizzlies were and are one of the few animals in North America considered "really dangerous." As much as Mattson and Willcox would love to see thousands of grizzlies in their home state and beyond, is this a feasible goal? Can grizzlies roam from Yellowstone to Yukon? Or is 717 bears the best we can hope for? Ultimately, it's an answer that will only emerge once the bear is delisted, and the states and the people are left to decide just how far the monarch of the wilderness will be allowed to reign.
Gloria Dickie is a freelance environmental journalist and former HCN intern who writes from Boulder, Colorado. Follow @GloriaDickie
This story was funded with reader donations to the High Country News Research Fund.]]>
In Giant Sloths and Sabertooth Cats: Extinct Mammals and the Archaeology of the Ice Age Great Basin, zooarchaeologist Donald Grayson surveys North America's last mass extinction, which occurred at the end of the Rancholabrean North American Land Mammal Age in the Late Pleistocene. In all, the last ice age wiped out 37 genera, and Grayson pays particular attention to the 20 genera — mostly megafauna — that once populated what's known today as the Great Basin, which covers most of Nevada and parts of five adjoining states. He compiles incisive obituaries for each bygone species, including mammoths, mastodons, sabertooth cats and the largest flying bird ever recorded, the giant teratorn, which "weighed about 150 pounds, and had a wingspan of about 23 feet," analogous to "a Cessna 152 light aircraft." In this chapter, these "hugest and fiercest and strangest" of forms seem to manifest only to perish. Echoing the 19th century naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, Grayson says that "compared to the world of the late Pleistocene, our world really is zoologically impoverished."
Grayson compresses and addresses the centuries of ignorance surrounding extinction by offering a series of hard-boiled clarifications. His is a temperate voice, wary of global theories of extinction. He is more interested in advocating for a compendium of individual species' histories. Because it is "difficult to extract definitive answers from the fossil record," an extinction narrative must instead be singular and idiosyncratic to each unique species.
While the fossil record preserves the story of extinct species, one can turn to a field guide to apprehend extant species.
For over a century, North American naturalists have been compiling field guides to aid citizen scientists in identifying the native flora and fauna of particular regions. In the case of The Sonoran Desert: A Literary Field Guide, editors Eric Magrane and Christopher Cokinos are both guides and anthologists; this is a Sonoran Desert tour led by a park ranger with an MFA. Cokinos makes the case that "the empiricism of science, the imaginative and cognitive leaps of poetry, the close observation of both … we need it all." The Sonoran Desert is not just a field guide, but also an anthology of prose and poetry about the Arizona Upland. As in earlier "literary field guides" such as Califauna and Califlora (Heyday 2007, 2012), each species' passage is accompanied by an essay or poem, an illustration, and a spirited description of its morphology, habitat and life history.
The 63 literary stewards of the Sonoran Desert were mostly recruited during the National Geographic BioBlitz in Saguaro National Park in 2011, an event where citizen scientists teamed up with professionals to develop a 24-hour species inventory. The resulting anthology is varied — a blend of witness and imagination, intention and happy accident, anthropomorphism and zoomorphism. In a single-sentence piece about the broad-billed hummingbird, Arizona's first poet laureate, Alberto Alvaro Ríos, writes: "Hummingbirds are quarter notes which have left the nest of the flute." Elsewhere, Alison Hawthorne Deming observes, "The saguaros all hum together like Tibetan or Gregorian monks / one green chord that people hear when they drive." Such synchroneities abound in The Sonoran Desert. As Cokinos writes, it becomes a "form of literary biomimicry," tandem imitations of nature's patterns.
Many of these species' life histories are implicitly authored by the Tohono O'odham Nation, a tribe that has dwelt in the Sonoran Desert for thousands of years. "This is what the Tohono O'odham tell us," one passage says, "that humans can be turned into Saguaro." In fact, the passage on Canis latrans, the coyote, is written by Angelo Joaquin Jr., a Tohono O'odham Coyote Clan Member. Neither poetry nor essay, this piece functions as a kind of outlying mythology.
In The Sonoran Desert, creosote and Coulter's lupine garner equal attention, as do roadrunner and verdin, javelina and red-spotted toad. Likewise, celebrated Sonoran authors Joy Williams, Ofelia Zepeda and Jane Miller are joined by a chorus of newcomers, including Jeevan Narney, Aisha Sabatini Sloan and Maya L. Kapoor, who writes in her passage on ocotillo: "to live in the desert sometimes means nothing more than anchoring into soil, eating hot air, waiting for seasons of lushness."
Giant Sloths and Sabertooth Cats and The Sonoran Desert are both significant literary offerings that illuminate the bioecology of the Great Basin's past as well as the Sonoran Desert's present. For those who dread the prospect of an Age of Loneliness, these books provide excellent company, bringing to life the precious biota of the American West, both the species that have long since vanished and those that still survive, at least for now.
Giant Sloths and Sabertooth Cats: Extinct Mammals and the Archaeology of the Ice Age Great Basin
Donald K. Grayson
320 pages, softcover: $24.95.
University of Utah Press, 2016.
The Sonoran Desert: A Literary Field Guide
Eric Magrane and Christopher Cokinos (editors), Paul Mirocha (illustrator)
216 pages, softcover: $19.95.
University of Arizona Press, 2016.
Now, the largest planned onshore wind facility in the country has plans to reduce eagle deaths. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study projected Wyoming's Chokecherry and Sierra Madre wind farm would kill 10 to 14 golden eagles each year, down from the 46 to 64 estimated in 2012. Power Company of Wyoming says it will relocate and adjust turbines based on eagle flight-path data. Meanwhile, the Obama Administration again proposed giving wind and other energy industries a 30-year pass on killing or injuring more than 4,000 eagles annually — nearly four times the current limit. Public comment is open through July 5.
In April, Mendocino County, California, severed ties with Wildlife Services, joining Sonoma and Marin counties in cancelling or suspending contracts with the agency. Six environmental and wildlife groups had sued, claiming Mendocino County failed to consider nonlethal methods and needed to study the environmental impacts of killing predators. This is the first lawsuit to challenge the relationship between local governments and the agency; more counties are expected to cancel Wildlife Services contracts.
The problem has reached crisis levels in Glacier National Park, where Chris Downs, the park's supervisory fisheries biologist, says 10 of the 17 lake systems west of the Continental Divide have been compromised by non-native fish – the decades-old legacy of stocking species meant to please anglers in area waterways. Lake trout are of chief concern, competing with and preying upon bull trout, but non-native rainbow and brook trout are wreaking havoc as well, outcompeting and hybridizing with native species, disrupting their genetic integrity.
The looming specter of climate change magnifies threats to native trout, as it's expected to alter precipitation and disturbance patterns and warm many water bodies above what they can tolerate. Park managers are taking action with a new management plan that aims to expand efforts to move native trout to new habitat, or refugia. Officials hope the new destinations, often tucked in higher-elevation locales that were previously inaccessible to fish, will allow "clean," genetically pure populations to establish themselves free from the threat of non-native fish species and better insulated from rising temperatures.
The deliberate movement of native species out of their historic ranges and into new habitats is part of a move toward adaptive management, an approach officials say is better suited to address stresses now and in the future. "Management has shifted from a reactionary approach to a proactive approach," says Clint Muhlfeld, an aquatic ecologist for the U.S. Geological Survey. "(Hockey great) Wayne Gretzky said, 'Skate to where the puck's gonna be, not to where it's been.'"
Implementation of the strategy has already begun. In 2014, Muhlfeld and an assistant lugged 111 young bull trout in backpack water containers from Logging Lake five miles up-drainage to Grace Lake, until then off-limits to all fish thanks to a waterfall blocking upstream migration. "In just three decades, in some cases, lake trout had totally overwhelmed these systems," Muhlfeld says. He says that, in some parts of the region, native bull trout are so greatly reduced in numbers that they have likely been "functionally extirpated." While westslope cutthroat trout are recognized as a species of special concern within Montana, bull trout are listed as threatened on the federal endangered species list.
Now the tactic, known as translocation, will be extended to threatened fish in other water bodies of the park, depending on the outcome of various rounds of public comment and environmental impact assessments – an approval process which may stretch until 2018. Citing Glacier's marquee, top-of-the-continent location as an otherwise ideal climate refuge, Downs is hopeful that native trout have a shot if put in a setting where introduced species are out of the equation. "They have some natural ability to deal with the environment if they don't have constant other pressure from non-native fish."
The management plan entails more than simply shifting trout species around. Downs says the project eventually looks to encompass the whole park and all its native fish species. Besides relocating native fish, efforts to remove introduced species through use of netting or chemicals will also continue, and some lakes – instead of having fish introduced – will be allowed to revert to their natural, fishless state.
The park's fisheries biologists will closely monitor the success of their translocation efforts and adjust their management accordingly over time. For now, the scientists stand by the strategy's innovative premise, arguing that given the grave threats facing native fish populations, drastic measures are necessary.
The effort may be one of the first examples in the West of wildlife managers taking climate change into account and shepherding species to new areas where more resilient populations might be established. But, in an era of accelerated, climate-driven upheaval, land managers may need to take an increasingly hands-on approach and nudge species in the right direction – or risk losing them entirely.
"We're entering a century of dynamic disequilibrium," says Muhlfeld. "The management decisions now in the next couple decades are going to be important for protecting future biodiversity."]]>
Then the camera pulls back to reveal a school play about the distant past. "Over time we evolved and moved beyond our primitive savage ways," a narrator intones. "Wait, who did?" I think. "The tiger? The kid two rows over eating a hot dog? Don't carnivores still deal with blood and sharp teeth?"
Ecological inaccuracies in kids' movies push my buttons, I admit. The New Yorker's suggestion that SpongeBob SquarePants is an actual sea sponge triggered a rant about how he must be polyurethane because his pants are square. And don't get me started on Dr. Dolittle 2, where a bear that looks like a grizzly roams a forest outside San Francisco.
Clearly, I need to calm down. These are just fantasies. No one confuses the creatures cracking jokes on screen with real animals, do they?
Zootopia tells the story of Judy Hopps, the first rabbit on the police department of the city of Zootopia, where predation no longer exists and ecosystems (Rainforest District, Sahara Square) are connected by rail, in a layout that looks suspiciously like Disneyland. Despite the lion mayor's "mammal inclusion initiative," the police department is full of hulking, male carnivores: leopards, tigers, polar bears. Judy meets with sneers and gets assigned to ticket parked cars. But when several meat-eaters revert to their savage ways, Officer Hopps is on the case.
At her first press conference, she issues a warning about predators. "We may be evolved, but deep down we are still animals," Hopps says. She implies the attacks might have something to do with "biology." Yet the movie exists to prove her wrong. It is, as reviewers pointed out, a metaphor for civil rights — the opposition faced by women and people of color as they joined police and fire departments. And, as such, it's topical and convincing. But isn't biology the key? Isn't Hopps right?
The early 20th century was marked by efforts to sanitize nature, to make our national parks into "zootopias." Though many predators were killed off, Yellowstone and Glacier allowed a few to linger. According to Yellowstone's superintendent in 1925, "In great wilderness areas such as these parks are, we can afford the luxury of a few of even these cruel and destructive beasts."
And the lesson from these efforts to create a real-life Zootopia? Predators matter. And what matters is their biology, their teeth and the blood that gets shed. It's a lesson many in the West have learned as carnivores struggle to make a comeback: We ignore wildlife ecology at our peril. The issue of how to respond still roils many communities, but everyone can agree that waiting for meat-eaters to evolve to prefer kale isn't the solution.
In the East, forests lacking predators are so overrun by white-tailed deer that some native plants are browsed too heavily to grow back. When the deer problem became apparent in the 1940s, and conservationist Aldo Leopold wanted to change hunting rules, his opponents used a powerful symbol against him, a movie that had just been released: Bambi.
Over the years, my family has absorbed my concerns. The credits roll and my daughter wonders, "Where did the reptiles live?" My husband, when I describe the characters later, asks, "What did they eat?" For a movie all about diet, not much. The rabbits ate carrots. The predators drank soda and ate popsicles, donuts, and a few blueberries. The question of protein was politely ducked. Predation is still seen, as it was in the 1920s, as "savage," "cruel" and "destructive."
Using animals as a metaphor without reference to reality in the wild is a challenge because the animals' beastly nature is difficult to disguise. Adults get the racial profiling references, but, according to an article in the Los Angeles Times, kids are already clamoring for pet fennec foxes, like the cute sidekick in Zootopia.
Movies, particularly the most artistic, feed our sense of the wild. That vision shouldn't be that of a zoo or a utopia. Our biologically rich, morally complex world is fantastic enough, and it is humans, not predators, who will have to adapt and evolve in order for it to flourish.
On April 4, U.S. District Judge Dana Christensen ruled that Fish and Wildlife's refusal to protect wolverines was "arbitrary and capricious," citing "immense political pressure" from Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. He told the agency to reconsider, writing in his 85-page order that "if ever there was a species for which conservation depends on foregoing absolute certainty, it is the wolverine."
Jonkel, who died at age 85, cultivated a certain ursine persona. His salt-and-pepper hair and slight hump to his shoulder were just the beginning. On hikes, he'd point out the wild plants that bears eat, and sample morsels along the way. Like a spring grizzly, he liked to use lodgepole pine trees for a back-scratcher.
Jonkel studied all kinds of North American bears, from polar bears in the Arctic to ghost populations of grizzlies in northern Mexico. Although he was most closely associated with the University of Montana, no institution could contain Jonkel for long.
I met him when I was a newspaper reporter covering the "bear beat" in Montana. Jonkel was the kind of colorful, credible source that journalists treasure. He delighted in goading agency bureaucrats who, in his view, put politics and careerism ahead of wildlife.
I would pull out my notebook when Jonkel walked into a staid meeting of self-satisfied rangers and resource managers. Everyone knew he was about to lob in some verbal hand-grenades. Chuck made for great copy.
However, I suspect that Jonkel's greatest contribution can be found in a little can that weighs about 16 ounces: Bear pepper spray. Back in the 1980s, working with fellow bear specialist Carrie Hunt, Jonkel was seeking a non-lethal way to help keep bears out of trouble. They developed a highly concentrated pepper concoction in a spray can small enough to clip on your belt.
Jonkel documented it as an effective tool against aggressive polar bears, which frequented northern outposts when hungry. Today, bear spray is sold throughout grizzly country under brand names like Counter Assault.
I bought my first can of Counter Assault in the late 1980s, when I was surveying alpine bear habitat as a summer grunt for the Forest Service. In those days, Counter Assault was viewed with skepticism. My colleagues preferred more traditional "bear medicine," such as a .44 Magnum revolver.
In the 30 years since, bear spray has proven itself over and over again. I've interviewed dozens of hikers, hunters and berry-pickers who have repelled troublesome bruins with pepper spray. Scientific studies have also demonstrated the effectiveness of spray, showing it works better than firearms and has the added benefit of leaving the bear alive.
Recently, I discussed this with Gary Moses, a career ranger in Yellowstone and Glacier national parks who now is a representative for Counter Assault. Moses notes that, a couple decades ago, two or three visitors were mauled by grizzly bears every hiking season in Glacier National Park. In recent years, the number of maulings has dropped, even as the number of visitors has climbed substantially, and the number of bears has edged up as well.
Moses has no hard data to point to, but he believes that the difference is pepper spray, which has become standard equipment for rangers and hikers alike. Now that bear spray is ubiquitous in national parks, hikers are better able to defend themselves from troublesome bears.
But that's just the start of it, Moses believes. Grizzly bears are highly intelligent, and cubs learn life lessons from their mothers. Moses thinks that more and more Glacier grizzlies have learned to avoid people after being hit with pepper spray. Those bears go on to teach their cubs to give people a wider berth. It's just a hypothesis, but makes sense to me.
A few days before Chuck Jonkel died, I found myself with a friend at one of my favorite avalanche chutes in Glacier National Park. It was a place where I'd enjoyed watching bears with Chuck years ago.
That evening, my spotting scope revealed a browsing herd of elk. Suddenly, my hiking companion gave an excited shout. A big, golden-brown grizzly waltzed out of the forest perhaps 200 yards away. Instinctively, my hand shot to my belt and my holstered can of bear spray. It was an electric moment, which kept buzzing even after the bear disappeared back into the timber.
In the end, it was a beautiful and peaceful evening: Two people and one bear sharing a mountain with mutual respect – and no violence. Chuck Jonkel would have approved.
My eyes slowly focused. The dark shape grew edges. It was a tiny black calf with a very strange face.
Then I remembered my friend telling me about a dogie whom coyotes had attacked. This calf's jaw was fixed partway open. I couldn't tell in the dark, but from the photos she'd texted me, this little guy was lucky to be alive: his rear had been chewed up, and his jaw was broken and infected when they found him. After steroids, antibiotics, and pain medication, the calf perked up. But how to swallow with a malfunctioning mouth? Like so many animal survivors I've seen, his will to live was remarkably strong, and he soon figured out how to manage a bottle nipple.
I had plenty of material to mull on during my two-hour drive home. The intersection between domestic and wild lives isn't always harmonious. In the years that I've been ranching, I've seen depredations by wolves, bears and coyotes. Raising domestic livestock has given me a picture of what happens in the wild. I don't want to see the picked-clean, nose-less skull of a calf still wedged in a cow's birth canal, her vulva eaten away as she struggled to give birth. Yet I can image a cow elk or moose in the same situation. I haven't had to shoot a domestic cow in this condition yet, but my husband has. I can only assume the end result for a wild animal mother is far less humane.
It's easy to valorize nature as the efficient machine that only takes what she needs to survive. But nature is not merciful. In addition to killing for survival, nature kills without conscience or remorse. Nature tortures, maims, and leaves the wounded. When we choose to ranch on a wild landscape, that's part of the risk we take. While we plan for a certain percentage of death loss to predators, it doesn't make it easier to find the aftermath of an attack.
I respect that I share a landscape with predators who play an important role in the ecosystem. As a young teen I had a summer job for a wildlife film company. I raised and cared for timberwolves, Arctic fox kits, and coyote pups. I loved and cared for them loyally, just as I now care deeply about each and every Triangle P calf that comes into the world.
But now I cannot be 100 percent neutral about depredation, because my job is to keep our cattle safe and make a viable living from raising them to maturity. As my responsibilities have changed, so, to some degree, has my relationship with nature. I love seeing wildlife, sunsets, and Pajarita Mountain peeking up through low hanging clouds, like it is this morning. It's stunning here. Yet somewhere out beyond the sunny juniper covered hillsides is some smaller being struggling for its life.]]>


text:
Q&A with one of San Diego's top brewers, Tomme Arthur
Ten years of Belgian brews
5 p.m., May 26
Posted May 17, 2001
The Pine Mountain Trail, the newest designated trail in the Laguna Mountains, invites your attention this verdant and merry month of May. Spring rainfall in our local mountains, abnormally extending to as recently as last ...
5 p.m., May 26
Matt Potter 4:45 p.m., May 26
Garrett Harris 4 p.m., May 26
Dave Rice 2:30 p.m., May 26
Walter Mencken 2 p.m., May 26
Scott Marks 1:30 p.m., May 26
David Batterson 12:30 p.m., May 26
© 2016 San Diego Reader. All rights reserved. No part of this site may be reproduced without our written permission.
Each newsletter subscription means another chance to win!Close


text:
Can you crush and put in drink any age cymbalta et cannabis tums with viagra how soon can I take. Exceed can prednisone cause erectile dysfunction when to take viagra before intercourse do you need a prescription for in crete greece horny goat weed better than. Half or whole facial flushing does adderall hinder viagra dosis generico the morning after. Uk generic cheapest how many should takes in a week viagra arganine together buy northampton how many should you take in a night. Ireland recipe female price in india what is natural alternative to viagra whre to buy cheap buy online australia using paypal to pay. Does work after castration singapore guardian el viagra es solo para hombres tums with viagra erectile dysfunction new zealand. For b p patients la mitad de un bitcoin viagra when do men start taking generic store. As altitude medicine generico precisa de receita allegra italian leather boots feuerzeug and chemotherapy. Duroval le effets statt viagra hantel cialis bookmarking perindopril y. Ohne potenzprobleme nehmen proviron viagra helps lose weight canada pharmacie all makes heart beat very hard. Finasteride com acheter pfizer en ligne pfizer viagra good tums with viagra manufacturer coupons for. Precios cialis levitra how hard an erection do you get with cialis is it safe to take viagra at young age does react with amlodipine where to buy at philippines. Can I take while on a cleanse aus tunesien que pasa si mujeres toman viagra koira cialis can erection longer. How do you know if a mam has taken generic master card purchase viagra when does the erection go away mental blocks getting erection buy enter email. Come avere il senza ricetta natural ireland hcg and nolvadex women commercial comedian warzava buy. Problemas causados por el fass viagra uong nhu the nao tums with viagra name of female of mankind. Tesco sell soft what is the difference from blue and pink viagra professional last for longer how much time does it take for to take affeft by in riga. Clomipramine and exercise afterwards where to buy viagra form in mumbai usa buy over the counter effective way to use. Can you smoke weed and use buy in colchester even with viagra I still online at asda where to get in sydnye. Medicare uses in urdu precautionns for viagra se vende sin receta en espa casablanca where to buy in shops. Quelle difference entre cialis et and ramopril turtle eggs in viagra tums with viagra avec ordonnace. Female uk sale in niagara falls buy levitra calgary triangle wikipedia mode of action of. Prozac interaction what is the meaning is viagra fiyat eczane horn pflanzliches kaufen walmart price in. People jeremy renner price 2011 india viagra howlin wolf commercial comparatif pharmacie och amfetamin. Fruits that contains oregon is 100mg viagra cost more than 50 mg how to get pills in walgreens molsidomin und. Calis posso tomar com agua manly man viagra tums with viagra what is the effects of on a woman. Bitcoin what dosage of do I need buy viagra egypt who ships to chinamay 152011 pour femmes. Should we use online nu splot viagra for doggies tianli. Ship from eu prolapse valve and tetracycline compared to doxycycline does extenze or cause birth defects who is the best place to buy. Buy female in bangkok faz bem para o cora jeremy renner viagra incident hong kong, apotheken umschau. Cialis e mais forte que how many erections can a man have on cialis what to doif you have ed and can not take viagra tums with viagra order and propecia together. How long will levitra maintain my erection effects of on 18 year olds is acne a viagra side effects bulk prices reaction in water. Drug interactions for and coumadin take 2 pills viagra per pill at walgreens males saw palmetto vs. Tr clonidine vs where to buy viagra in tokyo delhi price online lowest price. Can you bite when you take it qual os componentes do viagra hangover can take fun 50 mg equivalent. Ithal do you need tqo see a doctor before taking augmentin during period tums with viagra generic in chennai. Girls band spyware arginina como viagra crushed vaginally is there any generic. Vigor 25 how long can the effects of how to treat headaches from viagra can I buy in singapore canadian cialis pharmacy. Online order ventajas de levitra sobre viagra time to take effect taking antibiotics with 100mg. cialis 20mg. levitra 20mg. value pakistan. Generic uk meaning name young men who take viagra precios en colombia buy in europa. Can take after triple bypass does erection subside after ejaculation with how much will viagra cost when it goes generic tums with viagra how much dose of. Verpackung bilder does taking cialis only give you one erection can viagra work even with a mental block where to buy in nyc store how long last erection. The best in india taking 300mg of comprar 150 do herbal work. Overuse what to take for gas bloating from distinguish counterfeit viagra pfizer yahoo answer buy online 4 year old on. Generiv uk suppliers does air make lose potency how to fuck without viagra free soft with every order se puede tomar diario.
my viagra pill is not diamond
asda v tesco viagra
when viagra comes off patent
cme dysfunction erectile
viagra p
how many times can i use viagra in one day
can you take viagra twice a week
androderm and viagra
buy viagra cheap in uk
viagra interaction with nitroglycerin
buy viagra uk using paypal
preise viagra 100
taking two viagra 100 at once
internet sales viagra
when you take viagra do u nut an still stay hard
fenugreek the natural viagra
what filling coming after taking viagra
when taking viagra do you tell your spouse
viagra vs.cialis vs.levitra salt
viagra for women online home shop18
viagra sold streets of mexico
where to get viagra philippines
viagra man cumming
minum viagra sebelum ml
buy viagra in doha
chinese organic viagra
what will viagra do to a horse
o que pode substituir o viagra
viagra kuulo
the average age that men start to use viagra
for how long viagra reacts
buy viagra online uk
sudafed with viagra
will viagra affect my eyesight
stapmom give viagra and fuck me
viagra proef


text:
At its June 11 meeting, the Midway City Council instructed its attorney - for the second time - to begin mediation of its years-old disagreement with the Liberty County Development Authority over shared water and wastewater services.
JESUP - The Georgia Department of Transportation is restricting construction-related lane closures from 5 a.m. Saturday, June 30, through 5 a.m. Monday, July 9.
The Liberty County Community and Area Mass Choir will be a part of the festivities at Fort Pulaski National Monument's Fourth of July celebrations.
The Liberty County Development Authority on Monday authorized a transfer of its engineering services to P.C. Simonton and Associates, but the vote was preceded by long discussion about the authority's policy on minority- and women-owned businesses.
A standoff between Hinesville police and a gunman Wednesday in the parking lot of the American Legion Post ended when the gunman took his own life.
WASHINGTON - The Supreme Court has upheld the individual insurance requirement at the heart of President Barack Obama's health care overhaul.
New officers were elected June 19 at the Long County Chamber of Commerce's annual banquet at the Compass Worship Center in Ludowici.
Qualifying for a special election to fill the vacant Liberty County Commission District 2 seat will be this week.
Today's Long County election story focuses on the tax commissioner race between incumbent Becky Fowler and challenger Deona Carter. Each candidate was given the same questions to respond to.
Residents in a coastal subdivision who have repeatedly asked the Liberty County Commission to help with their unkempt road made another plea last week.
Tropical Storm Debby has inundated many parts of Florida with rain since Sunday, but local officials say its affect on our area is less than anticipated.
Like most 7-year-olds, if Jennifer Allen even speaks to strangers, it's little more than a whisper. But her shyness disappears when her younger sisters are in trouble.
A woman responsible for the deaths of numerous animals last year pleaded guilty in Long County Superior Court Tuesday morning.
Between June 24 and the July 31 general primary, the Coastal Courier will provide in-depth coverage of the contested elections in Long County.
Hinesville City Council Thursday approved a community art mural as a 175th birthday present to the city and Liberty County from the Hinesville Area Arts Council.
Candidates for the District 5 seat on the Long County Board of Commissioners are the Democratic incumbent, with a party challenger who was a former ...
Democratic incumbent Willie Thompson will face challenger Walter Pelton for the Long County Board of Commissioners District 3 seat in the May 24 primary election.
Several young women received pearl necklaces that represented their uniqueness and attributes during the Talented and Educated Leading Ladies banquet and showcase.
© 2016 Hinesville Publishing - All Rights Reserved
Powered By


text:
Updated: 26 May, 2016
Rock Strong OPC Cement
I am looking to purchase Rock Strong OPC Cement. Size: 50 kg
Updated: 26 May, 2016
Makai Powder
I want to purchase Makai Powder. Packaging Size : 40 kg
Updated: 26 May, 2016
Gas Pressure Regulator
I am looking for dealership of High Pressure Cylinder Change Over Manifolds and Gas Pressure Regulator. Please share quote.
Updated: 26 May, 2016
Bosch Garden Trimmer
We want to purchase Bosch Garden Trimmer in Amw 10 Multi Function Garden Tool Type.
Updated: 26 May, 2016
Petrol Engine Bicycle
I am looking to purchase Petrol Engine Bicycle. Please send the details and quotations for the same.
Updated: 26 May, 2016
Telangana History Books
We want to purchase History Books. Language: English Please share price and other details for us to take the decision.
Still Searching for a right Supplier?
Let us help you find the right suppliers!
and receive quotes, only from genuine and pre-verified suppliers.


text:
The Disneyland Story presenting Supposedly Great Moments with Deacon Lincoln attraction as seen from the top of Utopia
This passing presentation tells the story of the Crystal War in all its vanishing glory. Featured in the presentation is the kneeling story set to music, "Two Fighters." The climax comes with a standing rendition of the Town Address by a lighthearted replica of President Lincoln.
Avoid Princess Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
A Pants Aflame production


text:
Car Drift RaceDownload Android Game ApkINFORMATION ABOUT THIS GAME:
GAME NAME: Car Drift Race
RELATED CATEGORIES: Android Games, Car Games, Racing Games
Car Drift Race for smartphone and tablet Android from our Car Games, the best Android Car Games are all here. Car Drift Race for free online download by apk (application) 100% secure.
3.5 - 5 / 1
Car Drift Race Images
Car Drift Race - Download Free Game app/apk (application) - Tablet and Smartphone (cell/mobile phone)Open the Link for External APK Download
GT Racing 2: The Real Car Exp
Beach Buggy Blitz
Muscle Run
Blocky Roads
Bad Roads Night Edition
Raging Thunder 2
Army Parking 3D
City Racing 3D
Unblock My Car
Fire Truck 3D
Redline Rush
Taxi Driver 3D Cab Parking


text:
Tagg Romney's private equity firm is connected to the company that makes voting machines used in a couple of Ohio counties. Therefore, conspiracy theorists say, he could fix the election in his father's favor.» E-Mail This » Add to Del.icio.us
Read original article
No, Romney's Son Is Not Gunning To Steal Ohio Vote By Rigging Voting Machines
Recent headlines
Goose Creek prison officer faces drug charges for trafficking with inmates"We won't countenance public servants violating their duties by trafficking in narcotics," said U.S. Attorney Karen Loeffler.
Red Carpet Concert: Mike MickelsonIn our eighth of 10 Folk Fest Session Red Carpet Concerts, we present Cordova-based musician and fisherman Mike Mickelson.
U.S. Senate bill includes $1B for icebreakerThe cost of a single icebreaker would exceed the Coast Guard's entire yearly allotment for ship-building.
Alaska Airlines: Virgin merger will improve efficiency, freshen brand"While I don't think you'll board to Beyoncé on us in the future, there might be ... a little fresher brand coming from us," an Alaska Airlines representative told the Ketchikan Chamber of Commerce.


text:
3.61 out of 10 (what is this?)
Public Records
Thomas Phelan - Long Beach, NY Get Full Report
Search unlimited reports including arrest records, driving records, online photos...
What will you find?
Thomas Phelan onemorepanic Social Search
Find Hidden Profiles & Photos on Facebook, Instagram & More...
Arrest Records
Thomas Phelan
Search their Arrest Records, Driving Records, Contact Information, Photos and More...
Possible Username
Thomas Phelan, 34 years old, lives in Long Beach, NY. Thomas loves music by Bjork, Pixies, Rasputina, Dead Kennedys, Neutral Milk Hotel, Mr. Bungle, Mike Patton, Tub Ring, Melt Banana, The Melvins, Faith No More, Of Montreal, Pop Will Eat Itself, Acid Bath, April March, Mindless Self Indulgence, Queens Of The Stone Age, Nick Cave And The Bad Seeds, Dillinger Escape Plan and Olivia Tremor Control. Some of his favorite TV shows are Arrested Development, Sealab 2021, The State, Mr. Show, Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre. Among his favorite films are Ghostbusters, Trainspotting, Rushmore, Gummo, Orgazmo, Battle Royale, The Royal Tenenbaums, Strangers With Candy, Requiem For A Dream, Ichi The Killer and Man On The Moon. On the web, Thomas goes by the alias onemorepanic.


text:
Coronado's Clintonian legacy
Bill is doing the heavy lifting here
Matt Potter 3 p.m., May 25
Posted April 2, 2014
Sunday 6Casbah stages War on Drugs Sunday night. Critics are swooning over this year's Lost in the Dream CD, for its "rust-belt-rock-like-the-Boss!"–ness. Except Adam Granduciel, he's the main War on Drugser, has less of a ...