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University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Fluid Mechanics (DAMTP) > Transition to Turbulence in Pipe Flow
Transition to Turbulence in Pipe Flow
Add to your list(s) Download to your calendar using vCal
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Raymond E. Goldstein.
Abstract not available
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Other listsInformal Theoretical Geophysics Lunchtime Seminars (DAMTP) Probability + Information Reading Group Cambridge Public Policy
Other talksComputational Radiotherapy Symposium, 2016: personalised radiotherapy, or how computers can cure cancer The Antisocial Brain in Young People tba Mechanisms of lymphomagenesis: Developmental origins of a paediatric cancer Annual General Meeting What can gambling machine data tell us about betting behaviour?


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Facebook Vs. SEC: Bloomberg West (10/10)
Oct. 10 (Bloomberg) -- On today's "Bloomberg West," Bloomberg News reports on innovation, technology, and the future of business. (Source: Bloomberg)
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China's Stock Market Goes Quiet
54:37 - DeMark Analytics founder and CEO Thomas Demark discusses China, the markets and his investment ideas. He speaks on "Bloomberg Markets." (Source: Bloomberg)


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AES News
- Expanded Exhibits Hall and Tech Program Offerings for Exhibits-Plus and All Access Attendees at AES Paris
- Expanded Exhibits Hall and Tech Program Offerings for Exhibits-Plus and All Access Attendees at AES Paris
- AES to Hold First International Conference on Audio for Virtual and Augmented Reality – Paper Proposal Deadline Extended to May 23rd
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- AES Paris Convention Brings New "Audio Projections" Listening Experiences to the Special Events Program
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Standards Blog
AES Press Release: AES New York 2011
AES Exclusive! Tony Bennett to Discuss New Duets II CD
For Release: October 5, 2011
NEW YORK: On Thursday, October 20, 2:30 - 4:00 pm, the 131st AES Convention will host an exclusive dialogue with iconic recording star, Tony Bennett. The conversation will include legendary producer/engineer Phil Ramone, and celebrated recording engineer/studio owner/co-producer, Dae Bennett. The subject matter for this rare discourse will be the trio's recent collaboration on Tony Bennett: Duets II. The just released CD features Bennett performing 17 standards with such superstars as Norah Jones, Sheryl Crow, Willie Nelson, Andrea Boccelli and Lady Gaga.
The event will highlight the first day of the 4-day Audio Engineering Society Convention at NY' Javits Center.
A legendary star for over six decades, Tony Bennett has mined multiple gold records since the earliest days of his career. His 'signature' songs range from "Rags To Riches" to "I left My Heart In San Francisco."
With 14 Grammy Awards and countless industry honors to his credit, including a technical Grammy for a lifetime of innovative contributions to the recording industry, Phil Ramone is one of the world's most prolific and pioneering producer/engineers. His credits include work with artists ranging from Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles, Paul Simon, Billy Joel and Bruce Springsteen to… Tony Bennett.
Photo 1: Tony Bennett
Photo 2: Phil Ramone
The 131st Audio Engineering Convention will be held in NY's Jacob Javits Convention Center Thursday, October 20 thru Sunday, Oct. 23. For an in-depth preliminary calendar of events please visit: http://www.aes.org/events/131/calendar/calendar.cfm
The Audio Engineering Society was formed in 1948 by a group of concerned audio engineers. The AES counts over 14,000 members throughout the U.S., Latin America, Europe, Japan and the Far East. The organization serves as the pivotal force in the exchange and dissemination of technical information for the industry. For additional information visit http://www.aes.org


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Tuesday, November 20, 2012
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Director Imtiaz Ali, who directed "Rockstar", based on the life of a singer, reveals he had once taken up music lessons for sometime, but then he gave it up for his love for cricket.
"I used to learn Indian classical vocals when I was very young. The problem was it would happen at the same time when I went down to play cricket. So, ultimately over a few months, cricket won," the 41-year-old said here Monday at the launch of Chandrima Pal's book "A Song For I."
"I think I must have learnt (music) for a year and of course, it took me less than a year to forget everything. I learnt raag Bhairav and raag Bhopali. I learnt these two raags first and there was a third one that I don't even remember," he added.
Besides "Rockstar", Imtiaz has directed three films - "Socha Na Tha", "Jab We Met" and "Love Aaj Kal". Interestingly, the music of his films has always struck a chord with viewers.
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7 Monarchs receive Conference USA honors
ODU football had seven players named to All-Conference USA teams.
VDOT holds public meetings on southside crossing alternatives
Hampton Roads residents will have a chance to voice their opinions on several options that could alleviate traffic congestion crossing from …
Virginia leaders meet, discuss flood protection for Hampton Roads
Speakers pushed for the passage of the Virginia Coastal Protection Act for 2016.
VDOT to hold open house meetings on third crossing study
If you hate being stuck in traffic here's one chance to be heard.
3rd ORF baggage handler pleads guilty in theft case
The third and final defendant has pleaded guilty in a case involving baggage handlers stealing items from checked luggage at Norfolk Interna…
Multi-vehicle crash on City Hall Avenue in Norfolk
Dispatchers in Norfolk confirm three vehicles crashed on City Hall Avenue, near St. Paul's Blvd. Tuesday.
Photos: Pearl Harbor Remembrance at Little Creek
The Pearl Harbor Survivor's Remembrance Ceremony was held on Monday, Dec. 7, 2015 at Little Creek-Fort Story. It honored the last five local…
Parents face neglect charges after children found living among human feces
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Man holding skateboard struck by vehicle in Norfolk
A man was struck by a vehicle as he attempted to cross Hampton Boulevard.
Middle school temporarily evacuated due to dryer fire
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The university had been on probation since December of 2014, largely for administrative and procedural matters.
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Selden Arcade needs additional repairs
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Two charged after stealing car, dropping off abducted child at school
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|Total: 2, showing: 1 – 2
On article 10 Photo Editing Programs (that aren't Photoshop) (352 comments in total)
In reply to:
borisz: I would also recommend the lesser known, but very good Zoner Photo Studio Pro (actually ver. 15), quite similar to ACDSee
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My son is a celiac's patient and can not ingest any gluten.
Does the generic form of Elavil (Amitriptyline) in 25 mg have any gluten-containing ingredients?
- Posted:
- 17 Feb 2010 by Jennifer Casey
- Topics:
- elavil, celiac disease, amitriptyline
Answers (1)
19 Feb 2010
According to this web site Amitriptyline (Geneva, Sandoz) is gluten free
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Presented by Dr. Iversen in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Science Degree, Harvard University, Boston, MA.
Research Article
How rheumatologists and patients with rheumatoid arthritis discuss exercise and the influence of discussions on exercise prescriptions
Version of Record online: 5 FEB 2004
DOI: 10.1002/art.20168
Copyright © 2004 by the American College of Rheumatology
Arthritis Care & Research
Volume 51, Issue 1, pages 63–72, 15 February 2004
Additional Information
How to Cite
Iversen, M. D., Eaton, H. M. and Daltroy, L. H. (2004), How rheumatologists and patients with rheumatoid arthritis discuss exercise and the influence of discussions on exercise prescriptions. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 51: 63–72. doi: 10.1002/art.20168
Publication History
- Issue online: 5 FEB 2004
- Version of Record online: 5 FEB 2004
- Manuscript Accepted: 20 JUN 2003
- Manuscript Received: 11 DEC 2002
Funded by
- Doctoral Dissertation Award from the National Arthritis Foundation
- National Institutes of Health. Grant Number: AR36308
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Exercise prescriptions;
- Patient-provider communication;
- Arthritis
To describe how patients and their rheumatologists discuss exercise, and to identify predictors of exercise prescriptions.
Twenty-five rheumatologists and 132 patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed questionnaires and were audiotaped during a subsequent clinic visit. Chi-square and t-tests assessed associations between variables. Principal components analysis identified patterns of talk about exercise. Multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of an exercise prescription.
Seventy of the 132 patients (53%) discussed exercise. Of these, 18 (26%) received an exercise prescription. Principal components analysis identified 3 patterns of talk about exercise. Aerobic exercise discussions contained more information about drawbacks, side effects, pain, and bargaining than did discussions about general exercises, and referral to physical therapy for exercise. Significant predictors of a prescription included rheumatologist-initiated discussion about exercise (odds ratio [OR] 4.6; P = 0.03); talk about exercise in improving function, exercise instructions, opinions about the usefulness of exercise (OR 3.1; P = 0.01); and discussions about non-exercise treatments (OR 1.6; P = 0.01).
Exercise and referral to physical therapy for exercise are discussed differently and are 4 times more likely to occur when the rheumatologist initiates the discussion. These discussions strongly impact on the likelihood a patient receives an exercise prescription.
By the early 1960s the role of exercise in maintaining and promoting health in the general population was well established (1, 2). In the last 40 years, research has shown that its benefits extend to patients with a variety of chronic diseases. While range-of-motion exercises and physical therapy have long been essential components of arthritis management (3), aerobic and strengthening exercises are still a relatively new addition to arthritis interventions (4). However, by the 1990s there was a significant research base indicating that patients with arthritis can participate in regular, moderate intensity exercise, enabling improvements in cardiac fitness, endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, and function (3, 5–9).
Dissemination of research findings into practice often lag considerably. The purposes of the current study were to describe how patients and rheumatologists discuss exercise during clinical visits and to identify predictors of an exercise prescription. In a previous study (10) we illustrated the impact of patients' and rheumatologists' attitudes and beliefs about exercise and exercise behaviors on the likelihood an exercise discussion occurred during the clinical visit. These findings concurred with earlier research that highlights the importance of attitudes in predicting intention to exercise and exercise behavior (1, 11).
We used the Theory of Planned Behavior (12), along with its precursor the Theory of Reasoned Action (13), and Janis and Mann's Decision-Making Theory (14) as the framework for this study. The Theory of Planned Behavior is based on a body of well-established psychological and behavioral literature that describes the relationship among attitudes, beliefs, intentions, and behaviors, and mediating factors that influence behavior (e.g., discussing exercise in the clinical encounter). Rheumatologist-patient discussions about exercise are influenced by many factors, including beliefs about decision-making roles, social roles, social norms regarding the appropriateness of an exercise discussion during the clinical encounter, beliefs about and attitudes toward the efficacy of exercise in managing rheumatoid arthritis, and individual preferences for treatments (10). Attitudes are strongly influenced by exposure to others' opinions and beliefs, especially when messages are personally relevant and delivered by experts (doctors in the case of the clinical encounter), either through reinforcing the use of exercise or by communicating misgivings (15–18). Therefore, rheumatologists' attitudes and beliefs are not only likely to affect the manner in which exercise is presented to the patient, but also are likely to affect the dynamics of the conversation.
However, how these attitudes and beliefs interact during the clinical encounter and their impact on the quality and context of exercise discussions is unclear.
The Janis and Mann Decision Theory (14) explains how people evaluate information and make decisions in periods of stress (11, 19, 20). A person who thoroughly reviews all the available alternatives, assesses the risks and benefits of each alternative, and develops a plan to cope with potential drawbacks tends to be more committed to the treatment. This skill is particularly important when deciding to use exercise to manage arthritis symptoms. Unlike other conditions, arthritis symptoms may change from day to day; therefore, understanding when exercises are appropriate allows patients to modify their treatment regimen accordingly.
We hypothesized that exercise prescription rates would be directly influenced by the qualities of exercise discussions and by the attitudes and beliefs rheumatologists and patients brought to the discussion. Figure 1 depicts the hypothesized relationship among study variables. In summary, the attitudes and beliefs of patients and rheumatologists were hypothesized to influence their communication about exercise, which in turn influenced the likelihood of an exercise prescription. It was hypothesized that patients would be less likely to receive an exercise prescription if negative attitudes regarding exercise were shared. If positive attitudes and beliefs were shared, a prescription would likely occur.
This cross-sectional study described characteristics of conversations between patients and rheumatologists about exercise prescription. Exercise prescription is operationally defined as an exercise prescription by the rheumatologist for general strengthening, range of motion, and aerobic exercise or referral to physical therapy for exercise. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the participating hospital and was embedded in an NIAMS MAMDC grant (A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate an Intervention to Improve Doctor-Patient Decision-Making in Arthritis, Lawren H. Daltroy, DrPH, Principal Investigator, April 1992 to March 1997 [AR-36308 Matthew H. Lian, MD, Center Principal Investigator]) designed to test an intervention to enhance rheumatologist-patient decision making about major treatment changes to manage active rheumatoid arthritis.
Details of the main study are described in a previous publication (10). Briefly, rheumatologists and patients were recruited from the arthritis clinic of a major teaching hospital between June 1994 and February 1996 (10). Forty-two rheumatologists were invited to participate, of whom 25 (59%) provided informed consent and completed baseline questionnaires. Twenty-eight percent of the rheumatologists were female and more than half were considered senior faculty (> 5 years experience). The mean (±SD) age was 43 ± 10.4 years, and 42% reported they exercised regularly. Thirteen of 25 rheumatologists (52%) were primarily bench researchers who had clinical responsibilities in addition to their research.
The rheumatologists identified 338 patients with active disease, who were also approaching a decision milestone (e.g., considering a new medication or surgery). Two hundred ninety-three patients (87%) met the additional eligibility criteria (age > 17 years; met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for rheumatoid arthritis [21]; and were able to complete questionnaires and participate in telephone interviews in English) and were contacted. Of these, 135 (46%) refused and 158 patients (54%) agreed to participate. One hundred thirty-two patients (83%) provided informed consent, completed the baseline questionnaires, and were audiotaped during their clinical encounter. The patients were mostly white (94%) and female (79%), and had a mean (±SD) age of 54 ± 15.4 years. Approximately two-thirds (67%) had been diagnosed with RA for >5 years. This study used the baseline data together with the audiotape data from the first clinical encounters to identify predictors of an exercise prescription.
Data collection and procedure.
The full set of baseline questionnaires included demographic information such as age, sex, race, marital and employment status, educational attainment, income, and health insurance data, and information on current and past medical and non-medical treatments (10). Selected subscales of the Short-Form 36 (22, 23) were used to assess pain, physical function, and mental health. These subscales have internal reliability coefficients of 0.78–0.93 (22, 23). Self-efficacy for arthritis management, an important factor influencing perception of general health, was measured using Lorig's Self Efficacy Other scale (24), which has an internal reliability alpha of 0.91. We assessed expectations about the benefits and risks of exercise at baseline and immediately following the clinic visit using an expectancy-value questionnaire, in which patients indicated the likelihood of each risk and benefit occurring using a 7-point Likert Scale (extremely unlikely to extremely likely). We assessed perceived social support for exercise, attitudes toward regular home exercise and weekly physical therapy, and beliefs about exercise effectiveness in managing rheumatoid arthritis symptoms using 7-point Likert scales (ranging from unfavorable to favorable) based on work by Ajzen and Fishbein (12, 13). Past experiences with exercise, history of adherence to exercise, and current exercise behaviors were also assessed. The patients and rheumatologists judged the patient's functional status and disease severity immediately following the clinical encounter using a short questionnaire and reported whether an exercise discussion occurred (Table 1).
|Patient demographics
|Age, sex, race, work status, insurance, and marital status.
|Doctor demographics
|Age, sex, race, years experience (at baseline).
|Medical history
|Number of comorbidities, past medications, duration of illness, collected via chart review, and by patient and doctor report at baseline.
|Decision-making about treatments
|Beisecker and Beisecker 13-item Locus of Authority Scale (25) adapted. Internal reliability alpha of 0.73 (at baseline).
|Patient expectations of exercise/physical therapy
|A 7-point scale (extremely unlikely to extremely likely) asking patients to rate the likelihood of attaining specific vigorous and moderate functional activities from their arthritis treatments (at baseline).
|Self-efficacy for managing rheumatoid arthritis
|Lorig's summated 9-item questionnaire (24) using a 7-point Likert scale (very uncertain to very certain). Internal reliability alpha of 0.91 (at baseline and immediately following the visit).
|General health
|Selected subscales of the Short Form-36 (22, 23) with internal reliability alpha of 0.78–0.90 (at start of treatment).
|Exercise attitudes, beliefs and perceived social norms
|7-point Likert scale based on Ajzen and Fishbein's model (17, 18) with an internal consistency alpha of 0.60 (10) (at baseline).
|Health at visit
|Ranking patients' disease severity & activity using an 11-point scale. Three questions assessed function with a response set ranging from completely able to severely limited. The internal reliability alpha was 0.83 (10) (immediately following the clinic visit).
|Report of exercise discussion
|Single item question assessed occurrence of prescription (immediately following the clinic visit).
|Non-exercise treatments
|Number of non-exercise treatments discussed in clinical encounter recorded from transcripts and summed to create a single variable.
|Exercise discussion
|Content and amount of exercise discussion as noted on transcripts.
Rheumatologists' demographic information included sex, age, and years and type of experience (lab versus clinical). Rheumatologists' attitudes and beliefs about home exercise and referral to physical therapy for exercise were assessed using 12-item scale with 5-point Likert response sets (strongly agree to strongly disagree). The questionnaire assessed self-efficacy about ability to teach exercises; beliefs about patient adherence to exercise prescriptions; accessibility of physical therapy; and beliefs about exercise instruction. Beliefs about instruction included judgments as to the time required to teach exercise and beliefs about their relative ability to instruct patients in exercise, compared with physical therapists. The attitude scale had an acceptable but low internal reliability alpha of 0.60. Personal experience with exercise was measured with 2 questions (Table 1). We adapted Beisecker and Beisecker's 13-Item Locus of Authority Scale (25) to measure patients' and rheumatologists' decision-making styles. The scale had an internal reliability alpha of 0.73.
An exercise discussion was considered to have occurred if the visit included talk about flexibility exercises, muscle strengthening (isometric, isotonic, weight training), range of motion exercises, and aerobic exercises (swimming, fast walking, low impact aerobics) or physical therapy for exercise instruction. We defined an exercise prescription as an oral or written instruction that the patient begin a regular regimen of muscle strengthening, range of motion, or aerobic exercise or referral to physical therapy for exercise instruction. General exercises were defined as flexibility exercises, muscle strengthening, and range of motion exercises. Aerobic exercises included swimming, treadmill, fast walking, low impact aerobics, and active sports.
Each patient's first audiotaped visit was analyzed for exercise discussion. In the few instances where technical problems arose, a subsequent taped visit was used. Audiotapes were transcribed and edited twice for completeness and accuracy. Transcripts were then coded for exercise content (Table 2), by coders who were unaware of the patients' and rheumatologists' identity. We coded the content of exercise discussions by the rheumatologist and patient in each transcript for the following: conversation initiator; new or continuing exercise/physical therapy; intervention plan, drawbacks/side effects, pain relief, function, symptom relief, opinions, bargaining, patient efficacy, adherence to exercise, instruction, and statements about past experience with exercise or physical therapy. Each conversational utterance, or smallest phrase to which meaning could be ascribed (26), was categorized using the coding scheme. A 5-point weighting scheme indicated the intent of the conversation (e.g., persuade or discourage use of exercise). If a statement was deemed neutral then a value of 0 was assigned. The interrater reliability for this coding scheme was acceptable (ICC 0.80) (10). We also coded discussion about non-exercise treatments such as medications and home modifications.
|Coding category
|Side effects
|Medical symptoms or outcomes related to exercise
|Cost or inconvenience of physical therapy or exercise
|Pain relief
|Improvement of symptoms
|Unsubstantiated statement
|Suggestions made by patient or doctor to enhance acceptability of exercise programs (i.e., patient agrees to start a walking program but will not bike)
|Patient efficacy
|Confidence in ability to do therapeutic exercises or follow through with physical therapy recommendations
|Functional improvement
|Can do more, relates to independence
|Treatment characteristics
|Relative advantage of aspects of the exercise prescription (i.e., immediate relief of stiffness with ROM exercises)
|Patient adherence
|Discussion of success/failure with exercise
|Timing of exercise
|When and how long to do exercises
|Exercise instruction
|Ranked on a 4-point scale indicating the detail of the explanation provided (e.g., 1 = oral instruction, 2 = written, 3 = demonstration, 4 = referral for exercise instruction)
|Evaluation of exercise effectiveness
|Past experience with physical therapy or exercise programs
We evaluated the relationships between baseline predictor variables using parametric and non-parametric tests, as appropriate. McNemar's chi-square tests and paired t-tests were used for paired comparisons. We used principal components analysis to develop profiles of exercise discussions (27). The binary outcome, exercise prescription (yes/no), was modeled using logistic regression and the log of the conversation profile score to achieve a more normal distribution. Variables selected as potential predictors included conversation initiator, profiles of talk, number of non-exercise treatments discussed at the clinic visit, and the patients' health status at the day of the visit. One goal was to identify immediate predictors of exercise prescriptions during the clinical encounter once an exercise discussion took place. Our previous study (10) identified demographic characteristics such as patients' past experience with exercise and physical therapy and rheumatologists' and patients' current exercise behavior, as significant predictors of an exercise discussion in the clinical encounter. Therefore, variables considered in this modeling included only variables from the clinic visit such as health status at visit, conversation profiles, initiator of discussion, and number of non-exercise treatments discussed (home modifications and medications). All analyses were performed using the SAS statistical package (28).
Baseline features.
Seventy patients (53%) discussed exercise with their rheumatologist. Patients who discussed exercise were similar on all baseline characteristics to those who did not discuss exercise (Table 3). Of these, 18 patients (26%) received an exercise prescription. Men and women were equally likely to receive a therapeutic exercise prescription (relative risk 1.04, P = 0.5). Nine prescriptions (50%) were referrals to physical therapy for instruction in exercise, and 9 (50%) were rheumatologist instructions for exercise. Among those who received a prescription, 3 (17%) believed the decision to try exercises belonged to the patient, while 12 (66 %) felt the patient should decide when to be referred to physical therapy for exercise. Of the patients who did not receive an exercise prescription, 6 (12%) reported it was the patients' decision to try exercises, while 8 (15%) believed the patient should decide when to receive a physical therapy referral.
|Patient characteristics
|Exercise discussion (n = 70)
|No exercise discussion (n = 62)
|Age, years
|54 ± 16.4
|54 ± 14.1
|Caucasian, number (%)
|68 (97)
|55 (89)
|Female, number (%)
|54 (77)
|55 (82)
|Diagnosis of RA > 5 years, number (%)
|27 (38)
|17 (27)
|SF-36 Function Subscale
|49 ± 28
|52 ± 26
|SF-36 Mental Health Subscale
|70 ± 22
|71 ± 17
|SF-36 Pain
|47 ± 23
|44 ± 23
|Expectations of function from treatments
|4.6 ± 1
|4.5 ± 1
|Self-efficacy for managing RA (0–10)
|4.5 ± 1
|4.5 (1)
|Number of medications
|2.4 ± 0.9
|2.4 ± 0.8
On average, there was no difference in disease activity, severity, function, past or current experience with physical therapy or exercise between patients who received a referral and those who did not receive a referral. There were marginal but insignificant differences by patient age and social approval for exercise between those who received a prescription and patients who did not (mean 48 years versus 56 years, P = 0.08; mean 6.5 versus 6.1; P = 0.06, respectively) (Table 4).
|Prescription (n = 18)
|Non-prescription (n = 52)
|48 ± 16
|56 ± 16
|Mental status
|74 ± 17
|70 ± 23
|Physical function
|50 ± 27
|48 ± 29
|50 ± 19
|45 ± 25
|4.6 ± 1
|4.5 ± 1.5
|Believe exercise useful
|5.2 ± 2
|5.6 ± 2
|Perceive positive social norms for exercise
|6.5 ± 0.4
|6.4 ± 1
|Believe physical therapy is useful
|5.6 ± 2
|5.4 ± 2
|Expectations of function from treatments
|4.9 ± 1.3
|4.5 ± 1.5
|Perceive positive social norms for physical therapy
|6.5 ± 1
|6.1 ± 1
|Health status at clinic visit
|Disease activity
|5.1 ± 3
|5.6 ± 3
|Disease severity
|5.5 ± 2
|6.3 ± 2
|Physical function
|1.7 ± 0.5
|1.8 ± 0.6
Conversation profiles.
We were interested in describing how exercise was discussed in clinical encounters. We treated rheumatologist and patient discussion of the same topic as a unit because we felt the interchanges would be too interdependent to treat separately. This was confirmed by preliminary analysis. We subjected the items in Table 1 to a principal components analysis with orthogonal rotations to identify patterns or profiles of exercise discussions. Three main factors merged (Table 5). The asterisk in Table 5 represents the significant factor loadings that are the correlation coefficients between the study variables (listed in the rows) and the retained variables (listed in the columns). The retained variables retained were then summed to create a factor-derived variable for each profile. These profiles were identified statistically, but were accepted as meaningful because they were characteristic of certain clinical discussions. Profiles, defined as patterns of conversation about exercise, were then used to describe rheumatologist-patient exercise conversations. These profiles could occur more than once in a clinical discussion.
|Rotated factor pattern
|Profile 1 "Pros and Cons"
|Profile 2 "How To"
|Profile 3 "Adherence"
|Doctor-patient communication
|Side effects and drawbacks
|Pain and symptom relief
Profile 1, "the Pros and Cons profile," is characterized by conversation pertaining to side effects and drawbacks, pain and symptom relief, and bargaining. We defined bargaining as conversation about altering the frequency, duration, or type of exercise. An example of bargaining is:
Physician (MD): "… and your exercises?"
Patient (PT): "Yes, well when I do them, they are so boring and …"?
MD: "They're boring?"
PT: "Yes, and I'm doing things in the morning, then I have to go out. When I get home, well they just take too much time."
MD: "Maybe you could do them at night? Before bed?"
PT: "But then I may get cramps when I'm sleeping?"
MD: "How about a walk at lunch?"
The second conversation profile, the "How to" profile, consisted of instructions on how to perform exercises, opinions about the usefulness of exercise and physical therapy instruction, and the impact of these on function. This discussion illustrates a typical "How to" conversation:
PT: "I have been having trouble lately with my leg."
MD: "Have you been doing your exercises? The leg ones?"
PT: "Sometimes, but it doesn't seem like much."
MD: "The quad exercises are really helpful. They will strengthen the muscle in the front of your thigh. This will make you more steady on your feet and help you to walk upstairs. You really should do them. Do you remember how?"
PT: "Not exactly."
MD: "Well, you sit with you legs out straight, then try to push the back of your leg down against the floor—like this…"
Here the rheumatologist demonstrated how to perform the exercise and linked the performance of the exercise to a functional benefit. He also added his opinion about the usefulness of the exercise in enhancing function and his desire for the patient to perform the exercise.
The third profile, known as the "Adherence Profile," focused on discussions pertaining to patient efficacy and adherence to exercise regimens. An example is provided:
PT: "Before you ask, I want you to know I haven't been exercising."
MD: "Oh, really?"
PT: "It is not that I can't. I can do them. It is just that I haven't. There's no real reason. I just haven't."
MD: "Do you plan to exercise now? Maybe you could join a health club? Or walk with a friend. You might be more likely to exercise if you go with someone."
These profiles were then used as predictors of exercise prescriptions.
During the 70 exercise discussions, the mean number of statements/questions characterized by the "Pros and Cons" profile was similar for rheumatologists and patients, and nearly similar for the "How to" profile. However, patients contributed nearly 5 times more than rheumatologists to discussions about adherence to exercise and self-efficacy (a mean of 1.6 statements/questions for patients compared with 0.3 for doctors) (Figure 2). The proportion of positive and negative statements made by rheumatologists and patients within conversation the "How to" and "Pros and Cons" profiles were also nearly identical. Yet, there was twice as much positive talk compared with negative talk about pain, symptom relief, drawbacks, and side effects. There was also twice as much talk about functional benefits and favorable opinions of exercise than negative opinions about exercise. On average, patients' comments about their self-efficacy for exercise and adherence to an exercise were more positive than rheumatologists' comments about patients' ability to adhere to or perform exercises (Figure 2).
Because the amount of exercise discussion was associated with who initiated the discussion, we examined each profile based on whether it was rheumatologist- or patient-initiated. (Figure 3). When the doctor initiated the exercise discussion, there were no significant differences in the mean number of statements/questions in either "Pros and Cons" profile (a mean of 2.8 for doctors compared with a mean of 1.2 for patients) or "Adherence" profile (a mean of 2.0 for doctors and 1.85 for patients). The amount of exercise conversation characterized by the "How to" profile was greater, although not significantly, when the doctor initiated the exercise discussion (mean for doctor-versus patient-initiated discussions 4.5 versus 2.5; P = 0.07).
Next, we examined whether differences existed between the groups (prescription versus non-prescription) on the amount, type, and differences in profiles of conversations between rheumatologists and patients. Discussions including exercise prescriptions contained more talk (mean of 19.3 statements/questions compared with 9 statements/questions; T score −3.3; P = 0.003) and were characterized by "How to" conversations. These discussions contained 3 times more talk about opinions of exercise and functional benefits and included instructions on how to perform exercises when compared to conversations in which exercises were not prescribed (mean for prescription discussion 7 versus mean without prescriptions discussion 2.4; T score −2.6; P = 0.02). However, these 2 groups were not statistically different in the amount of discussion fitting the "Pros and Cons" profile (T score −0.53; P = 0.6) or the "Adherence " profile (T score 1.6; P = 0.1) (Table 6). An exercise prescription was 3 times more likely to occur when the doctor initiated the exercise discussion.
|Prescription (n = 18)
|Non-prescription (n = 52)
|Total talk
|19.0 ± 12.0
|9.0 ± 10.0
|Profile 1: "Pros and Cons"
|2.4 ± 3.0
|1.9 ± 4.0
|Profile 2: "How To"
|7.0 ± 7.3
|2.4 ± 2.4
|Profile 3: "Adherence"
|1.4 ± 1.4
|2.1 ± 2.2
|Profile difference: (rheumatologist-Patient)
|Difference Profile 1: "Pros and Cons"
|0.1 ± 0.8
|−0.3 ± 1.9
|Difference Profile 2: "How To"
|1.8 ± 3.6
|0.2 ± 1.8
|Difference Profile 3: "Adherence"
|−0.94 ± 1.1
|−1.54 ± 1.8
Differences in talk by type of exercise and physical therapy.
Figure 4 demonstrates the differences in conversation profiles according to discussions about referral to physical therapy for exercise and the type of exercise prescribed. Conversations pertaining to aerobic exercise were characterized by twice as much discussion about the "Pros and Cons" of exercise compared with discussions about general range of motion and strengthening exercises. Aerobic exercise discussions had nearly 5 times more talk about side effects, drawbacks, pain, and symptom relief compared with conversations about referrals to physical therapy. Discussions characterized by the "How to" profile were similar across the 3 categories (aerobic exercise, general strengthening and range of motion, and physical therapy). However, discussions about physical therapy referrals for exercise contained only half as much conversation about compliance and efficacy compared to discussions about aerobic or general exercises.
Report and predictors of exercise prescription.
Post-encounter reports of prescriptions were compared with the transcripts to determine if patients recognized whether an exercise prescription was given. Using a pairwise comparison, there were no significant differences in patient and rheumatologist reports of an exercise prescription. In fact, 83% of the time rheumatologists and patients agreed on whether an exercise prescription was made (X = 50.3; P = 0.001).
Multivariate logistic regression and stepwise methods identified 3 significant predictors of an exercise prescription: rheumatologist initiated discussion about exercise (odds ratio [OR] 4.6; P = 0.03); conversations characterized by "How To" profile (OR 3.1; P = 0.01); and the number of non-exercise treatments discussed such as medications and home modifications (OR 1.6; P = 0.01). This model predicted the correct response (prescription versus no prescription) in 81% of the cases.
We described clinical discussions of exercise between patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their rheumatologists and identified predictors of an exercise prescription. Three conversation profiles were identified that characterized exercise discussions. The conversation profiles make sense clinically, and are consistent with the literature on the benefits of exercise. For example, although research demonstrates the benefit of moderate aerobic exercise for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (3–5), it is less frequently used, and rheumatologists' attitudes toward aerobic exercise are less positive than their attitudes towards other forms of exercise. In this study, conversations about aerobic exercise reflected patients' and rheumatologists' concerns about potential side effects, pain, and symptom exacerbation. These concerns led to more negotiation about aerobic exercise than strengthening and range-of-motion exercises that are viewed as having fewer potential side effects (4, 6, 7, 10). It is not surprising then that discussions about range-of-motion exercises and physical therapy were primarily characterized by the "How to" profile.
On average, exercise discussions revealed a greater proportion of "How to" talk, evenly distributed between rheumatologists and patients, indicating equal sharing of information. This process of mutual decision making and sharing of opinions enhances adherence to treatments, and results in improved satisfaction with care (29–32). However, rheumatologists and patients differed substantially regarding the amount of talk devoted to exercise adherence and self-efficacy. In fact, there were nearly 3 times more discussion from patients compared with rheumatologists on this topic. Research demonstrates that self-efficacy for a behavior and adherence to that behavior are positively correlated (33–36). Perhaps patients are more knowledgeable about exercise than other therapies used to manage their disease, leading to more conversation on this topic. Another possible explanation for this disparity may be that conversation reflects rheumatologists' beliefs and attitudes toward exercise. Rheumatologists may be less responsive to talk about adherence especially since they reported their patients would be less likely to adhere to exercise prescriptions. Exercise prescriptions were more likely to occur with discussions characterized by the "How to" profile, which included offering opinions about exercise and linking exercise behavior to functional benefits. Establishing the association between a behavior (exercise) and an outcome (improved functional status), while providing instructions on how to perform the behavior (exercise), reflects the characteristic of a typical prescription and has been shown to improve adherence and patient outcomes (37). Rheumatologists may view exercises as one method of reducing symptoms and discuss exercise as they would other treatment opinions. Exercise discussion may then take the form of a lecture to patients, with explicit instructions on how to perform the exercise, as well as reinforcement of the desired behavior through sharing of opinions about exercise. Perhaps talk is responsive to the patient's needs. For example, patients who clearly do not appear to understand what is being described (how to do an exercise) may require more extensive instructions and reinforcing, translating into more "How to" conversations.
Conversation profiles also differed based on the type of exercise prescription. Conversations contained more discussion about adherence when exercise regimens were prescribed than when a referral was made for physical therapy. Perhaps the greater emphasis on adherence discussions reflects the rheumatologists' concern with prescribing and instructing patients in home exercise. The current literature estimates that one-third to two-thirds of patients are non-adherent to exercise prescriptions (33, 38–42) and that long-term adherence to exercise is substantially lower than adherence to short-term exercise (34). Unfortunately, adherence rates among persons with chronic disease are significantly lower than adherence rates among individuals with acute medical illnesses (34, 43). By emphasizing the importance of adherence, offering alternative forms of exercise and addressing patients' self-efficacy regarding undertaking an exercise program, rheumatologists may enhance patients' motivation to follow the prescribed regimen (44).
Discussions about other treatment options (medications, home modifications) were also associated with a greater likelihood of an exercise prescription. There may be 2 explanations for this result. Perhaps, as rheumatologists offer patients more options, allowing patients a more inclusive role in decision making, patients may be more likely to follow an exercise regimen, given that they have positive attitudes about exercise. Perhaps as more treatment options are discussed, some with potentially serious side effects (gold, Plaquenil), patients may view therapeutic exercise as a more tolerable option. Decision-Making Theory (14) supports these explanations. As patients fully examine their various treatment options and weigh the costs and benefits of each, they increase the likelihood they will adhere to the regimen (14, 19, 44).
Finally, this study demonstrates the rheumatologists' influence on the content of exercise discussions and the likelihood of an exercise prescription. Clearly, when rheumatologists initiate exercise discussions there is a dramatic increase in the likelihood of receiving a prescription, even though patients contributed 5 times more to exercise discussions and were twice as likely to make positive statements about exercise. Patients may be more open to exercise as a method for managing their disease as they enter the visit, but may be less likely to receive an exercise prescription even when they initiate exercise discussions, because they do not demonstrate persuasive communication powers. Rheumatologists, viewed as experts, may be more likely to motivate patients to attend to their suggestions and to engage in a discussion about the pros and cons of exercise, influencing patients' attitudes toward exercise (16).
This is the first audiotaped study of rheumatologist-patient discussions about exercise in managing rheumatoid arthritis. It examines the quality of the clinical discussions and the impact of exercise discussions on the likelihood of receiving an exercise prescription. The strengths of this study include the use of audiotapes of clinical discussions; the prospective design of the study; double data entry to reduce data entry errors; the use of a reliable method of coding and quantifying the audiotape data; and the use of well-trained coders who were unaware of patient and provider reports of attitudes and beliefs about exercise and physical therapy instruction for exercise.
Limitations of the study should also be acknowledged. These results may not be generalizable to other patients with arthritis, as the sample consisted primarily of white, educated women, whose conversations may tend to differ from those of other patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Also, the low response rate limits the generalizability of the study results. Due to the cross-sectional nature of the study we do not have information on any prior exercise discussions these patients may have had with other providers. The potential exists for random misclassification of the outcome, exercise prescriptions, because patients and rheumatologists may have conceptual differences in their definition of exercise prescriptions. However, post-encounter reports of exercise prescriptions and actual prescriptions, as noted on the transcript data, were comparable, making misclassification less likely. Although the attitudes and beliefs scale has not been previously validated, the questionnaire was based on the theoretical framework of Ajzen and Fishbein (12, 13) that has been proven reliable and valid in a variety of settings.
The attitudes and beliefs of rheumatologists and patients affect the dynamics of clinical discussions. These beliefs reflect personal experiences as well as shared discussions in the clinical encounters, and have a direct impact on exercise prescription rates. The duration of the rheumatologist-patient relationships may therefore affect patient attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and clinical discussions surrounding the usefulness of exercise in arthritis management. Exercise and physical therapy are discussed differently during the clinical encounter and are 4 times more likely to occur when the rheumatologist initiates exercise discussion. These discussions strongly impact on the likelihood a patient receives an exercise prescription.
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- 13Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall; 1980., .
- 14Decision-making: a psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. New York: The Free Press; 1977., .
- 15Attitude and attitude change. Annu Rev Psychol 1981; 32: 357–404., , .
- 16Persuasion. Newbury Park (CA): Sage; 1990..
- 17The promotion of physical activity in the United States population: the status of progression medical, worksite, community, and school settings. Public Health Rep 1985; 100: 212–24., , , .
- 18Adult heart disease prevention in childhood: a national survey of pediatricians' practices and attitudes. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 843–50., , , .
- 19Decision-making and social support strategies for increasing exercise involvement. J Card Rehabil 1984; 4: 124–35..
- 20The effects of patient communication skills training on compliance. Arch Fam Med 2000; 9: 57–64., , .
- 21The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 315–24., , , , , , et al.
- 22SF-36 health survey: manual and interpretation guide. Boston: The New Health Institute, New England Medical Center; 1993..
- 23The MOS 36-item short form health status survey (SF-36): conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992; 30: 473–83., .
- 24Development and evaluation of a scale to measure perceived self-efficacy in people with arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32: 37–44., , , , .
- 25Patient information seeking behaviors when communicating with physicians. Med Care 1990; 28: 19–28., .
- 26The Roter method of interaction process analysis. (RIAS Manual); 1991..
- 27Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Boston: Duxbury Press; 1995..
- 28SAS Institute Incorporated. SAS/STAT user's guide, release release 6.03 edition. Cary (NC): SAS Institute; 1988.
- 29Physicians' communication style and patient satisfaction. J Health Soc Behav 1987; 28: 370–5., .
- 30Sociologic influences in decision making by physicians. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 957–64..
- 31Doctor-patient communication: a review of the literature. Soc Sci Med 1995; 40: 903–18., , , .
- 32Doctors talking with patients/patients talking with doctors: improving communication in medical visits. Westport (CT): Auburn House; 1992., .
- 33Long-term compliance. Phys Ther 1985; 65: 1832–9..
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- 35The relationship between self-efficacy and exercise compliance in a cardiac population. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1994; 14: 246–54., .
- 36The relationship of self-perception of illness and compliance with health care regimens. J Adv Nurs 1997; 25: 548–53., .
- 37Assessing the effects of physician-patient interactions on the outcomes of chronic disease. Med Care 1989; 27 Suppl: S110., , .
- 38Compliance/adherence in health-related exercise. Health Psychol 1982; 1: 237–67..
- 39Exercise. In: KA Holroyd, TL Greer, editors. Self-management of chronic disease handbook of clinical interventions and research. Orlando (FL): Academic Press; 1986., , .
- 40A controlled study on the outcome of inpatient and outpatient treatment of low back pain. Scand J Rehabil Med 1989; 21: 81–9., , , .
- 41Improving patient cooperation with arthritis treatment regimens. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25: 447–53..
- 42Exercise applications and promotion in behavioral medicine: Current status and future directions. J Consult Clin Psychol 1982; 50: 1004–17., .
- 43Compliance: convincing patients it's not a matter of choice. J Am Acad Physicians Asst 1996; 6: 51–61..
- 44


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Create the page "Roman roads" on this wiki! See also the search results found.
- Found in Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built their system of Roman roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries5 KB (750 words) - 18:17, 25 October 2011
- here before as I drive up the Roman road the Theater seems familiar — perhaps I headed a legion up that same white road... I passed a chateau in ruins45 KB (6,300 words) - 17:31, 10 April 2016
- (1873). Good roads, good schools and good churches are a sure sign of the best citizenship produced by a free republic. How about our roads? Author unknown;5 KB (819 words) - 18:16, 6 April 2016
- more; Si fueris alibi, vivito sicut ibi. If you are at Rome live in the Roman style; if you are elsewhere live as they live elsewhere. St. Ambrose to13 KB (1,993 words) - 14:05, 26 March 2016
- and gates— The years that through my portals come and go. I block the roads and drift the fields with snow, I chase the wild-fowl from the frozen fen;26 KB (3,852 words) - 20:09, 18 April 2016
- Blaise Pascal (category Roman Catholics)only ones conformable to reason, since we can only follow one of these two roads, namely: either that there is a God, and then we place in him the sovereign30 KB (4,795 words) - 21:20, 27 January 2016
- Zbigniew Herbert (category Roman Catholics)the City falls and one survives he shall carry the City within on the roads of exile he shall be the City Report fom the Besieged City. Jeśli tematem2 KB (334 words) - 19:39, 15 May 2016
- Lucretius (category Roman poets)Titus Lucretius Carus (c. 99 BC – 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His major work is De Rerum Natura, On the Nature of Things, which is considered16 KB (2,524 words) - 17:22, 15 March 2016
- Thomas à Kempis (category Roman Catholics)is part of a longer passage: A humble knowledge of oneself is a surer road to God than a deep searching of the sciences. Yet learning itself is not7 KB (1,115 words) - 02:30, 20 March 2016
- Graham Greene (section The Lawless Roads (1939))my friend, is more than Marxism, just as Catholicism … is more than the Roman Curia. There is a mystique as well as a politique....Catholics and communists21 KB (3,357 words) - 15:39, 6 April 2016
- education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, the fresh-water system, and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us? PFJ Member: Brought peace11 KB (1,419 words) - 19:25, 26 April 2016
- attribute the Great (e.g. Alfred the Great, Peter the Great), and during the Roman Era and Middle Ages, the Latin title for the Great (Magnus) was used (e29 KB (4,571 words) - 09:08, 17 May 2016
- the world as if space and time had an absolute meaning. Lee Smolin, Three Roads to Quantum Gravity (2000) Despite Newton's belated appreciation of Euclid's173 KB (25,649 words) - 17:08, 18 May 2016
- Michel Foucault (category Roman Catholics)everything. He is a prisoner in the midst of the most free, the most open of roads: chained solidly to an infinite crossroads. Chapter 1 In its most general38 KB (6,166 words) - 07:41, 19 January 2016
- elation; in mythology, victory is often deified, as with the Greek Nike or Roman Victoria. A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P ·14 KB (1,936 words) - 20:42, 21 May 2016
- Principles of Human Knowledge, Introduction, §1' Philosophy, n. A route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing. Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary56 KB (8,262 words) - 15:21, 23 May 2016
- Francis of Assisi (category Roman Catholics)by the light of his example, by all the radiance of his life." (1989) The Road to Assisi, Sabatier as edted by Sweeney, pg 143. Misattributed, close, authentic17 KB (2,389 words) - 16:21, 25 April 2016
- Fast and Furious 6 (section Roman Pearce)just joking, but... whateva. Tej: Definitely not that funny. Ride or die All Roads Lead To This Wikipedia has an article about: Fast & Furious 63 KB (452 words) - 03:05, 10 April 2016
- and messenger of the gods; gods of roads, commerce, invention, cunning, and theft; patron of … and Mercury of Roman mythology, often identified with Hermes19 KB (2,188 words) - 01:09, 6 April 2016
- Virgil (category Roman poets)the Aeneid, the last being an epic poem of twelve books that became the Roman Empire's national epic. Sub tegmine fagi. In the shade of a beech tree127 KB (16,015 words) - 21:51, 18 May 2016


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Suites Berna 12, Mexico City
- Free WiFi and free parking
Main amenities
- 8 apartments
- Rooftop terrace
- Airport drop-off service
- Daily housekeeping
- Laundry service
- Concierge services
- Tour/ticket assistance
What's around
- In Zona Rosa
- The Angel of Independence Monument (0.1 mi / 0.2 km)
- U.S. Embassy (0.2 mi / 0.3 km)
- Cuauhtemoc Monument (0.6 mi / 1 km)
- Monumento a los Ninos Heroes (1.1 mi / 1.8 km)
- Castillo de Chapultepec (1.3 mi / 2 km)
This suites have no air conditioned, although the reception personnel brought me a…
Good surprise in Reforma, huge rooms, although a bit dated.
Suites Berna 12, Mexico City
Hotel Info: 1800 846 835from A$116
- Suite, 2 Bedrooms
- Suite, 1 Bedroom
- Double Room Single Use, 2 Bedrooms, Accessible, Kitchen
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 8 rooms
- Check-in time 3 PM-midnight
- Check-out time is 1 PM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Rollaway beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Airport drop off (available 24 hours) *
- Free self parking
Nearby Three Star Mexico City hotels
In the hotel
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Rooftop terrace
In the room
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Premium bedding
- Pillowtop mattress
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Cable TV channels
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Kitchen
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
Top Mexico City hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Mexico City
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"The hotel is conveniently located adjacent to Terminal 1 with easy access over a flying bridge. The staff are friendly and efficient and the room was very comfortable. There are a…"May 5, 2016
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"Staff very helpful, restaurant food was excellent, pool was always warm, and location is excellent for downtown Mexico City."May 2, 2016
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"it was pretty good - nice outdoor area to sit and have a drink. The only problem was i dont think the bathroom had been cleaned that well....it took them over an hour and 4 phone…"May 1, 2016
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Suites Berna 12, Mexico City's small print
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for an additional charge
Cribs/Infant beds are available for MXN 333 per stay
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of MXN 800.00 per person
Airport shuttle service for children between the ages of 4 and 18 costs MXN 300.00
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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This 3D image shows what it would look like to fly over the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The image was generated by data collected by the ROLIS instrument aboard the European Space Agency's Philae spacecraft during the decent to the spacecraft's initial touchdown on the comet Nov. 12. Image Credit: ESA/Rosetta/Philae/ROLIS/DLR
Released 12/11/2014 6:40 pm: The image shows comet 67P/CG acquired by the ROLIS instrument on the Philae lander during descent on Nov 12, 2014 14:38:41 UT from a distance of approximately 3 km from the surface. The landing site is imaged with a resolution of about 3m per pixel. - Copyright ESA/Rosetta/Philae/ROLIS/DLR
The European Space Agency's Rosetta mission made an historic landing on a comet on Nov. 12, 2014. The probe arrived at the comet in August. This photo from the European Space Agency is the Philae lander's view of its landing site on Comet 67P/C-G's surface. Image release Nov. 13, 2014. [See Space.com's full coverage.] See more amazing comet photos by Rosetta in this Space.com gallery.
This image of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was taken by the Philae lander of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission during Philae's descent toward the comet on Nov. 12, 2014 from a distance of approximate two miles (three kilometers).
Photos: Europe's Rosetta Comet Mission in Pictures - ROLIS Captures Descent of Philae [Pin It] Credit: ESA/Rosetta/Philae/ROLIS/DLR Comet 67P/CG appears in an image taken by the ROLIS instrument on the Philae lander as it descended from Rosetta spacecraft on Nov. 12, 2014, from a distance…Read More »
ROLIS Captures Descent of Philae. Comet 67P/CG appears in an image taken by the ROLIS instrument on the Philae lander as it descended from Rosetta spacecraft on Nov. 12, 2014, from a distance of approximately 1.9 miles (3 km) from the surface. Credit: ESA/Rosetta/Philae/ROLIS/DLR
This image of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko was acquired by the Philae lander of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission during Philae's descent toward the comet on Nov. 12, 2014. Philae's ROLIS (ROsetta Lander Imaging System) took the image at 14:38:41 UTC (6:38:41 a.m., PST) at a distance of approximately two miles (three kilometers) from the surface. The landing site is imaged with a resolution of about 10 feet (three meters) per pixel.
Philae ROLIS view of the comet landing site from 3km. Credit:ESA/Rosetta/Philae/ROLIS/DLR
The image shows comet 67P/CG acquired by the ROLIS instrument on the Philae lander during descent on Nov 12, 2014 14:38:41 UT from a distance of approximately 3 km from the surface. The landing site is imaged with a resolution of about 3m per pixel. The ROLIS instrument is a down-looking imager that acquires images during the descent and doubles as a multispectral close-up camera after the landing. The aim of the ROLIS experiment is to study the texture and microstructure of the comet's surface. ROLIS (ROsetta Lander Imaging System) is a descent and close-up camera on the Philae Lander. It has been developed by the DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin. The lander separated from the orbiter at 09:03 GMT (10:03 CET) and touched down on Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko seven hours later. Credits: ESA/Rosetta/Philae/ROLIS/DLR
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- //Home
- //Music
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- //Meg Lee Chin
On her debut solo album, Meg Lee Chin, frontwoman for the anarchic industrial band Pigface, demonstrates just how fierce her intelligence can be. Produced by Martin Atkins, the album offers a generous sampling of Chin's considerable range, from moans and screams to darkly articulate commentaries, raw despair to rage. But she's a thoughtful, poetic observer of human failings and strengths, the wild ride of living and partying in the Big City. She recorded and engineered the album alone in her London apartment, with mixing and general production-smoothing in the studio by Atkins and Lee Fraser. She's got an astounding voice, simultaneously wild and precise, lush and screechy. Word is that Chin was asked to be the singer for Garbage (before Shirley Manson), but she turned them down, preferring to maintain her independence as writer and musician (Manson's got the fame and bucks, but Chin has definitely got the edge on edginess).
On Piece and Love, Chin displays the artistry that makes her such an underground sensation. On "nutopia,'' the single previously released on Pigface's A New High in Low, she describes "the best minds of my generation," echoing Allen Ginsberg, "running on empty, superglued to the TV, dreaming of prosperity, talking incessantly." On the opening track, "thing," she introduces a "really boring night in Manchester," then throws herself into the pulse of the night: "Helter skelter! Where's your shelter!?" On the more philosophically inclined "sweat," her voice initially holds back (in that walkie-talkie-sounding distancing-effect, then bursts to the foreground with an impressive rap-speed, almost crowded out by the fuzz and deep bass all around it. And "swallowing you" begins with an eerily shattered cacophony, easing into her vocals with guitar, keyboards, and sampled newscast, as she sings, "is it real, or is it just an illusion?" It's a familiar question, but Chin's forceful, all-stops-out performance gets your attention.
Meg Lee Chin
Piece and Love
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The Last Gunfighter: Songwriter Guy Clark Passes Away at 74
// Sound Affects
"The man whose songs were recorded by Johnny Cash, Alan Jackson, Ricky Skaggs, David Allan Coe, The Highwaymen, and countless others succumbs to time's cruel cue that the only token of permanence we have to offer are the effects of shared moments and memories.READ the article