text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 4, 1986
|Filing date
|Jan 15, 1985
|Priority date
|Jan 19, 1984
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Walter Meckel
|Original Assignee
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (30), Classifications (11), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a process for chain terminating high molecular weight polyurethanes by incorporating terminal aromatic amino groups. The present invention is also directed to the products of this process and compositions containing these products and polyisocyanate crosslinking agents.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The production of high molecular weight polyurethanes in solution has long been known; the products have acquired a significant market in the field of adhesives, coatings and lacquers by virtue of their outstanding properties.
Different alternatives for producing polyurethane solutions of the type in question have been described in numerous patents, for example in DE-A No. 25 00 921. The various approaches have been adopted with a view to obtaining storable solutions in the most efficient possible manner. All of these publications are directed to the problem of avoiding isocyanate excesses in the solution ultimately obtained without uncontrollably altering the solution, while at the same time enabling the solution viscosity of the polyurethanes to be specifically and rapidly adjusted to the level required for application of the polyurethanes. Although storable PUR-solutions can be obtained by reacting a mixture of compounds containing NCO-reactive groups in stages with polyisocyanates until the required viscosity is obtained, while at the same time avoiding isocyanate excesses, the process involved is of little interest from a commercial point of view due to the long reaction time towards the end of the reaction, particularly where polyols are used.
Less time-consuming processes are known which are suitable for more efficient production. These processes involve small isocyanate excesses which, on reaching the required viscosity, are reacted with an excess of diols, alkanolamines (GB-PS No. 1 351 773); alkanolamines and then epoxides (DE-A No. 25 01 987); monoalcohols (CA-PS No. 888 781); monoamines (DE-A No. 19 06 555); or monooximes (DE-A No. 31 42 706), in order to obtain storable solutions. However, when amines are used, any excess amino groups have to be reacted off, for example with monoisocyanates according to DE-A No. 25 02 921, because otherwise unstable solutions would be formed. Polyurethane products such as these are applied from solution as coatings either by drying or by coagulation (so-called one-component polyurethanes).
However, if special properties (such as solvent resistance, surface hardness or temperature stability) are required, crosslinking agents (such as polyisocyanates) are added to the polyurethane solutions before their application to produce a crosslinked polyurethane having the required properties on the substrate. The disadvantage of this procedure is that certain conditions, which are often difficult to maintain in practice, have to be satisfied if optimum properties resulting from crosslinking are to be obtained. For example, one essential requirement is the avoidance of small quantities of moisture in the PU-solutions. In some cases this necessitates expensive drying of solvents and additives (such as pigments, etc. which often contain water) or the addition of drying agents which may have an adverse effect. The mixture of polyurethane solutions and polyisocyanate crosslinking agents also has to be sufficiently stable in storage or stable at least during the processing phase. Accordingly, polyurethane solutions of the type obtained by reacting NCO-prepolymers with excess quantities of aliphatic diamines, hydrazine or polyhydrazide compounds (for example in accordance with DE-PS No. 1 157 386) are not suitable for the proposed crosslinking application because they react almost instantaneously upon the addition of polyisocyanates. It has also been proposed to use chain-terminating agents, such as aminoalcohols or diol amines. Although aminoalcohols react quickly through their primary or secondary (aliphatic) amino group, the remaining hydroxyl groups show very little reactivity and necessitate elevated crosslinking temperatures and/or increased quantities of crosslinking agent. This often leads to inadequately crosslinked products because secondary reactions of the NCO-groups, for example with water, can have a detrimental effect.
Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to provide suitable polyurethane solutions which do not have any of the disadvantages referred to above and which, in particular, may be crosslinked with polyisocyanates, even if the solution has a high moisture content. The crosslinking reaction is intended to take place easily, even at room temperature or at relatively low crosslinking temperatures, especially from solvent-free, polyurethane/polyisocyanate crosslinker mixtures. Further advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following discussion and from the results of the examples.
The main improvement in the production of readily crosslinkable polyurethanes arises from the fact that, initially, the polyurethanes are synthesized from the usual starting materials. After a relatively high molecular weight polyurethane is formed, a chain-termination reaction with certain diamines is conducted to avoid any further significant increase in molecular weight. As a result terminal aromatic amino groups are introduced into the polyurethanes where they serve as sites for further crosslinking reactions which take place easily and safely. The polyurethanes according to the invention contain certain quantities of chemically incorporated, terminal aromatic amino groups.
The present invention relates to a process for the production of crosslinkable, predominately linear polyurethanes containing NCO-reactive terminal groups from
(A) organic, substantially difunctional polyisocyanates,
(B) relatively high molecular weight, substantially difunctional polyhydroxyl compounds having molecular weights of 400 to about 6000 and/or
(C) substantially difunctional, chain-extending agents having molecular weights of 18 to 399 and
(D) chain-terminating agents containing hydrogen atoms showing different reactivity to NCO-groups, in
(E) solvents which are substantially inert to the reactants,
in a single-stage or multistage reaction, characterized in that component (A) is reacted with component (B) and/or (C) in an NCO:isocyanate-reactive group ratio of about 1.45:1 to 1.02:1, preferably about 1.15:1 to 1.02:1, to form a polyurethane containing terminal NCO-groups, having a molecular weight of at least 10,000 and an NCO-content of ≦0.2 equivalent of NCO/1000 g of polyurethane which are subsequently reacted with polyamines selected from the group of araliphatic diamines and/or aromatic diamines containing amino groups of different reactivity, as chain-terminating agents (D) in an NCO:NH2 -ratio of about 1:5 to 1:1 66 to form polyurethanes containing terminal aromatic amino groups.
The present invention also relates to readily crosslinkable polyurethanes obtained by the process described above, characterized in that the polyurethanes contain aromatically bound terminal amino groups in a quantity of ≦0.2 equivalents of terminal aromatic amino groups per 1000 g of polyurethane solids, preferably ≦0.1 equivalent and, more preferably, ≦0.033 equivalent, the preferred minimum content amounting to ≧0.001 equivalent, more preferred ≧0.01 equivalent.
Finally, the present invention relates to the use of the polyurethanes containing terminal aromatic amino groups obtained by the claimed process as the polyurethane component in two-component systems containing about 1 to 30% by weight, based on polyurethane, of polyisocyanates.
The process according to the invention provides a rapid chain-termination reaction without a significant effect on viscosity after the required viscosity of the polyurethane solutions has been reached in the synthesis reaction. Additionally, the process affords an additional advantage by providing polyurethanes with reactive NH2 -groups. These terminal aromatic amino groups provide reaction sites for the polyisocyanates subsequently added as crosslinking agents (usually in a quantity of about 1 to 30% by weight based on the polyurethane). The rapid, intensive crosslinking is very important to their use as coatings. At the same time, the corresponding solutions are sufficiently stable in storage or remain stable at least during the processing phase. Also lower temperatures may be used during the polyisocyanate crosslinking reaction. Crosslinking may even take place at room temperature if the solvent-free coatings are left standing for prolonged periods. An intensive crosslinking does not take place at low temperatures when polyurethanes containing the usual terminal hydroxyl groups are reacted with the polyisocyanates. In that case, the NCO-water reaction, which is initiated by traces of water present in the solvents or in the pigments or by atmospheric moisture, frequently takes place more quickly. As a result, the simultaneous reaction of the remaining terminal hydroxyl groups of the polyurethanes is inadequate.
Although the viscosities of the solutions are also stabilized by termination with monofunctional compounds such as butanol or dibutylamine in accordance with the prior art, the polyurethanes do not contain reactive terminal groups, but instead contain urethane or urea groups. Accordingly, crosslinking can only be induced by the use of high temperatures in order to incorporate the far less reactive urethane and/or urea groups through allophanate or biuret reactions. Temperatures as high as these are uneconomical and occasionally damage the polyurethanes or the substrate to be coated (for example leather or skiver).
On the other hand, the terminal group modification according to the invention effectively and specifically facilitates crosslinking with the preferred aromatic polyisocyanates added as crosslinking agents to the two-component polyurethanes. However, by virtue of the very small quantities of modifying diamines, it does not affect the structure of the polyurethanes which is determined by the starting components (A) to (C) and by the synthesis processes for the polyurethane.
Through the choice of the terminating diamines (D), the polyurethanes modified in accordance with the invention are coordinated in their reactivity with respect to the polyisocyanate crosslinkers in such a way that the mixtures of polyurethanes and polyisocyanates are sufficiently stable in storage or remain stable during the processing phase. If, by contrast, chain terminators which provide aliphatic amino groups or terminal hydrazide groups are used in accordance with the prior art, an almost instantaneous reaction can take place with the polyisocyanate crosslinkers with gelatinization of the solution. The same applies when the polyurethane containing terminal amino or hydrazide groups is synthesized by reacting NCO-prepolymers with a small excess of aliphatic diamines or dihydrazide compounds. The reaction which begins relatively quickly, even with aliphatic diisocyanates, has been used for the synthesis of relatively high molecular weight polyurethanes in solution (DE-PS No. 1 157 386).
The reaction according to the invention of relatively high molecular weight polyurethanes containing terminal NCO-groups and having molecular weights of >10,000 with the chain-terminating agents according to the invention, preferably based on araliphatic diamines or aromatic diamines containing amino groups of different reactivity, also results in polyurethane solutions which are stable in solution and which do not undergo rapid thickening or precipitation from the solvents. Amino-terminated compounds having molecular weights of up to 6000 of the type formed by reacting low molecular weight preadducts containing NCO-groups with excess diamines (DE-B No. 16 94 152, column 3 and 4) are not sufficiently stable in solvents and, for that reason, are used for other purposes according to DE-B No. 16 94 152.
In the process according to the invention, the polyaddition reactions (by which polyurethanes are synthesized) are terminated after a molecular weight of 10,000 is obtained by the addition of the chain-terminating agents according to the invention. Beyond the above-mentioned limit, however, it is possible to produce polyurethanes having the same gross composition corresponding to the starting components, but a different chain length (different molecular weight beyond molecular weights of 10,000) and different properties resulting therefrom. In principle, it is possible to synthesize solutions having concentrations of about 10 to 70% by weight with viscosities in the range of about 500 to 80,000 mPa.s, preferably about 2000 to 60,000 mPa.s at room temperature. However, polyurethane solutions which have concentrations of about 20 to 60% by weight and viscosities of about 2000 to 50,000 mPa.s are preferred.
The polyurethanes containing terminal NCO-groups and having a molecular weight of at least 10,000 (corresponding to an NCO-content of ≦0.84% or a terminal group content of ≦0.2 equivalent of terminal NCO-groups per kg of polyurethane), which are to be reacted with the chain-terminating agents in accordance with the invention, are synthesized from the usual starting materials, preferably in solution, by processes known in principle based on a single-stage or multistage reaction.
Suitable organic polyisocyanates are substantially difunctional diisocyanates such as aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic polyisocyanates having an NCO-functionality of preferably 2 of the type described by W. Siefken in Liebigs Annalen 562, 75 (1948) and of the type mentioned as preferred diisocyanate components in DE-OS No. 29 29 501. Preferred polyisocyanates are diphenylmethane-4,4'-, -2,4'- and/or -2,2'-diisocyanate, tolylene-2,4- and/or -2,6-diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, 3,3'-dimethyldiphenyl-4,4'-diisocyanate, mono- or tetra-C1 -C4 -alkyl-substituted diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanates, naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate and also aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diisocyanates such as hexamethylene diisocyanate, trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate, lysine methyl ester diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-, -2,4'- and/or -2,2'-diisocyanate, the hexahydrotolylene diisocyanates, dicyclohexyldiisocyanates and isophorone diisocyanate.
It is also possible if desired to use small quantities (≦5 mole percent) of higher functional isocyanates such as benzene-1,3,5-triisocyanate, polyphenyl-polymethylene polyisocyanates and the type described in GB-PS Nos. 874 430 and 848 671, polyisocyanates containing biuret groups, polyisocyanates containing urethane groups, polyisocyanates containing isocyanurate groups or higher polyfunctional polyisocyanates obtained by reacting trifunctional or higher low molecular weight polyols with excess quantities of diisocyanates.
Any of the relatively high molecular weight polyhydroxyl compounds normally used in the production of polyurethanes may be used as the relatively high molecular weight, substantially difunctional polyhydroxyl compounds having molecular weights of about 400 to 6000. Typical representatives are mentioned in DE-A No. 29 20 501 and include relatively high molecular weight polyesters, polyester amides, polyethers, polyacetals and polycarbonates, preferably having molecular weights of about 800 to 3000, and other compounds containing approximately 2 hydroxyl groups and having a molecular weight in the above-mentioned range.
The hydroxyl-containing polyesters suitable for use in the process according to the invention are reaction products of polyhydric, preferably dihydric alcohols with polybasic, preferably dibasic carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters and/or carboxylic acid anhydrides. Hydroxy carboxylic acids or lactones such as caprolactone may also be used. Suitable polyesters are also described, for example, in Houben-Weyl, Vol. XIV/2, pages 12 to 29, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1963.
The polycarboxylic acids may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic. Examples of carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof are oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, diethyl succinic acid and 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid.
Suitable alcohol components include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propane diol, 1,4-, 1,3-, 1,2- and 2,3-butane diol, 1,5-pentane diol, 1,6-hexane diol, 1,8-octane diol, neopentyl glycol, 1,4-bis-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclohexane, 2-methyl-1,3-propane diol and alkoxylated bisphenols or hydrogenation products thereof corresponding to the following general formulae ##STR1## wherein X represents R1 -C-R2, SO2 or N-R3.
n and m=2-6
R represents H or CH3,
R1 and R2 may be the same or different and represent hydrogen,
C1 -C6 -alkyl radicals, or R1 and R2 together with C may represent a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon ring containing 5 to 6 carbon atoms.
Higher functional polyols such as glycerol, trimethylol propane, 1,2,6-hexane triol, 1,2,4-butane triol, pentaerythritol or sorbitol may also be used in small quantities (≦5 mole percent). Polyesters containing some double or triple bonds of unsaturated fatty acids may also be used as well as polyesters or mixed polyesters of lactones such as ε-caprolactone, or hydroxy carboxylic acids such as ω-hydroxycaproic acid.
Polyester amides suitable for use in the described process are formed when the dihydric alcohol used to prepare the polyesters is partly replaced by aminoalcohols, diamines or polyamines, preferably ethanolamine or ethylene diamine.
According to the invention, other suitable polyhydroxy compounds of relatively high molecular weight are linear or slightly branched polyethers preferably containing two hydroxyl groups such as tetrahydrofuran polymers or adducts of alkylene oxides with starter compounds. Suitable alkylene oxides include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide and epihalohydrins. The starter components used are compounds containing labile hydrogen atoms such as water, alcohols, amines and include those suitable for preparing the polyesters, particularly ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane and aniline.
Other suitable polyhydroxyl compounds are polyacetals of the type obtained by condensing formaldehyde or any other aldehyde with polyhydric alcohols of the described type.
Particular preference is given to polycarbonates known per se of the type obtained from the previously mentioned diol components, particularly 1,6-hexane diol, and diphenyl carbonate or phosgene.
Compounds which react substantially difunctionally with isocyanates and which have molecular weights of 18 to 399, preferably from 62 to 254, are used as the low molecular weight chain-extending agents containing labile hydrogen atoms (Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atoms). Low molecular weight diols and also aminoalcohols or diamines are suitable as well as mixtures of the chain-extending agents or a step-by-step reaction with different chain-extending agents.
Chain-extending agents suitable for use in accordance with the invention include diols or mixtures thereof such as ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propane diol, 1,4-, 1,3-, 1,2- and 2,3-butane diol, 1,5-pentane diol, 1,6-hexane diol, neopentyl glycol, 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-cyclohexane, 2-methyl-1,3-propane diol, di-, tri- or tetraethylene glycol, di-, tri-, or tetrapropylene glycol; alkoxylated bisphenols or their hydrogenation products of the type described above as diol components for the production of polyesters; or ester diols such as for example hydroxy pivalic acid/neopentyl glycol ester.
Higher functional polyols such as trimethylol propane may also be used, preferably in quantities of ≦5 mole percent. Aminoalcohols such as ethanolamine, N-methyl diethanolamine or 3-aminopropanol may also be used.
Other suitable chain-extending agents include aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diamines such as ethylene diamine, tetramethylene diamine, 1,6-hexamethylene diamine, 1,12-dodecamethylene diamine, 1-amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, 2,4- and 2,6-hexahydrotolylene diamine, 2,4'- and 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, 1-amino-2-aminomethyl-3,3,5(3,5,5)trimethyl cyclopentane, tolylene diamine, p-xylylene diamine, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl-methane, hydrazine, methylhydrazine, N,N'-dimethylhydrazine and their homologs.
Aromatic diamines or water are preferred not as the sole chain-extending agent because they provide polyurethanes which discolor relatively quickly under the effect of light and oxygen.
Detailed examples of these starting materials according to the invention (polyisocyanates, relatively high molecular weight polyhydroxyl compounds, low molecular weight chain-extending agents and, optionally, catalysts, auxiliaries and additives) are given in DE-A No. 28 54 384 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,778 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In the process according to the invention, the polyurethane solutions are preferably produced by adding the polyisocyanates to a solution of the relatively high molecular weight polyols and/or low molecular weight chain-extending agents in part of the solvent. As the reaction progresses and the viscosity of the reaction mixture increases, the remainder of the solvent is added in portions for dilution to the final concentration required. The reaction is continued until the polyurethane contains at least 0.2 equivalent of NCO/1000 g of polyurethane. The polyurethane is then terminated in accordance with the invention and converted into a polyurethane containing terminal aromatic amino groups. The reaction temperatures are generally about 30� to 130� C. and preferably about 50� to 100� C.
Alternatively, it is possible to use a two-stage process by initially reacting the relatively high molecular weight polyols and, optionally, low molecular weight diols with the diisocyanates in the melt or in a portion of the solvent. The polymer chain is then extended and the viscosity increased with the low molecular weight chain-extending agents mentioned above. If necessary, the reaction mixture is diluted to the final concentration required in the same way as described above.
In a preferred process, the relatively high molecular weight polyols are initially reacted with an excess of the polyisocyanate to form an NCO-prepolymer which is then extended with glycols such as 1,4-butane diol and/or (in stages) with diamines such as isophorone diamine or N-(β-hydroxyethyl)-ethylene diamine, until the required polyurethane, which contains NCO-groups for the termination reaction according to the invention, is obtained.
In a particularly preferred process a relatively high molecular weight polyhydroxyl compound, a polyisocyanate and a diol chain-extending agent are reacted, optionally in the presence of solvent, in one or more stages to form an NCO-terminated polyurethane having a relatively high molecular weight and also a relatively high viscosity. The percentage of the diol chain-extending agent generally amounts to >80% of the total chain-extending component. By adding (cyclo)aliphatic diamines in small quantities the viscosity of the solution may be rapidly increased to the required level by producing a polyurethane still containing NCO-groups and having a molecular weight of ≧10,000. It is then subjected to the termination reaction according to the invention.
The polyurethanes or polyureas still containing NCO-groups thus produced should have an average molecular weight above 10,000. The average molecular weight is calculated in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU1## where f is the functionality of the polyurethane and is preferably about 2. The functionality may be slightly greater or slightly less than 2 depending upon the starting materials. The total functionality of the polyurethane may be between about 2.2 and 1.95, although it is preferably within narrower limits, i.e. between about 2.05 and 1.98 and, more preferably about 2. The functionality of the polyurethane solution is calculated from the components using the equation preceding the Examples in DE-A No. 32 27 679. However, the functionality of the polyurethane is limited by the fact that the NCO-containing polyurethane intermediate stage must always remain soluble in the solvents for the polyurethane within the desired concentration ranges. Functionality may be varied within the limits indicated according to the concentration and adjusted viscosity of the solutions. During the production of the NCO-terminated polyurethane intermediates, the concentration and viscosity are preferably adjusted to the respective levels subsequently required for application or, alternatively, solutions of relatively high concentration are prepared and are subsequently diluted to their processing viscosity before application.
Before the chain termination reaction according to the invention, the NCO-content in the NCO-containing polyurethane intermediates should amount to ≦0.84% NCO, based on PU-solids which corresponds to ≦0.2 equivalents of NCO per 1000 g of polyurethane solids (calculated for a functionality of 2.0). The NCO-content preferably amounts to ≦0.42% NCO, which corresponds to ≦0.1 equivalents of NCO per 1000 g of PU and, more preferably, to ≦0.14% NCO, which corresponds to ≦0.033 equivalents of NCO per 1000 g of polyurethane. The lower limit of the NCO-content of the PU intermediate is about 0.00466% NCO, which corresponds to about 0.001 equivalents of NCO per kg of polyurethane, but is preferably ≧0.014% NCO which corresponds to ≧0.0033 equivalents per 1000 g of polyurethane and, more preferably ≧0.028% NCO which corresponds to ≧0.0066 equivalents per 1000 g of polyurethane, or even 0.042% NCO which corresponds to ≧0.01 equivalents per 1000 g of polyurethane.
The solvents used for the polyurethanes are the usual inert solvents commonly used for polyurethane-forming reactions such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, ethylacetate, methylethyl ketone, butyl acetate, toluene, and also the more polar solvents such as dimethyl formamide or dimethyl acetamide. However, the readily volatile ethers or esters and hydrocarbons of the type mentioned above are preferred.
Araliphatic diamines and/or aromatic diamines containing NH2 -groups of different reactivity, are used as chain-terminating agents (D) for reaction with the relatively high molecular weight polyurethanes still containing small quantities of NCO-groups. The different reactivity of the aromatic diamines is produced by steric hindrance or by deactivation with electron-withdrawing substituents.
The chain-terminating agents used include araliphatic polyamines and preferably diamines corresponding to formulae I and/or II below: ##STR2## wherein ##STR3## and preferably --CH2 -- or --C(CH3)2 --; R1 represents optionally branched C1 -C13 -alkyl, ##STR4## or halogen, R2 represents H or optionally branched C1 -C6 -alkyl;
R3 represents H, aryl or optionally branched C1 -C6 -alkyl;
R4 represents optionally branched C1 -C6 -alkyl;
m=0, 1, 2 or 3;
p=0 or 1; and
in formula (I), (m+p)=0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or ##STR5## wherein X represents --CH2 --CH2 --CH2 -- or, provided that
y≠zero, --NH--, --NR4 --, --O-- or --S--;
x=0 or 1;
Y represents --(CH2)o -- or ##STR6## o=zero or an integer of from 1 to 6; p=zero or an integer of from 1 to 6;
y=0 or 1; and
R5 represents H or methyl.
Aromatic polyamines corresponding to formulae (III) or (IV), which contain amino groups of different reactivity (because of steric hindrance or electron-withdrawing substituents), are also suitable: ##STR7## R6 represents C1 -C3 -alkyl which is not adjacent to the NH2 -group;
m=0, 1, 2 or 3;
p=0 or 1 and (m+p)=1, 2, 3 or 4; and
q=0 or 1 and (m+p)-q ≧1; or ##STR8## (The second amino group is in the meta- or para-position to the first amino group; at least one adjacent position to the second amino group must remain unsubstituted.)
R6 =C2 -C4 -alkyl, optionally branched,
r=0 or 1; when R1 =COOR4, r may be zero.
The activity of the less reactive, aromatic (primary) amino group may be varied within wide limits through the choice of the substituents R1 and R4 and/or through the sum of p and m.
Preferred araliphatic diamines correspond to the following formula ##STR9## in which R7 and R8 may be the same or different and represent linear or branched C1 -C4 -alkyl groups.
Preferred aromatic diamines containing amino groups of different reactivity correspond to the following formula ##STR10## in which R9 represents linear or branched C1 -C4 -alkyl groups, --CO2 R4 or halogen (F, Cl, Br or I) and
R10 represents linear or branched C1 -C4 -alkyl groups or halogen.
In formulae (II) to (VI), the substituents which were not mentioned have the same meanings as in formula (I). In cases where the substituents on the aromatic nucleus are redundant, they are replaced by a hydrogen atom although this has not been particularly characterized.
In addition to the compounds corresponding to formulae (I) to (VI), other selected compounds as shown in the following list are also suitable: ##STR11##
The reaction of the relatively high molecular weight polyurethane still containing NCO-groups in the quantities indicated in the form of solutions with the chain-terminating agents (D) takes place in an equivalent ratio of isocyanate groups to amino groups of about 1:5 to 1:1.66, preferably in a ratio of about 1:2.5 to 1:1.95 and, more preferably, in a ratio of about 1:2, i.e. with the theoretically equivalent quantities. Polyurethanes containing terminal aromatic amino groups are formed in this way, substantially corresponding in quantity to the terminal NCO-groups in the already relatively high molecular weight polyurethane with its minimum molecular weight of 10,000.
When the reaction takes place in a molar ratio of about 1:1.66 to 1:2, the chain-terminating agents may continue to react in difunctional form, which is sometimes desirable in cases where it is intended to make a slight upward correction to the viscosity of the solution where the reaction is carried out in ratios of about 1:2 to 1:5, free diamines inevitably remain in the solution. Since the overall content of chain-terminating diamines is extremely low, these small quantities of free aromatic diamines of type (D) in the solution are of no consequence. They react smoothly when mixed with polyfunctional polyisocyanates at the subsequent application stage and are incorporated into the crosslinked polymer. When araliphatic diamines are used as the chain-terminating agents, it is preferred to use the chain-terminating agent in a substantially equivalent ratio (1:2). When chain-terminating diamines in which the differences in the reactivity of the amino groups are smaller, it is of advantage to use quantities above 1:2 (and up to about 1:5) in order to counteract a possibly undesirable chain-extending reaction which may be initiated by the less reactive amino groups.
The high molecular weight polyurethanes thus obtained after the chain termination reaction contain aromatic terminal groups in quantities substantially corresponding to the NCO-groups previously present and, optionally, very small quantities of the excess diamines when excesses have been used. Nevertheless, the solutions are stable in viscosity and do not undergo the degradation which may occur with aliphatic amines.
The polyurethanes containing terminal aromatic amino groups show substantially the same properties as the polyurethanes corresponding to synthesis components (A), (B) and (C). The very small quantity of aromatic amino groups has hardly any effect upon the light stability of the polyurethanes and these groups provide crosslinking sites for polyisocyanates.
It is of course possible to add to the solutions the usual additives such as UV-stabilizers, oxidation inhibitors, light stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, dyes, silicon derivatives or other soluble polymers and pigments or short-staple fibers. The polyurethanes containing terminal aromatic amino groups obtained by the process according to the invention may be processed in the usual way for one-component polyurethanes, for example as coatings. However, they are preferably used in two-component polyurethane systems by the addition of about 1 to 30% by weight, preferably about 2 to 25% by weight, based on polyurethane, of more than difunctional polyisocyanates. Polyisocyanates such as these are aliphatic or cycloaliphatic, preferably aromatic polyisocyanates having a functionality of more than about 2.5 and preferably of ≧3, for example biuret triisocyanates or trimers of hexamethylene diisocyanate or isophorone diisocyanate, trimeric tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate, mixed trimers of hexane diisocyanate and tolylene diisocyanate, reaction products of tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate with triols or polyols such as trimethylol propane, or polyfunctional polynuclear polyisocyanates based on polyamines from the condensation of aniline with formaldehyde.
In cases where particular effects are required in the crosslinking of the polyurethanes obtainable in accordance with the invention, it is possible to add to the two-component polyurethane solutions other polymers such as cellulose acetobutyrates, nitrocellulose, hydroxyl-containing vinylchloride/vinylacetate copolymers, hydroxy-containing acrylates or polyvinyl chloride, or other modifying polyurethane reaction components such as hydroxy polyesters of relatively high functionality, or even other aromatic polyamines such as 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4-diamino-3,5-diisopropyl diphenylmethane or 2,4-diamino-3,5-diethyl toluene.
The crosslinking polyisocyanates mentioned above may be stirred into the solutions without any significant increase in viscosity occurring over a processing time of a few hours or, in some cases, a few days. However, even in continuous coating processes, the polyisocyanates may optionally be continuously introduced in the intended mixing ratio just before application.
Removal of the solvents is followed or accompanied by crosslinking in the required manner which is relatively unaffected by traces of water in the solvents and which leads to safe reaction of the polyurethanes containing terminal amino groups with crosslinking polyisocyanates and reaction products which are formed, for example, by reaction with atmospheric moisture. The necessary crosslinking temperatures are distinctly reduced by comparison with hydroxyl-terminated polyurethanes while the crosslinking density and the properties dependent thereon are improved. Crosslinking occurs after removal of the solvents and, in the event of prolonged storage, even at temperatures as low as room temperature. In overall terms, the crosslinking effects are distinctly more favorable than in the case of the known hydroxyl-terminated polyurethanes. Accordingly, polyurethane preparations of the type in question are preferably used for coating textile substrates (woven fabrics, knitted fabrics or nonwovens), particularly heat-sensitive textile substrates or leather, or as adhesives, particularly for heat-sensitive plastic substrates.
The invention is further illustrated, but is not intended to be limited by the following examples in which all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.
1241 g of a polyester of adipic acid and 1,4-butane diol (OH number 122, acid number <0.9) were dehydrated for 1 hour at 100� C. in a water jet vacuum. 4900 g of tetrahydrofuran were added. Following the addition of 121.5 g of 1,4-butane diol, 737.3 g of 4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane were added. After catalysis with 12.5 ppm (based on polyester) of dibutyl tin dilaurate, the reaction was carried out at 50 to 55� C. until a constant NCO-value was obtained (0.22% in the solution after 19 hours, corresponding to 0.73% NCO in the PU solid).
600 g samples of the NCO-prepolymer were chain-extended to a level of 75% of the theoretical with a 10% solution of 1-amino-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-aminomethyl cyclohexane in tetrahydrofurane. The solutions obtained had a viscosity of 30,000 mPa.s at 25� C. and an NCO-content of 0.055% based on PU-solution which corresponds to 0.183% NCO based on PU solid. According to the above equation, this corresponds to an average molecular weight of about 45,000.
The solutions were chain-terminated as set forth in Table 1 and diluted with tetrahydrofuran to a solids content of 20%.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ all diamine terminators η25� C./20% in used in an NCO:NH2 -ratio THF mPa.sChain-terminated according of 1:2 (different ratio after after 1to the invention with used in 1 I) preparation month__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR12## 2070 2400 ##STR13## 3300 28001 I 5.3 g of 2,4-diamino-dodecylbenzene (1:4) 2200 2300Comparison Examples1C 0.77 g of 1,4-butane diol 2400 56001D 0.39 g of ethanol 2370 61001E 1.1 g of dibutylamine 1710 19001F 0.83 g of butanone oxime 1680 18001G 0.71 g of N--methyl ethanolamine 2400 28001H 1.70 g of 4,4' -diaminodiphenylmethane 4800 5700__________________________________________________________________________
Example 1 was repeated with the exception that 747.3 g of diisocyanatodiphenylmethane were used instead of 737.3 g. The PU-solution obtained had a (stable) final NCO-value of 0.31%, corresponding to an average molecular weight of only about 8100. 600 g of the prepolymer were chain-terminated with 9.65 g of the following araliphatic diamine ##STR14## and diluted with tetrahydrofuran to a solids content of 20%. The 20% solution had a viscosity of 250 mPa.s at 25� C. and thickened into a paste after storage for 1 week at room temperature. The PU-solution did not show the required shelf life.
1281 g of polytetramethylene ether glycol having an OH number of 112.2 (Polymeg 1000, a product of Quaker Oats) were dehydrated for 1 hour at 100� C. in a water jet vacuum. 4900 g of tetrahydrofuran (THF) were added. 115.3 g of 1,4-butane diol were stirred in at 40� C., followed by 703.2 g of 4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane. After the addition of 12.5 ppm of dibutyl tin dilaurate (based on polyether), the reaction was continued at 50� to 55� C. until a constant NCO-value of 0.26% was reached in the solution (5 hours).
600 samples g of the NCO-containing prepolymer which already had a relatively high molecular weight were extended with isophorone diamine to a level of 45% of the theoretical (based on the free NCO-groups), corresponding to an average molecular weight of the NCO-terminated polyurethane of approximately 17,500.
The solutions were chain-terminated as set forth in Table 2 and diluted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) to a solids content of 20%.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Chain-terminated according η25� C. (mPa.s)to the invention with immediately after 1 month__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR15## 2600 2700 ##STR16## 4300 4600Comparison Examples2C 1.84 g of 1,4-butane diol 3700 53002D 0.94 g of ethanol 2600 31002E 2.63 g of dibutylamine 1800 19002F 1.78 g of butanone oxime 2070 22002G 1.53 g of N--methyl ethanolamine 1800 19002H 4.1 g of 4,4'-diphenylmethane 6050 6800__________________________________________________________________________
Example 2 was repeated with the exception that 725 g of 4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane was used instead of 703.2 g. The PU-solution obtained had a stable NCO-value of 0.32% which corresponds to an average molecular weight for the NCO-terminated polyurethane of approximately 8000.
1100 g of the prepolymer were chain-terminated with 18.3 g of the following diamine ##STR17## and diluted with THF to a solids content of 20%. The solution had a viscosity of 200 mPa.s at 25� C. and thickened into a paste after 3 days.
1000 g of a polyester of adipic acid and 1,4-butane diol (OH number 50.5, acid number 0.8) were dehydrated for 1 hour at 100� C. in a water jet vacuum. After the addition of 96 g of 1,4-butane diol, 66.1 g of ethylene glycol and 4260 g of tetrahydrofuran, 670 g of 4,4-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane were added at 40� to 45� C. The temperature rose to 55� C. during the reaction. After a viscosity of approximately 30,000 mPa.s at 25� C. had been reached, the residual NCO-content was determined. The solution was then chain-terminated, followed by dilution with THF to a solids content of 20% as set forth in Table 3.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Chain-terminated according η25� C. Afterto the invention with NCO (%) (mPa.s) 1 month__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR18## 25002600 (MW approx. 23,000) ##STR19## 27002800 (MW approx. 28,000) ##STR20## 24002600 ##STR21## 36003900Comparison Examples ##STR22## 19502100F 0.11 9.8 g of H2 NCH2 CH2OH 20502200__________________________________________________________________________
A solution of 66.58 g of 1,4-butane diol and 87.29 g of 1,6-hexane diol in 180 g of THF was added dropwise to a solution of 266.1 g of a mixture of 65% of 2,4- and 35% of 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate in 800 g of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at such a rate that the exothermic reaction kept the temperature at 55� to 60� C. After 8 hours at 50� to 55� C., a constant NCO-value of 0.17% was obtained in the PU-solution.
The solution was chain-extended with 1.65 g of isophorone diamine to a level of 34% of its NCO-content, its viscosity increasing from 1000 mPa.s at 28� C. to 16,000 mPa.s at 43� C. The solution was then chain-terminated with 8.15 g of (3-amino-4-methylbenzyl)-cyclohexylamine. Dilution to a solids content of 20% gave a stable solution having a viscosity of 3950 mPa.s.
325 g of a phthalic acid/adipic (15:85 molar ratio)ethylene glycol ester (MW 1750) and 75 g of ethylene glycol/butane diol (1:1 molar ratio)--polyadipate (MW 2000) were stirred at 80� C. with 46.0 g of a mixture of 65% of 2,4- and 35% of 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate. 192 g of ethylacetate were added dropwise as the viscosity increased. An NCO-value of 0.54% (corresponding to an average molecular weight of 10,900) was obtained after 12 hours.
The solution was chain-terminated with 18.2 g of ##STR23## A stable solution having a viscosity of 14,000 mPa.s at 25� C. was obtained.
254 g of a hexane diol polycarbonate (OH number 271.5) were dissolved in 980 g of tetrahydrofuran. After the addition of 166.1 g of 4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane, the temperature rose slowly to 56� C. After the slightly exothermic reaction had abated, the solution was kept at 50� to 60� C. for another 4 hours. A stable NCO-value in the PU-solution of 0.13% was obtained.
1100 g of the prepolymer were chain-extended to a level of 25% by the addition of 0.72 g of isophorone diamine, the viscosity rising directly from 4000 mPa.s at 24� C. to 12,000 mPa.s at 46� C. 5.6 g of 4-(3-amino-4-methylbenzyl)-cyclohexylamine were added for chain termination. Dilution with tetrahydrofuran to a solids content of 20% gave a stable solution having a viscosity of 2100 mPa.s.
53.8 g of 4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane were added to 366 g of 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane polycarbonate (OH number 56.1) in 980 g of tetrahydrofuran. A stable prepolymer having an NCO content of 0.16% in the NCO-solution was obtained after 6 hours at 55� C.
1100 g of the prepolymer were chain-extended with a mixture of 0.66 g of isophorone diamine and 0.015 g of N-methyl ethanolamine, the viscosity increasing rapidly from 4300 mPa.s at 31� C. to 16,400 mPa.s at 44� C.
7.37 g of 4-(3-amino-4-methylbenzyl)-cyclohexylamine were then added for chain termination. Dilution with tetrahydrofuran to a solids content of 20% gave a stable solution having a viscosity of 2800 mPa.s.
154.7 g of a mixture of 65% of 2,4- and 35% of 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate were added to 265 g of 2,2-bis-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl)-propane in 980 g of tetrahydrofuran. After the addition of 0.5 ml of a 1% solution of dibutyl tin dilaurate in THF, the solution was heated for 28 h to 50�-60� C. A prepolymer having a constant NCO-value of 0.44%, based on the PU-solution, was obtained.
955 g of the prepolymer were chain-extended with 6.8 g of isophorone diamine, the viscosity increasing directly from 500 mPa.s at 21� C. to 18,000 mPa.s at 29� C. 4.36 g of 4-(3-amino-4-methylbenzyl)-cyclohexylamine were then added for chain termination. Dilution with THF to a solids content of 20% gave a stable solution having a viscosity of 3000 mPa.s.
331 g of a hexane diol polycarbonate (OH number 160) were reacted at 60� C. with 89.2 g of a mixture of 65% of 2,4- and 35% of 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate in 180 g of ethylacetate. A prepolymer having a stable NCO-value of 0.45% was obtained. The prepolymer was chain-terminated with 14.0 g of 4-(3-amino-4-methylbenzyl)-cyclohexylamine and diluted to a solids content of 50%. A stable solution having a viscosity of 2500 mPa.s was obtained.
116.8 g of a hexane diol polycarbonate (OH number 56) in 980 g of tetrahydrofuran were mixed at 50� C. with 216.7 g of a mixture of 65% of 2,4- and 35% of 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate. After the addition of 12.5 ppm (based on polyether) of dibutyl tin dilaurate, the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. A mixture of 51.23 g of 1,4-butane diol and 35.3 g of ethylene glycol was then added dropwise. A constant NCO-value of 0.17% was obtained after 30 hours at 55� to 60� C. 1100 g of the prepolymer were chain-extended with isophorone diamine to a level of 75% of the theoretical, the viscosity increasing from 1000 mPa.s at 24� C. to 16000 mPa.s at 31� C. 2.21 g of 4-(3-amino-4-methylbenzyl)-cyclohexylamine were then added for chain termination. After dilution with THF, the solution had a viscosity of 2760 mPa.s.
292 g of a hexane diol polycarbonate (OH number 105.8) in 980 g of tetrahydrofuran were mixed at 50� C. with 115.7 g of 4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane. After 30 minutes, 8.12 g of 1,6-hexane diol and 4.27 g of ethylene glycol were added dropwise in the form of a mixture. A constant NCO-value of 0.17% was obtained after 6 hours at 50� to 55� C. 1100 g of the prepolymer were chain-extended with isophorone diamine to a level of 10% of the theoretical, the viscosity increasing from 6800 mPa.s at 24� C. to 16000 mPa.s at 44� C. 8.75 g of 4-(3-amino-4-methylbenzyl)-cyclohexylamine were then added for chain termination. After dilution with THF to a solids content of 20%, the solution had a viscosity of 2800 mPa.s.
Water was added to the solutions to give them a water content of 0.5% and 5 g of a polyisocyanate (Desmodur L-75, a biuret polyisocyanate based on 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate available from Bayer AG) were stirred in per 100 g of 20% polymer solution.
Films were cast onto glass plates using a 1000 μm coating knife. The films were measured after storage for 1 week under normal conditions.
To determine the degree of crosslinking, weighed pieces of film were stored in THF for 1 hour, the increase in volume determined, the pieces of film subsequently dried and the change in weight determined. The results are shown in the following Table.
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________ 100% Tensile Increase in Change in Modulus strength Elongation volume weightExample No. (MPa) (MPa) (%) (%) (%)__________________________________________________________________________1A According to the invention 24.5 56.2 250 270 -11B According to the invention 24.5 57.7 250 430 -2.61C Comparison Examples 24.5 60.3 300 390 -101D Comparison Examples 26.6 55.1 300 390 -16.71E Comparison Examples 19.4 66.9 300 310 -34.11F Comparison Examples 19.4 40.3 250 310 -37.81G Comparison Examples 20.4 66.4 250 430 -14.02A According to the invention 15.3 42.4 200 270 02B According to the invention 13.3 44.0 250 270 -1.72C Comparison Examples 12.3 50.1 250 530 -12.02D Comparison Examples 10.2 46.5 3502E Comparison Examples 10.2 29.6 300 almost dissolved2F Comparison Examples 10.2 37.8 3502G Comparison Examples 12.3 39.2 250 530 -25.53A According to the invention 3.0 42.0 150 255 03B According to the invention 21.0 34.1 150 350 03C Comparison Example 17.5 39.4 200 205 -64.53D According to the invention 19.5 43.0 150 270 -23E According to the invention 24.0 44.0 200 310 -13F Comparison Example 23.0 41.0 200 250 -174 According to the invention -- 54.7 50 n.d. -0.55 According to the invention 12.5 51.5 350 n.d. -1.06 According to the invention 33.4 49.0 200 n.d. -0.57 According to the invention -- 47.0 60 n.d. -1.28 According to the invention -- 54.6 10 n.d. -1.39 According to the invention 28.7 53.0 250 n.d. -0.810 According to the invention -- 48.5 30 n.d. -1.511 According to the invention 22.1 55.2 200 n.d. -1__________________________________________________________________________ n.d. = not determined
Although the invention has been described in detail in the foregoing for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention except as it may be limited by the claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 10, 1966
|Feb 18, 1969
|Bayer Ag
|Polyurethanes prepared from aromatic amines having alkyl groups in the ortho positions to the amine groups
|Jan 16, 1970
|Aug 8, 1972
|Bayer Ag
|Polyurethane elastomers and a process for the production thereof
|Aug 10, 1971
|Apr 6, 1976
|Imperial Chemical Industries Limited
|Process for the manufacture of polymer solutions
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|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|High molecular weight polyamines and their use in preparation of polyurethane resins
|Dec 21, 1971
|Glanzstoff Ag
|Production of a linear polyurethane
|Jul 5, 1960
|Jan 18, 1962
|Bayer Ag
|Verfahren zur Herstellung von primaere Amino- und Harnstoffgruppen aufweisenden hoehermolekularen Verbindungen
|Jan 11, 1975
|Jul 15, 1976
|Basf Ag
|Polyurethane solns, prodn. with reproducible viscosity - by adding prim, or sec. monoamine, then monoisocyanate at desired stage
|Oct 16, 1982
|May 4, 1983
|Bayer Ag
|Process for the production of polyurethane solutions with stable viscosity
|Aug 13, 1983
|Apr 4, 1984
|Bayer Ag
|Process for preparation of diamines or mixtures of diamines
|Aug 13, 1983
|Apr 11, 1984
|Bayer Ag
|Process for preparation of diamines or mixtures of diamines
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 7, 1991
|Jun 15, 1993
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Process for the preparation of amines, the amines thus obtained and the use thereof as hardeners for epoxide resins
|Aug 3, 1993
|Oct 11, 1994
|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
|Anionic water dispersed polyurethane polymer for improved coatings and adhesives
|Sep 9, 1994
|Mar 4, 1997
|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
|Aqueous polyurethane dispersion adhesive compositions with improved heat resistance
|Jun 7, 1995
|Mar 11, 1997
|H.B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
|Aqueous non-gelling, anionic polyurethane dispersions and process for their manufacture
|Nov 22, 1994
|Dec 30, 1997
|H.B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
|Aqueous anionic poly (urethane/urea) dispersions
|Sep 16, 1996
|Feb 10, 1998
|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
|Melamine-formaldehyde resin based adhesive compositions
|Nov 21, 1995
|Feb 16, 1999
|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
|Water-based polyurethanes for footwear
|Mar 3, 1997
|Aug 24, 1999
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Cycloaliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers
|Jun 17, 1998
|Jan 25, 2000
|H.B. Fuller Licensing & Financing,Inc.
|Stable aqueous polyurethane dispersions
|Feb 13, 1998
|Jan 25, 2000
|Tektronix, Inc.
|Phase change ink formulation using urethane isocyanate-derived resins and a polyethylene wax
|Feb 13, 1998
|Feb 22, 2000
|Tektronix, Inc.
|Phase change ink formulation using urethane isocyanate-derived resins, a polyethylene wax and toughening agent
|Sep 15, 1999
|May 22, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Phase change ink formulations, colorant formulations, and methods of forming colorants
|Mar 28, 2000
|Jun 26, 2001
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Polyurethane solutions terminated with amino-functional heterocyclic stoppers
|Sep 20, 1999
|Oct 30, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Colorless compounds, solid inks, and printing methods
|May 23, 2001
|Apr 30, 2002
|Xerox Corporation
|Colorless compounds
|Aug 16, 2001
|Oct 8, 2002
|Ing-Chung Huang
|Removable, pressure-adjustable, shock-absorbing cushion device with an inflation pump for sports goods
|Feb 15, 2002
|Oct 15, 2002
|Xerox Corporation
|Solid inks and printing methods
|Mar 21, 2000
|Jul 13, 2004
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Polyurethane solutions containing alkoxysilane structural units
|Jan 30, 2001
|Apr 4, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Phase change ink formulations, colorant formulations, and methods of forming colorants
|Feb 16, 2006
|Jan 29, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Phase change ink formulations, colorant formulations, and methods of forming colorants
|Feb 16, 2006
|Mar 18, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Phase change ink formulations, colorant formulations, and methods of forming colorants
|Nov 23, 2010
|Invista North America S.�r.l.
|Dyeable spandex
|Dec 14, 2007
|May 10, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|Phase change ink formulations, colorant formulations, and methods of forming colorants
|Dec 14, 2007
|Jul 26, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|Phase change ink formulations, colorant formulations, and methods of forming colorants
|Nov 3, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Invista North America S.A.R.L.
|Dyeable spandex
|Feb 16, 2006
|Jul 20, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Phase change ink formulations, colorant formulations, and methods of forming colorants
|Dec 14, 2007
|Apr 17, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Phase change ink formulations, colorant formulations, and methods of forming colorants
|Dec 14, 2007
|Apr 17, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Phase change ink formulations, colorant formulations, and methods of forming colorants
|Dec 26, 2008
|Dec 9, 2010
|Midori Hokuyo Co., Ltd.
|Jul 10, 2009
|Jul 17, 2013
|Polyurethane urea solutions
|U.S. Classification
|528/64, 528/905
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 15, 1985
Owner name: BAYER AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, LEVERKUSEN, GERMANY A CO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MECKEL, WALTER;REEL/FRAME:004357/0746
Effective date: 19841221
|May 4, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 5, 1993
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 12, 1993
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 6, 1994
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 17, 1994
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19940306


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Bernie Sanders, socialism, and the 2016 elections
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text:
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PATNA: Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar on Sunday said his government required Centre's support in the form of a special category status to push the state's all round development especially in the industrial sector. We are working in every ...The Gulf Today, 1 month ago Nitish Kumar's First TV Interview After Winning Bihar Election NDTV, 1 month ago Nitish's JDU to Expand in Varanasi, Calls For 'Sangh-Mukt-Bharat' Equilibrio Informativo, 1 week ago
India Development Foundation of Overseas Indians
Dear All, India Development Foundation Overseas Indians (IDF-OI), a not-for-profit Trust is set up by the Government of India to enable philanthropy/ contributions from NRIs/PIOs to social and developmental projects in India. IDF-OI is chaired by ...Asian Connection, 1 month ago 16-year-old IIT aspirant from Bihar commits suicide The Gulf Today, 1 month ago FEATURE: Has India's Supreme Court taken a step towards climate compatible development? Climate and Development Knowledge Network, 1 day ago Workers die to make garden tiles By Rina Chandran Reuters India, 2 weeks ago
More from: , AlertNet...and 2 other sources
Either Jammu or Srinagar for Smart City Mission evaluation
Of these 23 cities, only 13 could qualify for the smart city projects through the fresh competition. Press Trust of India New Delhi, Publish Date: May 24 2016 4:01PM | Updated Date: May 24 2016 4:01PM One out of Jammu and Srinagar in Jammu and ...Greater Kashmir, 14 hours ago
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Elated with his party's historic victory in the Assembly elections in Assam, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Thursday said all the results were encouraging for the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP). I thank all the voters for their faith and trust in ...The Hindu, 4 days ago Modi's message to Bihar voters from Mumbai in 2015 cost exchequer Rs 3 crore! DNA India, 2 months ago
#dnaEdit: Reading the verdict right
One of the mistakes that the national media and political analysts made after the Bihar assembly election was to project Nitish Kumar as a potential prime ministerial candidate in 2019. The people of Bihar had elected Kumar to govern Bihar and ...DNA India, 4 days ago
Decoding Mamata's massive victory: People trusted her, not the media-driven campaign
There are many lessons to be drawn from Mamata Banerjee's resounding victory. The chief among those is pretty simple but often overlooked in the heat and dust of political analysis. Nothing can stop you if you have the people's support. And 19 May ...Firstpost.com, 5 days ago
Assam results live: Will BJP debut in power to end Tarun Gogoi's 15-year rule?
07:01 (IST) Sarbananda Sonowal offers prayers 06:53 (IST) Like Bihar, BJP will celebrate only for the first two hours: Badruddin Ajmal Taking a dig at the BJP, Ajmal said, "Like Bihar, BJP will only celebrate for first two hours,after ...Firstpost.com, 6 days ago Assam results Live: Will the BJP debut in power to end Tarun Gogoi's 15-year rule? Firstpost.com, 5 days ago
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Mobile Site You Are Here > PFR Home > All Colleges/Univ > Aurora > All Players
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|Reblogged: Providing A Persistent Data Volume to EMC XtremIO Using ClusterHQ Flocker, Docker And Marathon
|Enterprise Manager 13c, System Broadcast
|Sliced Bread in SQL
|Sliced Bread in SQL
|Oracle Cloud – Your service is suspended due to exceeding resource quota !
|EM12c Compliance 'Required Data Available' flag – Understanding and Troubleshooting
|SOUG Training Day May 2016 in Switzerland
|How can I see my invisible columns
|Oracle Cloud – Stairway to Heaven…?
|Enterprise Manager 13c, "Webtier Could Not Be Started"
|Always write everything down!
|Equi-sized partitions on random data
|Something new learned every day
|Performance Data Visualization for SLOB. The SLOB Expert Community is Vibrant!
|The New Smartphone Upgrade
|Oracle Midlands : Webinar
|All change at oracle-base.com (MySQL 5.7 and PHP7)
|On building SQL
|C# Web-Based Forms with Oracle Database Access
|The Ten Rules of Database Administration
The OakTable Challenge goes live whenever the OakTable Network sets up a stand at any of the public user-oriented events. Previous events which have seen an OakTable stand include: Miracle Open World, the UK Oracle User Group annual conference, and the Rocky Mountain Oracle User Group annual conference.
The OakTable Challenge is simple. Ask us (The OakTable members) any technical Oracle-related question and if we cannot provide you with either a solution or/and answer like, "yes", "no", "we need more information" or "cannot be done" within 24 hours, we'll give you a T-shirt that states that you challenged the OakTable Network - and won!


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Popular homes in Birmingham
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View assessor property records for Birmingham AL. The median sales price for homes in Birmingham AL was $116,000. The average list price for homes for sale in Birmingham on Trulia is $207,094. The median sales price decreased 42.0% compared to the prior year based on 105 sales, which decreased 71.7% compared to the prior year.
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mitsubishi electric corp
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BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH Koichi Nagasawa *
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|By Marketwired .
Article Rating:
|December 8, 2012 04:00 PM EST
STUTTGART, GERMANY -- (Marketwire) -- 12/08/12 -- The Porsche 911 GT3 Cup is the most successful race car in the world. Since 1998, 2,395 units of the near-street-stock race vehicle for customer sport have been produced. The new edition of the 911 GT3 Cup is the motorsports version of the future showroom model 911 GT3 (yet to be introduced) and as such is the first race car that is based on the seventh generation of the sports car icon (Porsche 911 - type 991) from Zuffenhausen.
The new 911 GT3 Cup will be run exclusively in the Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup in 2013. The rest of the Porsche makes cups and challenge cups around the world, including the IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge by Yokohama and the IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge Canada by Michelin, will compete in the current 911 GT3 Cup racer for 2013, switching to the new car in 2014. The new car for one-make racing made its debut on the occasion of the end of motorsport season "Night of Champions" celebration at the R&D Centre in Weissach.
The new Porsche 911 GT3 Cup is powered by a 3.8-litre horizontally-opposed six cylinder engine. It generates 460 horsepower at 7,500 rpm, surpassing the predecessor by 10 hp. A six-speed dog-type gearbox developed by Porsche Motorsport which is operated via steering wheel mounted shift paddles - for the first time in a Porsche brand trophy race car - transmits the power to the rear axle. The single piece race wheels with centre mount were also newly designed by Porsche Motorsport. The width of the Michelin race slicks was increased by two centimetres to 27 centimetres at the front and by ten millimetres at the rear axle to 31 centimetres.
A newly developed race braking system further improves the excellent endurance qualities compared to its successful predecessor. The 380 millimetre slotted and inner-vented steel brake rotors at the front axle are decelerated by six-piston aluminium fixed calipers. The rear axle features a four-piston version.
During the development of the new car a particular emphasis was put on driver safety. A newly designed safety cage protects the pilot in case of a roll or a collision as does a newly developed race seat which is distinctively shaped around the head and shoulders and can be adjusted individually with the help of padding. A rescue hatch in the roof provides easy access for primary medical attention and for the extraction of the driver.
"The new 911 GT3 Cup is much easier to drive at the limit," says Porsche works driver Timo Bernhard, who had significant involvement in the development of the new vehicle. "The car's balance is excellent. The new axle geometry is enormously positive for the handling. All these contribute in making the new Cup 911 great fun to drive."
Like its predecessor the new Porsche 911 GT3 Cup is produced in Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen on the same assembly line as the street-legal models. At the Motorsport Centre in Weissach, it receives a general set-up for the race track and is tested by a professional race driver before delivery to the customers. The starting price for the vehicle, which is available exclusively in white, is 181,200 Euro plus country-specific taxes.
Please note: Photos of the new Porsche 911 GT3 Cup are available on the Porsche Press Database for accredited journalists at https://presse.porsche.de. From this website you can also activate the Porsche Motorsport SMS Info Service to receive the latest news and information from race tracks around the world via text messages.
Porsche Cars Canada Ltd.
Patrick Saint-Pierre
Public Relations
(905) 694-2398
[email protected]
As organizations shift towards IT-as-a-service models, the need for managing and protecting data residing across physical, virtual, and now cloud environments grows with it. Commvault can ensure protection, access and E-Discovery of your data – whether in a private cloud, a Service Provider delivered public cloud, or a hybrid cloud environment – across the heterogeneous enterprise. In his general session at 18th Cloud Expo, Randy De Meno, Chief Technologist - Windows Products and Microsoft Part...
May. 26, 2016 06:15 PM EDT Reads: 298
SYS-CON Events announced today that AppNeta, the leader in performance insight for business-critical web applications, will exhibit and present at SYS-CON's @DevOpsSummit at Cloud Expo New York, which will take place on June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. AppNeta is the only application performance monitoring (APM) company to provide solutions for all applications – applications you develop internally, business-critical SaaS applications you use and the networks that deli...
May. 26, 2016 06:15 PM EDT Reads: 2,308
Join us at Cloud Expo | @ThingsExpo 2016 – June 7-9 at the Javits Center in New York City and November 1-3 at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA – and deliver your unique message in a way that is striking and unforgettable by taking advantage of SYS-CON's unmatched high-impact, result-driven event / media packages.
May. 26, 2016 06:00 PM EDT Reads: 2,265
In his keynote at 18th Cloud Expo, Andrew Keys, Co-Founder of ConsenSys Enterprise, will provide an overview of the evolution of the Internet and the Database and the future of their combination – the Blockchain. Andrew Keys is Co-Founder of ConsenSys Enterprise. He comes to ConsenSys Enterprise with capital markets, technology and entrepreneurial experience. Previously, he worked for UBS investment bank in equities analysis. Later, he was responsible for the creation and distribution of life ...
May. 26, 2016 06:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,861
Many banks and financial institutions are experimenting with containers in development environments, but when will they move into production? Containers are seen as the key to achieving the ultimate in information technology flexibility and agility. Containers work on both public and private clouds, and make it easy to build and deploy applications. The challenge for regulated industries is the cost and complexity of container security compliance. VM security compliance is already challenging, ...
May. 26, 2016 06:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,178
Internet of @ThingsExpo, taking place November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, is co-located with the 19th International Cloud Expo and will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world and ThingsExpo New York Call for Papers is now open.
May. 26, 2016 06:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,751
Cloud computing changed data analytics for good. It enabled companies to drastically decrease resources and architecture previously assigned with business intelligence departments. It also enabled laymen to run advanced business analytics. Cloud was also the architecture of choice for storing and processing big data. Data piling is a continuous process, which is going to explode with emerging Internet of Things concept. Answer to this issue developers found in new concept called fog computing. ...
May. 26, 2016 05:30 PM EDT Reads: 1,903
SYS-CON Events announced today that Commvault, a global leader in enterprise data protection and information management, has been named "Bronze Sponsor" of SYS-CON's 18th International Cloud Expo, which will take place on June 7–9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY, and the 19th International Cloud Expo, which will take place on November 1–3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. Commvault is a leading provider of data protection and information management...
May. 26, 2016 04:45 PM EDT Reads: 2,974
18th Cloud Expo, taking place June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY, will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world. Cloud computing is now being embraced by a majority of enterprises of all sizes. Yesterday's debate about public vs. private has transformed into the reality of hybrid cloud: a recent survey shows that 74% of enterprises have a hybrid cloud strategy. Meanwhile, 94% of enterprises are using some...
May. 26, 2016 04:45 PM EDT Reads: 3,043
The IoTs will challenge the status quo of how IT and development organizations operate. Or will it? Certainly the fog layer of IoT requires special insights about data ontology, security and transactional integrity. But the developmental challenges are the same: People, Process and Platform. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Craig Sproule, CEO of Metavine, will demonstrate how to move beyond today's coding paradigm and share the must-have mindsets for removing complexity from the development proc...
May. 26, 2016 04:30 PM EDT Reads: 1,857
SYS-CON Events announced today that Tintri Inc., a leading producer of VM-aware storage (VAS) for virtualization and cloud environments, will exhibit at the 18th International CloudExpo®, which will take place on June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, New York, and the 19th International Cloud Expo, which will take place on November 1–3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA.
May. 26, 2016 04:30 PM EDT Reads: 2,213
SYS-CON Events announced today that Super Micro Computer, Inc., a global leader in Embedded and IoT solutions, will exhibit at SYS-CON's 18th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. Supermicro (NASDAQ: SMCI), the leading innovator in high-performance, high-efficiency server technology, is a premier provider of advanced server Building Block Solutions® for Data Center, Cloud Computing, Enterprise IT, Hadoop/Big Data, HPC and ...
May. 26, 2016 04:15 PM EDT Reads: 370
SYS-CON Events announced today that Enzu, a leading provider of cloud hosting solutions, will exhibit at SYS-CON's 18th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 7-9, 2016, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. Enzu's mission is to be the leading provider of enterprise cloud solutions worldwide. Enzu enables online businesses to use its IT infrastructure to their competitive advantage. By offering a suite of proven hosting and management services, Enzu wants companies to foc...
May. 26, 2016 04:15 PM EDT Reads: 2,176
The IoT is changing the way enterprises conduct business. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Eric Hoffman, Vice President at EastBanc Technologies, discuss how businesses can gain an edge over competitors by empowering consumers to take control through IoT. We'll cite examples such as a Washington, D.C.-based sports club that leveraged IoT and the cloud to develop a comprehensive booking system. He'll also highlight how IoT can revitalize and restore outdated business models, making them profitable...
May. 26, 2016 04:15 PM EDT Reads: 2,737
SoftLayer operates a global cloud infrastructure platform built for Internet scale. With a global footprint of data centers and network points of presence, SoftLayer provides infrastructure as a service to leading-edge customers ranging from Web startups to global enterprises. SoftLayer's modular architecture, full-featured API, and sophisticated automation provide unparalleled performance and control. Its flexible unified platform seamlessly spans physical and virtual devices linked via a world...
May. 26, 2016 04:15 PM EDT Reads: 2,005


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This communication is to update residents regarding the amount of road salt the City of Cudahy currently has available, as misinformation is spreading throughout our community. Contrary to what you have heard, the City of Cudahy is NOT out of salt. However, the pile is dwindling as it is for other county and local agencies. As a matter of fact, due to proper calibration of equipment and other techniques used by the men and women of our Department of Public Works, we are in better shape than most communities.
The city contracts in May of each year for our salt purchases. This purchase is based on budget and past consumption over a 10-year period as well as looking at projections for the upcoming winter. The city contracts for around 2,000 tons of salt per winter season. The City has a storage facility which handles about 500 tons. During a typical winter, the City utilizes around 1,500 to 1,600 tons of salt. We take delivery of our remaining salt supply by April 15th to avoid a hefty monthly storage fee.
From December 1, 2013 through January 27, 2014, the Cudahy Department of Public Works has utilized about 1,600 tons of salt. While we are taking in our reserve amounts, we have been trying to conserve while continuing to look at available sources for the purchase of additional salt. Other communities and Counties are in the same situation. As government entities; we work together and communicate regularly to find additional supplies.
The amount of salt utilized and available has been, and will continue to be, monitored by my office and the Management Team of the Department of Public Works. First and foremost, we want to ensure the safety of our resident, and all who pass through our community. However, we have to live with the reality of the situation and take alternative measurers during this harsh winter.
As we move forward through this winter, we will continue to apply "best management practices" in the application of salt. We have, and will continue to use, sand & salt mixtures to help us get through the next 6 to 8 weeks of winter.
John R. Hohenfeldt
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Hotels in Bistupur
(10 PROPERTIES IN Bistupur)
Recently Booked in Jamshedpur
When I booked this hotel online through make my trip I thought it would be a decent hotel at good price. But when I checked in I found out that this hotel was really outstanding. S ...
Amiya Nayak
- 2016-03-21
93, Sakchi New Planning Area, Water Works Road, Water Works Road, Jamshedpur
Last booked at 4(hrs) ago
It was a nice stay with my family and the location of the hotel is also very good as it was just 15min away from Tatanagar Railway station. Rooms were standard equipped with many f ...
Kakali Sur
- 2016-03-20
9, New Kalimati Road, Sakchi, Sakchi, Jamshedpur
Last booked at 10(hrs) ago
Service was too good. the employee of the hotel were too helpful and made arrangements for our request without any delay Anyways the conference room was too small but their servic ...
Dilip Mishra
- 2016-03-13
Plot No. 678 and 1008,Opposite Voltas Building,Bistupur Main Road, Bistupur, Jamshedpur
Last booked at 9(hrs) ago
Recently Viewed in Jamshedpur
Hotel Sagar is a budget property, located at 5.3 kms from Jamshedpur Airport, 6.9 kms from Adityapur Railway Station and 1.8 kms from Jamshedpur Bus Station. The property offers facilities like gymnasium, doctor on call, security, car rental and par ...
Nand Singh Area, New Kalimati Road , sakchi, Sakchi,
Located in the heart of the city, Hotel Yellow Tree is only 10 minutes�???�?�¢?? drive from Sonari Airport and Jamshedpur Bus Station. This boutique hotel is known for its beautiful architecture and state-of-the-art facilities. A ...
Swastik Prabha Akash, Road No 3, Contractors Area,, Bistupur, Jamshedpur
Hotel BS Park Plaza is a 3 star property located at 3.8 kms from Sonari Airport, 3.7 kms from Tatanagar Junction Railway Station and 6.4 kms from Jamshedpur Bus Station. Hotel BS Park Plaza provide high standard of comfort, style and uncompromisin ...
Main Road Bistupur, Opposite of Ram Mandir Bistupur,Beside Reliance Foot print, Jamshedpur
Bistupur Hotels
Choose from the below list of 10 Available Hotels in Bistupur.
- Popularity
- Price:Low to High
- Price:High to Low
Unbelievable service from a small town like Jamshedpur. Not only the hotel staff provide everything I have requested, they even thought of my situation and offered more to fit in. Rooms were good. The only extra they can add in this hotel will be a split AC. Rest is close to perfection. Thank you.
I have been coming here for the last 6 months or so and found the hotel to be the best in terms of service quality-both in room and food. The food here is the best in Jamshedpur. Highly recommended to all travellers. The room rates are reasonable too.
Rs 3600Book Now
Service was too good. the employee of the hotel were too helpful and made arrangements for our request without any delay
Anyways the conference room was too small but their service covered that part too. arrangement for food was as per our expectations. Going to use their services again in future. keep up the good work
It was my first stay with ginger and was a perfect one. The service was very good, rooms were clean, good food. In short a value for money. Yes I have recieved a good deal from makemytrip. So thanks to makemytrip as well.
Rs 2134Book Now
Absolute pleasure to stay at this hotel. I must stay at this hotel only in my next visits to Jamshedpur. I have stayed at Ramada - Bangalore and others. This was even better.
Good hospitality by the hotel staff front desk MR. Rahul Kumar was excellent helped me out with check in procedure and provided the best room at good rates. Really best value for money. Pleasant stay, good food, nice and comfortable rooms.
Rs 4500Book Now
Stayed in March 2016 for a day. As usual its great value for money. Bathroom could do with some improvements in fittings. Great room service as usaul. Check-in was prompt so was check out. Food quality was reasonably good. Location is the biggest advantage.
Location is good for business trip it is fine for stay. Food is good service is also good. Value for money.
Rs 1725Book Now
In Jamshedpur you get very few places to stay as it's not a tourist destination. However, I was lucky to have been referred this hotel by a friend of mine. Rooms are extremely good. They are very cleaned and well-maintained. Also, the breakfast is very delicious. Recommended and value for money.
The experience was good and staff was well behaved. The rooms are good, staff courteous and helpful. The entrance to the hotel did not do justice to the kind of facility and rooms they have put up. The entrance is quite shabby and narrow. The owner Mr Sharma who is a golf enthusiast was very courteous.
Rs 3100Book Now
The location and food is excellent. A must go hotel, if you are to stay at Jamshedpur. The ambience is very peaceful with modern day amenities. But, the TV is a little old fashioned. The staff is very humble and extend full support and cooperation wherever required.
Its a good hotel with decent facilities. I recommend it. Overall, a good hotel.
Rs 1150Book Now
Really good hotel for business trip. food is excellent like home . rooms are spacious & big .staff are really friendly & helpful. location is excellent for business traveller. Overall hospitality is very good & you will feel like a home even you stayed in hotel specially because of food.
Hotel person firstly confirmed that breakfast is included, later denied and charged for the breakfast during check-out, breakfast quality is very poor against charge of Rs. 180. Room size is very small, specially kept for makemytrip customers. Else good hygiene, service and atmosphere is good.
Rs 2849Book Now
Hotel is in heart of the city. Very near to the market. Reception area is well decorated. Good ambiance. Room is quite spacious with cosy bed. Good breakfast and lunch buffet. Staff are well behaved and helping in nature. Love to stay again, whenever in Jamshedpur.
Good hotel to stay in Jamshedpur. All facilities are there. Except the order for extra mineral water, it is pathetic. This has to be done from housekeeping. Sometimes all the rooms are not maintained in the same way. Cost of teas as per taste & menu is same but they fool you when you for some different place and give you a different kind of tea.
Rs 4500Book Now
Good, I would say. Food was superb and staff was courteous. Will recommend surely.
Central location for Jamshedpur. Very poor service. Complimentary breakfast was of average quality. While checking in the service person just said, drinking water is in the fridge, one assumed that it was complementary to. While checking out, bill for water was presented! General response of the staff persons were okay.
Rs 2500Book Now
No results found


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Learn Linux, 101: Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems
Search result description:Oct 20, 2010 ... Learn to mount your Linux filesystems; configure and use removable USB, IEE
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Resolving problems unmounting partitions
Search result description:Oct 27, 2009 ... Identify the processes that are using mounted file systems ... The standard Linux
version of the umount command includes a lazy unmount ...
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Detecting and Fixing Underlying Mount Point Permission Errors on AIX
Search result description:Oct 19, 2013 ... Brian Smith's AIX / UNIX / Linux / Open Source blog .... You can unmount the
filesystem, and do an "ls -ald" on the mount point (but it will ...
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GPFS filesystem mounts and unmounts on RHEL-7
Search result description:Oct 1, 2015 ... Oct 1 12:37:09 ibmssstrhel1 systemd: Unmounting /GPFS_FLASH. ...
REDHAT_BUGZILLA_PRODUCT="Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"
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Custom Applications - How to mount or unmount a backup
Search result description:Mar 27, 2012 ... Unix and Linux Best Practices. * Custom ... Custom Applications - How to mount
or unmount a backup ... For unmount it is sufficient to state
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Managing filessytem mount point permissions (AIX/Linux/UNIX ...
Search result description:Sep 6, 2012 ... Once the filessytem is unmounted any files that where in the mount point
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Shared Storage with SAMP
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Example 2: Shared disk setup on a Linux MD device. Creating a data ...
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Tivoli Storage FlashCopy Manager : Unix and Linux Best Practices
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Rational:Rational ClearCase:Error when stopping ClearCase in ...
Search result description:Jan 21, 2007 ... do a 'df' and note the problem VOBs still mounted; do a 'umount -f <mount>' on
each ..... Re: Re:Re: Error when stopping ClearCase in Linux.
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TN0022: Installing from a DVD on Linux - Library: Articles - Jazz ...
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Applying mount namespaces (Linux)
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Linux initial RAM disk (initrd) overview
Search result description:Jul 31, 2006 ... The Linux initial RAM disk (initrd) is a temporary root file system that is ... system
to be mounted, after which the initrd RAM disk is unmounted ...
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(for multimedia task) - a member of GPFS cluster vs NFS mount?
Search result description:Jan 30, 2009 ... Need to do manual mount/unmount if NSD server fails. How about .... Currently i
thinking about using Linux NSD clients as Gateway servers.
Search result URL:https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/forums/thread.jspa?threadID=249586
Windows-to-Linux roadmap: Part 6. Working with partitions and file ...
Search result description:Nov 11, 2003 ... Linux will automatically mount a / (root) file system. .... automatically as read-write
with asynchronous I/O. Only root can mount or unmount the ...
Search result URL:http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-roadmap6/
Finding open files with lsof
Search result description:Jul 25, 2006 ... For instance, you shouldn't unmount a file system while files on it are open. ...
machine that has the ability to report this information, whereas Linux® can't. .... in
the open files under a directory that is not a mount point, you must ...
Search result URL:http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-lsof.html
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$ 3.93 $ 5.89 In Stock
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Universal Office Products Golf & Pew Pencil
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Product Information for Dixon Ticonderoga Company Ticonderoga Presharpened No. 2 Pencil
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Ticonderoga is the world's best-selling pencil now comes presharpened and ready to use. Crafted from reforested premium cedar wood for easy sharpening. Satin smooth finish enhances writing comfort; exclusive graphite core formula gives you extra smooth performance. Top quality latex-free eraser provides easy, clean corrections. PMA certified nontoxic.
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