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by Merrill Morris and Christine Ogan, Indiana University
The Internet has become impossible to ignore in the past two years. Even people who do not own a computer and have no opportunity to "surf the net" could not have missed the news stories about the Internet, many of which speculate about its effects on the ever-increasing number of people who are on line. Why, then, have communications researchers, historically concerned with exploring the effects of mass media, nearly ignored the Internet? With 25 million people estimated to be communicating on the Internet, should communication researchers now consider this network of networks' a mass medium? Until recently, mass communications researchers have overlooked not only the Internet but the entire field of computer-mediated communication, staying instead with the traditional forms of broadcast and print media that fit much more conveniently into models for appropriate research topics and theories of mass communication. However, this paper argues that if mass communications researchers continue to largely disregard the research potential of the Internet, their theories about communication will become less useful. Not only will the discipline be left behind, it will also miss an opportunity to explore and rethink answers to some of the central questions of mass communications research, questions that go to the heart o the model of source-message-receiver with which the field f has struggled. This paper proposes a conceptualization of the Internet as a mass medium, based on revised ideas of what constitutes a mass audience and a mediating technology. The computer as a new communication technology opens a space for scholars to rethink assumptions and categories, and perhaps even to find new insights into traditional communication technologies. This paper looks at the Internet, rather than computer-mediated communication as a whole, in order to place the new medium within the context of other mass media. Mass media researchers have traditionally organized themselves around a specific communications medium. The newspaper, for instance, is a more precisely defined area of interest than printing-pressmediated communi'For a discussion of what the Internet is, see Request for Comment 1492 athttp:// yoyo.cc.monash.edu/au/-mist/Folklore/RFCl462.html. "network of networks" description is The taken from Krol, 1992.
Merrill Morris is a doctoral candidate in the School of Journalism at Indiana University, Bloomington, and Christine Ogan is a professor, School of Journalism, Indiana University. The authors would like to thank John Newhagen, Carolyn Punitha, and Lisbeth Lipari for their help with this paper. Copyright 0 1996 Journal o Communication 46(1), Winter. 0021-9916/96/$5.00 f
The major constraint on doing mass communication research into the Internet. DeFleur and Ball- 40 . Of course. have been doing research into CMC for nearly 20 years (Dennis & Gallupe. software that allows group decisionmaking). political. as they have been. O'Shea & Self. which combine aspects of both interpersonal interaction and mass media. Both education and business researchers have seen the computer as a technology through which communication was mediated. p. It didn't fit researchers' ideas about mass media. but the most basic assumptions behind researchers' theories of mass media effects have kept them from being able to see the Internet as a new mass medium.Journal o Communication. Winter 1996 f cation. students. These fields. 268). As technology changes and media converge. In searching for theories to apply to group software systems. The Internet was developed in bits and pieces by hobbyists. the line between the various contexts begins to blur. 282). has been theoretical. and economic reasons. and television as its objects o study f for social. researchers in MIS have recognized that communication studies needed new theoretical models: "The emergence of new technologies such as GSS (Group Support Systems. group and public. 1993. however. and it is unclear that models based on mass media or face-to-face contexts are adequate" (Poole &Jackson. even as mass communication definitions disregarded the ways media function in interpersonal communication: "We are quite convinced that the traditional division of communication study into interpersonal. and mass communication is inadequate because it ignores the pervasiveness of media" (p. presents something of a challenge to communication theory. such as company brochures or wedding invitations. Constraints on Internet Research Mass communications researchers have overlooked the potential of the Internet for several reasons. management information science. Not only have theoretical models constrained research. 1993. and both lines of research have been concerned with the effects of this new medium. radio. 267). there is far more than a semantic difference between conceptualizing a new communication technology by its communicative form than by the technology itself. and academics (Rheingold. such as education. The tradition of mass communication research has accepted newspapers. those research categories must become flexible. which embraces more specialized areas. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) at first resembled interpersonal communication and was relegated to the domain of other fields. 1994). Cathcart and Gumpert (1983) recognized this problem when they noted how speech communication definitions "have minimized the role of media and channel in the communication process" (p. and library science. into models of print and broadcast media. locked. and many of their ideas about CMC have proven useful in looking at the phenomenon as a mass medium. in fact. With new technologies. 1983). Disciplinary lines have long kept researchers from seeing the whole picture of the communication process.
Taking the telephone analogy a step further. Critical researchers have long questioned the assumptions implicit in tradi*This is despite the fact that the telephone had been used for what Carolyn Marvin calls a "protobroadcasting system" before World War I in the Telefon Hirmondo system in Hungary. They compare computers to telephones. 1992. it is difficult to see how a new system o mass communication could develop from this base alone" (pp. as represented by the computer. but the current uneasiness and discussion over the terms themselves seem to indicate that the old idea of the mass media has reached its limit (Schudson. dismissing the idea of computer communication as mass communication: "Even if computer literacy were to become universal. and receivers. The political and social implications of mass audiences and mass media go beyond the scope of this paper. and even if every household had a personal computer equipped with a modem. Lana Rakow (1992) points out that the lack of research on the telephone was due in part to researchers' inability to see it as a mass medium. has set off this fear of demassification. 1988). with its roots in ideas of mass society. a new communication technology may perform an almost postmodern function of making the unpresentable perceptible. new communication technologies force researchers to examine their old definitions. 25). as it were. 335f 336). Marshall McLuhan (1960) recognized this when. as Lyotard (1983) might put it. "The advent of a new medium often reveals the lineaments and assumptions. richly striated social relations of the real world" (p.Symposium /Internet a s Mass Medium Rokeach's attitude toward computers in the fifth edition of their Theories o Mass f Communication (1989) is typical. What is a mass audience? What is a communication medium? How are messages mediated? Daniel Bell (1960) recognized the slippery nature of the term mass society and how its many definitions lacked a sense of reality: "What strikes one about these varied uses of the concept of mass society is how little they reflect or relate to the complex. he wrote. In effect. a new communication technology can throw the facades of the old into sharp relief. The convergence of communication technologies. The telephone also became linked to women. messages. as shown in the considerable anxiety in recent years over the loss of the mass audience and its implications for the liberal pluralist state. as audiences become more and more fragmented. who embraced the medium as a way to overcome social isolation2 Rethinking Defdtions However. There is much at stake in hanging on to traditional definitions of mass media. where news reports were transmitted over the telephone (Marvin. 1992). has always been difficult to define. The fact that DeFleur and Ball-Rokeach find it difficult to envision this development may well be a result of their own constrained perspective. 567). Similarly. the term mass media. 41 . speaking of the computer. In creating new configurations of sources. Warner. of an old medium" (p.
vary from one to a few to many on the Internet. to a social group in a Listserv or Usenet group. looking instead to the social. economic. it contains many different configurations of communication. and historical contexts that gave rise to institutional conceptions of media. stories created over a long period of time by many people. How does it do this? Through its very nature. & Gaudet. The Internet's communication forms can be understood as a continuum. Berelson. sometimes putting them into traditional patterns. Sources of the messages can range from one person in E-mail communication. can lead to another unquestioning set of assumptions about the media's ability to affect audiences. such as in an Internet Relay Chat group. Each point in the traditional model of the communication process can. that is. traditional effects researchers will be left without dependent variables.Journal of Communication. The Internet is a multifaceted mass medium. Such analysis. what becomes clear is that neither muss nor medium can be precisely defined for all situations. such as E-mail. in fact. and critical scholars will have no means of discussing issues of social and political power. The Internet offers a chance to develop and to refine that theory. 39). abandoning the idea of the mass media and their audiences impedes an investigation of media institutions' power to create messages that are consumed by real people. from World Wide Web pages operated by major news organizations to Usenet groups discussing folk music to E-mail messages among colleagues and friends. If the category of mass medium becomes too fuzzy to define. Chaffee and Mutz (1988) have called for an exploration o this relationship that begins "with a theory that spells out f what effects are of interest. or simply conversations. and may or may not move fluidly from their role as audience members to producers of messages. The messages themselves can be traditional journalistic news stories created by a reporter and editor. electronic bulletin 42 . Fejes (1984) notes. but instead must be continually rearticulated depending on the situation. to a group of professional journalists in a World Wide Web page. (b) many-to-many asynchronous communication. Its varied forms show the connection between interpersonal and mass communication that has been an object of study since the two-step flow associated the two (Lazarsfeld. A new communication technology such as the Internet allows scholars to rethink. such as Usenet. definitions and categories. of these messages can also number from one to potentially millions. or audiences. Internet communication takes many forms. sometimes putting them into entirely new configurations. Winter 1996 tional media effects definitions. As Ang (1991) has pointed out. The receivers. The Internet plays with the source-message-receiver features of the traditional mass communication model. When the Internet is conceptualized as a mass medium. rather than abandon. Viewing the Internet as Mass M e d i u m Producers and audiences on the Internet can be grouped generally into four categories: (a) one-to-one asynchronous communication. and what aspects of communication might produce them" (p. 1944).
and what profit might be made from the services? A parallel question investigates the impact of Internet communication on the audience.g. (c) synchronous communication that can be one-to-one.300 magazine services with distinct web sites. or one-to-many source-receiver relationships (e. Reconceptualizing the audience for the communication that takes place on the Internet is a major problem. To date. the problem of who sets the agenda for the new medium also becomes a concern. such as MUDS (Multi-User Dungeons and their various transformations as MOOS. flaming and virtual rapes) on members of the audience. questions arise about the nature of its communicative content. it remains difficult to envision the future of traditional mass media on the Internet-who will be the audience. newspaper services and more than 1. The Internet makes few such claims at the moment. one-to-one. As of September 1995. Recently. MUCKS and MUSHs). Several days later it was determined that "Mike"was a computer-generated personage and not a real contributor to the discussion at all. Others may be moving to the Internet out of fear of the electronic competition.Symposium /Internet asMass Medium boards.g. Web sites. an individual began to post what appeared to be off-base comments to a serious discussion of feminist issues.. how will that audience access the information and entertainment services. or role playing. gophers.S. which may involve many-to-one. search tools on the Internet turned up as many as 123 different U. As commercial providers increase on the Internet. and FTP sites). or one-tomany and can be organized around a topic. Credibility is another issue with mass media. one that becomes increasingly important as commercial information providers enter the Internet in greater numbers.. the construction of an object. and Listservers that require the receiver to sign up for a service or log on to a program to access messages around a particular topic or topics. thousands of commercial sources have created home pages or gopher sites for people to access their services or information about those services. Internet Relay Chat and chat rooms on commercial services. and more political information is provided. and (d) asynchronous communication generally characterized by the receiver's need to seek out the site in order to access information. Mass communications researchers will want to examine informationseeking and knowledge gaps as well as a range of uses-and-gratifications-based questions concerning the audience. When the uses of the Internet as a mass medium are explored. one-to-few. on a feminist newsnet group. Some newspapers seem to be creating home pages to mark their place in cyberspace until their managers determine how to make them commercially viable. Traditional mass media make certain claims about the veracity of their information. effects researchers will want to know whether the Internet is a functional equivalent of other entertainment media and whether there are negative effects in the distribution o pornography and f verbal attacks (e. There are also questions of audience addiction to certain types of Internet communication and entertainment. At present there is no way to know when the Mikes on the Internet are 43 . and it is possible that the concept of credibility will also change as a result. Since the Internet is also being used for entertainment as well as information. Thus.
knowledge is like a liquid that is poured into the student. but what about the lurkers? Who are they and how big is this group? To what extent do lurkers resemble the more passive audience of television sitcoms?And why do they remain lurkers and not also become information providers? Is there something about the nature of the medium that prevents their participation? Other questions concern production of culture. This brings up another aspect to consider in looking at mass communication research into CMC-the applicability of established theories and methodologies to the new medium. A much greater burden will be placed on the user to determine how much faith to place in any given source. Another question relates to the interchangeability of producers and receivers of content. for example. and political communication. Source credibility will vary on the Internet. As new communication technologies are developed. 1991). Research in group communication. hiring editors and fact checkers to determine what information is accurate. Winter 1996 even real. 1993). researchers 44 . social control. social control. Researchers have studied concepts of status. we wish to underscore the fundamental importance of this issue. Consequently. To what extent is that really the case? We may discover a fair amount about the producers of messages from the content of their electronic messages. decision-making quality. exclusive culture. As Wartella and Reeves note. a metaphor similar to mass communication's magic-bullet theory. has been used to examine the group uses of E-mail networks (Sproull & Kiesler. with commercial media sites carrying relatively more credibility and unknown sources carrying less. social presence. researchers seem to use the patterns of research established for existing technologies to explain the uses and effects of the new media. Wartella and Reeves (1985) studied the history of American mass communication research in the area of children and the media. the effects of content on children were discussed as a social problem in public debate. Can we trace those cultural influences in the way messages are produced on the Internet? Applying Theories to CMC In an overview of research on computers in education. One of the Internet's most widely touted advantages is that an audience member may also be a message producer. This kind of transfer of research patterns from one communication technology to another is not unusual. let alone credible (Ogan. O'Shea and Self (1983) note that the learner-as-bucket theory had dominated. In this view.Journal of Communication. With each new medium. Will the Internet ultimately be accessible to all? How are groups excluded from participation? Computers were originally created to wage war and have been developed in an extremely specific. Traditional mass media have addressed the issue within their organizations. and group norms as they have been affected by a technology that permitted certain changes in group communication.
but the modem connections needed for Internet connection lag somewhat behind. the bulletin board cannot survive for lack of content. physicists. Oliver et al. separately contribute information" (p.S. and sociologists by organizational communication and diffusion of innovation scholars to better understand the size of the audience needed for a new technology to be considered successful and the nature of collective action as applied to electronic media use (Markus. 1991. For a bulletin board to be viable. the critical mass notion works against adoption. Interactive media only become useful as more and more people adopt. 120). the concept of critical mass on the Internet could be looked upon as a variable. Adoption of computers in U. Initially. 221). a critical mass of adopters must be achieved. Critical mass This conceptual framework has been adopted from economists. rather than a fixed percentage of adopters.. Internet Relay Chats. and so forth-comprise the Internet. yet only those two people constitute the critical mass for any given conversation. In approaching the study of the Internet as a mass medium. Valente (1995) notes that the critical mass is achieved when about 10 to 20 percent of the population has adopted the innovation. and therefore economically viable to advertisers. since it takes a number of other users to be seen as advantageous to adopt. Fewer people are required for sustaining an Internet Relay Chat conference or a MultiUser Dungeon than may be required for an electronic bulletin board or another type of discussion group. For example. If no one contributes. or as Rogers (1986) states. the data base cannot exist. If the audience who also serve as the source of information for the BBS is too small. others have been used to examine mass media. a relatively large number of Email users are required for any two people to engage in conversation. Some relate to the nature of the medium. It requires a critical mass of participants to carry the free 45 . Because a collection of communication services-electronic bulletin boards. "the usefulness of a new communication system increases for all adopters with each additional adopter" (p. the innovation can be spread to the rest of the social system. its content must have depth and variety. A much larger critical mass will be needed for such a group to maintain itself-perhaps as many as 100 or more. For any medium to be considered a mass medium. gophers. households has well surpassed this figure. 1985). as defined by Connolly and Thorn (1991) is a "shared pool of data to which several participants may. the following established concepts seem to be useful starting points. the telephone or an E-mail system was not particularly useful to the first adopters because most people were unable to receive their messages or converse with them. The discretionary data base. home pages. Some of these have originated in the study of interpersonal or small group communication. Usenet groups. E-mail. if they choose. while others focus on the audience for the medium. As already pointed out.Synzposizim /Internet as Mass Medium responded to the public controversy over the adoption of a new media technology in American life. When this level has been reached.
an extension of the 46 . small town newspapers. f which lead to (5) differential patterns of media exposure (or engagement in other activities).Journal of Communication. So the Internet itself would be considered the mass medium. Rafaeli (1986) regards the move away from effects research to a uses-andgratifications approach as essential to the study of electronic bulletin boards (one aspect of the Internet medium). Both Walther (1992b) and Rafaeli (1986) concur in this conclusion. but in conjunction with all the other stations. it may help provide a useful framework from which to begin the work on Internet communication. Anyone working to conceptualize Internet communication would do well to draw on this variable and follow Rafaeli's lead when he notes that the value of a focus on interactivity is that the concept cuts across the mass versus interpersonal distinctions usually made in the fields of inquiry. Each of these specific Internet services can be viewed as we do specific television stations. where participants must hold up their end of the process through written contributions. From Rafaeli's perspective. and other Internet services. Winter 199G riders in the system. they constitute mass media categories. He is predisposed to examine electronic bulletin boards in the context of play or Ludenic theory. but. Usenet groups. this refinement of the critical mass theory is a useful way of thinking about Listservs. while the individual sites and services are the components of which this medium is comprised. participants. Rafaeli's definition of interactivity "recognizes three pertinent levels: two-way (noninteractive) communication. The logic of the uses-and-gratificationsapproach. It is also helpful to consider interactivity to be variable in nature. thus supplying this public good to all members. or special interest magazines. and fully interactive communication" (1788. Uses and Gratvications Though research of mass media use from a uses-and-gratifications perspective has not been prevalent in the communication literature in recent years. p. electronic bulletin boards. increasing or decreasing with the particular Internet service in question. it is more recently applied to all new media. resulting in (7) other consequences. newspapers. or free riders. based in functional analysis. Rosengren (1774) modified the original approach in one way by noting that the "needs"in the original model had to be perceived as problems and some potential solution to those problems needed to be perceived by the audience. perhaps mostly unintended ones" (Blumler and Katz. which generate (3) expectations o (4) the mass media and other sources. Interactivity This concept has been assumed to be a natural attribute of interpersonal communication. Though applied to organizations. the most useful basis of inquiry for interactivity would be one grounded in responsiveness. is derived from "(1) the social and psychological origins of (2) needs. None of these may reach a strictly mass audience. and magazines distributed in the country. 1974). as explicated by Rafaeli (17881. 119). from two-way cable to the Internet. reactive (or quasi-interactive) communication.
a richer medium should be used" (p. In general. with its lack of visual and other nonverbal cues. Further. As Walther (1992a) argues: "It appears that the conclusion that CMC is less socioemotional or personal than face-to-face communication is based on incomplete measurement of the latter form. even in restricted laboratory settings" (p. 1992a) suggests that because CMC is a lean channel. including mass media. 63). 63). and it already has been incorporated in one examination of the Cleveland Freenet (Swift. Ideas about social presence also 47 . and also that it is more efficient "because shadow functions and coordinated interaction efforts are unnecessary. 1993). which is clearly a purpose that drives much of Internet use by a wide spectrum of the population. he notes that though researchers recognize that nonverbal social context cues convey formality and status inequality. Given the ambiguous results of such studies in business and education (Dennis & Gallupe. whether instrumental or ritualized. CMC. is said to be extremely low in social presence in comparison to face-to-face communication (Walther. For receivers to understand clearly more equivocal information. much of the research on media richness and social presence has been one-shot experiments or field studies. and it may not be true whatsoever. Rafaeli summarizes the importance of this paradigm for electronic communication by noting uses-andgratifications'comprehensive nature in a media environment where computers have not only home and business applications. 57). emphatic. however. But social presence theory stems from an attempt to determine the differential properties of various communication media. information that is ambiguous. Social presence and media richness theoty These approaches have been applied to CMC use by organizational communication researchers to account for interpersonal effects. Unfortunately. 1989). Media richness theory differentiates between lean and rich media by the bandwidth or number of cue systems within each medium.Syinposizrm /Internet as Mass Mediirrn uses-and-gratificationsapproach. The concept of audience activity should be included in the study of Internet communication. it is useful for simple or unequivocal messages. It could turn out that the Internet contains a very high degree of media richness relative to other mass media. Clearly. to which it has insufficiently been compared and studied. it can be expected that over a longer time period. This approach (Walther. Additionally. in the degree of social cues inherent in the technology. or emotional. the uses-and-gratifications approach presupposes a degree of audience activity. but also work and play functions. "they have reached their conclusion about CMC/face-to-face differences without actually observing the very non-verbal cues through which these effects are most likely to be performed" (p. 1992a). there is room for more work on the social presence and media richness of Internet communication. people who communicate on Usenets and bulletin boards will restore some of those social cues and thus make the medium richer than its technological parameters would lead us to expect.
(1988). B. to better address the issues of social influence and critical mass. f Boyd-Banett. structured way so that researchers may see the slippery nature of ideas such as mass media. data. As discussed earlier.C. Beverly Hills. audiences. IL: Free Press. (Eds. Newbury Park. DeFleur. & Katz. The uses o m a s communications. G. Newbury Park. and implications. old concepts of senders and receivers are inappropriate to the study of the Internet. R. & Scanlon. O. (1960). It is. (1974). & Mutz. scientists facing something new "can often agree on the particular symbolic expression appropriate to it. New York: f Longman. Hawkins et al. Theories o mass communication. Winter 19.). CA Sage. Desperately seeking the audience. S.). S. (1991). Blumler. Mediated interpersonal communication: Toward a new typology. Advancing communication science: Merging mass and intetpersonalprocesses (pp. (Eds. These are just a few of the core concepts and theoretical frameworks that should be applied to a mass communication perspective on Internet communication. D. Studying the network of users of any given Internet service can incorporate the concept of interactivity and the interchangeability of message producers and receivers.). Connolly.K. Glencoe. Conceptualizing Internet communities as networks might be a very useful approach. (Eds. how to avoid categorizing in a rigid. but f researchers will need to address the ethical issues related to studying people's communication without their permission. 267-268 Chaffee. P. Organizations and communication technology (pp. I. Reconceptualizing the Internet from this perspective will allow researchers both to continue to use the structures of traditional media studies and to develop new ways of thinking about those structures. & Gurnpert.. CA: Sage.. Thomas Kuhn (1974) has noted the ways in which similarity and resemblance are important in creating scientific paradigms. Steinfield ( Eds. Discretionary data bases: Theory. a question of taxonomy. In J. such as flaming.. Fulk & C.96 tend to disguise the subtle kinds of social control that goes on on the Net through language. M. Network Approaches Grant (1993) has suggested that researchers approach new communication technologies through network analysis.. 48 . The computer allows a more efficient analysis o network communication.. and communication itself.Journal of Communication. or. QuarterlyJournal ofspeech. f Cathcart. England: Addison-Wesley. T. (1991). 5th Ed. Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data. (1989). E. References Ang. London: Routledge Bell. Workingham. E. even though none o them has seen that particular f expression before" (p. (1991.). more importantly. 19-43)..). D. The problem becomes a taxonomic one: how to categorize.H. & Thorn. (1983). J. 219-2331. finally. In R. As Kuhn points out. Computers and learning. & Ball-Rokeach. CA: Sage. 466). %e end o ideology.
566-575. (1986). & Pearce. (1987). C. Learning and teaching with computers:Artificial intelligence in education. H. Valacich (Eds. (1988). Interpersonal versus mass media communication: A false dichotomy. Steinfield (Eds. 2.. S. In L.219-232. Bloomington. A. Group support system: Newperspectiws (pp.).). (1985). The whole Internet: User'sguide G catalog (2nd ed. Thestructure ofscientific theories (pp. T. O'Shea. 3x21.. Advancing communication science: Merging mass and interpersonalprocesses(16. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Groun support systems:New perspectives (pp. When old technologies w r e new. Effects o computer-assisted instruction in writing skills on journalism students in f beginning newswriting classes. the telephone and community life. In L. New York: Duell. H. F. (1986). Toward a "critical mass" theory of interactive media. & Gallupe. D. & Self. Marwell.Symposium /Internet as Mass Medium Dennis. American Journal o Sociology. Jessup & J. Jessup & J. & Gaudet. Answering the question: What is postmodernism? In I. pp. Lyotard. E. K. D. Journal of Economic History. Markus. 281-2933). Rafaeli. CA: Sage. New York: Longman.). A theory of the critical mass: Interdependence. P. Communication modelsfor the study o mass communication f (2nd ed.).) Innovatiodrenovation (pp. (Eds. and the production of collective action. J. Sloan. Rheingold. Gender on the line: Women. Reardon. W. B. pp. Rakow. McQuail.). Newbury Park. 177-196. T. Hassan & S. (1960) Effects of the improvements of communication media. G. 2nd Ed. M. Rafaeli. In J.. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. 284-303.. Berelson.. Computers and the Social Sciences. (1988). Interactivity: From new media to communication. Indiana University. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. New York: Oxford University Press McLuhan. (1994).J. Organizations and communication technology (pp. L. (1992). Communication technology: The new media in society. Lazarsfeld. & Windahl. Mass communication theory:An introduction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Critical mass communications research and media effects: The problem of the disappearing audience. Oliver. & Rogers. (1988). NJ: Prentice-Hall. New York: Macmillan. R. (1982). R. E. (1944). Ogan. S. 194-218). Englewood Cliffs. mepeople's choice. 20.. Human Communication Research 15(2). 59-77). Hawkins et al. Newbury Park. Communication theory and group support systems. C. (1994). McQuail. Fejes. London: Secker & Warburg. Fulk & C. S. 123-136. (1991).. In E Suppe (Ed. (1993). (1984).). The electronic bulletin board: A computer-driven mass medium. Rogers. Listserver communication during the Gulf War: What kind of medium is the f electronic bulletin board?Journal o Broadcasting G ElectronicMedia. group heterogeneity.).. The virtual community: Finding connection in a computerized world. (1993). G. Krol. Hassan (Eds. Marvin. 459-4821. (1983). P. S. Sebastopol. 91(3) 522f 556.New York: Macmillan. &Jackson. Second thoughts on paradigms. Poole. E. (1993). & Teixeira.-E (1983).. 71-82). M. Culture and Society. In R. A history of group support systems empirical research: Lessons learned and future directions. CA: Reilly Kuhn. CA Sage. M. Media. London: Sage Oates. M. M. New York: Free Press 49 . Valacich (Eds. 110-134).. (1974). (1993).
Audience activity in computer-mediated communication. Bloomington. Hahermas and the public sphere (pp 359-376).Journal of Communication. L. Cambridge. Hahermas and thepublic sphere (pp. (1992). Wartella.). (1992b. Communication Research.). B. 35(2). Schudson. & Kiesler. FL. when? Reflections on the American case In C. J. Blumler & E. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual meeting. Cambridge. May). B. MA: MIT Press. R. 1x11. 118-133. (1992a). Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Journal of Communication. In J. (1992). E. Connections:New ways of working in the netulorked organization. Miami. Walther. Katz (Eds.. S. The mass public and the mass subject. M A MIT Press. Beverly Hills. (1991). Uses and gratifications: A paradigm outlined. Warner. Was there ever a public sphere? If so. 269-2861. CA: Sage. Walther.). 7. C. Calhoun (Ed. Cdlhoun (Ed. M. & Reeves. 143-163). Indiana University. (1974). Communication as an academic discipline: A dialogue. Winter 1996 Rogers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. M. Sproull. (1989). Rosengren. When mediated dyadic communication is not intetpersonal. 33(3) 18-30. Cambridge. In C.52-90. Historical trends in research on chldren and the media. K.. B. Journal of Communication.be uses of mass communications (pp. 50 . (1983). J. (1985). Swift. E. MA: MIT Press.
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Today's customers are always on the go, always plugged in, and always a click away from a lift to the airport or an Orange is the New Black marathon. With companies like Uber and Netflix on the rise, consumer expectations are higher than ever. Meanwhile, companies find their customer bases growing across countries and times zones, and they're struggling to deliver the frictionless experience their customers have come to demand. Worse still, many are relying on legacy technologies that can't cope with the layers of complexity built into today's business processes.
Jun 13, 2008
ADAM Software, a Digital Asset Management company, released ADAM 4.3 the latest version of their enterprise Digital Asset Management platform. With the release of 4.3 ADAM delivers strengths such as infinite taxonomy, robust media workflows, all format support, flexibility, scalability, with search options, broader video support with preview capabilities, and a rules-concept to automatically trigger workflows. Other new features include expanded full txt-search, which can be used to store various video previews or image renderings and new classification browser control.


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and in addition, a "suspicio[n]" of a grade II intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), a condition that may be associated with a traumatic delivery.
What does IVH stand for?
IVH stands for Intraventricular Hemorrhage
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- In Vitro Hyperdiploidy
- In Vivo Hemoreflectometer
- Inner Layer Via Hole
- Interstitial via Hole
- Iowa Veterans Home (Marshalltown, IA; est. 1887)
- Isocapnic Voluntary Hyperventilation
- Irwell Valley Housing Association (UK)
- International Vacation Home Exchange
- Iowa Valley Habitat for Humanity (Iowa City)
- Instituut Voor Hyperbare Geneeskunde (Dutch: Institute for Hyperbarian Medicine; Rotterdam, The Netherlands)
- International Volcanic Health Hazard Network
- In Vessel Handling Machine (nuclear fuel rod for fast flux test facility)
- Integrated Vehicle Health Management (aka Integrated Vehicle Health Monitoring; US NASA)
- Integrated Vehicle Health Monitoring (US NASA)
Samples in periodicals archive:
She was found to have intraventricular hemorrhage on an initial head computed tomography (CT) scan.
21,22) CT and MRI illustrate multiple infarcts in more than 80 percent of patients, with intraventricular hemorrhage encountered most often.
CASE FACTS: This case is an action sounding in medical malpractice, involving allegations of obstetrical negligence during the birth of the infant plaintiff, Joel Chamorro, resulting in neurological damage, intraventricular hemorrhage with mental retardation, static encephalopathy, right brachial plexus palsy, etc.
A "composite morbidity" end point was defined as the presence of one or more of these complications: bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respiratory distress syndrome, use of surfactant, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and culture-proven sepsis.
ICH is frequently complicated by intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).
5 (8-27) Cardiac massage in first 48 h 6 (50) Endotracheal intubation in first 48 h 11 (92) Respiratory distress syndrome 11 (92) Hyaline membranes disease 9 (75) Bradypneic syndrome 7 (58) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 8 (67) Amniotic fluid aspiration 1 (8) Invasive mechanical ventilation, d, median (range) 12 (2-50) Endotracheal intubation during hospital stay 12 (100) Infectious complications Lung infection 5 (42) Other systemic infection 7 (58) Other complications Intraventricular hemorrhage 4 (33) Persistent artery canal 7 (58) Necrotizing enterocolitis 2 (17) Congenital malformations 1 (8) Hospitalization Stay in neonatology ward, d, [section] median (range) 113.
Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in premature newborns: a prospective study with CT.


text:
Alternative Titles
English: Another Lady Innocent
Japanese: フロントイノセント ~もうひとつのレディイノセント~
Type: OVA
Episodes: 1
Status: Finished Airing
Aired: Mar 10, 2005
Producers: None found, add some
Licensors: Media Blasters
Studios: Arms
Source: Unknown
Genres: Hentai
Duration: 30 min.
Rating: Rx - Hentai
Score: 7.011 (scored by 3,934 users)
1 indicates a weighted score. Please note that 'Not yet aired' titles are excluded.
Ranked: N/A2
2 based on the top anime page. Please note that 'Not yet aired' and 'R18+' titles are excluded.
Popularity: #3162
Members: 7,130
Favorites: 45


text:
Ibiquity has a list of stations with licensed HD Radio technology and notes those on the air now. IBOC by state looks at various states and lists the stations making the transition. There are 17 stations in the Cowboy State broadcasting 23 HD Radio channels.
June 4–7, Paris
June 4, West Chester, Ohio
June 6-10, Hoover, Ala.
July 13-15, 2016, Minneapolis, Minn.
Radiofonia Digitale Sardegna Forms in Italy
Public to Get Round-By-Round Spectrum Auction Updates
Correspondence Requirement Now Officially on Chopping Block
2016 Product Review: Editing & Graphics
Qligent Streamlines Philadelphia PBS Station Monitoring
TVU Networks Hits the Trail for Presidential Campaigns
AV Stumpfl Focuses on Future Innovation at InfoComm
d3 Will Spotlight d3 4x4pro, VFC cards at INFOCOMM 2016 in Las Vegas
InfoComm Best of Show – Digital Signage Awards, Entry Deadline Friday May 27
Modi Media Using Innovid To Measure OTT Campaigns
Fox Futurist: VR's Time Has Finally Arrived
CBS' 'Limitless' Cancelled


text:
Dazzling darling! Blake Lively glitters in gold embellished mini dress as she stares lovingly into the eyes of husband Ryan Reynolds at star-studded amfAR gala in New York
- Models Karlie Kloss, Adriana Lima, Jourdan Dunn and Karolina Kurkova were also in attendance
- The amfAR New York Gala acts as the official kick-off to New York Fashion Week
- Honours individuals who have made outstanding contributions to raise awareness about the HIV/AIDS epidemic
- To date, the event has raised more than $15 million for the cause
If an award could be given for the world's best-looking couple, they would certainly win it.
On Wednesday, Blake Lively, 28, and husband Ryan Reynolds, 39, melted hearts as they stared lovingly at each other during the incredibly star-studded amfAR gala at Cipriani Wall Street in New York City.
The amfAR New York Gala acts as the official kick-off to New York Fashion Week and honours individuals who have made outstanding contributions to raise awareness about the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
The look of love: On Wednesday, Blake Lively, 28, and husband Ryan Reynold, 39, melted hearts as they stared lovingly at each other during the amfAR gala in Cipriani Wall Street at New York City
Regal: 28-year-old Blake was nothing short of an elegant beauty in a gold and cream ensemble
Be the golden girl in an embellished dress like Blake
The amfAR gala took place in New York City last night and it marked the start of New York Fashion Week. The aids benefit event is primarily to raise awareness of the HIV epidemic and honor those who have made an impact, but it's always a glamorous occasion with a wide array of celebrities in attendance showing their support.
Blake Lively and Ryan Reynolds were just two of the many on the red carpet on the evening and they really know how to make an entrance.
Ryan looked dapper in his sharp suit, while his wife Blake sparkled in her beautifully embellished dress. The stunning A-line number featured a pleated skirt, funnel neck and intricate details and it was of course made by one of the master fashion houses of couture - Chanel.
This beauty wasn't sent down the runway in the spring haute couture show so it must have been made for Blake, but it was certainly inspired by the embellished pieces with gold belts that we saw feature heavily throughout the collection.
You cannot get Blake's dress, but click right to head to the Chanel website, or see below for high street alternatives.
Blake was nothing short of an elegant beauty in a gold and cream embellished ensemble by Chanel. The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants star tucked in a sparkling, detail top half into a full, A-line skirt with a thin belt.
The high-necked number complemented her golden locks and she showed off her toned legs in the pleated, full-skirted mini.
The mother to daughter James Reynolds, one, added a pair of studded high heels and accessorized with multiple rings and a pair of earrings.
So sweet: The couple looked perfectly in sync as the Blake held onto her partner's arm, giggling all the while
Handsome date: Husband Ryan looked dapper in a navy blue suit and maroon tie as he looked proud to be standing alongside his stunning wife
Friends in high places: (L-R) Model Karlie Kloss and actors Blake Lively and Ryan Reynolds converse during Moet & Chandon Toasts to the amfAR Gala
Straight out of the pages of a magazine: Blake (left) and Karlie looked absolutely incredible as they cosied up to one another as they took a break during the dinner
The blonde beauty wore her famous tresses loosely curled in waves, left side pinned behind her ear.
Blake donned her signature dark eye and pale pink lip for make-up.
Husband Ryan looked dapper in a navy blue suit and maroon tie.
On Wednesday morning, The Proposal star gushed over wife Blake to Entertainment Weekly, whom he described as just a friend when they first met on the set of The Green Lantern.
'We were buddies then. I remember it was funny because for about a year after Green Lantern had come and gone and all that stuff we were both single,' he said.
The duo ended up going on a double date, though each were with other people. Ryan described the date as 'awkward' for their other dates, 'because we were just like fireworks coming across,' he revealed.
The two eventually married in September of 2012 and had daughter James two years later.
Fashion pack: (L-R) Karlie Kloss, Adriana Lima, Jourdan Dunn and Karolina Kurkova shone on the red carpet at the amfAR Gala in New York City on Wednesday night
So in love: The couple could barely keep their eyes off one another as they took their turn on the red carpet
She's never been one to follow the rule book, so it was no surprise to see Karlie Kloss shaking up the red carpet at the event.
The supermodel-turned-student, 23, snubbed a flowing gown for a black silk Chanel mini-dress and leather fingerless gloves as she led the fashion pack at the star-studded charity bash.
The New York University freshman went for an edgier look in the fitted dress with keyhole detailing, which showed off a hint of cleavage, which she teamed with a pair of black shoe boots.
The 6ft 1in model, who auctioned off a year's supply of Moët Impérial champagne at the bash, completed her look with her hair pinned back in a tight updo and simple gold earrings.
Karlie was in good company at the lavish charity event with fellow supermodels Adriana Lima, Jourdan Dunn and Karolina Kurkova joining her on the red carpet.
Brazilian beauty Adriana, 34, showed off her sensational figure in a strapless red Marchesa gown with thigh-high split, which she teamed with a black high-heeled sandals.
Red hot: Brazilian beauty Adriana showed off her sensational figure in a strapless red Marchesa gown with thigh-high split
Fierce: The mother-of-two made a dramatic entrance wearing a Zac Posen coat over her sexy red number
Bringing sexy back: The mother-of-two strikes a pose as she prepares to sit down for dinner
Careful you don't fall out: The tight-fitting Marchesa gown clung to Adriana's every curve
Meanwhile, English model Jourdan, 25, looked super slim in a strapless floral Dolce & Gabbana number as she sashayed along the red carpet.
Czech model Karolina, 31, had also followed in the footsteps of Karlie by going for some a bit different in a cropped pinstripe jumpsuit and strappy sandals.
With New York Fashion Week kicking off on Thursday, there was no surprise to see a huge host of models in attendance as they were already in the Big Apple.
Beautiful in black: Heidi Klum revved up the glam on the red carpet in a dramatic, embellished Zuhair Murad gown with a floor-length sheer cape
Fashion talks: Karlie and Heidi caught up with fellow model Coco Rocha at the glitzy event
Floral tribute: English beauty Jourdan showed off super slim figure in a strapless floral Dolce & Gabbana gown, while Karolina opted for a black pinstripe jumpsuit and strappy sandals
German model-turned-TV star Heidi Klum looked ravishing in a dramatic, embellished Zuhair Murad gown with a floor-length sheer cape.
Victoria's Secret model Chanel Iman had also, like Heidi, gone for a statement piece in a cream matching trousers, skirt and bodice combination.
It appeared black and white were the dominant shades of the night with a host of stars from the modelling, acting and music world opting for the colours.
Gorgeous: Chanel Iman (left) wore a lacy white top tucked into silky white trousers, while Coco Rocha (centre) and Martha Hunt (right) opted for monochrome ensembles
Gorgeous in green: Petra Nemcova (left) and Andreja Pejic surely made everyone envious in green dresses
Canadian model Coco Rocha stood out from the crowd in an unusual checked cream and black gown with sheer lace sleeves, while American pin-up Martha Hunt went for an Eighties look in a asymmetrical dress with oversized bow detailing.
Brazilian pin-up Izabel Goulart, 31, opted for a long black gown with sheer overlay and low-cut back.
Fortunately, some of the stars were injecting some colour to proceedings with models Petra Nemcova and Andreja Pejic wearing green numbers.
Pale and interesting: English-American model Emily Ratajkowski looked glamorous in a nude Michael Kors dress
Czech beauty Petra, 36, showed off a hint of her flat stomach in a shamrock green satin dress with a thigh-high split, while Australian transgender model Andreja, 24, looked lovely in a teal dress with a rather daring, gaping key-hole at the front.
Portuguese model Sara Sampaio went for a more traditional red carpet look in a black Marchesa dress with flowing train.
Representing the Hollywood crowd was actress Blake Lively and husband Ryan Reynolds, who put on a loving show of affection as they arrived at the lower Manhattan party.
In high spirits: Uma Thurman looked great in a cream V-neck shift dress with black and pearl strappy sandals
Pretty in pink: Padma Lakshmi showed off her curvaceous figure in a hot pink number
Lovely lady:Izabel Goulart showed off her statuesque figure in a sheer black Marchesa number
Mother-of-one Blake, 28, looked very festive in her sparkling Chanel dress and Christian Louboutin heels as she posed up a storm on the red carpet.
German actress Diane Kruger was very chic in a powder blue Prada gown with feathered detailing, with her blonde hair tied back in a loose updo, while Uma Thurman was a vision in white.
TV presenter Padma Lakshmi, 45, looked fabulous in a low-cut fuchsia number, which she teamed with matching lipstick and a black clutch bag.
Showing some leg: Justin Bieber's girlfriend Hailey Baldwin wore a Pamella Roland wrap dress, while Portuguese model Sara Sampaio showed some skin in a strapless cream number
Baby on board: Pregnant hotel heiress Nicky Hilton (right) attended with her older sister Paris
The amfAR Gala takes place annually on the eve of New York Fashion Week, with this year's event seeing producer Harvey Weinstein being honoured.
Providing the entertainment were Charli XCX and Icona Pop, who performed their 2012 hit I Love It, while guests were invited to bid on the charity auction.
Last year, the gala managed to raise $2.25million for AIDS research.
All the boys: Jay Z enjoys a giggle with Robert De Niro as Harvey Weinstein and Harvey Keitel talk over them
Table talk: Karlie and Jourdan talk to a fellow guest during the meal
Doing his bit: Leonardo DiCaprio chats to a mystery brunette as dinner is served
The man of the hour: Uma and rapper Jay Z congratulate producer Harvey Weinstein, who was honoured at the event
Date night: Fashion designer Tommy Hilfiger and his wife Dee
Big news: L'Uomo Vogue editor Giovanna Battaglia shows off what appears to be her engagement ring to Izabel
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It started with four men and a dream. Today Quarto Publishing Group, with offices on three continents, is the leading global illustrated book publisher.
A magnificent crystal identifier profiling over 100 of the earth's most fascinating and beautiful minerals displayed in a spectrum of 20 color bands. Explore the significance of each color ray, and the
From choosing deck materials to complementing the architecture of your house, this book covers the deck design process, enabling you to create a custom deck that's perfect for your home.
This endearing book explores father and child relationships between animals, ranging from mischievous monkeys to loud lions.
Chalk on the Wild Side encourages parents and their kids to play outdoors with a variety of chalk recipes and interactive games and activities.


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The Russian cargo airline launched its new Houston-Abu Dhabi freight service this week.
U.S. President Barack Obama held an open forum with young entrepreneurs on the economic benefits of the 12-country Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade agreement yesterday in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
However, the International Maritime Organization's Maritime Safety Committee said there should be no delay in the implementation of the verified gross mass rule.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
Ports that insist on "no doc/no gate" policies with regard to verified container weights could lose business, the company's export manager says.
The 19 ocean carrier members of the Ocean Carrier Equipment Management Association are collaborating with six major East and Gulf coast ports to establish a common streamlined "Terminal Weighing Approach."
A sense of what the container shipping industry may look like a year from now has started to emerge as ocean carriers seek to avoid a financial wreck from overcapacity and low freight rates.


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Robin Thicke's 'Get Her Back' Video Arrives in Full
The music video for Robin Thicke's latest single, "Get Her Back", finally arrived in full on Monday, June 23. In the nearly-four-minute video, the footage of the singer getting shirtless while emotionally singing the track against a black backdrop intersperses with a scene showing a naked woman that resembles his estranged wife, Paula Patton.
Meanwhile, the screen flashes the text messages Thicke and his lady send to each other. In some messages, the girl says that he's let her down and she just wants to end the relationship no matter what her man says. The clip ends with Thicke saying that "this is just the beginning," hinting that he still has many plans to win her back.
"Get Her Back", clearly written by Thicke with wife Patton in mind, was first debuted at Billboard Music Awards last month. The track serves as the first single off the R&B superstar's new album, "Paula", that's coming out on July 1 via Star Trek/Interscope Records.
Robin Thick's "Get Her Back" music video
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- Kanye West Robbed, Computers Stolen From His Studio
- 'Transformers: The Last Knight' Announces Big Reveal on May 31
- Dwayne Johnson Hints at Darker Hobbs in 'Fast and Furious 8' Image


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Weather News
Catastrophic Fire Danger for the EuclaDrew Casper-Richardson, Saturday December 7, 2013 - 13:34 EDT
Very hot, dry and windy conditions have caused the issue of a Catastrophic Fire Danger for the Eucla in Western Australia.
A trough has been lingering over Western Australia in recent days, triggering widespread heavy rain and storms over northern and central parts. On Saturday, the trough will filter a very hot airmass over states southeast and bring fresh to strong northwest winds over the region.
The combination of these conditions are ripe for fires to spread rapidly and be difficult to bring under the control. This has lead to the Catastrophic Fire Danger being issued for the Eucla, the highest Fire Danger rating. In the Eucla, temperatures will reach the mid-to-high thirties with northwest winds gusting to 60-70km/h.
Further north, the Gascoyne, Goldfields and northeast parts of the Central Wheat Belt will be under a Severe Fire Danger as winds will be lighter than in the Eucla.
On Sunday, conditions will ease as a change moves through the region, bringing cooler conditions. Southerly windS will remain gusty though and may may reach 45-55km/h at times.
- Weatherzone
© Weatherzone 2013
More breaking news
ABC News
Sydney Morning Herald
National Nine News
News Limited
Weather News
Big surf closes beaches across Sydney, NSW
Surf lifesavers have issued a warning to beachgoers as a large swell closes stretches of the New South Wales coastline.
El Nino over, BoM says, so winter rain could be on the way
The latest El Nino cycle is over, which could lead to a wet winter, according to the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM).
Final designs for Yarriambiack Shire permanent flood levees near completion
The Yarriambiack Council says it is close to completing the final designs for permanent flood levees in the north-western Victorian shire.


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Quick suggestion for the Baylor head football coach: Former Bear Mike Singletary. He would be the perfect choice to clean up that mess.
Next, how did NOBODY know what the hell was going on down at Baylor? No ESPN, No FOX, No ABC. Nobody knew or did nobody care to or have the balls to ask Art Briles about his dead beat players?
Another brutal game for Golden St. They scored
TWELVE stinking points in the 4th quarter. This is
the same team that scored 120pts a game without a blink of an eye? It goes to show you how little defense is played in the regular season. The Curry naysayers are smiling today. We've said it all along, nobody guards him in the regular season. OKC is doing a tremendous job stinking a hand in his face at all times. And Draymond Green played last night like a guilty man. Someone who thrives on people hating him only plays that poorly if he knows he got away with something. He knows he kicked Steven Adams in the groin on purpose...otherwise he would have come out storming.
Twenty-one turnovers is beyond inexcusable. Warriors show no guts at all. They are acting like the big bully who got punched in the face for the first time and ran vs. fighting it out. They quit in both games 3 & 4. Where's Coach of the Year Steve Kerr and boy wonder Luke Walton now?
28 and counting for Jackie Bradley Jr. Sox HAVE to move him up in the line up to lead off or the #2 hole to give him a fair shot at 56.
What an absolute farce the NBA has become.
They suspended Dahntay Jones, but not Draymond
Green and try to sells on the plays were different. No, one guy is a stiff and the
other guy is a key component of the Warriors who just happen to be trailing in the series 2-1 pending tonight's game.
That's not what really makes me laugh, though.
Head of discipline Kike Vand. is so damn lazy
that he hired "professional investigators" to
conduct the investigation. What??? You are
going to maybe suspend a player based on what somebody else was told. You can't pick up the damn phone and talk to the same people and get the answers directly? You're a former player.
You don't have any contacts in the league? You talk about being lazy. How do we really know the investigators are telling you what the players, refs, etc really think? He writes in his explaination of the no suspension "The problem with comparables is they never tell the whole story."
No, Kiki, the problem is you were too damn lazy to get the "whole story" yourself.
So Nyquist is out of the Belmont, great.
Once again what I say may sound dumb at times, but in the end is logical. We won't have a
showdown between Nyquist & Exaggerator because
the Belmont is two weeks after the Preakness instead of two months as I suggested and was crucified for. So who wins? Fans, no. Horse racing, no. TV, no. Nobody except the dopey horse racing purist who'd rather not have a great race but hold on to "tradition" of killing horses by making them run 3 races in 5 weeks. Now THAT is dumb...not my suggestion of changing horse racing making the Kentucky Derby in April, Preakness in June and Belmont in August/September.
WOW...what else can you say after watching last night's mauling of the Warriors. I think I'm jumping ship and saying OKC is actually going to win this thing. People have said it all year long and I've agreed. Put a body on Steph Curry and he is NOT the same player as left wide open.
Game's 1 & 3 OKC has done just that and it's made Curry "human."
As for Draymond Green. The Thunder are doing exactly what I called all year for a team to do.
They are going after Green, getting into his head.
I said it a thousand times, he's a double technical foul waiting to happen. Did he kick
Steven Adams in the balls on purpose? Who knows? But its the second time this series and if the NBA is fair they have to suspend him a game. If they suspend Cleveland's Dahntay Jones for kicking Bismack Biyombo in the nuts, then have to do the same with Green.
Personally, I think both suspensions should carry over into next regular season. Unless you throw a punch that lands on the other guys face, all suspensions should be implemented next regular season. Playoff games are too important to be kicking players out of games on something that we really don't know if there was intent there or not.
Speaking of I told you so's. Did I not tell you yesterday--and many other times---Penguins goalie Marc Andre Fluery is a dog? That was the best +190 value on the TB Lightning last night that you will ever see. My Tampa Bay @ +800 to win it all at the start the season is looking better and better!!
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Results 11 — 14
Rob Portman for Senate Campaign Intern
Rob Portman for Senate Campaign — Columbus, OH
June 11 2015
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A 1928 Graham-Paige classic travels the world and stops by a B...The globetrotter Zapp family has been traveling around the world with a 1928 Graham-Paige American classic car since 2000. The worldwide journey took them in some of the most exotic parts of the world and their experiences have been well-documented ... BMW BLOG, 1 month ago
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Admission and First Day of Dealings
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Tumbok Karera Tips, May 27, 2016 (@METRO TURF)
12:10 am | Friday, May 27th, 2016 Race 1 PATOK (5) Mccartney; TUMBOK (4) Tiger Of Sydney; LONGSHOT (8) Lu Fei Race 2 PATOK (5) Heiress Of Hope; TUMBOK (1) Nerissa; LONGSHOT (4) Lord Of War Race 3 PATOK -(6) Combaton; TUMBOK (8) Sweet ...Bandera, 20 hours ago Tumbok Karera Tips, May 22, 2016 (@METRO TURF) Bandera, 5 days ago
Social media tips and how to avoid alienating customers
Some 59% of Brits have an active social media account, and the UK population spends an average one hour 33 minutes a day using internet on their mobile. Sharelines How to engage customers online These were some of the statistics from ...TTG Media, 2 days ago
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Hotels near Benjy's
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London > Hotels > Mid-Range Chain Hotel from £71 42% off
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This neat and simple hotel gets all the basics right. The prices are sensible, the rooms are simply and attractively decorated, there's a decent little bistro, More
London > Hotels > Mid-Range Chain Hotel from £99 25% off
10 Godliman Street, EC4V 5AJ | 6 minutes walk from Benjy's
Perfectly located in the heart of London's financial district, yet moments away from the delights of the West End, the Grange St Paul's mixes contemporary style More
London > Hotels > Mid-Range Chain Hotel from £82 21% off
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Nearest hotels to Benjy's
There are 18 recommended places to stay within a 15 minutes walk from Benjy's:
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Citadines London Barbican Apart-Hotel ( 10 minutes)
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text: Benefits American Asks to Stop Retiree Health Care Benefits July 11, 2012 (PLANSPONSOR.com) - American Airlines and its parent company, AMR Corp., are suing to stop providing health care and life insurance benefits to current retirees. By Rebecca Moore email@example.com | July 11, 2012 The Washington Post reports the airline wants the bankruptcy judge to rule that it can end the benefits as a way to cut costs in "sound business judgment." American says it never promised benefits to last the retirees' entire lives, and it reserved the right to change the benefits plan. The airline filed Friday's lawsuit against the Committee of Retired Employees, a group that looks out for retirees' interests in the bankruptcy case (see "AMR Retirees Ask to Participate in Bankruptcy Case"). According to The Washington Post, in the lawsuit, AMR said that its liability to provide the benefits for current retirees was $1.26 billion in 2010, and its liability for covering retirees of TWA, which AMR bought in 2001, was $111 million. In February, the airline proposed terminating its pension plans, which would turn them over to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (see "American Airlines Proposes Termination of Pensions"). Tagged: Healthcare, Post-Retirement related articles related research most e-mailed ResearchThe Benefits of HSAs From plansponsor.com Employers Taking More Efforts to Cut Health Benefit CostsPrivate Exchanges Engage Employees More in Health BenefitsEmployers to Increase Focus on Employee Well-BeingEven If Repealed, Employers Would Keep Some ACA ProvisionsRetirement Health Care Costs Could Top $375KWithings Adds to Corporate Wellness Solution ResearchThe Benefits of HSAs From plansponsor.com 2016 Participant Survey2016 PLANSPONSOR Health Savings Account Buyer's Guide 2015 PLANSPONSOR DC Survey: Plan Benchmarking2015 Defined Contribution Survey2015 PLANSPONSOR Managed Account Buyer's Guide2015 PLANSPONSOR TDF Buyer's Guide ResearchThe Benefits of HSAs From plansponsor.com New Excessive Fee Suit Targets Advice and SDBAsRetirement Plan Excessive Fee Suits Move Down MarketBBandT Finds Itself Targeted in Self-Dealing ERISA SuitRetirees Have Advice for Younger WorkersESG Trends go to news topic


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The Sentiment Cycle applied to the SPX chart
I picked up this book a while ago at half priced books called 'The Nature of Risk, Stock Market Survival, and The Meaning of Life' by Justin Mamis. He came up with something called the "Sentiment Loop". Here's a picture of it from his book.
So I pulled up the SPX 6 month chart and made a little comparison, the similarities will blow your mind:
Strikingly similar, yes? Of course, this is out of a trading book from 1999, before traders bowed down to the algorithm overlords. But it will be interesting to see if this plays out.
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text:
Read an Excerpt
Present Day, England
Desperation bordering on the edge of insanity filled Emma McGovern as the wolves'howling broke through the stillness of the early evening. She stood at the window, looking out onto the bleak countryside, the raucous baying bringing a tremble to her fingers and a burning sensation to the scars along her cheek. Phantom pains, she'd been told, but that didn't make them hurt less, or make the memories any less vivid.
"They're back, Lucia," Emma said without turning to look at the woman who was bending into the oven and basting the roast. The rich aroma of tender pork and glazed vegetables wafted through the kitchen but couldn't warm the chill in Emma's bones, nor mask the underlying scent of fear.
Lucia closed the oven with a sharp thud, then turned and opened a cabinet next to the stove and pulled out an antique tin. She removed the lid and took out a brooch fashioned with dried heather and gardenias. "Here, put this on," she said.
"It's beautiful," Emma murmured, then lifted the brooch to her nose and breathed deeply. Instantly, she pulled away, her face twisting in revulsion. "Eww. What is it?"
"Fish oil. It will protect you from the beasts. Now put it on and wear it, at least until the night of the Equinox has passed," Lucia insisted, and returned the tin to the cabinet.
Reluctantly, Emma pinned the brooch to her lacetrimmed top, knowing deep down that nothing would protect her from the beasts. Her destiny was catching up with her. "It will never end, will it, Lucia? Every year I think, this year will be different, but then the wolves come back." She stepped over to the window, watching, waiting for the inevitable.
Luciashook her head. "I will find a way to break the curse. Gypsy magic created it, gypsy magic can destroy it. In the meantime, you must take precautions."
"I know." Emma gave her a half-hearted smile. "You don't have to worry on that front. Love isn't in the cards for me." Emma took a sip from her tea, and quickly averted her gaze. She didn't need a curse to keep love from her doorstep. Even if she could find love out here in the middle of nowhere, love would take one look at the scars on her face, turn and run.
Lucia's voice softened. "You can still have companionship, Emma. Friendship and a deep mutual caring are very important in any relationship. But you'll never find even that if you don't ever leave the house. Take a chance. Venture into the village. Meet people."
"So I can have what Mum and Dad had?"
How could Emma explain that she wanted more than a half-hearted relationship based on mutual interests? She wanted she blew out a sigh. She wanted what she couldn't have.A deep passion and a forever kind of love.
"Have you seen Angel?" she asked. "That stubborn dog hasn't come to my calls."
"No." Lucia's voice filled with concern as she moved to stand beside her at the window. "Has she been gone all day?"
Emma nodded, the worry gnawing at her. "She's usually back by now. She'd better come home soon, before"
"I'll find her," Lucia assured her, patted her on the arm, then walked back to the stove and opened the oven door. She put on her mitts, and took the roast out of the oven.
Part of Emma knew it was foolish to worry. Angel often ran off in the late afternoon. The silly dog would catch a scent of some rabbit or squirrel, and off she would go, chasing it through the countryside. Always before, she'd come home by dark. Tonight wouldn't be any different, she thought, trying to reassure herself as the sun sank below the horizon.
Only, before now, the dog had always returned when she'd called for her. The scars set deep in her cheek burned. She touched them, rubbing gently.
"Is the pain getting worse?" Lucia asked, the worry back in her eyes.
Emma nodded. "It always does this time of year." And not because of the cooler days and nights, as Dr. Callahan liked to say, but because it marked the return of the Equinox, of the wolves, of hopelessness.
"I'll make the salve," Lucia muttered. "In the meantime, take this tray up to your father, but don't let him see your fear." She ladled a hefty serving of potatoes and carrots onto a plate.
Emma pulled her fingers from the jagged edges of the scar tissue. "I know. Dr. Callahan told me to keep him calm. I won't upset him." She took the tray, and walked upstairs to her father's room. For a moment, she stood outside his door, trying to compose herself. She didn't want him worrying about her. Not now, not when his heart was so weak.
She took a deep breath, then walked in with the tray holding his dinner and medications balanced in her hands. "Ready for supper, Dad?"
"Emma," he said, his eyes narrowing as he smiled at her. "Have you been avoiding me?"
"Don't be silly. Why would I be avoiding my favorite dad?"
"Oh, do you have another dad I don't know about?"
She grinned and placed the tray on his lap. "Lucia's made pork roast with carrots and new potatoes. She's really outdone herself tonight."
"You should have brought a tray for yourself and eaten with me," he said, and gave a small pout.
"I should have, you're right," she agreed, reluctant to tell him she couldn't eat. How could she, with her stomach all tied up in knots? She busied herself turning up his light to chase the shadows back into the room's deep corners, then sat in the Queen Anne chair next to the bed.
He took a bite of the meat and chewed thoughtfully. "The Cadre called again today."
Emma stilled as her heart tensed in her chest. "And you talked with them?"
"They were very persuasive."
"I'm sure they were last time, too, and look how that turned out. Mum is dead." The bitterness in her voice almost choked her. The Cadre, an organization that for centuries had protected people from evil, had promised to protect her mother against the curse plaguing their family. Instead the agent they'd sent had ignited the flames that killed them both.
She would have continued railing about the injustice of losing her mum when she was so young, and how she blamed the Cadre for it, but the sadness filling her father's face made her stop. "I'm sorry." She hated to see him looking so lost and vulnerable.
His gray-blue eyes caught hers. "It's not good for us to be living out here all alone. I couldn't bear it if anything happened to you, too."
She forced a conciliatory smile. "That's why nothing will."
"I think we should take them up on their offer and move to St. Yve Manor. We can start a new life there. You can meet people, go to school, make friends."
A ripple of fear shimmered through her heart at the thought. "Wolvesrain is our home. I"
"This isn't a home," he insisted. "It's a foxhole where we've both been hiding for far too long."
Emma stood and walked toward the window that faced the long drive stretching in front of the house. She heard him set down his knife and fork and push away the tray.
"I love you, Emma, but we both know I'm not going to live much longer. I need to see you settled before I go. The Cadre can help you."
"I can't leave," she said, her voice breaking. She hated to hear him talk this way. She wanted to appease him, but they'd tried before. She left once when he'd sent her to boarding school. Nightmares had plagued her sleep, but worse were the days when she'd been tormented by the taunts of the other students, because she was different and didn't fit in, because of her face.
Rage, forever simmering below the surface, surged within her. "I can't go through that again. Not to mention the curse. I'm better off here away from"
"Don't even say it. There is no curse. I've told you time and time again. What happened to you and your mother was a horrible tragedy. Not a curse."
She turned and faced him. "Wolves attacked us, Daddy. Without provocation. Wolves that aren't even supposed to exist in England. And now they're back, can't you hear them?"
"Did you call Animal welfare? The RSPCA?"
"Of course! They say there are no wolves. They can't find them. Nor any sign of them. They think I'm insanethe poor daft woman who's spent too much time locked up in her old crumbling manor." Her hands clenched into fists at her side.
"I'm sorry for that, but that doesn't mean there's a curse, it just means they're not very good at their jobs."
"They're right! There are no wolves. They're demons, called by some jilted gypsy two hundred years ago to rain terror down on our family."
"Don't you hear how ridiculous you sound? This family is not cursed. Now I don't want to hear any more about it, is that clear?" Her father's face flushed as he said the words, and he started to cough and wheeze.
Emma sucked in a breath and rushed forward. "Daddy?" She knew better than to upset him. She grabbed a glass off the bedside table and filled it with water, then handed it to him.
He took the glass, then waved her away as he took a long drink. "I'm okay, really."
Relieved, she dropped into the chair next to the bed. She knew better than to bring it up. But she was the one who'd seen her mother die. She was the one who'd heard her last words. Don't ever succumb to love, Emma. Promise me.
The howling started again, creating a nasty racket.
Emma blinked back the burning in her eyes and the bitterness in her throat. She stood and once more returned to the window. "They've been coming closer and closer to the house lately," she whispered, as a rash of shivers puckered her skin, prickling the three deep gashes cut through her face.
A figure on horseback moved out from behind a cluster of trees and looked up at the house. Her breath caught in her throat and she quickly stepped back from the window.
"I know you're afraid," her father said. "It's almost the Equinox. As soon as that bloody night passes, they'll leave again. They always do. And then things can get back to normal."
"Yes. Normal," she murmured.
"Until then, just to be safe"
"I know. I won't leave the house." She couldn't even if she wanted to, even if she did have somewhere to go.
"Enjoy your supper, Dad." She turned on the television to the evening news and left the room. She wasn't up to a long visit with him, not tonight.
"Emma?" he said, stopping her.
She turned back. "When he comes, don't turn the Cadre agent away."
She closed her eyes, and tamped down on her growing frustration, then nodded. She might have to invite him in, but that didn't mean she had to talk with him.


text:
Northstar Engines and System Technical Discussion Discussion, 2000 Deville with northstar in Cadillac Engine Discussion; A friend of mine has asked me if I would change the valve cover gaskets in his Deville. I was ...
- 01-20-08 10:24 AM #1Cadillac Owners Member
- Automobile(s): Cadillac
- Join Date
- Jan 2008
- Posts
- 1
2000 Deville with northstar
A friend of mine has asked me if I would change the valve cover gaskets in his Deville.
I was wondering if anyone could give me some info on how it is done or would he be better off going to the dealer.
Thank You
Re: 2000 Deville with northstar
The Left bank (front) cam cover has a water pump drive pulley attached to the intake cam, so you need a puller to use a P/S pump pulley remover/installer to get it off in order to get the cover off.
The right bank cam cover (rear) is very close to the firewall. Not sure if there is enough clearance. You may have to lower the cradle.
Re: 2000 Deville with northstar
Ranger. You're confusing me now with the left right front rear thing. This is the way I thought it was but in that other thread you stated the opposite.
Re: 2000 Deville with northstar
What other thread? Maybe I need to correct something. Can't imagine I screwed THAT up.
Engine faces the passenger side so left bank is closest to the front of the car. Right bank is closer to the rear or firewall.
Just found and corrected it. Sorry for the confusion.
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