text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 9, 2007
|Filing date
|Mar 12, 2004
|Priority date
|Mar 13, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ignor B. Gornushkin, James D. Winefordner, Benjamin W. Smith
|Original Assignee
|University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (24), Classifications (6), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of and priority under 35 U.S.C. �119(e) to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/453,968, filed Mar. 13, 2003, entitled "Method of Material Identification Employing Grating Spectrometer" which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This study was support by the U.S. Department of Energy, Contract No. DEFG02-99ER 14960.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to methods and systems for the identification of unknown materials employing spectral information associated with the material.
2. Description of Related Art
The reliable identification of unknown materials relies upon the amount of information that can be obtained from measurements of physical or chemical characteristics of the material. One such identification methodology uses spectral information. Each material is characterized by its own unique spectral fingerprint. The spectral fingerprint may comprise absorption, emission, Raman or any other type of spectral data obtained with the use of a characterization technique.
Grating spectrometers are conventionally employed to identify unknown materials and usually include a grating arrangement with a diffraction grating, which has a plurality of grating grooves extending closely side by side. An incident light beam enters through an entrance slit, is collimated and is directed on the grating by a suitable optical system. The light returned by a diffraction grating is spectrally dispersed. Light of different wavelengths is separated by angles for which the optical wavelength difference of the light diffracted at the grating grooves amounts to an integral multiple of the wavelength. The light of each wavelength is thus returned at different angles corresponding to optical wavelength differences of integer, i.e., one, two, three etc., wavelength multiples. An incident white parallel light beam is therefore dispersed into parallel light beams of different colors, i.e., corresponding to different wavelengths, and returned at different angles. Several of such light beams, which correspond to path length differences of the single, double, triple, etc., of the wavelength, are thereby associated with each wavelength. These different diffracted light beams of a wavelength are generally called "grating orders." Light at a particular wavelength λ in the first grating order is diffracted by a grating in a particular direction. Light at a wavelength λ/2, λ/3, λ/4 . . . is also diffracted in the same direction as for light at the wavelength λ. These added components are said to be in the second, third, fourth . . . grating order.
The diffracted light beams are focused by an optical system, such that, in the plane of an exit slit, a spectrum is generated which is composed of real images of the entrance slit generated by the light beams of different colors. The exit slit permits passage of light therethrough, which light has been diffracted in a certain direction and which is focused by the optical system at the location of the exit slit. The light emerging through the exit slit is directed to a detector. By rotating the diffraction grating the spectrum is scanned. That is, the light beams diffracted into the different directions can be directed consecutively to the exit slit.
Spectrometers without an exit slit in which the diffracted light beams are focused by the optical system onto a diode array are also known. In this type of spectrometer, a plurality of photodiodes are arranged closely side by side. When such a diode array is used the spectrum is not scanned, but the different wavelengths are simultaneously detected and the associated detector signals are output in parallel.
In conventional grating spectrometry, however, it is desired to measure only light of one grating order. Usually only the first grating order is used. The undesired grating orders thus, in typical operations, must be suppressed. This is usually achieved by a cut-off filter or by a prism pre-monochomator. In the UV range, air is effective as a suitable cut-off filter.
In the first grating order, a filter may be used for the spectral range of about 100 nm before a higher grating order occurs and the filter must be changed. A single diffraction grating, however, may sweep the spectral range from 190 nm to 900 nm. This large spectral range requires a correspondingly large number of filters, each of which must be consecutively rotated into the path of rays. Each filter change varies the optical conditions, such that filter steps or filter spikes easily occur in the 100%, or first order-line.
Another exemplary disadvantage of a diffraction grating, which is used in the first grating order through a large wavelength range, is the low efficiency of the diffraction grating near the ends of the range. This reduction of the efficiency often coincides with a decrease of the spectral lamp intensity or of the spectral detector sensitivity.
It is known to use the diffraction grating in a relatively long wave partial range in the first grating order, and in a relatively short wave partial range in a second grating order. This requires, however, a more frequent filter change and the use of band pass filters.
When a diode array is used as a detector, a quite narrow spectral range—a few tens of nm, at best, is detected thereby, and the higher grating orders must be suppressed by a cut-off filter. As the slopes of the cut-off filter are not infinitely steep, the range, which may be detected by the diode array at once, is even smaller. In order to measure a larger spectral range with such a detector arrangement, it is necessary to record the spectrum section by section and to rotate the diffraction grating therebetween.
An exemplary aspect of this invention relates to using multi-order spectra for material identification.
Another exemplary aspect of the invention relates to providing an improved system for the identification of unknown materials utilizing grating spectrometers that is not subject to the disadvantages associated with conventional grating spectrometers.
The exemplary system and methodology is based upon the obtention of spectral data from various substances and storing them in the form of a spectral library. Identification of an unknown material is accomplished by correlating its spectrum against all spectra in the library and finding the closest match.
The proposed technical solution allows one to obtain a larger amount of spectroscopic information than in conventional spectroscopy without or with only a minor modification of existing grating spectral instruments. Grating spectrometers are designed in such a way that only one order of diffraction (usually the first order) is used to obtain easily identifiable spectra in the focal plane of the spectrometer. If two or more orders are displayed simultaneously, the deciphering of the spectrum becomes problematic. For example, if the grating is set at 600 nm, the spectrometer will display a wavelength of 600 nm in the first order, 300 nm in the second order, and 200 nm in the third order. Sometimes, suppression of higher orders is built into the design of the spectrometer. Order-sorting filters are also sometimes used to correct this inherent problem.
Thus, in conventional spectroscopy, order overlap is considered undesirable. However, in the identification methodology and system of the present invention, based on correlation analysis, such overlap is beneficial because there is no need to assign spectral features. The spectrum is used as a fixed piece of information without detailing its content. Multiple order spectra provide more simultaneous useful information for the correlation process. Of course, this occurs at the expense of a partial loss in the spectral resolution (if lines from different orders overlap), but this effect is overshadowed by the inherent benefits for correlation analysis and its application to reliable material identification.
In general, the invention invokes the use of multiple or all possible diffraction orders available in spectrometers, such as grating spectrometers, for material identification based on correlation analysis. The technical solution (the use of the multi-order data acquisition mode) functions in combination with the correlation software of the invention. Technically, many grating spectrometers already have the built-in capability to monitor more than one diffraction order. This capability is inherent in the grating spectrometers design. For those spectrometers which lack this capability, only a slight modification is necessary to restore the capability to monitor more than one diffraction order.
The exemplary methodology and system of the invention may also be employed successfully utilizing Echelle grating spectrometers. The Echelle spectrometer is designed to work in a multi-order regime. A cross dispersion element (a prism) is used in Echelle spectrometers as an order sorter. However, no cross dispersion element is required for the reliable correlation analysis achievable with the system of the invention. Thus, cheap and simple Echelle grating spectrometers may be employed for material identification.
The exemplary systems and methods of this invention will be described in relation to a spectroscopy system and methodology. However, to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention, the following description omits well-known structures and devices that may be shown in block diagram form or otherwise summarized. For the purpose of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention may be practiced in a variety of ways beyond the specific details set forth herein. For example, any type of spectroscopic technique and equipment can be used to obtain the spectral data as discussed herein.
Furthermore, while the exemplary embodiments illustrated herein show the various components of the spectroscopy system collocated, it is to be appreciated that the various components of the system can be located at distant portions of a distributed network, such as a telecommunications network and/or the Internet, a distributed network, or within a dedicated spectroscopy system. Thus, it should be appreciated that the various components illustrated herein can be combined into one or more devices or collocated on a particular node of a distributed network, such as a telecommunications network, the Internet, a private network, a secured or unsecured network or any combination thereof. It will be appreciated from the following description, and for reasons of computational efficiency, that the components of the spectroscopy system can be arranged at any location within a distributed network without affecting the operation of the system.
Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the various links connecting the elements can be wired or wireless links, or any combination thereof, or any other known or later developed element(s) that is capable of supplying and/or communicating information to and from the connected elements. Additionally, the term module as used herein can refer to any known or later developed hardware, software or combination of hardware and software that is capable of performing the functionality associated with that element.
In operation, spectral data is received from the spectrometer 10, and in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of this invention, two or more spectra are forwarded to the correlation module 30. The correlation module 30, in cooperation with the library 20, performs a correlation, such as the linear and rank correlation described in the article "Identification of Solid Materials By Correlation Analysis Using A Microscopic Laser-Induced Plasma Spectrometer," Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 71, No. 22, Nov. 15, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference.
However, it should be appreciated that any type of correlation technique can be used to compare the multi-order spectra with the spectra contained in library 20.
The library 20 comprises a plurality of spectral fingerprints based on multi-order spectral information. The library can be categorized into, for example, various categories based on, for example, the number of spectra analyzed, or any other categorical classification. For example, in order to speed searching during the correlation process, a user could specify one or more categories or subcategories of information in the library 20 based on, for example, the number of analyzed spectra or the general composition of the material, such as a metal, or the like.
More particularly,
The spectral library could be the entirety of spectral information available in a plurality of libraries worldwide, or for example, spectral libraries for specific materials can be stored at geographically diverse locations and may, for example, be further sub-divided into material type categories. In general, the user can have available for the search all possible spectral information or a portion thereof.
If the entire spectral library is to be searched, control continues to step S160 where the obtained spectra is compared with the spectra stored in the spectra library through, for example, a statistical correlation. Control then continues to step S170.
If only a portion of a spectral library is to be searched, control continues to step S140 where a portion of a spectral library is specified and then in step S150, the obtained spectra are compared with the spectra stored in the selected portion of the spectra library. Control then continues to step S170.
In step 170, the identification of the material is achieved. Next, in step S180, the result of the identification is output and control continues to step S190 where the control sequence ends.
An exemplary embodiment was designed as an interface for multi-array optic detectors (such, for example, the detectors from the Ocean Optics, Inc.(USA), containing 2,000–14,000 sensitive elements), and the correlation module used simple linear and rank correlation. This relationship provided an extremely effective approach to detecting minute differences in spectra of various materials.
The multi-order data acquisition mode combined with the correlation software can be applied to a large variety of materials with the aim being their ultimate identification. For obtaining spectral data, any sort of spectroscopic technique can be used. As discussed above, these include, but are not limited to, inductively-coupled plasma (ICP), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), flame spectroscopy, or the like. The proposed methodology can be used immediately with many grating spectrometers which do not have a built-in order sorter. Those having such a sorter can be quickly modified to restore multi-order capability.
In practice and with the use of the proposed methodology, minute differences in materials can be detected, for example, in real time or near real time. The methodology can be used to sort recycled plastics, minerals, differing types of steel, alloys, or the like. It also can also be directed to the reliable identification of biological materials including, but not limited to, threatening biological agents and the like.
Use of the multi-order data collection system and methodology combined with the correlation software of the invention will be beneficial for the mining, material processing or recycling industries. It can substantially improve spectral methods aimed at rapid material identification. In the mining industry, for example, it can help to quickly identify beneficiary layers from overburden. In recycling, it can quickly sort recyclable materials (different sorts of plastics or metals, for example). Coupled with LIBS or Raman spectrometers, the methodology reduces sample preparation and helps to avoid time and material-consuming chemical analysis.
The above-described system can be implemented on a computing device, such as a personal computer, dedicated spectral analysis system, or the like, or a separate programmed general purpose computer having spectral scanning capabilities. Additionally, the systems and methods of this invention can be implemented on a special purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and peripheral integrated circuit element(s), and ASIC or other integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a hard-wired electronic or logic circuit such as a discrete element circuit, a programmable logic device such as a PLD, PLA, FPGA, PAL, or the like. In general, any device capable of implementing a state machine that is in turn capable of implementing the processes described herein can be used to implement the multi-order spectrum analysis system according to this invention.
Furthermore, the disclosed methods may be readily implemented in software using object or object-oriented software development environments that provide portable source code that can be used on a variety of computer or workstation platforms. Alternatively, the disclosed system may be implemented partially or fully in hardware using standard logic circuits or, for example, a VLSI design. Whether software or hardware is used to implement the systems in accordance with this invention is dependent on the speed and/or efficiency requirements of the system, the particular function, and the particular software or hardware systems or microprocessor or microcomputer systems being utilized. The systems and methods illustrated herein can be readily implemented in hardware and/or software using any suitable systems or structures, devices and/or software, such as JAVA�, by those of ordinary skill in the applicable art from the functional description provided herein and with a basic general knowledge of the computer and spectrum acquisition arts.
Moreover, the disclosed methods may be readily implemented in software executed on a programmed general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, a microprocessor, or the like. In these instances, the systems and methods of this invention can be implemented as a program embedded on a personal computer such as a JAVA�, CGI or Perl script, as a resource resigning on a server or graphics workstation, as a routine embedded in a dedicated spectral analysis system, or the like. The systems and methods of this invention can also be implemented by physically incorporating this system and method into a software and/or hardware system, such as the hardware and software systems of a computer.
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|Citing Patent
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|U.S. Classification
|356/328, 356/326
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 19, 2004
Owner name: ENERGY, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF, DISTRICT OF C
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A row of cages along a wall
Above ground coffins for them all.
Through bars their paws reach empty air:
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Where they would have whole house to roam.
Or else reach fragment of their past
And feel again the love at last
But few find welcome as a guest
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i love this beautiful flower arrangement. thank you, j
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Peach Dahlia ~ dahlias are so pretty and remind me of my mom, she always had them in her flower garden
السحر والجمال والروعة !!Peach Dahlia Light:Sun Zones:8-10 Plant Type:Bulb Plant Height:12 inches to 5 feet tall Plant Width:To 2 feet wide Landscape Uses:Containers,Beds & Borders,Groundcover Special Features:Flowers,Attractive Foliage,Cut Flowers,Attracts Hummingbirds,Attracts Butterflies,Drought Tolerant,Easy to Grow
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Peony...does anyone know the name? I think it's one of the most beautiful flowers I've ever seen.
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Pink Peonies. #peonies #flowers Get wowed with an amazing bouquet: http://www.bloomsybox.com/
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Pink Peonies, my absolute favourite flower.
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my favourite flower = pink peonies
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Flowers (Peonies)
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So ~ we have a question ~ when you're talking to your floral designer about your wedding flowers, specifically, centerpieces ~ do little clusters of floral arrangements (like this) have a certain name? Centerpiece implies (to us) a single, fairly significant arrangement ~ as opposed to either single or clustered small vases. We're asking because of the way we have our Pinterest boards set up and the way we tag in our galleries. Just wondering ... Florals by twiggbotanicals.com
San Diego Wedding by We Heart Photography


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Lightstone Value Plus REITs Buy Four Arkansas Hotels
Friday June 28th, 2013 - 10:08AM
These are shortcuts to your favorite social networking and bookmark sites. Add this story to your Facebook page, del.icio.us, DiggIt, and many others!
NEW YORK—Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. (LVPR) and Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust II, Inc. (LVPR II) have acquired four Marriott and Starwood hotels in Arkansas for $29.1 million.
LVPR acquired the Marriott Fairfield Inn in Jonesboro and the Aloft Hotel in Rogers, a Starwood property, for $18.4 million. They have a combined 213 keys. LVPR II purchased two Marriott TownePlace Suites in Little Rock and Johnson, which have a combined 184 keys, for $10.7 million.
"We believe these are four well-located premium branded hotels in diverse markets. All four properties were built in 2008 and 2009, and will only require minimal property improvements to increase property performance, as they are in excellent condition," said in a statement. David Lichtenstein, chairman and CEO of The Lightstone Group. LVPR and LVPR II are non-traded REITs sponsored by The Lightstone Group.
The purchase is part of Lightstone's aggressive growth strategy in the select service hotel market. The company is seeking to acquire another 50 select service hotels in the next 12 months, throughout the country, according to Lichtenstein.
The 130-room Aloft Hotel in Rogers is the only Starwood hotel in Arkansas and is located three miles north of the world headquarters of Wal-Mart and nine miles north of the University of Arkansas. The 83-room Marriott Fairfield Inn Jonesboro is the only Marriott property located within a 90-mile radius. The 92-room Marriott TownePlace Suites Little Rock is 1.4 miles from the site of the new St. Vincent's Medical Center and attracts significant business from nearby FBI and Department of Defense offices. The 92-room Marriott TownePlace Suites Johnson/Springdale is situated approximately 20 miles south of Wal-Mart's world headquarters.
Tags: • Hospitality • Brands • Acquisitions • FF+E/Purchasing •
Recently, Fortune and Forbes published their "Most Admired Companies" and "100 Best Companies to Work For" issues, respectively. I have to say, it was nice to see how well represented our industry was in both publications. When I speak with CEOs on this subject, I am told salary is no longer always the primary recruitment tool. Realizing this, I'd imagine, companies will accelerate their efforts towards implementing initiatives such as these to remain competitive in both recruitment and retention of their employees.
Stonebridge Companies, Marriott International to Open Moxy Hotel »
First Hyatt House Hotel to Open in Germany in 2017
Hearing Held on Stop Online Booking Scams Act
AH&LA: Miami Has Highest Percentage of Multi-Unit Operators on Airbnb
Real Hospitality Taps Joseph Yi as Chief Investment Officer
Pat Pacious Promoted at Choice Hotels
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New Berlin - Two-term Mayor Jack Chiovatero was defeated in Tuesday's election by 7th District Alderman David Ament by nearly a 3-2 margin.
In winning the four-year term, Ament captured about 58.2 percent of the vote to Chiovatero's 41.5 percent, according to unofficial results. There were 22 write-in votes. About 36 percent of eligle voters turned out.
Unofficial results are:
David Ament 6,105
Jack Chiovatero (i) 4,351
Election results remain unofficial until they are certified by the board of canvassers.
Asked if he expected the vote to be so lopsided, Ament said, "We had good responses from people going door to door. We had a good feeling.
"I guess the biggest thing, as I'm standing looking at a room of volunteers (at his victory party) who worked on it, (is that) these people took the message and made it their own message," Ament said late Tuesday.
Accepting outcome
Chiovatero was stoic about the outcome.
"Nobody has ever gotten a third term (as mayor) in New Berlin," Chiovatero said. "My kids didn't know if I should be running a third time."
Despite the outcome he was optimistic.
"This will be a new adventure in life. God will put me where I should be," Chiovatero said. "I'll move on. … I'll be back in private life and not in a fish bowl."
Chiovatero said he has a lot to be proud of in his 14 years of service to the city as alderman and mayor.
"I can walk out with my head up," he said.
New mayor, new page
Looking forward to his first term as mayor, Ament said, "It's time to turn a page and get our dignity, our pride and our reputation back," referring to the tarnished image New Berlin got in a bruising battle over low- and moderate-income housing coming to the New Berlin City Center.
Ament's message of hope and prudent government spending resonated with voters, he said.
"It was a message that government supplying services doesn't have to raise taxes," he said. "You can find ways of saving, just like you do with a business and with a home."
In his 12 years as alderman, the city made major improvements and still kept property tax increases close to zero, he said.
So, it can be done, he said, adding "You need a good plan."
There are savings to be had without hurting employees, Ament said.
"New Berlin has darn good employees," he said, and they can be integral in finding ways to save.
"It's like running a business," Ament said, explaining that a leader must recognize talent and build trust. 'And once that happens, the talent all comes gushing out."
More from News and Features
- Weeklong New Berlin playground community build yields wonderland
- Courtyard dedicated to two retiring New Berlin school administrators
- Muskego, New Berlin to salute Memorial Day with observances
- Muskego, New Berlin schools evaluate transgender guidelines
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Oíche Nollaig Peace Camp 2013
national | anti-war / imperialism | opinion/analysis Sunday January 06, 2013 16:15 by Mary Kelly
Shannon women's peace camp remembered
Although we did not ultimately stop US military use of the airport, through Indymedia reporting, documentaries, the massive demos, sit-ins, die-ins, walks, vigils, and the highs and lows of years of several court cases, all helped to focus intensive national and international attention on the Governments policy of allowing such transits through neutral airspace.
On one of the coldest nights of 2003 around Oíche Nollaig, a Peace Camp was established at Shannon Airport. It began with a 24 hour Womens Camp and quickly began to draw attention from the national media on the US military use of the airport as a transit hub to ferry troops and munitions to illegal wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. It has since transpired that Irish Government policy has also arguably facilitated US drone warfare, CIA kidnapping and torture missions. Shannons role in Americas wars has largely been ignored by the Irish media, who are unwilling to dissect the illegal and illogical agreement between the Irish and U.S. governments.
Comments (1 of 1)
by margaretta D'Arcy - Women in Media & Entertainment Mon Jan 14, 2013 13:42 margarettadarcy at gmail dot com
Readers might be interested in looking at the video Knitting for Peace. a Oiche Nollaig Women's Peace Camp 2009
Caption: Knitting for Peace


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An inquiry into Martin Dwyer's third-place finish aboard the favourite for a race at Mahalaxmi racecourse in Mumbai has been put back to March 17.
Dwyer finished a narrow third on market leader Ice Age in the final race last Sunday, prompting an angry response from racegoers.
A video of the race shows Ice Age appearing to drift towards the rail in the closing stages, bumping the eventual runner-up and causing the jockey to snatch up his mount.
The Royal Western India Turf Club stewards called an inquiry and announced the horse was to be deemed a non-starter, with all bets refunded.
The RWITC has since confirmed Dwyer will be the subject of a further hearing, which was originally scheduled for this Sunday.
He issued a statement through the Professional Jockeys Association on Friday.
Dwyer said: "Whilst I categorically deny the allegation made against me by the stewards of the Royal West India Turf Club that I did not allow Ice Age to race on her merits, I welcome the decision of director general of police Raj Khilnani to involve himself in proceedings and that he will be in attendance at the hearing.
"I am confident that I will be exonerated of any wrongdoing, due to the simple fact that I am entirely innocent of the allegations as is clearly made evident by the video of the race alone."
Explaining the initial disqualification, RWITC chairman Khushroo Dhunjibhoy told The Times of India: "The horse was disqualified because on preliminary inquiry, it appeared that the horse was not run fairly.
"Inquiry against the concerned jockey has been instituted."
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Pets for Sale in 30014(1 - 15 of 9,824)
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$550 Registered miniature schnauzer puppiesMiniature Schnauzer · Gainesville, GA… will be ready to go home July 1st. First vet visit. Tail docked. Dew claws removed. First set of s...Lesley B. · 1 day ago
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$175 CatahoulaPeachtree City, GAWe're fostering a Catahoula dog he's about 1- 1 1/2 years old. He's up to date on his shots and was neutered 5/22. He's also microchipped...Skylar G. · 3 days ago
$1,500 German Shepherd Puppies 100% West German Showline - VA bloodlineGerman Shepherd · Atlanta, GAVA2 Quenn vom Löher Weg grand puppies for sale- litter arrived on April 2, available for pick up by end of May. Super Pedigree, Phenomena...Hatem A. · 21 hours ago
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$350 Pomeranian CKC Male PuppyPomeranian · Macon, GAAdorable 12 week old CKC Pomeranian Male.Jeff W. ·1 listing · 6 days ago
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Robin Thicke's New Album Is Scheduled for July
A new Robin Thicke album is coming out later this year. The R&B superstar announced the release date of his seventh studio effort in a short video that he uploaded to Instagram on Thursday, May 22.
The yet-to-be-titled LP is scheduled to arrive on July 1 via Star Trak/Interscope Records. According to some reports, the record was written and produced entirely by the singer himself. It has so far spawned a single titled "Get Her Back", which fans believe was written by Thicke with estranged wife Paula Patton in mind.
The 37-year-old singer debuted the song during his set at Billboard Music Awards on Sunday, May 18. He also performed the slow-tempo jam with "The Voice" winner Josh Kaufman during the competition's season finale earlier this week.
Thicke put out his latest album, "Blurred Lines", last July. The record debuted at No. 1 on Billboard 200. Its lead single "Blurred Lines", which features guest vocals from Pharrell Williams and T.I., ruled the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 12 weeks.
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|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Chapter 7, 8, 9.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who does Souza say is to blame for Jamey's downfall?
(a) Jamey's family.
(b) Heather.
(c) Dwight.
(d) Digby Chancellor.
2. Where is Alex when he receives a phone call at the beginning of the story?
(a) Pool.
(b) Bed.
(c) Shower.
(d) Restaurant.
3. What is the jail that Jamey is held in lacking?
(a) Space.
(b) Proper care.
(c) Cleanliness.
(d) Funding.
4. If an inmate in jail is not wealthy, what are they denied?
(a) Showers.
(b) Food.
(c) Medication.
(d) Visitation.
5. What does Alex believe may be wrong with Jamey?
(a) Bipolar Disorder.
(b) Schizophrenia.
(c) Season Effective Disorder.
(d) Depression.
Short Answer Questions
1. Who does Alex call at the beginning of Chapter 5 in order to find out more about Jamey?
2. During the interview with Jamey, how does Alex describe him?
3. What is Jamey Cadmus's relationship with Alex?
4. Who is mentally ill in Jamey's family?
5. What does Alex believe is happening to Jamey during their phone call?
This section contains 181 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)


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I really love finding quality shows for my kids that keep them entertained but are also educational. My 7-year-old son Hayden and my 3-year-old daughter Halli were searching on Amazon Prime Video and found a show called Tumble Leaf. Tumble Leaf is an Amazon original series that helps inspire lifelong creative learning. They were both in love and have loved watching and re-watching all of the … [Read more...]
Reduce Your Spring Allergies With Honeywell Air Purifiers {+ Giveaway!}751 views
Springtime is my favorite time of the whole year. I feel so refreshed as the snow starts to melt, and the weather warms up. I love all the beautiful flowers and blossoms on the trees. I can finally get outside with my kids for bike riding, sidewalk chalk, and long family walks. Even though I welcome spring with open arms I don't welcome the wicked allergies that come with it. Unfortunately, my … [Read more...]
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Some of my very favorite memories are bringing my newborns home from the hospital. There is something so special about brand new babies and I never want to miss a moment. That first-year babies grow and change so fast! It is impossible to make that time slow down but now with the AT&T Smart Sync™ 5" Internet Viewable Touch Screen Video Monitor, I can watch my babies grow and document their … [Read more...]
Star Wars: The Force Awakens *NOW* ON Blu-Ray Combo Pack & DVD31 views
When I heard a new Star Wars movie was going to come out I was pretty excited. I grew up with Star Wars and have loved all of them. Soon my 7-year-old son Hayden started learning more and more about Star Wars. He began to be obsessed! Over Christmas break my husband and I watched Star Wars episodes 4-6 with him. Once he learned about Star Wars: The Force Awakens he begged to watch it! Star Wars: … [Read more...]
Curious George Is Now Streaming On Hulu! Plus, Giveaway!682 views
As a kid, some of my favorite books were about a silly little monkey named Curious George by Margret and H.A. Rey. Now that I have my own children I have loved to read them the same books I enjoyed. It has been so fun to snuggle up together and watch our favorite monkey on Hulu. Your favorite monkey is swinging into your home. All 9 seasons of Curious George, as well as the … [Read more...]


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|End game out today on PS3 woohoo!
#9417062, By markyHD Battlefield 3 - Gaming/online chats times (pew pew)
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Overwatch guide Hero guides, map guides, mechanics and more!
Fallout 4: Far Harbor guide Quest walkthrough, how to get the Marine Armor, best weapons.
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|End game out today on PS3 woohoo!


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Shower Heads and Arms
Here at Hudson Reed is where you'll discover an impressive choice of high quality shower heads to enhance any bathroom. We have rain showers, shower heads, shower arms, rigid risers and hand showers to suit all tastes and requirements. Perfect for bringing the look of any bathroom right up-to-date, our stunning shower heads are available in both modern and traditional styles, as well as an array of sizes. Each Hudson Reed shower head delivers a superb showering experience that's bound to get your day off to a great start.
Available in a massive choice of sizes and styles, our fixed shower heads deliver a refreshing rainfall style effect to awaken your senses. Our fixed shower heads are available with wall mounted and ceiling mounted arms, but we also supply fixed heads without an arm. Wall mounted and ceiling mounted arms are available to purchase separately. For a spa-style showering experience why not opt for a fixed shower head which incorporates a waterfall function?
Our handheld shower heads and kits are both stylish and practical. Ideal for updating your bathroom at an affordable price, our slide rail kits come complete with the shower handset and flexible hose. The shower handset can easily be removed to allow for easier rinsing and cleaning, and the height can simply be adjusted to suit you.
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Latest reviews for Shower Heads and Arms
Average Rating :
Total Reviews:5
12" Square Thin Shower Head
Very Nice Shower Head
This arrived in perfect shape except it was slightly warped. I was able to mount it in a good position so I don't notice that though. This replaced an 8" square rainfall head & was at first a bit of a disappointment because the flow really is like rainfall- very gentle, more so than the torrent I was used to. But I found the flow restriction device just inside the top fitting & removed it. Now the flow is stronger & is acceptable. OK so I use more water per minute this way. But it was taking forever to rinse off before & my showers were taking longer. I'll bet the total amount of water used is similar.
Valquest 12" Traditional Shower Head with Wall Arm
Great Product
I purchased this shower head for a traditional bathroom and it is exactly what I was looking for. It is very classy looking and the right size.
Valquest Traditional Handset with Traditional Slider Rail Kit, Round Elbow
Terrific. Solid, beautiful piece.
Rectangular Shower Head with Waterfall
Amazing Product
Fell in love with the look of this shower head & ordered it straight from your company. We also purchased the Quest Triple Shower Valves and the Handheld Shower Head to match. It was well packaged upon arrival & the product itself was heavy & well made. The contractor who installed it was equally impressed with the quality of the workmanship. The instant we used the shower, we were completely assured that we had purchased an amazing product! After posting pictures on Facebook of our remodel, many have commented on how "cool" the showerhead looks. Love, love, love this product! After a long day at work, it's pure heaven to step into our shower & have the rainshower & waterfall wash away our stress!
Traditional Chrome Grand Rigid Riser Over Head and Hand Held Shower Outlets
Would Recommend To Others
Great product quality


text: Contact Global Aid Network Tweet Global Aid Network PO BOX 139020 Dallas, TX 75323-9020 Phone: 972-234-0800 Email: email@example.com Featured Stories 4 Things You Need to Know About Life After College As you enter this new stage of life, remember that God has not left you to fend for yourself. Do People Think I'm Overreacting? Have you noticed that when life seems to press you on all sides, the black mold of your heart surfaces…or is that just me?


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Tina Fey leads cast of 30 Rock as they celebrate beginning of the end of final series
After seven seasons and 10 Emmys, NBC will finally close the doors on the hilariously bizarre world of 30 Rock.
But before the final episodes air, the cast got together on Wednesday in New York to celebrate the success of their series at a soiree sponsored by Entertainment Weekly and Garnier Nutrisse.
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30 Rockers: Tracy Morgan, Tina Fey, Judah Friedlander, Grizz Chapman, John Lutz, and Katrina Bowden celebrated the end of 30 Rock Wednesday evening at a New York soiree sponsored by Entertainment Weekly
'I want to steal the big, giant "TGS" sign in Liz's office, although I don't know where I'm going to put it,' series creator Tina Fey revealed to The Huffington Post on the party's red carpet.
'There's a lot of little things on my desk. I feel so comfortable in that fake office.
'Also a lot of the pictures on the wall, including a framed "Bust" magazine of Amy Poehler, are really my things that I'll have to take with me.'
The 42-year-old star, who plays Liz Lemon on the popular show, was dressed in a black pant-suit with white side-panels and a graphic print top underneath with black patent leather pumps.
Leading ladies: The 42-year-old star and series creator looked smart in her black pant-suit, while Jane Krakowski dazzled in a kaleidoscopic-print dress
Golden girl: Katrina Bowden flaunted her tan pins in a black mini-skirt and a gold-sequined top with peplum sides
Tina and her 30 Rock writers have been watching the finales of other hit shows for inspiration on how to properly end the seventh and final season.
'We tried to watch the Frasier finale and one of our writers started crying when Frasier was taking his dad's chair out,' Fey said.
Cerie baby: Tina and Jane were joined by Katrina
'He was like, "I don't know what's happening to me!" So we're not talking about it. We're kind of afraid to talk about it.'
The final premiere for the single-camera sitcom - loosely based on Fey's experiences as the head writer for Saturday Night Live - will air October 4.
The show's name refers to 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, which is the address of the GE Building in which the NBC Studios are located.
Tina was joined at the Manhattan function by many of her co-stars, including Jane Krakowski, who dazzled in a sleeveless kaleidoscopic-print dress and beige platform heels.
The 43-year-old natural blonde played Liz's best friend Jenna Maroney and a attention-seeking co-star of the fictional The Girlie Show aka TGS.
The show's youngest series regular, Katrina Bowden, flaunted her tan pins in a black mini-skirt and gold peep-toe heels.
The pretty 24-year-old, who plays Liz's scantily-clad laid-back assistant Cerie, glimmered in her gold-sequined top with peplum sides.
Also posing with Tina was a grinning Jack McBrayer, who looked dapper in his black pin-striped dress shirt with grey trousers.
The 39-year-old gets laughs playing Kenneth, a cheerful, obedient Southern-born NBC page.
Tracy Morgan - who plays TGS
star Tracy Jordan - rocked his 1980s-style standup comedian leather
blazer over a white dress shirt and black jeans.
We'll miss you: John Lutz and Judah Friedlander - in his trademark Canadian tuxedo - made appearances as well as a grinning Jack McBrayer who posed with Tina
The 43-year-old funnyman was seen
embracing his cast members nearly as passionately as he held on/off
girlfriend Tanisha Hall at the party.
Farewell: Alongside the 24-year-old blonde was Tracy, who donned his 1980s-style standup comedian leather blazer
According to Entertainment Weekly's cover story on Fey, the premiere episode concerns Tracy's character tweeting that women aren't funny and Liz dons a lab coat to convince him otherwise.
Judah Friedlander wore his trademark
Canadian tuxedo - blue jeans and matching jacket - along with a t-shirt
and trucker hat which both read 'World Champion.'
The disheveled 43-year-old plays sarcastic writer Frank Rossitano, whose hat bears a different catchphrase every episode.
Hanging out with Friedlander was John Lutz in a simple navy sports coat with blue jeans and a blue dress shirt.
The 39-year-old plays J.D. on the series, a lazy writer who is often made fun of by the rest of the staff.
Towering over the other party guests was seven-foot-tall Grizz Chapman, 38, who plays a member of Tracy's entourage on the series.
Not seen at the soiree were series regulars Alec Baldwin, Scott Adsit, Keith Powell, Lonny Ross, Kevin Brown, and Maulik Pancholy.
The one celebrity guest Tina would
most love to land for the final season is Eddie Murphy: 'He might be the
one person who's too famous to get.'
When the abbreviated 13-episode run finally ends, the brunette beauty will begin her recently-signed deal with Universal TV where she will work on new shows and possibly star in them.
End of the road: Tina appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to discuss the final season
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30+ days ago
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Seventy civil service mariners, and approximately 400 Navy, Army and non-governmental organization (NGO) personnel aboard Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy (T-AH 20) returned to San Diego Sept. 14.
They steamed more than 20,000 miles - nearly the distance of circling the equator - to Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia as the lead vessel for Pacific Partnership 2012 (PP12), in a nearly five-month humanitarian and civic assistance mission that resulted in medical treatment for nearly 50,000 people. Many of the ship's mission personnel - which total about 1,200 service members and civilians - have already returned home.
The 894-foot Mercy, one of two U.S. Navy hospital ships, is operated by the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command. MSC's civil service mariners were responsible for Mercy's operation and navigation. In addition, since the ship is too large for pierside visits, mariners operated small boats to transport patients and personnel between ship and shore.
Doctors and nurses from the ship's U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery-led medical treatment facility worked with medical professionals from numerous governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations and the host nations to provide medical care, including immunizations, general and specialty surgeries, dental care and vision services. At the invitation of the host nations, PP12 brought the expertise of U.S. service members and personnel from 13 partner nation militaries and 28 NGOs to build and strengthen relationships and work together to learn how to better collectively respond to natural disasters and crisis.
As part of the medical outreach effort, which took place both ashore and aboard the ship, Mercy's team treated more than 49,000 people ashore, including dental care and services like the distribution of eyeglasses and sunglasses. The team performed more than 900 shipboard surgeries, and treated or evaluated more than 7,000 livestock and domestic animals.
In addition, the Mercy team conducted more than 60,000 hours during 62 subject-matter expert exchanges in the four countries visited on topics including first aid, nursing, cardiology, orthopedics, nutrition, disaster response, water and food safety, and public health promotion.
U.S., Australian and host-nation engineers built or refurbished 13 buildings and the crew collectively participated in more than 100 community service projects to include the delivery of 244 pallets (more than 144,000 pounds) of donated supplies requested by host nations.
Pacific Partnership 2012 is a U.S. Pacific Fleet mission led by three different element commanders: civilian Capt. Jonathan Olmsted, Mercy's civil service master; Navy Capt. James Morgan, commander for the overall Pacific Partnership mission; and Navy Capt. Timothy Hinman, commander of the medical treatment facility responsible for providing care aboard Mercy and ashore.
"My most profound memory was watching six surgeries - all of which were performed in a 30-minute timeframe while we were anchored off the Philippines," said Olmsted, who has overall responsibility for Mercy's movement and the safety of its nearly 1,000 passengers. "We saw four children and two adults receive life-changing procedures including cataract transplants, tumor removals, and other corrective surgery. That's when it really hit me why PP12 is so important."
Supply utilityman Carmelita Kawasaki said that the mission's success is evident from the facial expressions of those receiving help. Kawasaki noticed this especially while volunteering her sleep hours to work at a public elementary school in Indonesia. "You can feel the gratitude and happiness in their hearts, and sense that we are very welcome in their place," she said.
Engine utilityman Darlene Mertz, who works in Mercy's vast, engineering spaces, cites a memory from Vietnam as her favorite from the trip.
"I was walking down a ship's passageway after a long and hot eight-hour watch in the engine room when I ran into a group of patients," said Mertz. "An elderly woman stopped me and asked, via her translator, what I do on the ship. I told her I work in the engine room keeping the boilers on so we have steam for the ship's propulsion and power for the hospital. She looked at me and said, 'thank you for being here.'"
Military Sealift Command operates approximately 110 noncombatant, civilian-crewed ships that replenish U.S. Navy ships, conduct specialized missions, strategically preposition combat cargo at sea around the world and move military equipment and supplies used by deployed U.S. forces.
Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
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Tideland Signal Corporation, now part of Xylem, has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire certain assets of Julius Signal, extending the company's portfolio
North P&I Club reports that an exceptionally low year for claims has helped it increase its free reserves by $90 million to $428 million and deliver a combined ratio of 73.
The Defense Material Organization has awarded three contracts to Goltens Worldwide's Green Technologies business unit for the engineering and turnkey installation
1943 - USS Saury (SS 189) attacks a Japanese convoy south of Kyushu and sinks transport Kagi Maru, about 10 miles north of the Nansei Shoto. Also on this date,
Philippine President Benigno Aquino on Thursday accused China of breaking a U.S.-brokered deal between the two nations on the Scarborough Shoal, an uninhabited rocky outcrop in the South China Sea.
In response to the Government of Canada's announcement of a series of enhancements to strengthen the National Shipbuilding Strategy, Seaspan Shipyards' president
Alphatron Marine announced that Arno Metzemakers will join the company's management team as General Manager responsible for all operational matters worldwide, effective June 1.
Prosafe, owner and operator of semi-submersible accommodation vessels, informs that its Chairman, Harald Espedal, has notified the company that he will step down
Saint Lucia has acceded to four International Maritime Organization (IMO) treaties, including conventions covering ballast water management (BWM Convention) and
A migrant boat capsized in the Mediterranean on Thursday and about 100 of its passengers have been rescued while the number of dead is unknown, officials said.


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Elevated garden beds are the answer for an instant and manageable garden that can be placed anywhere. This 100% Red Cedar garden bed is ideal for small patios, decks, condos, apartments, or anywhere you'd like to grow vegetables, herbs, or flowers. The elevated garden bed eliminates bending over while gardening and is perfect for gardeners with mobility and back strain issues. And with its tool free assembly, you'll have this garden bed up and assembled in a matter of minutes.
Frame Material: western red cedar
Protective Qualities: Naturally Resistant
Maximum Weight Capacity: 20
Dimensions: 1 H x 1 W x 1 D
Weight: 1
Warranty Description: 5 Year Limited Warranty
Assembly Bullets no assembly required
other Info.
Warranty Information
To obtain a copy of the manufacturer's warranty for this item, please call Target Guest Services at 1-800-591-3869.
- Made in the USA or Imported


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Cause We Care Foundation
Cause We Care Foundation was founded in 2007 for the purpose of assisting single mothers and children living in poverty in our community. We believe that through the act of giving (time, resources and funds) positive change can happen for both single mothers and children in need.
With support from donors like you we can make a difference in the lives of single mothers and children living in Vancouver.
from our blog
The poverty line in BC for lone parent one child $24,319/yr, most live way under this at an average of $14,300 a yr https://t.co/Z35jvA2vr4
RT @tradeworksBC: We're passionate about reintroducing women to the workforce; we need your support on Thurs! https://t.co/FhLEvWKLlf https://t.co/ZhYoDqIh9P


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The Librarian's News Wire
The folks who work in libraries
Norcross, GA —June 14, 2011
Sage Library System of Eastern Oregon has added nine new libraries to Evergreen. The former Gorge Link libraries: Hood River County Library District (3), Hood River Valley High School, Sherman County Public/School Library, Planetree Health Center, and The Dalles/Wasco County Service District (3) are now live on Evergreen. Equinox Software oversaw data migration for the new libraries and will continue to provide technical support for all the Sage Libraries.
Nathan Curulla
(888) 900-8944[email protected]
Incarnate Word High School Goes Live on Koha with ByWater Solutions
ByWater Solutions, an open source community supporter and official Koha support company, announced today that the Incarnate Word High School of San Antonio, TX. is now live on their installation of the Koha integrated library system.
The library's Koha installation went live in early June, and ByWater Solutions will be providing ongoing support and hosting services for them.
Leading Subscription Services Company Now Authorized to Offer Additional CCC products
For Immediate Release
~ The ARTstor Collections Now Searchable via EBSCO Discovery Service™ for Mutual Customers~
IPSWICH, Mass. — June 9, 2011— The ARTstor Digital Library will be searchable via EBSCO Discovery Service™ (EDS) from EBSCO Publishing (EBSCO) allowing mutual customers to use EDS to explore even more of a library's collection. The agreement between ARTstor and EBSCO increases the value to ARTstor subscribers using EDS since end users will be able to search ARTstor Digital Library collections—over one million images—alongside their library's entire print and electronic collection.
~Emerging librarians receive funding for travel and conference expenses~
Birmingham, Ala. – June 8, 2011 – In co-sponsorship with the American Library Association (ALA), EBSCO awarded seven librarians $1,000 scholarships to attend the ALA Annual Conference June 23-28, 2011 in New Orleans.
DUBLIN, Ohio, June 7, 2011—A record for a book accessible online, titled Task-oriented and Purposeful Robot-Assisted Therapy, marked the 10 millionth record added to WorldCat via the WorldCat Digital Collection Gateway. The record was harvested into WorldCat by staff at InTech, an open access publisher located in Rijeka, Croatia.
Farmington Hills, Mich., June 7, 2011 — Gale, part of Cengage Learning and a leading publisher of research and reference resources for libraries, schools and businesses, and Library Journal magazine today announced that King County Library System in Issaquah, Washington has been named the 2011 Library of the Year. Each year this prestigious recognition goes to the public library in the United States that most profoundly demonstrates service to community, creativity, leadership and innovation in developing specific community programs, particularly programs that can be emulated by others.
~ Single Search Entry, Speed and Ability to Search a Wide-Ranging Collection are Key Features in UNC Charlotte's Decision to Choose EBSCO Discovery Service™~
June 8, 2011
San Diego, CA
For Immediate Release.
More and more Youth Service Librarians are being asked to fill the role of art teacher and activities director. Budget cuts, innovative library programs, and the need to keep the library a place for children and teens to thrive requires an understanding of programs that incorporate visual literacy and hands on art projects.
There is a resource that will help you. Art Teacher on the Net an online art resource website since 1998 is sponsoring 2 workshops for Librarians.
© 2008 LISWire


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People who consider to start using electronic cigarettes are normally smokers or people who are in the process of quitting this bad habit. Smoking conventional or traditional cigarettes is not good and this is a fact that is clearly known by many people out there today. This simple fact does not stop people from engaging in this bad habit.
The deaths that have been caused by cigarette smoking over the years have raised an alarm on the adverse effects of smoking to people of all ages. This has made so many smokers out there to really want to quit their bad smoking habit and try a new approach to it that has significantly less harmful effects on a person's health. The alternative to smoking has been revealed to be vaping or the use of electronic cigarettes. In order for smokers to successfully make their transition from smoking to vaping, they must first be aware of the benefits of vaping and what it really has to offer.
The information out there about electronic cigarettes is pretty much factual and the truth is that vaping has enormous benefits over conventional smoking habits. In order to fully convince smokers to quit smoking harmful cigarettes, one must clearly list down the benefits that come with vaping or electronic cigarette smoking. The benefits that will be mentioned below are derived from a number of researches and studies that have been done on people who take part in both smoking and vaping activities. Consumer feedbacks and ratings of various products have also been taken into consideration.
Here are some of the benefits of vaping that you may or may not be aware currently aware of.
The Health Benefit
The most important and significant benefit of electronic cigarette smoking is lesser health risk to a person as compared to the health risk posed by conventional cigarette smoking. Traditional cigarettes are composed of millions of harmful chemicals. conventional cigarettes are full of Carcinogens or cancer causing compounds that are not food for the human body. Cancer is a leading cause of deaths in the world today and choosing to smoke cigarettes puts a person in danger of getting lung, throat, mouth or any other type of cancer.
In terms of health, smoking has no form of benefit to one's overall well being. There is not even a single health benefit that comes with smoking. All smoking does is to ruin ones body organs such as the lungs and the heart. The lungs of a daily cigarette smokers can be used as a clear evidence of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on the human body.
Smoking is also a leading cause of coronary diseases such as heart disease and stroke. People who smoke regularly or are exposed to cigarette smoke are at a higher risk of getting severe strokes and heart attacks during their lifetimes.
Electronic cigarettes do not contain the harmful chemicals found in conventional cigarettes. Vaping therefore significantly poses less health risks as compared to smoking.
Electronic Cigarettes Are Odourless
A cigarette smoker can be easily be noticed from the rest of the crowd due to the distinct smell that features on their clothes, hair and skin. Conventional cigarettes are known to emit a really offensive smell that clings on the body of the smoker for quite some time. This smell can be a major let down especially when mingling around people who do not smoke.
The smell of cigarettes is arguably not noticeable by a smoker because he or she is already used to the smell. The smell is however easily picked up by people in the surrounding environment without even struggling. This smell can irritate non smokers and people who are really trying to quit the smoking habit. This bad smell comes from the burning of tar found in most cigarettes.
Electronic cigarettes do not have this bad odor as they do not have tar in them. Electronic cigarette vapor is fresh and does not clean on the person engaging in the vaping activity.
Vaping Is Cheaper Than Smoking
Chain smokers spend a lot of money on several packs of cigarettes every now and then. Cigarettes have become more and more expensive to purchase over the years due to the many tax additions that have been made on tobacco products in the global market. The cost of buying a single cigarette stick a few years back has considerably risen and is now at an all time high.
This simple fact makes smoking a really expensive habit to sustain in the long term. Vaping on the other hand is the cheaper alternative to smoking. The thing about vaping is that one's a person makes an initial investment on vaping supplies such as starter kits, batteries and cartomizers the rest is very easy to sustain. One only needs to buy electronic cigarette juice when it runs out.
E-cig juice can last for a very long time and one can easily get different e-cig juice flavors at an affordable price. There are no high taxes imposed on electronic cigarette products and therefore people who vape do not have to worry about high prices.
Social Benefits Of Vaping
In society, smokers are increasingly being viewed in some negative light. Socially, smoking is not attractive at all because of the many negative features it is associated with like poor health, smell, expenses and even death of people. The society has been influenced a lot though media campaigns as well as through public awareness forums on the adverse effects of smoking on people.
This has made smoking become a social vice in some kind of way. Smoking has become rare in public and can now only be done is specific designated smoking areas in most major cities and urban areas. Being able to smoke with ease has become almost impossible due to the many prying eyes that will always be looking.
People of the opposite sex can be easily turned off by cigarette smoking. Potential hookups and dates can be ruined by the mere fact that a person smokes. Vaping on the other hand does not have this social negativity attached to it. Vaping is seen as a safe and healthy way of enjoying a good smoke without endangering one's health or the health of others.
Vaping is a very sophisticated and elegant way of enjoying leisure time with friends and family.
Vaping is Safer Than Smoking Cigarettes
Lighting up a conventional cigarette in a fire hazard area can lead to explosive or flammable things catching fire. Many fire accidents have been attributed to cigarette smoking in one way or the other. This simply indicates that cigarettes are less safer in terms of fire hazard situations. A single spark or open flame from a burning cigarette can burn down an entire forest or grassland without even knowing it.
Vaping does not pose this type of fire risk to people. Electronic cigarettes are safe and easy to use. The lack of an actual flame and instead the use of a battery powered ignition makes any vaping gadget safe and free from any form of fire hazard or risk.
Electronic cigarettes cannot burn down things accidentally even when left alone by mistake. This is a major benefit that comes with vaping.
Vaping Helps People To Quit Smoking
The best way to stop conventional cigarette smoking is to replace this bad habit with vaping. Vaping is a viable substitute for smoking that people can depend on to sustain their thirst for nicotine and the overall smoking experience.
To view our premium e-juice offerings click here Premium EJuice
These are some of the benefits of vaping.


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