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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 25, 2008
|Filing date
|Oct 31, 2005
|Priority date
|Oct 31, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John P. Stirniman, Micheal D. Cranford
|Original Assignee
|Synopsys, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (20), Classifications (12), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to design of layouts used in lithography of semiconductor wafers. More specifically, the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for applying proximity corrections to layouts of integrated circuit (IC) chips.
2. Related Art
In the manufacture of integrated circuit (IC) chips, minimum feature sizes have been shrinking according to Moore's law. Currently the minimum feature size is smaller than the wavelength of light used in the optical imaging system. In order to achieve reasonable fidelity (including resolution and depth of focus) between (a) a layout designed in a computer and (b) shapes of circuit elements formed in a wafer after fabrication, a number of reticle enhancement technologies (RET) have been developed over the last decade, such as optical proximity correction (OPC), phase shifting masks (PSM), and sub-resolution assist features.
Proximity correction as performed in prior art, is briefly described below. First an originally-drawn shape called layout (or pattern) 10 is created in a computer (see
One or more such differences between structure 20 and original layout 10 may be measured and used to identify wafer proximity corrections 30 (
Wafer proximity corrections 30 may be obtained, by overlaying on original layout 10, a number of predetermined shapes called "serifs". These serifs may add or remove area from the layout.
Wafer proximity corrections 30 may be obtained by forming, in a computer, a model of a wafer fabrication process ("process model") using one or more convolution kernels to simulate the wafer image distribution that results from a lithography process. The term "intensity" is sometimes used to denote wafer image distribution resulting from a combination of optical effects 14, resist effects 16, and etch effects 18 of a semiconductor wafer fabrication process to create a layer in the wafer, for example, a metal layer or a polysilicon layer. Such a distribution is typically generated from a kernel-based model of the fabrication process (including each of optical effects 14, resist effects 16, and etch effects 18), by convolving an IC layout with convolution kernels to obtain a simulated wafer image. Convolution kernels used in prior art, to model a wafer fabrication process, are shown in
The specific convolution kernels that are used in a process model are normally identified by a supplier of the model. The supplier may generate the process model by empirically fitting data from test wafers using any conventional software such as Progen™, a lithography model development tool available from Synopsys, Inc. or Calibre™ available from Mentor Graphics, Inc.
A process model typically contains a set of spatial filtering kernels (
For more information on making and using process models, see the following articles all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety as background:
Explicit descriptions of the process model expressions that are conventionally used to combine convolution values at a given location in a layout, to generate an intensity value at that location, are provided in a number of prior art publications, such as the following articles all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety as background:
Prior art methods of proximity correction involve a first application of a process model to an unperturbed layout, to obtain an unperturbed intensity surface (or value at a point) which represents the wafer's image distribution as a function of location (x, y) (or at a single point). Thereafter, the layout is perturbed by adding or removing a serif of an initial serif size, followed by a re-application (i.e. a second application) of the process model to the perturbed layout to obtain a perturbed intensity surface or a perturbed intensity value at a point. The initial serif size, when scaled by a ratio of (a) a difference between a threshold and unperturbed intensity and (b) a difference between the perturbed intensity and the unperturbed intensity, yields a serif size used in proximity correction. In current commercial tools known to this inventor, the second application of the process model is performed iteratively, until the individual serif is properly sized to within a predefined tolerance.
The just-described second application of the process model is typically performed 1000s of times, once for each location (x, y) where one wishes to place a serif In the end, when the original layout has been adjusted at sufficient locations, a simulated wafer image (from using all the proximity corrections) conforms to the original (unadjusted) layout sufficiently to proceed to actual fabrication of production wafers.
Note that a second application of the process model is required for every serif, because current prior art known to this inventor does not teach how to separately account for the individual intensity contribution from an individual serif. Such an individual contribution cannot be simply added to an earlier computed intensity when the process model is non-linear. In practice, process models are at least 2nd order non-linear, as both optical energy and optical coherence effects are second order. The prior art known to this inventor always re-evaluates the process model after every perturbation in the layout shape. This inventor notes that the two applications of the process model, once without the serif, and a second evaluation with the serif, are providing a numerical response of the process model intensity with respect to the serif, without modeling sensitivity as described herein by this inventor, after this background section.
After proximity corrections are identified as described above, a corrected mask is created using a proximity corrected layout (see step 48 in
In the process described in paragraph [0008], the most compute intensive work is performed in applying a process model to a layout, which as noted above requires a second application of the process model for each serif U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,081,658 and 6,289,499 that are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, describe fast convolution methods for calculating intensity at a single location. These methods can be used to apply a process model to a layout as often as needed, and they operate in the space domain. All commercial full-chip proximity correction tools known to this inventor use this space domain, fast convolution method for process model evaluation. To calculate the effect of a perturbation, these tools rely on two calls to the process model—one without the serif and a second with the serif. When using the fast convolution method, the second application of the process model is fast enough to make full-chip proximity correction tools practical
Application of a process model to a layout for proximity correction can also be performed in the frequency domain using any conventional FFT (fast Fourier transform), to transform the layout into the frequency domain where the convolutions are calculated. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,299 granted to Aleshin, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,731 granted to Medvedeva, et al. both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as background. Note that these two patents also require the second application of the process model, within the loop over each location where a serif is to be added, as described above in paragraph [0015].
When using the method of FFT to calculate convolutions in a process model, the second application of the process model at each serif is prohibitively expensive. There is currently no known method, to the knowledge of this inventor, to calculate the effect of a perturbation on the process model, without calculating the effect of the perturbation on each of the individual FFT's used in the process model. Because there may be between 4 to 40 separate FFT's used in the application of the process model, calculating the effect of the perturbation on each is cumbersome. Also, to the knowledge of this inventor, an FFT approach is currently not used in any commercially available software for full chip, optical proximity correction, in part because of the inability to calculate the effect of a perturbation quickly.
An article by Yuri Granik published March 2005 in the Proceedings of SPIE Vol. #5754-47, entitled "Solving Inverse Problems of Optical Microlithography" describes a method to calculate the effect of a perturbation in the layout, when using an FFT-based method for the calculation of intensity. Towards the end of this article, in section 5 thereof, Granik suggests that saving electrical fields Ai 0 for a mask m0 and calculating the intensity for a slightly different mask m′ as per equation (61) based on the saved fields Ai 0, is faster than a second convolution of the perturbed layout by FFT. The convolutions in equation (61) are quickly calculated by direct multiplication, according to Granik. Therefore, Granik calculates the effect of each perturbation on each saved electric field, then applies the process model a second time to calculate a perturbed intensity. Granik's perturbed intensity, the original intensity, and a target intensity are used to calculate a serif size, using the same serif size calculation currently used in commercial tools as described in paragraph [0011].
In Granik's method, computational complexity may be reduced to order (d*M*N), where d is the number of pixels modified in the pattern, M is the number of pixels in the kernel and is typically on order of two-hundred-fifty to twenty thousand, and N is the number of intermediate electric fields and is typically on order of four to forty. Granik states the particular importance of the case where one perturbs a pattern one pixel at a time, where d=1. However, even when d=1, the number of calculations necessary per perturbation is on order of one thousand to one million. Hence, Granik's method appears to be too slow for practical applications.
Furthermore, caching intermediate FFT results requires memory. If an IC design has been divided up into a number of subdivisions of area 100 by 100 micron2, with pixel resolution of 50 nanometers, then each subdivision requires roughly 32M Bytes per FFT. And this value easily grows by another order of magnitude, by increasing the area of the FFT or the decreasing the pixel size. Assuming between 4-40 FFT's in a typical application, this results in 100M to 1.2 G Bytes of cached information in Granik's method, a size far too large to be accessed quickly using cache technologies available in today's computers.
In the above-discussed article, Granik applies the process model a second time for each serif. Although he has proposed a faster method to evaluate the effect of the serif, his calculation still relies on a numerically calculated response, which can be easily identified by his two applications of the process model, with and without a serif. Since the process model in practical applications is non-linear, the second call to the process model at each serif is computationally expensive. In this regard, Granik's method is consistent with current commercial tools which apply the process model a second time at each serif. Granik fails to disclose or suggest a second model of sensitivity, as described herein by this inventor, in text following this background section.
Granik's method also requires saving the intermediate electric fields. This is another indication that he is calculating a numerical response, as the second application of the process model requires these intermediate electric fields. In the method discussed next, it is not necessary to save (or regenerate) the intermediate electric fields, and hence, not possible to calculate the process model a second time.
It is well known in the prior art to compute a parameter called "mask error factor" (MEF) as the change in an imaged edge position per unit change in the corresponding drawn edge position. In the language of OPC, this inventor postulates a MEF equivalent to be the "change in process model contour position per unit change in perturbation width". Prior art known to the inventor calculates MEF numerically, by calling the process model twice as noted above: once without the perturbation, once with the perturbation. Thereafter, the two corresponding contours are calculated, followed by taking the difference, and calculate the MEF as the change in the contour difference divided by the size of the perturbation. To the knowledge of this inventor, there is no prior art method to derive an algebraic MEF sensitivity function which defines the MEF at any arbitrary polygon edge.
A memory in accordance with the invention is encoded with a model of sensitivity of a layout, where the layout ("distorted layout") is generated by simulation of a wafer fabrication process on an original layout, and a computer when appropriately programmed with the sensitivity model, simulates the change in the distorted layout with respect to a change in the original layout. The sensitivity model comprises an expression of convolution of the original layout with spatial functions ("kernels") that are identical to kernels of another model, namely a model of a wafer fabrication process (hereinafter "process model"). The process model is used in the simulation to generate the distorted layout. A single difference, between the distorted layout and the original layout is computed, and the difference is divided by a sensitivity value which is obtained directly from the sensitivity model. The result of the division is used to identify a proximity correction (such as serif size or edge movement) to be made to the original layout.
The prior art second application of the process model at each serif is eliminated in many embodiments of the invention, by use of the sensitivity model. In several embodiments, identifying the effect of each serif on the distorted layout requires an evaluation of the sensitivity model. Such embodiments are superior over the prior art's double application of the process model for three reasons. First, the sensitivity model is based on the process model's kernels and corresponding unperturbed convolution results. There is no need to re-calculate the effect of the perturbation on each of the individual convolution surfaces used in the process model. Second, in the typical case where the process model is 2nd order (non-linear), the sensitivity model is 1st order (linear). This linear model is easier to compute as compared to the non-linear model. Third, since it is not necessary to re-calculate perturbed convolution results, it is not a requirement that one save, modify, or regenerate the intermediate convolution results for each serif (at each (x,y) location), thereby reducing memory requirements.
The methods, data structures, systems and combinations thereof described herein for creating and using a sensitivity model may be extended, in some embodiments, to model a measure of sensitivity commonly known in the art as mask error factor ("MEF"). A MEF model is determined, in some embodiments, in a manner similar or identical to a sensitivity model as described herein. Such a MEF model is further used, in several embodiments, to directly calculate the sizes of serifs from errors in the distorted layout's contours.
Depending on the embodiment, the sensitivity model is used regardless of whether the process model is evaluated using a fast-convolution approach, or an FFT approach. However, the computational benefit from eliminating the second application of the process model at each serif is most apparent in embodiments using the FFT approach to calculate the process model.
In numerous embodiments, the sensitivity model is used independent of how it is created and vice versa, although some embodiments combine a specific creation method with a specific usage method of the type described herein.
A memory 210 (
Distorted layout 231 generated by use of process model 211 includes optical effects 14, resist effects 16, and etch effects 18 (as described above, in reference to
Sensitivity model 212 contains, in many embodiments of the invention, an expression 212E of convolution of original layout 262 with one or more functions (called "kernels") 261 that form the basis of process model 211. Hence, sensitivity model 212's expression 212E of many embodiments, uses a subset of the kernels 261 that are required for process model 211's expression 211E. An expression typically includes a form and a set of coefficients, typically one coefficient for each term in the form. The form includes the number of terms in the expression, the kernel(s) associated with each term, the order of the term (e.g linear, squared, cubic ) and the type and order of arithmetic operations to be performed on each term (e.g add, divide). A common form for process model 211's expression 211E is four to forty terms, each term using the convolution result of a single kernel, where the arithmetic operation is to square each term and sum the result (a 'sum of squares'). Several embodiments of the invention use in sensitivity model 212 an expression 212E that has between one to five terms, each term using the convolution result of a single kernel, where the arithmetic operation is the linear sum of terms.
A memory 210 encoded with a kernel-based sensitivity model 212 ensures that a single set of kernels 261 is used in both models 211 and 212. Use of the sensitivity model 212 provides significant improvements in computation speed and memory utilization, when used to identify proximity corrections to an original layout, as compared to methods that apply the process model a second time. As noted above in the Background section, application of the process model is computationally expensive, especially when applied the second time, in a loop.
A sensitivity model 212 that uses kernels 261 as discussed in paragraph [0049] can be created by assuming and using (directly or indirectly) a derivative relationship of the sensitivity model 212 to the process model 211. The derivative relationship may be used directly, e.g. if the process model is completely known then a mathematical differentiation operation is performed thereon, either manually or automatically depending on the embodiment. The derivative relationship is used indirectly in some embodiments if the process model 211 is only partially known, e.g. if the process model 211 is known to be of order M and uses a group of predetermined kernels, then a sensitivity model 212 is created by empirically fitting a set of observed sensitivity measurements from a test wafer to an expression of a next lower order i.e. order M−1 that also uses the predetermined kernels. If order M is not known, it is determined empirically.
In some embodiments, a mathematical derivative (or approximation to a mathematical derivative) of an expression 211E in process model 211 or an adjusted version thereof is stored in memory 210 as the sensitivity model's expression 212E. Hence, in the just-described embodiments, evaluation of sensitivity model 212 has one order less computational complexity than the complexity in evaluating its corresponding process model 211. In a first example of such embodiments, if process model 211's expression 211E is a sum of squares e.g. c1A2+c2B2+c3C2 . . . wherein c1, c2, c3 are constants and A, B and C are convolutions of kernels 261 with layout 262, then its mathematical derivative namely 2*(c1A+c2B+c3C+ . . . ) is stored in memory 210 of some embodiments, as the sensitivity model's expression 212E. In a second example, if the process model's expression 211E is written as any general algebraic expression, then its algebraic derivative is determined and is stored in memory 210 of some embodiments, as expression 212E of sensitivity model 262.
Instead of storing in memory 210 a strict mathematical derivative as expression 212E as discussed in paragraph [0052], an approximation is stored in some variants of the discussed embodiments. For example, some embodiments approximate a mathematical derivative of model expression 211E, by a Taylor series that is stored as sensitivity expression 212E. Moreover, some embodiments use an adjusted sensitivity expression 212E or an approximation thereto, to account for the effect of large sized serifs, e.g. by adding terms to expression 212E which account for higher order derivatives of process model expression 211E, and make the sensitivity expression dependent on the serif's size. Other embodiments to make other such adjustments (either manually or automatically) will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of this patent application.
In making adjustments, one or more terms may be excluded from expression 212E in some embodiments. For example, manual or automatic inspection of a mathematical derivative (which may itself be generated manually or automatically), may reveal that certain coefficients are so small that during evaluation of expression 212E they result in terms whose contribution is negligible. A term's contribution may be determined (manually or by computer) to be negligible, if an error in proximity correction from dropping the term is less than a predetermined limit (set by a human). Hence, if a term's contribution is negligible and at the same time computational complexity in evaluating the term is sufficiently high, it may be worthwhile to drop the terms from sensitivity expression 212E.
In one illustrative example of such approximation, two checks are made to see (1) if a first coefficient is an order of magnitude smaller than a second coefficient (which two coefficients are taken from the top of sorted list obtained by sorting all coefficients in ascending order) and (2) if the first coefficient's multiplicand is of a higher degree than the second coefficient's multiplicand, and if both answers are true then a term in the derivative of expression 211E which contains the first coefficient is dropped thereby to identify the sensitivity expression 212E. The just-described approximation technique can be implemented manually or automatically or in a combination thereof, depending on the embodiment. In a combination technique, a computer may be programmed to automatically identify one or more terms for dropping from an automatically generated derivative, followed by display of the identified terms to a human and dropping of the term(s) on receipt of manual approval, thereby to implement the approximation.
Still other embodiments store in memory 210 a linear expression (e.g. c1A+c2B+c3C+ . . . ) as expression 212E of sensitivity model 212, without regard to (and independent of) a specific form of the expression 211E in the corresponding process model 211, although in these embodiments as well both models 211 and 212 use the same kernels 261. Therefore, regardless of the embodiment, a computer memory 210 in accordance with the invention is encoded with a unique combination of two different models 211 and 212 that both use a common set of kernels 261, whereby one model (sensitivity model 212) when evaluated provides sensitivity of a distorted layout output by the other model (process model 211), relative to changes in an original layout input to the other model (process model 211).
A sensitivity model 212, of the type described in paragraph [0049] which is based on kernels 261 that are also the basis of process model 211, is used in accordance with the invention to reduce or eliminate the number of times compute-intensive acts are repeatedly performed. Specifically, some embodiments perform a convolution of an original layout 262 with each of the N kernels 261 only once in stage 221, regardless of the number of locations at which proximity corrections are to be made. The convolutions in stage 221 may be performed in any manner well known in the art. Subsection A in paragraph [0134] describes some industry-standard methods that are used in some embodiments to evaluate a process model in stage 221 and 222. Stage 221 generates as output N two dimensional (2-D) arrays of convolution values, for locations on a grid superposed on the layout, one array for each kernel. The 2-D arrays are also referred to herein as convolution surfaces. Stage 221 supplies the N convolution surfaces to stage 223 in all embodiments of
In embodiments wherein process model 211 has a known expression, the N surfaces which result from convolution with N kernels are supplied from stage 221 to each of stages 222 and 223 for evaluation of the respective model expressions 211E and 212E. An inter-relationship between these three stages in
In embodiments wherein process model 211 has an unknown expression, the N surfaces are supplied from convolution stage 221 to only one evaluation stage, namely stage 223 for evaluation of sensitivity model 212, as shown and described in reference to
Regardless of whether convolutions are performed only once (in case of a known expression for the process model) or twice (in case of an unknown expression for the process model whose evaluation performs its own convolutions internally), it is important to note that in most embodiments that use a sensitivity model, convolution calculations (and their related complexity) are excluded from a loop, which is shown in
Stage 223 receives as input the N surfaces generated by convolution stage 221, thereby to eliminate the computational complexity and memory requirement involved in performing convolutions. Some embodiments use the N convolution surfaces during each iteration of the loop, as illustrated in
In many embodiments, stage 224 which is in the loop, is implemented as a simple arithmetic operation of computing a difference between a value of the distorted layout (from stage 222) at the current location and another value of the original layout 262 at the current location, followed by dividing the difference by the sensitivity value. Note that in some embodiments, the layout contours are not in fact computed, and instead the corresponding intensity values (which yield the layout contour on application of a threshold) are directly used to compute the difference.
Although four different memories 210, 230, 250 and 260 are shown in
Also note further that stages 221-225 may be performed in any order relative to one another, unless a specific order is imposed thereon by the need for data from one stage to be received in another stage. For example, in embodiments that use a process model having a known expression, stage 221 is performed first, followed by stages 222 and 223 in any order relative to one another, and all the just-described stages are performed prior to stage 224. As another example, in embodiments that use an unknown process model, stage 221 is performed in any order relative to stage 222, but both are performed prior to stage 223.
Some embodiments of the type shown in
In the embodiments of
In embodiments of
In each of evaluation stages 322A and 223, the respective expressions are used to algebraically combine N convolution values for a current location (x,y) that are obtained from the corresponding N convolution surfaces. A specific algebraic combination that is performed in each of stages 322A and 223 depends on the form of each expression. In one example, the process model expression is a sum of squares of the N convolution values, and the sensitivity expression is a summation of N products obtained by multiplying N convolution values with N constants, such as "Kernel Center Values" in case of square shaped serifs and/or "Kernel Cross Section Values" in case of finite-width infinite-length serifs.
The N constants (also called "expression constants") are obtained, in such embodiments, from the respective N kernels, illustrated as values 1301 and 1302 (see
In several such exemplary embodiments, convolution with one particular kernel, such as the kernel shown in
A number of embodiments of the type shown in
When operation 302 completes, expression 212E which models the sensitivity is completely known. Although expression 212E containing convolutions equal in number to the number of kernels may be used in a sensitivity model 212 for some fabrication processes, other fabrication processes may be sufficiently simple to be modeled by convolution of a single kernel, as described above in paragraph [0071]. Hence operation 302 in some embodiments assumes expression 212E for the sensitivity model 212 is a product of the single convolution with a constant, and solves for the constant empirically (by invoking the API for one or more typical shapes and using the responses to solve a set of simultaneous equations for the constant). Operation 302 can be performed manually or automatically depending on the embodiment. Implementation of such an operation 302, to create sensitivity model 212 in some embodiments is illustrated in
As the process model's expression is unknown, stage 322B repeatedly invokes the API for each of a number of locations (x,y) in the original layout. Note that stage 322B may be performed prior to stage 221 because stage 322B may not use convolution values generated by stage 221. Alternatively, stage 221 may be performed prior to or simultaneously with stage 322B. Note that each of stages 322A and 322B (in respective
Stages 223 and 224 of
Stages 440 that are applied to a layout in
The size of a grid used in stages 440 may be made larger than the distance between two adjacent locations (x,y) at which proximity correction is done in the loop. For this reason, embodiments of the type shown in
N convolution values (one for each of N convolution surfaces 402) that are generated by interpolation stage 432A for each location (x,y) are supplied to sensitivity evaluation stage 223 for use in evaluating the algebraic expression in sensitivity model 212. Note that these embodiments of
The embodiments of
The embodiments of
The result from subtraction stage 424B, which is the deviation in intensity (a form of layout deviation) is supplied to a division stage 424C that divides the intensity deviation by the sensitivity to obtain a size of the serif. The serif size generated by stage 424C is stored in memory, for use in generating a corrected layout by a proximity correction tool, such as Proteus available from Synopsys, Inc. Alternatively, if the shape of the serif is known for this (x,y) point (for example the serif width or length is fixed), then the actual dimensions of the serif are stored in memory.
Embodiments illustrated in
During performance of the loop over different locations (x,y), embodiments illustrated in
Several embodiments reduce the memory used in stages 440 and 223 that are performed outside of the loop, as illustrated in
For the just-described reason, some embodiments as illustrated in
Note that convolutions of an original layout with a single set of kernels (that are used in both a process model and a sensitivity model) can be implemented either in the space domain or in the frequency domain, as discussed in subsection A below, depending on the embodiment. Specifically,
A computer may be programmed to automatically generate a sensitivity model empirically, by solving for constants of a given form of a sensitivity expression. For example, if a first order expression is to be used in a sensitivity model, such a computer is programmed in some embodiments to automatically use the process model to set up an N�(N+1) array which represents N linear equations with N unknowns, wherein N is the number of kernels. The array is automatically solved in these embodiments, to obtain coefficients of the linear expression that is then saved for future use as the sensitivity model.
Several illustrative embodiments automatically generate a sensitivity model (as illustrated in
In the embodiments illustrated in
After each row in the array 604 is filled, a new location (x,y) is selected and the process is repeated until there are as many rows as necessary. Each location (x,y) may be selected at random, e.g. to be on an edge of a polygon. The number of rows that are necessary depends on the form of the sensitivity expression, e.g. for a linear expression, only N+1 rows are needed, one for each kernel and a constant term. Thereafter, a fitting tool 605 (such as MATHEMATICA OR MATHCAD) is invoked to invert the N�(N+1) array of convolution values, followed by multiplication with the 1�N vector of sensitivity values, thereby to obtain the N+1 coefficients of the linear expression to be used as the sensitivity model.
A test layout for input to stages 601 and 602 may be automatically generated by a suitably programmed computer, e.g. by selection of a region of the to-be-corrected layout, either automatically by the computer or manually by the human through the GUI or some combination thereof. Selection of a region in the layout as a test layout may be done randomly and/or pursuant to a predetermined selection criterion that is indicative of likelihood of the region to contain typical features. In one example, a region of a predetermined size (e.g. input by a human through the GUI or hard-coded into the software) is randomly selected followed by counting the number of times that certain predetermined shapes (e.g. line ends and corners) are present. If the count for each shape exceeds a predetermined threshold for that shape, the region is used as the test layout, and if any count falls short the selection process is repeated.
In many embodiments, the number of rows (or sample points) for fitting the model is selected to be greater than the number of coefficients in the model. To fit a first order model, the minimum number of rows is 'N+1' corresponding to one coefficient for each kernel, plus a constant term. In the typical case of a 2nd order model, where there are no first order terms, and no cross terms between convolution surfaces, the minimum number of rows is 'N+1'. If the linear terms are included, this minimum becomes '2N+1'. The number of terms in the empirical fit determines the minimum number of rows in the model. Since the row data in many embodiments is calculated directly from the process model, it is noiseless (other than the precision of the computer which is much smaller than our measured intensity result). Therefore it is acceptable to increase the number of rows above the minimum requirement without fear of creating problems for a regression fitting software tool (e.g an internal matrix inversion).
Most known regression fitting software tools, including Mathematica and Mathcad, can fit a coefficient to 2nd order (and higher) terms by internally generating a new column of data that contains the squared (or higher order) results. For these regression tools, it is not necessary to expand the data structure to include columns representing the squared (or higher order) values. For other regression tools, that may be used in some embodiments, additional columns are added to the data structure, where each new column corresponds to a higher order term in the model, and the data in that column is calculated by the equivalent high order operation on the original N convolution values.
One method to empirically determine the process model's sensitivity to a perturbation is described below in subsection D in paragraph [0137]. The method in subsection D is merely illustrative of one implementation of this embodiment, which is provided by way of example, and numerous embodiments, variants and implementations will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of this disclosure. Note that any method to empirically fit an unknown process model can also implement embodiments that use known process models.
In many embodiments as described above, a square shaped serif is used to represent any arbitrary shaped serif of the same area. However, other serif shapes may be used in other embodiments. For example, a serif of infinite length and finite width is preferred when working with long lines, where we would consider a line to be long if it extends in both directions from our (x,y) point, farther than the width of the convolution Kernels. The finite width calculated for an infinite serif very closely approximates the optimal serif width to use on long lines. To calculate the sensitivity of the process model with respect a serif of infinite length, one makes the following changes to square-serif embodiments. In the derivation of the sensitivity model using an algebraic derivative as described in subsection E replace the 'Kernel Center Value' with a 'Kernel Cross Section Value' which is defined by cutting a cross section through the kernel, through the origin and along a predetermined theta direction.
The 'Kernel Cross Section Value' is the integrated area under the curve created by the cross section, as shown in
When using an infinite serif of finite width, the units for the sensitivity model become "change in process model per change in unit width". The evaluation of the sensitivity model in act 223 is similar or identical to that described above. Also, the calculation a serif size results in units of width, not area. However, the serif size calculation in act 224 is also similar or identical to that described above. The serif sizes at each xy point, saved in memory, are now in units of width, not area. In practice, a mix of serif shapes is used within the same xy loop. At some xy locations such as line-ends, the square serif is a good estimate, and along long lines, an infinite length serif is used in several embodiments.
In some embodiments, a process layer (such as a metal layer or a polysilicon layer) includes more than one polygon type. For example, one PSM (phase shifting mask) lithography technique involves three data layers (Phase Layer A, Phase Layer B, and Trim Layer) and all three data layers are used to image a single process layer. In such embodiments ("multi-sensitivity" embodiments), there may be one sensitivity model for each data layer. When a tool for OPC (such as Proteus available from Synopsys, Inc.) adds a serif, it could be added in any data layer. Depending on the data layer of the serif, one uses the corresponding sensitivity model for that data layer.
In multi-sensitivity embodiments, if using the algebraic derivative of the process model, the sensitivity model for Phase Layer A uses only those kernels that are convolved with Phase Layer A polygons. Kernels convolved with the other layers are considered constants. The sensitivity model for the trim layer uses only those kernels that are convolved with the Trim polygons. This rule is consistent with the rule for derivatives on multivariable functions.
In multi-sensitivity embodiments, if using the empirical fit method of deriving the sensitivity function, the process is repeated once for each data layer. For the first data layer, add a polygon perturbation of that layer type, then fit the sensitivity model as described. Then repeat the entire process for 'M' data layers, but use a serif of the Mth data type. When done, the result is a potentially different sensitivity model for each data layer.
In multi-sensitivity embodiments, the maximum potential number of convolution surfaces output from stage 240 is one surface for each combination of kernel and data layer. If all N kernels are used on all M data layers, then there are N*M convolution surfaces. Such multi-sensitivity embodiments use the multiple sensitivity models and/or multiple sensitivity surfaces to calculate proximity corrections for each data layer. For example, a tool such as Proteus is used to add serifs to polygons, by using the type of polygon and serif to identify a corresponding sensitivity model for that polygon and serif type. The identified sensitivity model is then used to calculate the serif size.
Although several embodiments of the type described above compute proximity corrections based on intensity values, other embodiments compute errors in the contour positions by calculating a value called "MEF", at each (x,y) location. MEF stands for 'Mask Error Factor' and is the change in a modeled linewidth (in a distorted layout) per unit change in the drawn linewidth (in the original layout). MEF measures a sensitivity in the contour position (a lateral displacement in the contour) as compared to an intensity based sensitivity that measures a change in the intensity at a given (x,y) point. For more information on MEF, see the following articles which are both incorporated by reference herein in their entirety: (1) "The mask error factor in optical lithography" by Wong, A. K.; Ferguson, R. A.; Mansfield, S. M.; IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Volume 13, Issue 2, May 2000 Page(s): 235-242 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/66.843639, and (2) "Theoretical MEF calculation for periodic patterns" by Terasawa, T.; Hasegawa, N.; 2000 International Microprocesses and Nanotechnology Conference, 11-13 Jul. 2000, Page(s): 16-17, Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/IMNC.2000.872602
Any of the embodiments for deriving a sensitivity model, can be extended using a method described herein to create a MEF model. First, the definition of MEF describes the sensitivity to unit change in width of a long line. Therefore, the derivation method for the sensitivity model uses the infinite length, finite width serif shape. Hence, the coefficients in the model corresponding to the 'Kernel Center Value' are replaced with the corresponding coefficients representing the 'Kernel Cross Section Value'.
Several embodiments define a MEF model as:
MEF(x,y)=Sensitivity Model(x,y)/Intensity Gradient(x,y)
The MEF model and the sensitivity model are nearly identical in such embodiments, except the MEF model is scaled by 1 over the gradient of the intensity surface 401 (
In both embodiments illustrated in
Several embodiments of the type discussed above lose accuracy for large serif sizes, unless modified as discussed below. The accuracy loss is because the sensitivity when adding a small serif is slightly different than when adding a large serif. To improve the accuracy for larger serifs, some embodiments add higher order terms to the serif size calculation. The relationship between the serif size and the process model error from target, where sensitivity is the derivative of the process model with respect to the serif Area is written as follows:
First order: 1st Der*Area=Change in Process Model a.
2nd order: 1st Der*Area+2nd Der/2*Area^2=Change in Process Model b.
The sensitivity model can be extended to use the second derivative of the process model with respect to changes in the pattern. To derive the second derivative needed in the 2nd order expression, one can use the algebraic derivative method a second time, using the 1st derivative as input, and getting the 2nd derivative as output. In
The quadratic solution is performed in the Serif Size calculation act 1224C (which is otherwise similar or identical to division act 424C described above). This method is extended in some embodiments to higher order derivatives, to achieve any desired accuracy of the serif size calculation. For each higher order derivative in the process model, there is one additional model (e.g the 2nd derivative model), one additional model evaluation in stage 1223, and one additional surface output from stage 1223 (e.g. the 2nd derivative surface).
In such large-serif embodiments, when the process model is unknown, but the sensitivity model has been derived empirically, some embodiments use the empirically derived sensitivity expression 212E, plus the algebraic derivative method of subsection E, to derive the 2nd derivative model.
Any proximity correction identifier of the type described above may be used in a digital ASIC design flow, which is illustrated in
The EDA software design process (910) is actually composed of a number of stages 912-930, shown in linear fashion for simplicity. In an actual ASIC design process, the particular design might have to go back through steps until certain tests are passed. Similarly, in any actual design process, these steps may occur in different orders and combinations. This description is therefore provided by way of context and general explanation rather than as a specific, or recommended, design flow for a particular ASIC. A brief description of the components of the EDA software design process (stage 910) will now be provided.
System design (stage 912): The circuit designers describe the functionality that they want to implement, they can perform what-if planning to refine functionality, check costs, etc. Hardware-software architecture partitioning can occur at this stage. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this stage include Model Architect, Saber, System Studio, and DesignWare� products.
Logic design and functional verification (stage 914): At this stage, the VHDL or Verilog code for modules in the system is written and the design (which may be of mixed clock domains) is checked for functional accuracy. More specifically, does the design as checked to ensure that produces the correct outputs. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this stage include VCS, VERA, DesignWare�, Magellan, Formality, ESP and LEDA products.
Synthesis and design for test (stage 916): Here, the VHDL/Verilog is translated to a netlist. The netlist can be optimized for the target technology. Additionally, the design and implementation of tests to permit checking of the finished chip occurs. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this stage include Design Compiler�, Physical Compiler, Test Compiler, Power Compiler, FPGA Compiler, Tetramax, and DesignWare� products.
Design planning (stage 918): Here, an overall floorplan for the chip is constructed and analyzed for timing and top-level routing. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this stage include Jupiter and Flooplan Compiler products.
Netlist verification (stage 920): At this step, the netlist is checked for compliance with timing constraints and for correspondence with the VHDL/Verilog source code. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this stage include VCS, VERA, Formality and PrimeTime products.
Physical implementation (stage 922): The placement (positioning of circuit elements) and routing (connection of the same) occurs at this step. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this stage include the Astro product. Although circuitry and portions thereof (such as rectangles) may be thought of at this stage as if they exist in the real world, it is to be understood that at this stage only a layout exists in a computer 150. The actual circuitry in the real world is created after this stage as discussed below.
Analysis and extraction (stage 924): At this step, the circuit function is verified at a transistor level, this in turn permits what-if refinement. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this include Star RC/XT, Raphael, and Aurora products.
Physical verification (stage 926): At this stage various checking functions are performed to ensure correctness for: manufacturing, electrical issues, lithographic issues, and circuitry. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this include the Hercules product.
Resolution enhancement (stage 928): This involves geometric manipulations of the layout to improve manufacturability of the design. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this include iN-Phase, Proteus, and AFGen products. Note that the output of this stage 928 may be used in proximity correction identifier 999 as shown in
Mask data preparation (stage 930): This provides the "tape-out" data for production of masks for lithographic use to produce finished chips. Exemplary EDA software products from Synopsys, Inc. that can be used at this include the CATS(R) family of products. Note that proximity correction identifier 999 may also be used with the output of this stage 930. Actual circuitry in the real world is created after this stage, in a wafer fabrication facility (also called "fab").
The data structures and software code for implementing one or more acts described in this detailed description can be encoded into a computer-readable medium, which may be any storage medium and/or any transmission medium that can hold code and/or data for use by a computer. Storage medium includes, but is not limited to, magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs), and DVDs (digital versatile discs). Transmission medium (with or without a carrier wave upon which the signals are modulated) includes but is not limited to a wired or wireless communications network, such as the Internet. In one embodiment, the transmission medium uses a carrier wave that includes computer instruction signals for carrying out one or more steps performed by the methods illustrated in
Note that a computer system used in some embodiments to implement a proximity correction identifier of the type described herein uses one or more linux operating system workstations (based on IBM-compatible PCs) and/or unix operating systems workstations (e.g. SUN Ultrasparc, HP PA-RISC, or equivalent), each containing a 2 GHz CPU and 1 GB memory, that are interconnected via a local area network (Ethernet),
Numerous modifications and adaptations of the embodiments described herein will become apparent to the skilled artisan in view of this disclosure. For example, in some embodiments the known process model 211, in
Some of the sensitivity model embodiments of
Also, as apparent from this patent application, in other embodiments, sensitivity model of
It is further apparent that in some embodiments, the sensitivity model 212, in
In some embodiments, the xy loop that repeats 1000's of times in
It is apparent that for an unknown process model in
It is apparent that the methods to empirically determine the process model expression 211E, can be modified to empirically determine the derivatives of the process model directly, without explicit determination of the process model expression 211E. The methods to evaluate the behavior of 322B need only be modified to record the change in the output of 322B (its partial derivative) with respect to some small perturbation in the convolution surface values. If the perturbation in the convolution surface values is chosen to mimic the addition of a small square serif, or an infinite serif of finite width, then the sensitivity model 212 can be empirically determined directly from the output of 322B, without ever knowing the process model expression 211E, and without the use of a test pattern.
It is also apparent in
These embodiments that are apparent from paragraphs [0124]-[0131] exhibit some or all of the advantages common to
Numerous modifications and adaptations of the embodiments described herein are encompassed by the scope of the invention. The following subsections contain illustrative exemplary directions to humans and/or pseudo-code for the evaluation of a process model that occurs in
SUBSECTION A: Methods to evaluate a Process Model Given as inputs: A) N kernels, B) IC Layout Data for a single process layer (typically will be for some portion of the IC design, such as a 100 um square area.) Produce as outputs: C) N convolution surfaces, one for each kernel, D) An intensity surface, E) A contouring threshold value which may vary with (x,y) position, and F) An optional set of distorted contours calculated from D & E. Step 1: Choose a grid size for the convolution surface, where the spacing between gridpoints is ˜� the minimum size of the IC design. Step 2: Create an array to hold the intensity surface, of the same grid size.
SUBSECTION B: Creation of a convolution surface by FFT.
SUBSECTION C: Creation of a convolution surface by Space Domain Integration. For each xy point in the grid, Evaluate the convolution using the method of U.S. Pat. No. 6,289,499 "Proximity Correction Software for wafer lithography". This method integrates the convolution kernel and the IC layout at a given xy point, using a fast space domain calculation. Increment to next point in transformed IC layout. The result is the convolution surface which is stored and used in SUBSECTION A.
SUBSECTION D: One embodiment to empirically determine the derivative of an unknown process model.
SUBSECTION E: One embodiment to algebraically determine the derivative of a known process model
This algebraic derivative method, steps 1-6, works for any arbitary known expression 211E, and the result is the sensitivity model 212. To evaluate the sensitivity model in 223, the only required inputs are the expression 212E, and the N convolution surfaces provided by 240. Several embodiments use commercially available software tools to automatically calculate the derivative in step 3 using symbolic math, including MATHEMATICA available from Wolfram Research, Inc., 100 Trade Center Drive, Champaign, Ill. as well as MATHCAD available from Mathsoft Engineering & Education, Inc. 101 Main Street, Cambridge, Mass.
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|Aug 31, 2010
|Synopsys, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for determining an optical model that models the effect of optical proximity correction
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|Mentor Graphics Corporation
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|Synopsys, Inc.
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|Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
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|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
|Model import for electronic design automation
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|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
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|Mentor Graphics Corporation
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|Jul 8, 2014
|Mentor Graphics Corporation
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|Jea-Woo Park
|Data preparation for multiple mask printing
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|Method and apparatus for determining an optical model that models the effects of optical proximity correction
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|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 24, 2006
Owner name: SYNOPSYS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STIRNIMAN, JOHN P.;CRANFORD, MICHAEL D.;REEL/FRAME:017209/0676
Effective date: 20051212
|Apr 25, 2012
|Fee payment
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Wow, it's been 5 years since I joined this site! This brings up a point... Who is the most senior, active member on chess.com? (not including staff)
he been here since May 2007
edit; dang, he is the 'Staff'
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member since May 2007.
that thread was created 5 years ago !
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I joined June 16, 2007.
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Oil-Based Stains: Genius, Or Grease Bomb?
My love for lip and cheek stain is well documented, so when I saw that Josie Maran had debuted a tinted version of her creamy argan oil for use on the lips and cheeks, I knew I had to give it a go. I've tried liquid, gel, and even cream stains — but the idea of pigment suspended in oil truly intrigued me. I figured this product would either give me the dewy, glowy, natural flush of my dreams, or I would end up with a greasy hue streaked across my face. Only one way to find out, right?
Of course, my only challenge here was picking a shade. I had an especially hard time deciding between Endless Guava, a bright coral-pink, and Boundless Berry, a lovely plum wine. In the end, I went for the former, hoping it would give me a spring-ready glow. An interesting quirk: While I was scoping out the product in the store, the tubes were displayed vertically, balancing on their lids. As a result, the pigment separated a bit from the oil, meaning that I ended up with a splash of oil on my hand and not much color. Thankfully, I was happy to see that the pigment and oil were seamlessly blended in the tube I took home.
I only needed a tiny bit of product to get a lovely flush on my cheeks and pout — and, while the formula was certainly silky and moisturizing, there was absolutely no grease factor. Plus, instead of sitting on top of my skin, the stain melted right in. I simply used my fingers to blend the product on (which made me feel like I was finger-painting my face). And, when those steamy summer days roll around, I can totally see myself dabbing on a bit of this stain along with some waterproof mascara for those times when I can't deal with putting anything else on my face. A final bonus? It smells so fresh and citrusy. Pure heaven.
Josie Maran Argan Infinity Lip And Cheek Creamy Oil in Endless Guava, $18, available at Sephora.
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FIFA to announce 2026 World Cup host in May 2020
The host of the 2026 World Cup will be decided in May 2020, soccer's governing body FIFA said on Tuesday.
UN wants FIFA to use World Cup as leverage for human rights
The recommendations come two weeks after Amnesty International described rights a...
U-17 FIFA World Cup organisers buoyed by PM Narendra Modi's repeated encouragement
The Local Organising Committee (LOC) set up by AIFF is wor...
FIFA Under-17 World Cup is an opportunity for India: PM Modi
'India is going to host under-17 FIFA World Cup in 2017. It is an opportunity for us to instil our youth with passion of football', PM Modi said.
New FIFA sponsor Wanda has sights on World Cup in China
Chinese conglomerate Wanda says becoming a FIFA World Cup top-tier sponsor gives it potential to help decide where future editions of the event will be staged.
Preparations for U-17 world cup satisfactory: FIFA
The delegation is led by Yarza - FIFA's head of events - and it would now travel to two other cities - New Delhi, and Guwahati - after having visited Kochi, Mumbai and Goa earlier.
Migrant workers were exploited for Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup: Amnesty International
In Qatar, AI talked with migrant workers from countries such as Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
FIFA election heats up as rivals slam Gianni Infantino's World Cup plan
Infantino's plan to create eight new spots in the World Cup was attacked by both Sheikh Salman Bin Ebrahim Al Khalifa and Jerome Champagne.
India win one silver, two bronze in Archery World Cup
There was no end to India's misery, while Chinese Taipei put up another improved show in the final round to wrap the issue with a five-point win in the fourth set.
Indian steelworker at the World Cup in Qatar dies of cardiac arrest
Al Bayt is a stadium having a capacity to accommodate 60,000 people. It will be used for the World Cup tournament in 2022.
World Cup 2018 could be first with video technology: Gianni Infantino
"I really hope that the World Cup in Russia will be the first World Cup where video refereeing is used to make refereeing maybe better."
ICC T20 World Cup was watched by 730 million viewers in India
The World Twenty20 tournament was won by the West Indies men's and women's teams. Even other broadcast partners of ICC delivered record ratings and viewership.
Brazil, France eye last 16 at FIFA Women's World Cup
Brazil and France will be eyeing the last 16 going into Saturday's second round of group games at the Women's World Cup.
2017 FIFA U-17 World Cupcan bring football revolution in India: Official
Ceppi today said the government's involvement in the prestigious event will play a major role towards creating a "football revolution" in India.
FIFA presidency hopeful Gianni Infantino plans 40-team World Cup
Infantino insisted that if he is elected to lead FIFA he would not stand down if Platini later wins any appeals.
FIFA rules Palestinians cannot host 2 World Cup qualifiers
FIFA says the Palestinian soccer association will not host two World Cup qualifying matches this month for security reasons.
FIFA World Cup 2014 preparation: Is Brazil ready?
More than 600,000 visitors are expected to flock to the country during the tournament. To handle increased demand, new terminals have been built in Sao Paulo & other cities.
Brazil confirms mosquito as Zika vector
Brazil, the country hardest hit by the Zika outbreak, has focused its efforts to contain the virus on eradicating Aedes aegypti populations.
2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar will be beautiful: Xavi Hernandez
Xavi Hernandez believes that the 2022 World Cup in Qatar will be "comfortable, beautiful and attractive for both the fans and players".
FIFA Under-17 World Cup: World football coming soon to a town near you
The FIFA under-17 world cup will be held in India from August 19 to September 10, 2017. How ready are we -as both hosts and team -to showcase the best football tournament played on Indian soil?
FIFA: Malaysia forfeits World Cup qualifier because of crowd disorder
FIFA says Malaysia forfeited a World Cup qualifier against Saudi Arabia when it was abandoned because of crowd disorder.
Country's maiden Climbing World Cup takes to crowd-funding
Only government-run Cidco has agreed to offer its exhibition centre at Vashi for the event to be held for the first time ever.
Brazil beats Nigeria, Germany routs Fiji at U20 FIFA World Cup
Brazil's win gave the five-time champion an early advantage in Group E ahead of the match later Monday between Hungary and North Korea.
Sunil Chhetri ruled out of India's World Cup qualifier vs Iran
Sunil Chhetri has been ruled out of India's World Cup qualifier against Iran owing to a groin injury, dealing a body blow.
22 million interactions on T20 World Cup matches: Facebook
Over 10 celebrities added Facebook's profile frame feature to their profile pictures including Shah Rukh Khan, Priyanka Chopra and Hrithik Roshan
FIFA 2014: Is Brazil's World Cup exit worse than 1950 trauma?
The country's newspapers called it the biggest disgrace in the team's history, with globoesporte.com dubbing it the "Shame of Shames."
FIFA U-17 World Cup: How it can persuade a generation of Indian athletes to choose football
Can we get more people passionate about football? The only way of doing that is getting more kids to kick a football, more kids who think football is cool and important?
Work on U-17 FIFA World Cup headed in right direction: AIFF
Das was impressed with the "agility and fitness" of coach Nicolai Adam's current lot which is participating at the AFC U-16 Qualifiers.
FIFA 2014: Can Brazil win the World Cup without helping Neymar?
Neymar has scored four times in as many games and also coolly slotted home Brazil's fifth and final penalty in the shootout.
FIFA under-17 World Cup 2017: It's for the children, really
The FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 will have the single largest outreach of any school programme ever attempted to make playing football both fun and easy.
FIFA under-17 World Cup football coming soon to a town near you
A set of 15- and 14-year-old players can wake up the great Kumbhakarna of world football that is Football India.
FIFA World Cup 2014: Brazil to get Indian stamps as mementos
India may not be part of the World Cup, but Prime Minister Narendra Modi would not let the participating teams forget their fans in India.
FIFA 2014: Brazil beefs up security at World Cup stadium
Ministry spokeswoman Barbara Lobato said the "government made the decision to guarantee the safety of fans inside and outside the stadium."
Russia ready for Fifa World Cup 2018 launch
Russian president Vladimir Putin and outgoing FIFA boss Sepp Blatter will address the ceremony with 2,000 guests at the grand Konstantin Palace.
Fifa World Cup 2014: Croatia confident it can stun Brazil in opener
Kovac acknowledged that Brazil is the clear favorite in the Group A game, but added that few teams would like to face his squad either.
Fifa World Cup 2014: Players who will end their careers in Brazil
Some of the best players in the world will end their World Cup careers in Brazil. Here are some we will miss.
Federation Cup: The cup this season needs
BFC's frugal defence won them their first Fed Cup back when they were the new kids on the block and first-time I-League champions.
Corruption claim engulfs new Brazil government
New president Temer took over from Rousseff automatically, because he was vice president, but he suffers rock bottom approval ratings.
Football World Cup 2014: Brazil & FIFA set to rake in money
Brazilians running small businesses, including taxi drivers, have a reason to be optimistic. During Confederations Cup tourists spent $3.5 billion.
Fifa 2014: CEOs, entrepreneurs & industrialists' kids on their way to Brazil for World Cup
CEOs, entrepreneurs and industrialists' kids on their way to Brazil for World Cup 2014.
Renault to start assembling Kwid in Brazil
"The new Renault Kwid will be assembled in Brazil by Ayrton Senna industrial complex in Sao Jose dos Pinhais (state of Parana)," Renault said.
Rating the top teams in the FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil
There is a great romance between the beautiful game and Brazil, not unlike the feelings of wild love India as a nation feels for cricket.
FIFA's SeppBlatter says Russia will not lose 2018 World Cup: TASS
TASS reported that Sepp Blatter said that Russia will not lose its right to host the 2018 soccer World Cup, Russian news agency TASS reported.
Delhi government joins hands with FIFA for U-17 World Cup
Delhi government today joined hands with FIFA for the Under 17 Football World Cup, which is to be held in August-September 2017 in India.
FIFA set to name first woman as secretary general
FIFA's president Gianni Infantino indicated that he would wait to name his number two but the announcement could come during a congress in Mexico City.
Qatar football World Cup 2022: The inhuman conditions of workers is not a game to be enjoyed
The root problem is the Qatari Kafala sponsorship system, which enables employers to exercise significant control over the lives of migrant workers.
FIFA, World Cup sponsors talk in secret over corruption crisis
FIFA has met with some World Cup sponsors in a meeting they demanded after a corruption crisis rocked football's governing body.
Cricket-related apps surge over 450% during ongoing T20 World Cup: 9Apps Trends
Cricket-related apps have seen over 450% surge during the ongoing T-20 World Cup, with traffic peaking during the second week with the India-Pakistan match, according to latest data by 9Apps Trends – a third-party app store promoted by Alibaba mobile business unit.


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Fujifilm FinePix S3500 Zoom review
Started Dec 16, 2005 | User reviews
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
SeanOC • New Member • Posts: 3
Fujifilm FinePix S3500 Zoom review
I have had this camera for just a week and it is a replacement for my trusty Ixus 300 which has served me well in the 4 years I have had it.
The image quality of this camera is fantastic for the price. The ease of use is hard to beat and I would thoroughly recommend this camera to all who are considering it.
4 megapixels • 1.5″ screen • 39 – 234 mm (6×)
Announced: Jul 28, 2004
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Mon - Sat 9am - 8pm / Sun 12pm - 6pm 01242 547 780
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Towering green mountains covered in lush tropical forest form a backdrop for the incredible sandy beaches of Saint Lucia holidays. With an interesting mixture of French and English heritage, Saint Lucia claims to have taken the best of both cultures - the Creole cuisine and a good game of cricket! The majority of locals speak a French-based patois, live in villages with French names and go to Catholic churches.
A Saint Lucia holiday with Abercrombie & Kent is the way to savour the island's dramatic physical beauty in style.
You don't have to wait until July's annual carnival to hear the sound of the steel drums as every week there are events to awaken your soul to the rhythms of Caribbean calypso. The Friday Night Street Party at Gros Islet has become the hot spot for St Lucia holiday makers and locals, whilst the Dennery Fish Saturday is the venue for tasting the delicious seafood offerings.
During your holiday or honeymoon in Saint Lucia, you will not want to miss a trip to the world's only 'drive-in' volcano, La Soufrière. A day trip to Soufrière, the oldest town on the island, can be combined with a visit to the deep green twin peaks of The Pitons. The National Rainforest Reserve, comprising 19,000 acres, is a delight for bird watchers, hikers and nature lovers alike. For those who love to spend their holidays as close to the water as possible, there are wonderful diving, snorkelling, deep-sea fishing and sailing opportunities.
Luxury St Lucia Holidays 2016, 2017 with Abercrombie & Kent. Let our experts design your perfect Luxury Saint Lucia Holiday.
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St. Lucia (British Airways 5 times a week from Gatwick; Virgin Atlantic three times a week from Gatwick)
flying time
8 hours 35 minutes
time difference
GMT -4 hours
Not required for UK passport holders
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The best time to visit St. Lucia is during our winter and spring months of December to April. The temperature ranges from 65-85 degrees from December to May and 75-95 degrees from June to November. The winter tends to have less tropical showers.
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Cap Maison
Saint Lucia
Elevated on an ocean bluff above the beautiful waters of the Caribbean, with views stretching out to Martinique, sits Cap Maison. Once a family home,...Find out more
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Sugar Beach, A Viceroy Resort
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Sugar Beach, A Viceroy Resort, is located in one of the most spectacular sites in the world, the majestic valley of the Pitons, Saint Lucia's most famous...Find out more
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The BodyHoliday
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The BodyHoliday is based on the principles of relaxation, restorative beauty, exercise and good diet - a holistic approach to health and wellbeing aimed...Find out more
East Winds Inn
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This charming, low-key Caribbean-style inn is one of the oldest and most established resorts in St. Lucia, proudly retaining the traditional and easy-going...Find out more
Jade Mountain
Saint Lucia
Rising majestically above the 600-acre beach front resort of Anse Chastanet, Jade Mountain is a cornucopia of organic architecture celebrating St Lucia's...Find out more
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Our Islands & Retreats team are experts in designing the perfect holiday to suit your personal needs, interests and budget. Their intimate knowledge of our hotels and resorts featured in our portfolio, together with our own network of offices throughout the region, allows us to offer unique in-depth knowledge, unparalleled insider access and the VIP service for which Abercrombie & Kent is renowned.
Read about our lastest experiences in our Travel Blog pages.
To find out more about our Islands and Retreats team, click on the consultant links below or call them on 01242 547 708 or enquire online
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I want to thank you for sending along such interesting and passionate subject matter experts; Jean Jac and Wilbert. Both had amazing depths of knowledge about Macchu Picchu, Peru and the Incas. We learned a tremendous amount from both of them!
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Chefmaster Edible Spray, One 2-Ounce Can. Kosher Certified - Gold
|$14.00 & FREE Shipping on orders over $49. Details
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With Chefmaster Edible Spray (Silver) when you want to be witnessed you will stand out shiny and chrome!
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This weekend I attended a 1920s themed event and made some Oreo Truffles for them. I had seen online where people made them silver. Read morePublished 1 month ago by MMH
Absolute and total crap. It was a dull, mustardy yellow with a complete lack of coverage, not shiny at all. Don't waste your money.Published 2 months ago by Laura K.
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