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However, the International Maritime Organization's Maritime Safety Committee said there should be no delay in the implementation of the verified gross mass rule.
The new 400,000-square-foot distribution center in Winchester, Va. will house the automobile manufacturer's service, parts and customer care division, Mopar.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
Consolidation in the ocean shipping industry is causing drastic changes to the current carrier vessel sharing agreements, but how will it all play out? American Shipper CEO Hayes Howard discusses some of the possible alliance scenarios.
The container terminal operator made the statement Thursday that it would continue to put forth effort to bring container service to the port in response to the news that Westwood Shipping Lines is suspending its service to Portland's Terminal 6.
The 19 ocean carrier members of the Ocean Carrier Equipment Management Association are collaborating with six U.S. ports to establish a harmonized container weighing process.

subset: commoncrawl


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Alberto Lencina
On the fifth anniversary of the
CIOp-UNLP OSA/SPIE student
chapter, a founding member looks
back on its accomplishments
and encourages others to start a
chapter at their own university.
CIOp-UNLP student chapter members at the 2012 student meeting in optics and photophysics in La Plata, including Angelica Mesa (left), Andrés Escobar, Jésica Santillán (treasurer), Patricio Fluxá (president) and Dámian Gulich.
In May of 2007, I met students from all over Latin America when we came together to take the class that started it all. It was a graduate course on optics, lasers and physics offered at the Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CIOp) at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata in Argentina, where I was a doctoral student. Aside from learning a lot about optics, the members of the class made many friendships—and we did not want our connections to end after the final exam. That is how our student chapter was born.
Five years later, I realize that the chapter has done so much more than allowing a group of students to stay in touch. It didn't take long for us to start making a difference. The chapter has been very active in conducting scientific outreach activities and collaborations, ranging from seminars to symposia, often with the help of other physics student chapters in Argentina. In fact, I believe the CIOp-UNLP OSA/SPIE student chapter has contributed to the spreading of optics and photonics in Argentina and perhaps Latin America. I'm proud of what we've accomplished over the last five years, and I believe that other institutions can benefit from starting an OSA student chapter of their own.
We realized early on that we could accomplish more by working together—with each other as well as with other student groups—than we ever could by competing. We soon joined forces with other student groups and chapters to form the Jóvenes Ópticos y Fotofísicos de Argentina (JOFA), which had been established around the same time that our chapter was, and which is also focused on the needs of optics and photophysics students and young researchers in Argentina.
In addition, we began participating in a workshop series held each year in different regions of Agentina: the Student Meeting in Optics and Photophysics (Encuentro de Estudiantes de Óptica y Fotofísica). The meeting features talks given by an international panel of experienced speakers. Past topics included lasers, frequency combs and atomic clocks. We hosted the meeting in La Plata in collaboration with JOFA and the OSA/SPIE student chapter of the University of Buenos Aires. By working together and pooling our resources, we were able to host a large number of Argentinean and foreign researchers and expand the conference's offerings beyond what had previously been possible for a meeting organized only by students.
Our student chapter members are very involved with the academic activities at CIOp and the university as a whole. They also enthusiastically organize their own events, which gives CIOp a much-needed injection of youth.
Since the very beginning, student chapter members have been responsible for scheduling around 10 seminars per year at CIOp. They advertise the seminar to colleagues at CIOp as well as other student chapters and centers at the university. They also introduce the speakers to the audience and provide all the facilities needed to conduct the talk.
The CIOp Chapter has organized a number of special symposia. Topics have included optical vortices (2008), integrated photonics (2009), optical memories (2010), applications of plasmonics (2010) and optical fiber communications (2011). The symposia have been partially funded by OSA and SPIE through activity grants and traveling lecturer programs that allow us to host lecturers from outside Argentina. Our foreign speakers include Jose Ferrari (Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay), Ginés Lifante (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain), Oscar Martinez Matos (Universidad Complutensede Madrid, Spain), Hernando García (South Illinois University, U.S.A.) and Mário Ferreira (Universidad de Aveiro, Portugal).
Follow these four steps and your college or university can begin to take advantage of the many benefits and services OSA offers its chapters.
Step 1: Recruit five members. All chapter members are required to join OSA's national organization.
Step 2: Elect officers. We also strongly recommend that the chapter have a faculty advisor.
Step 3: Submit the OSA Student Chapter application. Download an application template on our website.
Step 4: Get started. Lencina suggests that regularly scheduled, agenda-driven meetings are important to sustaining a student chapter.
Send your questions about starting a chapter
to email@example.com.
The chapter strives to inform a wide range of undergraduate students about the applications of optics and photonics, and to encourage more people to study optics in college. In 2008, chapter members started an optical physics workshop to accompany the physics course offered at the university's Faculty of Agrarian and Forestral Sciences.
The workshop consists of two parts: 1) a review of electromagnetism and optics concepts; and 2) a study of scientific and technological applications in the field of agronomy, which is the application of soil and plant sciences to crop production. The chapter organizers performed computational simulations whenever possible during the optics concepts portion of the workshop to demonstrate key points. They also performed experiments using an optics equipment kit developed a few years ago by CIOp researchers.
The application section of the workshop consists of two or three talks about CIOp's applied research in agronomy that has been conducted by an interdisciplinary team of engineers and physicists. The workshop is offered to about
90 students per year. Opinion poll results from students indicate that the workshop is highly pertinent to their studies and that the pedagogical strategy and topics are of great interest to them.
In 2010, CIOp joined the LaserFest celebration of the 50th anniversary of the invention of the laser. CIOp organized the only event in South America for the general public at the Teatro Argentino de la Plata. It was called "El laser en nuestra vida" (the laser in our lives). Student chapter members developed an information booth for the event to teach attendees how to safely use laser pointers. The booth, combined with "laser graffiti" (a CIOp show that used lasers to create art), was used at an Argentinean fair of science and technology in 2011 and a regional fair in 2012.
One of the best ways to sustain your student chapter is with regularly scheduled meetings. Our chapter holds two formal meetings each year. We follow an agenda that includes membership topics, chapter mission and objectives, and administrative tasks that are important to the chapter's success. Our group also meets informally to share personal and professional experiences over red wine and empanadas.
Student chapters allow members to be involved in a variety of activities that are not covered by undergraduate or Ph.D. courses, but that are nevertheless integral to shaping their career paths. I encourage students at institutions that do not have a student chapter to set one up. You will be amazed by what a group of motivated young people can achieve.
Alberto Lencina is an assistant researcher with the group of opto-digital processing of information at CIOp. He is also an assistant teacher in the physics department of the Faculty of Sciences at UNLP. He was the 2007-2009 CIOp OSA student chapter secretary and 2011 OSA chapter advisor.
Publish Date: 01 September 2012
Become a member or log in to view the full text of this article.
OSA Members get the full text of Optics & Photonics News, plus a variety of other member benefits.


text:
Urbana Mini Bag by Moshi
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Airport Extreme supports Time Machine backup
On March 19th, Apple released a nonspecific update regarding its Airport ecosystem and Time Machine � simply stating optimizations and driver fixes � but it is revealed to allow Time Capsule-like functionality with standard Airport Extreme Base Stations. According to Macworld, the update allows users to back up using Time Machine to a standard USB hard drive that is connected to an Airport Extreme Base Station.
Book: "Inside Steve's Brain" explores Jobs' psyche
Author Leander Kahney recently wrote a book entitled "Inside Steve's Brain", an in-depth look into the mind of Apple CEO Steve Jobs and his contradictive cult of personality. Kahney, who has covered Steve Jobs since the early 1990s, writes about how Jobs' notorious personality hasn't impeded forging partnerships with industry greats, such as Steve Wozniak, Jonathan Ive, and John Lasseter. "Inside Steve's Brain is available for $25.
Native version of OpenOffice in the works?
The OpenOffice Mac porting team is reportedly working on a native Aqua version of its business productivity software suite, rather than simply porting the platform-independent Java version. The software is listed as being the third development snapshot, announcing a number of bug fixes and interface optimizations. OpenOffice says the newest version now uses a Mac OS X native print dialogue, and that extensions are installable through the improved GUI.
Dell Latitude E5000, E6000 to pack LEDs, GPS, more
Dell will lead off the introduction of its completely overhauled Latitude E-series with mainstream models that promise both a better image and new wireless features, according to details reported today by Engadget. Besides the visual redesign, the 14-inch E6400 and 15.4-inch E6500 will be the first Latitudes in their class to bring LED-backlit displays that offer better color and light; both receive the option with a 1440x900 panel, while the larger E6500 will also have the option of a 1920x1200 screen. The systems will have the option of 256MB dedicated NVIDIA graphics (likely Quadro chipsets) to drive their sharper displays.
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Trade-up program expands in Europe
Smartphone users in France, Italy, and Spain will have until at least August of this year to trade in old iPhone, Windows Phone, or Android models at Apple Stores, and put the reward towards a new iPhone -- thanks to an expansion of Apple's trade-in program into those countries. The money given for the trade-in must be applied towards a new iPhone on a two-year payment plane, and traders must qualify under a credit check as part of the program. Interested customers can apply for the trade-in at their nearest Apple Store. http://bit.ly/1qPsldD
NBCUniversal adds Bravo, Syfy, E! to Apple TV
NBCUniversal has launched three new apps channels for Apple TV users. Bravo Now, Syfy Now and E! Now brings users access full seasons of current and past episodes of most of NBCUniversal's catalog. The Bravo Now app includes shows like "The Real Housewives of New York Cit," "Below Deck Mediterranean," comedy "Odd Mom Out" and "Top Chef." The Syfy Now app offers up shows like "The Magicians," thriller "12 Monkeys" and the reality show "Face Off." The E! Now app serves up shows like "Keeping Up with the Kardashians," "Botched," "#RichKids of Beverly Hills," Caitlyn Jenner's "I Am Cait," and "WAGS." While some content is free, most content requires users to authenticate via their cable satellite or telco TV provider. http://bit.ly/20K4Pea
Apple rolls out Arabic version of Apple.com
Apple has rolled out a new version of its Apple.com website for Arabic language users in the United Arab Emirates. The site utilizes a right-to-left reading format where it has been updated, although the upgrade is still in progress with a number of page links still in the original English language left-to-right format. Of particular note is that the site debuts an all-new custom Arabic font created by the Tarek Atrissi Design agency, giving it a highly contemporary look and feel. The new support for Arabic on its host website follows the introduction of full support for right-to-left languages in iOS 9, and the addition of Arabic support to Siri late last year. http://apple.co/20JHGIM
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text:
Bring a buddy.4.52 / 5.00 7,818 Views
Yugi and Kaiba have a duel to the death!4.49 / 5.00 29,428 Views
Vampire Pixel in the Neon City
A sinister deal is underway in the underbelly of Neon City4.37 / 5.00 9,800 Views
ok i admit i havent played the games yet, but i loved the message of the whole thing. espesialy the end text, reminded me about how i meet my wife, and how i was befor she came into my life.
i thought it was a game
it was still awesome but i agree it would be better if stuff blew up still evn without that it was amazing
w..wow its amaizing
i had no idea this could get any better this is just amazing
nice game but....
it be good if i could blow shit up. good game though
I wish some of my friends could see this
Your games all have inspiring messages of hope that I wish I could show to others.. By myself it's just difficult.
I must show them!
thank you


text:
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text:
Tuesday, 31 May 2016
Last updated 3 days ago
Feb 10 2014 | 11:43am ET
Short-selling was bad business last year, when stocks soared. Unfortunately for Kynikos Associates' founder James Chanos, it is the business he's in.
New York-based Kynikos' Opportunity Fund fell 14% last year, its worst annual performance in at least a decade, The Wall Street Journal reports. The huge decline was also Kynikos' second-straight losing year; the fund fell by less than 1% in 2012.
The last two years have been an abrupt change for Kynikos, which enjoyed double-digit gains in four of the previous five years.
The Standard & Poor's 500 Index rose 32% last year, catching short-sellers like Kynikos off-guard. But in spite of last year's big loss, the hedge fund manager remains bearish, telling investors at a Morgan Stanley hedge-fund event last month that he remains skeptical of Chinese real-estate developers and of coal-related investments. Chanos is also still short Caterpillar—one of his few successful shorts last year, but a stock that has posted gains this year.
May 25 2016 | 5:07pm ET
The popularity of liquid alternatives strategies has blossomed in recent years,...
May 18 2016 | 7:43pm ET
What do the rise of the Internet, the sinking of the Titanic, 9/11, and Stephen...
May 19 2016 | 8:42pm ET
Peer-to-peer lending platform LendingClub Corp. has been in the news since the firm...


text:
Playing Dumb
Love him or despise him, head Jackass Johnny Knoxville has made millions from getting kicked in the yambag.
Had YouTube arrived before Jackass, Knoxville, Steve-O, and the show's other gutterpunk masochists might still be slinging French fries, getting burnt by hot grease in a strictly non-recreational way. But with a new video game and yet another film (yup, Jackass Number Three) on the horizon, Jackass already has outlasted the life expectancy of its cast members.
It should come as no surprise to learn that Jackass: The Game is a no-brainer: You hurt yourself for points in a Grand Theft Auto-meets-Looney Tunes environment. The only surprise is the timing of the game's release: Seems as if we should've seen this about five years ago, back when grown men riding in shopping carts was fresh and new. These days, the big money is in idiot college students getting Tasered, bro.
But here it is, better never than late. Jackass consists of the 40 most tasteless minigames you will ever experience. If you're the type who laughs when Bam Margera swan-dives into steaming elephant poop, this is your game.
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Still, once you get past the juvenile shock value of watching Wee Man earn points by eating and then, of course, puking raw eggs, there's really nothing to see here. Jackass throws actual shit at the wall to see what sticks. Should we be surprised that the results are flushable?
Rhythm-based games like "Party Boy" feature doofus Chris Pontius dancing in his tighty-whities and chortling "yuk! yuk! yuk!" as you stab buttons in time with the music. "Brown Water Rafting" is a downhill sewer race in which you earn bonus points for grabbing floaters along the way.
Around the time you try your hand at "Rock, Paper, Nuts," it will dawn on you that you're still playing only to see what despicable activity comes next. Hell, who wouldn't be up for a game of "Poo Shower" at least once, but there had better be some replay value to it. (Spoiler alert: There ain't.)
The controls often handle like a last-generation title (shooting games require you to use the clumsy analog stick), and the only tutorial is offered when Knoxville helpfully cautions you not to "sprain your vagina."
Additional in-game goals do your best to "finish with over $100,000 in injuries" must be met in order to unlock more minigames, though all of them are ridiculously easy to beat after a couple of attempts. Which is to say Steve-O is more likely to join a monastery than you are to play Jackass for more than 30 minutes.
The handheld PSP version includes additional features such as an in-depth "director mode," which allows you to create your own Jackass episode from minigame instant-replay clips. It's a load-time-heavy way to waste an afternoon and it's not saying much when the game's painstaking video-editing program is more fun than, say, "Demolition Golf."
You can share these videos wirelessly, but don't hold your breath waiting for online players to pop up in multiplayer mode it seems they've all vanished like a Wee Man fart in the wind.
Like the show, Jackass: The Game does manage to be unique. For one thing, no other game awards points for a "bruised left testicle" or ends with projectile vomiting on a Hollywood red carpet. And even if you hate the show, there's something wonderfully cathartic about kicking each rich, young, stupid cast member down a cactus-covered mountainside.
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St. John the Baptist Parish deputy suspended after arrest on drug charges
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Top Republicans are becoming nervous that they may lose Marco Rubio's Senate seat and their tenuous majority in the chamber -- and now many want the Florida senator to reconsider his decision to leave office.
Behind the scenes, a number of senators, d...
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Drivers who work for Fort Smith, Ark.-based ABF got personal thank-you notes from the CEO during National Truck Driver Appreciation Week in September.
"Each of ABF's employees contributes to the success of our company by working together as a team, and it doesn't go unnoticed," says CEO Wes Kemp, who kicked off a companywide campaign focusing on teamwork during the week.
The freight-hauling company's campaign includes employee recognition events, along with training in safety, cargo handling and customer service.
Contact: Russ Aikman, director of marketing, at (479) 785-8913.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 4, 2008
|Filing date
|Aug 1, 2005
|Priority date
|May 1, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Andrzej Partyka
|Original Assignee
|Andrzej Partyka
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (6), Classifications (8), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S application Ser. No. 09/562,152 filed May 1, 2000, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,925,105, and entitled "Overhead Reduction in System for Intermittent Transmission", which is incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a system in which a plurality of transmitters wirelessly transmit data for collection by one or more receivers.
Some wireless telemetry systems (e.g., burglar alarms, fire alarms, power utility meters, leak detectors, environmental monitoring, plant control, etc.) comprise many transmitters that intermittently (periodically or sporadically, at constant or varying time intervals) transmit messages to one or more receivers. In these systems, the transmitters are located at different places and transmit messages that are indicative of the status of monitoring sensors to a receiver that collects the data from all of the sensors. Normally, the transmitters transmit messages that are as short as feasible and with the interval between the transmissions as long as feasible. This is advantageous for two reasons. First, it minimizes the average current drain in the transmitters, which are typically battery operated. Second, short and infrequent transmissions lower the probability that the data is lost due to collisions that occur when two or more transmitters transmit at the same time.
In order that a receiver can discern which data comes from which transmitter, each transmitter has a transmitter identification number assigned to it. The transmitter identification number is included in each transmitted message in order to make it possible for the receiver to identify the source of each received message.
Preferably, the transmitter identification number is determined for each transmitter as a large and unique number in order to ensure uniqueness when many systems operate in vicinity such that one receiver can receive messages from transmitters from more than one system.
In order to avoid a complex and expensive management of the transmitter numbering depending on the geographical location of the installed systems to prevent such confusion, it is preferred to equip each manufactured transmitter with a unique number that is never repeated. Such a number can be very large (depending on the predicted total number of transmitters ever to be produced) and may require a large number of bits in the transmitted messages. In effect, a significant overhead in the transmission is created, which increases the transmitter average power consumption. In battery operated transmitters, this overhead shortens the life of the transmitter battery thus increasing system maintenance cost and lowering system functionality and reliability.
Typically, such systems transmit data at a single frequency, and thus are susceptible to interference and signal loss due to phenomena known as "multipath fading". Consequently, the reliability of such systems is compromised or, conversely, the transmitted power has to be increased to overcome the fading, which results in larger power drain and shorter battery life. Besides, there usually are regulatory limits that restrict such transmitter power and thus limit the possible compensation by sheer increase of power. Since the multipath effect is highly sensitive to the frequency of the transmitted carrier, a system using multiple frequencies (e.g., a frequency hopping spread spectrum system, etc.) has a potential to eliminate these drawbacks. However, frequency hopping systems require a long acquisition time and they are typically used in two way communication applications in which all the devices are continuously synchronizing with one master device or with each other using a variety of synchronization methods as shown in some references. In other cases, to ease the synchronization problem, there are employed receivers that can simultaneously receive signals at many frequencies by making the receiver broadband or by using several receivers at the same time. Generally, those solutions suffer from performance degradation or high cost or both, which makes them undesirable for low cost applications that require high reliability such as security systems and many other telemetry systems.
The illustrative embodiment of the present invention is a wireless telemetry system comprising: (1) several remote telemetry transmitters (transmitters) that intermittently transmit short duration messages indicative of the status of the sensors associated with the transmitters, and (2) at least one telemetry collection unit having a radio receiver (receiver) for receiving messages from all the remote telemetry transmitters.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, each remote telemetry transmitter advantageously transmits short transmissions at relatively long time intervals and at varied frequencies, and each remote telemetry transmitter transmits independently of any receiver that is capable of receiving from any of the remote telemetry transmitters and independently of other transmitters.
The radio receiver acquires and contemporaneously and continuously maintains synchronization with each of a plurality of transmitters. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the receiver holds expected times and frequencies of future transmissions from each of the transmitters.
In some embodiments of the present invention, each transmitter partitions the transmitter identification (ID) code into several portions and includes, in each message, only one of the portions in such a way that several messages contain, in aggregate, the entire transmitter ID code. In effect, each transmitter transmits a train of short messages separated by long time intervals where each of the messages includes a portion of the transmitter ID code. In addition, the portions are numbered and appropriate information about which portion is included in a message is also embedded in the transmitted message. The time between transmission of messages is precisely controlled.
Including only a portion of the transmitter ID code in each message is advantageous since the message length can be significantly reduced, which results in lower average current drain and, consequently, longer battery life.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the receiver discerns each of the message trains, which are from various transmitters, based on coincidence of actual and expected times and frequencies of the transmissions for each train. I.e., if a message was received at an expected time and frequency for a certain train of messages, the receiver can reasonably conclude that this message is, in fact, a part of this train. Such conclusion is fair if the transmissions from different transmitters rarely coincide.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the receiver aggregates portions of the transmitter ID code separately for each message train to identify or verify ID code of the transmitter producing the message train. Thus, the receiver does not need the entire transmitter ID code in each transmitted message in order to identify, the source of transmissions.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the wireless telemetry system uses frequency hopping for wireless transmission. Accordingly, the transmitters intermittently transmit very short messages indicative of status of the sensors associated with the transmitters. Each transmitter includes a time interval generator to establish the time interval between successive transmissions, a frequency synthesizer-modulator to generate a modulated radio frequency carrier signal wherein the frequency of the carrier changes in response to programming the synthesizer by digital data, a reference frequency oscillator to provide a frequency reference from which the synthesizer derives carrier frequencies and, advantageously, from which the time interval generator derives its timing, and a transmitter control logic activated in response to pulses from the time interval generator or a sensor signal indicating an abnormal condition. When activated, the transmitter control logic activates and programs the synthesizer so that the transmitter carrier frequency is changed according to a frequency hopping algorithm, provides digital data indicative of the sensor status and, advantageously battery status, and modulates the carrier with the provided data.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, each transmitter selects a portion of the transmitter ID code for each transmission, and the selection is based on the frequency hopping algorithm. This is advantageous because the receiver can identify which portion of the transmitter ID code is included in each message without additional information embedded in the transmitted messages.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the receiver includes a frequency selective radio receiver circuit, programmable by digital data, to receive and demodulate a transmitted carrier when the frequency of the receiver circuit is programed according to the frequency of the carrier, and a receiver control logic to process demodulated data, to provide system interface responsive to the received messages, and to program the frequency of the frequency selective receiver circuit. The control logic includes a receiver timer to measure the elapsing time, and a plurality of memory registers to hold digital data indicative of (a) the time of the next transmission occurrence for each transmitter and (b) the frequency of the next transmission occurrence for each transmitter. In operation, the control logic sequentially compares the data content of the time registers with the data content of the timer and if the transmission is due from a transmitter, the control logic programs the frequency selective radio receiver circuit according to the data content in the frequency register associated with this transmitter, attempts to decode the demodulated signal, modifies the content of the time register by a number representative of the time interval between the successive transmissions for this transmitter and modifies the content of the frequency register according to a predetermined algorithm for this transmitter.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of transmission in the system to improve reliability of the system in the presence of multipath fading and interference, the method is based on varying the transmission frequency from one transmitted message to the next and warning the time between consecutive messages. The frequency variations provide frequency diversity and are effective against multipath fading as well as single of multiple narrowband interference. The time variations are effective against periodic impulse interference. In combination, the frequency and time variations provide immunity for a wide variety of signal impairments and interference including multipath fading, wide and narrowband interference, impulse noise and deliberate jamming.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of minimizing the effect of collisions, the method is based on using the transmission frequencies in sequences that are different for each transmitter, wherein transmitter frequency sequence depends on the transmitter ID code or a sequence selecting number derived or associated with the transmitter ID code.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention there is provided another method of minimizing the effect of collisions, the method comprising varying the time interval between transmissions individually for each transmitter and a receiver compensating for the time interval changes. The time interval variation is based on a sequence that is different for each transmitter and that depends on the transmitter ID code or a sequence selecting number derived or associated with the transmitter ID code. This method can be used alone or in conjunction with the method of individual frequency variations as described earlier.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, each transmitter transmits messages using either frequency or time or, more generally, frequency-time hopping sequence that is unique for each transmitter and without any transmitter ID information bits included in the messages. For the purpose of this invention, such frequency-time hopping sequence may be in any combination of time and frequency variability, including: (a) a fixed frequency pattern for all transmitters and individual time perturbation patterns for each transmitter, (b) a fixed time interval between transmission or fixed time perturbation pattern and individual pattern for frequency selection for each transmitter, and (c) individual frequency and time variations combined to enhance the system performance at the expense of complication.
For each transmitter, the frequency-time hopping sequence is based on the transmitter ID code or equivalently on a sequence selecting number(s) that can be derived from the transmitter ID code, or that is associated with the transmitter ID code. Thus, the frequency-time hopping pattern identifies the transmitter. The receiver is furnished with the list of the ID codes of all the transmitters to be monitored or equivalently and in addition the receiver is finished with a list of the sequence selecting numbers. Based on the available ID codes or the sequence selecting numbers, the receiver can reconstruct the frequency-time hopping sequences for each transmitter. The receiver identifies the source of the transmission by comparing the actual frequency-time hopping transmission pattern with the reconstructed patterns. In addition, the transmitter may include in the transmitted messages: (a) portions of the transmitter ID code, and/or (b) a portion of the status (or even the entire status) of the frequency-time sequence generator. In such cases, the receiver is aided in synchronization and identification of the transmitter at the expense of slight increase in the message length. The inclusions can be made in every message or only in selected messages. The included portion of the sequence generator status may be as small as one bit and still provide added benefit of secondary confirmation that the received message belongs to the message train from a given transmitter. Furthermore, such secondary confirmation bits received in various transmissions may be aggregated. In addition, the transmitter ID bits may be included in such manner that only those portions of bits not affecting the frequency-time sequence are included in the transmissions. For example, the transmitter ID code may have 64 bits (e.g. 24 bits of basic ID and 30 bits of an extended ID), while only 24 bits of the basic ID code affects the frequency-time sequence. The remaining 30 bits of the extended ID may be partitioned for inclusions in the transmissions. The inclusions may be as small as one bit. They may be made in only selected messages or in every message. They may be as large as the entire extended ID portion in one inclusion made relatively infrequently. A variation of this method is to send the entire ID code but only very sporadically with such frequency that the average number of ID in one message is lowered to a desired level. E.g. if 64 bit ID code is included in one out of 64 transmitted messages then the overhead is just one bit per messages on average.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the segmentation and inclusion of the ID bits and/or the sequence generator bits as well as sensor status, battery, etc., are controlled by the frequency-time sequence (i.e., the sequence generator), thus further reducing overhead in managing the coordination since the receiver can extract appropriate bits without inclusion of appropriate control bits in the transmissions. (I.e. the transmissions may be devoid of special control bits that would inform the receiver about what information is transmitted in a particular message.)
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention there is provided a simple method to generate a very large number of frequency-time hopping sequences. The method produces sequences that are orthogonal, i.e., if transmissions from any two transmitters coincided in time and frequency, they would not coincide again for the entire duration of the sequence, thus possibility of persistent collisions is eliminated even when large number of transmitters are used. In addition, the method requires identical circuit in each transmitter and the actual sequence that is produced is selected by the transmitter ID code or other number associated with the transmitter ID code, thus making it convenient for manufacturing. Also, the method provides the means for producing a very large number of frequency-time sequences based on a single short PN generator whose state can be instantly recovered by a receiver based on just one received transmission, thus aiding the receiver in obtaining synchronization with a transmitter whose ID is known. At the same time, because of a very large number of possible sequences that can be generated, it is difficult to obtain synchronization if the transmitter ID code is not known, which makes the system immune to interception and jamming.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, each transmitter selects a portion of the transmitter ID code for each transmission, and the selection is based on the state of the PN generator used for producing the frequency-time hopping sequence. This is advantageous because the receiver can identify which portion of the ID is included in each message without additional information embedded in the transmitted messages.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the message length is further reduced by similar segmentation process of the status information bits. This is especially beneficial when the status information includes several values such as sensor value, battery value, temperature value and other values that together use a significant percentage of the message bits. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the segmentation may include some parts of the status information to be sent more often than some other parts of the status information. This is advantageous in further reducing the average message length. For example, battery status changes very infrequently compared with temperature, or the sensor status. In turn, the temperature may change very infrequently compared with the sensor status, etc. The segmentation and inclusion process based on the state of the PN-generator for producing time-frequency pattern allows for overhead free variable rate of inclusion. I.e., the receiver can determine what and when is included without additional control bits in the transmitted messages. This not only lowers the transmission overhead but also makes the transmission more robust since the control bits can not be corrupted in the transmission process.
These and other, advantages and features of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the illustrative embodiment that is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
According to some embodiments of the present invention, each transmitted message includes only a single portion of the transmitter ID code. Furthermore, a different portion is selected for each consecutive transmission according to a predetermined algorithm
Some embodiments of the present invention include in a transmitted message a number indicative of which portion is included in the message. E.g. message 310-i may include number 315-i, and message 310-N may include number 315-N.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, the transmitted messages are constructed to minimize the transmission overhead. Referring further to
According to some embodiments of the present invention, each transmission includes a portion of the transmitter ID code. For example, transmission 321 includes portion i of ID j, transmission 322 includes portion i+1 of ID j, transmission 323 includes portion i+2 of ID j, transmission 324 includes portion N of ID j, and transmission 325 includes portion 1 of ID j. Similarly, transmission 330 includes portion 1 of ID k, etc.
According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the receiver tunes at appropriate time to appropriate frequency to receive messages from each transmitter. For example, the receiver tunes to frequency 6 during time window 340 to receive message 330, then, the receiver tunes to frequency 7 during time window 341 to receive message 331, then, the receiver tunes to frequency 0 during time window 342 to receiver message 321, etc. Note that message 322 from transmitter j and message 344 from transmitter k coincide in time (partially overlap). The receiver arbitrates and selects one frequency. If the frequencies also coincide, one or both messages will be lost.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, the payload may be as small as just one bit. If the optional CRC is not used, then the entire message may have just preamble and synchronization bits (as needed by the radio receiver), and one bit of payload, while still supporting long sensor ID and many status information bits. This results in dramatic reduction in the message length. For example, in some embodiments, such preamble and sync with one bit of payload may be just about one byte. This compares very favorably with typical way of transmitting telemetry that may require as much as 16 bytes (128 bits) or even more, and including 64 bits for sensor ID, and multiple bytes of the information in each message.
Referring to
In operation, during the time between transmissions, the transmitter is in a standby mode in which the amplifier 410 and synthesizer-modulator 404 are not active and, preferably, the control signals turn off the power from these circuits in order to minimize the standby current of the transmitter. The transmitter control logic 408 is in a standby mode in which most of the circuits are inactive and some or most of the circuitry can be powered down with the exception of the circuits supporting critical functions; (a) the sensor interface circuit 422 that detects an abnormal signal condition and produces a binary signal that is logically combined with the signal 428 produced by the time interval generator so that when either a pulse or abnormal condition occurs the rest of the transmit logic circuitry is activated or powered up, (b) the frequency and time data memory 420 that has to retain the data during the period between transmission and consequently either it has to be a nonvolatile type or it has to be powered up during the period between transmissions. Upon activation, the control logic 408 determines the activation source by reading signals 428 and 418.
When the logic 408 is activated by a pulse 428 from the time interval generator the following sequence of events occurs. First, the logic reads the frequency data memory and produces a data packet that includes the sensor status, the transmitter identification number and other data such as battery status. Then, the logic activates and programs the synthesizer-modulator circuit 404, activates the amplifier 410 and sends the packet to the modulator via line 424. After completion of each transmission, the transmitter logic sets the transmitter in the standby mode until activated again by a pulse on line 428 or a sensor abnormal condition indicated on line 418.
In an advantageous embodiment, the transmission of a packet can be repeated a predetermined number of times at separate frequencies, wherein the number of repetitions is chosen according to application needs and, wherein the frequencies are determined by the transmitter logic according to an algorithm described later in details. This way, it is possible for the receiver to receive some repeated packets even if other packets are lost due to frequency selective fading caused by multipath or due to interference.
When a sensor abnormal condition occurs, the sensor interface circuit 422 produces an active level of the signal indicative of the sensor abnormal level which activates the transmitter via a combinatorial logic circuit that combines the sensor abnormal level signal with the pulses from the time interval generator. When activated this way, the transmitter control logic 408 produces a data packet that includes the sensor status, then the logic activates and programs the synthesizer-modulator circuit 404, activates the amplifier 410, and sends the packet to the synthesizer-modulator. Advantageously, the transmission is repeated many times and the frequency for each transmission is varied.
After the transmission sequence is completed, the control logic disables the signal indicative of the sensor abnormal status so that an abnormal sensor status can not activate the control logic. Then, the control logic puts the transmitter in the standby mode until activated by a pulse from the time interval generator. When subsequently activated, the transmitter control logic performs the usual transmission sequence but the data packets include information that the sensor condition is abnormal if the condition persists. When the abnormal condition subsides, the signal indicative of an abnormal status is enabled so that a subsequent occurrence of an abnormal condition can activate the logic and trigger a new alarm transmission sequence; thus, normal operation is restored.
In an advantageous embodiment, the sequence in which these frequencies are used is determined individually for each transmitter. The following is the description how this is accomplished in an advantageous embodiment. Each transmitter includes a pseudo random sequence generator, wherein a pseudo random sequence generator is based on a linear feedback shift register, wherein some outputs of the shift register are fed back to an EX-OR (Exclusive OR) gate whose output is connected to the register input. For a certain combination of the outputs that are fed to the EX-OR gate, the shift register can produce a sequence that has 2N−1 bits, wherein N is the length of the shift register. Such a sequence is called a maximum length sequence. Alternatively, if all the outputs of the shift register are taken at a time, then a pseudo random sequence of 2N−1 numbers is created, wherein all the numbers are N digits long and each number differs from all the other numbers in the sequence; the numbers range from 1 to 2N−1. Such pseudo random generators are known to the skilled in the art. For example, a three-bit PN generator is based on a three-bit shift register with feedback taken from the first and the last bit. This register produces a repetitive sequence of seven numbers, wherein each number has three digits. The numbers change from 1 to 7. The sequence repeats indefinitely with a period 2N−1.
Referring to
The pseudo random sequence generator 603 includes of a shift register 605 and EX-OR gate 604. The shift register 605 is composed of three stages 621, 622, and 623 having three outputs Q0 611, Q1 612 and Q2 613 respectively. The feedback is taken from outputs Q0 and Q2. The three least significant bits of the transmitter identification {i2, i1, i0} 601 are combined with the output of the pseudo random sequence generator {Q2, Q1, Q0} using EX-OR gates 608, 607, 606. The result can be used to indicate the frequency or frequency channel index {f2, f1, f0} 602 over which the transmission will occur.
Assuming that the initial state of the shift register is binary 111 (decimal 7), the produced sequence is {7, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4, 6}. These numbers are then combined with the last three bits of the transmitter identification using bit by bit EX-OR operation; i.e. the last bit of the transmitter identification (i0) is combined with the last bit of the random number (Q0), etc. This way produced new sequence has numbers ranging from 0 to 7 the order of which depends on the last three bits of the transmitter identification. Thus, 8 distinct (permuted) sequences of numbers are created. These sequences are used to select the transmission frequencies. For example, if the last digits of the transmitter identification are 000, then the frequencies are selected in the order 7, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4, 6, i.e. the sequence is not altered. If the last three digits of the transmitter identification are 001, then the frequencies are selected in the order 6, 2, 4, 3, 0, 5, 7; if the last three digits of the transmitter identification are 010, then the frequencies are selected in the order 5, 1, 7, 0, 3, 6, 4; etc.
Note that, each such sequence repeats cyclically as the PN generator output repeats with a period 2N−1. The notation {7, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4, 6} means that the sequence of numbers as indicated is cyclically repeated.
Notice, that one number is converted into "0" in the process of combining PN generator output with transmitter ID number thus, strictly speaking, the new sequences are not permutations of the original sequence. However, for the purpose of this application, this process is referred to as "permutation" and the resulting sequences as "permuted" as a convenient and adequate description. Notice also, that because of the conversion to "0" that occurs for all except 000 permuting bits (transmitter identification bits), the sequences collectively use 2N numbers (frequencies) not 2N−1.
If a longer shift register is used, longer sequences are generated using more frequencies. The sequence length increases exponentially with the increase of the shift register length. For example if the register length is 2-bits, the sequence length is 22−1=3, e.g. the sequence is {1, 2, 3} before permutation with the transmitter ID bits; if the register length is three the sequence length is 23−1=7 as shown above, etc. Preferably, at least 100 frequencies are used as this is required by Federal Communications Commission to operate in certain frequency bands without a license. In the preferred embodiment, an 8-bit shift is used to produce sequences that use 256 distinct frequencies. Each number in the sequence actually represents an index based on which the actual frequency is determined. Notice, that each number in the sequence is different, i.e. each time the shift register state is changed, the resulting output number is also changed (regardless of the permuting bits used). Thus each sequence has as many variations as it has numbers. For the purpose of this application a "variation" is defined as a value change of two consecutive numbers in a sequence, e.g. sequence {1, 2, 3} has three variations: 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 1.
Normally, the time intervals between transmissions are controlled by a quartz crystal and, ideally their nominal values are the same for all transmitters, however in an advantageous embodiment, the time intervals are perturbed by small time increments to further randomize the transmission events and lower the probability of persistent collisions with other transmitters as well as avoiding an intentional or unintentional pulsed interference. The transmitter control logic 408 can accomplish this by programming the time interval generator 402 via line 427 (
In an advantageous embodiment, the method of determining the time interval perturbation is based on a similar technique as described in conjunction with the frequency index generation. I.e., each time a transmission is performed, a new number is generated and used to determine the time interval between the current and the next transmission. The time variations can be determined by processing the output of the PN generator used for the frequency index with bits of the transmitter ID code (preferably different from the bits used for frequency variations). Advantageously, the same PN generator outputs are utilized, thus making it easier to synchronize the receiver with the time variations.
However, according to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the following method is used that not only provides for the time and frequency variations but also provides a great number of orthogonal frequency-time hopping sequences.
Referring to
If the permuted PN sequences are used as frequency indexes and the shifted-permuted sequences are used to randomize the time between transmission, then there are created 8*7*8=448 sequences that are time-frequency orthogonal in the sense that if two sequences coincide at one frequency and time, they will not coincide for any other frequency and time for the entire PN generator period. This is based on merely 3-bit generator of the illustrative example! Of course, if a longer shift register is used for the PN generator, a far greater number of sequences are created. In the illustrative embodiment, an 8-bit generator is used as described previously. This results in over 16E6 orthogonal time-frequency sequences. Enough to relieve the manufacturer and applications from transmitter ID code management other than sequential numbering of all manufactured transmitters. Of course, for a 8 bits shift register, 8 bits of the transmitter ID code are used to obtain sequence permutation for frequency index, similarly, 8 bits are used for shifting and another 8 bits for permuting the shifted sequence to obtain the time delay variations.
One advantage of this method is that in addition to two apparent dimensions of variability present in the form of permutations of frequency and time sequences, there is a third dimension added: i.e. the phase relationship variability between the frequency and time sequences. This rapidly increases a number of distinct orthogonal frequency-time sequences with increasing length of the basic PN generator as evidenced by the illustrative example. While it is possible to use other kinds of basic sequence and to use other ways of transforming the numbers of the basic sequence to obtain new sequences, the added new dimension has several advantages as evidenced in the illustrative embodiment.
The permutation process as described is an example of a more general process of transformation that transforms a set of numbers into another set of numbers (that may differ in size). It should be apparent that although a transformation resulting in the permutation as described is advantageous, other transformations may be used to derive frequency-time pattern based on the described principle. It should also be apparent that in some implementations the order in which the shift and the second transformation (permutation) is performed may be reversed without altering the essence of the method.
Another advantage of the illustrative embodiment is that the permutations and shifting of the sequences can be performed by processing (transforming) one number of the sequence at the time, thus eliminating the need to store and manipulate the entire sequence. I.e., the permuted or shifted sequence numbers are produced one at the time as needed based on numbers from the basic sequence that are also produced one at the time as needed.
Note that this advantageous way of producing the frequencies does not require any overhead in the transmitted messages for the synchronization purpose. This is because the receiver can instantly recover the PN generator status based on just a single received message if the transmitter ID code is known. As described previously, the receiver can infer the status of the 8-bit generator based on the received frequency index and the transmitter ID code. I.e. the message contains the information about the 8-bit generator without explicit inclusion of the generator status bits in the message. In the illustrative embodiment, after the frequency index is obtained for a transmission, the time index is obtained by filling the shift register in the steps of storing the PN generator status, clocking the PN generator and shift register N times, and restoring PN generator status. This way, the content of the shift register 712 is not required by the receiver to obtain synchronization because the time index depends on the future content of the PN generator that can be easily duplicated in the receiver based on the present content. Therefore, the receiver can still synchronize with a transmitter based on one received message and the message does not need to include any overhead for synchronization.
Similarly, the process of selecting the segments of the transmitter ID code can be based on the status of the PN generator, thus making it easy to identify by the receiver which segment is included without including additional bits in the transmitted messages. For example, the transmitter can select consecutive segments of the ID code cyclically at each increment of the PN generator starting form a predetermined state and predetermined segment.
In an alternative implementation, a second PN generator synchronized with the first PN generator may be used to produce the time variations wherein an information about the second generator phase may be included in the transmitted message to aid the synchronization. Equivalently, the receiver may compute the state of the second generator, based on the state of the first. Note, that synchronization of the first and the second generator in the transmitter is extremely important since the essence of the idea is that the cyclic shift of the second sequence is provided in respect to the reference provided by the phase of the first sequence. This way the resulting frequency-time hopping sequences produced in different transmitters are ensured to be distinct and orthogonal.
Although, the described implementation based on a single generator is advantageous since it results in a simpler implementation and lower overhead leading to a longer battery life, the two generator implementation can be modified to ensure low overhead and provide additional benefits as follows.
Both, first and second PN generators produce basic sequences whose length is 2N−1 and 2M−1, wherein N and M are the lengths of the respective shift registers in both generators. In order to provide for synchronization between both sequences, each sequence is extended by one bit by inserting one "0" bit at a predetermined place in the sequence. The advantageous place is after N−1 or M−1 "0" bits in the respective sequences. This way the lengths become 2N and 2M respectively which ensures that both sequence lengths are related by a power of 2 (i.e. 2, 4, 8, etc.). Now, it is possible to ensure that both sequences are always in the same phase relation; e.g. after initial reset, which sets the generators in a predetermined state, both generators are advanced at the same time. This way, they will return to the exact initial state after the full period of the longer sequence. Of the particular interest is the case of the time generator producing a longer sequence than the frequency generator. In some applications, there is a limited number of frequency channels available, however there is still a need to produce a large number of frequency-time orthogonal sequences. In such case, a longer time sequence can be used to expand the number of possible frequency-time sequences. For example if the frequency generator shift register has N bits and the time generator shift register has M bits, then the total number of sequences is 2N*(2M−1)*2M as shown in the preceding examples. Each time M is increased by one, the number of frequency-time sequences is enlarged approximately by a factor of four resulting in a rapid increase of the number of sequences with the increase of the time generator shift register length. Also, the synchronization requires a small overhead because the receiver can infer the frequency generator state and needs only the state of the time generator. However, if the time generator is in precise phase lock with the frequency generator, the transmitter does not need to send the actual time generator state. Instead, the transmitter needs to include the information to remove the uncertainty created by the time sequence period being multiple of the frequency sequence period. E.g., if the time sequence is two times longer, the receiver needs to know if the time generator is in the first half or the second half of the sequence to determine the exact state of the time generator. In this particular case, this information requires only one bit to be included in the transmitted messages. Of course, more bits are required if the time sequence is longer, e.g. if the time sequence is 4 times longer than the frequency sequence, two bits are required; for 8 times longer sequence 3 bits are needed, etc.
The described method (with one or two generators) produce a large number of time-frequency orthogonal sequences in a simple and systematic way that enables the sequence selection by the transmitter ID and requires zero (or very small) overhead for synchronization. A system using a large number of time-frequency orthogonal sequences as described has an advantage of immunity to multipath fading, pulsed and frequency selective interference including intentional jamming, as well as low probability of self interference due to persistent collisions that may occur when two or more transmitters transmit messages on the same frequency and at the same time for a prolonged period. A large number of produced frequencies enables the manufacturer and the system operators not to be concerned with the management of sequences for all the transmitters. Instead, each manufactured transmitter can produce a unique sequence that can be easily replicated in the receiver based just on the transmitter ID code.
It is to be understood that the random frequency selection as described above and the time perturbation can be used together or in separation to achieve immunity to collisions. Such obtained frequency-time hopping sequence may be in any combination of time and frequency variability, including: (a) a fixed frequency pattern for all transmitters and individual time perturbation patterns for each transmitter, (b) a fixed time interval between transmission or fixed time perturbation pattern and individual pattern for frequency selection for each transmitter, and (c) individual frequency and time variations that can be combined to enhance the system performance at the expense of complication.
In an advantageous embodiment, both the transmission frequency and the time interval between transmissions are individually randomized for each transmitter by the transmitter ID code bits.
It is also to be understood that the illustrated method and its components such as generators, registers, gates, etc., can be realized in various forms of hardware some of which may include ASIC, or software, or their combination.
Referring to
In the advantageous embodiment, the frequency registers 538 hold, for each transmitter, the state of PN generator. If the synchronization is obtained with a given transmitter, the state of the PN generator is identical with that in the transmitter.
In the advantageous embodiment, the time registers 536 hold numbers—time of next transmission—for each transmitter representing the state of the receiver timer 532 at the time the next transmission is due from a transmitter.
In operation, the receiver control logic 530 sequentially compares the data content of the time registers 536 with the data content of the receiver timer 532 and if the transmission is due from a remote telemetry transmitter 11 whose time data is stored in register i 552, the control logic programs the frequency selective radio receiver circuit 500 according to the content of the frequency register i 553 and the identification register i 551 that are associated with the same transmitter n, attempts to decode the demodulated signal, changes the content of the time register based on the number representative of the time interval between the transmissions for this transmitter and changes the content of the frequency register according to a predetermined algorithm for this transmitter. I.e. the frequency and the time registers are updated each time a transmission is due regardless whether the transmission was received successfully. The new content of the frequency register is determined according to the algorithm for the frequency use by the transmitters.
Nominally, the time between transmission—TBT—is the same for all remote telemetry transmitters but due to unavoidable tolerances and temperature variations, the TBT may be slightly different for different transmitters and it can vary with time. Therefore, the new content of the time register is calculated based on the current content of the receiver timer and a number representative of the time between the current transmission and the next transmission for this transmitter, where this number is calculated based on the nominal value of the time between the transmissions and adjusted by a correction factor that is based on the measured difference between the transmitter time base and the time base of the receiver. The difference is computed based on the difference between the measured TBT for a transmitter and the nominal value of TBT by measuring the time of arrival of the transmissions at the receiver and comparing to the scheduled time of arrival. In the advantageous embodiment, the numbers representative of the time base differences are stored in the time registers 536 separately for each remote telemetry transmitter and are independent from the numbers representing the time of the next transmission, i.e. the time registers are split to hold two independent numbers. In addition, the difference between the transmitter time base and the receiver time base can be computed based on the measurement provided by the frequency counter 542. Since the time between transmissions and the carrier frequency are derived from the same reference source in both the receiver and all the transmitters, the relative carrier frequency error can be used to compute the time error even in advance of the next transmission.
According to another advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the receiver ability to synchronize and track a plurality of transmitters, each of which transmitting using unique frequency-time hopping sequence, is used to further reduce the transmission overhead. The receiver discerns the source of a transmission based on the time and frequency of the transmission. In operation, the receiver is furnished a list of ID codes for all transmitter to be monitored (or ID codes and associated sequence selecting numbers). Thus, the receiver can replicate the hopping patterns of each transmitter. Once synchronized, the receiver continuously tunes to the right frequency at the right time to receiver each transmission from each receiver. Without any ID code bits in the transmitted messages, the confusion can occur only if two or more transmitters happen to transmit at the same time and at the same frequency. Since the messages are sporadic and short, this happen rarely. Furthermore, since the frequency-time hopping sequences are orthogonal, prolonged coincidence is prevented. Therefore, in these rare instances the message can be ignored without impacting system operation. Thus, the receiver and the system can operate correctly, and the source of each transmission can be identified without any bits of the transmitter ID codes included in the transmitted messages.
At this point it is necessary to explain how the receiver acquisition can work in spite of the uncertainty of the time and frequency for the next transmission. On the surface, this seems to be a daunting task since, the transmission frequency (and time) changes are unique for each transmitter an dependent on the transmitter ID code, but the transmitted message does not include the transmitter ID code. In addition, the transmitted message does not include the state of the sequence generator to minimize the message length. The following method is used in the receiver to overcome this problem.
The receiver is furnished with a list of the ID codes of all the transmitters to be monitored. Based on the list, the receiver can replicate the frequency-time hopping sequence for each transmitter. However, in order to receive correctly messages transmitted by a transmitter, the receiver must synchronize the replicated sequence with this transmitter. In accordance with the frequency-time hopping sequence generation method described earlier, each sequence has the property that each frequency repeats only once in the entire sequence. In addition, the time hopping (if present) is tied to the frequency hopping, so that knowing the phase of the frequency hopping sequence is sufficient to determine the phase of the time sequence. In fact, in accordance with a preferred implementation of the method, the frequency and time hopping are determined based on the same PN generator. Furthermore, the frequency-time hopping sequence determination is based on processing the output of the PN generator with the transmitter ID code using reversible EX-OR operation. I.e., knowing the current state of the PN generator, the next frequency can be determined. Conversely, knowing the frequency of the received message, the state of the PN generator can be determined. Therefore, in order to synchronize with a transmitter, it is sufficient for the receiver to receive just a single message from this transmitter. However, during the initial acquisition, when the receiver incidentally receives a message while it is randomly searching frequency-time space, in the absence of the transmitter ID code in the transmitted messages, the receiver cannot know which transmitter was the source of the message. Suppose that the receiver has two transmitters on the list that it is not tracking yet. (We can say, for brevity, that the transmitters are not "in-sync"). Suppose that the receiver incidentally received a message from one of them, i.e., the receiver received a message that is not at the expected time and frequency for all the other transmitter that the receiver is presently tracking. The receiver can, temporarily., assume that it is synchronized with both transmitters and attempt to track both of them. I.e., the receiver can tune to the next transmission frequency at the appropriate time for each of the transmitters. (There is no problem with this since the frequency-time sequences are orthogonal and, consequently, the expected transmissions from both transmissions do not coincide in time and frequency.) Obviously, the receiver will receive messages from only one of them. Once at least one additional message is received, the receiver immediately knows which transmitter is in-sync. The other transmitter can be declared to be not in-sync and in need to further search for its transmissions. Applying this method successively (or even in parallel), the synchronization may be obtained with an arbitrary number of transmitters.
Consequently, it should be apparent that the presented method of frequency-time hopping, in conjunction with the operation of the receiver allows it to discern any transmitter among other transmitters based on the transmission time and frequency and without any additional information embedded in the transmitted messages. This is advantageous in reducing the transmission overhead and conserving the average power consumption in the transmitters.
A variation of this method is based on including a part of transmitter ID or entire or part of the state of the frequency-time sequence generator in the transmitted message. Although, in most cases this is not necessary, it may be beneficial in simplifying the receiver operation. For example, if the time hopping is accomplished with a separate and longer PN generator than that used for the frequency hopping (as described earlier), then the additional information that indicates coarse phase of the time PN generator may be included in the messages in order to simplify the resolution of the ambiguity resulting from different lengths of the two generators.
In conclusion, the described method allows the initial acquisition to occur without the transmitter ID code and without the PN generator state included in the messages. Such acquisition is even more robust than in a case when the entire transmitter ID is included. The reason for this is that in the latter case the receiver needs to receive correctly all the bits of the transmitter ID for successful acquisition to occur, and in the former case, this is not necessary.
According to the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the status information bits are segmented. The information bits are selected for transmission based on the status of the sequence generator according to a predetermined algorithm. The receiver can discern which bits and are transmitted in each message without control bits in the transmitted messages. Various information bits and segments may be included at various inclusion frequencies depending on the application needs. The segments may be unequal length as needed. All this is done without sending control bits in the messages since the sequence generator is used as the synchronizing mechanism. In general, more than one such predetermined algorithm may be used. For example, according to one algorithm an 8-bit PN-generator is used (having 255 states) and 1-bit (of 8 bits) of sensor status is included in every message, a 5-bit battery status is included in every 17 the message (15 times per generator period) and 6-bit temperature in every 5th message (51 times per generator period), where the first bits of the 8 bits of the sensor status coincides with a predetermined state of the PN-generator and the subsequent bits are included in the subsequent transmissions in repetitive manner. This algorithm is used when the sensor status is not changing. According to another algorithm, when the sensor status changes, the new value of the sensor status is communicated in its entirety in a each of a predetermined number of the subsequent transmissions. The control bit for switching between the two algorithms, i.e., complete reading and abbreviated (no change) reading is included in the transmissions. Equivalently, the increased message length is the indictor of the change. In general, there can be multiple algorithms used and each algorithm may have a complex repetition pattern for each included parts of the information payload. However, only very few control bits indicating the current algorithm used is included in the transmissions because each algorithm pattern is determined by the hopping pattern generator. Furthermore, the control bits for switching between the algorithms can be eliminated in some cases where other means, such a message length can be used as an indirect indicator.
To summarize, in general, reduction of the overhead for the transmitter ID code can be accomplished by including portions of ID code in the transmitted messages. The receiver can then aggregate the portions based on the expected and actual time of each transmission. This can be accomplished regardless of whether the system uses unique hopping patterns for each transmitter or not. However, if unique hoping patterns are not used, this method is deficient because it requires that control bits for identifying portions of ID code are included in the transmissions, and because persistent collisions of transmissions from various transmitters may prevent correct reception of transmissions and correct identification of the transmitters.
In a summary, advantageously, according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, in which a frequency or time hopping is used where each transmitter uses different hopping pattern, or in which, preferably, frequency-time hopping is used where each transmitter uses different hopping pattern, the reduction of the overhead can be complete. I.e., no transmitter ID code bits (or control bits identifying parts of ID code) are included in the message because the process of identifying each transmitter is based on its unique hopping pattern. The information bits including sensor, battery and other are segmented and the segments are included in the transmissions based on the time-frequency pattern generator status. Various information bits are included in the transmissions at different rates according to the application needs. This is accomplished without control bits in the transmissions because the generator status is used for the control, and the generator status is known to both: a transmitter and the receiver.
It should be apparent for the skilled in the art that although the illustrative embodiment of the present invention has been described in a case where each transmitter transmits one carrier frequency at a time, this does not have to be always the case. Advantageously, each transmitter may produce more than one carrier at the time, where the frequency for all carriers may be varied based on the same sequence or some carriers may be affected by different sequence than the other carriers, in some cases, the carriers may be related to each other by a fixed frequency offset.
In the illustrative embodiment described here, references are made to several elements such as generators, logic, registers, control operations, etc. It is to be understood that various elements described here can be realized in several different forms including software and hardware in their various forms and combinations. E.g. "logic" can be in a form of hardware such as a gate or memory element, or it can be a part of software or hardware or a combination of both such as implemented in e.g., a microprocessor or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In the most general way, logic can be simply understood as "intelligence", i.e., ability to perform certain computing (or computer) functions.
For the purpose of this specification, the receiver control operation can be preformed by one or more dedicated or shared logic that may include or be a part of a microprocessor or any other computing devices, e.g. personal computer that may be integrated or external or even remote. Insofar as the functions performed by a logic or microprocessor or computing devices relate to the operation of the receiver they are considered a part of the receiver for the purpose of this specification. The same claim is made for all the transmitter functions.
For the purpose of this specification, terms "message" and "transmission" are often used interchangeably, however, it should be recognized that a message is conveyed by a transmission, and furthermore, a single message may be conveyed by more than one transmission.
For the purpose of this application, wherever references are made such as "first logic" or a "second logic", etc., or otherwise labeled logic, it is to be understood that such "first logic" and "second logic", etc., or otherwise labeled logic can be implemented as physically separate or as contained in the same stricture (hardware, e.g. ASIC, or software, e.g. microprocessor memory, or a combination of both) or they can be partially overlapping. In some cases a single logic can be partitioned and implemented in more than one structure, e.g., a receiver control logic can be partially in a telemetry collection receiver and partially in a separate computer communicating with the receiver where the computer may even be not co-located with the receiver.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification