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Welcome Dirt Chasers!
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Road runner sports is extending a 25% VIP discount to all of South Denver Trail runners members. This is an all day event so feel free to head in and take advantage. Be... Learn more
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What happens when two of the best local trail running Meetup groups meet up for a trail run? The Super Bowl Saturday Shuttle! Join us and our friends from Golden Trail... Learn more
January 30 · 10:00 AM8-12 miles
This is the last week that Waterton will be open until April. It will only be open on Sunday's. Let's get out and enjoy a 60 degree day. Any distance welcome- out and... Learn more
January 6 · 11:00 AMDaytime Carpenter Peak 6 or 8 mile trail run
Anyone else with daytime/midweek flexibility resolve to increase their mileage this year? After discussing the options, we'll each hit the trail at our own pace and... Learn more
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The first of 3 races in the Winter Distance Series! December 12th, keep your winter training going strong, and choose from the 5k or 10k race at beautiful Hudson Gardens... Learn more
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text: Item is not available Find Another One Others Looked At... RUGER BLACKHAWK 357 MAG NEW MDL 61/2 INC... SELLER: Iron SIte Gun Shop 1 $525.00 RUGER 50TH ANN. FLAT TOP .44 MAG CUSTOM.... SELLER: latigo 0 $785.00 Ruger Blackhawk .357 mag SELLER: SHORE SPORTSMAN 1 $650.00 Ruger Blackhawk Flat Top 3-Screw SELLER: Deerhunter39 0 $1,495.00 NIB Ruger Super Blackhawk Bisley 480 Rug... SELLER: Parker Custom Arms LLC 1 $899.99 NIB Ruger BlackHawk 30 Carbine!!! A Must... SELLER: Parker Custom Arms LLC 1 $599.99 Guns Pistols Ruger Single Action Revolvers Blackhawk Type Ruger New Model Super Blackhawk Mag . barrel | 583 | 111 | Lc | 359.3643ms Ruger New Model Super Blackhawk 44 Mag 10.5" barrel For Sale from Roachs Sporting Goods | Positive feedback: 100% View | Verified Seller | 756 Completed Sales View Sellers Items This item is no longer available. /UserImages/3614/928422166 3502416.jpg /UserImages/3614/928422166 3502417.jpg Description Shipping and Payment More Info Ruger New Model Super Blackhawk .44 Magnum single action revolver.Serial # 83-28012.Blue finish,10-1/2" barrel,checkered walnut oversize grips.Has Bushnell Magnum Phantom 2,5x 20mm scope mounted.Bore is excellent.98% overall condition.Comes with leather holster that previous owner cut to accomodate scope. See Description Trades Accepted: No Roach's Sporting Goods has closed.This is the last of Charlie Callanans "museum collection". Condition: Used, As New Caliber: .44 Magnum Location: MA Share Item Item #: 928422166 This item is no longer available. Price: Shipping: $25.00 (or Arrange local transfer) Accepted Payment Methods: Returns: 10 Days Roachs Sporting Goods Seller Since: Mar. 2000 Seller Level: Verified This seller is NOT an FFL City: Arlington State: MA Your Recently Viewed Items


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In Cold Blood, 1965 first edition1965
- S. Neil Fujita
- Tere Loprete
Contributed by Nick Sherman
Staff Pick


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If you've got a thing for Latina women then this is the place for you. Spankwire.com has the hottest Spanish pornstars on the web and they're hungry for a massive cock to penetrate their tight pussy lips. Feel the salsa from the inside as these Hispanic honeys shake their hips on your thick tortilla chip of a dick and show you how Latin American women fuck. There's an art to each motion and no need for lotion because these 18+ girls are always wet and ready for hardcore sex. From Mexico to Argentina and across the Amazon to Brazil, we have the hottest South American babes doing a striptease in front of their webcams and masturbating for your viewing pleasure. Whether you're looking for amateur XXX movies featuring real couples or interracial threesomes filled with double penetration and hard pounding anal sex, it's all here. All you have to do is sit back and watch as Latina pornstars shake their big tits and squeeze their erect nipples with orgasmic pleasure. Listen to them moan and scream as their Spanish pussy gets stretched wide by huge dicks and see them cum hard in front of the camera. Petite legal teens to busty milfs with an appetite for deepthroat blowjobs, these babes never seem to swallow enough cum. So whether you're into sensual lesbian scenes with strap-on dildos or extreme orgies, visit the Latina porn film channel on Spankwire.com and prepare for a ride you won't soon forget.


text:
War risk insurance specialist, DNK, is pleased to announce the appointment of Göran Skuncke as Insurance Director.
Skuncke will be responsible for the Association's insurance activities, with a particular responsibility for membership service, in addition to running DNK's underwriting and claims activities.
Skuncke joins DNK from the P&I Club, Skuld. During his career at the company, he provided hands-on experience and insight into both underwriting and claims work, while contributing to the professional reputation of the company. "These qualities, combined with his natural leadership and membership service skills, make him the ideal choice," said Svein Ringbakken, Managing Director at DNK.
"Göran is an experienced and skilled insurance professional whose expertise will further develop DNK as a modern, member-focused association," he added.
Speaking about his appointment, Skuncke said, "I am delighted to have been given this opportunity. In recent years, DNK has continually developed its products and services to meet changing needs within the membership and has a very competent team focused on membership service and continuous development of its products."
Following the appointment, Managing Director, Svein Ringbakken, outlined his vision for DNK's insurance activities.
"DNK has two main objectives. The first is to evaluate new threats to shipowners in respect of war risks and adjusting the insurance coverage accordingly, while maintaining competitive pricing. The second is to offer contingency support to members when their ships are affected by war risks. We are delighted that Göran is joining our team and his main goal will be to consolidate DNK's efforts on both fronts, together with the rest of the team."
A Swedish national, Skuncke holds a law degree from the University of Stockholm and specialization in maritime law from the Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law in Oslo. Before joining DNK, Göran has held various positions within the shipping and insurance industries. Göran will join DNK in March 2013 after fulfilling his notice period at Skuld in his current position as Assistant Vice President, Underwriting – Syndicate 2, a position he has held since 2009. His previous experience includes working as a P&I broker with Marsh in Oslo and as a shipbroker in the tanker segment. Skuncke is set to join DNK in March after working his notice period with Skuld.
Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
Four themes at this year's Danish Maritime Days will highlight some of the most important challenges and opportunities which the global maritime industry is facing, organizers said.
CMA CGM, the world's third-largest container shipping firm, is to go ahead with its planned acquisition of Singapore's Neptune Orient Lines (NOL) after receiving regulatory clearance from China,
Baltic Exchange privately owned by 380 shareholders.
The Singapore Exchange (SGX) is in exclusive talks to buy London's Baltic Exchange, which has been at the
South Korean shipbuilder STX Offshore & Shipbuilding Co Ltd will likely need to enter court-supervised receivership due to financial difficulties, the firm's lead
Norway's Statoil does not expect European gas prices to fall much further as rising demand from the power generation sector would offset an expected increase in liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply,
The Baltic Exchange's main sea freight index, tracking rates for ships carrying dry bulk commodities, fell on Wednesday hurt by sluggish demand for large vessel sizes.
Sierra Leone was holding 11 Guineans including military personnel in custody on Wednesday following a confrontation at sea involving the two West African neighbours' navies,
Maritime vessels are under significant threat of cyber-attack because many are carrying outdated software and were not designed with cyber security in mind, according to new research.
Group of Seven (G7) leaders will call for respect for the rule of law and peaceful resolution to conflicts in a joint statement to be issued Friday at the end of their two-day summit,
A large wooden fishing boat overcrowded with migrants capsized off the coast of Libya, the Italian navy said on Wednesday, with some 562 people rescued and five found dead.
With new rules regarding the declaration of the accurate gross mass of a packed containers due to enter force, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) answers
USS Mount Whitney (LCC 20), the U.S. 6th Fleet flagship, made history today as the first amphibious command ship to have an MV-22B Osprey land on its flight deck, May 23, 2016.
Towing Vessel Inspection Bureau Holds Annual Membership Meeting; Elects New Leadership and Votes to Proceed with a Third Party Organization Application to the Coast
In examining the deadly collision of tugboat/barge Caribbean Sea/The Resource with Amphibious Passenger Vehicle DUKW 34, the U.S. National Transportation Safety
The London P&I Club's result for the 2015/2016 financial year produced an overall operating surplus of $3.3 million, lifting the free reserve to $160.7 million.


text:
Sometimes all it takes is a patient, compassionate human to teach her pets that they can be friends instead of hunter and prey.
-Sally Squeeps
This is my selfish yet adorable rat Quincy Jones. I say selfish because she stole all the hard-boiled egg she could from their bowl before her sister Monster could get it! "Sharing" is not a part of her ratty vocabulary.
Frizzled says: "A while back, a friend of mine had a litter of 13 rats. This is them at about two weeks old. I kept the five males, and use them to show little kids (and their parents!) that rats can be fun, friendly pets."
Thank you for educating the kids about how great rats can be!
Do you have a squee pet that you want to share with the world? Send us your pet pictures and stories, and they could end up on Daily Squee!


text:
Teaching assistant killed in Purdue University shooting; suspect in custody
Ken Kusmer, The Associated Press
Published Tuesday, January 21, 2014 1:16PM EST
Last Updated Tuesday, January 21, 2014 6:51PM EST
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. -- Police say the man killed in a Purdue University shooting was a senior at the school who was a teaching assistant, and the suspect is also a student.
Purdue Police Chief John Cox said Tuesday that 23-year-old Cody Cousins of Warsaw, Indiana, is being held in jail on a preliminary charge of murder.
Cousins is accused of shooting 21-year-old Andrew Boldt of West Bend, Wisconsin, in the university's Electrical Engineering Building around noon Tuesday.
Cox says police are still investigating the motive behind the shooting but that it appears Cousins targeted Boldt. No one else was injured.
Cox says Boldt was a senior and worked as a teaching assistant in the school. Cousins is a student in the engineering school.
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Farside Hues
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Q: How do you take a long exposure picture with people?
A: Do you know?


text:
Today I explored the bad part of town. I saw a sledgehammer fight, a gang-tickling, and a horse crushed by a piano. I was photographing the horse's body when his ghost floated up and asked what I was doing. I said I'm a photographer fascinated by the perfection of death and how it mirrors the societal strife that tramples self-expression by Othering transgressives and free-thinkers. I think I came on too strong because he just said "that's cool" and poofed away.
It's 3am and my neighbor is blasting Thrill Kill Kult at 100 decibels. I've knocked on his door five times, but he either ignores me or hits me with a spring-loaded boxing glove. Some people don't deserve to be called people.
Dear (I don't know your name),
I hope you get this letter. I'm leaving it outside the wilted tenement where you live. Yesterday, I saw a cat run over by a flaming ice-cream truck that drove off a cliff and it filled me with sorrow for humanity. I don't know why, but I honestly feel you can help me with this somehow.
You might remember me from last week. We talked a few minutes before that duck chased you away. I'd really like to get coffee or hot dogs or malt liquor sometime. I think we have a lot in common and could be good friends, or maybe more, assuming the duck isn't your boyfriend. If he is,
disregard I guess we could still hang out and talk about feelings or something.
The girl never answered my letter. I've taken up self-injury to channel my pain. I'm about to drop a bowling ball on my foot. I'd use something less jejune like a Greek urn, but the stores here only sell demotic '50s Americana. I asked one of the philistines at the furniture shop for an ottoman and he called the police.
The ball hits my foot. Pain shoots up my leg. I focus on the stars. There's no life, no death, only me and this indifferent world that coolly ignores my suffering. This cool, cruel world.
I'm Ray Parker Jr, and it's time I came clean.
It is 2016. I think it is high time that Captain America have a dog man as a boyfriend.
Warning: some images may actually be animated .jpgs. Sorry.
fall in! *takes hit from a bong hanging around his neck*
Welcome to the interactive movie experience of the cyber-future!
Featured articles and columns that don't fit anywhere else on Something Awful.
Copyright ©2016 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


text:
"Devastated" Trader Crushed By Soaring Biotech, Starts Online Begging Campaign To Fund $106,000 Margin Call
And now, what may be the craziest story of the day.
Less than a week ago, one of the countless fly-by-night biotech pennystocks, drug developer KaloBios Pharmaceuticals said it would wind down its operations and that it had engaged restructuring firm Brenner Group to help liquidate its assets. The company said it was "highly unlikely that exploring strategic options could generate a viable transaction within the time frame, given its limited cash resources."
At that moment the stock was trading between $1-2/share, representing a market cap between $5 and $10 million, or in other words, liquidation value.
And then, last night, America's "most hated person", Martin Shkreli, whose price-gouging antics were the catalyst that unleashed the biotech rout over a month ago, decided to get involved.
As KBIO announced after the close, the company "has been informed that an investor group comprised of Martin Shkreli and associates together have acquired more than 50% of the outstanding shares of KaloBios, and that the company is in discussions with Mr. Shkreli regarding possible direction for the company to continue in operation. Mr. Shkreli is the founder and chief executive officer of Turing Pharmaceuticals, a privately held biopharmaceutical company.
"We have received communications from Mr. Shkreli informing us of his group's ownership position, and a proposal to continue the company's operations," said Ronald Martell, Executive Chairman of KaloBios. "Our board of directors is prepared to entertain any constructive proposal, which we will act upon promptly. Addressing short-term cash needs is our first priority, and we continue to be open to further dialogue," he concluded.
As a result, the stock exploded higher, and has since hit a whopping $16/share in the pre-market, an increase of over 650%.
Blatant manipulation? Perhaps - after all, this is not much different from what Oprah Winfrey did with Weight Watchers stock which jumped simply because the media diva had bought sizable stake in WTW stocks. Ultimately, it will be up to the SEC to decide.
However where this story gets abusrdly entertaining, or woefully tragic, depending on one's perspective, is that one trader, Joe Campbell, was on the wrong side of last night's massive surge. As the RutRho blog, which noticed it first explains, a "dummy" E-trader, Joe Campbell, decided to go $35,000 short KBIO "and now owes $ETFC a wonderful $106K."
But it was Campbell's decision what to do next, that is perhaps a first in the history of the market place.
The "faily new trader" decided to give online begging a try, and has launched a GoFundMe campaign seeking to "crowdfund" the $106,445 margin call.
From his just Gaunched GoFundMe website:
Hello to all you traders out there. I'm starting this page out of the recommendation of other traders in the community.
I hesitated on doing this but I literally owe Etrade $106,445.56 as of this moment what would you do if you were in my situation? I'll do whats needed and sell what I have to get them paid but if someone feels my pain and is willing to help out---who am I to say no?
If you don't want to donate I understand, at least read my story of what happened today and protect yourself from the same happening to you! This is a terrible lesson for me but if this helps just one person than I'm happy I wrote this.
I'm a fairly new trader, been trading since about March of this year. I have learned alot about the community and trading...well not enough about trading as you will soon hear.
I have a fairly small account, but its over PDT. As of this morning it was $37,000. I keep it small because I wanted to manage risk, the most I can afford to lose is what I have in the account....$37,000. When I get some profits I take them out of the account because I wouldn't want to lose more than $37k.
I was holding KBIO short overnight for what I thought was a nice $2.00 fade coming. At the close of the bell I saw the quote montage clear out and figured today there was no action after hours in the stock. So I went to my office for a long meeting. I got out of the meeting and saw a message from one of my buddys, he asked if I was ok since I was short KBIO....my heart dropped. "Shoot did I blow up my account, everything I worked for? I don't want to lose all $37,000 that would be terrible." ---It was much worse.
The stock was at $16 and my account was negative over 100k. I figured it was a mistake, Etrade would never let that happen, they must have cut the position when my account got to $0....nope. I immediately called them and they confirmed I still owned all the shares. He says that it got out of hand too fast for them to cover me, he says that all he can do right now is cover. I was devistated. I asked him to cover at $16 and he waited trying to find me a good exit. I told him to do it asap and the fill was around $18.50 avg.
At the moment not only is my $37k gone, but I now owe ETrade the negative balance of over $106k. I always knew I could blow up an account and I was financially able to "afford" to lose the $37k. Never in my wildest dreams did I imagine that Etrade would NOT have some sort of stop or circuit breaker in place that would automatically cut a position if the account went to $0.....how could they ever let it get to -$144k loss on a account that small! Also, why did I have to call them to find out what was going on, why did they not alert me or call me when it went neg???
I'm never one to ask for a handout and honestly I'm kinda not sure if I should post this but here we go. I'm sure it will cause lots of controversy on whether or not I deserve even a $1 donation but it doesn't hurt to ask. Anything you traders can do to help me get a little out of this hole would be a blessing for me. Anything donated will go 100% to simply paying Etrade some of this $106,445.56.
My plan moving forward is to liquidate mine and wife's 401k's and try work out a payment plan with Etrade. I'm also going to ask them to help out in some way...thats a longshot. I will pay them and be back trading....only with set stops this time. What an expensive lesson that was.
I hope my story helps someone else from the same.
Here are screenshots of the damage.
An expensive lesson indeed. The Rut blog is less than friendly in its assessment:
The dummy puts in $35K on a short and now owes $ETFC a wonderful $106K.
Let's give this American Youth a round of applause for being smart enough to open a website trading account and dumb enough to buy KBIO. This stupid shit who can't handle responsibility needs to be offered advice, not get a bailout from us. Stupid people.
So please, email Joe Campbell and tell him to take responsibility. The "fairly new trader" Who started in March. You think he'd be donating that cash to all the other people who might now be starting GoFundMe pages to subsidize their horrible trading choices?....Ackman might take note.
We on the other hand have some sympathy: as we have been warning for years, the market is not only broken (thanks to HFTs), and manipulated (thanks to central banks), but is an all-out unregulated wild west, as the SEC is seemingly hell bent on cracking down on Indian and Russian "spoofers" when the real manipulators walk around not only free but with millions.
That said, we do hope that Joe's rookie mistake is a wake up call for anyone who hopes to get rich quick on whatever levered "lottery ticket" du jour is, be it biotechs, retail stocks, commodities, or whatever else the HFTs are momentuming at any one millisecond.
As for Joe, good luck: as of this moment he has raised $141.
He only has $106,304 more to go.
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I wonder, if he raises the money, if he'll use it to buy a new car instead of making the margin call?
what would you do if you were in my situation?"
It's called......BK.
Martin Shkreli gave the kid $5... he does have a heart!
He should be talking with a securities attorney.
Call 1-800-BAD-BROKER
Have you been prescribed something recently by your doctor.....if so.....even better.
Crowd sourced begging. Nice. We need to monetize this and turn it into a hedge fund.
And hopefully the ensuing 3x leveraged short fund....
send him 1/300th of a BTC which is currently trading around 330 bucks. lol
I can't stop laughing. This is ridiculous and shows the whining of America runs deep and wide.
A fool and his money are soon parted; it was a miracle how they got together in the first place.
Joe Campbell if you buh one Bitcoin and sit on it, it will pay off your debt.
go the fed disocunt window...borrow a large amount at 0% , pay the margin call, keep the rest of the fed loan and pay the 0% interest forever
Do you think he is former Amaranth, or former Metallgesellschaft? Inquiring minds want to know...
I know a guy who went to the toilet whilst trading uranium back in 2012, when gold was bouncing by $100/day.
He still refers to it as a $40,000 shit.
Never again he says. Yeah, right...
The NEW ETRADE BABY!!
I guess this guy isn't "too big to fail".
That was mistake #1.
There are no markets. There are publicized price changes in a government controlled banking system called a market, meant to create confidence in a horribly rotten casino where the house never loses. Even when the house admits loss (TBTF banks), the losses are socialized by the taxpayer.
This poor young fella watched too much CNBC thinking gambling is normal behavior.
Expensive lesson indeed.
My only question to him would be: Would you have given away your gains had you had a 3x positive return?
And that's why I won't support your bailout.
If he were a girl, he could sell some ASSets.
But since is not the case, he will have his fair share of ASSets taken from him in prison. Kinda like this:
Lets be happy for him.
I have had shorts go bad like this before. The simple thing to do is keep the short small (less than $1000.00) and money in your accound in case you get sodomized. Looks like this guy not only shorted the fraud, he did so on leverage. IDIOT!!
Pucker up buttercup, time to pay the piper
Damn straight. Shoulda used proper risk management and entered bracket orders. No excuse for getting that deep in the shit in one day. Shorting on leverage is just asking to get raped by GoldmanBot.
If he just BTFD he'd be sitting pretty with a cool half mil!
Why would e-trade give such a huge credit line to someone who isn't an accredited investor?
This "retail" level is little kids playing a big boys' game.
I blame the institution for lending to people who are completely clueless about finance.
This Joe Blow guy better get on the phone with a securities lawyer pronto. Minimum security is in this little boy's future if he doesn't resolve this correctly.
I facepalmed at the part where he asked etrade if he could do a "payment plan". lmao. too funny. Then this little boy does his gofundme campaign. This "online begging" will violate something in the millions of pages of securities regulations.
This goes back to Robert Kiyosaki's main premise that we need financial education in the schools. Our society wouldn't be so screwed up if people actually understood how finance actually works. I know the top .0001 something percent love the 99.99% of masses being financially illiterate so they can play them like fiddles and take advantage of them, but it results in the nation falling apart.
Someone give him the money... so he can double down! Lol. He's bound to get rich off someone else's money, one way or another, lol
Turn those machines back on !
Turn those machines back on !
E-Trade allows him to short a low float, sub 5 dollar stock...perfect recipe for
"Joe" to napalm himself.
doc IX, greenie for you in re the financial edumacion of our kids. It should start in grade school and mandatory in H.S.
indeed. moral hazard doesn't apply to the house! silly wittle muppet
The only satisfaction Joe will ever get out of Bitcoin while sitting on it - is if the Bitcoin is long, hard, and battery powered.
Buh a dildo, JOE, JUST TO REMIND YOU OF THE OTHER TIME YOU FUCKED YOURSELF REAL GOOD.
My Goldfish, Nemo, is very old and sick and needs a triple by-pass that is going to cost me $106,000. Please GoFundMe. #GoldfishLivesMatter!
FUCK THIS LOSER! If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen...bitch! And who the hell SHORTS a $2.00 stock? There is little-to-NO reward. Beginner? "Kind of new to trading?" No, he's a rank beginner! FUCK THIS BEGGING PIECE OF SHIT LOSER.
Someone please forward this asshole my comments.
oops, double post
I just don't buh teh coinhead's solution a tull
Uh, I'm just gonna go find a cash machine.
I'm not a day trader, so forgive my ignorance of o am wrong, but for a 37k account to go to negative 100k he would have had be be using a lot of leverage right? Borrowing money to gamble on? So he thought he had a 'sure thing' and borrowed money to increase his gains and now lost his money and the money he borrowed?
Yep. He used his $37k as collateral to "borrow" the shares from eTrade. He then sold shares for ~$2/share. If the stock bottoms out he can buy them back cheap, return the borrowed shares and pocket the extra cash.
The guy doesn't understand what "risk" is. Without any loss protection his upside risk is unlimited if the stock rises.
If you buy a stock, your downside is limited to your investment. However, if you short a stock, you have unlimited downside.
People short stocks where they think it will go down. The way this works is that you borrow stocks from your broker, sell them for market value, and buy them back later to give back to the broker. He borrowed $37k worth of stock and sold them @ $2/share. It then went to $16/share. So now he has to buy them back @ $16/share. (numbers not exact). Anyway, so now he is in the hole.
Short story - selling short is usually not the best way to go. In fact, using the markets to make bets is generally bad both for you and the market.
even e-trade n00bs know there's a buy-to-cover tool that closes your position and stops your losses at a trigger price you set in advance. this way you don't lose your ass
Ya I understand how shorting stocks work, I just can't understand how this guy was able to do that. Irresponsible as hell not only on his part but on etrades part as well for allowing him to do it. And can't you set a stop loss on the upside as well? Like trigger a buy order at, say, 3 dollars? What a fucking tard.
From what I understand there were two problems: (1) is gapped up, and so there was no place to do that, and (2) it happened in after-hours, and this stuff only works during trading hours.
Yea, and that works great until the bots stop you out while sniffing about. How many people do you think got stopped out of trades when the Dow swung over 1000 points intraday back in September ? Stop loss orders are not always the nest protection.
"A fool and his money are soon parted; it was a miracle how they got together in the first place."
He never had money. That's why he used margin (borrowed money) to trade with. Actually the greater fool is eTrade for lending him money to trade stocks.
Can he wait to see if the stock price goes back down, to reduce what he owes? If he can't pay, do they send the eTrade baby to break his legs?
no, you can't wait to see if the price goes back down, unless you deposit sufficient $$ in your account to bring the balance to zero (or nearly so). generally, they are more civilized than breaking your legs. with a liquid and fair market, they will issue a margin call, meaning they call you asking you for instructions. you will generally add more money to the account, or instruct them to liquidate some or all of the position, recovering what you can (and locking in your loss). they have the right to liquidate without calling you. in this case, the market moved significantly between close and open, giving him no chance to get out with some skin left.
The interest rate is usually based on a daily rate of return, not yearly, so it can get very expensive very fast to hold the position until it 'gets better'. If you look at your brokerage agreement you'll find it in the tiniest, microscopic print buried in the middle of the phone book everyone signs when they sign up for a trade account. Fact is he misread the que, didn't properly measure his expectations...AND...most importantly...this one is so often overlooked.
In what world are you guys setting stops that help you get out when a stock gaps up 800% between sessions.
It's impossible.
You. Don't. Be. Greedy. That's how. Same rules apply to blackjack, dice or dominoes. You plan your in and out at the table. You plan what you can afford to lose before you plan on your profit. If you don't plan. You don't play very long.
For newbie trader, he should have placed his stop loss on his short to 2% if the risk was high. If playing with pharma's on the short ticket rides no one in their right mind would chase a pop on the chart in the beginning without establishing that the ride might not end. When a stock goes apeshit, down or up, you're are then no longer looking at a reason to be in that stock under fluffy news. The only sensible position to be in then is first ratcheting a trade by a 2% trailing stop loss that follows the price action. OR pounding the sell button as fast as you can.
Any trader that survives longer than their first trade dismisses the myth of 'maximizing profits'.
The reality is invest where it's needed. Unless someone invented and passed a drug that is a pancea of all things, the fact is most of what's sold on the PINK/OTC is garbage. What mystifies me about this type of day trading is the complete and total lack of patience to first practice the idea with paper and pencil. It's not like there isn't a shortage of OTC crap to daytrade another time. Not taking the time to test a theory, that's just dumb. 99.99% of the publicly traded market space is compromised solely of craptacular investments that are all backed with pigshit and unicorn futures. The smartest position to be in when the media is explaining which stock to pick at this point, is simply not to play. But when some knuckle head gets the investment fever, it's like telling an alcoholic to stop after a single drink.
There are about a thousand other ways that 36 grand could have made working capital. Shove it in a savings account and leave it alone, no risk. Or with 36k, could have built a business and got the return back in sweat equity. The idea of shorting a pigshit grade pharma stock, not at the top of that list unless you want something that costs a lot to wipe your ass with.
Correct! Trade on credit and lose your shirt. That is no financial entity operating under the current paradigm is making it out with a real copper penny in their pocket. The entire system is built on leveraged credit while running interest while calculating on interest on principal. The math alone will eventually put the handful of trillionaires in the poor house regardless of their percieved capitalization. When it goes full on zimbabwe, as it always does, 100 trillion might as well be worth 0. For the newbie trader begging for jew confetti for shorting himself to death, he didn't lurk enough or play with numbers on paper for a couple of years to learn the two rules to trading:
- don't plan on catching a falling knife
- don't climb the wall when it's rising
Ethier position will just get a trader looking for a quick swap beaten. Especially in a rigged market place and more so when the entire trade is built on leveraged credit based on capital that was non-exsistent to begin with. Afterall fiat is called fiat because it's not really worth anything is it?


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The Northridge Restaurant in Nevada City will donate 10 percent of sales to "CJ," a local border collie suffering from heartworm from 5 to 9 p.m. Oct. 15. While the condition is not fatal if treated, treatment is extremely costly. The donation includes "to go" orders. Donations can also be made online by visiting www.bcrescuenc.org.
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The Approach
By Rebecca A. Battle
27 Sep 2010
Three boys have a serious discussion on how to approach entering an empty pool with their skateboards at Venice Skateboard Park. They engage in serious contemplation for some time until a hero appears, but ultimately he becomes disengaged. An Old Schooler arrives on the scene and yells, "get out of the way" and the boys part the seas as he enters the pool with ease. Ultimately they are left with mustering the courage to take the plunge. In so doing, the skateboard culture continues.
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A handful of receipts to be stapled together and posted with a card to a man I have never met. That is the goal. And it is a good one. 370 more words
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'Ant equivalent of Great Wall of China' excavated
London: A team of scientists has discovered a sophisticated underground ant city that was once populated by millions of leafcutter ants.
The abandoned megalopolis, which features vast subterranean highways, paths and gardens, was found buried beneath the earth in Brazil, the Daily Mail reported.
It is thought to have housed one of the biggest ant colonies in the world. But no one is sure when the leafcutter species left and what caused their demise.
Experts poured ten tonnes of concrete into holes on the surface, which served as air conditioning ducts for the ants, to expose the tunnels by solidifying in the space.
It took ten days to pour the material down the labyrinth of channels, which covered an area of 500sq ft and extended to 26ft below the surface.
After a month, scientists, led by professor Luis Forgi, began digging and revealed that the incredible city described as the "ant equivalent of the Great Wall of China".
The community of ants, described as a "superorganism" because of the way they coordinated themselves, carried out a Herculean task building their giant home.
Each insect would have repeatedly carried loads of earth, weighing more times more than the worker, a distance of what would be just over half a mile in human terms.
The leaf-chewing creatures, the leafcutter ant, are understood to form the second most complex societies on Earth after our own. A single queen will collect the 300 million sperm form males before she sets up her colony.
Then, her spawn, whose size will determine their function and future caste, will go about building and collecting vegetation.
This plant matter is used to produce fungus, which sustains ant larvae. Other ants' sole role will be to take care of waste. They tend to be the older or more disposable in the community.
In particular, they are responsible for the removal of dangerous parasites such as the phorid fly. This creature sows its seed of destruction by laying its eggs into the crevices of the worker ants`` head.
Larger ants, known as majors, are used to deter such enemies and are, in essence, an organised army. They can lift up to 50 times their weight. As with the armed forces in human societies they sometimes help with engineering projects such as digging tunnels.
In total, they excavated around 40 tonnes of soil to create the labyrinth, revealed the Nature's Secret Power documentary, also featuring Dr Bert Holldobler from the Arizona State University.
The network was designed to allow good ventilation and provide the shortest transport routes. It features scores of highways connecting the main chambers – and, off the main routes, are side roads.
From there, paths branch out and lead to the many rubbish pits and fungus gardens, which are grown from the vegetation collected by the workers.
Leafcutter ants, which can produce similar colonies in a space the size of an acorn, have created such societies, all governed by a queen, all over the Americas.
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Home > News > Nation
Saturday, 3 May 2014
KUALA LUMPUR: The European Union (EU) has called on all governments to put an end to intimidation, harassment, censorship and arbitrary detention of journalists.
EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton said a free, diverse and independent media constituted one of the cornerstones of a democratic society. She said a free press facilitated the free flow of information and ideas to ensure transparency and accountability.
"Efforts to protect journalists should also cover support for the staff and others who use new media to reach a mass audience," she said in a statement in conjunction with the 21st anniversary of World Press Freedom Day today.
Besides creating novel methods of promoting the freedom of expression, Ashton said technological innovations in information communication and technology (ICT) had also resulted in new challenges.
"The EU is firmly opposed to unjustified restrictions on the Internet and other media on the basis that all human rights which exist offline should also be available online.
"The EU will soon adopt the EU Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline to address unjustified restrictions on freedom of expression, promote media freedom and provide valuable guidance to EU officials and staff across the globe," she said. — Bernama
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Malaysia likely to be a hotbed for dinosaur remnants, says palaeontologist
Dead dolphin found on Tanjung Aru beach
100 hotspots planned within economic growth corridor, says official
Late MP's wife is BN's candidate for Kuala Kangsar
1,178 accidents due to stray objects along PLUS highway in 2015
PAC denies report Jho Low owner of Good Star Ltd
Sabah is not your political football, Duterte told
Supermax Corp chief Thai distances self from opposition
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Sarawak Laksa draws a lot of attention from Singaporeans
NBA player Bryce Dejean-Jones killed in Dallas shooting
'Complain if overcharged'
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Cute Cartoon of a Fish
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PAPA The Man - The Myth - The Legend Designed by PhLong
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These fashionable 1" buttons are a great way to decorate any article of clothing. Throw them on a jacket, tote bag or even your shoe laces to add a little bit of flash to an otherwise normal piece of gear.
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Ambassador Bridge owner Matty Moroun is losing ground on the list of the richest people in the world, according to the annual billionaires list released Monday by Forbes magazine.
Moroun is ranked as tied for 1,268 with an estimated net worth of $1.1 billion, close to falling off the list of more than 1,342 billionaires from around the globe.
"Those are Forbes numbers," said bridge company president Dan Stamper. "How they get them is up to them, so we will not respond to it."
The Grosse Pointe, Mich., transportation mogul had a net worth of $1.8 billion three years ago when he was tied at 556th on the list, but has since been slowly sliding down.
He was at $1.5 billion in 2012. In the past year, he has spent large sums of money on legal fees, advertising and political contributions in order to fight the $1-billion Detroit River International Crossing.
"He's been pretty preoccupied with fighting the new border crossing," said MP Brian Masse (NDP - Windsor West). "Perhaps the political contributions are costing him more than ever before. He's been giving millions to politicians, but still I don't think he is suffering too much.
Carlos Slim Helú, the telecom giant in Mexico, remains at the top of the Forbes list with an estimated worth of $73 billion. He is followed by Microsoft guru Bill Gates at $67 billion. Investor Warren Buffet was fourth at $53.5 billion.
Media giant David Thomson and family was again listed as the richest Canadian - 24th on the list with a net worth of $20.3 billion.
Among those tied with Moroun at $1.1 billion is Buffet's right-hand man Charles Munger and Montreal real estate developer Marcel Adams.
Others of note from this area include real estate investor Alfred Taubman tied at 490 at $2.9 billion, automaker William Ford Sr., tied at 1,161 at $1.25 billion, auto corporate boss Roger Penske at 1,175 at $1.2 billion, equal to Toronto-area parts boss Frank Stronach.
Celebrities of note are Donald Trump, tied at 423 at $3.2 billion, the same as filmmaker Steven Spielberg, while Oprah Winfrey was tied at 503 with a net worth of $2.8 billion.


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Braeger Ford helped make these videos
We are still working to obtain content for your car, however the video above is believed to have similar characteristics as your car.
The video above shows you how to change a burnt out front turn signal bulb on your 2004 Nissan Murano. If the turn signal (also known as a blinker or flasher) blinks rapidly or doesn't blink at all / stays stuck when engaged, this is your Murano's way of telling you that a turn signal bulb is burnt out. Troubleshooting for burnt out turn signal bulbs in your Murano is relatively easy - turn your hazard lights on and check the front of your Murano and then the back, whichever side is not illuminating is the side with the burnt out bulb. We recommend that you change both the driver and passenger side bulbs at the same time as they get dimmer over time and if one is out, then the other one is likely to burn out soon.
When changing the turn signal bulb in your Murano, be careful not to touch the glass portion of the bulb with your fingers as this will cause the bulb to burn out prematurely.
The burnt out tail light: classic reason for a cop to pull you over - change yours now2004 Nissan Murano SL 3.5L V6
Transmissions that leak fluid usually have never been flushed and the seal is finally leaking. The right stop leak product can cure a lot2004 Nissan Murano SL 3.5L V6
Don't be the guy with your third brake light burnt out2004 Nissan Murano SL 3.5L V6
Animals love the sweet smell of antifreeze, too bad it's toxic! Fix your minor leaks2004 Nissan Murano SL 3.5L V6
If your brake fluid is a little low, learn how to add some here. Ignoring a low level leads to big problems2004 Nissan Murano SL 3.5L V6
Learn how to diagnose and fix minor oil leaks in your car2004 Nissan Murano SL 3.5L V6


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 27, 1991
|Filing date
|May 1, 1990
|Priority date
|May 1, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Donald V. Kenny, Thomas J. Kelly
|Original Assignee
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (123), Classifications (11), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention serves as an interface between a subject (human or animal) and a measuring device. The invention differs from prior art in that whole (i.e. undiluted) breath is analyzed in a realtime continuous manner. No preanalysis collection or concentration is needed, and rapid response is achieved. No subject intervention is needed to control the introduction of breath except to breathe normally. In one embodiment of the invention for analysis of human breath, a 3 liter mixing chamber is continuously purged by breath; by sampling from this chamber at a constant flow rate a continuous realtime analysis of breath can be performed for clinical toxicology, occupational medicine and exercise physiology studies.
The assessment of individual personal exposure to toxic substances is an important component of human and animal health risk assessment. Assessment of exposure by the analysis of breath is particularly attractive since it is noninvasive and nontraumatic for the subject. Breath may also be a less complex medium than blood or urine, and so may be easier to analyze and characterize. For these reasons, breath analysis has been applied in several studies addressing exposure to toxic chemicals, or investigating natural metabolites such as indicators of disease, see for example: A. Zlatkis, R. Brazell, and C. Poole, Clin. Chem., 27, 289-297, 1981; B. Krotoszyinski, G. Gabriel, and H. J. O'Neill, Chrom. Sci., 15, 239, 1977; S. Chen, L. Zieve, and V. Mahadevan, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 75, 628-635, 1970; M. Simenhoff, J. Burke, J. Saukkonen, A Ordinavio, and R. Doty, New England J. Med., 297, 132-135, 1977; B. Lorber, Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis., 112, 875-877, 1975; F. Brugnone, L. Perbellini, P. Apostoli, and E. Gaffuri, "Monitoring of Industrial Exposure to Organic Volatile Compounds by Analysis of Alveolar Air and Blood", American Chemical Society 187th National Meeting, St. Louis, Mo., 1985; M. Hisamura, Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi, 68, 1284-1292, 1979; A. Tangerman, M. T. Meuwese-Arends, J. H. M. van Tongeren, J. Lab Clin. Med., 106, 175-182, 1985; L. Campbell, D. M. Marsh, and H. K. Wilson, Ann Occup. Hyg., 31, 121-133, 1987; R. W. Handy, H. L. Crist, T. W. Stanley, "Quality Assurance For Personal Exposure Monitoring", in Quality Assurance For Environmental Measurements, ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 867, 284-296, 1985; and A. W. Jones, G. Maardh, E. Aenggard, Pharmoacol. Biochem. Behav., 18, 267-272, 1983. In most of the studies breath analysis has been performed by integrated collection of breath in bags, on sorbent materials, or in cryogenic traps. Such approaches may suffer from poor time resolution, inefficient sample collection or recovery, or sample degradation.
Further, breath analysis is useful in the study of natural metabolites, including indicators of disease, as well as bodily effects due to exposure to toxic chemicals. By monitoring whole breath continuously, in realtime, many studies in chemical toxicology, occupational medicine and exercise physiology can be performed.
Recently attempts have been made to apply the considerable sensitivity and selectivity of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to breath analysis, by employing atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as the ionization source, see for example: A. M. Lovett, N. M. Reid, J. A. Buckley, J. B. French, and D. M. Cameron, Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 6, 91-97, 1979 F. M. Benoit, W. R. Davidson, A. M Lovett, S. Nacson, and A. Ngo, Anal. Chem., 55, 805-807, 1983; and F. M. Benoit, W. R. Davidson, A. M. Lovett, S. Nacson, and A. Ngo, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 55, 113-120, 1985. However, such efforts have been limited by the means used to introduce breath into the mass spectrometer. The breath inlets used required the subject to control his breath flow rate or an observed pressure gauge reading during exhalation, required dilution of breath with a continuous flow of clean air, and provided only intermittent data (i.e., during each exhalation).
Other relevant art known to the inventors includes the following U.S. Pat. No.: 4,772,559 to Preti et al. discloses a method of detecting and diagnosing an individual to determine the presence of bronchiotic carcinoma by analysis of expired lung air; U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,822 to O'Connor et al. relates to a system and method for interfacing a patient with equipment for monitoring gaseous components of the exhalation of the patient and emphasizes the elimination of dead space volume and a disc filter for removing secretions and humidification; U.S. Pat. No. 4,178,919 to Hall reveals a flowmeter for providing synchronized flow data and respiratory gas samples to a medical mass spectrometer; U.S. Pat. No. 4,167,667 to Fletcher, et al. discloses a respiratory gas moisture separator system for mass spectrometer monitoring systems that relies on a pressure drop to maintain moisture in the vapor state and a momentum separator to remove water droplets; U.S. Pat. No. 3,759,249 to Fletcher, et al. relates to a method and apparatus for obtaining an analysis of respiratory gas flow rate and frequency of inspiration and expiration cycles on a "real time" basis; U.S. Pat. No. 3,649,199 to Littlejohn reveals a method for detecting trace quantities of an organic drug material in a living animal and relies on a membrane gas separator for direct breath analysis (column 3, lines 29-32); U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,278 to Etzinga discloses a method and means for measuring and analyzing the composition of alveolar air for determining the volatile constituents in blood. The device eliminates air from the dead air spaces of the respiratory tract thereby avoiding dilution of alveolar air.
An object of the present invention is to provide an improved breath interface which allows continuous analysis of undiluted breath by APCI/MS/MS. A further object is to provide an improved breath interface that reduces the loss of trace constituents in breath to a minimum. A still further object is to provide an improved breath interface that is easy to use and reliable.
A breath interface apparatus provides breath for introduction to a measuring device. It consists of subject interface means for interfacing the subject with the apparatus; tube means for carrying exhaled breath from the subject interface means to the inlet of a mixing chamber; a mixing chamber having an inlet, sample outlet and exit tube means, that provides a residence time for the exhaled breath sufficient to mix the breath and provide a sufficient sample to the measuring device; and heating means for maintaining the apparatus above a temperature where condensation of vapor occurs.
A method for measuring trace constituents in a subject's breath encompasses providing a subject interface means to obtain breath from the subject; flowing breath obtained from the subject to a mixing chamber; mixing the breath in the mixing chamber; flowing breath samples from the mixing chamber to a measuring device and exiting unneeded breath from the mixing chamber; and maintaining the breath above the condensation temperature of vapor in the breath and preventing condensation on the apparatus by heating.
FIG. 1 is a semischematic drawing illustrating details of the apparatus of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a semischematic drawing depicting exemplary components of a TAGA (Registered Trademark) instrument useful with the invention.
FIG. 3 is a semischematic drawing illustrating details of the apparatus when used with a TAGA instrument as the measuring device.
FIG. 4 is a drawing of details of a narrow bore inlet tube that is preferred when using the apparatus with a TAGA instrument.
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the response of a TAGA spectrometer to lactic acid in breath and from a control when used with the apparatus of the invention.
In general, the apparatus of the invention functions as an interface between a subject and a measuring device. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the apparatus acts as an interface between a subject and a mass spectrometer.
The breath interface 100 is shown in FIG. 1 for providing exhaled breath. A subject uses a conventional mouthpiece 110 (subject interface means) and breathes normally. One way breathing valves 111,112 (e.g. Hans Rudolph Model 2600) are arranged in relation to the mouthpiece 110 so that exhaled breath 115 is pushed into the inlet 116 while inhaled air 113 can be drawn from the room, from sources of clean air, or from prepared gas mixtures (not shown). By this means, the air supplied to the subject can be controlled without hindering the exhalation mechanism. Alternatively, other apparatus (having the function of a mouthpiece e.g. tracheotomy tube) known in the art for interfacing with a subject may be used to obtain a breath sample 115 from the subject. The breath sample 115 is then transported through a large diameter tube 120 (preferably flexible and of Teflon), to inlet tube 130 and past gas inlet ports 131, and into a mixing chamber 140. The entire flow system from the mouthpiece 110 to the measuring device 200 is heated by heating means 170 to prevent condensation of exhaled water vapor and minimize surface losses of trace substances in the breath sample. The heated portion is depicted by the shaded area in FIGS. 1 and 3. If desired, the mouthpiece (subject interface means) 110 may also be heated. The gas inlet ports 131 may be used to flush the system with zero air, add gaseous standards, or allow the withdrawal of sample for other tests. The breath sample is drawn into the measurement device 200 through sample outlet tube 150. Excess exhaled air 115 is vented at a large bore exit tube 160. Inlet tube 130 and exit tube 160 preferably extend into the mixing chamber 140 and preferably have bent portions 13OA,16OA respectively that are oriented in opposite directions to promote mixing of the continuous breath sample. Alternatively, baffles (not shown) could be used at the inlet and exit tubes 130,160 as is known in the art to promote mixing. Mixing chamber 140 may be of glass, stainless steel, nickel, Teflon or similar material or other materials lined with these. Connectors and adaptors may be of similar materials. If desired the mixing chamber may be of flexible materials or have movable walls (not shown) to allow adjustment in volume.
The size of the mixing chamber can be adjusted to obtain a residence time of about 1 to 60 seconds. At high breath rates the residence time can be very short whereas at low rates longer residence times are required to achieve an integrated sample. Flow rates and size of the mixing chamber are related to the breath rate provided by the subject. For example, if the subject tested is a small animal having a low breath rate (e.g. dog, cat, mouse) the mixing chamber and flow rate are scaled down to provide proper residence times and sample flow rates. Sample flow to the TAGA must be adjusted to be lower than the lowest flow of breath from the subject to preserve sample integrity. Exhaust vacuum at sample outlet 212 can be adjusted to accommodate high or low flow rates. Flow rates may be as low as about 0.1 liters/minute and as high as about 100 liters/minute.
Heating means 170 uses preferably resistance wire heating and associated control means where the heating wires are wound around or placed over the surfaces to be heated. Additionally, insulation (not shown) may be used in conjunction with heating means 170 if needed or desired for better control. It is the use of heating means 170 that provides the desired reduction in the loss of trace constituents of sampled breath by preventing condensation of vapor.
Exhaled breath is normally saturated with water vapor (100 per cent relative humidity). The exhaled breath is also normally at or very near body temperature. For humans this temperature is about 37 C. (98.6 F.), but will vary for each subject. Thus, the heating means must maintain all parts of the apparatus in contact with expired breath above the temperature where condensation would occur. These temperature relationships can easily be determined by those skilled in the art. It is preferred that a temperature slightly higher than the subjects body temperature be used.
The prevention of condensation is important since any condensate will remove trace components from the sampled breath and give false readings. Of similar importance is the need to provide materials or lining for the tubing, connectors, mixing chamber, etc. that will not absorb, adsorb or otherwise react with breath components.
The measuring device 200 used in the examples below was a TAGA mass spectrometer 201 (Model 6OOOE), an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) tandem mass spectrometer. It is a sensitive, specific, fast, and versatile analyzer for air analysis. Components of the TAGA 201 are illustrated in FIG. 2. The basic components are the inlet module 210, ionization source 220, transfer ion lenses 230, three quadruple mass filters 241, 242, 243, and the detector 250. Samples of air streams are introduced at sample inlet 211 and exhausted at sample exhaust 212. Trace contaminants in the sampled air stream are ionized by a corona discharge 214 at atmospheric pressure. Ionized molecules are electrically accelerated through a counter current flow of dry nitrogen 215 toward a small orifice 216 where they are carried into a cryogenic vacuum system 217 by a small flow of nitrogen gas. The ion transfer lenses 231 eliminate the majority of the nitrogen gas while electrically focusing the ions into the first quadruple mass analyzer 241. The first quadruple 241 typically functions as a mass filter by eliminating all but those ions of a specific mass of interest. The mass of interest is selected to correspond to a molecular ion of a particular contaminant which may also include molecular or fragment ions of interfering species. Ions passing through the first quadruple 241 are accelerated into the second quadruple 242 where they are intercepted by a neutral beam of argon 219 or other inert gas atoms. Collision with argon atoms at region 221 results in fragmentation of the ions in a predictable manner characteristic of their molecular structure. Fragments resulting from the molecular ion of interest are then sorted out from fragments of interfering ions by the third quadruple 243 mass analyzer. As a result of the tandem mass analyzers, the TAGA achieves a highly specific measurement for a given combination of mass analyzer settings. The TAGA can monitor several specific target compounds simultaneously or can scan a mass range for compounds which have a common structural feature. Conventional scanning modes provide information for the identification of unknowns.
When a TAGA spectrometer 201 is used for example with a human subject, samples are removed from the mixing chamber 140 by way of outlet tube 150 at a constant flow of about 3 L/min. This is greatly reduced from the typical TAGA flow of 30-100 L/min used in atmospheric sampling.
Referring to FIG. 3, an adaptor 310 provides for connection to outlet tube 150, the sample inlet tube 400 to the TAGA, and vaporizer probe 320 with unions 311,312 and cap 313. The original sample inlet tube to the TAGA is replaced by a narrow bore sample inlet tube 400 which enhances sensitivity in breath analysis by more efficiently directing sample flow into the ionization region 214. The liquid vaporizer probe 320 is supplied by an external calibration source, a syringe drive 330 is depicted, that delivers calibration solutions into the TAGA sample flow that flows from tube 150 through connector 310 to sample inlet tube 400, allowing standard additions to the breath sample without interrupting analysis. In the examples herein aqueous lactic acid solutions of 10 -4 M were used for calibration. A human adult subject even at rest can easily supply more than the 3 L/min flow required by the TAGA as configured in the preferred embodiment for human subjects as described herein; the large bore exit tube 160 allows excess breath to be diverted with negligible flow restriction. This exit tube 160 can also be used to supply breath for other tests.
The apparatus and method may be adapted to other mass spectrometers by controlling the flow of sample gases. For example, with the TAGA it does not matter if water vapor is in the sample. With other mass spectrometers this may be a problem and the water vapor will have to be removed. This will not work as well since trace species will be removed with the water.
FIG. 4 provides details of the inlet tube 400. The inlet tube 400 is secured to the system by a threaded connection 401 that provides support and seals the TAGA 201 and adaptor 310 with union 312. The inlet tube comprises an inner tube 403 and outer tube 404. The inner tube 403 is sealed at one end 405 to outer tube 404 while Teflon ring 402 provides for support between tubes 403,404 at their other ends and seals the space 406 between them. The diameter of the bore 407 in tube 403 is reduced to 6 mm from that of the inlet tube normally used in the TAGA 201. This reduction in the tube size provides improved transport of the breath flow into the ionizing region 214 of the TAGA 201, resulting in a sensitivity about five (5) times higher than that obtained with the larger tube. Nonionized sample then exits the TAGA through outlet 212 to a pump (not shown). Ions from the sample proceed to detection as described above. The inner tube 403 is heated by heating tape or similar auxiliary heating means 408 that is connected to heating means 170 by connector 409.
The diameter of bore 407 may be further adjusted to accommodate lower flows other than those used with the human subjects described herein. Small mammals, for example, would require much smaller bores to improve sensitivity by improved transfer of sample into the ionization region 214. These can easily be determined by those skilled in the art having read the teachings herein.
The breath interface 100 has undergone a variety of tests. Heating of the breath flow path prevents condensation of breath moisture at breath flow rates from 5 to over 100 L/min, characteristic of subject activity levels ranging from rest to vigorous exertion. Calibrations have been performed using several different procedures in addition to the normal mode of calibration described above. The additional calibration tests have shown the same results when the calibration probe is positioned upstream of the breath interface 100 as when it is positioned in the normal downstream position (see FIG. 3). These tests have also shown no effect of flow rate in the breath interface 100 on TAGA response. Further tests using humidified air have disclosed no transient effects due to the introduction of humidity into the inlet, as occurs at the onset of breathing into the device. However, these tests and calibration procedures have shown that TAGA sensitivity to lactic acid in breath or in air with 100 percent humidity is reduced by about 30 percent relative to that in dry air. This finding indicates the need to calibrate by standard addition to the breath matrix, a capability which is built into the apparatus described herein.
As an example for detection of trace substances in breath, lactic acid has been monitored continuously in breath over time periods from a few minutes up to nearly an hour, during exercising of a human subject on a stationary bicycle. FIG. 5 shows an example of monitoring lactate in breath during a brief exercise period (time (t) in minutes on the x axis and intensity (I) in ion counts per second on the y axis). Lactic acid is detected by monitoring of daughter ions of masses 45 (solid line) and 43 (dotted line) arising from the fragmentation of lactate anion (mass 89). The graph shows the following periods as noted at the bottom thereof:
A. background, zero air
B. subject started breathing into inlet
C. 8.2 ppb standard addition with syringe drive introduction of lactic acid
D. subjects breath only, syringe drive off
E. zero air flush of system.
The subject began breathing into the mouthpiece 110 at rest, and after a short time began exercising on a stationary bicycle, continuing for several minutes until moderate exertion and resulting increased breath rate were reached. While the subject was exercising, lactic acid response was calibrated by standard addition to the breath flow. Then the subject stopped exercising, and finally the system was flushed with clean purified air. Response to the breath concentration of lactic acid was seen within five seconds once the subject started breathing into the system. An approximately steady state was quickly established with no evidence of variation of signal due to the breathing cycle.
Also of interest in FIG. 5 are data from the end of the experiment. Region E shows a sharp decline in signal when the system is flushed with clean air and breath analysis ends. The lactic acid signal in zero air drops rapidly to that seen before the breath analysis, indicating little memory effect in the breath interface 100.
A standard addition of lactic acid to the breath flow is superimposed upon the breath lactate signal in FIG. 5; the spike at the start of calibration is due to instability in the syringe drive/vaporizer system when first turned on. Lactate concentrations in breath shown in FIG. 5 and observed in other tests are a few ppbv, consistent with calculations based on the pKa and Henry's law constant for lactic acid, roughly millimolar concentrations of lactate in blood, and a pH for body fluids of about 7. Acetic and pyruvic acids were also monitored in some tests, and were present at concentrations well below those of lactic acid. The continuous and stable response shown in FIG. 5, which contrasts with the results of the prior art employing APCI/MS/MS in which measurements were made only on individual exhalations. The lactate concentration in whole breath was generally observed to remain constant or to decrease during the exercise tests as breathing rate increased. However, calculations incorporating breath flow rate indicate that the total output of lactate in breath increased greatly during exercise, parallel to the power output of the subject. The amounts of lactic acid excreted in breath are negligibly small compared to the total amount of lactic acid in other reservoirs within the body; however, these tests on breath lactate serve to illustrate the use of the device in breath analysis for industrial hygiene tests, hazardous material exposure studies, bioresponse tests, pharmaceutical kinetic studies, and disease detection. For example, workers in a chemical plant would be monitored for chemicals they were exposed to such as organic solvents (benzene, toluene and the like); human or animal subjects would be monitored to determine metabolism of foods (e.g. breath fresheners, artificial sweeteners); human or animal subjects would be monitored for the metabolism of drugs in the body versus time (e.g. anesthetics); subjects would be monitored for detection of compounds indicative of disease (e.g. sulfur compounds in liver disfunction), or to determine levels of various compounds such as ammonia or acetone indicative of various body states, and so on.
The breath interface 100 requires no attention from the subject, and thus is applicable to subject activity ranging from rest to extreme exercise for a great latitude in breathing rates. The apparatus is useful for the flow rates indicated above.
While the forms of the invention herein disclosed constitute presently preferred embodiments, many others are possible. It is not intended herein to mention all of the possible equivalent forms or ramifications of the invention. It is to be understood that the terms used herein are merely descriptive rather than limiting, and that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 1, 1990
Owner name: BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KENNY, DONALD V.;KELLY, THOMAS J.;REEL/FRAME:005306/0505
Effective date: 19900501
|Feb 3, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 26, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 12, 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 27, 2003
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 21, 2003
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20030827


text:
The symbol for NO WAITING we see on our roadsides very much epitomises our present age. Everything in a rush. Everything wanted instantly or preferably, sooner. 962 more words
Tags » Personal Faith
... Kassim Reed should be Recalled from Office [#religious bigotry]...
.. this kind of stunt must not stand ..
.. Reed displayed religious bigotry in firing his city ' s fire chief , Kelvin Cochran , for being a Christian . 89 more words
Are you a closet Christian?
Many folks like to keep their faith in Jesus private. They avoid any declarative statements about their faith in public discourse, even if they are some of the most assertive people about every other subject. 643 more words
Nailing Your Colours to the Mast
When I was in my teens I belonged to a bible class known as Covenanters – not dis-similar to the Crusaders but these groups were attached to a church. 810 more words
Back in the late 1960s I was a keen motor cyclist. I remained so until well into the 1980s despite having a desk job and it was not until I encountered the sootier rain of West Yorkshire that I realised I needed to rethink my personal transport. 514 more words
FAMILY ~ First Things First
Sunday's Scripture ~ Joshua 24:14-28
On December 23, 2006 Rev. Dr. Robert Gibbs said these words to Andrew and me, "The marriage of Andrew and Sarah unites their families and creates a new one. 746 more words
Jesus taught gentleness. Peter caught it.
I'm the rabble rouser. I have enough grit and mettle for all of the Twelve. I wear my emotions on my sleeve. It doesn't take much to really tick me off or to make me happy. 1,102 more words