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We expose slave masters and people smugglers in suburban Britain.
South Africa's Julius Malema talks to Al Jazeera
24 Mar 2014 10:22 GMT | Politics, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar
Emanuel Stoakes is a freelance journalist and researcher whose principal area of interest is human rights and conflict.
When, in mid-January this year, the news broke of a credibly alleged massacre of ethnic Rohingya Muslims near the town of Maungdaw in Myanmar's troubled Rakhine state, it elicited widespread international concern.
By contrast, spokesmen for the government of Myanmar issued a contrarian account of the events shortly after the story reached the international media, denying that anyone had been killed.
Questions remain as to why or how they arrived at such a conclusion so quickly.
Following this, a series of NGOs and monitor groups released statements on the incident: the United Nations, Human Rights Watch and Fortify Rights augmented earlier press pieces on the reported slaughter, all of which strongly indicated that dozens had been killed, while the local police did not attempt to prevent the attack.
When news broke in mid-January this year of an alleged massacre of ethnic Rohingya Muslims near the town of Maungdaw in Myanmar's troubled Rakhine state, it elicited widespread international concern.
Shortly after the story made headlines in international media, spokesmen for the government of Myanmar, by contrast, issued a different account of the events denying that anyone had been killed.
Following this, a number of NGOs and monitor groups released statements on the incident: The United Nations, Human Rights Watch and Fortify Rights augmented earlier press pieces on the reported slaughter, all of which strongly indicated that dozens had been killed, while the local police did not attempt to prevent the attack.
Around this time, the medical aid charity Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) independently corroborated claims of violence by publicly stating that they had treated people from the affected village of Du Chee Yar Tan.
These concurring reports from respected NGOs and media outlets stood sharply at odds with Myanmar's hastily-issued and persisting living in denial rhetoric.
Shortly after this incident, MSF were expelled from the country; a suspension that was later revised to include Rakhine state only.
A farcical inquiry
In March, the final and most complete of three inquiries ordered by the Myanmar government in the wake of the alleged attack was released. Many had hoped that it would provide a balanced assessment of the available evidence, prefiguring a modification of Naypyidaw's standpoint.
This begs the question: How much worse do things have to get before appropriate pressure is placed on Myanmar by the Muslim world? It is a question that may yet be answered in the grimmest fashion.
This, however, was not the case: In a manner reminiscent of the findings of Sri Lanka's self-commissioned and heavily criticised "Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission" report, the paper's conclusions conveniently all but endorsed the position maintained from the beginning by the government.
While the investigators firmly denied doing the government's bidding, however, when one reads the commission's report, it appears to be so permeated with anti-Rohingya bias and methodological flaws.
In the report, which was distributed among NGOs and was not made available online, de facto opinion polls were cited as evidence and Rohingya testimony was used selectively . For example, the report's authors refer to Rohingya statements approvingly when assessing the veracity of the claims related to the killing of the Rakhine policeman, but dismiss them when dealing with allegations of the slaughter of their brethren.
Perhaps the most troubling aspect of the report, beyond what some may consider its almost confessional symmetry with the stance of the government, are some of its recommendations. They read more like an attempt to license authoritarian practices than advance transparency or human rights.
One of the suggestions made is that the media and NGOs be unilaterally made to abide by "operational procedures" set by the government - by implication including how they report on such incidents - and that "firm and effective action" be taken against those that violate such impositions.
There are reasonable grounds to fear that if implemented, such measures could be used as a pretext to expel NGOs that speak out in similar circumstances in the future, or even grant the government effective veto power on statements by international groups.
Another striking recommendation was the security forces in Rakhine State be provided with training and equipment in order to better deploy "psychological warfare" in similar situations - evidently not for the benefit of any putative victims in such circumstances.
Matthew Smith of Fortify Rights, an organisation which also investigated the incident, described the report in scathing terms. He contended that the inquiry's paper represented a "surprisingly crude cover up" of the events near Maungdaw, noting also that "following the violence, the village was cordoned off for an extended period of time and important questions remain about the location of bodies".
"The commission's self-imposed methodology required physical evidence of dead bodies to even suggest killings may have taken place. That's a conveniently high evidentiary threshold, basically allowing the government to call into question the UN report... Entire firsthand testimonies from Rohingya were discounted for lack of evidence or because alleged victims names weren't on the household registries," he added.
Given the above, for anyone to suggest that the issues related to Du Chee Yar Tan have been "dealt with" by the government, would be intellectually dishonest in the extreme.
But this should surprise no one: In order to judge Naypyidaw's interest in the human rights of the Rohingya, one has to simply review its response to damning evidence of such crimes over the past 12 months.
When Human Rights Watch accused state agencies of complicity in crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing directed at the Rohingya in 2013, the president simply dismissed the accusations against security forces and the military as a "smear campaign". When protesters against the Letpadaung copper mine were burnt with white phosphorous by the police in Northern Myanmar in 2012, impunity reigned in the aftermath.
Most recently, when careful analysis of leaked government documents by Fortify Rights proved beyond doubt that Naypyidaw is backing the persecution of the minority as part of long-standing government policy, a spokesman for the president contemptuously responded "we never pay attention to organisations such as Fortify Rights, which openly lobby for the Bengalis".
The government of Myanmar refers to Rohingya as "Bengalis", in accordance with its official depiction of the group as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh, who entered the country during the British colonial era. Such a stance is at variance with evidence that strongly indicates that the group have a far longer history in the country.
Official silence
Meanwhile, for the Rohingya, life is only getting worse. Now that MSF has gone, according to sources in the press and reliable contacts on the ground with whom I have spoken, so have all emergency services. This is no small matter, and its consequences are being felt already. According to the New York Times, 150 people have already died, including 20 women in childbirth - and more will inevitably die, as MSF torturously negotiates some way to return.
As the plight of the minority continues to worsen, moving with a trajectory that appears deeply ominous, it remains an issue that those ultimately responsible - the government of Myanmar - have hardly been taken to task about by politicians from Muslim nations. Turkey, perhaps the best respondent to the crisis, has been rather mild in its criticism of the government.
Members of ASEAN, with influence over the country, are perhaps the most culpable of neglect in this regard.
As a consequence, this friendless and highly imperilled minority are made even more hopeless, to the shame of those who can and should be doing more. This begs the question: How much worse do things have to get before appropriate pressure is placed on Myanmar by the Muslim world?
It is a question that may yet be answered in the grimmest fashion.
Emanuel Stoakes is a freelance journalist and researcher whose principal area of interest is human rights and conflict. He has produced work for Al Jazeera, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent, The New Statesman and Souciant Magazine, among others.
The ceasefire between the All Burma Students' Democratic Front and the Myanmar government is already in jeopardy.
Millions of residents of western Myanmar have been stripped of citizenship and basic human rights. Will Suu Kyi help?
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Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Magazine, Racism, Gun violence
Child inmates are left to languish in prison with no visitors or legal assistance as many wait years for a trial.
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text:
I discovered Ben Folds in eighth grade. I was watching television when the music video for "Army" came on and was so struck by its catchiness that I immediately set out to download more of his music on my computer. That's how I became a big fan of the quirky Folds and his swinging piano pop melodies.
I was slightly anxious going into Folds' show at the Paramount last night because there's nothing worse than going into a show as an admirer with high expectations and to not have those met. Fortunately, Folds turned out to be everything I'd hoped. Except that he's far shorter than I imagined he'd be.
Most of the near two hour set drew from both versions of Folds' 2008 album Way to Normal. The singer-songwriter explained to the crowd that he'd recorded fake versions of all its songs and leaked them on the internet prior to the actual album's release to give fans something to listen to. The problem, he lamented, was that many people later told him they preferred the prank material to the real stuff.
Folds demonstrated this by performing back to back renditions of "Dr. Yang." Then he left his piano, jumped off stage, and serenaded his fans with the fake track "Frown Song."
The North Carolina native later demonstrated how he'd achieved the percussive effect on yet another fake track, "Free Coffee"--by placing several Altoids cans on the piano strings. "I have to get it wedged in there properly," he explained, soon after snickering and adding, "That's what she said."
Folds' fake/real shtick was the evening's focus. And while it was entertaining, an example or two would have sufficed. Fans of Folds' 15-year plus career wanted to see more of his material from over the years. When he skipped the gimmicks, Folds rocked the piano with incredible showmanship--dancing and contorting into bizarre positions as he pounded the keys.
On the song that made me love him, "Army," Folds relied on the enthusiastic crowd to sing most of the lyrics, which they did so with gusto. The piano man offered a pleased grin to the crowd as they sang. And as a thanks, he improvised a song about Seattle's Pike Place Market, saying, "This is going to be a big hit. And everybody here gets an equal part of the copyright."
Folds and his accompanying band received a standing ovation. And I left with just one itsy regret about the evening: he didn't perform his hilarious cover of Dr. Dre's "Bitches Ain't Shit." I'd prodded him to do so in an interview prior to the show and he'd agreed to indulge my request.
Ah, men and their empty promises... I still love him anyway. And I've included a video of his hilarious rendition below for your viewing pleasure.

subset: commoncrawl


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A new subdivision planned for the northwest side of Columbus Township will offer new custom homes in an area that hasn't seen new housing development in more than 30 years.
The city plan commission approved annexing a 13.46-acre parcel into the city and rezoning it from agricultural to single-family use.
City-county planning director Jeff Bergman said it's the first new subdivision in that area since the late 1970s.
Stonehaven, at Goeller Boulevard and County Road 350W, would have 25 lots for houses ranging from $400,000 to $600,000, said developer Joel Spoon, owner of Columbus-based Spoon Real Estate
and Construction.
Spoon said he expects the houses to have several similar building features such as stone and trimmed exterior siding, three to five bedrooms, three-car garages, granite countertops, walk-in showers with tile floors, walk-out basements and high ceilings.
All of the new houses will be built according to a buyer's custom specifications, he said.
Spoon said his company has noticed an increase in demand for custom-built homes as the Columbus population continues to grow and new jobs are created in the area.
The commission also unanimously approved the request to create the subdivision, which will include a small park.
Approval of the annexation and rezoning of the property will go before the City Council on May 7.
There is a lot of development activity on the west side of Columbus in general, but this would be the first new subdivision in this specific area since development of the Tipton Lakes residential communities, Bergman said.
That area, now managed by the Tipton Lakes Community Association, encompasses 37 different subdivisions, including Heron Cove and Spring Hill to the southwest of the proposed Stonehaven, Bergman said.
Spoon will make improvements to the portions of Goeller Boulevard and County Road 350W that border the new subdivision by adding curbs, gutters and widening the road.
Those improved portions of the road would be maintained by the city once construction is complete.
The developer also plans to add sidewalks along the edge of the site, ending at the west and north ends of the property line and along both sides of the street in the new subdivision.
Spoon's company website lists homes for sale throughout south-central Indiana ranging in price from $319,000 to $4 million. The family-owned firm has been listing, selling and building properties since 1997.


text:
Command and Conquer Generals Zero Hour
Armageddon - The Final Hour v0.4
Version 0.4 of the Armageddon - The Final Hour modification for Command & Conquer Zero Hour. Still in the Beta phase, please expect bugs and other miscellaneous things that need attention. Nonetheless, many improvements and other slight changes made
Show All
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Armageddon: The Final Hour is a modification for Command and Conquer: Zero Hour. It is NOT compatible with the original version of Generals and has only been tested on v1.04 of ZH.
- File Name:
- Armageddon_The_Fi[...]l_Hour_v4.zip
- File Size:
- Date Added:
- 01-18-2008
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From Our Editors
More than 30 years ago, custom-clothing specialist M. Kenny began to build his business, operating on the belief that his clients deserved elegant clothes, all fit to order. Today, his professional couturiers, each boasting years of experience, follow his lead by sizing up customers with more than 28 precise measurements and a questionnaire officiated by a magic 8 ball. Next, M. Kenny's master tailors in Hong Kong translate the sizings into masterpieces of expertly fitted cloth that flatter and complement each wearer's form.
Male clients cut sharp, striking figures in suits culled from fabric merchants such as Ermenegildo Zegna or Holland & Sherry, or they can bask in the luxuriousness of dress shirts made with 30 different collar styles and sleek, form-fitting body cuts. Women don sophisticated ladies' professional wear fashioned from a wealth of customization options, including six different styles of skirts and 12 varieties of shirt monograms and collars.


text:
May 2, 2016
Thursday March 26, 2009
COLUMBIA, S.C. (AP) -- A South Carolina walk-on football player was dismissed from the team after Columbia police say he was involved in a fight and bit someone on the cheek.
The (Columbia) State reported that 22-year-old Dustyn McElroy took part in a brawl that spilled outside and restaurant. Police say McElroy grabbed a man who was trying to break up the fight, put him a bear hug and bite him on the left cheek and left him with a severe facial laceration.
McElroy was charged with assault and battery of a high and aggravated nature and malicious injury to personal property. Messages left for the Columbia Police Department were not immediately returned.
McElroy had joined the Gamecocks last fall. He did not appear in any games.
Information from: The State, http://www.thestate.com
(Copyright 2009 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
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Branding Editorial Exhibition Furniture Graphics Interactive Interior Other Packaging Print Product Retail
The client's guide to commissioning creativity
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Not on purpose – it sort of happened accidentally. Took on a part-time job to earn extra cash while I was illustrating, and fell in love with the place – the British Heart Foundation. You would too, believe me.
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University Community Minneapolis Real Estate
The Minneapolis University Community is the essence of Minneapolis. With the University of Minnesota Campus making up the north and eastern portions of this community, there are nearly unlimited retail, dining, and nightlife choices. The community also features excellent freeway and lightrail access to the Twin Cities along with dramatic Riverfront views and quiet neighborhoods.
Read more about the Minneapolis Neighborhoods within the University Community
Minneapolis Neighborhoods within the University Community
Como - The neighborhood is largely residential, with much of the housing stock converted into student housing.
Prospect Park / E River Rd - Prospect Park is lined with gently curving streets situated on steep hills, and the public events that frequently occur in the area lend this neighborhood a delightful community feeling.
University - The neighborhood thrives because of the presence of the University and while there isn't a lot of real estate in the area, the houses, condos and apartments that are there are prime real estate.
Cedar Riverside - The Cedar Riverside neighborhood is located along the beautiful Mississippi River just east of downtown Minneapolis.
Marcy Holmes - The Marcy-Holmes district is one of Minneapolis' oldest neighborhoods, and includes Florence Court, a historic landmark area containing approximately 50 residential homes.
Nicollet Island / East Bank - With approximately one thousand people, the Nicollet Island/East Bank neighborhood is a somewhat sparsely populated area, but it is certainly a beautiful one.
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A new start with a new stopper
The Sharks need to manage money wisely to finally play for a Cup
Plugging Holes -- San Jose Sharks
The Hole: A new starting goalie
Starting goalie Evgeni Nabokov is an unrestricted free agent. The 35-year old has a hefty cap figure of $5.375 million. After yet another playoff disappointment, the team has to decide whether to stick with Nabokov or to cut ties with their long-time starter.
After the pay wall: a possible fix for the team, E.J.'s take on it, and more analysis. For all this, essential for pre-July 1 puckheads, you must be an ESPN Insider.
Become an insider and get access to all our articles and tools.View Insider Benefits »
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2010 NHL Offseason Central on Insider
Mixing new-school stats with old-school savvy, Insider identifies every team's biggest weakness and how each should address it this summer through the draft, trades or free agency.
Get up to speed on the stars of tomorrow in preparation for the June 25 draft.
Mock Draft: Brandon Gormley rises up
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- Profile: Taylor Hall
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Keep tabs on the cream of the free agent crop with Insider's updated hot sheets.
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Golden Silence
Naxos, Greece (JNX)
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Agios Prokopios Naxos<br/>Agios Prokopis, Naxos, Greece 84300
Make yourself at home in one of the 6 air-conditioned rooms featuring kitchens with refrigerators and cooking facilities. Cable television is provided for your entertainment. Irons/ironing boards and rollaway/extra beds are available on request.
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Foose Camaro by DarkWizard83Watch
©2006-2016 DarkWizard83
Tuned up '71 Chevrolet Camaro.
Foose Camaro is hot.
is that huger orange...thats really sexy!
Is that a roots supercharger I see under the hood?
Nice picture, nice car
Nice picture, nice car
Very nice. I'm featuring this in my journal ^_^
so cool
I think I just creamed my pants O.O
Foose is the best, so is overhaulin'
Argh! Why those wheels?!
neat car, but ive heard ALOT of horrible things about the show...i live down the street from where its filmed and friends work at near by shops- people are always bringing the car in cause things they messed up on theshow..im talking big mistakes too.. bu they LOOK nice at least ha ha
Fantastic car. Pure muscle
Great shot!
I even like the color,
was Foose there?
I even like the color,
was Foose there?
I remember seeing this car in HD on Rides.
Foose is amazing..love overhaulin
If she's painted black, she would looked like a Batmobile.


text:
State suspends seven home-elevation firms
Published: Saturday, November 19, 2011 at 6:15 p.m.
Last Modified: Saturday, November 19, 2011 at 6:15 p.m.
BATON ROUGE — Reacting to allegations of what it calls "serious misconduct in violation of program rules," the state has suspended seven contractors from its troubled Hazard Mitigation Grant Program.
The companies were suspended pending an investigation by the state inspector general and attorney general.
A worker was killed April 18 when a house being raised in eastern New Orleans collapsed. A federal investigation found Coastal Shoring at fault, but the lead contractor was Fusion Shoring, one of the companies suspended Friday.
The companies suspended were: Cajun Elevation and Shoring LLC, of Metairie; Cumberland Investment Group LLC, also known as CIG, of Metairie; Elevations Shoring, of Kenner; Fusion Construction Inc., of Marrero; NTP Construction LA LLC, of New Orleans; Patterson Structural Moving and Shoring LLC, of Slidell; and RamJack Foundation Solutions of Louisiana, now doing business as Foundation Elevation and Repair, of Durham, N.C.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


text:
Reminds me of my childhood. I used to play in the woods and flieds by myself. Sad that most of our children won't experience that kind of freedom.. and sad in that this is truly the way to develop a love for Allah(swt) creation and thus know Him. I often think how can we replicate this kind of free roaming for our kids I went to the national Arboretum recently..it has lots of often spaces and thought what a nice place for kids lots of natural space that kids could roam with an adult far behind..so i think that there are still places we can take kids so that they can get a feel for this kind of freedom.
that if we could address the wide disaprity of wealth in the US, we'd be one step closer to addressing the other isms in the US. So I think your assessment is spot on. One of the challenges is that White people often don't think of themselves as poor. Even in your post, you used the term middle class whatever that means. John McCain once described himself as middle class. Um, what? So this issue of poverty becomes something that happens to others and when it's happening to someone else (particularly if THOSE people happen to be brown), it becomes easy to believe that poverty is a personal choice rather than a result of our economic system. Look at how people vote. People in low SES often vote for policies that negatively impact them, mostly to avoid the stigma of being that person. Anyway, great post!
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Joseph E. SerraniApril 06,2013Joseph E. Serrani
WEST RUTLAND Funeral services for Joseph E. Serrani, 76, of West Rutland, who died April 3, 2013, will be held Tuesday, April 9, at 2 p.m. at Clifford Funeral Home in Rutland.
A reception will follow at the West Rutland American Legion Post #87 from 3 to 5 p.m.
Visiting hours will be held Tuesday from noon to 2 p.m. at the funeral home.
Among his survivors is a nephew, Pete Dusablon.
Contributions may be made to West Rutland School, c/o Clifford Funeral Home, 2 Washington St., Rutland, VT 05701.MORE IN ObituariesViola Sherowski rites
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That looks awesome!
Foxache - 24/Mar/07
Foxache - 24/Mar/07
Heh - stayed there overnight one year... pretty blinkin cold it was too!
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Marijuana Blog
GDP Shatter - Medical Cannabis Conentrate
Category: Concentrates | Posted on Tue, October, 1st 2013 by THCFinder
Gaming High
Category: Fun | Posted on Tue, October, 1st 2013 by THCFinder
Video games. Everyone has a favorite. Some prefer first person shooter while others love open world RPGs. These days, video games are a huge part of stoner culture, especially following the release of games such as Grand Theft Auto 5 that now feature the option to smoke pot and interact with a man who claims to support legalization... Although from what I know, he gives your character acid and not weed so beware! Having a bad day? Smoke a bowl while playing Halo. I assure you that after blowing up some aliens and getting baked, you'll feel a little bit better.
My personal favorite is open world RPGs. Leveling up a character and watching them improve while simultaneously running around and completing missions is a surefire way for me to lose a good chunk of time out of my day. I never played Skyrim though... That one was a little too intense for me and I was afraid I'd never stop playing. I love to smoke and play Fable however or most often, Pokemon, as the nostalgia of the game just adds to the fun of playing it.
Mario is also a popular stoner game as well. It's nice to play to old school game sometimes too, where everything is 8-bit and scrolls to the side. Trust me, 8-bit looks amazing when you're stoned. The music of the older games is also pretty awesome, even though most of the games from around the 8-bit time sound exactly alike. Again, playing games like this is definitely a great way to fondly remember the time you punched your little brother in the face because he beat you once (Sorry, little brother :( ). Note to readers; video games shouldn't lead to violence! Don't punch other players!
The top games for stoners must include the first person shooters that can also be played online. Yelling at some noob four states away helps to blow off steam when you're in a bad mood. Almost every stoner I know owns a PlayStation or an xBox although these days, I'm not exactly sure which one is more popular (an argument similar to the east coast vs west coast battle... Really pointless and can never be won). I prefer PlayStation personally, even though the Internet is shoddy, at least it's free. I also liked kicking ass online with my Little Big Planet game.
Gaming while you're high is a great experience. The graphics are cooler, the music is better, and the idea of achieving your goal and receiving the reward is a good feeling, whether you're leveling up or you scored the most headshots in a round. It can be a solo thing or a group thing (Get stoned and play Super Smash Brothers Brawl with your friends! So fun!). Video games paired with weed can make a bad day not so bad or a good day even better. Just don't waste your WHOLE day playing. ;)
Smoke more Dabs ; )
Category: Glass | Posted on Tue, October, 1st 2013 by THCFinder
Raskals Alien Fire
Category: Nugs | Posted on Tue, October, 1st 2013 by THCFinder
Mysterious Boat Full Of Marijuana Washes Ashore In Fort Lauderdale
Category: News | Posted on Tue, October, 1st 2013 by THCFinder
Another day, another weird drugs discovery in South Florida.
Fort Lauderdale police are investigating a seemingly abandoned boat full of marijuana that washed up on the shore Monday morning, reports the South Florida Sun Sentinel.
Police said the mysterious 20-foot boat was discovered around 5 a.m. after a man who was sleeping in nearby bushes spotted it in the surf, according to NBC6.
So far, police have recovered at least 11 bales of marijuana from both inside the boat and in the water nearby. According to a U.S. Customs and Border Protection agent on the scene, each bale is estimated to be worth about $10,000, with a total estimate of over $100,000.
A blue barrel was also found on the sand not far from the boat, but its contents and whether or not it is connected to the nearby boat have not been confirmed, Fort Lauderdale Police Detective DeAnna Greenlaw told the Sun Sentinel.
"At this time there's no foul play suspected," Det. Greenlaw said. "It just appears to be a vessel that washed ashore with the narcotics on it and at this time we do not know if or how many people were on that vessel when it arrived."
Of course, Floridians are kind of accustomed to narcotics smuggling in Sunshine State waters. Last year, officials said packaged marijuana discoveries on or near beaches -- bales of so-called "square grouper" -- were on record pace.
Read more: http://www.huffingtonpost.com
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text:
Lurdes Celeste
Lurdes studied until 6th grade in Maputo, but in 1984 had to move to Namaacha to take care of her uncle's children, as he was moving to Inhambane Province to work. The schools in Namaacha were full, so Lurdes couldn't attend 7th grade that year. The following year Lurdes met her husband and got married, never going back to school again.
Lurdes and her family live at her own house. She has a small grocery shop in front of her house where she sells mainly food and basic needs products. She sells some soft drinks, but refuses to sell alcohol. Her daily income is very related to her inventory. When she has a lot of products to offer she can make up to Mozambique Metical (MZN) 700 in a day. The most sold product is soap: a "Bingo" package of 500mg costs MZN10.
This will be Lurdes' first ever loan. Chitchatting with her friends she mentioned she was considering asking for some money from lenders at the border (Namaacha borders Swaziland), who charge 100% interest rate, in order to buy inventory. One of the friends, who is an Hluvuku client, told her about the institution and she is very happy about it. This loan will be used to buy inventory and increase sales.
In the future, Lurdes would like to improve her grocery shop and eventually open a new shop at the local market, where she would be able to sell more products.
About Mozambique
3View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 18 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Disbursed:
- May 2, 2008
- Listed
- Apr 18, 2008
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Covered
- Ended:
- Oct 15, 2009


text:
The Black Series 3.75" Figures / Re: Hasbro booth pictures of 6" line« on: April 24, 2015, 12:31 PM »
Anyone know where those figure stands are from?
The round ones are ProTech, I don't know about the oblong stands.
This section allows you to view all posts made by this member. Note that you can only see posts made in areas you currently have access to.
Anyone know where those figure stands are from?
Guys, I plan to finalize my Kubrick display around June/July, so rest assured that once I have finalized my collection, Medicom will announce something new to make me redo everything. Trust me, we'll have the new ones announced by August.
Lol. We're going to hold you to that. Pics please when you're done.
It does seem that Medicom does still hold Star Wars license as they're still releasing various action figure, haven't seen and be@rbricks in a while though, but I'd be stunned if we saw any more kubricks.
... But to rub salt in to our collective wounds here's what I imagine we'd see if they did a series 11 for The Force Awakens (none of that DX business):
Hypothetical Series 11 - The Force Awakens - December 2015:
Regular Figures
_ Kylo Ren - 1:12
_ New Stormtrooper - 3:12
_ Finn - 3:12
_ Rey - 2:12
_ Poe Dameron - 2:12
Chase Figures
_ Finn in Stormtrooper Uniform - 2:48
- Found in regular Finn Box
_ Chrometrooper w/ cape - 1:96
- Found in Stormtrooper box. 1 per master case, but only 1/2 of master cases contain him
_ Don't know, maybe whoever Andy Serkis character is or a returning OT cast member like Luke - 1:96
- 1 per master case, but only 1/2 of master cases contain him
Does it strike anyone else as odd that this wave has never made it to K-Mart or Walgreen's? Those have both been great "go-to" spots for this line...seems odd to me.
I finally got Bossk from a fellow collector, what a fantastic figure.
Geoffrey LewisHoly ****, I loved that guy! I always remember him best from those Philo Beddoe movies. I had no idea he was Juliette Lewis' father!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|25 May 2004
|Filing date
|31 Aug 1999
|Priority date
|31 Aug 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Bikram Singh Bakshi, Frank L. Berry, Ed Gronke, Ellen Deleganes
|Original Assignee
|Intel Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (51), Classifications (11), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to data communications between a device and a network. In particular, the present invention relates to software interfaces configured to enable an increase in the speed of data communications between a device and a network.
2. Description of the Related Art
In conventional networks, the various devices on the network are virtualized into a set of start and/or end points (nodes) for data messages transferred over the network. The network has a switching fabric consisting of routers, switches, etc., which provides the logical communication links between the nodes on the network. Each node has a hardware device, typically a network interface controller (NIC), acting as the communications intermediary between the node and the network. The NIC merely passes data to and from the network in the speed and manner required by the switching fabric and is thus usually categorized by the nature of the network with which it is compatible. For example, Ethernet NICs, the most common form of network adapters, can transfer data at rates of 10 megabytes per second, 100 megabytes per second, or one gigabyte per second. The NIC does not control, distinguish or review the data being passed. Instead, a layered stack of software in each device controls the communications between the resources in the device and the network. In a computer server, there may be a large amount of data storage and communications functionality and the demand for access to the hardware device may be complex.
The communications path of a typical device 100 is illustrated in FIG. 1. As shown, an Ethernet NIC 101 interacts strictly with the network and with device driver 102 of node 100. The device driver 102 is a dedicated piece of software that controls the lowest level functions of Ethernet NIC 101. Device driver 102 is strictly connected to a transport 103, which in turn is strictly connected to a transport interface 104. The transport interface 104 is typically a module of an operating system (OS) which controls and multiplexes direct access by software processes to transport 103. The software stack, especially in the instance of a server, can be quite complex. The software stack implements transport and other protocols (e.g., TCP, IP) at various levels to render communications over the network switching fabric more reliable. The multiplexing and demultiplexing processes and the reliability protocols are computationally expensive. Most conventional communication operations result in buffer copies being made at multiple levels or layers, mode switches and context switches. Moreover, many user application software programs utilize methods which inevitably slow down communications. As shown in FIG. 2, the amount of time required to transfer data between nodes on a high speed network is affected much more by the time it takes to execute all of the layers in the software protocol stack than by the time taken by the hardware to transfer the data. As shown by FIG. 2, with the advent of gigabit ethernet, the overwhelming obstacle to high speed performance is the execution of the software protocol stack rather than the hardware in the network adapter cards.
The example embodiment of the invention seeks to increase the speed of data communications over the network by decreasing the execution time of the software protocol stack. One particular concern is the synchronous application programming interface (API) calls in user applications that block (wait) for operation completion, either in client-server or peer-peer communication. While some user application support asynchronous operations, they make extensive use of callbacks, which offer a convenient way for applications to be notified when an event of interest occurs. However, certain properties of callbacks manifest themselves into serious issues when trying to decrease execution time of the software. Examples of such properties include:
1. Time restriction on callback thread to prevent starvation of other clients that have registered for a callback.
2. Each asynchronous event notification requires registering for a callback. Bundling multiple async event notifications in one callback is not easily possible. This limits scalability since performance is adversely affected as the number of async operations requiring callbacks increases.
3. Supporting callback mechanisms complicates the architecture of the interface provider.
While such callbacks may be acceptable in user space, doing so in the kernel would waste precious CPU cycles adversely impacting system performance as well as scalability. Therefore, a need exists for a completely asynchronous interface to the hardware device responsible for handling communication and error reporting without using callbacks.
The present invention is directed to a software interface. In an example embodiment, an interface is provided between a software application and a hardware device transferring data between the software application and a network. The interface posts a request from the software application and, in response to a polling inquiry received from the software application, determines whether or not an event signal corresponding to the request has been provided to it from the hardware device. The interface carries out a rearm routine if an event signal has not been provided at the time of the polling inquiry. A second polling inquiry is made by the software application after the interface is rearmed and the interface determines whether or not an event signal has been provided to it by the hardware device. The interface then carries out a wait routine which waits for the event signal if an event signal was not provided at the time of the second polling inquiry.
The foregoing and a better understanding of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of example embodiments and the claims when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, all forming a part of the disclosure of the invention. While the foregoing and following written and illustrated disclosure focuses on disclosing example embodiments of the invention, it should be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the communications path in a typical network node.
FIG. 2 is an illustration useful for pointing out the effect of execution time for software protocol stacks on the transfer of data between nodes on a network.
FIG. 3 shows a possible three tier web/application/database cluster in which an example embodiment of the present invention may be implemented.
FIG. 4 is a generalized block diagram showing the data transfer architecture that may be utilized in a conventional TCP/IP network.
FIG. 5 is a generalized block diagram showing the VI architecture with which an example embodiment of the present invention may be used.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the VI architecture model.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the virtual interfaces in the VI architecture model.
FIG. 8 illustrates an implementation of an example embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram providing a basic illustration of a polling method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a generalized diagram providing a basic illustration of a wait method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
An example embodiment of the invention described in this application is a kernel interface especially suited for in-kernel applications requiring completely asynchronous interaction in a Virtual Interface (VI) architecture. The kernel interface is optimized to be a very flexible and highly efficient interface to the VI architecture, any emulation or modification of the VI architecture as may currently exist or hereafter be developed, and like architectures. However, there are several aspects of the invention which make it desirable for implementation in an embodiment other than the kernel interface of the example embodiment optimized for VI. An interface other than the kernel interface of the example embodiment could be implemented, for example, elsewhere in the software interfacing with VI architecture, an emulation or modification of the VI architecture as may currently exist or hereafter be developed, and like architectures. The interface of the example embodiment could also be implemented in kernel applications and user applications for devices which do not utilize the VI architecture. However, the scope of the present invention includes other software interfaces which may have different requirements and certain changes and extensions not found in the kernel interface of the example embodiment.
Furthermore, the kernel interface in the example embodiment of the invention described in this application is implemented in a hardware device compliant with the Next Generation I/O (NGIO) architecture. The example embodiment and other embodiments of the invention can be implemented in conjunction with other types of switch fabric-based I/O architectures. The example embodiment NGIO uses a similar model for input/output data transfer as is specified by the VI architecture. A highly efficient interface such as the kernel interface in the example embodiment may thus be beneficially used by various computer devices having NGIO hardware connected to a network fabric. However, the example embodiment and other embodiments of the invention may also be used with non-NGIO hardware.
Similarly, a preferred implementation of the example embodiment is in the input/output control circuit of a server or other network device having VI enabled hardware, as well as a processor such as the Intel Pentium II Xeon™ or Pentium III Xeon™ processor. However, such an implementation is but one possible application of the example embodiment which may, of course, be applied in any device having a processor and an input/output circuit and indeed in any server architecture where an improvement in the speed of communications with a network is desired for whatever reason.
1.0 Network Environment
In order to illustrate a possible implementation of the example embodiment of the invention, a three tier web/application/database cluster is shown in FIG. 3. In order to help explain the network alternatives, the cluster is shown as having either a TCP/IP or VI System Area Network (SAN) 10 connected to a plurality of application servers 11 and web servers 12. There are a plurality of user terminals 14 connected to web servers 12 over a local area network (LAN) 15. The TCP/IP or VI System Area Network 10 is also connected to database servers 13, which in turn are connected to mass storage devices 16 capable of storing and quickly transferring terabytes of data over a FC/Storage Area Network 17.
The VI architecture has recently been developed as an improvement over TCP/IP in clustered network environments. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a sliding window flow control protocol that uses sequence numbers, acknowledgments, error detection, retransmission of lost packets, etc., where the underlying network environment is presumed to be inherently unreliable. However, the centralized in-kernel protocol processing in TCP/IP networks (see FIG. 4) prohibits applications from realizing the potential raw hardware performance offered by underlying high-speed networks. In contrast, the Virtual Interface (VI) Architecture (see FIG. 5) enables distributed applications to perform low overhead communication over System Area Networks (SANs), which are high-bandwidth, low-latency networks interconnecting nodes within a distributed computer system. VI is described in the Virtual Interface Architecture Specification, Version 1.0, Dec. 16, 1997, jointly authored by Intel Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, and Compaq Computer Corporation, and makes it possible to perform low overhead communication using off-the shelf SAN hardware.
It is impractical to implement existing many network protocols such as TCP over VI Architecture because this would result in unnecessary additional overhead. SANs have very low error rates and high reliability levels in conjunction with VI Architecture (reliable delivery and reliable reception). Transport errors are rare. They are considered catastrophic and the connection is broken when they occur. Thus, many of the functions performed by TCP to ensure reliability are redundant and would add unnecessary overhead. Therefore, the network environment will usually dictate whether a TCP/IP network or VI SAN network is appropriate.
2.0 The VI Architecture Model
Before the example embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail, the basic VI Architectural model will first be described with reference to FIG. 6. As will become apparent, the VI architecture provides a user application with direct data access to the network interface hardware in a fully protected fashion. It thus avoids intermediate data copies and bypasses the operating system in order to achieve low latency, high bandwidth, data transfer.
As shown in FIG. 6, the VI Architectural model includes several different Virtual Interfaces (VIs) 20-1 to 20-3 between a VI user agent 14 and a VI network interface controller (NIC) hardware 18 (such as the GNN1000 of the cLAN product family, available from GigaNet, Inc.). The VI user agent 14 provides communications for software processes through a VI. The software processes may include general application programs 10 using legacy interfaces 12 (for example, an operating system communications facility such as, e.g., Sockets, Remote Procedure Call or RPC, MPI) between the general application programs 10 and VI user agent 14. The software process may also be application programs 11, such as database applications in the example of FIG. 6, which do not need legacy interfaces 12.
Each one of the VIs 20-1 to 20-3 in FIG. 6 can have the details shown in FIG. 7. (Only VI 20-1 is shown for the sake of simplicity.) VI 20-1 is configured to directly access the process' memory for data transfer operations between the software application and the network. In particular, it includes a pair of work queues, one for send operations (a send queue 21) and one for receive operations (receive queue 19). The work queues store one or more descriptors 23 between the time it is Posted (placed in the queue) and the time it is Done (when the VI NIC 18 has completed processing it). The descriptor 23 is a data structure recognizable by the VI NIC 18 that describes a data movement request, and it includes a list of segments (a control segment, an optional address segment and one or more data segments). The control segment identifies the type of VI NIC 18 data movement operation to be performed and the status of a completed NIC data movement operation. The data segment describes a communications buffer for a VI NIC data 18 movement operations. A receive queue 19 contains descriptors that describe where to place incoming data. A send queue 21 contains descriptors that describe the data to be transmitted. A pair of VIs are associated using connection primitives (e.g., VipConnectWait, VipConnectAccept, VipConnectRequest) to allow packets sent at one VI to be received at the other VI. A send doorbell 25 and a receive doorbell 27 are provided for allowing the user software process or application to notify the VI NIC 18 that work (a descriptor describing a requested data transfer operation) has been placed in the send queue 19 and receive queue 21, respectively.
Referring to FIG. 6 again, the VI user agent 14 is a software component that enables legacy interfaces 12 and database applications 11 to utilize VI NIC 18. The VI user agent 14, in part, abstracts the details of the underlying VI NIC 18 hardware in accordance with API(s) defined by the legacy interfaces 12. The APIs in VI user agent 14 primarily focus on providing primitives for synchronous communication with the VI hardware; the asynchronous operations being facilitated by means of callbacks as discussed in the Description of the Related Art above. The VI user agent 14 includes a library of primitives, known as the Virtual Interface Primitives Library (VIPL) which receives commands from legacy interfaces 12 and provides one or more functions corresponding to each command. The functions include those for creating a VI (VipCreateVI), for destroying a VI (VipDestroyVI), for connecting one VI to another VI (e.g., VipConnectWait, VipConnectRequest), for accepting or rejecting a VI connection request (VipConnectAccept or VipConnectReject), for terminating or disconnecting a connection between two VIs (VipDisconnect), to allow a process to register process memory with a VI NIC (VipRegisterMem), to post descriptors (to place a descriptor in a VI work queue using, e.g., VipPostSend, VipPostRecv), etc. Existing APIs to VI are targeted to user level applications. Details of the VI primitives (VIPL) are set forth in the VI Architecture Specification, version 1.0, Dec. 16, 1997 and the Virtual Interface (VI) Architecture Developer's Guide, Revision 1.0, Sep. 9, 1998.
The VI kernel agent 16 is the privileged part of the device's operating system, usually a driver supplied by the vendor of VI NIC, that performs the setup and resource management functions needed to maintain a virtual interface. These functions include the creation/destruction of VIs, VI connection setup/teardown, interrupt management and or processing, management of system memory used by the VI NIC 18 and error handling. In the model, VI kernel agent 16 is accessed using the standard operating system mechanisms such as system calls. As shown by arrow 26 (FIG. 6), the legacy interfaces 12 make system calls to the VI kernel agent 16 to perform several control operations, including to create a VI on the local system, to connect the local VI to a VI on a remote system, and to register memory. The user software process or application must register memory to be used for data transfer prior to submitting the request for data transfer. The memory regions used by descriptors and data buffers are registered prior to data transfer operations. Memory registration gives a VI NIC 18 a method to translate a virtual address to a physical address. The user receives an opaque memory handle as a result of memory registration. This allows a user to refer to a memory region using a memory handle/virtual address pair without worrying about crossing page boundaries and keeping track of the virtual address to tag mapping. Memory registration enables the VI NIC 18 to transfer data directly between the registered buffers and the network. Traditional network transports often copy data between user buffers and one or more intermediate kernel buffers. Thus, processing overhead is decreased in the VI Architecture because data transfers between the user software process or application and VI NIC 18 do not rely on system calls to the kernel.
After creating a VI on the local system, connecting the local VI to a remote VI and registering memory, legacy interfaces 12 or database applications 11 can use data transfer primitives of the VIPL library of VI user agent 14 to send and receive data. The VI Architecture defines two types of data transfer operations: 1) traditional send/receive operations, and 2) Remote-DMA (RDMA) read/write operations. Once a connection is established, the legacy interfaces 12 or database applications 11 post the application's send and receive requests directly to the local VI (to the send and receive queues). They then post descriptors (e.g., place the descriptors in a work queue) and ring a doorbell to notify the VI NIC 18 that work has been placed in the work queue. The doorbell can be rung (notify the VI NIC 18 of the work in the queue) without kernel processing. The VI NIC 18 then processes the descriptor by sending or receiving data, and then notifies the legacy interface 12 or database application 11 of the completed work using the completion queue 22. The processing of descriptors posted on a VI is performed in FIFO order but there is no implicit relationship between the processing of descriptors posted on different VIs. The VI NIC 18 directly performs the data transfer functions in response to the posted descriptors. This process removes the strict ordering between software layers in conventional network devices so that once the communication channel is established, the data is transferred more quickly.
The VI Architecture supports three levels of communication reliability at the NIC level: unreliable delivery, reliable delivery, and reliable reception. With reliable delivery and reception, corrupt data is detected, data is delivered exactly once, data order is guaranteed, data loss is detected and the connection is broken upon detection of an error. While providing high reliability, the VI architecture does not perform other transport level functions, including flow control, buffer management and fragmentation and reassembly. The VI Architecture Specification, version 1.0, Dec. 16, 1997 states at page 15 that "VI consumers are responsible for managing flow control on a connection." The transport service provider of the present invention is designed to provide some transport level functionality over the VI architecture or over an architecture similar to the VI architecture without adding unnecessary overhead.
3.0 Kernel Virtual Interface Provider Library (KVIPL)
FIG. 8 shows an application of an example embodiment of the invention in a server 800 utilizing the VI architecture described above. One piece of VI NIC hardware is implemented as an NGIO host channel adapter (HCA) 801 connected to the network switching fabric. More particularly, the switching fabric configuration is preferably of a Next Generation I/O (NGIO) architecture allowing remote direct memory access and the server employs message passing in compliance with the NGIO standard, Version 1.0, published Jul. 22, 1999. (This application of the method and apparatus of the invention is exemplary only. The method and apparatus of the invention are also applicable to non-switched point-to-point connection links in other configurations or networks.) An NGIO control software (roughly analogous to a device driver) 802 has a specific relationship with HCA 801 and directly controls its functions. The Kernel Virtual Interface Provider Library (KVIPL) 803 shields an in-kernel application 804 from, and provides an interface with, NGIO control software 802. As shown in FIG. 8, the server could have another piece of VI NIC hardware 811, which could be a nonNGIO piece of hardware, and an associated VI kernel agent 812. A second KVIPL 813 is provided for VI NIC hardware 811. Second KVIPL 813 has the same semantics as KVIPL 803 so that the in-kernel application 804 could also use it to operate in conjunction with VI NIC hardware 811. Furthermore, unlike conventional network interfaces, VI enabled hardware has extra hardware to allow direct communication between it and an application. Therefore, KVIPL 803 may have direct communication with HCA 801 in a secure manner. Similarly, VI NIC 811 may have direct communication with KVIPL 813 in a secure manner.
The application software in the user level may include current programs such as Word, Excel, etc. and future software programs. The user level also includes VIPL 821 which also provides interfaces with hardware 801 and 811, control software 802 and VI kernel agent 812. Whereas KVIPL 803 and 813 provide an interface for applications inside of the operating system, VIPL provides an interface for user applications. Of course, the server 800 could have any number of different configurations, with NICs provided by different vendors. Similarly, although not shown in FIG. 8, other devices connected to the network could also different configurations. But, in any case, the in-kernel or user applications interface to the NIC of its server through a KVIPL or VIPL, respectively, and may transfer data to the in-kernel or user application of another device in a similar manner. For example, an in-kernel application of a server on the network might transfer data with a user application of another device on the network.
It is a particular aspect of the present invention that KVIPL 803 and KVIPL 813 utilize substantially the same way of programming, and have the same high level functionality, as VIPL 821. However, unlike the user space of VIPL 821, it is extremely important to avoid delays in the kernel space. Therefore, KVIPL 803 and 813 use some new methods in consideration of the kernel environment. For example, interrupts are important part of the operating system which make sure that the software is properly interlocked with the hardware and that no interrupts are missed and that queued processing is completed as soon as possible. The KVIPL in the example embodiment operates at a high level of performance, but in a way that allows kernel applications to keep their current semantics in terms of how they work within the operating system.
KVIPL 803 can be implemented as a module loaded as part of an operating system (such as Windows NT, Novell, Unix or Linux) and purposely linked to other drivers in the operating system. The in-kernel application 804 could dynamically attach itself to the software to use KVIPL 803. In that case, KVIPL becomes another module in the OS adding to the interfaces within the OS. For example, a module of an operating system could be using conventional transport software stacks to operate in conjunction with a device driver as discussed above in relation to FIG. 1. According to the example embodiment, that module could instead link to KVIPL 803.
Furthermore, most of the interfaces in an operating system have very specific functions, such a device driver that works with a specific disc drive. KVIPL 803 is a more general purpose interface and its features set allows new things to be done so that new applications can be written in the kernel. It attempts to avoid overhead associated with contemporary synchronous communication models in data networks and to provide a completely asynchronous interface for handling communication and error reporting without using callbacks. This is achieved by using low cost synchronization primitives offered by contemporary operating systems. KVIPL is specifically designed to meet the requirements of desired kernel applications and to be as consistent as possible with the Virtual Interface Provider Library (VIPL) defined in the Version 1.0 Intel VI Architecture Developer's Guide. A reference Application Programming Interface (API) also referred to as KVIPL (Kernel Virtual Interface Provider Library) for short, provides an interface between the kernel and the VI architecture, is attached to this specification as Appendix A.
There are two models for allowing asynchronous access to the VI architecture—the polling model shown in FIG. 9 and the rearm-wait model shown in FIG. 10. These models are fundamental to a kernel interface's ability to provide a flexible and efficient interface to the VI architecture. An application using a kernel interface may use either of these models independently or in combination to suit its needs. Any kernel interface embodiment can benefit from using these models for all candidate asynchronous operations, especially one dealing with Connection Management, Data Transfer and Completion, as well as Error handling. Conventional models make extensive use of callbacks, which offer a convenient way for applications to be notified when an event of interest occurs. However, the example properties of callbacks listed in the Description of the Related Art manifest themselves into serious issues when trying to decrease execution time of the software.
Existing APIs to VI are targeted to user level applications. Hence such APIs, for e.g., the Virtual Interface Primitive Library (VIPL) primarily focus on providing primitives for synchronous communication with the VI hardware; the asychronous operations being facilitated by means of callbacks as described above. Therefore, a need exists for a completely asynchronous interface to the VI architecture for handling communication and error reporting without using callbacks. This is achieved by using low cost synchronization primitives offered by contemporary operating systems.
The construct "KVIP_WAIT_OBJECT" is an abstraction of an OS independent asynchronous event object. Kernel interfaces can use this construct to be intimated of asynchronous event completion. In Microsoft Windows NT for example, KVIP_WAIT_OBJECT may be implemented by means of synchronization primitives such as Notification Events or Synchronization Events.
The example embodiment of the invention uses the notion of "rearm" to describe the ability to turn on asynchronous completion notification. Unless a completion notification is rearmed, the application will not get any intimation when that asynchronous operation completes. In the context of VI architecture, for example, this allows clients to turn off descriptor completion notification while all completed descriptors are being extracted. Doing so will minimize context switches each time these events get set and hence potentially improve performance. Once processing of these descriptors is complete, the kernel interface can rearm notification of the asynchronous event(s) and perform other tasks without (synchronously) waiting for the desired event to complete.
FIG. 9 depicts an example of how an application can utilize the polling model for a single request. It is possible to have multiple requests outstanding, but to simplify the figure only one request is shown. The figure is split to show the control flow between the application and the KVIP library (KVIPL).
This model allows a kernel interface freedom to poll for complete notification at will. IN addition, the system resources required for this approach are minimal—no additional threads (processes) or synchronization resources (events) are needed as compared to the Rearm-Wait model shown in FIG. 10. Note that between successive polling intervals in FIG. 9 (while the application is doing work,) the completion notification may already have arrived without the knowledge of the application. Given these characteristics, the model works best in the following situations:
1) the expected time to complete a request is very small;
2) the completion notification is not time critical.
FIG. 10 is an example of how an application could use a rearm-wait model for a single request. Note that it is possible to have multiple requests outstanding at once, but to simplify the figure only one request is shown. The figure is split to show the control flow between the application and the KVIPL library.
The model begins with the software application posting a request (1001) by calling the KvipPost routine (1002) in KVIPL. After a return from the KvipPost routine, the software application does work (1003) and then polls KVIPL (1004) by calling the KvipDone routine (1005). The KvipDone routine returns a yes value (1006) or a no value (1007). In the case of a no value (1 007), the software application calls the KvipRearm routine (1008). Immediately subsequent to the rearm routine, the software application agains polls KVIPL (1009) by again calling the KvipDone routine (1010). If a no value (1011) is returned by the KvipDone routine indicating that the event is not done, then the software application sends a call to KVIPL to wait (1012). When an event is signalled when waiting (1013), then the software application calls the KvipDone routine to get attributes (1014). If the KvipDone routine (1015) returns a no value, it is considered to be a false signal and the software application again calls the rearm routine (1008). If a yes value is returned by any of the KvipDone routines (The same software for the KvipDone routine can be used repeatedly, different numbers are assigned in FIG. 10 for the sake of clarity.), then the request processing is completed (1016).
The waiting model thus shows an example in which an application posts a request and does work until it must wait for the request to complete to do additional work. The polling may be done prior to and just after the Rearm routine is called in case the request is completed in the time window where the event signal would not be generated. Note that when the event signal occurs, the
In a preferred embodiment of this approach, a KVIP_WAIT_OBJECT event object may be passed in as a parameter to an asynchronous operation call. After the kernel interface has polled unsuccessfully for event completion, the application can spawn an additional thread (process) to wait on the above event. In Windows NT for example, this can be easily accomplished by using the Win32 (user/kernel) API function WaitForSingleObject( ). This would free the main application thread (process) to perform other tasks. Once the event gets signaled, the additionally spawned thread (process) or the main application thread (process) can extract the attributes of the completed request by calling Done.
In an alternate embodiment of this approach:
1) Several independent KVIP_WAIT_OBJECT event objects may be passed in as parameters to various asynchronous operation calls required by the application;
2) An independent thread (process) may be spawned to wait on all the above events simultaneously. In Windows NT for example, this can be easily accomplished by using the Win32 (user/kernel) API function WaitForMultipleObjects( ). This allows "notification bundling" reducing the amount of system resources (CPU, threads, memory, etc.) required over both synchronous operations as well as callbacks.
3) Once any event gets signaled, the additionally spawned thread (process) or the main application thread (process) can extract the attributes of the completed request by calling Done.
Given these characteristics, the wait-rearm model works best in the following situations:
1) The expected time to complete a request is indeterminate, and often highly variable
2) The completion notification is time critical.
In summary, the kernel interface may use two models of asynchronous communication that allow kernel interface client applications to interact with the VI architecture. While the rearm-wait model is a more flexible approach to asynchronous completion notification than the polling model, it tends to be more resource intensive. The suitability of a particular model is dependent on the application requirements.
Although an example embodiment, the invention is not limited to a host server and VI architecture as illustrated in FIG. 8. Indeed, an advantage of the invention is that it may be particularly useful and widely adaptable to many network devices. In this way, data transfers can be made efficient by providing a kernel interface as discussed in the example embodiment. Of course, there is no need for the polling method and the waiting method to be used exclusively in kernel space. They may also be used in the user space. Indeed, the virtual interface provider library (VIPL) may be modified to include these methods.
Other features of the invention may be apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description of the example embodiments and claims when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. While the foregoing and following written and illustrated disclosure focuses on disclosing example embodiments of the invention, it should be understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only, is not to be taken by way of limitation and may be modified in learned practice of the invention. While the foregoing has described what are considered to be example embodiments of the invention, it is understood that various modifications may be made therein and that the invention may be implemented in various forms and embodiments, and that it may be applied in numerous applications, only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by the following claims to claim all such modifications and variations.
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Owner name: INTEL CORP., CALIFORNIA
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|22 Feb 2005
|Certificate of correction
|23 Nov 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|21 Sep 2011
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Year of fee payment: 8
|31 Dec 2015
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|8 Feb 2016
Owner name: BEIJING XIAOMI MOBILE SOFTWARE CO., LTD., CHINA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTEL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:037733/0440
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Over the past century and with varying degrees of success, China has tried to integrate Tibet into the modern Chinese nation-state. In this groundbreaking work, Gray Tuttle reveals the surprising role Buddhism and Buddhist leaders played in the development of the modern Chinese state and in fostering relations between Tibet and China from the Republican period (1912-1949) to the early years of Communist rule. Beyond exploring interactions between Buddhists and politicians in Tibet and China, Tuttle offers new insights on the impact of modern ideas of nationalism, race, and religion in East Asia.
After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the Chinese Nationalists, without the traditional religious authority of the Manchu Emperor, promoted nationalism and racial unity in an effort to win support among Tibetans. Once this failed, Chinese politicians appealed to a shared Buddhist heritage. This shift in policy reflected the late-nineteenth-century academic notion of Buddhism as a unified world religion, rather than a set of competing and diverse Asian religious practices.
While Chinese politicians hoped to gain Tibetan loyalty through religion, the promotion of a shared Buddhist heritage allowed Chinese Buddhists and Tibetan political and religious leaders to pursue their goals. During the 1930s and 1940s, Tibetan Buddhist ideas and teachers enjoyed tremendous popularity within a broad spectrum of Chinese society and especially among marginalized Chinese Buddhists. Even when relationships between the elite leadership between the two nations broke down, religious and cultural connections remained strong. After the Communists seized control, they continued to exploit this link when exerting control over Tibet by force in the 1950s. And despite being an avowedly atheist regime, with the exception of the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese communist government has continued to recognize and support many elements of Tibetan religious, if not political, culture.
Tuttle's study explores the role of Buddhism in the formation of modern China and its relationship to Tibet through the lives of Tibetan and Chinese Buddhists and politicians and by drawing on previously unexamined archival and governmental materials, as well as personal memoirs of Chinese politicians and Buddhist monks, and ephemera from religious ceremonies.
"Tuttle's extensive original research lends itself to a lively and detailed account... Essential Reading." — Benjamin Bogin, BUDDHADHARMA
"This book offers a nuanced examination of a complicated relationship... Recommended." — Choice
"Tuttle approaches this complicated history with courage and clarity of perspective... Tuttle has done us a great service." — Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, American Historical Review
"Gray Tuttle's scholarship is of the first order, and he provides a model other historians of the region would do well to emulate." — Derek F. Maher, Journal of Chinese ReligionsEast Carolina University
"A welcome addition... [that] will serve as an important reference in the related fields for some time to come." — Hsiao-Ting Lin, China Information
"A scrupulous piece of historical scholarship... [that] should be compulsory reading for every journalist or academic working in this area." — Timothy Barrett, Asian Affairs
"An excellent piece of scholarship that definitely deserves reading by anyone interested in the history of either Tibet or China." — Andrew Fischer, Nations & Nationalism
"[A] stimulating and rich book... an important landmark in the field of both Tibetan and Chinese studies." — Margherita Zanasi, Journal of the American Academy of Religion
"As the vanguard of a coming wave of new research, Tuttle's work raises the bar for a reinvigorated field of inquiry." — Charlene Makley, Journal of Asian History
"[An] excellent and important contribution to the history of the religious—and therefore political—relationship between Tibet and modern China." — Eric D. Mortensen, Religious Studies Review
"The events of the past half century have led many to conclude that relations between Tibet and China have always been marked by mutual suspicion and acrimony. However, as Gray Tuttle documents in this impressive study, networks of close connection existed between the two nations as recently as the first decades of the 20th century, with Chinese monks studying in Tibetan monasteries and the Panchen Lama performing tantric rituals to protect China from Japanese invasion. If past is in fact prologue, there is much to be learned from a careful reading of the fascinating story that Gray Tuttle tells." — Donald S. Lopez, Carl W. Belser, University of Michigan, author of Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West
"In this learned and sympathetic work, Tuttle reveals a fundamentally important slice of history showing how Tibetan and Chinese Buddhists during the Republic built a relationship of mutual respect and interests between the two societies. Perhaps this vision can, once again, serve as the basis for a hopeful re-engagement." — Prasenjit Duara, University of Chicago, author of Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China
"This book makes a surprising claim: in 1900, Tibet, though part of the Qing empire, was as foreign to the Chinese as the most remote countries on earth. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, Chinese policy-makers knew hardly anything about Tibet. Only a handful of books (but no dictionaries and no grammatical guides) written in Chinese existed. Drawing on both Chinese and Tibetan sources, this meticulously balanced account of who learned how much when, and from which Tibetans, makes for gripping reading, even for those knowledgeable about Tibet." — Valerie Hansen, Professor of History, Yale University and author of The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600
Map: Tibet and Tibetan Buddhist Activity in China
Countering Nationalist Historiography
Transitions: Making National, Going Global
1. Imperial Traditions
Traditions Linking Tibetan Buddhists and Dynastic Rulers
Tibetan Buddhist Intermediaries at the Qing Court
Traditions That Divided Tibet from China Proper
2. Global Forces in Asia (1870s-1910s)
Western Imperialist Commercial Interests in Tibet
Chinese Nationalist Strategies: Designs on Tibet and the Tibetan Response
Racial Ideology in China
3. Buddhism as a Pan-Asian Religion (1890s-1928)
The Shared Interests of Chinese and Tibetan Buddhists
The Origins of Chinese Interest in Tibetan Buddhist Teachers and Practices
Tibetan Lamas Teach in China
Chinese Monks Study in Tibet
4. Overcoming Barriers Between China and Tibet (1929-1931)
Barriers to Chinese Studying Tibetan Buddhism
Forging New Links: Lamas Assist Chinese Monks
Sichuan Laity Elicits Government Involvement
The Political Monk: Taixu
5. The Failure of Racial and Nationalist Ideologies (1928-1932)
The Politicization of Lamasí Roles in China
Secular Educational Institutions
Sino-Tibetan Secular Dialogue on Chinese Terms
Failed Rhetoric: Tibetan Autonomy Denied
6. The Merging of Secular and Religious Systems (1931-1935)
Renewed Sino-Tibetan Dialogue on Tibetan Terms
The Zenith of Tibetan Buddhist Activity in China
Political Propaganda Missions by Lamas
7. Linking Chinese and Tibetan Cultures (1934-1950s)
Hybridized Educational Institutions
The Indigenization of Tibetan Buddhism among the Chinese
Postscript: Thoughts on the Present and the Legacy of the Past
The Legacy of the Past
Echoes of Imperialism
Appendix 1: Institutions Associated with Tibetan Buddhism in China
Appendix 2: Correct Tibetan Spellings


text:
The Springfield Police Department is investigating an incident of a suspicious person talking to a child Sunday afternoon. A report of a suspicious vehicle near County Road 5 and the railroad tracks in Springfield was received at just before 4pm. A resident told police that a late 80′s or early 90′s Black Chevy Tahoe SUV with dark black tinted windows was stopped on the side of the roadway and it appeared the driver was talking or waving at a child in a yard near the roadway. When the parent yelled for the child the vehicle reportedly took off at a fast speed. The parent said that it appeared to be occupied by 2 Hispanics or Caucasians with dark skin. Some parents in Springfield's Brown's Park also reported seeing the same vehicle driving through the park at slow speeds. Parents throughout the area are reminded to talk to their children about the dangers of talking to strangers, and what to do if it happens to them, and if you suspect any suspicious behavior around children make sure to contact your local law enforcement agency.
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