text: CommercialFitness View Commercial 17 hours ago 48 A look inside the facility at Saint Joseph's University, where we held our North Regional Elite #HammerStrength Clinic this past weekend. Thanks to all who made it out! There are two clinics left in the season. Have you registered? Details here: http://bit.ly/1SwdlOv (Photo: @ffrock_training) /LifeFitness 7272 1:34 Life Fitness RS1 Lifecycle Rec ... 1:58 Life Fitness RS3 Lifecycle Rec ... 1:33 IHRSA 2016: Hammer Strength Ac ... 17 hours ago 4 20 Get a low-impact, total-body workout at home with the Life Fitness Row HX Trainer. Learn more about its features and unique design, including Fluid Technology resistance and easy upright storage, here: http://bit.ly/1NWMo4D >>>Save $199 with free shipping + install when you use code FREESHIP at checkout<<< 2 days ago 5 34 The nearly limitless training options of the SYNRGY systems will help stimulate your training program—and even boost revenue. 3 days ago The National Basketball Strength Coach Association is hosting their Continuing Education Conference in Chicago, IL May 13-14. Don't miss out on the opportunity to refine your skills as a sports professional. Register today for your chance to hear from some of the best to ever do it. 3 days ago 4 20 In honor of National Physical Fitness and Sports Month, we're sharing a few of the many ways you can get moving and stay inspired this May. #NationalFitnessMonth 3 days ago 2 27 Don't let your workload keep you from your fitness goals. The Life Fitness Treadmill Desk gives you the freedom to stay active while meeting your deadlines, connecting with your remote team, and more. Learn more: http://bit.ly/1VE6Rh9 /TheHammerStrength 1441 2:12 Hammer Strength HD Athletic at ... 1:53 Hammer Strength: How It's Made 1:11 Hammer Strength at FIBO 2015 4 days ago 6 Not only does swimming provide a full-body workout, it's actually been shown to minimize stress. 5 days ago 4 71 Track your performance results while you work, right from the #LifeFitness Treadmill Desk. 7 days ago 2 24 It pays to invest in your home gym. 27 April at 04:03 8 18 The #LifeFitness Running Club completed their first race of the season with the Race to Wrigley 5K Charity Run. Congrats to everyone who participated - you look great! 27 April at 00:25 2 10 Congrats to Anytime Fitness Balcatta for becoming an official #HamnmerStrength training center. 25 April at 23:09 6 26 Here's to starting the new week on the right foot. #MondayMotivation #LifeFitness (photo via @araujomarina) 25 April at 22:38 7 Had a great time at Washington State University with University Recreation at Palouse Throwdown this weekend. Awesome job to everyone involved! It was great to see you all putting in work with #HammerStrength. 24 April at 00:37 12 29 Is your workout playlist due for an upgrade? Life Fitness Academy Master Trainer Deborah McConnell shares her picks for the best tunes to get (and keep!) you moving. 22 April at 01:05 22 #HammerStrength setup at Evolution Gym in Switzerland. Looks great! 20 April at 01:12 2 74 Take a look inside the #HammerStrength-filled training facility at the Chicago Cubs' state-of-the-art clubhouse. 19 April at 04:19 30 Olympic gold medalist Dan O'Brien in training last week on #HammerStrength. It will always an honor to see athletes training on Hammer Strength equipment. (Photo via Ethan Banning of Triple Threat Performance) 15 April at 06:37 21 Focus on improving your athletes, #HammerStrength can help. Choose from a wide range of add-ons and strength training accessories to create programs that specifically fit their needs. With #HDAthletic and Hammer Strength accessories, you can start small—but the possibilities are endless. Learn more about your options: http://bit.ly/1Xyb8Ad 11 April at 23:58 8 122 Energy was high at #FIBO2016! The LFA trainers kept that momentum while showcasing training options featuring #HammerStrength HD Athletic. Watch now to see them in action. 09 April at 00:50 47 #HammerStrength being put to good use on day 2 at #FIBO2016 HomeFitness View Home Fitness Stand UpDesks Transform your desk, raise your productivity Need a productservice? LOG A SERVICE REQUEST May 02, 2016 Make the Most of National Physical Fitness and Sports Month April 26, 2016 Start with Success – One Important Tip For Personal Trainers View All Posts Visita showroom FIND A LOCATION CLOSE TO YOU VIEW OUR EXTENSIVE PRODUCT RANGE COMMERCIAL HOME TREADMILLS CROSS TRAINERS LIFECYCLE BIKES POWERMILL FLEXSTRIDER GROUP CYCLING BIKES ROWERS TECHNOLOGY LIFE FITNESS STRENGTH HAMMER STRENGTH BENCHES AND RACKS FREE WEIGHTS & ACCESSORIES CERTIFIED REFURBISHED PAVIGYM TREADMILLS CROSS TRAINERS LIFECYCLE BIKES GROUP CYCLING BIKES ROWERS HOME GYMS FREE WEIGHTS & ACCESSORIES CERTIFIED REFURBISHED


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Lyman Ward
Rangers host Kingwood for homecoming
Lyman Ward Military Academy is welcoming back all of their alumni for homecoming this Friday night in Camp Hill. Read more
Rangers go for first win vs. Pike Liberal
After a summer that saw an increase in numbers and some success in their fall jamboree game, Lyman Ward Military comes into the third week ... Read more
Tuscaloosa Academy thumps Lyman Ward
Tuscaloosa Academy scored early and often, including six first-quarter touchdowns, en route to a 69-21 win over Lyman Ward. Read more
LWMA ready for 2012 season start
Lyman Ward Military Academy will be the first local team to kickoff the 2012 season when they line up against Macon-East Academy this coming Friday ... Read more
Lyman Ward runs away with early win
In what was their first and only preseason game of the 2012 season, the Lyman Ward Military Academy Rangers defeated South Montgomery Christian Academy Thursday ... Read more

subset: commoncrawl


text: Transitional Government called for by UN Envoy over Syria July 1, 2012 THEUNHIVEDMIND Leave a comment Read more Category: Temporal Power Crusade Tags: al-Assad, arab league, arab spring, assad, Baath party, bashar al-assad, called for, crusade, Damascus, FREE SYRIA ARMY, germs, king. juan. carlos, muslim brotherhood, rebels, revolution, roman empire, sanctions, Supervision Mission to Syria, syria, syrian, syrian bombs, Transitional Government, ufm, UN Envoy, union for the mediterranean, UNSMIS, uprising


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Alaska USA Insurance Brokers awarded Fireman's Fund Firemark Program® Designation
Anchorage, Alaska – Alaska USA Insurance Brokers has been named to the 2014 Firemark Program for personal insurance by Fireman's Fund Insurance Company. This elite award recognizes top-performing independent insurance agencies and brokerages. Alaska USA Insurance Brokers is one of 124 finalists nationwide that earned a place in the program.
"Firemark status is the most prestigious designation our partner agents and brokers can achieve," said Kathleen Zortman, chief field executive for Fireman's Fund.
The program provides Alaska USA Insurance Brokers with special services designed to enhance support for their customers through dedicated claims representatives and exclusive education events. Alaska USA Insurance Brokers also earns the ability to direct a Fireman's Fund grant to a fire service organization of its choice. In 2013, Alaska USA Insurance Brokers directed a grant to the Anchorage Fire Department for camera equipment that provides a 360-degree view of a burning building.
Fireman's Fund is a premier property and casualty insurance company with industry leading claims and risk management solutions. Since 2004, the company has donated more than $20 million in grants to local fire service organizations across the United States as part of its commitment to safer communities.
Alaska USA Insurance Brokers is a subsidiary of Alaska USA Federal Credit Union. With a staff of nearly 110 insurance professionals, it provides commercial and personal insurance to more than 11,000 individual and business clients. Alaska USA Insurance Brokers has offices in Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau, Kenai, Soldotna, and Wasilla, Alaska, as well as in Federal Way, Gig Harbor, Tacoma, and Seattle, Washington. Learn more at alaskausainsurance.com.
AK USA press release


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- Blasi UK
Specialises in the design, planning and the manufacturing of automatic doors systems, partitioning walls and security equipment.
- Axis Automatic Entrance Systems
Axis is the sole UK distributor of Stanley automatic door equipment. We offer a full supply, installation & commissioning service for all products, which include the Dura-Glide range of sliding doors and telescoping doors, Magic Force and Magic Access swing doors as well as other specialist applications. Our service is completed with aluminium entrances, facades and curtain walling where required.
- Tormax UK Ltd
Tormax UK Ltd offers a full professional service of automatic door systems, from site survey and design through to manufacture and installation. Tormax incorporate over 50 years of experience to create solutions for every application and budget.
- Dove Steel Doors and Security Systems (UK)
Manufacturers and Suppliers of steel doors and doorsets also fabricators in mild steel aluminium and stainless steel.
- Leaderflush Shapland
Leaderflush Shapland provide a range of flush performance doors & doorsets in a number of facing options – veneer, laminate, paint, metal anti-microbial protection. We offer a combination of styles & designs including unique designs, post formed easy to clean designs as well as enhanced performance products including acoustic, fire resistant, high security, radiation shielding & blast resistant.
- AGS Automatic Doors Ltd
AGS Automatic Doors supply Sliding Doors, Swing Doors, Bi-folding doors and Entrance Systems.
- DoorTechnik
DoorTechnik design and manufacture high quality, custom built glass doors, steel doors, security doors, acoustic doors, blast doors, fire rated doors as well as glass partitions. In addition we also design and manufacture high quality, steel contemporary furniture. which includes floating shelves, decorative mirrors & stainless steel planters. We offer a full door installation service nationwide.
- PDS - Performance Doorset Solutions Ltd
PDS supply residential door and window systems together with customised solutions, professional service and advice. Our wide range of products includes internal fire doors, GRP security doorsets, PAS 24 apartment doorsets, timber security windows, timber composite doors, Eco doorsets, French doorsets, fiberglass fire doors, folding doors, PAS 23 & 24 communal entrances and insulated frame formers.
- Multisecure
Specialists in the manufacturer of entry doorsets, communal entrances and screens for social housing projects. Three distinct product ranges to suit various internal and external applications and security requirements - Blockade, Fortcullis & Yobstopper.
- Record UK Ltd
Specialise in commercial entrances and shop-fronts including automatic door systems as well as aluminium manual doors and toughened glass entrances and screens.
Where to buy disabled access doors
- Howarth Timber Windows & Doors Ltd - The Dock, New Holland, Lincolnshire, DN19 7RT, 01469 530577
- Marvin Architectural Ltd - Canal House, Catherine Wheel Rd, Brentford, Greater London, TW8 8BD, 0208 569 8222


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Birthday boy Gums leads Woodcreek to rout of Roseville West
One team celebrated more than just its latest win in the Little League District 54 9/10 all-star tournament Thursday night.
Alec Gums celebrated his 10th birthday by belting a three-run homer at Richards Field, propelling Woodcreek to an 18-1 win over Roseville West in the winners' bracket final. Each team entered unbeaten in five tournament games, but Woodcreek made its stand early and often.
"It felt great. That home run was like a great birthday present for me," Gums said. "We're competing and doing really well as a team."
Roseville West starting pitcher Justin Kim retired the first two batters, but it got rough from there. Daniel Susac's single began a four-hit, 11-run inning, all with two outs. Susac returned to the plate and belted a two-run homer, and Jake Headington and Aiden Martinez each had RBI.
Three runs scored on two passed balls and a bases-loaded walk. Four more runs scored on two errors.
Woodcreek pitching held Roseville West to one hit in four innings, Jordyn Berry's single.
Zachery Watari and Owen Cuffe pitched Woodcreek into the third inning. Susac closed in the final two innings, retiring the side twice on five strikeouts and a groundout.
Ryan Palmer scored Roseville West's run on a passed ball in the second inning. Roseville West scored at least 11 runs in each of its previous five tournament games.
"I told the boys, there's only two ways you're going to lose, by making errors and not hitting. We chose both of those," Roseville West manager Rich Fobbs said. "Not a solid hit amongst us, and we made more errors in this game than we have in the entire tournament. That's how the ball bounced for us tonight, but guess what, tomorrow is another day."
Friday is an off day for Woodcreek as it awaits the winner between Roseville West and El Dorado Hills in a do-or-die game at 7 p.m. at Richards Field. The championship game is at 7 p.m. Saturday.


text:
Kitakyushu-shi, JP
|MARUFUKUSUISAN CORP. Patent applications
|Patent application number
|REFORMED FUEL OIL, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME AND APPARATUS THEREFOR - A reformed fuel oil capable of enhancing combustion efficiency. The reforming is performed by circulating a fuel oil required times through a primary reform treatment in which the fuel oil is caused to undergo not only flow by centrifugal force but also meandering flow made while repeating flow split and confluence in a direction crossing the direction of the centrifugal force flow and a secondary reform treatment in which the fuel oil having undergone the primary reform treatment is caused to undergo not only flow by pressure feed force but also meandering flow made while repeating flow split and confluence in a direction crossing the direction of the pressure feed force flow.
|EMULSION FUEL AND PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THE SAME - An emulsion fuel is provided which is usable as a fuel for combusting an internal combustion engine under an appropriate combustion condition. A slight amount of air is added to, and is mixed with, a liquid mixture between a fuel oil as a continuous phase and water as a dispersed phase. In this manner, since air bubbles reduced in buoyancy is hydrophobic, the air bubbles do not adhere the surfaces of water droplets, and are dispersed in the fuel oil, increasing a gas-liquid interfacial area (combustion surface area) and exerting surface activity (similar to the function of a surfactant) due to electrostatic polarization. This makes it possible to prevent the coalescence of fine water droplets and stabilize the water droplets in the emulsion fuel. As a result, in the emulsion fuel, dispersion of water droplet diameters is homogenized, and even if the emulsion fuel is combusted by means of combustion equipment, for example, good combustion efficiency can be ensured, and further, a disadvantage that soot or black smoke is generated can be eliminated.


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More New and Used
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Student Solutions Manual for Chemistry
ISBN13:by Chang, Raymond; Goldsby, Kenneth
McGraw-Hill Education
Questions About This Book?
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Renting is easy, fast, and cheap! Renting from eCampus.com can save you hundreds of dollars compared to the cost of new or used books each semester. At the end of the semester, simply ship the book back to us with a free UPS shipping label! No need to worry about selling it back.
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This is the 11th edition with a publication date of 1/19/2012.
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Related Products
The Student Solutions Manualis written by Brandon J.Cruickshank (Northern Arizona University), RaymondChang, and Ken Goldsby. This supplement contains detailedsolutions and explanations for even-numberedproblems in the main text. The manual also includes adetailed discussion of different types of problems and approachesto solving chemical problems and tutorial solutionsfor many of the end-of-chapter problems in the text,along with strategies for solving them. Note that solutionsto the problems listed under Interpreting, Modeling &Estimating are not provided in the manual.


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I have been told by my supervisor and others, that the best way to advance in State Government (currently work in government) is to get a Master's Degree (preferably an MBA or MPA). I looked into a couple MPA programs in Louisiana, and they offer a JD dual enrollment. I have thought about poss...View Topic - Replies (15)
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In my opinion, the state should move the Lt. Governor's elected post to the Division of Administration (where the current appointed Commissioner of Administration sits), and move the Commissioner's spot to CRT (where the Lt. Governor currently sits). This would allow voters to not look at the ele...
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Car wouldn't start (no cranking at all) last night, so this morning before work, I jumped my battery off. Car started fine, but as I was driving, when I would slow down, the lights would dim, and eventually, at a stop sign, my car died again. I figured that my alternator would charge my battery at...View Topic - Replies (4)
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Has anyone ever taken this? If so, was it helpful to your resume? Reason I pose this question is that professors at the SELU College of Business are pushing this test hard, saying that a good score will make prospective employers pursue even harder....View Topic - Replies (0)
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A friend of mine has requested a picture of a football player in live action be farked onto a Madden '14 cover. The picture is of a friend of his. Unfortunately, I neither have the means nor the skills to do a good job for this request, so I figured I would put this request out here for the master...
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My son is in Boy Scouts, and of course they go camping at least once a month, and usually take a hike while camping. He is the only scout without a hiking pack, because in Cub Scouts, there wasn't much hiking being done. I wouldn't say I am looking for bottom-of-the-line, but I can't throw down ...
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Real Estate and Land Use
Download Contact (.vcf)
San Francisco Direct: 415.291.7439 General: 415.291.7400 Fax: 415.291.7474
University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law, J.D., 1977.Editor-in-Chief, California Law Review.
Washington University, St. Louis, MO, B.A. and M.B.A., 1972.
Marv Pearlstein represents some of the most successful and active real estate development companies and investment firms in their acquisition, development, construction, financing, management and disposition of real property. He has substantial experience in representing these clients in every major real estate product area, including multifamily, office, commercial, industrial and hospitality.
Mr. Pearlstein's work with real estate developers and investors includes entity formation strategy and the negotiation of joint venture arrangements on behalf of both development and capital partners.
Mr. Pearlstein is well grounded in real estate finance, as he spent considerable time earlier in his career representing major financial institutions in their real estate equity investments and a wide range of sophisticated financing and leasing arrangements, including playing a lead role on numerous large portfolio transactions involving the acquisition or disposition of asset pools. He has also worked extensively with lenders on their restructuring, workout and enforcement activities.
Prior to starting in private practice, Mr. Pearlstein served as a judicial clerk for one year on the staff of California Supreme Court Justice Stanley Mosk.
Represents a premier national real estate private equity fund in its acquisition of operating multifamily apartment properties and development sites, as well as performing and nonperforming real estate-secured loans throughout California and other Western states.
Represents a $5 billion private equity fund in its investments in large master-planned communities in the Western United States. Work for this client spans many activities, including property acquisition and development, joint venture arrangements with developer partners, securing land use entitlements, financing, environmental compliance, mitigating impact fees and dispositions. In a typical year the fund will invest several hundred million dollars in the acquisition of land and the development of properties in its portfolio.
Represented a leading real estate finance company in the workout of troubled assets in its loan and REO portfolios, including the disposition of numerous properties and the sale of loans secured by real estate assets in the Western United States. This work required a multidisciplinary approach, involving real estate, land use, bankruptcy and workout experience.
On behalf of a major developer, closed on a long-term escrow for the acquisition of a large residential development site in Northern California, the first in a planned portfolio of apartment assets for this East Coast-based client. The site involved a number of difficult issues, including the resolution of proposed school fees and other project impositions, the relocation of cell towers under long-term leases on-site, modification of existing reciprocal easement arrangements and investigation of an environmental event occurring on the eve of closing.
Represents one of the largest investors, developers and operators of apartment communities in the United States in the acquisition of sites for multifamily developments throughout California. Each deal has required the resolution of significant issues—CC&R's prohibiting the proposed redevelopment, assemblage of parcels from multiple owners, long-term tenancies of current occupants, and averting proposed development fee increases.
Represents a private shopping center developer and investor on special issues confronting centers it owns in California, including navigating the resolution of disputes concerning the ground lease of a portion of the land used for one of its centers, and on the financing and disposition of its centers.
Represents a university in complex arrangements involved with the sale of several hundred acres of excess land owned by the educational institution. The development of the land slated for sale had been challenged by a ballot initiative that was successfully defeated. The successful closing on a sale requires the resolution of key issues involving land use matters, upgrading the college's private water treatment plant and creating trail and open space easements, reciprocal access easements and restrictive covenants.
Author, "Real Estate Deals Could Be Shaky Ground For Nonprofits," Law360, February 12, 2016.
Co-author, "The Importance of Earnest Investigation of Industrial Properties," Area Development, July 6, 2015.
Quoted, "Dealing With Dirty Dirt," The Registry, March 11, 2015.
Quoted, "Going for the Gold," Multi-Housing News, May 2014.
Author, "When Nonprofits Run Aground," GlobeSt.com, November 21, 2013.
Admitted to practice in California.
National Multifamily Product Council Member, Urban Land Institute.
San Francisco Residential Product Council Member, Urban Land Institute.
Member, Board of Directors, Congregation Beth El in Berkeley, California.
Past President, Bentley School Board of Trustees.
© 2016 Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP. All rights reserved.


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"Padstow, Cornwall's Foodie Mecca" Padstow by lucyt
Padstow Travel Guide: 32 reviews and 69 photos
Once upon a time there was a sleepy little coastal village. On a dark and stormy night there came a warlock with a bubbling cauldron and a passion for good fish. The gentle folk of Padstow stood amazed at the culinary spells the warlock accomplished with naught but a frying pan, pepper grinder and clove of (organic) garlic. Slowly they let the warlock and his fancy city ways into their lives to wake one morning to find their sleepy harbour was over run by braying hooray-henries and the kind of car they couldn't afford to fuel up let alone drive.
So was born Steinville on Sea: a great place to eat and buy ingredients: a fine place to see and be seen. I don't think I'd like to live there, thank you very much, although I'd love to be able to afford to.
Before you take me for a total Luddite let me assure you that I think that a lot of what has happened to Padstow is great - I just question if it really needs quite so many trendy surf shops frequented by middle aged people with wobbly white thighs who have only every seen a big wave from the comfort of their BMW.
For something that feels a little more authentically Cornish try Fowey or Kingsand or Cawsand on the Rame Peninsula. Although it'd be a good idea to eat at Padstow first. It really does house some of the best restaurants you are likely to find in the area.
And Padstow genuinely does owe a lot to Rick Stein: a saviour to some and Satan to others. (possibly depending on whether or not they owned a house BEFORE he put the place on the map...)
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Like pretty much everyone that goes to Padstow we had intended to get a take away from Rick Stein's place but such were... more travel advice
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ClassicsOnline Home » MOZART, W.A.: Serenade No. 10, "Gran Partita" / DVORAK, A.: Serenade in D Minor, Op. 44 (Swedish Serenade Ensemble)
ClassicsOnline customers will not be able to use their log in to access the new HD site. Please create a new ClassicsOnline HD•LL account to download albums, subscribe to streaming, create playlists and more!


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Skip to navigation, content
Saundra Davis is Teradata's chief human resource officer, responsible for the company's talent strategies and programs. In this role she leads a global team of human resource professionals responsible for recruiting, compensation, benefits, equity programs, engagement and retention, and employee relations. She is also a member of the Teradata leadership team reporting to Mike Koehler, chief executive officer of Teradata.
Davis began her professional career with NCR as a financial specialist in the corporate controller's organization. She transitioned to the human resources organization in 1988 and has experience in the areas of compensation, workforce planning, staffing, mergers and acquisitions, outsourcing and global offshoring. During her tenure with NCR, Davis held human resources leadership roles in several divisions including the Americas customer services division, the Systemedia division, and corporate infrastructure.
Davis became the human resources vice president for the Teradata business unit in December 2003 and played an integral part in the human capital transition and the development of the going-forward Teradata global human resources model when Teradata separated from NCR in 2007.
Davis earned a bachelor's degree in business administration with an accounting focus from Wittenberg University and also holds a master of science in administration from Central Michigan University.


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Social change and the individual:
changing patterns of community and
the challenge for schooling
The pressures of the globalizing economy and its infrastructures significantly altered political, social and cultural patterns of advanced capitalist countries in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Yet this does not mean that everything has changed: older as well as emergent ways of organizing social life now exist side by side, interacting and interrupting one another (Luke 1996), offering a wide range of resources for individual and community identity formation. The schooling sector provides an excellent example of these contradictory and ambiguous tendencies at work. On several continents, school systems are required to provide more and more standardized accountability information, along lines familiar since the introduction of mass schooling. Simultaneously they are required, under devolutionary state policies, to take up more local responsibility. In this way, schools are part of a globalizing shift which pairs homogenization and local differentiation tendencies (Appadurai 1990). They are under increased pressure to change, while at the same time they are expected to provide a stable and relatively enduring institution around which identity and community can be formed.
Yet alongside, and perhaps because of, the glut of interventionist policies in the field of education (for example, the 'standards' and 'charter schools' movements in the USA), strident accusations are made by governments and communities and through the media that schools are too slow to change. Within the confines of increased surveillance and control mechanisms, the capacity to alter state schooling at the local level is severely circumscribed, more so than it has been in the past half century, we suggest. At the same time, many people in and around schools are continuing their longstanding and active concern with changing these institutions to become more socially just, future-oriented and responsive to the articulated needs of their communities. They are pushing


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Both authors contributed equally to this work.
Behavioural adjustments of a large carnivore to access secondary prey in a human-dominated landscape
Article first published online: 17 JAN 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02099.x
© 2012 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2012 British Ecological Society
Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume 49, Issue 1, pages 73–81, February 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Valeix, M., Hemson, G., Loveridge, A. J., Mills, G. and Macdonald, D. W. (2012), Behavioural adjustments of a large carnivore to access secondary prey in a human-dominated landscape. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49: 73–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02099.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 17 JAN 2012
- Article first published online: 17 JAN 2012
- Received 5 August 2011; accepted 22 November 2011 Handling Editor: Johan du Toit
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- ecology of fear;
- human–wildlife conflict;
- lion;
- livestock;
- migration;
- stock-raiding;
- wildebeest;
- zebra
1. Conflict between people and large carnivores is an urgent conservation issue world-wide. Understanding the underlying ecological drivers of livestock depredation by large carnivores is greatly needed.
2. We studied the spatial, foraging and behavioural ecology of African lions Panthera leo in the Botswana Makgadikgadi ecosystem. This ecosystem comprises a protected area, characterized by high seasonal fluctuation in wild prey abundance, and adjacent lands, which are used for livestock grazing and characterized by stable livestock abundance, but also a risk of anthropogenic mortality.
3. Makgadikgadi lions preferentially preyed upon migratory wild herbivores when they were present; however, data from GPS (Global Positioning System) radiocollared lions revealed that the majority of the study lions did not follow the migratory herds but remained resident at one or other border of the park and switched to livestock (abundant and readily available), and to a lesser extent resident wild herbivores (relatively scarce), in periods of migratory wild herbivore scarcity.
4. Resident lions' use of space differed between periods of wild prey abundance and scarcity. These changes were likely to increase the frequency of encounter with their primary prey in periods of primary prey abundance and with livestock in periods of primary prey scarcity.
5. The risk of conflict with humans was a major driver of lion ecology in the human-dominated landscape surrounding the protected area. Resident lions generally avoided the close vicinity of cattle-posts. When they used such areas, they avoided temporal overlap with periods that humans were most active and travelled at high speed reducing the time spent in these areas.
6. Synthesis and applications. This study suggests that lions balance the benefits of accessing livestock with the costs associated with livestock raiding. Hence, reduction in livestock availability through effective livestock husbandry in periods of wild prey scarcity should lead to reduced conflict.
Conflict between people and large carnivores is an urgent conservation issue world-wide (Inskip & Zimmermann 2009). Human–carnivore conflicts typically occur when wild carnivores prey on livestock, and the people affected respond by killing or harming carnivores. These conflicts appear to be increasing in frequency in many areas (Treves & Karanth 2003), because of human population growth, presenting a significant threat to many carnivore species, including threatened ones (Macdonald, Loveridge & Rabinowitz 2010), and to local peoples' livelihoods (Thirgood, Woodroffe & Rabinowitz 2005). Research that advances the understanding of predator–livestock interactions is important to conflict mitigation and carnivore conservation, yet most ecological research on carnivores has been conducted in areas without livestock (Graham, Beckerman & Thirgood 2005). Hence, the spatial and foraging ecology of predators has rarely been studied in the light of the relative abundance of wild prey and livestock.
Prey abundance and distribution are key drivers of carnivore ecology (see Macdonald & Carr 1989; Loveridge et al. 2009 for home range configuration). Habitat selection by carnivores is largely driven by prey abundance (Palomares et al. 2001) and its vulnerability to predation (Hopcraft, Sinclair & Packer 2005). It has been suggested that prey density influences carnivore search mode and movements (Valeix et al. 2010). While the role of prey in the spatial and behavioural ecology of carnivores is increasingly well understood in natural systems, little is known of the influence of the risk of conflict with humans on carnivore ecology. However, it is likely that carnivores moving in human-dominated landscapes adjust their behaviour not only to their prey but also to the risk of conflict with people.
Ecosystems where populations of large herbivores migrate seasonally provide unique opportunities to investigate how large carnivores adjust to seasonal variations in wild prey abundance. Few places in the world allow such studies and even fewer where the proximity of livestock provides the opportunity to investigate the stock-raiding behaviour of carnivores in periods of wild prey scarcity. In this paper, we study the spatial, foraging and behavioural ecology of African lions Panthera leo in one of the last natural migratory systems, the Makgadikgadi Pans National Park in Botswana, where migratory movements of Burchell's zebra Equus quagga and blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus create contrasted periods of local wild prey abundance in different parts of the park on a seasonal basis (Loveridge et al. 2010). In addition to energetic costs, following migratory prey can induce large costs for territorial animals such as lions where the cost of losing an established territory and the consequent loss of reproductive potential and risk of infanticide may be higher than the cost of shifting to other less preferred prey (Packer, Scheel & Pusey 1990; Heinsohn 1997; Mosser & Packer 2009). The protected area is surrounded by lands used for livestock grazing characterized by a stable abundance of livestock year-round. Hence, livestock are likely to represent important secondary prey in this ecosystem. There are many concerns about livestock depredation by lions in these adjacent lands, and the number of lions lost to human–carnivore conflicts is significant (Hemson et al. 2009).
This study focused mainly on the ecology of lions that remained resident throughout the year close to the boundary of the park ('resident lions' hereafter) and not on lions that followed migratory movements of wild prey. We first assessed prey preference of resident lions in the periods of wild prey abundance and wild prey scarcity. We then investigated whether they shift their space use from areas inside the park in the periods of wild prey abundance to areas outside the park and closer to cattle-posts (human settlements with livestock herding practice) in the periods of wild prey scarcity as a result of a shift in diet. We also assessed whether resident lions have larger home ranges when wild prey are scarce because of the lower prey encounter rate. Finally, we expected lions to show seasonal differences in their movements inside the national park, with higher speed and longer distances covered in the periods of wild prey scarcity to compensate for the low encounter rate, but no seasonal difference when outside the park because of the stable abundance of livestock throughout the year.
The study system also provides a good opportunity to assess whether lions perceive a risk of conflict with people and associated anthropogenic mortality and adjust their behaviour accordingly when they move into increasingly human-dominated landscapes. The 'ecology of fear' theory (Brown, Laundré & Gurung 1999) and the 'landscape of fear' concept (Laundré, Hernández & Altendorf 2001) have been used extensively in the literature to explain the aspects of prey behavioural ecology, but have not previously been applied to carnivore behavioural ecology. Because of the risk of retaliatory killing by humans, areas in the close vicinity of a cattle-post are dangerous for lions. We predicted that (i) lions should avoid areas in the close vicinity of cattle-posts, reducing spatial overlap with people, (ii) lions should become more nocturnal in these areas, reducing temporal overlap with human activity, and (iii) lions should move at high speed in these areas, reducing the time spent in these high-risk areas.
Materials and methods
Study site
The study area comprised the 4900-km² Makgadikgadi Pans National Park, which lies between latitude 20° and 21° and longitude 20° and 26° in Central Botswana, and adjacent lands used for livestock grazing (c. 3000 km²). The park is surrounded on c. 75% of its boundary by wildlife management areas predominantly used for livestock-rearing by local people (four villages and over 150 cattle-posts). The park is bordered to the north by the Nxai Pan National Park, to the west by the seasonally dry Boteti River, with a few perennial waterholes, and to the south-east by Ntwetwe salt pan. The salt pan is inhospitable for most animals. The vegetation consists of grasslands associated with seasonal pans, grasslands on well-drained saline sands and tree savanna dominated by Acacia spp., Lonchocarpus spp., Boschia spp. and Terminalia spp. Riverine vegetation occurs along the Boteti River. Over 80% of rainfall (250–450 mm per annum) falls between October and April, but interannual spatial and temporal variation is considerable (Thomas & Shaw 1991). In this study, we defined the 3-month period June–July–August as the core of the dry season (dry season hereafter) and the 3-month period December–January–February as the core of the wet season (wet season hereafter). At the time of the study (2001–2003), lion density was estimated around 0·5–0·7 lions per 100 km² in the study area (Hemson 2003).
Prey information
The area supports migratory populations of zebra and wildebeest. These two species move en masse (estimated number of animals c. 19 000) from west to east in the wet season, returning to the west in the dry season as the availability of drinkable surface water and fresh grazing declines in the east (Loveridge et al. 2010). We defined the periods during which migratory herbivores were present as 'migratory prey periods' (equivalent to the dry season in the west and the wet season in the east) and the periods during which migratory herbivores were absent as 'resident prey periods' (equivalent to the wet season in the west and to the dry season in the east). Conversely, livestock (cow, donkey, goat and horse) abundance is high and stable throughout the year (c. 11 500 animals in the west and c. 17 800 in the east; Loveridge et al. 2010). There are some resident populations of wild prey (greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, gemsbok Oryx gazella and hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus) but present at lower abundance (between 3500 and 4800 resident wild animals in the west and between 1400 and 2400 in the east). Livestock in the study area are usually released from protective enclosures in the morning and left to graze unattended during the day. Cattle herders do not fetch in stock at night but wait for it to return to the cattle-post for water; as a consequence, livestock movements are fairly predictable and 13% of livestock are left out at night (Hemson et al. 2009). Ninety-five per cent of cattle locations recorded with GPS collars are within 6 km of cattle-posts in which they overnight (Hemson 2003). This radius represents the area where lions are likely to encounter livestock.
Lion data
Lions were monitored with GPS collars in the study area between 2001 and 2003. Nine lions (three males and six females) were fitted with GPS radiocollars (Televilt Simplex 2-D). These nine individuals belong to nine different groups. For each animal, one location was available hourly from 18·00 to 06·00 and then at 09·00 and 16·00. A previous study showed that migratory wild herbivores represent 78% of resident lion kills in the migratory prey periods, whereas when they are absent, livestock represent 85% of lion kills (Loveridge et al. 2010). We used these published data to estimate the prey preference using the Jacobs' index (Jacobs 1974). Jacobs' index, D = (r−p)/(r + p−2rp), standardizes the relationship between the relative proportion that each prey category makes up of lion kills r and prey relative abundance p. The standardized values range from +1 to −1, where +1 indicates maximum preference and −1 maximum avoidance. Because most of the prey species in the study area are large species of similar body size, we assumed that all prey were equally detectable in the lion's diet and we did not correct the index for the size of the prey.
Home range analyses
Lion home ranges were calculated using the local convex hull (LoCoH) nonparametric kernel method (Getz & Wilmers 2004; Getz et al. 2007) with heuristic value k = √n (n is the number of points in the set). For each individual, we calculated the animal's global home range based on all locations available (used for the habitat selection analyses) and monthly home ranges. Only monthly home ranges for which c. 400 locations were available (a minimum of 13 locations every day) were estimated. Home range analyses were undertaken using the extension LoCoH v.2.1. for ArcView (version 3.2; Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., Redlands, CA, USA). We first calculated the proportion of each monthly home range in the west area of the ecosystem to evaluate the proportion of study lions that shifted their home range to follow the migration. We then calculated the size of each monthly home range and performed linear mixed model analyses with lion identity included as a random factor and period of prey abundance as a fixed factor to test the hypothesis that monthly home ranges were larger during resident prey periods. Linear mixed models were performed with sas software (version 8.2), using MIXED procedure and restricted maximum-likelihood estimation method.
Habitat selection analyses
We performed compositional analyses (Aebischer, Robertson & Kenward 1993), a method that uses individuals as sampling units, using the package 'adehabitat' for R software (Calenge 2006) to test the hypothesis that resident lions preferentially used areas located inside the national park in the migratory prey periods, whereas they preferentially used areas close to cattle-posts in the resident prey periods. Distance to cattle-posts was categorized into seven classes: 0–1, 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–5, 5–6 km and >6 km (this last class corresponds to areas from which cattle were largely absent). For each animal and for each period of prey abundance, we calculated the proportion of locations within each distance-to-cattle-post class (representative of site use) and the proportion of each distance-to-cattle-post class in the animal's global home range (representative of site availability). Site preferences were represented by the Jacobs' index. Here, r represents the relative proportion that each habitat type makes up an animal locations and p habitat relative abundance (i.e. the proportion that each habitat type makes up the animal home range). A Jacobs' index value was calculated for each individual and each period of prey abundance, and we then calculated a mean Jacobs' index for each of the distance-to-cattle-post class.
Lion behavioural adjustments close to cattle-posts
We first assessed whether lions avoided the use of areas close to cattle-posts during the day, i.e. when humans are known to be active, by testing for each class of distance to a cattle-post whether the locations were distributed in equal proportions amongst the different hours of the day or whether there was a temporal segregation of lion and human activity. We then investigated whether lions moved faster when close to human settlements, i.e. cattle-posts. We used Hawth's tools for ESRI ArcMap 9.2 (Beyer 2007) to extract travel speed for each hour of the night. We performed a covariance analysis on these speeds with lion identity and night identity as random effects. As temporal serial autocorrelation may affect the data from the same night, we checked whether autocorrelation was present and accounted for it using a first-order autoregressive covariance structure. For locations inside the park and further than 6 km from a cattle-post, we tested the effect of period only, whereas for locations within 6 km of a cattle-post, we tested the effect of period, distance to cattle-post and the interaction between these two variables.
Home ranges
Only two females of the nine collared individuals appeared to shift their home range to follow the migratory movements of wild prey (see example Fig. 1a). The other seven individuals were residents, either in the west area (four individuals; see example Fig. 1b) or in the east area (three individuals; see example Fig. 1b). As expected, the size of monthly home ranges did not differ between periods for lions that followed the herbivore migration (F1,14 = 0·04; P = 0·84). Their mean monthly home range size was 256 km² (SE = 35 km²; range = 93–625 km²). The size of monthly home ranges was not influenced by the period of prey abundance for resident lions neither (F1,51 = 0·28; P = 0·60). Resident male monthly home ranges were significantly larger than those of resident females (F1,52 = 100·19; P < 0·0001). Mean monthly home range size was 531 km² (SE = 41 km²; range = 152–1006 km²) and 88 km² (SE = 16 km²; range = 6–448 km²) for resident males and females, respectively. Resident females had smaller monthly home ranges than did females that followed the migration (F1,45 = 8·56; P = 0·0054). Hereafter, we focused on the study of how resident lions adjusted their ecology to seasonal variations in wild prey abundance.
Foraging behaviour
Migratory wild prey (zebra and wildebeest) were largely preferred when they were present (Fig. 2). No significant preference could be detected between resident prey in the resident prey periods, even though livestock tended to be selected slightly more than resident wild prey (Fig. 2). Data from the kill sites studied in Loveridge et al. (2010) revealed that on average, lions killed livestock at 4·5 km from a cattle-post (SE = 1·0 km). Lions killed migratory wild prey significantly further from cattle-posts in migratory prey periods (estimate ± SE = 14·4 ± 2·3 km) than in resident prey periods (estimate ± SE = 6·8 ± 1·9 km) (F1,51 = 10·97; P = 0·0017).
Habitat selection
Lions of both sexes showed significant spatial selection patterns in both regimes of wild prey abundance (femalemigratory prey period: λ = 0·339; P = 0·038; femaleresident prey period: λ = 0·225; P = 0·002; malemigratory prey period: λ = 0·012; P = 0·002; maleresident prey period: λ = 0·045; P = 0·004), but spatial selection patterns differed between periods. In migratory prey periods, lions of both sexes avoided areas located within 3 km of a cattle-post (Table 1a and c; Fig. 3). Whereas females used all other areas in proportion to their availability (Fig. 3a), males preferentially used areas located 4–6 km from a cattle-post and avoided the use of areas further away (Fig. 3b). In resident prey periods, lions of both sexes significantly avoided areas further than 6 km from a cattle-post (Table 1b and d; Fig. 3). Even in these periods, areas within 1 km of a cattle-post were avoided (Table 1b and d; Fig. 3).
|0–1 km
|1–2 km
|2–3 km
|3–4 km
|4–5 km
|5–6 km
|>6 km
|(a) Resident females in the migratory prey periods
|0–1 km
|1–2 km
|2–3 km
|3–4 km
|4–5 km
|5–6 km
|>6 km
|(b) Resident females in the resident prey periods
|0–1 km
|1–2 km
|2–3 km
|3–4 km
|4–5 km
|5–6 km
|>6 km
|(c) Resident males in the migratory prey periods
|0–1 km
|1–2 km
|2–3 km
|3–4 km
|4–5 km
|5–6 km
|>6 km
|(d) Resident males in the resident prey periods
|0–1 km
|1–2 km
|2–3 km
|3–4 km
|4–5 km
|5–6 km
|>6 km
Lion behavioural adjustments close to cattle-posts
Lion locations were not distributed equally amongst the different hours in the 0- to 1-km class of distance to a cattle-post (femalemigratory prey period: χ² = 71·8; d.f. = 14; P < 0·0001; femaleresident prey period:χ² = 180·9; d.f. = 14; P < 0·0001; malemigratory prey period: χ² = 41·6; d.f. = 14; P = 0·0001; maleresident prey period:χ² = 130·3; d.f. = 14; P < 0·0001), in the 1- to 2-km class (femalemigratory prey period: χ² = 67·0; d.f. = 14; P < 0·0001; femaleresident prey period:χ² = 93·4; d.f. = 14; P < 0·0001; malemigratory prey period: χ² = 61·9; d.f. = 14; P < 0·0001; maleresident prey period:χ² = 90·2; d.f. = 14; P < 0·0001) and in the 2- to 3-km class for males in the migratory prey period only (χ² = 48·1; d.f. = 14; P < 0·0001). There was a clear avoidance of use of areas close to cattle-posts between 06·00 h and 20·00 h (Fig. 4), coinciding with the period of human activity. This temporal avoidance did not exist in other classes of distance to cattle-posts where locations were distributed in equal proportion amongst the different hours (P ≥ 0·05; not shown).
The relationships between average speed of lions and distance to a cattle-post for resident females and males (Fig. 5a,d) revealed a clear break-point at a distance of c. 6 km from a cattle-post. The points further than 6 km generally corresponded to locations in the national park (Fig. 5b,e). Within 6 km of a cattle-post, females moved significantly faster as they approached a cattle-post (slope estimate ± SE = −0·09 ± 0·01; Fig. 5a; see Table 2 for statistics). Within 6 km of a cattle-post, the relationship between speed and distance from a cattle-post was also negative for males but not significant (Fig. 5d). As expected, there was no seasonal effect on both female and male speed 0–6 km from a cattle-post, whereas there was a seasonal effect for both sexes inside the national park (Fig. 5c,f; Table 2). Both sexes moved faster during the resident prey periods (estimate mean speed ± SE = 499 ± 62 m h−1 for females and 1349 ± 51 m h−1 for males) than during the migratory prey periods (estimate mean speed ± SE = 436 ± 26 m h−1 for females and 1209 ± 138 m h−1 for males) (Fig. 5c,f).
|Female ≤ 6 km from a cattle-post
|Distance from a cattle-post
|Period × distance from a cattle-post
|Female inside national park
|Male ≤ 6 km from a cattle-post
|Distance from a cattle-post
|Period × distance from a cattle-post
|Male inside national park
This study shows that in a system characterized by wide seasonal fluctuation in wild prey abundance, some lions adopted a resident strategy and periodically raided livestock when wild prey were scarce. Livestock are relatively easy to capture and are predictably distributed in space and time. Resident lions mainly killed stray livestock and showed behavioural adjustments likely to reduce the probability of encounters with humans and hence of anthropogenic mortality. This study suggests that lions balanced the benefits of accessing livestock with the costs associated with livestock raiding.
Livestock: important secondary prey in the resident prey periods
Makgadikgadi lions had a noticeable preference for migratory herbivores when these were available; however, the majority of the collared lions did not follow the migratory herds. This supports other research on lion territoriality in systems with migratory prey (Mosser & Packer 2009). In the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, lions preferentially prey upon migratory species when migratory prey are present, with only a small nomadic segment of the population following the migratory herds (Schaller 1972; Hanby, Bygott & Packer 1995). Most lions are resident and territorial (Mosser & Packer 2009) and rely on resident prey in the absence of migratory prey (Scheel & Packer 1995). These findings confirm that the costs associated with following migratory prey (both energetic costs and the significant costs of losing an established territory, and associated reproductive loss and risk of infanticide) are likely to be higher than the cost of shifting to other less preferred prey.
In our study, a stable but low abundance of wild resident prey species and a predictably high abundance of livestock allowed most lions to remain resident during the resident prey periods. Prey preference data suggested that lions killed resident wild prey and livestock in proportion to their availability when migratory prey were absent, with a slight preference for livestock (see also Meriggi & Lovari 1996 for wolves). Livestock represent a large proportion of lion diet in the resident prey periods (85%) because of their high abundance. Changes in use of space by resident lions are associated with this change in diet. These changes are likely to increase the frequency of encounter with primary prey in periods of primary prey abundance (avoidance of areas within 3 km of cattle-posts) and with secondary prey in periods of primary prey scarcity (avoidance of areas further than 6 km of cattle-posts). While it is risky to raid, livestock are predictably distributed around permanent loci (cattle-posts) and in abundance throughout the year. Resident lions are likely to benefit from the predictable distribution of these secondary prey by using smaller, permanent home ranges. Resident females had stable monthly home ranges three times smaller than those of females that followed the migration of wild herbivores.
Overall, these findings suggest that the balance of the cost–benefit trade-off of raiding livestock changes with the availability of wild prey. They support the hypothesis that availability of wild prey affects the potential for conflict and depredation rates tend to be higher in areas where, or at a time of year when, wild prey are less abundant (Sillero-Zubiri & Laurenson 2001; but see Stahl et al. 2002 for opposite findings).
A landscape of fear for lions
In the areas adjacent to the Makgadikgadi Pans National Park, pastoralists openly expressed a willingness to kill lions in retaliation for livestock predation (Hemson et al. 2009) and at least eight adult lions were killed by herders during the study. Our results revealed a range of behavioural adjustments made by resident lions likely to reduce the risk of encountering people and hence of anthropogenic mortality. Lions, and females in particular, avoided the close vicinity of cattle-posts (<1 km) in the resident prey periods in spite of their dietary shift towards livestock. On average, they ambushed livestock 4–5 km from a cattle-post, i.e. in areas where livestock were left unattended during the day and sometimes at night. Avoidance of risky environments has already been reported for predator–prey relationships (Ripple & Beschta 2004; Creel et al. 2005; Valeix et al. 2009a), as well as at the intraguild level (Voigt & Earle 1983). When lions used areas close to cattle-posts, they avoided temporal overlap with periods humans were most active and travelled at high speed, hence reducing the time spent in these areas. Temporal adjustments to avoid dangerous periods have already been documented for prey avoiding periods coinciding with predator hunting (Roth & Lima 2007; Valeix et al. 2009b), as well as at the intraguild level to avoid potential aggressions (Harrington et al. 2009). The results uphold our predictions and add support to the 'landscape of fear' hypothesis as it applies to the Makgadikgadi lions. The 'ecology of fear' has been developed for predator–prey relationships and to a lesser extent applied at the carnivore intraguild level, and our study supports that it can be applied to carnivores moving in human-dominated landscapes (see also Theuerkauf et al. 2003 for wolves; Berger 2007 for the use of human infrastructure as a shield against carnivores by prey).
The relationship between average travel speed and distance to cattle-posts, particularly for females, strongly suggests that whereas prey abundance is likely to be the main driver of lion ecology inside the protected area, the risk of conflict with humans is a major driver in the human-dominated landscape surrounding the protected area. Alternative hypotheses to explain the avoidance of the immediate vicinity of cattle-posts by lions and the high speed of lions when they use such areas could be advanced (e.g. very low abundance of wild prey in these areas and change in vegetation structure). However, our knowledge of the area does not provide much weight to these alternative hypotheses, and the wide range of behavioural adjustments made by lions in the vicinity of cattle-posts uphold the hypothesis of the ecology of fear. We believe that our study brings new insight by suggesting that the costs of conflicts with humans for carnivores, which have been traditionally measured by and reported as the direct impact of retaliatory killing or harming of carnivores by humans, may also include some indirect costs associated with the behavioural adjustments made by carnivores to minimize encounters with humans. Overall, our results call for further investigation into the ecology of fear as applied to carnivores.
To raid or not to raid, implications for the mitigation of human–carnivore conflicts
Our study lends support to the idea that wild prey availability and reduction in livestock availability through effective livestock husbandry are important variables in controlling livestock predation (Woodroffe, Thirgood & Rabinowitz 2005). In this study, the majority of livestock killed by lions were stray livestock killed on average 4–5 km from a cattle-post. This pattern contrasts with that observed elsewhere, where lions enter livestock enclosures to kill livestock (Ogada et al. 2003). It suggests that effective use of protective enclosures may play an important role in reducing livestock vulnerability in the Makgadikgadi ecosystem. The availability of unattended livestock away from cattle-posts was a major driver of livestock predation in the study area. Reducing the abundance of livestock left unattended at night would significantly reduce livestock predation in the Makgadikgadi and similar areas. In the study area, livestock depredation is highly seasonal with a peak of depredation occurring in the wet season in the west of the system and in the dry season in the east. It appears that improved herding and husbandry practices could be targeted towards the critical seasons where livestock losses are greatest.
Improved livestock husbandry (particularly more consistent use of protective enclosures and improved supervision of grazing stock) would act to limit the current levels of livestock depredation by lions. Such measures could be implemented in periods when livestock are most vulnerable only. However, it is not clear that such interventions are in fact realistic or likely to be implemented in the current socio-economic landscape. Hemson et al. (2009) show that local people, particularly cattle owners, are generally hostile towards lions and benefit little from local tourism, community-based conservation or living in the proximity to the park. Responsibility for livestock depredation is perceived to be held by the government. While state-funded compensation for livestock losses is available in Botswana, this does not cover the costs of replacement and is often difficult and time-consuming for livestock owners to access. Improving husbandry practices to minimize livestock predation is a first crucial step, but putting in place an adequate incentive structure (including benefit sharing, financial incentives and adequate compensation; Dickman, Macdonald & Macdonald 2011) that promotes the tolerance of lions and other wildlife might provide the most benefit to carnivore conservation.
This study was completed with the generous assistance and permission of the Botswana government and the support of the Rufford Foundation, the Peoples Trust for Endangered Species, the Wildlife Café, D. Atkinson, Born Free, the Okavango Wildlife Society, K. Taylor and Watkins Incorporated. M.G.L.M. was supported by the Tony and Lisette Lewis Foundation. The manuscript has benefited enormously from comments and feedback from J. Kamler, P. Johnson, L. Frank, H. Fritz, S. Chamaillé-Jammes, G. Hopcraft and one anonymous reviewer. The data collection was undertaken with considerable assistance from S. Maclennan, T. Mathemba, G. Bino, I. Moremi, S. Wetten, K. Molepo and V. Cole. Special thanks to the staff of Uncharted Africa and Leroo la Tau. Analyses and preparation of this paper were supported by a grant from Tom and Daphne Kaplan.
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- 2005) People and Wildlife, Conflict or Coexistence? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. , & (


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Happy 100th Birthday Grande Colonial Hotel La Jolla!
May 17, 2013
By: K. Clare Johnson
Happy 100th Birthday Grande Colonial Hotel La Jolla! The oldest hotel is La Jolla is celebrating its centennial this year. As part of the year-long Centennial celebration, the hotel will offer:
• A Time Capsule Contest
• Specials and packages for overnight guests
• Centennial merchandise for sale
• Throw-back cocktail menus at NINE-TEN Restaurant
• Weekly social media contests on Facebook
• A historic video montage, which can be seen on the hotel's YouTube Channel.
History buffs will enjoy a special booklet prepared by the hotel. The booklet highlights five chapters of the hotel's history:
•La Jolla: A Jewel from the Start
•A Landmark for La Jolla
•Putnam's Legacy
•Hollywood and the Hotel
•Guests or Ghosts?
The Grand Colonial may be 100, but it doesn't look its age. The hotel features a five-story main building and three adjacent private buildings, all encompassing guest rooms and suites updated with every contemporary comfort. Also offered are 5,000 square feet of indoor and outdoor event space - most with ocean views - for weddings, meetings and special events. The award-winning ZAGAT-rated NINE-TEN Restaurant is a La Jolla dining landmark - boasting nationally acclaimed chefs, "Evolving California Cuisine" and a Wine Spectator-recognized wine list.
View rates, details, and more photos of Grand Colonial Hotel La Jolla >>
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The (Summer) Bar is Open at Mandarin Oriental Munich
May 15, 2013
By: Meagan Drillinger
The (summer) bar is open at Mandarin Oriental Munich! Our sister publication, The Luxury Hotel Advisor, recently reported on drinks al fresco at the German luxury hotel:
Rooftop season has descended upon Munich, we hear, with the opening of China Moon Roof Terrace at the Mandarin Oriental, Munich. The seasonal venue has a 360-degree view of the city, including the Frauenkirche church and the Alps. Open from May through October, guests can enjoy Asian, Oriental and international specialties along with a long list of trendy cocktails. New this year: China Moon has a new corner bar with city views. Guests can also enjoy an art exhibition by painter Shirin Donia.
View rates, details, and more photos of Mandarin Oriental Munich >>
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Hotel de Crillon Renovations Revealed
May 14, 2013
By: Guest Writer
The legendary Parisian Hotel de Crillon recently closed in order to go a major renovation that's expected to last two years. Our sister publication, The Luxury Travel Advisor, got some inside information on what future guests might expect.
Here's what writer Jena Tessa Fox found out about the renovations:
Architect Richard Martinet, along with Artistic Director Aline d'Amman and three Parisian decorators – Cyril Vergniol, Chahan Minassian and Tristan Auer – are working to bring the historic hotel into the 21st century. And although both management and designers have revealed little in the way of details, a recent press release offered a hint: "The 7th floor … will be imagined as a 'quarter within the hotel' where fashion designers and brands can collaborate with the Crillon to decorate the suites." The hotel's management contract, the story continues, may take a page from the Kempinski model - an established brand that manages a number of historic hotels. And the Crillon will need a special kind of care to balance contemporary tastes with classic style: It is 250 years old, and several rooms are listed as national historic monuments. But the "Louis XV" decor, while never lacking for gilding, can seem a tad dated, and when the French Ministry of Tourism was handing out "palace" status to hotels in 2011, the Crillon was absent from the list. It is worth noting that Mohamed Al-Fayed's Paris Ritz also lost out and has also recently closed for a 27-month refurbishment. The renovated hotel will open its doors again in 2015.
We look forward to seeing the stunning results!
By: Guest Writer
Fancy a Fizzy Lifting Cake? Chesterfield Mayfair Plans Willy Wonka Tea Party
May 11, 2013
By: K. Clare Johnson
What kid (or adult) hasn't seen Charlie & The Chocolate Factory and dreamed of visiting Willy Wonka's workplace? Well, you may not be able to go to the factory, but if you find yourself in London, you can head over The Chesterfield Mayfair for their Charlie and the Chocolate Factory afternoon tea. The The new stage musical Charlie and the Chocolate Factory will be opening at London's Theatre Royal Drury Lane in June, and starting May 13, and the luxury hotel is celebrating with Oompa Loompa Cupcakes, A Golden Egg, Blueberry Macaroons, and Fizzy lifting Cake.
Other treats served at Charlie at The Chesterfield include a choice 18 loose teas, fruit scones served with clotted cream and jam, chocolate chip scones, and savory finger sandwiches. Tea is concluded (naturally) with a golden ticket that offers guests a chance to win a selection of fantastical treats at the hotel, with every ticket guaranteed a prize. Prizes range from champagne to a free weekend stay in a Junior Suite. The chocolate afternoon tea at the Chesterfield runs until September, at a price of £32.50 per person plus service charge.
The only drawback to this afternoon tea is that it's not served by Oompa Loompas.
View rates, details, and more photos of The Chesterfield Mayfair >>
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Shangri-La Hotel Beijing Launches the Beaming Faces Bloom Campaign
May 10, 2013
By: K. Clare Johnson
To help celebrate Children's Day on June 1, Shangri-La Hotel, Beijing has launched the "Beaming Faces Bloom" campaign. The luxury hotel invites you to submit photos of the innocent smiling faces of children aged 0-16 years (unlimited entries).
The photos collected will be put together to form a giant mosaic to be displayed in the hotel lobby, and uploaded to the hotel's and group's official website and on some press sites in celebration of the Children's Day on June 1.
Anyone submitting the photos will get a chance to win a two-night stay in a Presidential Suite in any of the Shangri-La Group's hotels.
Enter from now until May 20, 2013. To enter, forward photos along with the child's name, nationality, parent's name, and contact (phone and email) to email@example.com.
More about the Shangri-La Hotel, Beijing and the Beaming Faces Bloom Campaign >>
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W New York Union Square Renovations Revealed
May 8, 2013
By: Guest Writer
Jena Tesse Fox recently wrote for our sister publication, Luxury Travel Advisor, about the renovations at The W New York - Union Square:
Heads up, New Yorkers! The W New York - Union Square has unveiled the results of a major renovation project. The transformation is part of the W brand's plan to renovate more than 11 of its properties across North America, and includes a full re-design of the hotel's 270 guestrooms and top suites, W Living Room, Todd English's Olives New York, and destination bar Lilium by Gerber Group (previously Underbar). The renovation also preserves original design details of the landmark 1911 Beaux Arts building, including its turn-of-the century Great Room with 23-foot high gilded ceilings and grand windows, which was restored late last year.
The W Living Room: The new design of the W Union Square Living Room, by New York based design firm Krause + Sawyer, is good for for conducting business by day and unwinding by night. A black steel communal table, equipped with inlay plugs for chargers, encourages guests to mix and mingle while staying connected.
The Guest Rooms + Suites: Each of the hotel's 270 remodeled guest rooms and suites are anchored by a sculptural headboard representing an abstract view of Union Square. Silver window coverings are brightly stitched together with silk fabric mimicking a man's tie, while wall coverings in a soft, sophisticated "Park Avenue" white are contrasted with a bohemian metallic blue. Cool touch: The Extreme WOW Suite (the W brand's take on the Presidential Suite) is equipped with state-of-the-art audio and video capabilities including wall units that can easily interchange from dining room table to space for a DJ booth.
Lilium and Olives New York: The hotel's renovation also includes the re-design of its destination bar Lilium, as well as a complete renovation of Todd English's Olives New York restaurant. Lilium, the hotel's subterranean nightspot, sits beneath the hotel's façade. Key features of the 1,600 square foot interior include a twisted metal ceiling that cascades down the walls and complements the sculptural black steel lilies, created by metal artist Scot Brown. At Olives, the expanded bar, now located in the center of the space, creates a vibrant hub in the heart of the restaurant while new seating choices include u-shaped banquettes, an elevated chef's table or a nine-seat raw bar along the signature open kitchen. For more information, visit www.whotels.com/unionsquare.
Read more at Luxury Travel Advisor >>
By: Guest Writer
Paradisus Palma Real Introduces a Royal Redesign
May 5, 2013
By: K. Clare Johnson
Paradisus Palma Real, the luxury all-inclusive Punta Cana resort, has completed its comprehensive redesign, adding 110 Royal Service Suites, as well a new Royal Service Lounge with its own private Italian restaurant, new juice bar, pool, ECO spa, and fitness areas. The resort's service has also been upgraded, from pre-arrival to Punta Cana and resort arrival, as well as personalized and intuitive butler service throughout.
As part of the improvements to service, once guest books their stay at Paradisus Palma Resort, a staff member will contact them to discuss preferences, dietary restrictions, and their vacation desires. The resort will then make recommendations, pre-book reservations, and help create the perfect vacation.
Paradisus signature Royal Service Suites offer unparalleled all-inclusive luxury in an adults-only atmosphere. Each of the 220 Royal Service Suites comes complete with an in-suite Jacuzzi. Modern touches include 32-inch flat screen televisions, iPod docking stations, Expresso coffee machines and now customized mini-bars, bathrooms are stocked with Thierry Mugler bath amenities. The resort has also taken their service standards up a notch, now providing one modern certificated butler per every six Royal Service Suites.
The additional Royal Service ECO Spa is exclusively for Royal Service guests, featuring five massage treatment eco palapas. A water ritual area – comprised of two hot tubs, pool with hydrotherapy, cold plunge, pediluvio foot bath, showers, steam room and sauna – will be located adjacent to the new Royal Service pool.
The new Italian restaurant, Il Palazzo, will be exclusive for Royal Service Guests, serving breakfast, lunch and dinner. This modern Italian experience is located within the new Royal Service lounge and offers unobstructed views of the Caribbean. The Royal Service white sand beach area will now boast a new Juice Bar. Guests will be able to order smoothies and freshly squeezed juices, including the signature passion fruit drink. The new Juice Bar is open daily, from morning to early evening. The resort's main lagoon-style pool will now feature a designated and dedicated Royal Service area, which connects to the Royal Service Lounge. Paradisus Palma Real's new Fitness area, YHI Moves, will be over 2,000 sq. ft, boasting new Life Fitness equipment and a large cardio and weights area, attended by professional personal trainers, offering assistance and complimentary yoga, pilates and stretching classes. The resort's new Red Lounge is an all-day lobby bar and after-dinner lounge, which changes ambiance to suit the mood and tempo of day and night-time entertainment.
View rates, details, and more photos of Paradisus Palma Real >>
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Le Meridien Bali Jimbaran Introduces Bamboo Chic
March 30, 2013
By: Five Star Alliance
Breakfast in Bali has never tasted so good! Bamboo Chic, Le Meridien Bali Jimbaran's newest restaurant boasts its delicious take on Pan-Asian cuisine with a Balinese twist. Le Meridian Jimbaran Bali has gone through a total renovation that displays a beautiful mix of traditional Jimbaran heritage amidst global contemporary design. This mix of traditional Jimbaran culture with the styles of global contemporary can be seen within the flavors of the newly opened restaurant at Le Meridian Jimbaran Bali's restaurant: Bamboo Chic.
Guests can enjoy their meals in their 3-story restaurant and bar, or can even dine on their roof-top terrace to enjoy a beautiful Bali sunset while eating next to the man-made salt water lagoon. Run by executive chef Paul Lewis, who keeps the Le Meridian farm-to-table food concept alive by using local fresh ingredients and fresh catch-of-the-days in the menu. Bamboo Chic provides food options for all ages, complete with a delicious buffet spread that caters to many taste preferences. The restaurant is well-known for its Pork Hock dish that has a very distinct Balinese twist. Always on the menu, but in different forms, the pork is definitely a must-try at Bamboo Chic!
View rates, details, and more photos on Le Meridian Bali Jimbaran >>
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Ritz-Carlton Naples Renovates
March 20, 2013
By: K. Clare Johnson
Twenty-seven might be a little young for human facelifts, but it's just about right for a luxury hotel to undergo some refurbishments. The Ritz-Carlton Naples just announced that that it will close for two months, starting July 24, 2013. while it undergoes renovations. Refurbishments are planned for all of the 450 guest rooms and suites, the three dining options, the "Princess ballroom," as well as other structural and mechanical renovations. The guest rooms renovations will be overseen by Interior designers Wimberly Interiors, which plans to have the rooms resemble a luxurious, residential beach home. The three restaurants will be re-done by the New York-based design agency Blue Plate. The Sushi Bar will be renamed The Bar and will be extending its balcony and reconfiguring to allow for more cozy areas. The Terrace will reopen as Terrazza, an Italian eatery open for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The Grill steakhouse will continue as a classic dining establishment with a terrific selection of dry-aged beef, fresh seafood and collection of international wines. Brides will want to take note taht the popular Artisans "princess ballroom" will be redesigned to resemble an elegant jewel box. The 20,000 square feet of meeting space will also undergo some refreshing.
During the renovation, nearby sister property The Ritz-Carlton Golf Resort Naples will be open for business and will provide guests with a shuttle to the beach.
The transformation will be unveiled on October 1, 2013.
View rates, details, and more photos of Ritz-Carlton Naples and Ritz-Carlton Naples Golf Resort >>
Dukes Hotel London's Big Reveal
February 15, 2013
By: K. Clare Johnson
Duke's Hotel London has revealed the final phase of its multi-year refresh, and it's a stunner! Led by interior designer Sandy Deane, all of the guestrooms and suites have been made over with curtains and throws in one of five "schemes": taupe and berry; copper and jet; zinc and grape; marine and port; or quail and plum. All re-designs utilize materials that combine tactile feel with classic vintage dimensional designs of sumptuous textures and gorgeous tones to create beautifully stylish surroundings. Additionally, wall coverings in gold and green tones by the UK designer Shaun Clarkson have been added to all public areas.
This final phase of renovation follows the 2011 launching of the fine dining Thirty Six by Nigel Mendham and the PJ Lounge , and the 201 lauching of the Cognac and Cigar Garden, a lovely outdoor setting for enjoying an enticing selection of Cuban cigars from the UK's sole importer and distributor, Hunters and Frankau, and vintage cognacs from the world's oldest major brandy house, Martell.
Recent awards for the luxury hotel property have included the 2013 Conde Nast Traveler Gold List, Three AA Rosettes fyr Thirty Six by Nigel Mendham, and World's Leading Classic Boutique Hotel at the 2012 World Travel Awards.
View rates, details and more photos for Dukes Hotel London >>
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Yahoo Homes of the Week: Celebrity homes you could rent
Welcome to Yahoo Homes of the Week, powered by Zillow. This week, we're looking at celebrity-owned homes available for rent. For $13,500 to $45,000 a month, you could swim in an A-lister's pool, bathe in their luxury bathrooms and take in their million-dollar views. See more celebrity real estate on Zillow Blog.
Other recent Homes of the Week:
• Charming homes under $100,000
• Over-the-top homes you can rent
• Luxurious log-style homes
• Rentals for $3000 a month in top metros


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About Us Brief description of our work, including our vision, mission, values and impact. (PDF)
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Asia Foundation Conducts South Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Workshop The Asia Foundation, MCCI, and SAARC held a 2-day Public-Private Dialogue on "Promoting Trade in Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal."
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Law and Justice in Timor-Leste: A Survey of Citizen Awareness and Attitudes Regarding Law and Justice 200807/09/2009
Rule of law in Timor-Leste remains in a state of transition. Since Timor-Leste's official declaration of independence and promulgation of the Constitution in 2002, there have been a range of notable achievements in the formal justice sector: the penal and civil codes were drafted and adopted; court actors were trained and appointed to positions as judges, prosecutors, and public defenders; and a court of appeals and four district courts were established and operationalized.
To take stock of the citizenry's perceptions of their justice system in light of developments over the last four years, The Asia Foundation conducted the second nationwide survey of Law and Justice in Timor-Leste: a Survey of Citizen Awareness and Attitudes Regarding Law and Justice in December 2008. This survey was made possible by the generous support of the Australian Agency for International Development/Justice Facility and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). A democracy assessment survey.


text: Suppose the real risk-free rate is 4.20%, the average expected future inflation rate is 3.10%, and a maturity risk premium of 0.10% per year to maturity applies, i.e., MRP = 0.10%(t), where t is the years to maturity, hence the pure expectations theory is NOT valid. What rate of return would you expect on a 4-year Treasury security? Disregard cross-product terms, i.e., if averaging is required, use the arithmetic average.


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Dora Gogo Boots (White) Child
Warning: Product Safety Information View Details
- WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD – Small parts. Not for children under 3 yrs.
- Price:
- $29.99
- Prod ID:
- 33641
- 0 Reviews
These boots were made for walkin' . . . and stompin and dancin'!
These zip-up Dora Go Go boots will win the heart of any would-be flower child this Halloween, or any day! The heel is 1.75 inches, just enough to stand a little taller on the dance floor while doing the Frug or the Freddie. Wear these boots with our Purple Haze bell bottom pants and vest hippie costume to create the image of the ultimate sixties teenager. Or think Carnaby Street and get creative with a psychedelic mini dress, maybe one with a wide vinyl belt to match the Go Go boots, You may even want to raid Grandma's closet for genuine hippie outfits with fringe and love beads. Don't forget your peace symbol necklace and earrings for the ultimate feelin' groovy experience! In fact, we have exactly those accessories under the name "Feelin' Groovy."
- Includes: One pair of white patent boots.
The Dora Go Go boots are made of Patent Polyurethane and can be spot cleaned easily. Please make sure that they fit comfortably before wearing them outside. Boots must be free of obvious signs of wear and returned with the original packaging for refunds.
Please try out the fit and comfort of your shoes before you decide to use them. Shoes that show obvious wear or are missing the original packaging are not returnable.
- Product Number
- #33641
- Availability
- Small (11/12) (149775), Medium (13/1) (149776), Large (2/3) (149777) Orders placed by 4pm CT usually ship same day.
X-Large (4/5) (212581) Coming Soon
- Material
- Polyurethane, All Man Made Materials
- Air Shippable
- Yes
- Oversized
- No
- Express/Premium Surcharge
- $0.00
- Return Eligible
- Yes
- Available International
- Yes
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Bright Side
OBB$9.99Add Your ReviewOBB is made up of three brothers who have a love of music and a love for Christ. Bright Side is their debut full-length studio album.Track ListGoneWho Cares If We're DancingAll Eyes On YouUp Close And PersonalThat Kind Of FaithYour Love Is An OceanBright SideLooking For A ... Learn More
Giving Over
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Kidrobot June 07 Toy & Clothing Preview
Kidrobot has once again lots of surprises waiting for you for the month of June. After the Smorkin Labbit by Kozik, they will now introduce the Smorkin Watermelon, a fun new character. Medicom has shown us the Q-Pot, a little car that comes with their Bearbricks – as an answer to that Kidrobot introduces the Munny Mobile. Kidrobot also brings out in collaboration with Devilrobots the Tofu toys, limited to 250 pieces. To round it up they release the new Geisha and Shogun Dunny series.
Also on the clothing end they have some new things waiting for you. A new crewneck sweater with Tilt artwork is dropping, featuring a sleeve pocket. They also introduce the polka labbit hoodie and their new trackjackets.
All these items will be released June 2007 at Kidrobot stores and retailers. Check out all the new releases after the jump.