text:
2008 Chevrolet Tahoe Repair and Maintenance
A guide to problems, costs, maintenance and repair for your 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe
Verified by mechanics, reported by drivers like you
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2008 Chevrolet Tahoe ProblemsThe Upper Dash May Crack
The upper dash may crack, most commonly on vehicles in warm climates and exposed to a lot of sunlight. The common repair is to replace the upper instrument trim panel. Information on a technical service bulletin or extended warranty is not available at this time.
The 4WD transfer case encoder motor position sensor or the selector switch may fail causing the service 4WD message to be displayed. Fault code(s) stored in the transfer case control module will be of assistance in determining the exact fault causing the message to be displayed.
One or more heater & AC (HVAC) air delivery and/or temperature mode door actuator may fail. This can result in incorrect air delivery or temperature. If this occurs, fault code(s) stored in the HVAC control module should be available to assist with diagnoses.
2008 Chevrolet Tahoe Questionswhat is causing the interior/exterior lights and door locks to flicker? (1 answer)
while driving, all of a sudden all of the interior and exterior lights and gauges started to flicker and the door locks started to lock and unlock automatically.
when car is a idle the noise is very soft but increases with rpm.
took to a local shop and said it is coming from the timing chain area nee to know if the tensioner starts to go bad will this cause the noise or is the chain or what else it could be.
2008 Chevrolet Tahoe RecallsPossible Under Hood Electrical Fire
The heated washer module under the hood could overheat due to excessive current draw. Under certain conditions, this could result in an under hood fire. This previous recall attempt in 2008 to repair this concern did not have the expected success. Dealers will now permanently disable and remove the heated washer module to correct this concern. This recall is expected to begin on June 20, 2010.
The wiring to the washer system heater may overheat due to a failure in the heater module. This could cause other electrical features to malfunction, smoke to develop, and an electrical fire could result. Dealers will install a wire harness with an inline fuse to protect the washer heater module. This recall is expected to begin on September 12, 2008. The General Motors recall number is 08048.


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UK Embassies Overseas
Foreign Embassies in the UK
Foreign Affairs Committee
Session 2007-08
Session 2006-07
Session 2005-06
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Government response to FAC report on Global Security: The Middle East (PDF, 138 KB)
9 October 2007
Government response to the FAC Report on the Foreign Policy Aspects of the Detention of Naval Personnel by the Islamic Republic of Iran. (PDF, 137K)
21 September 2007
Sixth report of FAC session 2006-07 - Foreign Policy Aspects of the Detention of Naval Personnel by the Islamic Republic of Iran. (PDF, 375K)
22 July 2007
Fourth report of the Foreign Affairs Committee Sessions 2006-07 - South Asia (PDF, 330K)
03 July 2007
Government response to the Foreign Affairs Committee Report on the FCO's Annual Human Rights Report for 2006 (PDF, 573Kb)
29 June 2007
FAC Report on the 2006 FCO Annual Report on Human Rights. (PDF, 373Kb)
29 April 2007
Second report of the Foreign Affairs Committee Session 2006-2007 - Visit to Guantanamo Bay (PDF, 154K)
23 March 2007

subset: commoncrawl


text:
How to leverage gardeners to support local food pantries?
I just joined and want to learn to grow indoors. My aim is to grow lots of veggies so I can afford to juice. I'm borderline diabetic and want to reboot my life. I also want to be an example for my Fiance so he can join me as well:) Need to know where to start?
Just joined this group and we are so excited! We are moving to Baltimore. Have a yard space and plenty of resolve and enthusiasm. Looking to learn and grow. More soon.
Luke Skywalker vs the Death Star. Forest Gump vs Low Expectations. Babe the Pig vs the Frying...
Which is better: hot or cold composting?
Thrilled to be joining the campus farm world! Union University will hopefully begin our first campus garden this coming Spring!
We're glad to see this new site! Excited to be a part of this educational movement.
About us:
KGI is a nonprofit community of over 30,000 people who are growing some of our own food and helping others to do the same.
Join our mailing list:
Connect with us:
Contact us:
Kitchen Gardeners International
3 Powderhorn Drive,
Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
(207) 956-0606


text:
IOt s frustaring...et j'aime toi
Does this mean that I could be running an ecommerce site from India but if people from Europe buy products from there I must disclose breaches to my customers? I am not sure I understand how this directive can be implemented....
There is a risk, so companies better attend Cyber Security World Conference 2014 New York City, November 21, summit that brings together information security experts and hundreds of senior executives focused on protecting today's enterprises and government assets. Experts will discuss protecting individuals and companies against cyber-attacks, the cybersecurity framework, risks brought by mobile computing, lessons for the boardroom and protecting national infrastructure against foreign attacks.
In the State of the Union address, President Barack Obama is expected to focus on several new cyber security proposals that call for greater information sharing between the government and corporations. How boards of directors and CXOs can build the appropriate foundation to address today's IT security challenges is the topic of Cybersecurity Boardroom Workshop 2015, 2-day seminar well-known expert Edgar Perez will lead in Dubai, Hong Kong, Seoul, Singapore, London and New York City. This is the first seminar focused on leaders for whom cybersecurity preparedness is a relatively new yet critically important area to be intelligently conversant about.


text:
Nationalism and Preserving Korea's Buried Past: The Office of Cultural Properties and Archaeological Heritage Management in South Korea
Il Pai, Hyung, Antiquity
The origins of Korean archaeological heritage management can be traced to 1916, when Japan's Resident-general Government in Korea (Chosen Sotokufu: 1910-1945) promulgated the first comprehensive laws of historical preservation called the 'Regulations for the Preservation of Korea's Remains and Relics'.(1) They reflected a combination of late Meiji and early Taisho era laws tailored to the Korean peninsula such as Lost and Stolen Antiquities (1909); Temples and Shrines Protection Laws (1911); the Preservation of Stone and Metal Inscriptions (1916); and most significantly, the establishment of an administrative apparatus, the Committee on the Investigation of Korean Antiquities (1916). The Chosen Sotokufu Museum Laws governing art exhibitions and display were compiled from Imperial Museum laws (Tokyo National Museum 1976) dating from 1890-1907 (Chosen Sotokufu 1924: 215-30). The implementation of these laws was targeted at three main goals in the cultural management of Japanese colonial possessions: firstly in government control over reporting, accounting, storage and trafficking of registered state cultural properties. The cumbersome, exacting and time-consuming bureaucratic procedures, which ruled that all discoveries, changes, investigations and transportation of state properties be submitted on exact forms to the local police, were designed to deter and discourage individual ownership. By the end of the colonial era, nearly all of the registered treasures, historical remains and natural monuments(2) were recorded as either state-owned, temple-owned, provincial/quasi-coorporation-owned and, in rare exceptions, individually owned (Chosen Sotokufu 1937). Secondly, through the preservation and restoration of traditional architecture and monuments in their original location and pristine form for exhibition and tourism; the revenue from ticket sales was used to maintain the sites. Thirdly, by promoting archaeological prospection (O 1997: 31) in order to register more state properties.
The first five-year plan of systematic archaelogical investigations, excavations and surveys (Chosen Sotokufu 1918-1937) that were launched following the establishment of the Committee on the Investigation of Korean Antiquities in 1916 marked the beginnings of the establishment of the field of Korean archaeology (Umehara Sueji 1969). They resulted in the excavations of Lelang tombs and sites dating to the Han dynasty commandery system (c. 2nd century BC-2nd century AD) and Koguryo painted tombs in and around the city of P'yongyang; Three Kingdom Kofun period (c. 3rd century-7th century) remains identified as Paekche, Silla and Kaya in the regions of Puyo, Kyongju and Kimhae respectively. At the end of the colonial period, the cities of P'yongyang, Kaesong, Puyo and Kyongju all exhibited recently excavated archaeological remains in addition to the Chosen Sotokufu museum(3) in Seoul.
Since independence from Japan in 1945 and the subsequent political/ideological division of the peninsula following the Korean War, archaeological heritage management has continued to occupy a central place in the competing claims of legitimacy and sovereignty in both North and South Korea. While both nations use archaeology to depict their people as the sole rightful heirs to a glorious Korean past, this paper addresses the case of South Korea.(4) It is divided into three parts. First, I will give a brief background to the ideology and politics involved in the administration of the Office of Cultural Properties, the supreme institution in South Korea responsible for all heritage management activities. Second, I will provide an overview of the main issues and challenges facing archaeologists and their excavations. Third, I will discuss how current heritage management activities are directly linked to today's pressing issues including the commercial development of heritage sites for tourism.
The Office of Cultural Properties and preserving the spirit of independence
Since October 1961, the Office of Cultural Properties (Munhwajae kwalliguk) (hereafter OCP) has been the central bureau involved in the management of culture and heritage. …


text:
Siebbi Oct 2, 2012 5:28 PM
in response to Hidekiyamamoto
On the other very long thread dealing with different wifi problems including the grey wifi button here
someone mentioned to check the mac address of their iPhone and there seems to be a pattern. Including me three people checked and every mac address of affected iPhones starts with 68:09:27. Some other still working phones have some other addresses.
Anyone else?
cuzl8r Oct 2, 2012 5:40 PM
in response to Siebbi
no I have a different mac address for WiFi grey out issue.. As a side note My Bluetooth works ok.
I am thinking it might be some sort of firmware issue with IOS6 update being the cause, hence the randomness of phones being affected. If Suppliers have been changed during production wifi chipset may have changed.
Fradbut Oct 3, 2012 12:49 AM
in response to Trapdoresoth
Here is the answer to all your questions - I updated a 2 week old 4S to iO6 and my wifi greyed out and could not access it.
First call to Apple - told me phone is broken and got a case number. First call to O2, my carrier - told me it's a software problem.
Second call to Apple - told me it's an issue, we're looking at it, wait for a response. Heard nothing.
Third call to Apple - They said we have set aside a budget to replace handsets so take it into the Applestore for a replacement.
The Applestore told me that the upgrade to iO6 broke my phone. Left store with new handset which they upgraded successfully infront of me.
Apple know the upgrade iO6 can damage some phones so persist and you'll get a new phone.
web_guy Oct 3, 2012 1:04 AM
in response to Hidekiyamamoto
As a developer I can tell you that this is most definately a firmware problem. Firmware is the lowest layer of software on the device used to communicate directly with the hardware.
Its very possible the problem could be with a particular batch / build of phones; or alternativly with some sort of signature compatibility. If the wifi chip is even slightly different across builds then its very possible the device driver has compatibility issues after a firmware update, hence disabling the feature for some users with that particular combination of the software and hardware.
The question is why Apple readily swaps these phones (nothing really wrong with the hardware), is there an unsolvable compatibility issue going forward since they have known about the issue according to some reports for several months. Maybe its simply a case that a new firmware version will take too long to produce.
Whatever the case Apple won't comment, either swap the phone or find a way to run 5.1 firmware, because its not something we can solve.
William Kucharski Oct 3, 2012 1:07 AM
in response to web_guy
web_guy wrote:
The question is why Apple readily swaps these phones (nothing really wrong with the hardware)
Because it's the easiest way for Apple to quickly solve the problem for the user.
Joe9019 Oct 3, 2012 5:15 AM
in response to web_guy
I agree.
But how come the freezer trick solve the problem of my iPad 2?
annaandr Oct 3, 2012 3:35 PM
in response to annaandr
After replacing my phone at apple store just a few days ago (due to greyed out WiFi after upgrade to iOS6) it is greyed out again! It was working fine for a couple of days and then it stooped connecting to or seeing any WiFi networks and today it is greyed out again. I didn't do anything to my phone like resetting or updating. It simply stopped working on its own … I'm very disappointed, because I don't have a lot of time to deal with this issue, but I need WiFi.
annaandr Oct 3, 2012 3:39 PM
in response to Fradbut
I did get a new phone, and I have exactly the same issue again. I don't know if it is just a good "luck" or if getting a new phone may not solve this issue for everyone due to certain factors.
micsic Oct 4, 2012 4:24 AM
in response to Trapdoresoth
I retunerede my to my local dealer a week ago. Have now got it back replaced. Opdated the new one to 6.0 and wifi is working fine. Hope it keeps working...
Joe9019 Oct 4, 2012 7:50 AM
in response to Joe9019
After 3 days of use, wifi dropped out again. After putting my iPad 2 to freezer again, it worked for now.
Please have an iOS update put out to resolve the issue. My freezer has no space!
cuzl8r Oct 4, 2012 4:18 PM
in response to Joe9019
in related news
Genius bars around the world increase freezer capacity...
might have to send mine in to get replaced totally over waiting for fix...
If its cold I will ask for another one...
kimbo32 Oct 4, 2012 7:23 PM
in response to Trapdoresoth
OK..my iphone 4 wifi has been greyed out all week. I've been trying all kinds of stupid ****, that didn't work but what the heck, I tried.
Tonight I decided to reset my network, then did an immediate HARD reboot...and my freakin' wifi popped up, it's still trying to connect, but it was blue and not grey!!
Worth a shot, this is my first post here, and only because I was so desparate for my wifi...maybe it'll help someone...
ryanbliss Oct 4, 2012 8:43 PM
in response to Trapdoresoth
Alright, I was one of the first on this thread, so I wanted to post the resolution and then cut myself out. It seems that this is only occurring w/ 4S 64G hardware. There is NO FIX. You have to get a new 4S loaded w/ iOS 6. Luckily, I had 12 days of hardware support left, so my local Apple Store swapped it. Quick and easy. Good luck. Later..
paul.mbp Oct 4, 2012 9:06 PM
in response to ryanbliss
No, not only 4S 64GB
In my case it was an 32GB 4S that has been replaced to solve the problem.
GT562 Oct 4, 2012 9:29 PM
in response to Trapdoresoth
*** My Wi-Fi doesn't work. I restore my phone doesn't work!!


text:
Uniqa Raises $1 Billion in Share Sale Diluting Holders
Uniqa Insurance Group AG, Austria's second-biggest insurer, sold 757 million euros ($1 billion) of new shares to fuel growth in eastern Europe and open itself to a broader group of investors.
Uniqa sold 94.8 million new shares, equivalent to 44 percent of the existing stock before the deal, for 8 euros apiece to institutional and retail investors, the Vienna-based company said in a statement today. The number of shares that are freely traded will rise to 35 percent from 6.9 percent as its core shareholders did not participate in the rights offering.
"Uniqa achieved another crucial milestone in its strategy to open the company to the capital markets," the company said in the statement. The insurer wants to be included in the ATX, the main index of the Vienna Stock Exchange, as soon as possible.
Uniqa, which competes with market leader Vienna Insurance Group AG in Austria and eastern Europe, plans to double its clients by 2020 by expanding in the former communist bloc. Chief Executive Andreas Brandstetter, who cut jobs and replenished the company's depleted capital base after taking office in 2011, said Uniqa may buy competitors in the region even as he ruled out "large, risky" purchases.
The main shareholders Raiffeisen Zentralbank Oesterreich AG, Austria Versicherungsverein auf Gegenseitigkeit Privatstiftung and Collegialitaet Versicherungsverein Privatstiftung did not participate in the share sale. RZB's stake will fall to 31.4 percent, Austria Privatstiftung's to 30.6 percent and Collegialitaet's to 2.3 percent in the deal, Uniqa said. They didn't sell shares in the transaction and pledged not to do so for the next 12 months.
Uniqa fell 3.5 percent to 8.155 euros by 9:13 a.m. in Vienna trading. That took the shares' decline to 22 percent since the company said Sept. 9 it will go ahead with the offering this year.
Deutsche Bank AG, Morgan Stanley and Raiffeisen Centrobank AG were global coordinators and bookrunners for the transaction. Barclays Plc, Berenberg Bank AG and UBS AG acted as co-bookrunners. KBW advised the company.


text:
The stabilization of property values resulted in fewer and less severe write-downs of previously identified problem assets. We are also encouraged by the reduction in non-performing assets for the second consecutive quarter, lower delinquencies, and reduction in troubled debt restructure.Net charge-offs were also a factor in the improved earnings as they were down compared to both the linked quarter and the first quarter 2010. We anticipate the level of charge-offs s will be choppy over the next several quarters as more of the problem assets work through this system. However we are confident that we've adequately reserved for these assets.
First Defiance Financial's CEO Discusses Q1 2011 Results - Earnings Call Transcript
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text: I would like to inform the readers, since our media is not doing it. Today I read an article which enlightened me to the fact that there are several countries who seek to arrest and prosecute Mr. (George W.) Bush and Mr. (Donald) Rumsfeld for war crimes. From the article, we know that the 7th District Court is hearing cases concerning torture. Here's an excerpt from "Welcome to Boston, Mr. Rumsfeld": "The 7th Circuit ruling is the latest in a growing number of legal actions involving hundreds of former prisoners and torture victims filed in courts around the world. Criminal complaints have been filed against Rumsfeld and other Bush administration officials in Germany, France and Spain. Former President Bush recently curbed travel to Switzerland due to fear of arrest following criminal complaints lodged in Geneva. 'He's avoiding the handcuffs,' Reed Brody, counsel for Human Rights Watch, told Reuters. "And the Mayor of London threatened Bush with arrest for war crimes earlier this year should he ever set foot in his city, saying that were he to land in London to 'flog his memoirs,' that 'the real trouble — from the Bush point of view — is that he might never see Texas again.'" I say, give them both a one-way ticket to justice. Suzy Forwood, Auburn


text:
- GuatemalaFoodFunding via ADICLA
Grupo Toqui...GuatemalaFoodFunding via ADICLA
Dúo La Boni...GuatemalaFoodFunding via FAPE
Las Victorias Group
Because of her outstanding loan history, Bertha was chosen to participate in the advanced technical training program of Friendship Bridge. She has learned a great deal about making delicious jams, jellies, pies and cakes for her popular confectioner's shop. Berta also continues to make typical Guatemalan food to sell. She is requesting a new loan that she will use to purchase flour and other ingredients for her cakes; fruit for her jams; and corn, beans, sugar and spices for her traditional Guatemalan recipes. Bertha is highly motivated to succeed and see her four children complete their education.
Understanding how to manage loans is essential to the success of Berta and the ladies in the "Las Victorias" Trust Bank. Each month, they acquire new tools and knowledge about effective business practices (customer service, pricing, marketing, budgeting, accounting) as well as ways to improve their standard of living (health, hygiene, nutrition). The effective combination of education and loans is labeled "Microcredit Plus" by Friendship Bridge. The ultimate goal is for women to empower themselves and eliminate poverty.
Bertha and the victorious ladies in the Trust Bank are most grateful to be realizing their dreams, empowering themselves as well as their families and eliminating poverty. Kiva investors are valuable partners in this effort. Thank you.
Additional Information
About Friendship BridgeThis loan is administered by Friendship Bridge (FB), a nonprofit, nongovernmental organization that empowers thousands of impoverished Guatemalan women through its Microcredit Plus program. The program combines small loans averaging US$350 for four-to-twelve month loan terms with non-formal, participatory education.
As FB clients, women start, expand, or diversify their businesses and learn practical lessons on topics including business, health, and self-esteem. FB's clients borrow as a group, forming Trust Banks (groups of 7-25 women who serve as co-guarantors of the loan and act as a self-regulating support network).
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
Loan tags help lenders find loans that match certain areas of interest. You can add up to 5 tags for this loan.
About Guatemala
60View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 14 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Jun 25, 2014
- Listed
- Jul 11, 2014
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Jul 17, 2015


text:
Correspondence site: http://www.respond2articles.com/MEE/
Barcoding's next top model: an evaluation of nucleotide substitution models for specimen identification
Article first published online: 23 JAN 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00176.x
© 2012 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution © 2012 British Ecological Society
Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Volume 3, Issue 3, pages 457–465, June 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Collins, R. A., Boykin, L. M., Cruickshank, R. H. and Armstrong, K. F. (2012), Barcoding's next top model: an evaluation of nucleotide substitution models for specimen identification. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3: 457–465. doi: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00176.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 7 JUN 2012
- Article first published online: 23 JAN 2012
- Received 2 September 2011; accepted 15 November 2011 Handling Editor: Robert Freckleton
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Akaike information criterion;
- DNA barcoding;
- Kimura-two-parameter;
- model selection;
- pairwise distances;
- taxonomy
1. DNA barcoding studies use Kimura's two-parameter substitution model (K2P) as the de facto standard for constructing genetic distance matrices. Distances generated under this model then provide the basis for most downstream analyses, but uncertainty in model choice is rarely explored and could potentially affect how reliably DNA barcodes discriminate species.
2. Using information-theoretic approaches for a data set comprising 14 472 DNA barcodes from 14 published studies, we tested whether the K2P model was a good fit at the species level and whether applying a better fitting model biased error rates or changed overall identification success.
3. We report that the K2P was a poorly fitting model at the species level; it was never selected as the best model and very rarely selected as a credible alternative model. Despite the lack of support for the K2P model, differences in distance between best model and K2P model estimates were usually minimal, and importantly, identification success rates were largely unaffected by model choice even when interspecific threshold values were reassessed.
4. Although these conclusions may justify using the K2P model for specimen identification purposes, we found simpler metrics such as p distance performed equally well, perhaps obviating the requirement for model correction in DNA barcoding. Conversely, when incorporating genetic distance data into taxonomic studies, we advocate a more thorough examination of model uncertainty.
In the context of phylogeny estimation, models play an important role in determining our interpretation of evolution. Relationships, branch lengths and rates over time are all approximated in the light of processes assumed by a model (Kelchner & Thomas 2007), and investigations using simulated and real data have shown that model selection can influence both support values and tree topologies (Cunningham et al. 1998; Buckley & Cunningham 2002; Lemmon & Moriarty 2004; Ripplinger & Sullivan 2008). A model selection procedure aims to identify a model, which can best represent mutational processes, while minimising the loss of predictive ability through overparameterisation (Sullivan & Joyce 2005).
In terms of choosing between models, advances in information theory have allowed for more effective discrimination between competing schemes (Posada & Buckley 2004). Implementation of information-theoretic approaches such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) now allows for the assessment of model fit, as well as taking into account increases in variance by penalising overparameterisation and information loss (Posada & Buckley 2004; Bos & Posada 2005; Sullivan & Joyce 2005). We are now also able to assess relative support for a given set of substitution models using AIC weights (Posada & Buckley 2004; Posada 2008). This approach is particularly useful given that an alternative model may be an equally good estimator as the model with the lowest AIC value (Kelchner & Thomas 2007). These weights approximate probabilities for a given set of models, and evidence ratios between these weights offer a comparison of support for competing models (Anderson 2008).
For DNA barcoding, or similar specimen identification procedures using sequence data, the parameter of interest is usually nucleotide similarity. This measure of change between lineages provides the basis for data summary and specimen identification (Hebert et al. 2003). Similarity is inferred though pairwise comparison between homologous sequences and can be expressed as a genetic distance: the number of substitutions per site in a given alignment. These distances are then used in the generation of identification success rates with, for example, nearest neighbour thresholds or neighbour-joining phylograms. Due to this reliance on distance metrics, a robust and effective estimate of these distances is a prerequisite for non-expert end-users of barcode data to have confidence in specimen identifications from public reference data bases, such as Bold (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007).
In terms of generating genetic distances, sequence similarity can be derived directly from observed data as raw p distances, but unobserved substitutions at mutational hot spots such as third codon positions can lead to an underestimation of differences between lineages (Sullivan & Joyce 2005). Mathematical models used in phylogenetics correct for this saturation by applying a more realistic scenario of nucleotide substitution than observed from raw data and can vary considerably in complexity (Bos & Posada 2005). In DNA barcoding studies, Kimura's two-parameter model (Kimura 1980), hereafter referred to as the K2P model, is the de facto standard metric for computing these distances (Ward 2009). The K2P model provides a substitution framework with a free parameter for both transitions and transversions, accounting for the likely higher substitution rate of transitions in mitochondrial DNA (Kimura 1980; Wakeley 1996). Base frequencies are assumed to be equal under this model, but departures from this assumption are common in real data sets, and different nucleotide compositions may influence particular types of substitution rate (Tamura 1992; Galtier & Gouy 1995; Ward et al. 2005).
The use of the K2P model in DNA barcoding began with Hebert et al. (2003), who stated: 'For the species-level analysis, nucleotide-sequence divergences were calculated using the K2P model, the best metric when distances are low (Nei & Kumar 2000) as in this study' (p. 315). Hebert et al. were presumably referring to the following passage in Nei & Kumar (2000): 'Even the p distance becomes very similar to other distance measures when p ≤ 0·1. Therefore when one is studying closely related sequences, there is no need to use complex distance measures. In this case, it is better to use a simpler one, because it has smaller variance'' (p. 40–41; also see p. 112). This point made by Nei & Kumar is important because at a fundamental level, and despite the widespread use of the K2P model in DNA barcoding, it remains to be demonstrated whether model-corrected distances are justified over using the uncorrected p distances (i.e. can the raw data serve adequately for the purpose required?). Although it has been noted that barcode variation within species is generally low (Ward 2009; Hebert et al. 2010), it is not clear whether simple measures could systematically bias results by underestimating change (Sullivan & Joyce 2005). In terms of specimen identification, an underestimate of genetic distance may increase the number of false-negative 'lumping' errors, while overestimating change may increase false-positive 'splitting' errors (Meyer & Paulay 2005). This is linked to the principal of the barcoding gap, which relies on individuals within a species being more similar to one another than to the closest individual of another species (Meyer & Paulay 2005; Meier et al. 2008). It may be that when simple measures such as p distances are used, this gap is decreased, hindering identification success. For an effective specimen identification system, it is important, therefore, to fully understand how measures of inferred similarity (model-corrected distances) or observed similarity (uncorrected distances) could affect results.
Two recently published studies have investigated the application of substitution models in DNA barcoding, but offer fundamentally different conclusions. Fregin et al. (2011), based on their analysis of 120 cytochrome b sequences from 61 acrocephalid bird species, recommended 'only distances based on the optimal substitution model should be used'. In contrast, Srivathsan & Meier (2011) looked at 5283 published COI sequences from 200 genera and showed that 'the use of uncorrected distances yields higher or similar identification success rates' (compared to K2P correction). These contradictory findings suggest the question of model specification deserves further attention.
Given the availability of model selection software such as jModelTest (Guindon & Gascuel 2003; Posada 2008), it seems an appropriate time to re-examine how sensitive DNA barcode analyses are to alternative models and ask whether the indiscriminate use of the K2P model is really justified. Using an explicit test of DNA barcode data under justifiable model selection criteria, we specifically aim to address the following: (i) is the K2P a well-fitting model at the species level; (ii) how different are distances generated under a better model to those generated under the K2P model; (iii) can applying different models change identification success rates and estimations of the barcoding gap; (iv) does model correction in general perform better than using no model; and (v) how did Fregin et al. (2011) and Srivathsan & Meier (2011) reach such conflicting conclusions?
Materials and methods
Data acquisition
Fourteen data sets were obtained in Fasta format from project pages on Bold. These data sets comprised large studies of relatively well-known taxonomic groups including butterflies (Hajibabaei et al. 2006; Lukhtanov et al. 2009; Dincăet al. 2011), birds (Kerr et al. 2009a, b, 2007; Johnsen et al. 2010), fishes (Ward et al. 2005; Hubert et al. 2008; Rasmussen et al. 2009; Wong et al. 2009; Steinke et al. 2009a,b) and bats (Francis et al. 2010). Well known faunas were chosen to minimise discrepancies between the molecular data and taxonomy. Bold sequence identifiers (taxon names) were trimmed using regular expressions to include only GenBank accession number and taxonomic identification (species name). Alignment was carried out by Bold, followed by visual editing using translated amino acids in Mega4 (Tamura et al. 2007).
Species-level model selection
To test whether the K2P is a well-fitting model at the species level, each data set was split into species using the Ape package (Paradis et al. 2004) for R (R Development Core Team 2010), with species delimited by their unique binomials. The individual species data were exported in Nexus format, and species with less than five individuals were excluded to represent a data set of at least an average intraspecific sample size (Ward et al. 2009). Using nested Unix shell scripts, the program jModelTest was run as a batch process for each species in each data set, producing a corresponding jModelTest output file. All 11 substitution schemes were tested (Posada 2008), along with base frequency and rate variation options (total 44 models). An invariant sites parameter was not included, as species comprising a single haplotype could not be optimised under this setting in jModelTest. The model frequencies and AIC weights for the best and K2P models were extracted from the jModelTest output files using shell commands.
Difference between K2P and best model
To test how different intraspecific K2P distances are from best-model distances, we first used batch processes in Paup* (Swofford 2003) to calculate pairwise comparisons under standard K2P distance settings (distance = K2P). Next, estimations for the best model were generated as maximum likelihood (ML) distances (distance = ml), with likelihood settings derived from jModelTest's Paup* block output. Shell scripting was used to manipulate corresponding likelihood settings from the jModelTest output into the Nexus file for each species, before initiating Paup* as a concatenated batch process. K2P distances were then subtracted from best-model estimates for each pairwise comparison. For this analysis using Paup*, the pairwise deletion option for missing data was used (missdist = ignore), and undefined distances were set to 'NA' (undefined = asterisk); all other settings were default. Except for K2P, abbreviated nomenclature of models follows Posada (2008); the K2P model is referred to as the K80 model by this author.
Identification success
To test the influence of model selection on identification success rate, both intraspecific and interspecific values were required, so distances were generated from the undivided data sets, which also included the previously excluded species with less than five individuals. To illustrate the effects of different substitution schemes, we used a selection of standard 'off the shelf' models in Paup*, offering a variety of parameterisations from simple to complex: JC, F81, K2P, TrN, HKY, HKY+Γ and GTR+Γ. Gamma shape values were derived from jModelTest. We measured identification success rates using the 'best close match' criterion of Meier et al. (2006), but also see Ross et al. (2008) and Austerlitz et al. (2009) for additional comparisons including tree-based methods. For the 'best close match', a conspecific nearest neighbour (k = 1) within a threshold per cent value was recorded as a 'correct' identification; a non-conspecific nearest neighbour within the threshold was an 'incorrect' identification; more than one equally close species (including the correct species) within the threshold was 'ambiguous'; and no match within the threshold was reported as a 'no identification'. The threshold was initially set at the 1% value, as used by the Bold identification engine (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007), but because threshold values are likely to be contingent upon the models they are generated under, we also optimised new thresholds for each model and data set. This optimisation procedure minimises false-positive (no matches within x of query) and false-negative (more than one species match within x of query) errors for a range of threshold values (0·2–5·0% in 0·2% increments). To assess the effect of model selection on magnitude of the barcoding gap, both maximum intraspecific and minimum interspecific distances were calculated (Meier et al. 2008), with the barcoding gap expressed as minimum interspecific distance divided by maximum intraspecific distance; singletons were not considered for intraspecific variation, and intraspecific values of zero were replaced with a value of 0.001536098 (corresponding to a single nucleotide change over 651 bp). Analyses were carried out in R using the DNA barcoding package Spider (Brown et al. in press; Paradis et al. 2004).
Species-level model selection
From the 14 data sets, we extracted 1446 species with ≥5 individuals, resulting in 14 472 DNA barcodes; the mean number of barcodes per species was 10 (Table 1). For the individual species tested by jModelTest (n = 1446), the model most frequently selected as best (zero AIC Δ value) was the HKY (n = 579), followed by F81 (n = 312) and TrN (n = 264). Overall, 20 models were selected by the AIC, and the K2P model was never selected as best model (Fig. 1). Models with a gamma shape parameter were selected on 7·95% of occasions. The AIC weight (w) of the best model ranged between 0·08 and 0·64 (mean w = 0·21). As an alternative model, the AIC weight for the K2P was no greater than 0·019 (mean w = 0·000134). The mean evidence ratio (E) for the best model vs. K2P model weight was E = 1·9 × 1033 (range = 10·0 to 2·8×1036). A representation of the relative model weights is shown in Fig. 2.
|Data set citation
|No. spp. ≥5 indiv.
|No. indiv.
|Seqs. per sp.
|Dincăet al. (2011)
|Romanian butterflies
|Francis et al. (2010)
|Southeast Asian bats
|Hajibabaei et al. (2006)
|Tropical Lepidoptera
|Hubert et al. (2008)
|Canadian freshwater fishes
|Johnsen et al. (2010)
|Scandinavian birds
|Kerr et al. (2007)
|North American birds
|Kerr et al. (2009b)
|Argentinian birds
|Kerr et al. (2009a)
|Palearctic birds
|Lukhtanov et al. (2009)
|Central Asian butterflies
|Rasmussen et al. (2009)
|North American salmonids
|Steinke et al. (2009b)
|Ornamental marine fishes
|Steinke et al. (2009a)
|Pacific Canadian fishes
|Ward et al. (2005)
|Australian marine fishes
|Wong et al. (2009)
|Commercial sharks
|14 472
|10·0 (avg.)
Difference between K2P and best model
In calculating distances within species, a total of 191 402 pairwise comparisons were made. When the K2P distance was subtracted from the best-model distance, 31·2% of the total comprised zero change, and 39·6% were greater than zero and less than 0·1%; 8·12% showed a difference greater than 1%, and 15·6% were negative (K2P distance larger than best-model distance). Average differences were 0·64% (mean) and 0·00012% (median); range was −0·068% to 136·7%. A density plot illustrating the differences between the K2P model and best-model distances for each data set is presented in Fig. 3.
Identification success
A total of 21 514 DNA barcodes were used to measure identification success. Under the 1%Bold threshold, differences in identification success for all models varied by no greater than 0·04%; the two models with gamma shape parameters (HKY+Γ and GTR+Γ) had the lowest correct identification rates of 91·81% (Table 2). Optimised threshold values varied according to data set (range 0·2–1·2%), but not by model, except for the GTR+Γ threshold for Dincăet al. (2011) (Table 3). Identification success varied by up to 0·28% under optimised thresholds, with p distance having the highest value and the GTR+Γ model with the lowest (Table 2). Ambiguous identification tended to decrease with model complexity, along with an increase in incorrect and unidentifiable individuals (Table 2). In terms of the distribution of the barcoding gap under different models, for schemes without a gamma parameter, median values remained generally similar with smallest interspecific distances between 12·33× and 13·17× maximum intraspecific distances; the models with a gamma parameter had higher median (16·02× to 16·59×) and also higher maximum values (Fig. 4). No barcode gap was found for between 8·72% (p distance) and 8·50% (HKY+Γ) of individuals. Overall, the effect of model selection on all distances (both intraspecific and interspecific) is represented in Fig. 5.
|Dist. measure
|Ambig. %
|Correct %
|Incorrect %
|No ident. %
|p distance
|2·35 (2·31)
|91·84 (90·81)
|0·91 (0·75)
|4·90 (6·13)
|2·34 (2·31)
|91·84 (90·77)
|0·91 (0·75)
|4·91 (6·17)
|2·33 (2·31)
|91·85 (90·77)
|0·92 (0·75)
|4·91 (6·17)
|2·34 (2·31)
|91·84 (90·76)
|0·91 (0·75)
|4·91 (6·18)
|2·30 (2·29)
|91·85 (90·76)
|0·94 (0·78)
|4·91 (6·18)
|2·32 (2·31)
|91·85 (90·76)
|0·92 (0·76)
|4·91 (6·18)
|2·31 (2·29)
|91·81 (90·75)
|0·93 (0·77)
|4·95 (6·20)
|2·30 (2·29)
|91·81 (90·53)
|0·94 (0·77)
|4·95 (6·41)
|Data set
|p dist. %
|TrN %
|Dincăet al. (2011)
|Francis et al. (2010)
|Hajibabaei et al. (2006)
|Hubert et al. (2008)
|Johnsen et al. (2010)
|Kerr et al. (2007)
|Kerr et al. (2009b)
|Kerr et al. (2009a)
|Lukhtanov et al. (2009)
|Rasmussen et al. (2009)
|Steinke et al. (2009b)
|Steinke et al. (2009b)
|Ward et al. (2005)
|Wong et al. (2009)
Although the species-level analyses show that the K2P was never selected as the best model, picking a model with the lowest AIC value may ignore credible alternative models that are also good approximators (Alfaro & Huelsenbeck 2006; Kelchner & Thomas 2007; Anderson 2008). Therefore, it could have been possible that the K2P model was a reasonable alternative model, but when we considered AIC weights and evidence ratios between models to assess support, we found that the K2P was without exception a poorly approximating model at the species level; the lowest evidence ratio was 10 : 1 against the K2P. It is likely that the assumption of equal base frequencies led to the rejection of the K2P model in most cases, thus favouring the otherwise similar F81 and HKY models with unequal frequencies (Fig. 1). In general, substitution schemes tended to be relatively simple at the species level, with either equal rates (F81), or separate transition/transversion rates (HKY) selected. In terms of the suitability of the AIC for answering these questions, other model selection criteria such as likelihood ratio tests or the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) could have been considered here, but these measures are considered to be based on weak philosophical foundations, and the latter has a tendency to give high weights to poorly fitting models (Anderson 2008; Posada & Buckley 2004).
Overall, there was little difference between intraspecific distances optimised under best model or K2P model parameters. The majority (86·3%) of the difference was either zero or minor less than (±0·1%). The Francis et al. (2010) bat data set had the largest differences (Fig. 3). When this data set was excluded, 93·9% of differences in distance were less than ±0·1%. At least a third of the bat species analysed in this study had multiple divergences of over 2% K2P distance (Francis et al. 2010). This study group reflects a high proportion of underestimated diversity, and this discrepancy between current taxonomy and DNA data indicates that the species-level units from this study were probably not comparable with the other data sets we used. Conversely for the other data sets, species-level diversity may have been artificially reduced, as it was not clear from the methods sections of the publications cited (Table 1) whether code numbers or designations such as cf. were appended to species names during the morphological identification process or were post hoc assignments based on barcode divergences. As these would be considered different species in our analysis, an indication of how this may have affected results is necessary; of all 14 472 individuals, only 7% failed to satisfy a regular expression conforming to a correctly constructed binomial. However, regardless to the degree of match between barcodes and taxonomic names, optimising intraspecific distances under a more statistically justifiable model than the K2P did not substantially change them in the majority of cases (Fig. 3).
Although most changes in distance we observed among models were small, when strict thresholds are used as identification criteria (e.g. by Bold), in theory even relatively minor differences in distance could change the assignment of an unknown specimen. However, we found only a negligible decrease in identification success rate when more complex models were employed (Table 2), and although the Bold threshold value of 1% was generated from data under the K2P model, when we provided revised thresholds optimised under different models, the identification success rates continued to remain robust to model selection. This is likely due to the observation that distance values pertinent to specimen identification (i.e., largest intraspecific and smallest interspecific) were generally low enough not to be significantly affected by model correction (Figs 3 and 5). Overall, genetic distances generated under models without a gamma shape parameter scarcely deviated from estimations made by the K2P model at p distances of less than around 10%, although when a gamma shape parameter was introduced, distances had an increased proportion of correction at this level (Fig. 5). As an indication of how correction may influence a typical data set, (Ward 2009) reported mean interspecific K2P distances of 5·5% for congeneric bird species. Our results for a wider variety of taxa (Table 1) report a mean K2P distance of 6·9% for all nearest non-conspecific values and a mean maximum intraspecific value of 1·0%.
Regarding the discrepancy between conclusions presented by Fregin et al. (2011) and Srivathsan & Meier (2011), we find our results entirely congruent with those of Srivathsan & Meier in that substitution models have little effect on specimen identification. Our study found a slight degree of systematic bias, with more complex models having marginally lower ambiguous identification error rates (interspecific distances underestimated), but this was countered by a larger proportion of incorrect and unidentifiable specimens (intraspecific distances overestimated). When taking this bias into account, our results demonstrate that for identification purposes, p distances performed as well or marginally better (optimised thresholds) than more complex models due to the higher false-positive error rates of the latter (Table 2). Similarly, increasing model complexity produced an increase in the magnitude of the barcoding gap (Fig. 4), but this was not translated into an increase in the number of individuals for which a gap was present. We also report that increasing parameterisation further, with the inclusion of an invariant sites model (GTR + I+Γ), resulted in another increase in the magnitude of the barcoding gap and again generated a reduction in identification success (data not shown). Given the assertion of (Nei & Kumar (2000) that 'when one is studying closely related sequences, there is no need to use complex distance measures', we must ask again why models are used in DNA barcoding? Thus, it appears that observed similarity is an acceptable way to identify specimens, unless a user is particularly interested in minimising one error rate over another for a specific application.
Despite their call for better fitting models to be used in studies using genetic distances, a reanalysis of the data presented by Fregin et al. (2011) showed no differences according to model in either identification success rate or proportion of specimens lacking a barcode gap (TrN+Γ and p distances; their Supplementary Table 1). It is not clear to whom their advice is aimed, because their conclusions appear to blur the distinctions between DNA barcoding and DNA taxonomy, i.e. assigning unknowns to a pre-identified reference library vs. species delimitation and description (Vogler & Monaghan 2007; Padial et al. 2010). Although the same data can be used for both purposes, the objectives remain fundamentally different and each require distinct experimental procedures (Padial et al. 2010). There appears to be no standard practice regarding model correction for taxonomic questions, and different substitution frameworks are often employed among studies, frequently without a model selection procedure or justification (for references see Fregin et al.). When making taxonomic decisions, understanding evolutionary process is arguably more important than for DNA barcoding and may be especially critical in circumstances such as supporting a new species status for a divergent taxon. When framed in this context, we must recommend greater emphasis on model choice and therefore can agree here with the conclusions of Fregin et al.
We conclude by stating that model selection remains an important consideration in many disciplines, and DNA barcoding should be no different. Practitioners of DNA barcoding may feel reassured that identification rates were not significantly affected by model selection, but should also be aware that a model selection process can increasingly influence conclusions when larger distances are being considered. In taxonomic studies where these conclusions are important, statistical uncertainty in distance estimation could certainly be better explored with information-theoretic techniques such as multimodel inference and model averaging.
This work was supported by a Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand scholarship for RAC, and funding from the New Zealand Tertiary Education Commission to the Bio-Protection Research Centre for LB. The authors thank David Posada for assistance with jModelTest, Samuel D. J. Brown for valuable help with R, and three anonymous reviewers who suggested improvements to the manuscript.
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text:
Rihanna is the goddess of fire in her "Diamonds" video.
If you want the truth, we kind of assumed Rihanna's "Diamonds" video would either consist of her bathing in a pool of giant diamond rings from Harry Winston and/or watching rays of wildly expensive gemstones fly like "diamonds in the sky." (Can you blame us if we wanna see some bling?) But judging by the RIDICULOUSLY stunning photo of Rihanna on the set of her "Diamonds" video, bathing in engagement rings and gazing at shooting-star gemstones is definitely not the video's theme. In fact, from what we can tell, the two main pillars of Rihanna's new visuals are pyromania and Ri wearing stunning couture!
As you might have noticed, it seems that blowing up stuff is a new trend among female pop stars these days (please see: Christina Aguilera casually blowing up vehicles in "Your Body"), because judging by the car engulfed in flames behind her, Rihanna, too, has a penchant for lighting expensive whips on fire. Of course RiRi looks like a flawless queen while doing so and hasn't even smudged her mascara or ruffled her perfectly coiffed locks. But it's also like, obviously Rihanna would remain chic while committing a felony, because remember how amazing she looked during this? And this? And this? We rest our case.
Photo credit: Pacific Coast News


text:
Up Review
May 29th, 2009
Up makes good on it's title, proving yet again that Pixar knows how to chuckle the heart, tug on its strings, and warm its cockles as well.
Directed by Pete Doctor, Up begins and takes you where you'd least expected to go. There is not a single thing wrong with this film whatsoever, making this the best film of the year in my book, in terms of story, character, and originality. Up is not just a story about an old man, a house floating by the aid of a million balloons, or a Wilderness Scout. No. It's a story about childhood promises, of life's journey, and what a true adventure REALLY is.
I have to say that the casting was, again, impressive, right down to Bob Peterson's take on Dug, the (translation collar assisted) talking dog. Christoper Plummer makes for a great (not at first) creepy villain, and Jordan Nagai has a wonderful talent for voice acting. Hopefully we'll see this kid in the future in something live-action. Oh, and John Ratzenberger returns again with his familiar voice cameo. Edward Asner as Carl Fredricksen was perfect and believable. It's also glad to note that Pixar has kept Michael Giacchino on board for its score, ushering the notes needed to raise this film above the clouds.
The visuals were stunning. I watched this film in 2-D, worried that it would be chalk-full of "pop-out" gimmicks. But it wasn't! I'm sure this film will be every bit as enjoyable in the 3-D format.
This film has something for everyone. The crowded theater where I watched this had an equal number of adults and children, watchful and appeased. Heck. Even the six minute short was entertaining. Who knew that storks had to deliver dangerous animal babies too?
Looks like my review for Up is rather short, but that's great. When I have nothing bad to say about a film, I just leave it as great. I recommend Up for anyone who is "Up" for an original adventure story with lot's of heart, wit, charm, peril, and reflection. Like being inside that colorful little house, "Up" ascends, lifts, and carries you away without leaving you hanging.
6 comments
- david-dvd-1988 • 7 years ago
good review according to imdb up isn't out over here in the uk & ireland until october which is a pity!
- johnnyblazetb82 • 7 years ago
awsome wasent too sure about this 1 at first but i may check it out.
- twistedsmile • 7 years ago
Great review man. I am looking forward to this one. I think it looks funny as hell.


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text: How Beautiful and Inspiring it is to Plant a Vineyard: by Elisa Scavino Joanie Karapetian April 17, 2013 1 Comment I just saw this Facebook post by one of my dear friends, Elisa Scavino and I need to share it. This is the poetry of winemakers. This is the reason humankind is inherently drawn to the mystery of turning grapes into wine. The alchemy of wine-making. The heart of the hard work, the sweat, and tears that go into the shepherding of a vineyard… By Elisa Scavino… How beautiful and inspiring is to plant a vineyard. How many thoughts passed through my mind these days. I feel so grounded and in the right place when I am there. I love the intimacy that can be established with a place. Every 90 cm of distance on the row, I kneel down and I sink my hands in the hole to keep the vine straight and cover it with the finest soil. Every 90 cm the soil changes. Nature. I knew it from before but it's different when you experience it. It's touching. My knees are reddened this evening and my back is hurting a little bit but I feel so happy and honored and appreciative for my work! Grazie del cuore, Elisa! Me with Elisa Scavino and Riccardo Sgarra in Las Vegas at Carnevino. Please Share this:Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window)Click to Press This! (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to print (Opens in new window) Related One Response Diego Meraviglia April 29, 2013 What is Riccardo doing in Vegas !? Reply Leave a Reply Cancel reply


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The Littleton School District needs to step up and begin talking about what happened in the months before 18-year-old Karl Pierson stormed into Arapahoe High School on Dec. 13, firing a pump-action shotgun that killed 17-year-old Claire Davis before killing himself.
For more than a month, district and school officials have refused to talk to reporters about the events, referring all open records requests for even basic information to their lawyers.
On Thursday and Friday, the district maintained its silence even after school security guard Cameron Rust posted a lengthy diatribe against Arapahoe High officials, alleging they ignored warning signs before the attack and that Pierson was "a known threat for a long time."
Rust's statements are incendiary and cannot be verified without the district's input. He claims Pierson had made a death threat directly to his speech and debate coach; that he was caught looking at guns on the Internet while at school; and had repeated outbursts.
If any of Rust's allegations are proven and the school didn't take action, the district is in trouble.
Arapahoe County Sheriff Grayson Robinson last month acknowledged law enforcement was made aware in early September that Pierson had threatened his coach. But he didn't say what the district or his office did with that information.
The sheriff's office is conducting a thorough investigation of the incident and said it won't release information until the report is completed.
Fair enough. Investigators should be given time and space to finish the report — though authorities say Pierson, who is now dead, acted alone. No criminal prosecution is expected.
But the district needs to talk, specifically about what kind of threat assessment was done on Pierson and what protocols are in place to handle threats.
Mark Pierson, the shooter's father, called me weeks ago wanting to discuss the school's discipline of his son. He cut the interview short, but only after he said school officials, including his son's coach, should have to answer questions about the interactions they had with Karl.
So far, they have not said anything.
School officials also won't say why the door that Pierson walked through was propped open when it was supposed to be locked. In fact, district officials won't even talk about construction plans for the school's library that they say will be remodeled.
Reluctance to talk to the press about even the most basic questions is troubling.
School officials aren't to be blamed for the horrific actions of an obviously disturbed teenager, but they may have to answer if they failed to intervene. The silence makes it look like they are hiding something.
A governor's commission that examined the 1999 Columbine High School massacre issued recommendations for schools, saying threat-assessment teams with trained mental health professionals should be established and that all tips should be taken seriously.
Threat information should be shared between agencies, and an anonymous tip line should be created.
In Jefferson County, a direct threat would set off alarms and a set a process in motion that would immediately involve law enforcement and the district attorney's office. The student would likely be arrested or placed in a mental health hold, said John McDonald, Jeffco's director of safety and security.
The student would be banned from the school, a restraining order could be sought that would raise flags if the student tried to buy a gun, and letters would go out to the school community about the threat and the school's safety plans, McDonald said.
Jeffco has what is arguably the most robust threat assessment system in the country, put in place after the Columbine High massacre in 1999 that left 15 people dead, including the shooters.
Any threat is evaluated for its seriousness and whether the student is a risk. A team of teachers, administrators, counselors, the student's parents and school resource officers gather to look for signs, and "don't leave the room until a safety plan is set up," McDonald said.
They rank the student's probability for violence on a 1-to-4 scale, with Level 1 being the most serious.
To learn more about the student, district officials may monitor social media sites, ask to search the home, and try to persuade parents to get their child to see a mental health expert.
This year, Jeffco has conducted 52 threat assessments, with about 20 percent reaching to Level 1 or 2 on the scale.
"The commitment that I have made in our district is I will never stand up and say I didn't do everything I could to make your kids safe," McDonald said.
The question is, did Littleton schools do everything it could? We just don't know.
Jeremy Meyer can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or 303-954-1367; Twitter: @jpmeyerDPost.


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love_happy_pregnant's Mom Answers Activity
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I started cloth diapering a few months ago and am currently dispering a 2 month old girl, a 17 month old boy and my 2 year old wears them...posted by jenniferkenyon87
Is it O.K. to have a baby shower for a second baby?
Most recent answer (01/06/2015):
I would think if someone wants to throw you a small party to celebrate - that would be fine! But if you are thinking of registering agai...posted by a BabyCenter Member
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You can sun even tho there is no sun shine... Like getting sunburn when its cloudy out.posted by 4graycrunchies
single mom to be, how to be a single mom and afford things? And last name?
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I don't know about the money part, but...I am in a similar situation. The father of my baby wants nothing to do with us. But when I think...posted by happysound
glucola testing?
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Most OBs participate in a call group where they alternate call rounds with other OBs. It is very rare to find an OB who will attend ever...posted by a BabyCenter Member
I'm embarressed to ask this question about sex. Is there something wrong with me?
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Best of the 2013 Philly Bike Expo
Schwinn Paramount Track Bike
4 / 10
This 1939 Schwinn Paramount track bike—yes, with the front brake—was, at one time, a cutting-edge handmade race machine. Leather toe straps, a Brooks saddle, and wooden rims covered by cotton tubular tires adorn the frame, which was one of 20 or so Schwinns on display at the show to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Paramount brand.
Copyright © 2016 Rodale Inc.


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The Belgian "doesn't do any upper body work whatsoever", according to the former Leeds man, who is surprised that the striker was not named PFA Young Player of the YearFabian Delph desribes Aston Villa team-mate Christian Benteke as a "monster" and feels that he should have picked up the much-coveted PFA Young Player of the Year award.
The Belgian has enjoyed a fantastic debut season in England since his switch from Genk, scoring 18 goals in the Premier League, including a fabulous hat-trick that inspired Villa to a 6-1 win over Sunderland on Monday night.
|Aston Villa are 13/2 with Coral to be relegated from the Premier League
"He is a natural monster," the midfielder told reporters. "He doesn't do any upper body work whatsoever. He works on his core strength and his legs but that's it.
"Some defenders try and rough him up but everyone who has tried has failed.
"He is an absolute monster - when he first came to the club I asked him if he ate raw meat. John Carew was very similar but Christian is 22.
"The number of goals doesn't surprise me. We have three games to go and I could put a bet on him scoring another three or four.
"He has dragged us through so many games, I'm quite surprised he didn't get young player of the season. Obviously he is my pal and I am a bit biased towards him but, even from the outside, you would have thought he would be up there."


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International Logistics
CargoSmart Chief Commercial Officer Lionel Louie and JOC Senior Content Editor Alessandra Barrett chat at the 16th TPM Conference about the digitization of critical shipping information and the shortcomings of electronic data interchange, which is widely used in the industry. The two also talk about the challenges to digitizing data and how technology can help shippers in their daily operations.
Damco profit jumped triple digits in the first quarter.
DP World said in a notice to customers in the United Arab Emirates that it had determined how it will enable SOLAS compliance in the UAE and at what cost.
A slower economy has not necessarily driven less-than-truckload carriers off the road.
In the U.S., the spring of 2016 isn't a bad time to be a shipper. Sure, there's the SOLAS problem, but soft demand combined with excess capacity on land and sea and low fuel costs is pushing down transportation costs and giving shippers more bargaining power in annual contract bids, whether in the trans-Pacific maritime trade or U.S. domestic truck lanes.
Allcargo Logistics, the parent of global non-vessel-operating common carrier ECU Line, plans to more than double annual revenue.
CEVA Logistics posted a positive performance in the first quarter despite tough market conditions.
The U.S. Coast Guard Thursday gave its stamp of approval to two alternative methods for obtaining certified container weights to comply with new international regulations.
Yusen Logistics Co.'s group net profit was shaped by an uneven performance across its business segments and geographic regions.
Gati Ltd., India's leading express distribution and supply chain solutions provider, saw its group net income decline in fiscal year 2015 to 2016.


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My MIL has been nagging me to get my child to a hearing specialist because she's sure my LO has a hearing problem because she doesn't speak clearly or at all!
I told her the only reason why she can't make out what she is saying is because she only sees her once in two weeks. And that there is nothing wrong with her hearing, but she insists (x_x)
So this morning I spoke to LO's Daycare Teacher and asked her about my DD's speach. She confided in me that my LO's not the only one who can't pronounce her words clearly. It so happens that the Teacher from the year before didn't do everything she was supposed to with the kids and simply filled the reports in falsely stating that the kids can master just about every other thing. Her Teacher atm has to struggle to get the kids to learn everything they were suppose to have learned last year and still trying to teach them the cirriculum of this year.
I am pleased that my DD does infact not have a hearing problem and that she is smart enough to learn what she needs to with her current Teacher...
I am very displeased at the fact that the Teacher of the previous year is such a fraud and that my MIL would insist on something being wrong even though she barely sees/knows my child.
- My LO's turning 2 end of March.
- My MIL stays about half a mile away and doesn't work
Just thought I'd share these two points for reference


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The Knitters, "Poor Little Critter On The Road"
The beautiful thing about The Knitters (and all the lovely cowpunk bands who would form in their
The Knitters, "Poor Little Critter On The Road"
The beautiful thing about The Knitters (and all the lovely cowpunk bands who would form in their wake) is that they combine two of my favorite things in the world: the soul of country music and the off-key, defiant punk rock delivery that I grew to love in my friends' dirty basements and the Reno VFW Hall. Plus, after playing together for more than twenty years, the whole band works just as well as you'd expect them to. Exene and John Doe have their harmonies pretty much down pat. And yeah, Exene may not hit every note dead on, but that's what makes The Knitters. She's not Emmylou Harris, she's a punk singing country songs, and she belts 'em out with at least as much feeling as any Nashville star and a sassy attitude befitting punk rock royalty like herself.
Openers Dead Rock West
didn't end up showing were there, except that the weekday shows at the Tractor apparently start at 8 p.m. (instead of that being the door time, as was the case the last time I was there) so I missed them. John Doe kicked off with two songs accompanied only by guitarist Dave Alvin: "Silver Wings" and "Good Imitation Of The Blues." After that, the rest of the band took the stage and launched directly into an hour and a half set of originals and covers from their past two records. Among them: "Poor Little Critter On The Road," "Give Me Flowers While I'm Living," "Poor Old Heartsick Me," "Dry River," "Try Anymore," "Walking Cane," "Baby Out Of Jail," and "The New World," a political song from The Knitters' first album which, John Doe mentioned, has a "slightly different meaning now." The band finished up that number by segueing into an abbreviated version of the Star-Spangled Banner. You know a presidential inauguration is a big deal when a punk can get up onstage and change out the freak flag for Old Glory for a little while.
I think the standout song of the evening for me, though, was "Long Chain On," which is one of those haunting, almost Gothic country ballads that stick to your ribs, especially in the hands of John Doe, who's got an incredibly expressive face. They finished out with a raucous rendition of "Born To Be Wild," a fitting end for a show as well as an album (it's the final track on The Modern Sounds Of The Knitters). It was a great time. And I would encourage anyone who didn't come last night not to miss tonight's set. Thing is, I just read this Washington Post review from May of '07 that describes a set list very similar to last night's. Then again, the band's only got two albums to draw from. Here's hoping what Goldberg wrote in his preview of this show is true-- that there's a new album in the works. The band's set list depends on it.


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Opinion Pieces
Contaminated berries scare unlikely to slow China food exports19 Feb 2015
The Conversation
Professor Hans Hendrischke and Dr Wei Li author an opinion piece published in The Conversation about the effect the recent contaminated frozen berries will have on food labelling and the inspection of food imports.
Beyond the FTA: China still tough for Aussie companies to crack20 Nov 2014
The Conversation
The Conversation published an opinion piece co-authored by Professor Hans Hendrischke and Wei Li from about the China-Australia free trade agreement.
Don't be misled on Chinese foreign investment: read the facts 10 Apr 2014
The Conversation
The Conversation published a piece co-authored by Dr Hans Hendrischke and Dr Wei Li about Chinese investment in Australia.
China, promising reforms, pushes entrepreneurship07 Mar 2014
The Conversation
Dr Hans Hendrischke wrote an opinion piece published in the Conversation on China's Work Report and the economic reforms proposed by China's Premier, Li Keqiang.
SPC Ardmona and the cheap Chinese food challenge03 Feb 2014
The Conversation
Dr Hans Hendrischke from the Business School and China Studies Centre and Wei Li from the Business School wrote an op-ed published in the Conversation about financial support for SPC Ardmona and the role of Chinese imports in the Australian market.
It's the economy - China's 'decade-long leadership change' 11 Mar 2013
The recent transition to a new leadership group shows how much the Chinese Communist Party depends on continuity and process over personality. Read more
Beijing smog: a Chinese style of feeling global financial crisis pains 10 Mar 2013
By Wei Li
Beijing has just been blanketed by another round of heavy smog, this time causing more chaos as businesses reopen and people return after the Lunar New Year Holiday. Read more


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First-year Brookfield East boys basketball coach Matt Malett will return three starters from last year's team and seven letter winners as well.
Malett will show his adaptability since there are injury questions with two of his three returning starters.
Senior point guard Ryan McBride is healthy, but seniors Brian Smithand forward Mike Novak have injuries to recover from.
Smith, who suffered a significant ankle injury in East's final football game, is out four to six weeks. The Spartans are hoping he is able to return for the Greater Metro Conference opener against Wauwatosa East on Dec. 7.
The left-handed shooting Novak, who has a broken right forearm, recently had a smaller cast put on and could be out a couple of weeks.
Adding to this group are returning letter winners and seniors Jacob Wiesmueller, Jonathan McGinley, Steven Tongas and Adam Aleiou.
Malett lists junior Josh Byrd as a player to watch.
"We have high expectations this season with a lot of seniors returning," said Malett, who replaced longtime coach Andy Farley, who accepted an associate principal position at Menomonee Falls. "We have been battling many injuries already this year, but with a full roster, we will compete at a high level in the Greater Metro Conference."
Malett has been active in the Spartan program since 2002 when he began in the Jr. Spartan program. He progressed through the ranks serving most recently as head JV coach.
The Spartans finished seventh of eight teams in the GMC last year with a 5-9 record and they were 5-18 overall.
More from Sports
- Late rally lifts Brookfield East past Franklin boys, 64-61, in season opener
- Girls soccer: Brookfield Central soccer team blanks Brookfield East, 6-0
- Sports Shorts: May 5, 2016
- Brookfield Central Sports Shorts: May 5, 2016
- Sports Notes: May 5, 2016
- Brookfield East's Kim Leupold resigns as girls cross-country coach
- Brookfield Academy: May 1, 2016
- Land O'Lakes baseball: Brookfield Bulldogs beat Hartland in Land O'Lakes opener
- Boys tennis: Brookfield Central boys tennis team ranked sixth in state
- Boys Track and Field: Brookfield East boys win North Star Classic Track and Field Invite


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Terri Dilling is a painter and printmaker who explores the beauty and complexity of the natural world. Her cyanotypes are uniquely connected to nature because part of the process involves exposing them in the sun and rinsing them in water. More of her artwork can be seen online at www.terridilling.com. This is a 20 page color catalog, 7"x7", presenting a portfolio of her cyanotypes.
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GERMINATION Published May 11, 2015
PORTFOLIO OF SELECTED WORKS Published September 06, 2012
TERRI DILLING Published April 02, 2012
TERRI DILLING Published November 23, 2010


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Registration records of all vehicles in Hawaii must be updated annually.
Annual fees are based on the vehicle weight and usage. They are
computed by the Treasury Division, Motor Vehicle Section.
The deadline for registering vehicles is the last working day of the
expiration month of the current registration. However, if the
registration expiration date occurs on a Saturday, Sunday or legal holiday, the
delinquent renewal penalty fee will not be charged until after the next working
A penalty will be assessed if fees are not paid on or before the expiration
date. The penalty shall be 20% of the County Weight Tax and 20% of
the State Weight Tax.
Make checks payable to Director of Finance. Proof of Hawaii
motor vehicle insurance is required to obtain a vehicle inspection, and the
vehicle inspection sticker and certificate are necessary to operate a vehicle on
all Hawaii roads and for all vehicle ownership-registration transactions.
Non-resident active duty military personnel must submit a properly completed
Non-Resident Certificate, Form DF-L(MVR) 50, for each registration, renewal or
transfer or transaction.
*Form DF-L(MVR) 50 is available from your military personnel office or your
military unit.
Click here to inquire about a motor vehicle in the State of Hawaii,
or pay by mail to the following:
County of Kauai
Treasury Division (MVR)
4444 Rice St., Ste 466
Lihue, HI 96766-1340
(When mailing the registration application to you, the County provides a self-addressed envelope.)
Registration records of all vehicles in Hawaii must be updated annually. You
can renew your motor vehicle registration in person or by mail. If your
registration is within 45 days of the expiration date, you can renew online at
You may pay your fee:
When you buy a new vehicle on Kauai, the dealer will probably have it registered and licensed for you. But if this service is not provided, this is what you must do:
If your vehicle is registered in Kauai and you have recently received a renewal application form, you may renew your vehicle registration in person at the Kapule Building between 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.:
Note: Taxes and fees are charged on an annual basis commencing when the out-of-state registration expires, there is no-proration for registrations which expire during the month.


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Test yourself
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Are you in the dark about mobile security? Take the test
Do you risk becoming an Accidental Outlaw? Take the test
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RT @armstrongjp: I was just on @BBCYork with @spanswicktweets on #trolling - there are some helpful tips and resources here http://t.co/9bB…
Parents risking children's privacy by sharing hundreds of pictures online bit.ly/1Kz9mM7 via @MirrorTech


text:
Mulan Portrait Color by MoonchildinTheSkyWatch
©2011-2016 MoonchildinTheSky
Increible!..muy bonito
very pretty I like your other versions too
Love the highlights on the hair
You did a fantastic job! I love this.
She is so beautiful! I like this art very much!
it's beautiful!!! you are very talented!!!!!!
Mulan has always been my favorite! And everything in this portrait is so soothing and calm but very brave just like Mulan, nice hair detailing! So Shiny! *O* <3
love hair
So beautiful! I love how you do shiny hair; something I have tried so hard to do and failed miserably at.
I love your work! So very beautiful!
omg shinyy hair!
Beautiful Mulan!I like very much your drawing!Well done!
My favorite Disney Girl
mulannnn XD
mulan is so pretty here
I <3 this drawing.
Mulan was my favorite disney princess when I was little ^^
Mulan was my favorite disney princess when I was little ^^
Such beautiful shiny hair. I wish I had hair that shiny. Mulan rocks.
Amazing technique!! What brushes do you use??
OMG, GORGEOUS! ç_ç So cuuuute!
wow .....how can you do this??? is awesome
I really like how you drew her hair.
love mulan shes badassery to u are the most awesomest drawer ever bro
Amazing work yet again, I love the soft colors, and the colors/texture used for the paper background. You've really got quite a talent, this is lovely!
wwoooaoo she is beautifull !!!
She looks so great!
Wow, You're an awesome artist...
I'm sure I can give you a llama. Just make sure you feed it.
I'm sure I can give you a llama. Just make sure you feed it.
Beautiful work, she looks beautiful^^ you have an amazing talent
you have a really nice style ^^ I like it
very pretty! ^.^
This is really lovely, sooo pretty


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Fighting cancer with a fastbreak
Coaches vs. cancer basketball game raises money, awareness
The student section cheers during Arlington High School's annual Coaches vs. Cancer basketball game against Monroe on Friday night. Fans and players came dressed in pink to raise cancer awareness. The game featured several cancer survivors as "honorary Eagles coaches." Money raised at the game from donations, raffles and the sale of donated items will go to the American Cancer Society.
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Bellevue School District may ban varsity football coach Prep boys lacrosse: Jackson 9, Snohomish 6 Prep boys soccer: Mariner 2, Lake Stevens 0 Prep boys soccer: Snohomish 2, Cascade 0 Prep boys lacrosse: Sammamish-Interlake 9, Cascade 3 Prep boys soccer: Glacier Peak 7, Everett 0 Prep boys golf: Wesco 3A South match Prep boys soccer: Edmonds-Woodway 2, Lynnwood 1
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