text:
Averett, Samuel Wootton-Continued.
Served on C. S. S. Jackson, New Orleans station, 1861. C. S. S. General
Polk, New Orleans station, 1862. Commanding C. S. floating battery
New Orleans at the surrender of Island No. 10, April 7, 1862. Captured
April 8, 1862; exchanged September 16, 1862. C. S. S. Atlanta, (Fingal),
1862. C. S. cruiser Florida, 1862-1864; C. S. S. Lapwing (Oreto),
March 28-May 3, 1863. Detached from C. S. cruiser Florida at Bermuda,
May 12, 1864, and ordered to report to the Navy Department as bearer
of dispatches.
Aylwin, M. W.
Born in . Appointed from . Paymaster's clerk, 1862.
Served on the C. S. R. S. United States, 1862.
Bacon, James.
Born in - . Appointed from . Acting carpenter, September 27,
Served on C. S. S. Jackson, New Orleans station, 1861-62. Jackson station,
Bacot, Richard H.
Born in South Carolina. Appointed from South Carolina. Resigned as
acting midshipman, U. S. Navy, December 11, 1860. Acting midshipman,
May 16, 1861. Passed midshipman, June 1, 1861. Second lieutenant
Provisional Navy, June 2, 1864.
Served on Savannah station, 1861-62. C. S. S. Arkansas, 1862. C. S.
steamers Chicora and Stono, Charleston station, 1862.64. C. S. S.
Neuse, 1864.
Bailey, John H.
Born in Georgia. Appointed from Georgia. Third assistant engineer,
June 15, 1861. Second assistant engineer Provisional Navy, June 2,
Served on C. S. S. Atlanta (Fingal), 1861-62. Jackson station, 1862.
C. S. S. Stono, Charleston station, 1863. C. S. S. Savannah (Ooonee),
Savannah Squadron, 1863. C. S. S. Richmond, James River Squadron,
1864. Paroled May 17, 1865, Albany, Ga.
Bain, A. W.
Born in . Appointed from . Captain's clerk, December 5,
1861. Paymaster's clerk, October 29, 1862, and September 10, 1864.
Served on C. S. S. Beaufort, Richmond station, 1861-62. C. S. cruiser
Florida, 1862-63. Drewry's Bluff, Va., 1863-64. C. S. S. Chickamnauga,
Bain, Robert M.
Born in Virginia. Appointed from Virginia. Formerly carpenter U. S.
Navy. Carpenter, June 11, 1861. Carpenter Provisional Navy, June 2,
Served on Savannah station: C. S. S. Georgia, 1862; C. S. S. Sampson,
Baker, Adam N.
Born in Pennsylvania. Appointed from Florida. Formerly in U. S. Marine
Corps. Served in Virginia navy. First lieutenant Marine Corps, June 6,
1861. Deserted at Pensacola, Florida, November 13, 1861. Dropped
October 10, 1862.
Warrington Navy Yard, 1861.
United States. Office of Naval Records and Library. Register of Officers of the Confederate States Navy, 1861--1865. Washington D.C.. The Portal to Texas History. http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth204523/. Accessed May 2, 2016.


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Brazilian Distribution Company (CBD): Today's Featured Services Loser
Brazilian Distribution Company ( CBD) pushed the Services sector lower today making it today's featured Services loser. The sector as a whole closed the day up 1.5%. By the end of trading, Brazilian Distribution Company fell 67 cents (-1.7%) to $37.92 on light volume. Throughout the day, 206,245 shares of Brazilian Distribution Company exchanged hands as compared to its average daily volume of 674,700 shares. The stock ranged in price between $37.20-$38.13 after having opened the day at $37.99 as compared to the previous trading day's close of $38.59. Other company's within the Services sector that declined today were: QuinStreet Inc ( QNST), down 17.1%, BioScrip Inc ( BIOS), down 10.1%, Dex One ( DEXO), down 9.9%, and LoJack Corporation ( LOJN), down 9.4%. Companhia Brasileira de Distribuicao, together with its subsidiaries, operates as a retailer of food products, clothing, home appliances, and other products through its chain of hypermarkets, supermarkets, specialized and department stores, convenience stores, and the Internet in Brazil. Brazilian Distribution Company has a market cap of $9.9 billion and is part of the retail industry. The company has a P/E ratio of 48.5, above the average retail industry P/E ratio of 22.2 and above the S&P 500 P/E ratio of 17.7. Shares are down 9.6% year to date as of the close of trading on Monday. TheStreet Ratings rates Brazilian Distribution as a buy. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its robust revenue growth, compelling growth in net income, reasonable valuation levels, good cash flow from operations and impressive record of earnings per share growth. We feel these strengths outweigh the fact that the company has had lackluster performance in the stock itself.
- You can view the full Brazilian Distribution Ratings Report.
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- Or find some new ideas from our top rated stocks lists.
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Superhero Bits: Deadpool vs Wolverine, Civil War Super Bowl Spot, Justice League and More
Posted on Friday, February 5th, 2016 by Ethan Anderton
How long is the Captain America: Civil War Super Bowl spot? Is there a chance we'll ever see Deadpool vs Wolverine in the movies again? How big are the roles of the other Justice League members in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice? All that and more in this edition of Superhero Bits. Read More »


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A Kentucky seminary professor and pastor has drawn the ire of a few state politicians for a prayer he offered before the Governor delivered his annual budget address to a joint session of the state legislature. According to Lexington, Kentucky's local NBC news affiliate, the Rev. Hershael York (left), who is senior pastor at Buck Run Baptist Church in Frankfort and a professor at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, called "gambling a terrible thing just minutes before Governor Steve Beshear proposed casino gambling in Kentucky during Tuesday's session."
As many Catholic dioceses across America step up their efforts to protect the unborn and defend traditional marriage and family, Pope Benedict XVI (left) is warning Catholic Church leaders to prepare for a protracted conflict against forces committed to a "radical secularism" which threatens not only the Christian faith, but the world as a whole.
After hundreds of thousands participated in the March for Life, while President Obama celebrated abortion on the 39th anniversary of Roe v. Wade, a new poll commissioned by the Knights of Columbus revealed that a whopping 79 percent of Americans are in favor of significantly restricting access to abortion. The numbers, largely unchanged from two years ago, also showed that more than half of Americans take what is considered by many activists to be a pro-life position.
Maryland's Baltimore County is considering an ordinance that critics warn would allow transvestites, cross-dressers, and men confused about their gender to access women's bathrooms, showers, and dressing rooms. Tom Quirk, the county council member who is sponsoring what he calls the "Act Concerning Human Relations" (Human Relations Bill No. 3-12), insisted that the measure is designed to address discrimination by employers based on an individual's sexual orientation and gender identity. "It's my strong belief that the only thing that should matter is someone's qualifications for a job," Quirk told the Columbia Patch, a local newspaper.
The 70-year-old Rabbinical Alliance of America has called upon Republican primary voters in South Carolina to reject the candidacy of Mitt Romney. The socially conservative organization — which represents more than 850 orthodox rabbis — is asking Christians in the state to bypass the former Massachusetts Governor on the ballot because of his stance against certain traditional values, specifically his support of the homosexual lifestyle as acceptable and normal behavior.


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Steal the Shaymin Game! [v2]
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August 28th, 2012 (5:08 PM).
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Kcalb falls out of the sky riding on MissingNo and screams BACON!!!! really loud, causing Meowth to accidentally chop a big hole in the ground with his chainsaw. (He dropped it.) Suddenly it starts raining bacon, and all the Tepigs get offended. So the Tepigs stampede into the hole, carrying Shaymin on their backs. The hole is a secret passageway that leads to Sinnoh, and it comes out at Sendoff Spring, where I am waiting. Then Giratina shows up and makes a portal to Glitch City, where Shaymin and I hide behind a mysterious talking trash can.
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Thursday, February 27, 2014
0 Comments | Copyright: IANS
Wouldn't you shudder at the thought that almost 2,000 women were raped daily over a period of nine months during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide? Director Mrityunjay Devvrat says the purpose of rape scenes in his controversial movie "The Children of War" is not for generating business, but for showing "how men can become animals for power".
Devvrat, in his first feature film, talks about the sanguinary birth of Bangladesh in 1971. Actor Pavan Malhotra plays the role of a Pakistani Army officer assigned to duty in Dacca, now Dhaka. His character oversees rape camps and orders ghastly murder of Bengalis.
Rape forms an integral part of the movie, and the director believes even one such "gruesome" scene is enough to get the point across.
"The idea of putting rapes in the film was not to sell it. It was an attempt to show the factual truth," Devvrat told IANS in an interview.
"Many women cannot even imagine themselves in that situation, forget about men. It is with this intent that we created some scenes that will make you shudder at being a silent spectator," he added.
The idea, he said, was to make the audience feel "repulsed by the act so much so that they do not even entertain a thought of pardoning such criminals, let alone let them commit such crimes in broad daylight".
He hopes the film sensitises people against crime against women.
"I can see the movie striking a chord and making audiences anywhere to get up and fight for justice for the women who were wronged back and the women who have been wronged now," said the Delhi-based director.
"The Children Of War", made at a budget of less than Rs.6 crore (Rs.60 million/ just under $1 mn), features a stellar cast - Pavan, Raima Sen, Tillotama Shome, Victor Banerjee, Indraniel Sengupta, Riddhi Sen and late Farooque Sheikh.
The movie begins in March 1971 and covers a period of nine months, showcasing the atrocities as well as inhuman methods adopted by the military of West Pakistan.
"Our film deals with the birth of Bangladesh in 1971 and mainly dwells on the genocide issue where 400,000 women were raped and three million people were killed. We have researched a lot through this subject and I hope we can influence many through our film," said Devvrat.
It was while reading Sheikh Haseena's book "Memoirs of Mujib" when the idea of making a feature film on the issue struck Devvrat.
While bringing such a strong subject on screen, he knew controversies may emerge. It is said to be banned from release in Pakistan, but Devvrat is unfazed.
"Real life and real lives make for the most interesting and compelling stories because there is a certain amount of honesty in them. Real stories, for me, speak a lot more than fictional ones and honestly , the controversy surrounding them was something that we didn't even think about," he said.
"Getting into this story was the difficult part, but making the movie not so much, because once you start feeling your characters or what your subject is trying to portray, then you totally get immersed. Things like controversies, reviews and other things just take a backseat," he said.
As for the film's release in Pakistan, Devvrat plans to visit the neighbouring country and request authorities to allow it to be screened.
He says: "Don't judge the book by its cover. I would want to visit Pakistan and tell them that I have not made an anti-Muslim or anti-Pakistan movie. We have only dwelled on the facts and human stories."
In India, the film's release date is yet undecided, but Devvrat hopes to make it possible soon.
"Our next challenge is to release it and make it as big as possible but in the absence of money, it seems like a difficult task. We will take it as a challenge," he said.
(Nivedita can be contacted at [email protected])
Amitabh Bachchan: I loved the promo of 'Queen'
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Gift Premium Subscription To martiniw2olives
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Im in
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Yes please
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Please pick me (:
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I want one of those!
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Stone of course. Not because it's the greatest beer (well I think its great). It's because it's
great quality and more available to places that are not known for beer.
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yes, I'm in!
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knowing that they're owned by the big international conglomerates so often called "BMC"...I
love the saying, ...
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Yes, Please!
Posted in thread: Heading to LA and San Fran what beers to try on 11-22-2013 at 05:56 AM
Visit Stone in Escondido, lovely place


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Important! Freebase is read-only and will be shut-down. More.
Andrew Lansley en
Andrew David Lansley, CBE MP is a British Conservative politician who has been the Member of Parliament for South Cambridgeshire since 1997. He was previously Leader of the House of Commons from 2012 until 2014, the Secretary of State for Health from 2010 until 2012, and was the Shadow Secretary of State for Health from 2004 until 2010. As Health Secretary, Lansley was responsible for the government's controversial Health and Social Care Act 2012. [ - ]


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Feedback on Great Britain 14 day Itinerary
Here's the itinerary my husband and I have planned for our June 2014 trip to Great Britain. I'd appreciate feedback/recommendations about our itinerary. I'd also like to know recommendations about exchanging US dollars to pounds and best method of obtaining/securing cash as many of the B&Bs prefer being paid in cash. Ideally, we would not want to travel with much cash on us at any one time.
Also, I noted a few more specific questions below where we could use some ideas/help. We are using Rick Steve's Great Britain, Ireland, and England Guidebooks 2013 to select, contact, and reserve B&Bs in most of these locations. Thank you.
Wed.- Flight from NC, USA to Dublin; flight from Dublin to Glasgow arriving late morning; pick-up rental car; lunch and bus/walking tour of Glasgow in the afternoon; travel to Dunoon, Scotland (via Gourock ferry) for 1st night - Any suggestions on the best tour company to get a good overview of the top sites in Glasgow? We only plan to spend a few hours at most because we had some time to spare in the afternoon.
Thurs, Fri, Sat nights in Dunoon, Scotland (visiting friends)
Sun, Mon nights in Edinburgh, Scotland - We will leave Edinburgh on Tuesday AM and visit Hadrian's wall/ Housestead,s For) on the way to Keswick...should we take a side trip to Durham to see the Cathedral too? Or would this be too much for one day?? Otherwise, we won't visit Durham and head to Keswick.
Tues, Wed nights in Lake District, England -hoping to stay at one of the Farms just outside of Keswick, England in Neulands Valley - looking into Keskadale; does anyone have experience staying here or at others in this area?)
Thurs, Fri nights - York, England (Many B&Bs to choose from in Rick's guide book...having trouble deciding. We want something that is within walking distance of the main sites. Any suggestions?)
Sat, Sun, Mon nights - Conwy, Wales
Tues, Wed nights - Dun Laoghaire, Ireland (20 minutes from Dublin - plan to visit Dublin but stay in Dun Laoghaire to avoid higher lodging rates)
Thurs - Flight from Dublin airport to USA


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I kind of like this house a lot ! Very interesting. Does someone still live in there?
Thanks Charlotte. I think the house is just s tourist attraction now. Some more info here
oh my! I do love this house - but it must make people feel very unbalanced walking around it..:)
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Misplaced? Suggest new location


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RE: Network "Change Management"
From: Bill Nash (billn_at_billn.net)
Date: 09/20/04
- Previous message: Fred Leeflang: "Re: Network "Change Management""
- In reply to: Jorge Reyes: "RE: Network "Change Management""
- Next in thread: Evan Pierce: "RE: Network "Change Management""
- Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] [ attachment ]
Date: Mon, 20 Sep 2004 12:48:45 -0700 (MST) To: Jorge Reyes <email@example.com>
The passive trap option is definitely better than an active poll.
Cisco's IOS-on-Catalyst handling of per vlan forwarding tables, with
regard to the SNMP engine, really makes polling for existing MAC entries,
in your bridge/forwarding tables, a super pain in the ass.
Alternatively, if handling snmp traps is too much admin overhead,
redirecting these traps to syslog output (where possible) would integrate
into existing syslog analysis engines (ala netcool, etc) with ease. While
I haven't tested it, it's likely possible to handle assigned MAC<->port
membership violations in the same manner. This is definitely behavior that
may change significantly between CatOS and IOS, or any of the hybrid
versions on various Catalyst platforms. Your mileage may vary, or be
recorded in kilometers.
- billn
On Sat, 18 Sep 2004, Jorge Reyes wrote:
> FastEthernet and Ethernet interfaces on a Cisco switch support the generic link up and down traps defined in SNMP MIB II. This sample output was captured on an ATM inverse multiplexing over an ATM (IMA) network module. It used the debug snmp packet command to view the contents of the traps.
> 3640-1.1(config)# interface ATM 2/0
> 3640-1.1(config-if)# no shutdown
> 3640-1.1(config-if)#
> *Mar 1 20:17:24.222: SNMP: Queuing packet to 184.108.40.206
> *Mar 1 20:17:24.222: SNMP: V1 Trap, ent products.110,
> addr 10.10.10.1, gentrap 3, spectrap 0
> !--- The gentrap value "3" identifies the LinkUp generic trap.
> ifEntry.1.1 = 1
> ifEntry.2.1 = ATM2/0
> ifEntry.3.1 = 18
> lifEntry.20.1 = up
> *Mar 1 20:17:24.290: SNMP: Queuing packet to 184.108.40.206
> *Mar 1 20:17:24.290: SNMP: V1 Trap, ent ciscoSyslogMIB.2,
> addr 10.10.10.1, gentrap 6, spectrap 1
> clogHistoryEntry.2.49 = LINK
> clogHistoryEntry.3.49 = 4
> clogHistoryEntry.4.49 = UPDOWN
> clogHistoryEntry.5.49 = Interface ATM2/0, changed state to up
> clogHistoryEntry.6.49 = 7304420
> Issue the show snmp command to confirm that the router sent a trap PDU.
> 3640-1.1# show snmp
> Chassis: 10526647
> 55 SNMP packets input
> 0 Bad SNMP version errors
> 16 Unknown community name
> 0 Illegal operation for community name supplied
> 0 Encoding errors
> 37 Number of requested variables
> 0 Number of altered variables
> 2 Get-request PDUs
> 37 Get-next PDUs
> 0 Set-request PDUs
> 55 SNMP packets output
> 0 Too big errors (Maximum packet size 1500)
> 2 No such name errors
> 0 Bad values errors
> 0 General errors
> 39 Response PDUs
> 16 Trap PDUs
> So you can configure your Linux Server to accept SNMP traps from the Cisco switch and page alert base on the trap value.
> UP/DOWN that is
> Jorge
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Zow" Terry Brugger [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com]
> Sent: Thu 9/16/2004 12:24 PM
> To: Dave Torre
> Cc: email@example.com
> Subject: Re: Network "Change Management"
> Dave,
> > Does anyone know of a Linux utility that can watch the MAC address
> > tables in Cisco switches and alert admins as to when a new device has
> > been plugged in?
> I don't work with Cisco switches too much, however you may be able to
> configure it to send an snmp alert to your Linux box when a new device is
> plugged in. You'd then use snmp-util (or whatever it's called these days) to
> handle the message on the Linux side.
> Alternatively you can set up arpwatch on your Linux box and periodically ping
> your whole range of IPs. Arpwatch will alert you when it sees new or changed
> MAC addresses for those IPs.
> > Basically, we have your standard client network with DHCP. Internet
> > access is restricted to authenticated users, and so are the file shares.
> > However, we've had a few instances where people just plug in their
> > personal laptops which makes me very worried...
> Okay, then a couple other things you might want to consider:
> 1. If it is a managed switch, you should be able to configure it to only
> allow MACs on a given list, hence preventing new boxes from even getting a
> layer 2 connection.
> 2. Set up the dhcp server to only allocate IPs to certain MAC addresses.
> 3. You should be able to get dhcpd to report to you when it allocates to a
> previously unseen MAC address (probably by throwing together some scripts to
> parse the log messages and comparing the MACs in them to a list).
> Of course, all of the above are assuming that someone isn't spoofing their
> MAC address to one that you allow on your network. Typically someone has to
> be deliberately malicious to do that though, so the above strategies
> (especially blocking based on MAC) are good for stopping people from
> connecting up their personal laptop and infecting the network with the worm
> du jure. The best prevention against MAC spoofing is to trust your users.
> Hope this helps,
> Terry
- Previous message: Fred Leeflang: "Re: Network "Change Management""
- In reply to: Jorge Reyes: "RE: Network "Change Management""
- Next in thread: Evan Pierce: "RE: Network "Change Management""
- Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] [ attachment ]
Relevant Pages


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Munich Sights
My daughter is leaving Sat evening from BOS to Munich for her first international business trip! Prior to working at a trade show she has Sunday and Monday for herself to explore. Then her group will be entertaining customers Tues-Fri. Frankly, we haven't done our usual homework (the trip came up quickly) so I look to the often helpful RS travelers for some last minute insights into what she should see during her 2 "off" days and if there are any recommendations for evening/dinner during the week?
She'll have no problem getting around, she has spent a couple of years living overseas but neither of us have been to Munich. Thanks in advance -


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Gates of Moria by themicoWatch
©2012-2016 themico
"Speak 'Friend', and enter."
hfffffffffffffffff aragorn standing all there alone by the side is actually kind of cute~
lovely work!
lovely work!
love the atmosphere
Great work. It's really good to see someone drawing these characters from mind, and not rom the movie.


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What the 6 Democratic Candidates Could Mean for Your Money
Here's a rundown on where the Democratic hopefuls stand on five key personal-finance issues - from taxes to health care - just in time for Tuesday's debate.
Here's a rundown on where the Democratic hopefuls stand on five key personal-finance issues - from taxes to health care - just in time for Tuesday's debate.
Hillary Clinton's plan to help students attend college and reduce debt loads of of already burdened graduates is laudable, but it has its problems.
Hillary Clinton promises to impose tougher regulations on banks and raise the wages of ordinary Americans if she wins the 2016 White House race.
Macy's is ending its partnership with Donald Trump, in response to uproar from Hispanic consumers over the real-estate mogul's controversial statements.
Donald Trump files a $500 million lawsuit against Univision, after it opted out of Trump's pageants because of controversial remarks he made this month.
Republicans will risk political pushback to put entitlement programs on the agenda during the presidential election.
With elections gearing up, labor unions will soon be in the news again, but will union members be at the voting booths?
Critics fear heavy spending by billionaires will warp 2016 elections. But public ire against big political spenders may lessen wealthy donors' influence.
Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton said the U.S. economy requires a 'toppling' of the wealthiest 1 percent, a New York Times report says.
America passes the halfway mark for favoring legalization nationwide, a survey shows, with a majority of voters, including Republicans, now supporting it.
Obama's budget fleshes out proposals from his State of the Union address and highlights Democratic priorities as the 2016 presidential campaign begins.
President Obama says it's time to turn the page after years of economic hardship and wars overseas. But Republicans say voters did the job last November.
President Obama will challenge a Republican-led Congress to back his tax-raising ideas for helping middle-class Americans in his State of the Union speech.
Buried in new rules that will govern the House for the next two years is a provision that could force an explosive battle over Social Security's finances.
Legal use ushered in bipartisan politics, a reduction in crime, the rise of recreational over medicinal supply and a stunning defeat in Florida.
Republicans took control of Congress with a push from voters who feel they've been left behind in the nation's gradual economic recovery, exit polls show.
Republicans seized control of the Senate and strengthened their hold on the House in a wave of Election Day victories Tuesday.
The U.S. Commerce Department has released its first read on real gross domestic product (GDP) for the third quarter of 2014, showing that GDP rose at...
Fed Chair Janet Yellen says the nation's rising wealth gap concerns her, and asks whether it's compatible with American values, during a speech in Boston.
One company has created bundles of stocks of companies that reflect Democratic and Republican leanings. But should you put your money where your vote is?
The European Central Bank recently left interest rates unchanged at its most recent rate policy communication. This was on the heels of the prior cut...
For former President Bill Clinton, host of an annual gathering of business and political leaders, the American economy isn't feeling as secure as it should.
Former Mayor Michael Bloomberg is returning to lead the financial data and news company he founded in 1981 but left to serve three terms in City Hall.
Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor will join investment bank Moelis & Co. as vice chairman and managing director, the company says.
The U.S. Treasury Budget for July was announced Tuesday afternoon. Tuesday's results followed close enough to analysts' expectations that it should...
Fed Chair Janet Yellen is delivering her semiannual Monetary Policy Report in front of Congress on Tuesday. The testimony is before the Committee on...
When it comes to the health care system in the United States, we might be closer to the end of unaffordable services and the barriers to...
"How much money do I need to retire?" "How much should I be saving per year toward my retirement?" "Should I save for my kids' education...
Calling the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (better known as "Obamacare") controversial would be a gross understatement, but the...
The Affordable Care Act has established basic core health requirements for insurance plans offered in the U.S. that support those diagnosed...


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I'm going thru a bunch of things right now and I need some help. My son is now almost 4, and I am 37 yrs old. I recently found out that I have a small fibroid tumor on my uterus, which really is not fun. I swtiched jobs last year, from something that was more rigid and really not making me happy, to a job that is more flexible, but now there is a chance that I am going to be laid off, we just don't know. But all of the rumors are negative. Financially we are lucky enough to be fine if I don't work, but I dont think that I would be fine if I didn't work. I get stir crazy, and I'm not happy being here everyday, even though I love my kids desperately.
I just am struggling with my identity. I have worked for as long as I can remember. My mom is currently unemployed and I have been helping her with money in the meantime. This is just added stress right now. For work I have started taking some classes, and building my resume. But I'm also torn because right now, I work from home 2 days a week. I get to spend time with my sons at school, take them out to lunch, be home to cook dinner every night. My hours are flexible. Thats why I took this job so I could do both. I can work and I can be present at home. I'm worried about taking another job, because honeslty even though I like working, it literally breaks my hearts to think of having to be in the office 5 days a week.
Does any of this make sense? I feel like a crazy person. In the middle of that before all of this stuff with my job, I was thinking about having another baby. There are so many factors to consider, I mean this tumor which likely will only get bigger and then there is my age which has its own risk factors since im over 35. Part of me feels like, if I could have another baby, I would want to do it now. If I lost my job, I could at least be home with a baby for as long as I wanted before I got another job. I could relax and take my time.
I think its just all of the stress of everything that is just making it very hard to figure out what I want and what is important to me. I love my little guys more than anything in the world, and I want them to be happy and have the best life possible. But the thing is I feel like in order to achieve that I need to feel good about myself. and right now im just so up and down. I'm torn with wanting to be a good mom, and wanting to have a career. I know i'm not the only one that struggles with these kinds of things. If anyone has any advice, please let me know. Thank you!


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Baltimore County News
Part of May's Clean Commute Month Events
On Friday, May 15, hundreds of Baltimore County residents are expected to celebrate national Bike to Work Day. Bike to Work Day rallies are being held in Towson, Timonium, Catonsville, Owings Mills and White Marsh to celebrate those who commute to work by bike, and to encourage others to give it a try.
Free early-morning refreshments and give-aways will be provided, and those that pre-register online will also receive Bike to Work Day t-shirts and are eligible to win prizes including a new bicycle.
Bike to Work Day is an annual event, promoting bicycling as a healthy and enjoyable commute option that eases congestion. It is managed regionally by the Baltimore Metropolitan Council through collaboration with state agencies, bicycle and pedestrian advocacy groups, cities and counties throughout Central Maryland, committed volunteers and generous sponsors.
An Efficient and Fun Way to Get Exercise
Baltimore County government is marking its twelfth year in sponsoring the local events, which have been steadily growing in number and participants. The Owings Mills location is new this year, hosted by Edaptive Systems Inc. (400 Red Brook Boulevard, Owings Mills, Maryland 21117). The White Marsh event, in its fifth year, is hosted by IKEA White Marsh. Ride participants and pre-registrants who are on their way to work by bike will receive a coupon for breakfast at IKEA.
"Biking to work is an efficient and fun way to get the exercise you need while commuting to the workplace," said County Executive Kevin Kamenetz. "And, biking rather than driving to work can help reduce the amount of vehicle emissions, which are a significant contributor to the region's ground-level ozone problem."
More Information
For more information, visit the Baltimore Metropolitan Council website.
Sheldon Epstein
Chairman, Baltimore County Pedestrian and Bicycle Advisory Committee
Now that spring has finally sprung, it's time to get outside and enjoy the great outdoors. What better way to enjoy the fresh air than to put on your walking shoes or dust off your bike and take a ride.
Baltimore County began the process of transforming itself into a more walkable and bike-friendly community by developing pedestrian and bicycle improvement plans. The Pedestrian and Bicycle Advisory Committee (PBAC), working with the County Department of Planning, recommended areas where sidewalks, bike lanes and other types of improvements could be made. The PBAC is composed of enthusiasts representing each council district, the county administration, and Bike Maryland, a local advocacy group.
So far, the County has received State funding through the Maryland Bikeways program to stripe bicycle lanes and install bike route signs in Catonsville, Arbutus/Halethorpe, and Towson. If more State funding becomes available this year, even more improvements can be made throughout the County.
Here's where you can help. We are looking for projects that would be low cost, connect to major destinations, and have the support of the local community. The PBAC committee's first public input meeting will be held April 16, 5:00 p.m., at the Jefferson Building, Room 104, 105 West Chesapeake Avenue, Towson 21204. If you have a great idea but can't make the meeting, send in a written suggestion to the PBAC, c/o Department of Planning, 105 West Chesapeake Avenue, Towson 21204, or email Kathy Schlabach at email@example.com.
Successes from Catonsville, Arbutus/Halethorpe, and Towson will help us become eligible for additional grant funds to develop plans in other parts of the County.
While you are dusting off that bicycle, keep in mind that Bike to Work Day will be coming up May 17. Details about the early morning rallies in Catonsville, Towson and White Marsh will be coming out soon.
But let us hear from you on April 16. Together we can make Baltimore County a better place to be outside, year-round. Now let's get walking and biking for our enjoyment, health, and as a greener way to get places.
Revised April 6, 2016


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As the saying goes, you shouldn't judge a book by its cover, but you can discover plenty about a band or celebrity by looking at nothing more than the follicles of their face. Don't believe me? Read on for proof. Or see for yourself in person. Fleet Foxes (Wednesday),
Iron & Wine (Saturday), and Band of Horses (Tuesday) are each bringing their distinct genre of beard to the Paramount this week.
The I've Let Myself Go (pictured above): While there is no singular sound associated with this style of beard, it generally signifies a career crossroads for an artist, or at least a departure from an established norm. Records produced while flaunting this look often have an obtuseness that says, "Look, I don't give a fuck about shaving because I'm, like, going through something here!" The I've Let Myself Go looks like bad breakups, good drugs, and houses without mirrors. It is also generally accompanied by long hair.
Example: John Lennon sports this style on the cover of his and Yoko's Wedding Album, which contains just one song per side--one includes sounds and conversations captured during their famous bed-in, the other features 23 minutes of the pair calling each other's names over a rhythm track of heartbeats.
See also: Ben Bridwell of Band of Horses, who should name his next project Carissa's Beard; Elvis Costello's Mighty Like a Rose, which Declan himself deemed "an angry record"; the blues-heavy L.A. Woman from the Doors; Joaquin Phoenix circa I'm Still Here.
The Indie-Intellectual: Unkempt and with hair from cheek to mid-neck, this beard is favored by college philosophy professors everywhere--and the songwriters who inspire them. Wearers of this style tend to make music that is tuneful, harmony-rich, and fawned over by NPR stations. Indie-intellectual beardies are also prone to penning head-scratching but awesome-sounding lyrics like "Only love is all maroon/Gluey feathers on a flume/Sky is womb and she's the moon." Whoa, that's deep . . . or something.
Examples: Bon Iver's For Emma, Forever Ago, which was recorded by Justin Vernon in a log cabin after a breakup and while having mononucleosis. Can you record in a log cabin without a beard?
See also: Damien Rice; Kyp Malone of TV on the Radio.
The Sensitive Songwriter: Cat Stevens is the follicular father of this beard, enjoyed by folkies--and Unabombers--ever since. Though it is sometimes worn long, the beard is usually well-groomed and dense, giving the wearer a warm, cuddly vibe that enhances the singer/listener bond. Songwriters who sport this style can often be found on Zach Braff movie soundtracks and are fond of mellow, acoustic guitar-driven folk songs that tell vivid stories of vivid characters.
Example: Iron & Wine's Our Endless Numbered Days, and not just because the cover features a painting of Sam Beam with a beard, but because the album's dozen songs are gentle, finger-picked classics timeless in their simplicity and execution.
See also: Ray LaMontagne; Robin Pecknold of Fleet Foxes; Will Oldham.
The Metal Beard: Sprouting directly from the chin in long, wispy strands downward, and often dyed, tied, or rubber-banded, the Metal Beard exemplifies that your tastes tend toward the loud, pissed-off, and aggressive.
Example: Metallica's James Hetfield has enjoyed several beard styles over the years, but has settled into middle age with this goatee style, which manages to look even more metal as it's begun to go gray.
See also: Serj Tankian of System of a Down; Scott Ian of Anthrax; Dimebag Darrell of Pantera; Kerry King of Slayer.
The Gore: After former vice-president Al Gore conceded defeat in the 2000 presidential election, he did what any self-respecting dude who had just been fucked over by The Man--or at least the Supreme Court--would do: He disappeared and grew a sweet beard. Not to be confused with the I've Let Myself Go, the Gore is a subtle symbol of resignation and defiance, whereas the I've Let Myself Go is a Major Statement, an intentional attempt to look like you don't care. However, like the I've Let Myself Go, the Gore is usually temporary.
Example: Conan O'Brien, post-Tonight Show firing, grew a Gore before taking it on the road for a theater tour which featured comedy, music, and another beardie, Reggie Watts, who opened the show sporting his Indie-Intellectual.
See also: Jeff Tweedy, Sting.
The Natural: Folks who sport the Natural were seemingly born with a beard. Trying to imagine a Natural-wearer without their beard simply isn't possible, for your mind's eye can't conjure the image. It's like trying to picture Charlie Sheen without hookers, Larry David without neuroses, or the Insane Clown Posse without their makeup (beards, how do they work?).
Example: Jerry Garcia, unfathomable without his beard, is a prime example of someone with a Natural. Seriously, don't do a Google image search for "Jerry Garcia without beard," as you cannot unsee the atrocities it returns.
See also: Kenny Rogers (though you might think it was the plastic surgery that made his face look totally different, that totally isn't the case; it's that he cropped off half his Natural), Kenny Loggins.
The Hip-Hop: Well-groomed, short, and often with sharp angles, the Hip-Hop beard is usually associated with an immaculate production featuring sampled drum sounds and killer pop hooks.
Example: Kanye West's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, which overflows with sounds, hooks, and instrumentation, all of which are polished to a perfect, eye-squinting sheen.
See also: The precise guitar work and arrangements of The Edge; apl.de.ap; Daughtry; Method Man.
The Dirtbag: Rock radio anthems pulse through the blood of Dirtbag wearers, who like their facial hair without frills and their rock & roll the same. The Dirtbag usually comes with big guitars and bigger choruses.
Example: The 11-times-platinum Devil Without a Cause from Kid Rock, which dominated rock radio in the late '90s with its mix of rock, rap, and country sounds and five hit singles.
See also: Jimi Hendrix, Dave Grohl, Axl Rose, Jim James of My Morning Jacket, Chris Robinson of the Black Crowes.


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This combination of ecommerce, social and gamification is changing the way online auctions are conducted while turning smart devices, such as the iPhone or iPad, into a way for anyone to remotely participate, no matter where they are. Bidders can tap the enlarged buttons on their smart device screens, which allow them to instantly place their bids in rapid-fire contests where an item is typically purchased in less than three minutes."Just when you think you've seen it all, Outbid comes along and not only changes the way sports fan can get their most coveted collectibles, but turns it into a entertaining event that plays out like a game," said Marv Levy, who is hosting his own Outbid auction at 4 p.m. PT Dec. 17. "I'm looking forward to co-hosting as well as having the chance to meet fans in this whole new, innovative arena." The auction will benefit Gridiron Greats Assistance Fund, a non-profit organization that is providing financial grants and "pro bono" medical assistance to retired NFL players in dire need.
It's Outta Here! Outbid Online Auction Launches Outbid Sports, Makes Bidding For Sports Collectibles A Frenetically Fun, Competitive Event
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I found this really cool little trunk that I am going to give my daughter for Christmas. It will be used for all of her Build a Bear clothes and accessories that she is getting as well. I came up with a design for the front of the trunk, but I am drawing a complete blank as to what I should do with the lid. I will add I am not much of a painter. I draw really well,Ā but painting isn't my strong suit! I am open to any ideas you guys can come up with!
Here is what I came up with:
Here is what the lid looks like. Right now I have the sides and the back painted blue like the sky. I will probably put some purple stripes on the sides.


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Discipline: Occupational Science/Therapy
Credit Hours: 3
This course will focus on the core constructs related to occupational dysfunction of individuals and populations from later adulthood through older adulthood (50+ years old). This will specifically include the disruption of performance components underlying occupation, consequences and personal impact of occupational dysfunction, and the multidimensional natural and social cost of occupational dysfunction.
Consult the Keuka College Course Catalog for additional information and to view other courses.


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- ParaguayServicesFunding via Fundación Paraguaya
Santa Libra...ParaguayServicesFunding via Fundación Paraguaya
Por Un Futu...ParaguayRetailFunding via Fundación Paraguaya
Nueva Estrella Group
The woman being highlighted is the director of the group. Her name is Blanca, and she is a very charismatic person. She knows how to motivate a group and to make people excited about working, fighting to get ahead, and improving their incomes and quality of life.
Blanca makes a living in sewing. She is requesting a loan so that she can invest in the purchase of fabric, thread, buttons, and other items. In doing this, she will be able to continue complying with the demand of her customers and investing in her business.
Una persona digna de destacar es la directora del grupo la Sra. Blanca, quien es una persona muy carismática que sabe motivar a su grupo animándolas a seguir trabajando y luchando por salir adelante e ir mejorando sus ingresos y su calidad de vida.
Blanca se dedica a la costura y solicita de este crédito para poder invertirlo en la compra de telas, hilos, botones y demás, y así seguir cumpliendo con el pedido de sus clientes e invirtiendo en su negocio.
Additional Information
About Fundación ParaguayaFundación Paraguaya is a financially self-sustaining social enterprise that promotes entrepreneurship in urban and rural areas through microfinance, education programs, and more. Its focus on agriculture has helped many farmers boost their crop yields. And a number of other borrowers have taken out loans to start and grow social businesses that have helped deliver eyeglasses, medicines and other helpful services in their local communities.
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Paraguay
36View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 6 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Jul 18, 2013
- Listed
- Aug 19, 2013
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Covered
- Ended:
- Dec 17, 2013


text: Thanks for posting this well written ride report! It looks like you had great weather for the ride. I am sorry we weren't able to join in this year. Your photos brought back fond memories of our ride on the Minuteman path, but I see, like the other 50+ rides in which I've participated, it wasn't without its challenges!


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Okay, pretty much all tater tots are beautiful, but this recipe is courtesy of chef Tom Black who is getting ready to launch Restaurant Bea in Madrona with his business partner Kate Perry. The two will focus on creating a menu composed of delicious comfort foods inspired by Black's midwestern roots complemented by the foods he loves to order when he goes out to eat: sweetbreads, lamb kidneys, and other offal things.
Photo by Julien Perry
The restaurant itself will also be comfortable. "There are people in the industry who kind of look down on diners or look down on each other," says Perry, "and there's really no reason for that negativity. I think that just takes the fun out of it and shows that maybe you're not focusing on yourself." Black agrees, "I like warm inviting service that's not pretentious; it's friendly and the server takes their job as seriously as the kitchen takes their job. And I like chef-driven restaurants where the chef has gotten that shot based on their hard work and experiences up to that point in their career."
Black also likes tots.
No offense to the Oregon-Idaho hybrid, but Washington represents all over these tots.
Bea Tots
3 lbs Yukon Gold potatoes
1 ½ oz white truffle oil
White pepper
6 eggs
3 c all-purpose flour
2 qts Panko (Japanese bread crumbs), finely ground
1 gal vegetable oil
Tools needed
Large pot
Potato ricer or food mill
Pastry bag
Metal pastry tip, ½-inch round
Sheet tray
Parchment paper
Deep pan for frying
Peel and medium-dice potatoes into uniform pieces. Preheat oven to 350-degrees. Place potatoes into a large pot and cover with cold water. Add a large pinch of salt. Bring to a boil and cook on high heat until tender when pierced with a paring knife. Strain and lay out onto a sheet tray and place into the oven for approximately 3-5 minutes to dry them.
Push potatoes through a potato ricer or food mill to create very fine potato shreds. Drizzle in truffle oil to taste. Add additional salt and white pepper to taste. The potato mixture should have a smooth texture and a subtle truffle flavor. Place into a piping bag fit with a ½-inch tip. Line a sheet tray that will fit in your freezer with parchment paper. Pipe out long, even bars of the mixture onto the sheet tray until full. Freeze until hard.
Whisk eggs to make an egg wash and place in a bowl for dipping. Place flour and Panko in two separate bowls, also for dipping.
Cut potato bars into one-inch pieces. Toss each piece in flour, then in egg wash, and then in Panko. Place pieces back on the parchment-lined sheet tray and refreeze until the pieces are hard enough to handle without falling apart, approximately one hour.
Heat one gallon of vegetable oil in pan until the temperature reaches 375-degrees. Gently fry the potato pieces until golden brown and place onto paper towels to absorb any extra oil. Serve warm.
Follow Voracious on Facebook and Twitter. Follow me at @tastebud1.


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Document Actions
OPT STEM extension
Starting May 10, 2016 , The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) will amend its F1 non immigrant student visa regulations on Optional Pratical Training (OPT) for students with the following degrees: Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM). Students with these degrees will be eligible for OPT period of 24 months (STEM OPT extension). For more info on this ruling click here.
Regular OPT (Application & Deadline)
It's that time again for International Students with F1 Status to apply for OPT. The OPT appointment options is open and we welcome students to set up an appointment with an international student advisor as the deadline is rapidly approaching (Thursday, April 21st, 2016).
Summer Registration
Hunter College offers two summer sessions in a variety of lengths. Students can take up to 7 credits per session.
N.B: Apply during registration period to avoid late fees. Check your Cuny First for registration appointment date and time
March 16-17, 2016 :
-Currently enrolled Graduate Degree students
-Register according to number of credits earned
March 18-24, 2016:
-1st undergraduate degree students
-Register according to the number of credits earned
I-94 System to Switch Over to Electronic Issuing
The Department of Homeland Security has begun their new electronic process, so the paper form (I-94 card)will no longer be needed at entry and instead all the information will be attached to an online record that the immigration officer will pull up when a student enters. However, if travelers require a copy of their I-94 (record of admission into the United States) for any benefit application such as employment, then it can be obtained from www.i94/cbp
CUNY Citizenship Now!
This program provides freeand confidential assistance to students interested in applying adjustment of status to Permanent Residency or other non F-1 Student Status or J-1 Exchange Visitor issues such as consideration of "Deferred Action" Employment.
Important USCIS ELIS Information for International Students
The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has introduced ELIS (Electronic Information System) that allows applicants to file the form I-539 online to request an immigration benefit. Applicants (international students or visitors) may use the I-539 to request the following:
- Change of status (to F-1 or another category)
- An extension of your current status (F-1 or another category)
- Reinstatement to F-1 (student) or J-1(Exchange Visitor) status
The ELIS program now allows you to file any of the requests listed above using an electronic I-539 form. When using ELIS, you will be able to create a personal account and submit additional documents to complete and file your request.USCIS has introduced this new program as part of its plan to reduce paperwork and create a faster, more efficient process.
You are not required to file your form I-539 online. Therefore, if you prefer, you may continue to use the paper format of the I-539 to file your immigration requests. USCIS will continue to accept the paper format of the I-539 until further notice. If you plan to send your request by mail, please be sure to have the ISO first review your form I-539 and supporting documents.
For more information on ELIS, please visit www.uscis.gov/uscis-elis contact Ms. Iris Aroyewun-Birchwood at email@example.com or Mr. Xavier Remigio at firstname.lastname@example.com in the Hunter College International Students Office.
Looking for Scholarship opportunities?
Below is a link that will take you to a series of available scholarships. Please check to see which scholarship(s) you are eligible to apply for. For more information:http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/studentservices/is/grants-a-z


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Stem cell company demands U of M bioethicist take back FDA investigation request
Late last week, a letter from a Washington D.C. law firm arrived in U of M President Eric Kaler's inbox. In it, attorneys representing an adult-stem cell company named Celltex demanded to know who authorized a bioethicist named Leigh Turner to request an official investigation of Celltex by the Federal Drug Administration.
"Associate Professor Turner's letter contains numerous material false and defamatory allegations," it read.
"I helped raise some concerns," says Turner. "Turns out Celltex isn't so excited about that idea."
Celltex is a Texas-based company, whose most famous client was Governor Rick Perry. Perry underwent an experimental procedure for back pain and had his own stem cells injected into his spine. But the company has been accused in an investigative piece by the science journal Nature of performing those experimental treatments on U.S. soil, which is still illegal.
Turner's letter points this out and also raises the issue of Celltex's relationship with a Korean company called RNL Bio, which licenses Celltex's technology. According to Korean news reports, two patients died after receiving RNL Bio stem cell treatments.
"It is unclear how CellTex and RNL Bio intend to address fundamental ethical issues related to protecting patients from risk of harm caused by clinically unproven interventions," wrote Turner. "It appears that their business plan involves injecting or infusing on a for-profit, commercial basis non-FDA approved adult stem cells into paying customers. This plan conflicts with FDA regulations governing human stem cells."
Attorneys for Celltex responded to Kaler, as opposed to Turner, demanding to know whether the U sanctioned Turner's request for the investigation.
If it was not authorized, please inform us of what steps the University will take to disclaim any sponsorship of the Turner letter, retract the letter, remove the letter from the internet, prevent further distribution of the letter, and prevent further recurrence of this type of action by Associate Professor Turner (or any other University faculty).
"I think the letter is just to intimidate and threaten," says Turner.
Read the whole Celltex letter here. The company also sent a letter to the FDA saying Turner's allegations are false, and offering an inspection of Celltex's facilities.
Turner says he hopes the U will back him up, though he says it would be near impossible in any case to make his letter disappear from the internet. Director of University Public Relations Chuck Tombarge issued the following statement in reply to Celltex:
The University is carefully evaluating the letters it has received involving allegations related to Celltex, the FDA, and Prof. Leigh Turner. In the meanwhile, it is important to remember that our faculty is protected by the Regents Policy on Academic Freedom and Responsibility, which safeguards the freedom to write on matters of public concern without institutional discipline or restraint, with the responsibility to make it clear that when one is speaking on matters of public interest, one is not speaking for the institution.
This is not the first time a U of M bioethicist has butted heads with Celltex. Last week, Carl Elliott received a threatening letter from one of its former executives, whom Elliott called out, along with Celltex and RNL Bio for questionable ethics in an article for Slate. Slate responded by scrubbing Elliott's piece from the internet.
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Brief Summary
Passerculus sandwichensis
A small (4 ½ -5 ¾ inches) bunting, the Savannah Sparrow is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, streaked breast and belly, and yellow eye-stripes. Numerous geographic races exist in this species' wide range, some much paler or darker on the back and head than the typical race. Male and female Savannah Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Savannah Sparrow breeds across Alaska, Canada, and the northern half of the United States. In winter, most populations migrate south to the southern half of the United States, Mexico, and parts of Central America. Populations breeding in coastal California, Baja California, and central Mexico are non-migratory. Savannah Sparrows breed in open and semi-open habitats, including grassland, marshes, agricultural fields, and tundra. Similar habitat types are utilized in winter as in summer. Savannah Sparrows primarily eat insects in summer, switching over to seeds and grains during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Savannah Sparrows may be observed foraging for food on the ground below shrubs and grasses. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species' song, a whistling "tsit-tsit-tsit tseee-tsaaay," in order to separate it from other drab grassland birds. Savannah Sparrows are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
National Distribution
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Breeding
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
Global Range: (>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)) BREEDING: northern Alaska and northern Canada south of arctic islands east to northern Labrador and Newfoundland, south through the western U.S. and Mexico (locally) to southwestern Guatemala, and south to southern Iowa and New Jersey (AOU 1983). NON-BREEDING: southern British Columbia, southern Nevada, Gulf states, and Massachusetts to northern Honduras and West Indies (AOU 1983). RESIDENT: Pacific Coast from central California south to Baja California Sur and Gulf of California Coast from Sonora south to central Sinaloa (Wheelwright and Rising 1993). Accidental in Hawaii.
Physical Description
Length: 14 cm
Weight: 25 grams
Diagnostic Description
Differs from song sparrow (MELOSPIZA MELODIA) by usually having a yellowish eyebrow stripe, whitish crown stripe, short notched tail (vs. long and rounded), and pinker legs (Peterson 1990). Lacks the white outer tail feathers of the vesper sparrow (POOECETES GRAMINEUS).
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
Comments: BREEDING: Prefers habitat with short to intermediate vegetation height, intermediate vegetation density, and a well developed litter layer. These preferred habitats cover a wide range of vegetation types, including alpine and arctic tundra, coastal salt marshes, sedge bogs, grassy meadows, and native prairie (Wheelwright and Rising 1993).
In North American grasslands, occupies tallgrass prairie, idle and lightly grazed mixed-grass prairie, shortgrass, wet meadow zones surrounding prairie wetlands, alfalfa (MEDICAGO SATIVA)/brome (BROMUS spp.) hayfields, native and tame dense nesting cover (DNC), Conservation Reserve Program lands, weedy crop and stubble fields, retired cropland, and wheat fields (Stewart 1975; Salt and Salt 1976; Renken 1983; Dale 1993; Hartley 1994; Johnson and Igl 1995; Patterson and Best 1996; Prescott and Murphy 1995, 1996). Although occasionally breeds in cropland, is more abundant in idle native, DNC, and Conservation Reserve Program lands (Hartley 1994, Johnson and Igl 1995, Patterson and Best 1996). In Illinois, found in mixed and pure stands of hay, pastures, and idle grasslands, but reached highest densities in pastures and idle grasslands (Graber and Graber 1963). In Wisconsin and Ohio, abundance was positively correlated to percent herbaceous vegetation cover (Sample 1989, Swanson et al. 1997). In North Dakota and Saskatchewan, abundance was positively correlated with percent grass cover (Renken 1983, Renken and Dinsmore 1987, Sutter 1996). However, at a less arid site in Saskatchewan, abundance was negatively correlated to percent grass cover (Sutter 1996).
Most abundant on Conservation Reserve Program fields with high percent grass and low percent legume cover in the northern Great Plains (Johnson and Schwartz 1993). In Oregon and Nevada, Rotenberry and Wiens (1980) found a positive correlation between abundance and percent forb cover. In Wisconsin, abundance was negatively correlated to maximum vegetation height and vegetation height-density (Sample 1989). Wiens (1969, 1973) stated that low, dense vegetation was required for nest sites; grass-dominated habitats with little forb cover are preferred (Wiens 1969, 1973; Welsh 1975; Knight 1989; Vickery et al. 1992). In Wisconsin, avoided habitats with tall, dense vegetation and nested primarily in managed or disturbed habitats such as pastures and hayfields (Sample 1989). In Michigan, nested in hayfields of clover (MELILOTIS and TRIFOLIUM spp.), alfalfa, brome (BROMUS spp.), and timothy (PHLEUM PRATENSE), and in clumps of grass near cow pies in an overgrazed pasture (George 1952). In Maine, nesting birds in areas of mainly forb and shrub cover experienced lower reproductive success than those nesting in predominantly grass cover (Vickery et al. 1992). In Quebec, vegetation height did not differ between nest sites and random points, but successful nests were surrounded by taller vegetation than unsuccessful nests (Bedard and LaPointe 1984).
Avoids areas with extensive tree cover (Wheelwright and Rising 1993). Wiens (1969) noted that most breeding territories were located in the center of grassland habitats, away from cultivated fields and fence lines, and Sample (1989) found a negative correlation between abundance and percent shrub cover. In North Dakota, were found only on shrubless transects (Arnold and Higgins 1986). In Wyoming sagebrush steppe, were observed only on burned and herbicide treated areas with fewer shrubs and more grass and forb cover (Kerley and Anderson 1995). In West Virginia, nesting territory often included small trees, shrubs, and fence posts (Shields 1935). In Saskatchewan, nested in or near clumps of sparse western snowberry (SYMPHORICARPOS OCCIDENTALIS) shrubs (Lein 1968). Although total woody cover in habitats used for nesting was low (< 1 percent), Sample (1989) reported that the birds often used small trees and shrubs (< 2 m tall), fence posts and wire, and tall herbaceous stems as song perches.
NON-BREEDING: In migration, open fields, roadsides, dunes, coastal marshes, edges of ponds, and rarely in open woodlands (Wheelwright and Rising 1993). In winter, cultivated fields, pastures, golf courses, roadsides, dunes, and salt marshes (Wheelwright and Rising 1993).
Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Breeding populations throughout Canada and most of U.S. are long-distance migrants; arrive on nesting grounds in the northern and central U.S. and Canada in March-April, in far north late May-early June; departs far northern nesting areas usually by late August (Johnson and Herter 1989). Begins to arrive in the southeastern U.S. during the last week of September, with numbers increasing throughout the fall and reaching peak densities by mid-December; numbers are relatively stable until late March, when an abrupt decline begins; only a few scattered birds remain through late April and early May. Nonmigratory or local migrant in parts of west coast. Subspecies ROSTRATUS breeds along north and east coasts of the Gulf of California, many migrate north to winter in southwestern California (Zink et al. 1991). Subspecies PRINCEPS breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, and winters on dune beaches of the Middle Atlantic states (McLaren, 1979 COSEWIC report).
Trophic Strategy
Comments: During summer eats insects, spiders, and snails; breeding adults ate average of 18-21 g of fresh arthropods daily (Williams 1987). Feeds on seeds of primarily herbaceous plants at other times of year. Forages on ground, sometimes scratches. Adults feed arthropods to young (Meunier and Bedard 1984).
Population Biology
Number of Occurrences
Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.
Estimated Number of Occurrences: 81 to >300
Global Abundance
10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals
General Ecology
Territories are small, ranging from 0.05 to 1.25 hectares (George 1952, Lein 1968, Wiens 1969, Potter 1972, Welsh 1975, Piehler 1987, Wheelwright and Rising 1993).
Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Arrive on the breeding grounds between late March and early May, and begin nesting in May (George 1952, Baird 1968, Lein 1968, Maher 1973, Welsh 1975, Bedard and LaPointe 1984b, Wheelwright and Rising 1993). In North Dakota, breed from late May through late July, with peak breeding occurring from early June to mid-July (Stewart 1975). If the first nesting attempt fails, will renest, and many females produce a second clutch after a successful first nest (George 1952, Lein 1968, Taber 1968, Wiens 1969, Weatherhead 1979, Wheelwright and Rising 1993). In northern areas, may be limited to a single brood (Maher 1973, Weatherhead 1979).
In Saskatchewan, departed from breeding territories in early August, but remained in the area, foraging in weedy fields, along road edges, and along the margins of lakes and sloughs (Lein 1968). Fall migration occurs in mid- to late September (George 1952, Maher 1973).
In the Canadian Maritimes, male and female are philopatric (Bedard and LaPointe 1984b, Wheelwright and Rising 1993). Philopatry to breeding territories in Newfoundland is high; 95 percent of surviving males and 90 percent of surviving females return to within 40 meters of territories from a previous year (Wheelwright and Rising 1993). There is no information on philopatry in the Great Plains, and philopatry of grassland birds in the Great Plains may be low (Wiens 1974, Johnson 1996). Polygyny is common in populations residing in the Canadian Maritimes, but populations in other portions of the species range are generally monogamous (Welsh 1975, Wheelwright and Rising 1993).
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Passerculus sandwichensis
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 22 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Passerculus sandwichensis
Public Records: 22
Specimens with Barcodes: 25
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
National NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded National Status Rank: N5B - Secure
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N5B,N5N : N5B: Secure - Breeding, N5N: Secure - Nonbreeding
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
Reasons: Very large range, relatively common.
Comments: The frequency of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (MOLOTHRUS ATER) appears to be low across much of the range (Wheelwright and Rising 1993). However, high rates of brood parasitism have been reported. In Manitoba, 33 percent of nests were parasitized (Davis 1994, Davis and Sealy in press). In Saskatchewan, 44 percent of nests contained > 1 cowbird egg (SWCC 1997).
Restoration Potential: Plant fields with mixture of forbs and short and tall grasses (Jones and Vickery 1997).
Preserve Selection and Design Considerations: May occupy small (< 5 ha) areas of suitable habitat (Potter 1972). However, Jones and Vickery (1997) suggest that minimum grassland size is 20-40 acres and Herkert et al. (1993), based on data from Illinois, categorized the species as highly sensitive to habitat fragmentation. Species with a high area sensitivity are generally restricted to nesting in large, contiguous habitats and rarely nest in small habitat fragments. In New York, density was positively correlated with field size (Bollinger 1988, 1995), whereas in Saskatchewan, occurrence was negatively associated with area (SWCC 1997). In Illinois, Herkert (1991) found no sparrows on grassland tracts < 10 ha and noted that they were significantly more likely to occur on large than small grasslands. Incidence increased with area and reached 50 percent at about 10 ha in Maine (Vickery et al. 1994) and 40 ha in Illinois (Herkert 1994).
In Saskatchewan, 700-1,600 ha may be required to halve brood parasitism (SWCC 1997). In Minnesota tallgrass prairie, abundance was higher, and nest depredation and cowbird brood parasitism rates lower, as distance to wooded edges increased; nest depredation rates were lower on large (130-486 ha) than small (16-32 ha) grassland fragments (Johnson and Temple 1986, 1990).
Management Requirements: BURNING: In Minnesota, Wisconsin, and South Dakota, higher nest densities were found in unburned (for > 12 months) than burned grasslands (Tester and Marshall 1961, Martin 1967, Halvorsen and Anderson 1983, Huber and Steuter 1984). Halvorsen and Anderson (1983) attributed the difference in nesting densities between burned and unburned areas to the lack of litter on burned areas required for nesting. In Minnesota, nesting was significantly correlated with litter cover and litter depth, and may require > 2 years of litter accumulation postfire before using a grassland for nesting (Tester and Marshall 1961). In North Dakota, reached highest densities 1-5 years (Johnson 1997) and 6-7 years postfire (Madden 1996).
Common on an idle control (Johnson 1997), and, although they reached their highest density 6-7 years postfire, no significant response to fire (Madden 1996). Fire reduced abundance on native fescue (FESTUCA ALTAICA) for 3 years in Saskatchewan (Pylypec 1991). However, in Illinois, preferred recently burned grassland for nesting (Herkert 1994). Densities were highest in grasslands the first growing season postfire, lower on grasslands the second growing season postfire, and were not encountered > 3 growing seasons postfire (Herkert 1994).
MOWING/HAYING: In Alberta, nesting densities were highest in undisturbed (>3 growing seasons since last mowing) grasslands, but they also nested in grasslands that had been mowed the previous summer (Owens and Myres 1973). In Saskatchewan, more abundant in tame hayland idled for > 3 years than in annually hayed tame vegetation or in idle native prairie (Dale 1992, Dale et al. 1997). In Manitoba, most abundant and most productive in hayland compared to native grassland, tame grasslands, and woodlands; productivity was evaluated using a behavioral index that ranked behavior indicative of nestling or fledgling care (Jones 1994). Abundance was highest in recently (within 4 months of 1 May) mowed grasslands, which provided the low-to-medium vegetation height preferred by this species (Herkert 1991). In Michigan, abundance was reduced after hayfields were mowed, and mowing exposed nests and young to predators (George 1952). On seven rural Illinois airports, mowing destroyed 44 percent of all grassland bird nests, and Savannah Sparrow nest success was 23 percent (Kershner and Bollinger 1996).
GRAZING: In short- and mixed-grass prairie, moderately and heavily grazed areas do not provide the dense ground cover required by nesting birds (Dale 1983). Several studies conducted in the Great Plains reported higher nesting densities on idle or lightly grazed grasslands compared to moderately or heavily grazed areas (Owens and Myres 1973; Maher 1974,1979; Kantrud 1981; Kantrud and Kologiski 1982; Anstey et al. 1995). For example, average breeding densities were 7.7 pairs per hectare in ungrazed versus 0.3 pair per hectare in grazed grasslands (Maher 1979). In Tennessee, no longer used a grassy field after it was heavily grazed (Knight 1989). In Idaho, used both grazed and ungrazed riparian habitats, but were more abundant in ungrazed areas (Medin and Clary 1990).
Although heavily grazed areas are unsuitable for nesting, grazing can be used to improve habitat. In North Dakota, densities of were highest in fields one year postgrazing, followed by dense nesting cover (DNC), grazed, and idle fields (Renken 1983). In Saskatchewan, foraged most frequently in grazed grasslands, but the number of nesting pairs was consistently lower in grazed than ungrazed areas (Dale 1984). Herkert et al. (1993) recommended light grazing, resulting in > 40 percent vegetative cover > 25 cm tall, to produce the intermediate vegetation height and density. In Alberta, frequency of occurrence did not significantly differ between four grazing treatments: early season tame (grazed from late April to mid-June), early season native (grazed in early summer), deferred grazed native (grazed after 15 July), and continuously grazed native (Prescott and Wagner 1996). In North Dakota, densities did not differ significantly between season-long (continuously grazed), short-duration, and twice-over rotation grazing treatments (Messmer 1990). Short-duration grazing involves a system of pastures rotated through a grazing schedule of approximately one week grazed and one month ungrazed, repeated throughout the season. Twice-over rotation involves grazing a number of pastures twice per season, with about a 2 month rest in between grazing. Season-long grazing involves leaving a herd on the same pasture all season. Higher densities of Brown-headed Cowbirds were observed in summer-grazed versus winter-grazed pastures in Colorado, and Knopf et al. (1988) cautioned that summer grazing could lower reproductive success of Savannah Sparrows and other grassland-nesting birds.
CULTIVATION/CROPLAND: In Saskatchewan, were more abundant in hayland and tame pasture than in native pasture, and were detected least frequently in cropland (Anstey et al. 1995); in Alberta, the species also occurred more frequently in tame than native pasture (Prescott and Murphy 1996). In native pasture, preferred low to moderate cover diversity and moderate to tall grass; in tame pasture, the species preferred high herbaceous biomass (Prescott and Murphy 1996). However, another Saskatchewan study found that Savannah Sparrow occurred more frequently on native pasture than on pastures seeded to pure crested wheatgrass (AGROPYRON CRISTATUM); no difference was found in frequency of occurrence when native pastures were compared to pastures of crested wheatgrass/grass (brome [BROMUS INERMUS] and Kentucky bluegrass (POA PRATENESIS) or crested wheatgrass/alfalfa (MEDICAGO SATIVA) (Davis and Duncan, in press).
In eastcentral Saskatchewan, were as common in fallow cropland as in two kinds of planted cover (Dale 1993). In Manitoba, Savannah Sparrows were as equally abundant in native DNC as in tame DNC and native grassland (Dhol et al. 1994). However, they were more productive in native DNC than in native grassland. Avian productivity was evaluated using a behavioral index that ranked behavior indicative of nestling or fledgling care. Most abundant in 1-3 years old DNC fields in Alberta, although they were present in all age classes studied (0-5 years since seeding) (Prescott and Murphy 1995).
In Alberta, abundance and productivity increased when winter and spring wheat were minimum tilled rather than conventional tilled (Dale and McKeating 1996). In Iowa, Savannah Sparrows nested at low densities in nontilled fields of corn and soybeans that were idle in fall and spring and contained year-round crop residue, rather than in tilled fields (Basore et al. 1986). In North Dakota, very few were found nesting in any type of cropland (conventional tillage, minimum-tillage, and organic fields in fallow, sunflowers, or wheat) (Lokemoen and Beiser 1997). Minimum-tillage and organic fields had more vegetation and attracted greater numbers and species of birds, but predation and mechanical activities resulted in low reproductive success (Lokemoen and Beiser 1997). Conservation tillage (reduced and no-tillage) may create ecological traps, as grassland nesting birds are attracted to the habitat provided, but have low nesting success (Best 1986).
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Stewardship Overview: Promote management or enhancement activities that increase the amount of contiguous grassland habitat (Herkert 1991). Acquire large grassland tracts and minimize edge effects through reduction of woody vegetation along edges and within grasslands (Wray et al. 1982; Johnson and Temple 1986, 1990; Burger et al. 1994). In small grasslands, adjacent woody habitats may allow edge and woodland predators to penetrate interior grassland areas.
Aim grassland restoration at benefiting bird species most sensitive to habitat fragmentation; restoration projects should be > 50 ha, preferably > 100 ha (Herkert et al. 1993). Where grassland restoration > 30 ha is not possible, Herkert et al. (1993) recommended establishing several small grasslands, 6-8 ha minimum size, within 0.4 km of each other, and using adjacent grassland habitats (e.g., pasture, hayland, waterway) as corridors among tracts.
Avoid disturbing (e.g., burning, mowing, moderate or heavy grazing) suitable habitat during the breeding season, approximately 1 May to 1 August. Treatments in nesting habitat should be delayed until after 1 August to prevent destruction of fledglings and renesting females (Swanson 1996).
Burn grasslands managed for breeding habitat in early spring (March to April) or late fall (October to November). In grasslands > 50 ha, burn 25-30 percent annually (Herkert et al. 1993).
When possible (e.g., on federal lands or through cooperation with private landowners), delay mowing of hayfields until mid-July, which would allow many birds to raise at least one brood in years with normal breeding phenology; mowing should be delayed further if nesting is delayed by inclement spring weather (Dale et al. 1997). When mowing must be done during the breeding season, divide large fields, mowing only half each year, or mow individual fields every other year to provide refuge for fledglings (Dale et al. 1997).
On airports not large enough to provide habitat for nesting birds (e.g., where all of the grassland available must be mowed to meet Federal Aviation Administration standards), mow grass short enough (< 4 cm) to discourage nesting. This may cause birds to select alternative areas where nesting success would be higher (Kershner and Bollinger 1996).
Light grazing (leaving > 40 percent vegetation cover > 25 cm tall) can be used to create intermediate vegetation height and density (Herkert 1991).
Savannah sparrow
The Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) is a small American sparrow. It is the only widely accepted member of the genus Passerculus. Comparison of mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and 3 sequences indicates that the Ipswich sparrow, formerly usually considered a valid species (as Passerculus princeps), is a well-marked subspecies of the Savannah sparrow, whereas the southwestern large-billed sparrow should be recognized as a distinct species (Passerculus rostratus).[2]
The common name comes from Savannah, Georgia, where one of the first specimens of this bird was collected.
This passerine bird breeds in Alaska, Canada, northern, central and Pacific coastal United States, Mexico and Guatemala. The Pacific and Mexican breeders are resident, but other populations are migratory, wintering from the southern United States across Central America and the Caribbean to northern South America. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.[3]
This species has a typically sparrow-like dark-streaked brown back, and whitish underparts with brown or blackish breast and flank streaking. It has whitish crown and supercilium stripes, sometimes with some yellow (more often near the beak). The cheeks are brown and the throat white. The flight feathers are blackish-brown with light brown or white border. The eyes are dark. The feet and legs are horn-colored, as is the lower part of the bill, with the upper part being dark grey.[3]
The Savannah sparrow is a very variable species, with numerous subspecies, several of which have been split as separate species at various times. The different forms vary principally in the darkness of the plumage. The variation generally follows Gloger's rule, with Alaskan and interior races the palest, and southwestern coastal forms the darkest. There are some exceptions, though, most conspicuously in some island populations that presumably were strongly affected by founder effects. The general pattern of variation has a fairly clear divide, southwest of which the birds become notably darker; this agrees quite well with the limit between P. sandwichensis and P. (s.) rostratus.[2][3] Savannah sparrows show some variation in size across subspecies. The total length can range from 11 to 17 cm (4.3 to 6.7 in), wingspan ranges from 18 to 25 cm (7.1 to 9.8 in) and body mass from 15 to 29 g (0.53 to 1.02 oz).[4][5] In the nominate subspecies, the body weight averages 20.1 g (0.71 oz).[6]
The Savannah sparrows proper (see below) are very similar, and migrant birds can not usually be related to a breeding population with certainty. The resident or partially migratory subspecies are well distinguishable by size and, particularly between groups, coloration.[3]
A Savannah sparrow singing from the edge of a restored prairie in Iowa
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These birds forage on the ground or in low bushes; particularly in winter they are also found in grazed low-growth grassland. They mainly eat seeds, but also eat insects in the breeding season. They are typically encountered as pairs or family groups in the breeding season, and assemble in flocks for the winter migration. The flight call is a thin seep.[3] Sensu lato, the Savannah sparrow is considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[1][3][7] The song is mixture of chirps and trills.
Seventeen subspecies (including the large-billed sparrows) are currently recognized, though many are only described from wintering birds and much of the variation seems to be clinal. Four additional subspecies are no longer generally accepted. The complex is usually divided into several groups:
Savannah sparrows proper[edit]
All are migratory; wintering ranges overlap widely.
- P. s. labradorius, breeds in Newfoundland, Labrador, and N Quebec
- P. s. oblitus, breeds in north Ontario and Manitoba
- P. s. savanna (eastern Savannah sparrow), breeds in the northeast US and adjacent Canada (includes P. s. mediogriseus)
- P. s. sandwichensis (Aleutian Savannah sparrow), breeds on the Aleutian Islands and west Alaskan Peninsula
- P. s. anthinus, breeds in the remainder of Alaska, south and east to central British Columbia and north of the Great Plains to Manitoba
- P. s. brooksi (dwarf Savannah sparrow), breeds in southernmost British Columbia to northernmost California
- P. s. alaudinus, breeds in coastal northern and central California
- P. s. nevadensis, breeds in the northern Great Plains and the Great Basin
- P. s. brunnescens, breeds from central Mexico south to Guatemala (includes P. s. rufofuscus)
P. s. wetmorei is a doubtful subspecies that may breed in the mountains of Guatemala. It is known from only five specimens, collected June 11–17, 1897, in Huehuetenango Department.[citation needed]
Ipswich sparrow[edit]
Some post-breeding dispersal. Formerly considered a distinct species.[2]
- P. s. princeps, breeds almost exclusively on Sable Island
- The Ipswich sparrow is somewhat larger and paler in color than other eastern Savannah sparrows. The breast streaks are narrower and pale brown. Some birds overwinter on the island; others migrate south along the Atlantic coast, usually departing later and returning sooner than mainland birds. Some birds interbreed with P. s. savanna in Nova Scotia. These birds frequently raise three broods in a year. This bird was first observed in winter on the dunes near the town of Ipswich, Massachusetts.
Large-billed sparrows[edit]
The large-billed sparrows proper are two dark, large and strong-billed subspecies:
- Passerculus rostratus/sandwichensis rostratus, which breed on the Gulf Coast of northeast Baja California and northwest Sonora (some post-breeding dispersal).
- P. r./s. atratus, resident on the coast of central Sonora to central Sinaloa (resident)
The Belding's (Savannah/large-billed) sparrows are all-year residents of salt marshes of the Californian Pacific coast. They are dark, rufous, and have rather long but not very hefty bills.
- P. r./s. beldingi, resident on the Pacific coast from Morro Bay, California, to El Rosario, Baja California (includes P. r./s. bryanti)
- P. r./s. anulus, resident around Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay, Baja California
- P. r./s. guttatus, resident around San Ignacio Lagoon
- P. r./s. magdalenae, resident around Magdalena Bay
The San Benito (Savannah/large-billed) sparrow is a resident bird of the Islas San Benito off Baja California; a stray bird was observed on Cedros Island on April 21, 1906.[8]
- P. r./s. sanctorum
- This is a large-bodied and large-billed subspecies, similar to rostratus. They utilize different habitat and their breeding season does not seem to coincide[notes 1] with that of Belding's sparrows. However, their bill size is due to convergent evolution and their habitat choice simply to the lack of alternatives on their barren island home; altogether, it appears to be a fairly recent offshoot from the Belding's sparrows group. It appears as distinct evolutionarily from these as does the Ipswich sparrow from the Savannah sparrow proper group, only that there seems to have been more gene flow and/or a larger founder population in the case of the latter.[2]
- ^ For late April 1906, Thayer & Bangs (1907) report nestlings, young birds molting into adult plumage, but no eggs anymore. Rising in Zink et al. (2005) found no breeding activity in late April 1999. Consequently, breeding seems to take place in the winter months, with the last young fledging in April/May.
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2012). "Passerculus sandwichensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d Zink, Robert M.; Rising, James D.; Mockford, Steve; Horn, Andrew G.; Wright, Jonathan M.; Leonard, Marty & Westberg, M.C. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA variation, species limits, and rapid evolution of plumage coloration and size in the Savannah Sparrow". Condor 107 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1650/7550. JSTOR 3247750.
- ^ a b c d e f Byers, Clive; Olsson, Urban & Curson, Jon (1995): Sparrows and Buntings: A Guide to the Sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. ISBN 0-395-73873-3
- ^ "Savannah Sparrow, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology". Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
- ^ Sproule, Ken. "Sparrows". Toronto Wildlife. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
- ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
- ^ Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F. & Meister, Charles A. (1981). "Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 101 (3): 339–346.
- ^ Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram (1907). "Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros [sic], San Benito and Natividad Islands in the Spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands". Condor 9 (3): 77–81. doi:10.2307/1361136.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to the Savannah sparrow.
|Wikispecies has information related to: Passerculus sandwichensis
- Government of Canada Species at Risk Public Registry – Savannah sparrow
- Savannah sparrow species account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- Savannah sparrow - Passerculus sandwichensis – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
- Savannah sparrow videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
- Savannah sparrow photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: Some authors have recognized the various groups as separate species: princeps (Ipswich Sparrow); sandwichensis (Savannah Sparrow); beldingi (Belding's Sparrow); and rostratus (Large-billed Sparrow) (AOU 1983, 1998). Morphological evidence and the level and pattern of mtDNA variation support species status for rostratus (of southwestern California and the north and east coasts of the Gulf of California) (Zink et al. 1991).
Rising (2007) recommended that six subspecies (including alaudinus) be synonymized under P. s. sandwichensis (this was accepted by ITIS). Zink et al. (2005) recognizes P. rostratus as distinct, as well as questions the validity of certain subspecies of sandwichensis.