text:
College Student Focuses on Hispanics, History and Heritage
Anthropologist is holding discussions about people and public lands in Arizona.
Anthropologist is holding discussions about people and public lands in Arizona.
Williams brings in drilling company to go three times deeper than its neighbors.
The monsoon motivates movement and reproduction in the Sonoran desert.
As residents add solar, companies try to improve solar panels
After years of record-breaking conflagrations, calmer season brings a break.
Identify the edible seedpods in your neighborhood with local harvesters
Weather system will likely bring heavy winds, heavy rain by the weekend
Annual report shows contaminant levels all well below maximum allowable levels.
It's too hot for some projects to continue without causing a sticky mess.
Volunteers will map flows for waterway that's vital to people and wildlife.
Up to 400 households threeatened along baks of dry Gila River; FEMA funding OK'd.
South-facing windows capture sunlight for winter heat; north-facing capture the view.
Tucson researchers are seeking clues from rural Indiana communities.
Santa Cruz Farmer's Market will host demonstrations this month.
River report says quality of water is improving
El Niño weather makes Pacific Northwest and California more susceptible to fire.
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[Animals] [Arizona] [Arts and Life] [Astronomy] [Arizona State University] [Arizona Week] [Books] [Business] [Cannabis] [Civil Rights] [Pima County] [Culture] [Davis-Monthan Air Force Base] [Downtown Tucson] [Drugs] [Economy] [Education] [Events] [Fire] [Food] [Government] [Health & Medicine] [History] [Immigration] [Jobs] [Justice System] [Kids] [Legislature] [LGBT] [Marijuana] [Military] [Mining] [Monsoon] [Museums] [Music] [State & National Parks] [Native American] [News] [Opinion] [Parks] [People and Places] [Pima Community College] [Politics] [Raytheon] [Confronting Suicide] [Science] [Solar] [sound : fiction] [Sports] [Sprawl] [The Stairwell Sessions] [Streetcar] [Teachers' Voices] [Technology] [Transportation] [Tucson] [University of Arizona] [UA+] [Higher Education] [U.S.] [Veterans] [Water] [Weather] [Wildlife] [Reid Park Zoo]


text:
The code for jdbc programs is ok,but it is better to write explanation for individual line in comments.
Really good and helpful..Thanks for the persons behind this site.
Image Display using java
Thanks a lot guys.
Thanks for the guide it's excellent. I just have some questions. I have a pdf stored in blob in mysql i know it is stored cause it has the same size as the file. Now when i am trying to retrieve it using the servlet. I get the output of "Image D
Thanks mate
Thank you so much for this. This is just what i needed. Cheers
Java Servlet displaying db images in html table
Can anyone show me an example of how to read a blob image from a mysql database via a java servlet and display it in an html table? I've seen all kinds of examples of displaying blobs, but none show how to place it into a table. Please any help wou
("Display Blob Example");
out.println("image not found for given id... as BLOB in the mysql database and retrieve the image and display it in the web... connectionURL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test";
Connection con=null
Servlet Example To Display Mysql Blob Data
Servlet Example To Display Mysql Blob Data
This example shows you how to use JDBC's rich data... DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
This example shows you how to retrieve the
get and display blob from mysql on jsf
get and display blob from mysql on jsf i want to get blob from mysql, and display on jsf page. your examples with jsp. i dont find an example with jsf.
plese help me about this. thanks..
Have a look at the following
Display Blob(Image) from Mysql table using JSP
Display Blob(Image) from Mysql table using JSP
In this section, we will display blob data(image) from Mysql database table
using JSP code.
A Blob stores...,(int)image.length());
} else
using Blob in jdbc - JDBC
using Blob in jdbc Hi,
I got an Exception when i was trying to insert one image into oracle 10g database the exception is
Exception in thread...");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost
get Blob
get Blob how i can display a Blob in XHTML (i developpe with hbernate
JSP Comment Types with example
JSP Comment Types with example Hi,
Please explains me about the different types of comments in JSP and how use each of these comment types?
Commenting in JSP allows the programmer to embed the comment
Display Mysql "Blob" data using servlet
Display Mysql "Blob" data using servlet
In this section, we will discuss about how to display a blob data stored in
database table. A Blob stores a binary large object in the database table's row.
Blob object
Get Blob
Get Blob
Blob is known as 'binary large object', is a collection of binary data stored...
of data. Here in the example shown below we will learn how to retrieve image
Insert Blob(Image) in Mysql table using JSP
Insert Blob(Image) in Mysql table using JSP
In this Section, we will insert blob data(image) in Mysql database table
using JSP code.
A Blob stores a binary large object in the database table's row.
Blob object contains a logical

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Does anyone give me any hint with this situation. I have my desktop-computer (running on Ubuntu) in my company. Company has vpn gateway which helps me to connect my desktop-comuter via ssh. Now I want to remotely control my desktop-computer at home with VNC. I have already installed xtightvncserver and its already running in my desktop-computer.
How can I create ssh tunnel between my-laptop and company-gw to use vnc-client? Somebody's detailed info would be appreciated. I would like to name my computers as following.
company-pc - desktop computer at work (vnc server)
company-gw - vpn gateway at company (which runs openssh server)
my-laptop - my laptop computer at home (vnc client)


text:
Officials in southeastern Colorado said there were two tornadoes Wednesday in Bent County.
One hit eight miles south of John Martin Reservoir and another touched down 15 miles south of Las Animas.
No damage has been reported.
The storm also brought heavy rain to Bent and neighboring Baca counties, with over four inches falling in some parts.
kktv.com Extended Web Coverage
Tornado Facts
What to do in case of a Tornado Warning
Tornado Myths
Source: National Weather Service contributed to this report


text:
Sports Illustrated has launched its official Android applications in the Android Market. Available for phones and tablets with Android 2.1 and above, the sports news magazine published by Time Inc. has a trio of pricing plans:
- Print/Digital (Samsung Galaxy/Android Smartphone/Web): $48 annually or $4.99/month
- Digital Only: $3.99/month
- Current print subscribers have free access to the digital package throughout the remainder of their term
We took a look recently at the tablet version of Sports Illustrated (Market link) on the Motorola Xoom, and it was pretty darn striking. (Check out the video after the break.) It's the same principal on the phone. You download the edition, and get all the content -- and then some -- right there on your phone. Download links are after the break. [Time Inc.]


text:
Top Definition
When someone on the internet gets really excited and wishes to put many exclamation marks, they sometimes let go of shift before the number 1, making their comment !!!!!!!!111. This practice has evolved to where people now put the written word "one" on the end creating this: !!!!111oneone
guy 1: did you hear? halo 4 is coming out!
guy 2: really?!?! i HAFTA have it!!11oneone
guy 2: really?!?! i HAFTA have it!!11oneone
by Ozai August 06, 2008


text:
Check out these bargain stocks
Downsizing may be appealing, but consider these first
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Asian shares declined as investors shrugged off some data amid
disappointing results.
Japan's CPI rose 0.7% from a year earlier, matching the forecast
from a Dow Jones Newswires survey, and little changed from August's
0.8% increase.
South Korea's GDP rose a seasonally adjusted 1.1% in Q3 from the
previous quarter, when the economy grew at the same pace, the Bank
of Korea said. That is the strongest pace since Q111, when the
economy grew 1.3% on quarter and topped forecasts.
Rate worries in China continued to weigh on sentiment as money
market rates remained high.
In earnings news, Posco (
) cut its 2013 sales outlook.
China Unicom (
) reported a 51% increase in Q3 net profit.
Canon (
) lowered its full-year net profit forecast to 240 billion yen from
a previous estimate of 260 billion yen set in July.
The Nikkei ended down 2.75% at 14,088.19, the Hang Seng down
0.6% at 22,698.34 and the Straits Times down 0.39% at 3,205.24.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
Copyright (C) 2014 MTNewswires.com. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited.
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Haifa Wehbe will size up the celebrity impersonators on "Your Face Sounds Familiar" with co-hosts
Mohammad Abdel Mi'tal, head of the satellite MBC Egypt, has announced that the network negotiated with several celebrities to host a series of new programs during a press conference.
Atop the talent show list is the channel's "Your Face Sounds Familiar", which will feature Lebanon's diciest diva Haifa Wehbe, Egypt's beloved actor Ahmad Al Sakka, and Lebanon's talented artist Tony Abu Judeh on the judging panel.
According to Laha Magazine, Mohammad added that the Egyptian Media Production City is currently constructing a huge studio that belongs to MBC Group to launch the new Middle East version of the program in Egypt. There are slated to be 10 episodes in the first season.
"The TV show, which originated in Spain in 2011, has now sold to more than 30 territories including the US, UK, China, Latin America, Asia and the CIS," reported Broadcast Pro.
Top Headlines
- What Haifa wants, Haifa gets? Wehbe wants Mohammad Sami off the "Your Face Sounds Familiar" judging panel!
- Haifa Wehbe toys with idea of playing talent show judge on "Your Face Sounds Familiar"
- Haifa Wehbe makes an entrance on the first episode of "Your Face Sounds Familiar." (Image: Facebook)
- Arab celebrities impersonate renowned singers in 'Your Face Sounds Familiar'
- And it's launched! "Your Face Sounds Familiar" will soon be filling our TV screens!


text:
First Field & Stream Specialty Store To Open Fall 2013
PITTSBURGH, March 12, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- DICK'S Sporting Goods (NYSE: DKS), the largest U.S.-based full-line sporting goods retailer, announced today its specialty Field & Stream retail concept. Expected to open its first location this fall in Cranberry Township, Pa., Field & Stream will carry the best brands to meet the evolving needs of hunters, anglers and outdoorsmen. Named for the iconic brand that for more than 140 years has been synonymous with outdoor experiences, the Field & Stream store will offer a vast assortment of outdoor equipment, accessories and services in hunting, fishing, archery, camping and more."We look forward to opening the Field & Stream store and delivering a high level of service for the passionate outdoorsman," said Joe Schmidt, President & COO, DICK'S Sporting Goods. "DICK'S Sporting Goods originally began as a bait and tackle shop, and the Field & Stream store will build upon both brands' heritage to provide an excellent customer experience for outdoor enthusiasts." Field & Stream is being created for a passionate outdoors audience and will employ people who are themselves enthusiasts, who can share their personal connections, expertise and experiences. The store will carry a wide variety of national brands and provide top of the line in-store services. About DICK'S Sporting Goods, Inc.DICK'S Sporting Goods, Inc. is an authentic full-line sports and fitness specialty omni-channel retailer offering a broad assortment of high quality, competitively-priced brand name sporting goods equipment, apparel and footwear in a specialty store environment. The Company also owns and operates Golf Galaxy, LLC, a golf specialty retailer. As of February 2, 2013, the Company operated 518 DICK'S Sporting Goods stores in 44 states, 81 Golf Galaxy stores in 30 states and eCommerce websites and catalog operations for DICK'S Sporting Goods and Golf Galaxy. DICK'S Sporting Goods, Inc. news releases are available at http://www.dickssportinggoods.com/investors. The Company's website is not part of this release. Forward-Looking Statements Involving Known and Unknown Risks and Uncertainties Except for historical information contained herein, the statements in this release or otherwise made by our management in connection with the subject matter of this release are forward-looking statements (as such term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) and involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various important factors, many of which may be beyond our control. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about our future expectations regarding the in-store experience and the services the new store will provide. Our future performance and financial results may differ materially from those included in any such forward-looking statements and such forward-looking statements should not be relied upon by investors as a prediction of actual results. SOURCE DICK'S Sporting Goods
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All Comments (3)
Mormon all that way wins! The end.
Cause He's a player, used to 100's of chicks sucking his dick.
whys he so limp when 2 girls are sucking him? come on dude... GET IT UP!


text:
I'm just curious if there's anyone else out there whose kids get bus service to school, but drive them back and forth anyway. I do this. My DS is in 8th grade, and I've been doing it since he was in 3rd grade. It was at his request. As far as I know nothing happened to him, personally, on the bus. But he observed some bullying and requested to be driven. (I'm sure that if he truly wasn't a victim, he feared that one day the bully would pick on him). I've heard stories from other parents of bullying and since he started middle school I've heard about drugs on the bus. Back when I was a kid a lot of bullying goes on in the bus and most bus drivers turn a blind eye. I didn't particularly like riding the bus either as a kid.
Anyway, I'm not complaining about driving him. I'm available to do so. And to be honest it's easier in the morning to drive him that to get up almost an hour earlier to make the bus. Don't mind it in the afternoon either. I also understand that some people don't have the luxery to be available like I am. However, what I don't understand is why people have to make comments about me doing it. Some people even think I'm doing DS a disservice by not letting him have the experience of riding the bus. He's not learning independence. (He can learn that in other ways). He's not socialiaing with other kids. (He can socialize in other ways too). Sometimes I feel like asking them if they know what goes on the bus? But I keep my mouth shut.
I had this discussion with DH. ANd he also thinks that I shouldn't drive my DS. He also doesn't believe that the bus driver would allow the kids to get away with bullying and not put a stop to it. ANd he doesn't believe that kids do drugs at DS's age. (WHAT???)


text:
Centralia College Rideshare PageInstructions: Click "edit," post name, desired days/times for rideshare, and email address under appropriate route. If your route isn't on the list, please add it. Save changes when through.
Olympia / Lacey / Tumwater Area
Route: Tumwater to Centralia College, and back
Name: Nicole Hinchcliffe
Days and Times: MTWT my classes are from 10:30-1:30
Contact Info: email@example.com or 360-972-9600
I need a ride from Tumwater to CC and back!! I will help with gas!! I'm desperate!!
Route: Centralia College to Lacey
Name: Brie Williams
Days and Times: MTWTF 3:30 PM
Contact Info: firstname.lastname@example.com or 541-579-4838
In need of ride from CC to Lacey for me and one other person
Will pay!!!
Route: Lacey to Centralia College Mon thru Fri leave Lacey 7am - return between 1 and 2 pm I have large dodge Van seats 8 Comfortably.
email; email@example.com: S. Olympia/Tumwater to Centralia AM, Centralia to S. Olympia/Tumwater PM
Rider Name: Nancy GrzadzielewskiDays/times: M-Th departing from Olympia at 7:30ish returning 4:00 or 4:30
Notes: I carpool with another CC employee and we usually meet on or near Yelm Hwy and I5Email: email@example.com
Your Name or E-mail ID (mandatory)
Note: Your comment will be published after approval of the owner.
No Attachments Found. Click here to upload new file.


text:
- Home
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Hi Everyone, We now have our website up to date with all our foals for 2014 added. You can see the fillies we are keeping, our future stallion...
FOALING NEWS We have just put videos of the first three colts for sale. There is a stunning Companiero colt out of our old Vancouver 11 mare. This...
Tulara Warmbloods specialise in producing horses for sale from only the very best bloodlines in performance Warmblood horses. These horses are bred for you to compete in your discipline of choice.


text:
Topic: Ground War: Tanks / The Soundtrack
After playing this game for several months, one of the things that I like the most about it is the soundtrack. Anyone
1) Know where I can download/listen to it?
2) Willing to record it and put it up on YouTube or something?
3) Know how I can extract it from the game directly?


text:
New Sportsbook.ag customers: Make your 1st bet, get your 2nd bet free, 100%, winnings paid in cash.Join Now
Already have an account? Click here to view new Exclusive Rewards!
UNCASVILLE, Conn. (AP) - The Connecticut Sun acquired forward Kayla Pedersen from the Tulsa Shock for a second round pick in next season's WNBA draft.
The Sun waived Ashley Walker to make room for Pedersen.
Copyright 2016The Associated PressAll Rights Reserved


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We deliver weekly Amelia Island events, specials, local flavor and insider tips that inspire.
Located just off the coast of northeast Florida, Amelia Island is easy to reach, but hard to forget. With 13 miles of beautiful beaches, abundant native wildlife, and pristine waters, this barrier island has long been a beloved destination for visitors and residents alike.
Take a look at a new and unique way to experience the Isle of Eight Flags Shrimp Festival in top-shelf style from one of Historic Fernandina Beach's crown jewels, the Lesesne House.


text:
Monday, June 20, 2011
0 comments
so far today this is what I've eaten
Vanilla yogurt with granola and rasins
my parents treated me to K&W Cafeteria:
Liver and onions,
mashed potatoes
1 taste of mashed sweet potatoes and 1 home fry ... Read more
Sunday, June 19, 2011
3 comments
Recipe looks easy enough
Orange Cucumber water
I'm using:
3 quarts water
1/2 sliced orange( seedless)
1/4 sliced cucumber
(The recipe I saw was for 6 quarts of water so I halved eveything to fit my pitcher. It looks really g... Read more
Sunday, June 19, 2011
0 comments
Scrambled egg with spinach, red onions, mushrooms, ham, shredded cheese slice of bread( everyone else had it rolled in a tortilla)
1/2 dolly madison coffee cake
mountain dew
1/2 chicken breast skinless with some ho... Read more
Sunday, June 05, 2011
7 comments
A recipe a friend shared with me
Low Fat Homemade Granola
3 Cups Old Fashioned Oats ( Bob Mills Gluten Free )
1 Cup Unsweetened Coconut
1 Cup Chopped Almonds
1 tsp Cinnamon (adjust to taste)
1/4 cup honey
1 tsp vanilla
... Read more
Saturday, June 04, 2011
2 comments
today is our Youth Bowling League End of Season Party. Kids get recognized for their accomplishments and we... Read more
Tuesday, May 31, 2011
2 comments
Does this sound familiar??
I have company arriving in less than 20 days. My son and his family will be visiting here for 5 days and I have plenty to do to prepare. I haven't seen them in 2 years and this will be the second time seeing my gr... Read more
Friday, May 27, 2011
2 comments
First a HUGE ThankX and HUGS to those who have served and are serving in the armed forces as well as to th... Read more
Wednesday, May 25, 2011
5 comments
I've gotta remember, God will not give me more than i can handle, He can handle ALL things!!!!
Thru the feelings of excitement and frustration, no matter the time of day, He is there to hear the cries of my heart.
I know odd post, but it ... Read more
Saturday, May 21, 2011
2 comments
hit 100,000 steps today
May 1
May 2
May 3 - realized my pedometer needed to be replaced
May 4
May 5 4003
May 6 4111
May 7 3209, started not feeling well
Week 1 total: 11,323
May 8 3088
May 9 3950
May 10 4275
Ma... Read more
Thursday, May 12, 2011
5 comments
This body has about had it, besides my head hurts, between hot flashes, mood swings and everything else my body is going thru, not sure how much more I can handle.
I know life is life and I'll make it thru, I do not doubt it, just need a momen... Read more
Sunday, May 08, 2011
3 comments
making a new recipe for dinner tonight
Stuffed peppers with couscous... Read more
Saturday, May 07, 2011
3 comments
To each and every SparkMom, I wish a Happy Mother's Day to you. Yes take time for yourself and do not neglect your glass of water, it is a essential part of what you need, so DRINK UP!! Read more
Thursday, May 05, 2011
2 comments
We are having tacos and taco salads tonight. My family got spoiled when we lived in Washington State, at Cinco De Mayo. Altough today holds a different meaning now.
Enjoy your day!!!... Read more
Friday, April 22, 2011
2 comments
Today is Earth Day!
Be kind not only to the earth but to others, not just today but EVERYDAY!
... Read more
Monday, April 11, 2011
5 comments
What causes me to eat??? I DO!!! My enviroment does!! I CHOOSE what I buy, then I choose to prepare it and EAT IT!!!
To help me see what I need to change I'm going to list a few things and the... Read more


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The analysis of oils, fat and fat contain- ing food containing food via fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is a common task in governmental, quality control (QC) or contract research laboratories (CRO). Most often the samples are processed manually, whi
Long-term environmental sustainability and continued reduction in the consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasingly important for
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Citing ongoing labor rights violations as the impetus, and egged on by concerned students, the University of Washington is ending its apparel contract with Adidas.
*See Also: The Top 20 University of Washington Memes On the Interwebs
At the root of the decision is Adidas' refusal to pay $1.8 million in severance to workers in an Indonesian factory, a decision UW United Students Against Sweatshops and others say clearly violates the university's Code of Conduct.
The contract termination came two weeks after the Advisory Committee on Trademarks and Licensing (ACTL) -- which is appointed by the UW president to guarantee that companies producing the UW products offer humane working conditions -- recommended UW sever relations with Adidas.
"We're pleased with the decision, but it would have been nice if it had happened sooner," said Katy Lundgren, ASUW representative on ACTL and member of UW United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS).
ACTL began inspecting Adidas after an investigation by the Worker Rights Consortium found that 2,800 workers were left unemployed after the factory owner fled Indonesia in January 2011.
Adidas responded to the report on its website saying it would not assume responsibility for the financial duty of the factory owner to his workers.
That response from Adidas apparently hasn't sat well with UW students or a pressured UW President Michael Young. The Daily reports that students recently "confronted Young in front of the UW Board of Regents" regarding the school's contract with Adidas, and two days later he made the formal decision to cut ties with the company.
More from The Daily:
In a letter announcing his decision to cut the contract, Young said that because Adidas has given no indication of reconsidering its position, he instructed the University Trademarks and Licensing Office to end the contract.
"I fully agree with the committee's conclusion that, by taking the position that it had no responsibility for severance payments to its supplier's former workers, Adidas falls short of the University's expectations for its licensees," Young wrote.
In a press release distributed last night, UW United Students Against Sweatshops applauded the decision.
"This is both groundbreaking and highly unusual in the collegiate apparel industry," said sophomore and UW USAS organizer Rachel Shevrin in the written release. "It is a huge victory not only for the University but for students and workers everywhere. I am proud that Husky gear will no longer be produced in Adidas sweatshops"


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I dont know if this post is in okey to be posted here but I just needed some suggestions. The tittle said it,. I need to know if I CAN/WILL take the pills..
I had been lactating for 17months so I bought a lactating pills it says that it can be taken after 6 weeks of birth,.but when I read the instruction it says that it should be taken on the first day of menstruation--- the problem is I am still not menstruating.
Hope someone can give a suggestion, My DH had been overseas(2years) and he had been home for 2 days now and I still can't decided if I will take it or not. There is no experience person to be ask in our house so hope someone can help..Thanks in advance.
By the way the pill i have is for 28day? Is it really 28 only? I thought it was supposed to be 30pcs(for 1 month). Thanks in advance!!


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Referring to sexual relations between a human and an plant.
Felix was a lonely guy, and flowers can't say no he knew Florastiality was the way to go. So he bought a bouquet and had his way.
Por Caitlikesith 30 de mayo de 2011
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Folks --- Not only has OBAMA divided our country - he has also alienated us from the rest of
1) Foreign Policy - SUCKS.
2) Domestic Policy - SUCKS.
The list goes on and on, he has a bunch of #$%$***** idiots working for him - include REID and PELOSI in this group, they both need to go - too old to make the tough decisions.
#$%$** OBAMA - worst PRES, ok - tied with Peanut Head


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Social History of Ice Cream
Megan Williams
* Production Assistant, NPR's Talk of the Nation
Merry White
* Professor of Culinary Anthropology, Boston University
Anne Cooper Funderburg
* Author, Chocolate, Strawberry and Vanilla: A History of American Ice Cream (Popular Press, 1996)
Linda Green
* Director of Foods, Consumer Reports
Nora Pouillon
* Chef and Owner, Restaurant Nora and Asia Nora, Washington, DC (America's first certified Organic restaurant)
When it comes to ice cream, the choices are endless. From rocky road to pink bubblegum, from fat-free to sugar free, you can have it on a cone or in a cup, for breakfast or dessert, by the pint or the gallon, you can drown your sorrows or top off a summer day. The scoop on ice cream.
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Welcome to WebmasterWorld Guest from 22.214.171.124
Forum Moderators: lawman
You've been hearing about the other Pubcons and last years sold out PubCon London - wishing you had been there right!?
Don't miss this opportunity to open yourself to new methods and strategies for web marketing revealed by the friends and family of WebmaserWorld at PubCon 5!
Saturday September 20th, 2003, 1pm to whenever.
Cittie of Yorke Pub in downtown London England. A great place for a weekend conference. There's been a Pub there since the year 1430.
The main bar is a cavernous mediaeval-style hall with a high vaulted ceiling and everywhere you look there are carved oak panels, ornate metalwork and some of the biggest oak vats you'll ever see above the bar - it's like an elven king's hall out of The Lord Of The Rings. (-professor hardbottle)
The premise is simple, many of our members are qualified to speak at conferences and are bored to tears when attending other ones. So why did we go to them? Just to get to the bar and network with people! The contacts, the associations, the follow ups, and the friendships have been some of the most productive contacts we have ever been part of.
What's in it for me?
The Short scoop? It's your chance to put yourself in the loop with the in marketing crowd (it's probably why you came to this site).
The usual suspects... Thanks to last years crew: AllTheWeb, Position Tech, Inktomi, SearchEngineCommando, Overture UK, Espotting, Yahoo UK
Special Guests? Who will be there?
Everyone who is anyone in European SEO.
Travel - goin mobile:
We've been watching air fares from the US to London since June, and they are as inexpensive right now as they have been all year long!
All funds go directly towards the cost of hosting the event (venue expenses, and the OPEN bar etc..).
Early bird signup until the end of August...
Got Site? Sure:
It's about a mile's walk from the pub, perhaps a bit less, so that gives about 15 minutes for the alcohol to wear off until you get back to the hotel bar for the 2am conference on how to market adult sites! ;-)
I got the �59.50 rate through ThistleHotels.com, from the link on the conference page.. I booked for just one night (the Saturday) as I live in England will be travelling down early Sunday, and leaving early afternoon on Sunday (since I won't be allowed in the hotel bar anymore!). It seems a lot of people got FAR better rates (like �38!?), but I'm not sure how.. maybe because they booked earlier than me, or for more days. My �59.50 is a WEB SAVER rate.. Anyone try PriceLine at all? :-)
Perhaps all of us loners/first timers should wear a little badge so everyone knows who to take pity on, ha ha! No, really, looking forward to it a great deal, see you all there! I'm sure a lot of us will be booking into the Thistle around midday on the Saturday, so we'll have to make sure we check out the bar for the people who've been living there all week ;-)
I should be okay to give a few rides from the hotel to the pub. I'm going to be parking at the hotel anyway. I have a reasonably nice red Mercedes C class, so it's not a 'limo', but should be okay for the mile journey! As long as you make sure I've got a nice drink for when I've walked back from the hotel ;-)
Obviously, running back to the hotel might not be a possibility if I get going on those drinks a bit much!
No need. We'll know who you are, heh, heh, heh.
Seriously, I keep seeing concern voiced over our group being "daunting" --no way! Just don't try to fake it (like oilman does) and you'll be just fine.
>Finland or Scandinavia
Good group from Scan last year.
Just remember, PubCon doesn't start until NFFC gets there.
joined:Oct 23, 2000
votes: 2
Unfortunately Mr. Bluetooth [japaninc.net] couldn't make it ;)
Newbie's to the conference should'nt be at all worried at the conference, very very mellow or as hectic as you want - just finding your niche in the 'Cittie', i remember my first time - any way that was a long time ago. Just go and grab RC, if your at a loss - he'll keep you on the straight and narrow.
joined:Apr 13, 2001
votes: 0
I remember my first time
I don't
But there must be somebody else on this board that has to attend the Austin City Music Festival that same weekend. Wow! A once-in-a-lifetime world class event for people, like me, who love adventurous live music.
Its like:
Steve Earle...
Leftover Salmon...
Trade ideas about SEO, business and webmastering...
Yonder Mountain String Band...
Commune with others going through same stuff as me and feel better...
Maybe learn something that will help my business and income immensely...
Ben Harper, String Cheese Incident...
Steve Winwood, Los Lobos, Nickel Creek, Asleep at the Wheel...
Only one choice is possible.
I'm hoping that next time, PubCon will be in Vancouver BC or San Francisco and scheduled on a weekend when there are not such great conflicts.
What hotel is everybody staying at? How far is this event from the Marble Arch?
Can't speak for everyone, but the majority are at The Thistle, Islington (a.k.a. Thistle, Kings Cross).
Marble Arch is a really straight walk from the pub. West along High Holborn, onto Oxford Street for a mile or so, and then you're at Marble Arch. Probably 30-45 minutes' walk max, although Oxford Street can be very slow going when walking if it's a peak shopping time as the sidewalks are totally packed. Very quick on the tube as there are stations at both the pub and Marble Arch.. ten minutes on that max.. about six stations apart. Do a Google for 'tube map' if you wanna check it out. The pub is right near Chancery Lane station on the Central line.
The Thistle is about ten-fifteen minutes' walk north of the pub.
As an older member, all I want to know as a PubConference Virgin is: (btw it's strange to feel like a virgin again at 42 ;-)
* Does the size of my links list matter, or is quality just as important?
* Will parts of me get removed from the guest listing if I'm too dynamic?
* Will I know all the steps when the Google dancing begins?
Looking forward to meeting you all
[edited by: cybacat at 4:54 pm (utc) on Aug. 1, 2003]
Miriam, Chancery Lane to Marble Arch is ten minutes on the tube. There are also direct busses, and there are plenty of taxis in London. But it's in a different direction from Kings Cross (a slightly dodgier area, incidentally), so that may be a consideration if you want to socialise after the pub closes.
I'd have no major qualms walking between Chancery Lane and Marble Arch, as a Londoner, although I'd take the tube out of convenience anytime. It's definitely not a 'no go' walk if it's after tube hours though. None of the walk is through any residental or industrial areas, it's commercial all the way (Oxford Street). Some stores are open through the night, and street traffic will be ample, given it's a very main street.
that has been absolutely no problem in the past. Come and go as you please. Doesn't matter if you're a guest or not.
oh - btw - I'm officially booked now too. This'll make me 5 for 5 :)


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 14, 2006
|Filing date
|Mar 24, 2001
|Priority date
|Mar 24, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mark B. Lyles
|Original Assignee
|Mark B. Lyles
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Classifications (24), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of Provisional App. No. 60/192,112, filed Mar. 24, 2000.
The invention relates to porous materials and, more specifically, to porous silica materials. The materials are useful for the binding of chemical and biological molecules to be used in various analytical methods.
Various plastic, glass, and membrane materials have historically been used to bind chemical and biological molecules for use in various analytic methods such as ELISA, Western blotting, and hybridizations.
These materials are limited by their relatively low loading potential, and by their non-porous nature.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,951,295 (issued Sep. 14, 1999) describes ceramic fused fiber enhanced dental materials, and methods for their preparation. Fused-fibrous material was taught comprising from about 1% to about 50% by weight alumina, from about 50% to about 98% silica, and from about 1% to about 5% by weight boron.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,964,745 (issued Oct. 12, 1999) describes an implantable system for bone or vascular tissue. The system comprises porous linked fibrous biomaterial manufactured from nonwoven, randomly-oriented fibers linked together using a fusion source at a plurality of cross-points into a porous structure, said biomaterial having a plurality of voids of a predetermined mean void size effective for stimulating angiogenesis in said biomaterial from the tissue or bone.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,035 (issued Apr. 15, 1997) describes filler compositions and ceramic enhanced dental materials. The preferred embodiment of the filler composition and the ceramic dental restorative material is comprised of about 22% by weight alumina, about 78% by weight silica, about 2% by weight silicon carbide, and about 2.85% by weight boron nitride with less than 1% cristobalite contamination.
Porous materials have been suggested by Yasukawa et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,629,186 and 5,780,281). A composite was prepared from silica and/or alumina fibers with added boron nitride. The composites were suggested as being useful for cell cultures, implants, and chromatography matrices.
There exists a need for materials which bind chemical and biological molecules while having improved surface properties.
Porous materials suitable for the binding of chemical and biological molecules are disclosed. The three dimensional properties of the materials results in improved loading properties. The materials can be used in a wide array of chemical and biological assays to improve sensitivities.
Porous materials
A preferred embodiment of the invention is directed towards porous materials having densities of about 6 pounds per cubic foot (96.1 kg/m3) and higher, about 8 pounds per cubic foot (128 kg/m3) and higher, about 12 pounds per cubic foot (192 kg/m3) and higher, about 24 pounds per cubic foot (384 kg/m3) and higher, about 36 pounds per cubic foot (577 kg/m3) and higher, about 48 pounds per cubic foot (769 kg/m3) and higher, or about 64 pounds per cubic foot (1025 kg/m3) and higher. The materials can comprise up to about 100% silica, or up to about 60% alumina. The silica can be up to about 50% cristobalite, up to about 75% cristobalite, up to about 90% cristobalite, up to about 95% cristobalite, up to about 99% cristobalite, or can be about 100% cristobalite. The alumina can be aluminum borosilicate.
The exposed surface of the materials ("surface chemistry") can be at least about 50% silicon dioxide, at least about 75% silicon dioxide, at least about 90% silicon dioxide, at least about 95% silicon dioxide, at least about 99% silicon dioxide, or can be about 100% silicon dioxide.
The materials can comprise other metal oxides in addition to or in place of the silica. For example, tantalum oxide or zirconium oxide can be incorporated into the materials.
The mean pore diameter of the materials can be less than 0.01 microns, about 0.1 micron to about 5 microns, up to about 10 microns, up to about 20 microns, up to about 30 microns, up to about 40 microns, up to about 50 microns, up to about 100 microns, up to about 200 microns, up to about 300 microns, up to about 400 microns, up to about 500 microns, or up to about 600 microns. Ranges of pore diameter include about 0.1 microns to about 1 micron, about 5 microns to about 10 microns, about 20 microns to about 50 microns, about 100 to about 400 microns, or about 200 microns to about 600 microns.
The surface properties of the materials can be modified by chemical reactions. Examples include modifying the hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the porous materials, and hydroxylation with phosphoric acid.
The materials can be reinforced using an additional silica gel
The materials can further comprise carbon fiber, organic fibers containing carbon, or other polymer materials.
Preparation of Porous Materials
The preparation of porous materials is generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,951,295 (issued Sep. 14, 1999).
Porous materials can be prepared from: (1) from about 1% to about 50% by weight alumina; (2) from about 50% to about 98% by weight silica; and (3) from about 1% to about 5% by weight boron. In addition, the composition can further comprise silicon carbide up to about 3% by weight. The materials can comprise over 99% silica.
Generally, the process for preparing the porous materials can comprise the following steps (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,951,295):
The high purity silica fibers above are first washed and dispersed in hydrochloric acid and/or deionized water or other solvents. The ratio of washing solution to fiber is between 30 to 150 parts liquid (pH 3 to 4) to 1 part fiber. Washing for 2 to 4 hours generally removes the surface chemical contamination and non-fibrous material (shot) which contributes to silica fiber devitrification. After washing, the fibers are rinsed 3 times at approximately the same liquid to fiber ratio for 10 to 15 minutes with deionized water. The pH is then about 6. Excess water is drained off leaving a ratio of 5 to 10 parts water to 1 part fiber. During this wash and all following procedures, great care must be taken to avoid contaminating the silica fibers. The use of polyethylene or stainless steel utensils and deionized water aids in avoiding such contamination. The washing procedure has little effect on the bulk chemical composition of the fiber. Its major function is the conditioning and dispersing of the silica fibers.
The alumina fibers are prepared by dispersing them in deionized water. They can be dispersed by mixing 10 to 40 parts water with 1 part fiber in a V-blender for 21/2 to 5 minutes. The time required is a function of the fiber length and diameter. In general, the larger the fiber, the more time required.
Generally, in order to manufacture low density porous materials, for example, densities below 12 lb/ft3 ((192 kg/m3)), the process includes the additional steps of:
When the dispersed silica fibers and dispersed alumina fibers are combined, the pH may be acidic, and if so, should be adjusted to neutral with ammonium hydroxide. The slurry should contain about 12 to about 25 parts water to about 1 part fiber. The slurry is mixed to a uniform consistency in a V-blender in 5 to 20 minutes. The boron nitride can be added at this point (2.85% by weight of the fibers) and mixed to a uniform consistency in a V-blender for an additional 5 to 15 minutes creating a Master Slurry. The preferred mixing procedure uses 15 parts water to 1 part fiber and the slurry is produced in about 20 minutes of mixing. At lower density formulations, expendable carbon fibers are used to give "green" strength to the billet prior to the final sintering. The percent of carbon fiber used varies greatly depending on the diameter, length and source of the fiber and the ultimate density of the material being produced. The percent of carbon fiber per dry weight of material should range between 1% and 10%. The source of the carbon fiber can take many forms including nylon, cellulose, and purified graphite based carbon in fibrous form. Carbon fibers added in the casting process are eliminated by firing the billets at 1350� F. prior to the final firing at 2450� F.
The Master Slurry is poured into a mold for pressing into the desired shape. The water is withdrawn rapidly and the resulting felt is compressed at 10 to 20 psi. Rapid removal of the water is required to prevent the fibers from separating. If graded properties are desired in the resultant material, the slurry can be allowed to settle and the fibers to partially separate before the removal of the water.
The final density of the finished restorative material is determined in part by the amount of compression placed on the felt, varying the wet molded dimension in relation to the fiber content. The formulation of the present invention has been prepared in densities ranging from about 0.05 to 0.48 g/cc. It can, however, be prepared in lower and higher densities.
After molding, the restorative material can be dried and fired by the following procedure. The material is first dried in an oven for 18 hours; the temperature, initially 38� C., is raised at a rate of 11� C. per hour to 104� C., held there for 4 hours, raised again at a rate of 11� C. per hour to 150� C., and held there for 4 hours. The material is taken directly from the drying oven, placed in the firing furnace, and fired. A temperature rise rate of 220� C. per hour or less is required in order to avoid cracking and warping in the case of a 15 cm�15 cm�7.5 cm block of material. For larger blocks, slower heating rates may be required. The maximum firing temperature may vary from 1200� C. to 1600� C. depending upon the fiber ratio used, amount of boron nitride, and the final density of the material that is desired.
The temperature rise rate is chosen to permit relatively uniform temperatures to be achieved throughout the material during the process. A faster temperature rise rate causes non-uniform temperatures to be achieved throughout the material during the process. A faster temperature rise rate causes nonuniform strength and density and may cause cracking. Longer or higher temperature firing results in higher shrinkage and related greater resistance to subsequent shrinkage, as well as a shorter lifetime to devitrification under cyclic exposures to high temperatures. The maximum firing temperature is dependent upon the fiber ratio used and the density of the composite desired. The firing time and maximum temperature are selected to allow sufficient shrinkage to achieve stabilization and fiber fusion while not allowing any devitrification. After firing, the material may be machined to obtain any desired final dimensions.
The following method of preparing the porous material, and several proposed uses, was described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,186.
Preparing the Matrix
In general, the method includes forming a fiber slurry having desired viscosity and fiber dispersion characteristics, allowing the slurry to settle under conditions that produce a selected fiber density and orientation, drying the resulting fiber block, and sintering the block to form the desired fused-fiber matrix.
A. Fiber Treatment
The silica (SiO2) and/or alumina (Al2O3) fibers used in preparing the matrix are available from a number of commercial sources, in selected diameters (fiber thicknesses) between about 0.5 μm–20 μm. A preferred silica fiber is a high purity, amorphous silica fiber (99.7% pure), such as fabricated by Manville Corporation (Denver, Colo.) and sold under the fiber designation of "Q-fiber". High purity alumina fibers (average 3 microns) may be procured, for example, from ICI Americas, Inc. (Wilmington, Del.).
In a preferred heat treatment, the silica fibers are compressed into panels, e.g., using a Torit Exhaust System and compaction unit. The compressed panels are sent passed through a furnace, e.g., a Harper Fuzzbelt furnace or equivalent at 2200� F. for 120 minutes, corresponding to a speed setting of about 2.7 inches/minute. The heat treatment is used to close up surface imperfections on the fiber surfaces, making the matrix more stable to thermal changes on sintering. The heat treatment also improves fiber chopping properties, reducing fabrication time.
In a preferred method, the heat-treated fibers are washed to remove debris and loose particles formed during fiber manufacturing.
B. Preparing a Fiber Slurry
Silica and/or alumina fibers from above are blended to form a fiber slurry that is used in forming a "green-state" block that can be sintered to form the desired matrix.
The slurry is formed to contain, in an aqueous medium, silica, alumina, or silica and alumina fibers of the type described above, at a fiber:liquid weight ratio of between about 1:25 to 1:70, where the liquid weight refers to the liquid weight of the final slurry preparation.
The slurry preferably includes a thickening agent effective to give the slurry a viscosity between about 1,000 and 25,000 centipoise, as measured by standard methods. The viscosity agent may be any of a number of well-known hydrophilic polymers, such as polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylacetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polyacrylamide, food thickeners, such as gum arabic, acacia, and guar gum, and methacrylate type polymers. The polymers preferably have molecular weights greater than about 25–50 Kdaltons, and are effective to increase solution viscosity significantly at concentrations typically between about 0.5–10 weight percent solution.
Preferred thickening agents polymers that also have tacky or adhesive properties, such as methyl cellulose, terpolymers of maleic anhydride, alkyl vinyl ether, and an olefin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,486), copolymers of ethylene and olefins (U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,739), cellulose-containing pastes (U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,548), and soy polysaccharides. One preferred thickening agent is methylcellulose, e.g., the polymer sold under the tradename Methocel A4M and available from Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Mich.).
Where the matrix is formed of high-purity silica fibers and/or alumina, the slurry is also formed to contain a source of boron that functions, during sintering, to form a boron/silica or boron/alumina surface eutectic that acts to lower the melting temperature of the fibers, at their surfaces, to promote fiber/fiber fusion at the fiber intersections. In a preferred embodiment, the boron is supplied in the slurry as boron nitride particles 15 to 60 μm in size particles. Such particles can be obtained from Carborundum (Amherst, N.Y.). The amount of boron nitride is preferably present in the slurry in an amount constituting between about 2–12 weight percent of the total fiber weight.
The adhesive property of the thickening agent described above is useful in adhering particles of boron nitride and, if used, silicon carbide, to the fibers in the slurry, to produce a relatively uniform of particles in the slurry, and prevent the particles from settling out of slurry during the molding process described below.
The slurry preferably also contains a dispersant which acts to coat the fibers and help disperse the fibers, both to increase slurry viscosity, and to prevent silica fibers from "bundling" and settling out of the slurry as fiber aggregates during the molding process described below. The dispersant is preferably one which imparts a significant charge and/or hydrophilicity to the fibers, to keep the fibers separated during slurry formation and settling during the molding process.
For use with silica fibers, ammonium salts are particularly useful as dispersants, because the ammonium cation is released from the matrix in the form of ammonia during matrix drying and/or sintering. Preferred ammonium salts are the salts of polyanionic polymers, such as ammonium polymethylmethacrylate, or the ammonium salt of other carboxylated polymers. One preferred dispersant agent is the ammonium polymethylmethacrylate polymer sold by R. T. Vanderbilt under the tradename Darvan 821A. The polymer dispersant is preferably added to the slurry to make up between about 0.2 to 5 percent of the total liquid volume of the slurry.
The slurry may further contain between about 1–5 percent by weight silicon carbide particles, such as obtainable from Washington Mills Electro Minerals Corp. (Niagara Fall, N.Y.).
A preferred method for preparing a slurry of the type just described is detailed as follows. Briefly, heat-treated silica fibers are suspended in water at a preferred fiber:water ratio of about 1:300 to 1:800. The fiber slurry is pumped through a centrifugal cyclone to remove shot glass and other contaminants, such as high soda particles. The fiber cake formed by centrifugation is cut into segments, dried at 550� F. for at least 8 hours, and then broken into smaller chunks for forming the matrix.
Fragments of the silica fiber cake are mixed in a desired weight ratio with alumina fibers, and the fibers are dispersed in an aqueous solution containing the dispersing agent. At this point, the fibers are preferably chopped to a desired average fiber length in a low-shear/high-shear mixer. In general, the greater the degree of chopping, the shorter the fibers, producing better packing and a less open matrix structure. Similarly, longer fibers lead to more open matrix structure. The fiber mixing is preferably carried out under condition to produce average fiber sizes of a selected size in the 1–10 mm fiber-length range.
After mixing, the fibers are allowed to settle, and the liquid/fiber ratio is reduced by decanting off some of the dispersing liquid. To this slurry is added an aqueous gel mixture formed of the viscosity agent, e.g., methyl cellulose, and the matrix particles, e.g., boron nitride particles, and the slurry components are mixed to form the desired high-viscosity slurry. The slurry is now ready to be transferred to a casting mold, to prepare the green-state block, as described in the next section.
C. Forming a Dried Fiber Block
According to an important aspect of the method, the slurry is allowed to settle and is dewatered in a fashion designed to achieve a relatively uniform fiber density throughout the matrix, and relatively randomly oriented fibers, i.e., with little a fiber orientation preference in the direction of settling.
In the first step, a slurry is added to a mold equipped with a lower screen sized to retain slurry fibers. For fiber sizes in the range 1–10 mm, the screen has a mesh size between about 8 to 20 squares/inch. The mold has a lower collection trough equipped with a drain and a vacuum port connected to a suitable vacuum source.
Initially, the slurry is added to the mold and, after stirring the slurry to release gas bubbles, is allowed to settled under gravity, until the level of water in the mold is about 1–2 inches above the level of the desired final compaction height, i.e., the final height of the dewatered block. For a slurry of about 12 1 added to a 18 cm2 square mold, the initial settling takes about 3–10 minutes.
The partially drained slurry in the mold is now compacted with a compacting ram to force additional water from slurry. This is done by allowing the ram to act against the upper surface of the slurry under the force of gravity, while draining the water forced through a screen from the mold. Water is squeezed from the slurry until the ram reaches the desired compaction height. With the slurry volume and mold dimensions just given, a ram having a weight of about 7 lbs is effective to compress the partially dewatered slurry in a period of about 0.2 to 2 minutes.
In the final step of compacting and dewatering, the drain is closed and vacuum is applied to a port until the block is completely dewatered. A vacuum of between about 0.01 to 0.5 atm is effective to produce complete dewatering of the mold in a period of about 0.2 to 5 minutes. The vacuum dewatering may result in the upper surface of the block pulling away from the ram.
The dewatered block is now removed from the mold and dried in an oven, typically at a temperature between 250� F.–500� F. In the dried matrix, the viscosity agent, and to a lesser extent, the dispersant agent, act to bond the fibers at their intersections, forming a rigid, non-fused block. The target density of the matrix after drying is between about 3.3 to 5.3 pounds/ft3.
The green-state matrix may be formed to include sacrificial filler element(s) that will be vaporized during sintering, leaving desired voids in the final fused matrix block. The filler elements are preferably formed of polymer or graphite. An array of parallel rods may be placed in the mold, at the time the slurry is added. Slurry settling and dewatering are as described above, to form the desired green-state block with the included sacrificial element.
The first step is the slurry formation. The slurry may be a single fiber suspension containing a desired size range and fiber composition. Alternatively, for forming a discontinuous or step fiber matrix, two or more slurries having different fiber thicknesses, densities, and/or fiber compositions may be formed.
After the slurry is introduced into the mold, the steps in settling and dewatering the slurry can be varied to produce either a continuous gradient of fiber density or a uniform fiber density. The steps in forming a uniform gradient, including an initial settling step, followed by ram compaction and final dewatering by vacuum have been considered above.
To produce a continuous gradient of fiber densities, the slurry is first subjected by dewatering by vacuum, causing material closest to the screen to be compacted preferentially. When a desired gradient is achieved, the slurry is gravity drained to dewater the slurry, then ram-compacted for further dewatering. The slurry may be subjected to a final vacuum dewatering.
To produce a block having a series of discontinuous layers, each with a uniform fiber density, each successive slurry is handled substantially as described above for the uniform-density block. The layers can be formed by successively casting layer upon layer in the mold, with each successive layer being compacted as described above. Alternatively, a series of block layers, each with a distinctive fiber size/composition and/or density is prepared. Before drying, the individual blocks are placed together in layers, to form the desired discontinuous-layer block. The layers may be "glued" together before drying by applying, for example, a layer of boron nitride in the viscosity agent between the layers.
D. Fused Fiber Matrix
In the final step of matrix formation, the green-state block from above is sintered under conditions effective to produce surface melting and fiber/fiber fusion at the fiber crossings. The sintering is carried out typically by placing the green-state block on a prewarmed kiln car. The matrix is then heated to progressively higher temperature, typically reaching at least 2,000� F., and preferably between about 2,200� F.–2,400� F., until a desired fusion and density are achieved, the target density being between 3.5 and 5.5 pounds/ft3. For a block formed solely of alumina fibers, a maximum temperature of about 2,350� F. is suitable.
In a preferred method, discussed above, the matrix is formed with high-purity silica fibers that contain little or no contaminating boron and/or with alumina fibers that are also substantially free of boron. In order to achieve fiber softening and fusion above 2,000� F., typically in the temperature range 2,000� F.–2,200� F., it is necessary to introduce boron into the matrix during the sintering process, to form a silica/boron or alumina/boron eutectic mixture at the fiber surface. Boron is preferably introduced, as detailed above, by including boron nitride particles in the green-state block, where the particles are evenly distributed through the block.
During sintering, the boron particles are converted to gaseous N2 and boron, with the released boron diffusing into the surface of the heated fibers to produce the desired surface eutectic, and fiber fusion. The distribution of boron particles within the heated block ensures a relatively uniform concentration of boron throughout the matrix, and thus uniform fusion properties throughout.
Also during fusion, the viscosity agent and dispersant agents used in preparing the green-state block are combusted and driven from the block, leaving only the fiber components, and, if added, silicon carbide particles.
Where the green-state block has been constructed to include a sacrificial element, the sintering is also effective to vaporize this element, leaving desired voids in the matrix, such as a lattice of channels throughout the block.
After formation of the fused-fiber matrix, the matrix block may be machined to produce the desired shape and configuration. For example, the matrix can be formed by drilling an array of channels in the block; or by cutting the block into thin plates.
Polymer Fiber Matrix
In another aspect, the invention includes a fibrous polymer matrix. The matrix is composed of fused polymer fibers, and is characterized, in dry form, by: (a) a rigid, three-dimensionally continuous network of open, intercommunicating voids, and (b) a free volume of between about 90–98 volume percent. The fibers may also include up to 80 percent by weight of either silica fibers, alumina fibers, or a combination of the two fibers types.
The matrix is designed for use particularly as a substrate for cell growth in vitro, and as such, contains an array of channels extending through the matrix. In an alternative embodiment, the matrix has a multi-plate configuration.
The fused polymer matrix is formed substantially as described for the silica, alumina, or silica/alumina fiber matrices described above, but with the modifications now to be discussed.
The polymer fibers used in constructing the matrix may be any thermoplastic polymers that can be heat fused, typically when heated in the range 400� F.–800� F. Exemplary polymer fibers include polyimide, polyurethane, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyether urethane, polyacrylate, polysulfone, polypropylene, polyetheretherketone, polyethyleneterphthalate, polystyrene, and polymer coated carbon fibers. Fibers formed of these polymers, and preferably having thickness in the 0.5 to 20 μm range, can be obtained from commercial sources. The fibers may be chopped, i.e., by shearing, to desired lengths, e.g., in the 0.1 to 2 mm range, by subjecting a suspension of the fibers to shear in a high-shear blender, as described above.
The polymer fibers may be blended with up to 80 weight percent silica and/or alumina fibers of the type described above. Preferably, the silica fibers are heat treated to close up surface imperfections on the fiber surfaces, as described above. The alumina fibers may also be heat treated, e.g., under the sintering conditions described above, to produce surface granulation on the fiber.
The aqueous fiber slurry used in preparing the matrix contains, in addition to fibers, a viscosity agent effective to produce a final slurry viscosity between about 1,000 and 25,000 centipoise. Viscosity agents of the type mentioned above are suitable. If the polymers fibers are relatively hydrophobic, or if the fibers include silica fibers, the slurry should contain a dispersant effective to prevent the fibers from aggregating on settling. Such a dispersant may include surfactants and/or charged polymers, and/or block copolymers, such as polyethylene/polypropylene block copolymers known to enhance the hydrophilicity of polymer surfaces.
The slurry also contains an adhesive agent effect to retain the green-state fiber network in a rigid condition once it is formed. Either the viscosity agent or dispersant may supply the necessary adhesive properties. Alternatively, a separate adhesive component may be added to the slurry.
The above slurry is placed in a settling mold, as above, and the fibers are allowed to settle under dewatering conditions, substantially as described above, to yield randomly oriented fibers having a desired fiber density. The network is formed into a greenstate block by drying, e.g., at 100� F.–300� F.
In the final step, the greenstate block is heated under conditions, typically at a temperature between 400� F.–800� F., effective to produce fiber fusion at the fiber points of intersection. The selected temperature is near the softening point of the thermoplastic polymer. At this temperature, the polymer fibers fuse with one another and with silica and/or alumina fibers in the block to produce the desired rigid, fused fiber matrix.
Utility: Cell-Growth Substrate
The low-density matrix described above in the above sections is designed particularly for use as a substrate for cell growth in vitro, or in vivo as an implantable substrate.
The architecture of the matrix, and particularly the characteristics of a rigid, three-dimensionally continuous network of open, intercommunicating voids, and a free volume of between about 90–98 volume percent, permit rapid cell growth in three dimensions.
In a preferred embodiment, the matrix is formed of silica fibers, typically in an amount between about 50–100 weight percent of the total fiber weight. In another preferred embodiment, the matrix is formed to include alumina fibers, preferably heated to produce surface granulation, in an amount of fiber preferably between about 20–80 weight percent fiber.
The silica and/or alumina fibers may enhance cell adhesion, and/or adhesion of growth factors, such as fibrofectin, vibronectin, or fibrinogen. Representative cell culture and cell implantation applications are discussed below.
A. Cell Culture
In one general embodiment, the matrix of the invention is used to support cell growth in a cell culture system in vitro. A first configuration uses a fiber matrix having a lattice of channels extending through the matrix. The matrix is supported in a culture vessel partially filled with culture medium. The medium is pumped into and through the matrix. The system further includes a filter placed in-line with the pump for extracting desired cell products and/or purifying the medium of cell bi-products. Suitable heating and gas-supply means for maintaining desired gas and temperature control of the medium may also be employed, as well as means for replenishing the medium. A second cell culture configuration utilizes a multi-plate matrix. The plates in the matrix are submerged in a suitable cell culture medium in a vessel, and the medium is circulated, through the plates by a pump. The configuration may also include a filter and culture control means, as indicated above.
In a third configuration, the matrix is present as fragments which are suspended in a culture medium. The matrix fragments are produced preferably by fragmentizing matrix plates of having a thickness between about 0.2 to 2 mm. The matrix fragments, being slightly denser than the culture medium, can be maintained in a suspended state, by gentle stirring or gas bubbling, and can be separated readily from the medium by settling, centrifugation or filtration.
It will be understood that the matrix in the configurations is first sterilized, conventionally, and may be further treated to preabsorb agents which promote cell adhesion to the substrate. Typically these agents include a divalent cation, such as Mg+2, and a glycoprotein such as fibronectin, polyethylene, and/or fibrinogen. The pretreatment preferably involves incubating the sterilized matrix in a serum or other medium containing the growth factors of interest.
Alternatively, the fibers, meaning either silica or polymer fibers, may be derivatized by covalent attachment of desired growth factors, such as bone osteogenic factor, cytokines, or the like. Methods for derivatizing the free hydroxyl groups on silica fibers, or free hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, suldydryl, or aldehyde groups that may be present on polymer fibers are well known.
B. Implantable Cell Matrix
In another general application, the matrix of the invention is used as an implantable substrate for supporting cell growth in vivo. As one example of this application, a hip replacement device having a stem designed to be inserted and locked into the femur of subject, and a ball which will serve as the ball of the repaired hip joint. The stem has a titanium inner core which is formed integrally with the ball. The cover is ensheathed in a fused-fiber matrix constructed according to the invention, and which forms a covering over the core. The matrix covering is preferably formed by machining a fused-fiber block of the type described above. The covering may be attached to the stem core by a suitable adhesive, or by heat fusion near the melt temperature of the titanium, in the case of a silica and/or alumina fiber matrix.
In operation, the matrix on the stem provides a substrate for the growth and infusion of osteoblast cells, acting to weld the stem to the bone through a biological bone structure. The matrix fibers may include bone growth factors for promoting bone cell growth into the matrix.
An implantable cell substrate device can be constructed according to the invention. The device is designed for use as an implantable substrate for supporting growth of a selected tissue cells, such as pancreatic cells or fibroblasts, capable of producing desired cell metabolites such as insulin or interferon.
This device has a tubular construction, and provides a spiraled inner core for supporting cell growth, while allowing body fluids to bathe the cells, bringing nutrients and removing cell products. The device is formed preferably by machining a block of fused-fiber matrix of the type disclosed herein. The outer surface of the device is coated with a biocompatible material, such as silicon rubber to insulate the fiber matrix from direct contact with the surrounding tissue.
In operation, the device is seeded with the desired cells in culture, preferably until the spiraled core has a maximum cell density. The device is then implanted into a desired tissue region, e.g., an intramuscular site.
The two examples described above illustrate two of a variety of implant devices, for bone repair, bone replacement, and tissue-cell augmentation or replacement that may be prepared using the cell-substrate matrix material of the invention.
Utility: Chromatography
The silica-fiber matrix of the invention is also useful for chemical and cell chromatographic separations.
In one embodiment, the matrix can serve as a substrate for thin-layer chromatographic separations, using well-known solvent-systems and development conditions. The matrix in this application is preferably a thin matrix plate, formed, for example, by slicing a matrix block to a desired thickness, e.g., between 1–3 mm. Alternatively, thin plates may be prepared by slurry settling, as described above, in thin-plate molds.
In a related aspect, the matrix serves the role of a silica gel column for chemical separations by silica gel chromatography. As above, the matrix may be machined from a block matrix mold, or formed by settling in a suitable cylindrical mold. For both applications, the density of the matrix is preferably above the 3.5–5.5 pounds/ft3 matrix density that is employed for cell culture.
According to another aspect of the invention, the fused-fiber matrix material having a density between about 3.5 and 5.5 pounds/ft3 is useful for cell-separation chromatography, and typically for use in separating cells and other particles above about 1 micron in size from serum components in a blood sample.
A diagnostic test strip can be prepared for use in detecting a serum components, such as glucose, cholesterol, or a cholesterol-containing lipoprotein, such as low density lipoprotein or high-density lipoprotein particles. The strip, which is formed of the fused-silica fiber matrix material of the invention, includes an application site at one strip end a detection site at the opposite end. The detection site may include reagents for producing a detectable color signal in the presence of a selected serum analyte. Alternatively, serum from this site may be transferred by physical contact to a separate reagent pad.
In operation, a blood sample, e.g., a 25–200μ sample, is added to the application site, and the sample is drawn by capillarity toward the strip's opposite end. Migration of the sample through the interstices of the matrix acts to retard the migration rate of larger particles, including blood cells, causing separation of the blood cells separated into a slower migrating blood cell fraction and a faster-migrating serum fraction, which is received at the detection site free of blood cells. Analyte detection may occur at this site, or a separate detection pad may be brought in contact with the strip site, to draw serum into the pad.
Drugs or other biologically active materials can be incorporated into the materials, making the materials a drug delivery device. The device can be implanted into an animal. The density of the material and the loading of the drug can be altered in order to modulate the time release property of the device. The drug can be a small molecule organic, a protein, a peptide, a nucleic acid, a growth factor, or any other biologically active substance.
The materials can be used as a filler material. Filler materials can be used to reinforce organic, inorganic, or metallic materials. The filler materials can be used to reinforce polymers. The materials can be used as a composite filler for collagen.
All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 8, 1995
|Apr 15, 1997
|M.E.D. Usa
|Ceramic fused fiber enhanced dental materials
|Apr 28, 1994
|May 13, 1997
|Lockheed Martin Corporation
|Porous matrix and method of its production
|Jan 29, 1997
|Jul 14, 1998
|Lockheed Martin Corporation
|Method of preparing a low-density porous fused-fiber matrix
|Apr 10, 1996
|Dec 1, 1998
|Houston Advanced Research Center
|Microfabricated, flowthrough porous apparatus for discrete detection of binding reactions
|Feb 8, 1996
|Sep 14, 1999
|Materials Evolution And Development Usa, Inc.
|Ceramic fused fiber enhanced dental materials
|Jul 1, 1994
|Oct 12, 1999
|Med Usa
|Implantable system for cell growth control
|Nov 12, 1998
|May 16, 2000
|Leiras Oy
|Drug delivery device especially for the delivery of progestins and estrogens
|U.S. Classification
|424/422, 424/400
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 19, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 15, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 15, 2010
|Surcharge for late payment
|Oct 25, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 14, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 6, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140314


text:
9 weeks old. The black one is a. Male
The one with the white stripe is a female.
The other two look just alike but the bigger one is the male the smaller one is the female they are very playful well socialized and very well taken care of they are a mix between a Labrador Retriever and a Pitbull these puppies are absolutely beautiful they have their first set of shots and they have been ...
Apr 21 -
Detroit :
Southfield - Dogs & puppies
Labrador-Airedale mix puppies for sale 8 weeks $250 1st shots and dewormed parents have great disposition. 330 428 -2244
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Alliance - Dogs & puppies
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text:
FORT COLLINS — With a wide grin and a desire to hug someone, pint- sized John Masters quickly became the focus of a giddy Masters family reunion outside of a Larimer County Justice Center courtroom Tuesday.
"It's a day to celebrate, kids," yelled John Masters, Timothy Masters' uncle. "It will be nice to shake his hand without having to feel those handcuffs."
Timothy Masters' aunts, uncles and cousins bear-hugged one another, clasped hands and cried a bit before they squeezed into a tiny courtroom and heard Judge Joe Weatherby throw out Masters' 1999 murder conviction.
Outside the courtroom, others stood beside a mass of reporters and photographers to hear the news first-hand that Masters was being freed.
- Read the Larimer County DA's motion to dismiss charges against Masters.
- View the full multi-media special report on Masters' release, including exclusive photos.
- Follow the courtroom action, minute-by-minute
- Discuss freedom for Tim Masters, after more than nine years in prison. What should happen next?
- Watch video of what jurors and the public didn't know at the time of the Tim Masters trial.
- Moments to Freedom Read the live blog from the court hearing that ended Masters' incarceration
- Read The Denver Post's full series on the mishandling of criminal evidence, "Trashing the Truth."
Pat Hartman, a Fort Collins blogger and Masters supporter, latched onto the case in 2002 after reading a small article in a local newspaper. "For whatever reason, it just drew me in," Hartman said. "It just seemed something was terribly wrong here."
"But this is fantastic," Hartman said. "This is like the Fourth of July, Bastille Day and all the great holidays rolled into one."
Loveland's Harrison Jarvis watched as his wife, Doloris Valdez Jarvis, handed out yellow ribbons in support of Masters. Jarvis hopes people will step up and help Masters become acclimated to the outside world.
"My wife and I just wanted to show our support for him," Jarvis said. "All in all, it's a good day for everybody.
Monte Whaley: 720-929-0907 or firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Is That Lil' Kim? Rapper Shocks Fans With Transformation to Blonde White Woman
- 09:06 AM, Apr 25
The Temptations Performing Live
Photo credit: Aaron D. Settipane / WENN
To fit your screen, we scale this picture smaller than its actual size. The original picture size is 705x1000 pixels and this photo has been viewed 903 times since February 01, 2007


text:
Fleece Vests
BrandsSierra Designs
Black Diamond
Mountain Hardwear
The North Face
Priceless than $25
$25 - $49.99
$50 - $99.99
$100 and above
Recent Fleece Vest Reviews
The North Face Men's Denali Vest
One of my better vests, I usually go to if I want to wear a vest even though I have other vests. Does what it needs to do very well. Got it in size XXL. Had to send it in for worn out zipper pulls, but that was after many years of use. I only had to pay postage to send it back to the mothership North Face manufacturer. Repairs are free. Full review
Sierra Designs Backcountry Vest
This vest has been in heavy backcountry, carpentry, indoor and outdoor, casual evening dress use for 20 plus years and is still going strong. I have looked at all brands including Sierra Designs for over 10 years to replace it. Its qualities and versatility cannot be matched by any product made today that I can find. Everyone I have met and talked to would like to know where to get one. I will work with anyone and do whatever it takes to have another one produced. This vest is the most important… Full review
Black Diamond CoEfficient Vest
The Black Diamond Coefficient Vest is a worthy addition to the gear list for anyone venturing out to cool or cold places. It serves well as a mid-layer in colder weather, or even as a top layer in moderate to warmer temperatures and while active. It's compact, and light, so it's easy to carry along. It's also durable so it can be counted on out on the trail. The reviewer getting ready for a hike along the California coast updated 20-Apr-2014 with confirmed weight Review Conditions Due to personal… Full review
Mountain Hardwear Mountain Tech Vest
This vest is cut much larger than and seems to use heavier grade material than the same model 7 years older. It seems more like a dress vest than a sport vest. I bought this same model vest in a L size 7 years ago. It was light, cut at the hips for great articulated movement, and proved to be an excellent component in my layer system. Now however, MHW latest's re-creation is cut larger and seems to use a heavier fabric. I probably should have returned it for a Medium. I also miss the interior… Full review
Patagonia Men's Better Sweater Vest
It's a good lookin' fleece vest. It fits nicely like most pata stuff. It is a little big in the arm holes. Fits nicely in the chest, fairly slim. I'm 6' 160 and I have a medium. It looks nice in the reddish color. The vest is not super warm, it is only about 150 weight fleece, but for the weight it is very good. The zippers on it are kind of loud and have lots of resistance which is strange. Bought it off ebay NWT. It is a good piece for skiing or casual wear. I don't think it will make the… Full review
Mountain Hardwear Windstopper Tech Vest
The vest is very thin making it great as a layering piece. Like the Tech Jacket, the collar wasn't incredibly uncomfortable. The sizing wasn't as much of an issue as it is more of a layering item. I am 5'11" and 180lbs and wear a large in most items. For this vest, I had to get an extra large and the body fit fine in the shoulders and chest but it barely made my waist. As a disclaimer, I am affiliated with Gore for product testing of Gore-tex products for the purpose of product review and recommendation. Full review
EMS Men's Atlas Fleece Vest
A solid fleece vest for those in-between times. I have owned this vest or a version thereof for decades and it has stood up to everything I have thrown at it. It fits well, looks sharp, and gets the job done on not-full-fleece-needed days. The price is also right for decent quality. Full review
Mountain Hardwear Bedlam Vest
Of all the fleece vests I have owned, this is one. So I usually wear Columbia fleece vests that I pay about twenty bucks for on sale. Mine finally wore out (zipper died) so I got this MH one on sale in Butte. I am not a huge MH fan because their gear, to me, is overpriced and over promoted, but this time the sale price got me. I especially liked the idea of shoulder patches for pack straps, even though I doubt they will extend the life of the thing too much. I also like the big inside packets… Full review
Mountain Hardwear Windstopper Tech Vest
Beautifully crafted mid layer vest. Meets all claims. Both warm and light weight. No inside pocket but with 3 outer pockets an insider is not needed. Full review
Top-Rated Fleece Vests
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text:
seagull 'n sky by koraykaragozlerWatch
©2013-2016 koraykaragozler
Like a daydream on skin.
just WOOOOOOOOOOOW
Amazing Idea!
That looks awesome.
I cant describe how much I love this!! Very beautiful!
That's why I love tattoos!
Love how ot looks like the sky is within the arm. Thats unique
I'm not a fan of tattoos in general but I'm a fan of that one in the specific. It's clever and beautiful. Well deserved DD!
Congrats on the well deserved DD
it s amazing!
This is gorgeous!
i want a tattoo like thatone
Absolutely incredible! Great concept.
Now you're getting it.!
Wow! That's awesome!
I'm not usually one to appreciate tattoos, but that is amazing! The illusion of depth is so convincing!
Very imaginative and it looks amazing!!!!
great idea, great work!
Amazing! I've always loved things like this and this is one of the best I've seen!
beautiful ♥♥
Amazing - love the concept and the colors
I don't collect much body art, but was more than willing to make an exception for this splendid Rene Magritte style tromp l'eoil effort.
Amazing work! Congrats!
This is absolutely amazing, extremely imaginative! It's like a reflection of the soul, a free heart that whatever the circumstances find a path to heaven, on the other hand it gives you a calm feeling even if you pass trough hard times.
Very nice! Congrats on the DD
- Congrats on the DD!
Have a nice day!
Congratulations to the well deserved DD!
very lovely!! <3
nice work congratz on the dd feature!
love this! they even cast shadows *.*
simply awesome!
Reminds me of Rene Magritte beautiful!
It's scary how real this looks


text:
URI - Uniform Resource Identifier
Short for Uniform Resource Identifier, the generic term for all types of names and addresses that refer to objects on the World Wide Web. A URLis one kind of URI.
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The most popular Webopedia definitions of 2015. Read More »
This Webopedia study guide describes the different parts of a computer system and their relations. Read More »Network Fundamentals Study Guide
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Learn about each of the five generations of computers and major technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use today. Read More »


text:
If It Looks Like a Sphere...
Exploring the newly proposed solution to a famous problem about three-dimensional shapes
Look around at the world, and the objects in it–buildings, trees, people, birds, insects–appear to come in an endless variety of shapes. At first, cataloging these diverse shapes may seem impossible. But on closer inspection, relationships emerge. The bumpy surface of a starfish, for example, is simply a stretched and distorted version of a sphere. The same goes for the surface of a table or a telephone pole. In contrast, a coffee cup is not a sphere but instead a distorted version of a doughnut, and a pretzel can be considered a doughnut with three holes instead of one.


text:
[Spoiler]TM Changes
View Single Post
May 31st, 2012 (3:17 PM).
OmegaRuby and AlphaSapphire
10000 year Emperor of Hoenn
Silver Tier
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Oregon
Age: 21
Gender: Male
Nature: Careful
Posts: 16,299
Originally Posted by
I always thought that they took out the TMs that they did to balance the Metagame more. They took out the really threatening attacks that would be heavily abused with the Reusable TM thing. Gamefreak supports Metagame so I know they are making more competitive changes to promote Player vs Player battles.
I see bringing back Stealth Rock as a serious issue due to abusibility. It was removed for a reason what ever that may be, and seeing as Gamefreak is pro meta I think that had something to do with it.
My view is pratically summed up by this. Stealth rock is also better in the hands of the underused rock pokemon that have it, it gives them more of an edge.
Also how about the increase some of the tm's powers, some of them were really quite weak...
Crimson Ruby, Indigo Sapphire, Green Emerald.
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text: Mountain Freeriders SOLD OUT for 2016. Check out our other ski school programs. Age: 6-17Ability: All Ability Levels - Skiing & Snowboarding If your child wants to explore the mountain on their skis or snowboard this season, then this program is an awesome way to start. This series of lessons is designed for children 6 to 17 years old who want to have fun in a group of their own ability, and become a better skier or rider at the same time. A focus on basic skill development and tactical improvement on steeps; bumps and powder as well as exploring new areas of the mountain with the same instructor each week! The programs run each Saturday or Sunday for a period of 10 weeks with full day lessons from 10:00 am to 3:30 pm. Lunch is NOT included but can be added on. 10 Saturdays or Sundays starting January 2nd or 3rd 2016 to March 12th or 13th 2016 (excluding Family Day weekend February 13th/14th 2016). Rates Mountain Freeriders $549.00 Lunch Add-On* $144.00* *Note: If you do not purchase the lunch add on you will need to pick your child up at 12:00 pm and bring them back to the meeting place at 1:00 pm — they will not be able to sit with the group during the lunch break; there will not be a seat reserved for them. Rates do not include GST, lift tickets or rentals. Minimum participation is required for all groups to run; if minimum numbers are not met some programs may be cancelled or combined with other programs. *Rates are subject to change without notice* Cancellation Policy Cancellations after December 31st 2015 will be subject to a 50% cancellation fee. Registration closes on December 31st 2015. Programs must have a minimum number of participants to run; some programs with high registration will be capped. If minimum numbers are not met some programs may be cancelled or combined with other programs.