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As the 21st century begins, the United States occupies a position of strength in the support and conduct of research and development (R&D). U.S. R&D expenditures equal the combined total expenditures of Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy. U.S. scientists and engineers produce nearly one-third of the articles published in the world's most influential technical journals. U.S. researchers participate in a wide range of international collaborative research efforts, and the results of these efforts are widely cited by scientists in other countries, attesting to their quality and usefulness.
The United States has managed to turn its R&D strengths to its economic and commercial benefit. Industry's recognition of the importance of research and development to profit growth is reflected in the strong expansion of its own R&D spending. Firms have also invested heavily in information and communication technology that enables them to accelerate product development cycles. Industry has formed joint ventures with other companies, universities, and international partners. Moreover, industry spinoffs and underwriting of new ventures have become more common. A large and flexible venture capital industry has provided both capital and managerial assistance for many new enterprises.
The Federal government has fostered a broad base of research activity, especially in academia, where Federal funds represent about 60 percent of total R&D spending. The nation's universities and colleges train new generations of researchers and also perform nearly half of the nation's basic research, which underlies the many technological innovations. Although overall inflation-adjusted Federal R&D funding declined by about 9 percent during the 1990s, it increased by 42 percent for academic R&Da rise driven largely by increases in the life sciences. (See figures O-1 and O-2 .) During the same period, however, funding for the physical sciences and engineering slowed, a development which has sparked critical commentary by many in the scientific and science policy communities.
To foster the transfer of knowledge from academia to industry, the U.S. government has encouraged universities to patent their inventions and to collaborate with industry. University patenting has grown rapidly, particularly in the life sciences, and during much of the past decade academic research articles were increasingly cited on U.S. patents. (See figure O-3 .) Industry-university collaboration has taken many forms, from traditional faculty consulting to special R&D contracts, licensing arrangements, R&D joint ventures, and spinoff firms established by academic institutions.
Governments and firms around the world have taken note of these perceived U.S. strengths. Governments have initiated broad national and regional efforts to capture similar benefits. In addition to emphasizing market forces and liberalization of investment and labor market rules, their strategies have included strong investments in education and training. In the latter part of the 1990s, these developments have reflected a growing conviction that some kind of new economic reality was coming into existencea "knowledge-based" economy, marked by the systematic generation, distribution, and use of research knowledge for economic gain. This notion, emanating from the United States, seemed to be underscored by the positive U.S. economic performance in the latter half of the 1990s.
Government and industry efforts in other nations may foreshadow the eventual creation of new centers of scientific, technological, and engineering excellence. The resulting international knowledge flows may benefit all nations but will also pose challenges to those seeking to exploit these flows effectively. Trends that afford a glimpse of key future aspects of the world context for the U.S. science and technology (S&T) enterprise are examined within this framework.
The sine qua non of a modern economy is a well-educated, versatile workforce able to conduct R&D and to convert its results into innovative products, processes, and services. In many nations, government investment in education has resulted in broadening the base of their populations with education beyond the high school level. As a result, rates of postsecondary degree conferral in these nations began increasing in the 1970s and accelerated further in the 1990s in the scientific and technical fields.
Within science and engineering (S&E), the fields of natural sciences and engineering (NS&E) command special attention because of their importance to the conduct of much of the nation's R&D and to the development of industrial innovation. Other countries are building up the NS&E capabilities of their younger cohorts at a greater rate than the United States has been able to achieve. They have been able to raiseby large incrementsthe rate at which their college-age youth earn first university NS&E degrees. By contrast, in the United States, this rate has fluctuated between 4 and 5 percent of the Nation's 24-year olds for the past four decades and barely reached 6 percent in the late 1990s. (See figure O-4 .)
Combining these trendsan emphasis on international mobility of highly educated personnel, continued support for broader access to higher education, and an emphasis on NS&E trainingwith a shift to more market-driven economies, liberalized investment and labor markets, may lead to the development of new world-class centers of excellence around the globe. In pursuit of this goal, governments are adopting specific policies to imitate and improve on aspects of others' S&T systems and practices.[1]
Although these developments appear to pose little short-term challenge for the United States, they may be important in the long term:
Both developments have technology transfer implications for the United States.
The United States has long relied heavily on scientists and engineers who were born abroad, and increasingly so in the closing years of the 20th century. Many of them earned their highest degrees in the U.S., others entered the country with degrees earned abroad. This reliance rises the more advanced the degree. In the United States in 1999, 10 percent of those holding baccalaureate degrees in S&E were born abroad. This figure was 20 percent for master's degree recipients and 25 percent or greater for doctorate-holders (much higher in some engineering and computer science fields). These estimates are conservative in that they fail to reflect the strong upswing in immigration during the 1990s, those who entered the United States on temporary visas during the 1990s, and those in health-related fields. (See figure O-5 for academic employment.)
If other countries and regions build up their indigenous S&T capabilities, they may diminish the relative attractiveness of the United States as a destination country. Although such a decline would be difficult to quantify, anecdotes suggest that experienced scientists and engineers, particularly those originally from Asia, are even now returning to their native countries. They may be drawn not only by the potential to gain wealth and prestige but also by the desire to contribute to the economic development of their home countries. On the other hand, more than half of the younger foreign students who have earned S&E doctorates in the United States stay in the U.S., and this trend has changed little over time.
As more countries seek to develop a knowledge-based economy, demographic factors will come into play. For many advanced industrial nations, this means agingand, in the case of Japan and Germany, decliningpopulations and shrinking pools of young people. In fact, a broad international dialog[2] has begun to focus on the reality of and potential for broader international mobility of scientists, engineers, and other highly trained technical workers. If other countries begin looking abroad to supplement their labor pools, particularly in high-technology areas, the United States may have more difficulty attracting and retaining foreign scientists and engineers.
Actions by countries that have supplied personnel ("donor" countries) form the other part of this development. If they can build indigenous S&T infrastructures and economies to exploit the fruits of S&T, domestic labor market needs may entice more of their scientists and engineers to stay at home rather than to seek work abroad. They may also attract investments from foreign firms seeking access to their labor and markets. Thus, traditional donor countries may be able to moderate the outflow of their scientists and engineers.
The large unknown factor is the action of multinational firms as they expand their role in international business activities. Many of these firms maintain R&D, technical, and design centers worldwide, drawing on local strengths but also allowing highly trained personnel to rotate to other parts of the world. These activities mean that technological know-how is being transferred around the globe and will become part of other nations' economic development strategies. The inevitable transfer of technological know-how and the possible relocation of high-end activities from the United States (and other mature industrial nations) to newer centers of excellence bear watching.
Growing global competition for experts may be the eventual result of improved living standards in countries around the world; the rise of competing international centers of scientific, technical, and engineering excellence; and the need of many industrialized nations to augment their own technical labor pools from abroad. Increasingly, industry may need to locate near a generous supply of highly trained, reasonably priced personnel. Information technology (IT) developments may further enhance the ability to tie together globally distributed laboratories and firms.
In this situation, one challenge for the United States would seem to be to provide a well-trained domestic S&T workforce. Gordon Moore, cofounder of Fairchild Semiconductor and the Intel Corporation, commented in the New York Times (2001): "[W]e're in danger of exporting a lot of technological advantage because we're not training enough people here. Education, that's our Achilles' heel." Several factors affect a possible expansion in the number of S&E degrees earned by U.S. citizens.
How can the United States produce more high-quality homegrown scientists and engineers? The question leads one to focus on the U.S. elementary and secondary education system. Long-standing concerns about the overall quality of the system, and of mathematics and science education in particular, have prompted various reform efforts predating the 1983 report, A Nation At Risk. In international comparisons, these reforms have yet to fully demonstrate their intended results.
U.S. students in the early grades tend to do well in cross-national comparisons of mathematics and science achievement. However, toward the end of high school, U.S. students tend to fall below international averages and to rank substantially below students in a number of other countries. (See figure O-6 .) In some advanced subjects, such as advanced calculus, performance by the top 5 percent of U.S. students is matched by the top 1020 percent of students in several other countries.
Universal education in the United States does not appear to account for the discrepancy in international test performance. Many countries have raised their age cohort rates of producing natural scientists and engineers to levels exceeding those of the United States. A prerequisite for this development is quality mathematics and science education in the primary and secondary grades, which is being provided by many countries, according to international test results.
In the United States, the transition from high school to college presents another puzzle. State mandates emphasizing academics have expanded, and more mathematics and science courses are required for graduation. Yet, as more students have taken these courses, including advanced ones, the need for remedial instruction at the college level has continued to expand. A number of universities have begun to limit credits given for advanced-placement courses, considering some of them to fail to meet college-level standards.
The U.S. higher education system has continually produced a growing number of people with bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. In the past quarter century, the number of bachelor's degrees conferred in all fields has risen from 955,000 to nearly 1.2 million annually; master's degrees, from 278,000 to 420,000; and doctorates, from 33,800 to 45,700. In the 1990s, about 35 percent of the bachelor's degrees, 30 percent of the master's degrees, and more than 60 percent of the doctorates were awarded in S&E fields.
The number of doctorates awarded in S&E rose rapidly after the mid-1980s, but little growth was seen in the number of doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens. The increase from 20,000 in 1986 to almost 29,000 in 1998 (followed by a dip to 27,000 in 1999) mostly reflected the growing number of degrees awarded to foreign-born individuals. This trend was especially pronounced in the natural sciences and engineering, where the share of doctorates earned by U.S. citizens (including naturalized citizens) dropped from 70 to 56 percent over the past 25 years. For all of S&E, including the social sciences and psychology, the U.S. share fell from 74 to 61 percent.
Virtually all growth of doctorates earned by U.S. citizens reflected degrees earned by white women and minority students of both sexes. (See figure O-7 .) A particularly compelling example is offered by the increase in S&E doctorate-holders who were U.S. citizens, from 14,200 in the mid-1970s to 16,700 in 1999. The entire increase is attributable to the rise in the number of women and minorities earning S&E doctorates; the number of U.S. men obtaining these degrees actually declined from about 12,000 in the mid-1970s to 9,700 late in the century. In 1999, women earned 42 percent of these U.S. citizen S&E doctorates, up from 18 percent 25 years earlier; minorities earned 15 percent, up from less than 5 percent. The percentages for U.S. citizen doctorates in the narrower category of natural sciences and engineering (i.e., without social sciences and psychology) show similar trends.
In short, at the highest level of S&E training, the United States has relied heavily on noncitizens, U.S. women, and small but growing numbers of minority students of both sexes to sustain its degree production without whose increasing participation the number of S&E doctorates would have stagnated or declined. The reasons for the relative disappearance of U.S. majority males from these fields, including lack of interest and the attractiveness and availability of alternatives, remain largely unexplored.
In the late 1990s, the active U.S. S&E workforce numbered about 11 million out of a civilian labor force of about 140 million. It included 10.5 million people with a bachelor's or higher degree in S&E and 600,000 people with degrees in other fields but working in an S&E occupation, narrowly defined.[3] The relatively small size of the S&E workforce so defined, about 8 percent of the total, belies its importance to a knowledge-based economy. Scientists and engineers are essential to the conduct of R&D, and they contribute heavily to technological innovation and the economic growth it generates.
Industry, the largest job source for scientists and engineers, employs 75 percent of those with S&E bachelor's degrees, more than 60 percent of master's degree holders, but less than one-third of those with doctorates. Overall, the academic sector has been the second largest employer of scientists and engineers but the largest employer of S&E doctorate-holders. The Federal Government attracted only 45 percent of bachelor's and master's degree recipients, with engineering graduates more likely than science graduates to find Federal employment.
In 1999, only about 3.3 million of the 11 million S&E labor force worked in the core S&E occupations defined here, less than 3 percent of total civilian employment. Almost three-quarters of those 3.3 million had jobs as engineers (39 percent) and computer scientists and mathematicians (33 percent). Although most S&E degree-holders work in non-S&E occupations, the interpretation that these highly trained individuals are not using their special skills is incorrect.
Technologically oriented economies increasingly rely on scientific and technical skills in a broad range of occupations, in high-technology sectors and elsewhere. Many S&E-trained individuals are being hired into occupations classified as non-S&E in both high-technology industries and other segments of the economy, where they contribute to converting the results of R&D into innovative products, processes, and services. These employment patterns indicate the spread of jobs across the economy that are filled by those with scientific or technical skills.
What are these jobs? Most jobs in non-S&E occupations are in management or administration, in sales or marketing, and various teaching positions. At the baccalaureate level, one-third of engineering graduates, half of the computer science and mathematics graduates, and most of the life science, social science, and psychology graduates work in such non-S&E occupations. However, 9 out of 10 regarded their training as related to the nature of their jobs, and in the judgment of the incumbents, many of these jobs had some S&E skill component.
Over the past two decades, the number of people in S&E occupations has expanded faster than the growth of the overall civilian U.S. labor force, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts continued rapid growth in these occupations. (See figure O-8 .). Current incumbents engaged in these occupations tend to have more advanced degrees than those in non-S&E jobs: 14 percent of incumbents held a science or engineering doctorate versus 3 percent of those in non-S&E jobs, 29 percent held a master's degree versus 15 percent of those in non-S&E jobs, and 56 percent held a bachelor's degree versus 80 percent of those in non-S&E jobs. Thus, further expansion of the employment share in S&E occupations rests on the availability of a sufficient number of people with the requisite degrees, especially because of the expected rise in the number of retiring scientists and engineers.
The United States has benefited from the infusion of non-U.S. scientists and engineers for many years and in many areas, including access to valuable skills and a greater ability to exploit the development of new knowledge abroad. U.S. industry has also increasingly relied on R&D performed abroad and, in turn, has benefited from economic growth around the world. However, the country's international economic competitiveness ultimately rests on the capacity of its own labor force for innovation and productivity.
The percentage of foreign-born individuals among U.S. scientists and engineers is growing at all degree levels, in all sectors, and in most fields. By the end of the decade, one in four S&E doctorate-holders had been born abroad. Especially high percentages were found in engineering (45 percent), computer sciences (43 percent), and mathematics (30 percent), fields that have shown little or no growth in domestic Ph.D. production.
Figures for industry employment of foreign-born Ph.D.-holders were higher than these national averages. (See figure O-9 .) At the end of the twentieth century, one-third of all S&E Ph.D.-holders working in industry were born abroad. Among computer scientists, the proportion was half, and among engineers it was more than half, with specific engineering specialties showing higher percentages. In mathematics, the share of foreign-born individuals exceeded one-third.
Increases in the share of foreign-born Ph.D.-holders in academia have been less rapid but have generally occurred in the same fields as in industry. Among full-time faculty, foreign-born individuals with U.S. degrees since the 1970s have increased from 36 to nearly 40 percent in computer sciences, 21 to 35 percent in engineering, and 16 to 28 percent in mathematics. In the Federal Government in 1999, 16 percent of Ph.D.-holders were born abroad; the share of those in state and local government employment was 19 percent.
Census data show similar trends for bachelor's degree holders. In 1980, 11 percent of all baccalaureate recipients in the United States were born abroad. This percentage had risen to 13 percent in 1990 and to 19 percent in 2000. Field information is not available for the 2000 data, but analysis of a sample based on the 1990 census shows patterns of field concentration among bachelor's degree recipients similar to those of Ph.D.-holders, although at lower levels.
High-technology industries are important to national economies because they produce a large share of innovations, including new products, processes, and services that help gain market share, create entirely new markets, or lead to more productive use of resources. High-technology industries are also associated with high value-added production, success in foreign markets, and high compensation levels. Results of their activities diffuse to other economic sectors, leading to increased productivity and business expansion. The international competitiveness of their products and processes thus provides a useful market-based measure of the performance of a nation's S&T system.
Many decades of support for basic research have provided the basis for past and current innovations that generate economic benefits. During the 1990s, the United States maintained and improved its position in the exploitation of new knowledge, techniques, and technologies for economic advantage. By the end of the century, the United States remained the leading producer of high-technology[4] products, providing more than one-third of the world's output. (See figure O-10 .) U.S.-based pharmaceuticals, computer, and communications equipment industries gained in world market share over the decade; only the aerospace industry lost market share. The nation's high-technology trade balance was positive throughout the decade, increasing during the second half.
The world's total manufacturing output has been rising during the past two decades, and the share of high-technology industry products in that output has increased. Worldwide, high-technology manufacturing rose from 7.6 percent of total manufacturing output in 1980 to 12.7 percent by 1998. The high-technology share of U.S. manufacturing output increased from 9.6 to 16.6 percent during the period, and the United Kingdom experienced similar growth. The high-technology output shares of other European Union members also increased but stayed at lower levels: 11.0 percent for France and 9.0 percent for Germany. In Asia, the high-technology sectors in the Taiwanese and South Korean economies grew especially rapidly, to 25.6 and 15.0 percent, respectively, of their 1998 manufacturing output.
These changes in the 1990s led to shifts in countries' world market shares for high-technology products. The U.S. share increase from about 30 to 36 percent, contrasted with declines for the other large economies. Japan's share declined from nearly 25 to 20 percent, and Germany's declined from 6.4 to 5.4 percent; that of the United Kingdom declined from 6.0 to 5.4 percent, and France's declined from 5.3 to 3.9 percent. Some Asian countries increased their market share; South Korea and Taiwan had the largest gains at more than 3 percent each in 1998.[5] (See figure O-11 .)
The U.S. world export share in high-technology products, 20 percent in 1998, was nearly twice its world share for all manufacturing exports. It compared with 10 percent for Japan and 7 percent for Germany. World export shares have risen for some Asian economies. For example, Taiwan and Singapore held 5 and 6 percent of high-technology export markets in 1998, up from about 4 percent a decade earlier. Although the United States remains the export leader in three of the four high-technology industries (it is second in drugs and medicines), its lead has been shrinking in all but communications equipment.
Another indicator of competitiveness in a world of increasingly open markets is the ability to succeed in the home market. The U.S. supply of its own high-technology markets had dropped to around two-thirds by the mid-1990s but reached three-quarters by the decade's end.
The United States has also been successful in exploiting its edge in knowledge-intensive services, namely in communication, financial, business, education, and health services. These industry segments have grown even faster than the already fast-growing U.S. high-technology manufacturing sector.
Technical inventions have important economic benefits to a nation because they often lead to innovationsnew products, processes, services, and even entirely new industries. To foster inventiveness, governments assign property rights to inventors in the form of patents. Patent data thus provide useful indicators of inventive output over time.
Patent grants in the United States rose strongly during the 1990s, reaching 154,000 in 1999. More than half of these patents have been issued to U.S. inventors, 55 percent in 1999. Areas of U.S. technological strength, as reflected in these patents, include medical and surgical devices, electronics, telecommunications, advanced materials, and biotechnology. U.S. inventors are also successful in patenting abroad. They lead foreign inventors in most other major countries, where foreign patenting is generally much more prevalent than in the United States.
Foreign patenting in the United States is highly concentrated by country and field of application. (See figure O-12 .) German and Japanese inventors received almost 60 percent of all foreign-owned U.S. patents in 1999; together with France and the United Kingdom, they accounted for 70 percent. Canada, historically among the top five foreign countries patenting in the United States, was displaced in 1998 by South Korea and Taiwan, whose U.S. patenting has increased dramatically. Before 1986, Taiwan received 742 U.S. patents, and South Korea received 213. Since then, they have received nearly 19,000 and more than 14,000 patents, respectively, indicating their growing capacity to produce technological innovations.
The distribution of foreign patent activity in the United States by technical area is an indicator of countries' technical strengths, which may signal a future competitive advantage. Relatively few technologies form the focus of other countries' patenting in the United States. Japanese inventors emphasize consumer electronics, photography, photocopying, and, more recently, computer technologies. German inventors tend to focus on heavy-manufacturing industries. British inventors focus on manufacturing applications, biotechnology, and chemistry. French-owned patents emphasize manufacturing applications, biotechnology, aeronautics, and communications technologies. South Korean patent activities focus on communications and computer technologies, which were also a focus of Taiwan during the 1990s. Both nations are major suppliers of U.S. computers and peripherals, and their patenting activity suggests further growth in their international competitive position in these and related areas.
The United States derives major benefits from intellectual property, including licensing fees from patents, a $23 billion surplus in 1999. (See figure O-13 .) Firms trade intellectual property when they license or franchise proprietary technologies, trademarks, and entertainment to firms in other countries. Royalties and licensing fees generated by these transactions from abroad in recent years have averaged nearly three times the amount paid out by American firms for the use of foreign intellectual property.
By far, the largest purchaser of United States intellectual property was Japan, followed by South Korea; together they accounted for 44 percent of total U.S. receipts in 1999. U.S. firms purchase intellectual property chiefly from Europe, which accounted for about 44 percent of U.S. payments in 1999. However, Japan, the largest single supplier, accounted for one-third of the total.
The flows of intellectual property, traced here by funds flows, are indicative of the growing interdependency of countries' scientific and technical activities. Far from being simple supplier-customer relations, these flows indicate mutual benefits accruing from these exchanges. The participants also derive large indirect benefits that are not captured in these financial transactions.
Small firms are widely viewed as important contributors to the nation's innovative activity and technological prowess. They benefit from the availability of capital from venture groups that often also supply technological and management know-how in exchange for an equity share. Venture capital flows serve as a useful indicator of the market's assessment of concrete entrepreneurial activity, even though they do not capture other forms of financing available to nascent firms, such as direct funding by larger firms, creation of spinoffs, and "angel" money.
The total pool of U.S. venture capital grew dramatically over the past two decades, reaching $234 billion in 2000, more than six times the amount managed just five years earlier. New venture funds committed in 2000 reached $93 billion, nearly 10 times the 1995 amount.[6] (See figure O-14 .) Three-quarters of the new funds went to three types of firms: Internet firms (nearly 50 percent), telecommunications companies (about 17 percent), and software or software services companies (14 percent).
Little venture capital is disbursed as "seed" money (high-risk funds to underwrite proof-of-concept activities or early product development). Seed funding never exceeded 6 percent of total venture capital disbursements in the past two decades and, more typically, ranged from 2 to 4 percent. In 2000, seed money accounted for less than 2 percent of new commitments, and money for company expansion, a much less risky stage, accounted for more than 60 percent. Still, nearly $1.3 billion was disbursed as seed money in 2000, up from $313 million in 1995. Internet companies received 44 percent of the new seed funds in 2000, communications firms received 26 percent, and software companies received 11 percent. The share of seed funds that went to biotechnology firms dropped precipitously, from 12 percent in 1998 to less than 1 percent in 2000, and that of other medical- and health-related companies dropped from 20 to 3 percent.
Since the early 1980s, R&D spending in the United States has consistently accounted for 2.32.8 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). In the latter half of the 1990s, R&D growth has been particularly strong, rising faster than total economic output and reaching a 2.7 percent share of GDP, pushed upward primarily by a rise in industry-funded R&D. Several major trends have affected funders, performers, and the nature of R&D in the United States over the past two decades, indicating major changes in the structure of the nation's S&T enterprise.
The Federal Government has supplied a continually shrinking share of national R&D funds, just above one-quarter in 2000. (See figure O-15 .) This trend began in the early 1960s, with the Federal share falling below 50 percent in 1979 and declining more steeply during the 1990s. After adjusting for inflation, Federal R&D funding has actually declined since the second half of the 1980s and was essentially flat during the past decade.
Federal defense-related R&D declined sharply in current and constant dollars, starting in 1987. By 2000, it had fallen to a 50-year low of 13.6 percent of total national R&D. Because defense-related R&D is mostly development, the basic research share of overall Federal R&D funding rose from 25 to about 35 percent, and development fell from 55 to 46 percent. However, at the total national level, shifts have been less pronounced, with the basic research share rising from 14 to 18 percent from 1980 to 2000 and development falling from 64 to 61 percent.
Partly as a result of the changes in Federal R&D support, the distribution of Federal funds across research fields shifted during the 1990s toward the life sciences and away from the physical sciences and engineering. The share of Federal funds for basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering dropped from 38 to 32 percent, whereas the life sciences share, reflecting growth in medical sciences R&D, rose from 40 to 45 percent. Computer science funding registered more modest gains and obtained 45 percent of Federal funds in 2000. These changes have prompted scientific organizations, Federal agency heads, and members of Congress to express concern about the potential adverse consequences of a perceived lack of balance in Federal research support.
Federal Government funds for industrial R&D contracted sharply between 1987 and 1993, a further consequence of the defense R&D cuts. In constant-dollar terms, Federal support for industrial R&D has fallen by about half since the late 1980s. The aerospace sector, traditionally the largest industry recipient of Federal R&D funds, still received about 40 percent of the shrinking Federal industrial R&D funds in 1999. However, the effects on the aerospace sector of the Federal shift away from defense-related R&D were clearly visible, because its share of total national R&D declined from about one-quarter in the late 1980s to 8 percent in 1999.
Industry funding of its own R&D has risen steeply since the mid-1990s and, by 2000, constituted nearly 70 percent of the national total. The expansion of industry funding for R&D in the manufacturing sector was driven especially by increases in sectors such as communications and electronic equipment,[7] motor vehicles, and chemicals (including pharmaceuticals and medicines); these were joined by the rapidly growing R&D investments of the nonmanufacturing sector.
A major development in the conduct of U.S. industrial R&D has been a two-decade-long rise in the importance of R&D in the nonmanufacturing sector, from less than 5 percent of the industrial R&D total in 1982 to 36 percent by the late 1990s. Three major segments[8] accounted for nearly 30 percent of the total industrial R&D performance: trade (10.7 percent); professional, scientific, and technical services (10.4 percent); and information (8.4 percent). Similar increases in service sector R&D are seen in many of the European Union economies, especially the United Kingdom, Italy, and France. Japan's industrial R&D performance remains largely confined to the manufacturing sector.
As measured by the ratio of R&D to net sales, scientific R&D services was the most research-intensive sector (32 percent), followed by software (17 percent), communications equipment (12 percent), and computer systems design and related services (11 percent).
Heightened international attention to the economic advantages bestowed by the exploitation of new knowledge, processes, and products has led to increases in R&D spending around the world. This broad international expansion is reflected in a gradual decline of the U.S. share of total R&D performed by member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Nevertheless, at 44 percent of the estimated $518 billion 1998 OECD total, the United States remains by far the largest single performer of R&D. (See figure O-16 .) Its R&D expenditures equaled the combined total for Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan. By itself, Japan accounted for 20 percent, and the European Union accounted for 30 percent of the OECD total.
The decline in the share of government funds for R&D is a key trend common to all major industrial nations and many other OECD countries.[9] In the mid-1980s, these nations derived an average of 45 percent of their R&D funds from government sources; by 1998, this figure had fallen to less than one-third. The relative retrenchment reflects the broad growth of industrial R&D, reductions in defense R&D in some key nations, and broader economic and spending constraints on governments. As a consequence, government funding for industrial R&D performance also fell, averaging 23 percent in 1983 but only 10 percent in 1998 for OECD as a whole.
Most OECD countries support their R&D activities with indirect assistance as well as direct funding. Tax credits for R&D expenditures are broadly granted and are often supplemented with specific additional incentives. Some countries use targeted approaches, such as favoring basic research. Some countries use tax provisions to stimulate R&D in small and medium-size firms. Increasingly, tax incentives are used to stimulate regional R&D.
OECD countries have some differences in sources of their R&D funds. Industry funded 6770 percent of total R&D in Japan and the United States but less than 50 percent in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Canada. Government support ranged from 19 percent in Japan to 37 percent in France.
Unlike the differences in funding sources, strong similarity in industry performance marks the largest OECD nations. In these countries, industry performed between 62 and 70 percent of total national R&D, with the exception of Italy, where industry performed 54 percent. The academic sector was the second largest performer in all countries except France, where government performance (including national laboratories) exceeded its volume.
OECD nations vary in the emphasis they put on research in various fields. The distributions of both R&D funds and articles in the world's leading research journals indicate that long-established differences exist in the relative field emphasis of these nations' scientific efforts. (See figure O-17 .) Many countries appear to place relatively greater emphasis on the physical sciences and engineering than the United States; which has long put more weight on the life sciences, including medical research.
The expansion of R&D efforts in many countries is taking place against the backdrop of growing international collaboration in the conduct of R&D. The decline of global political blocs, expansion of convenient and inexpensive air travel, and advent of the Internet have facilitated scientific communication, contact, and collaboration. More R&D collaborations can be expected to develop with Internet-facilitated innovations such as virtual research laboratories and the simultaneous use of distributed virtual data banks by investigators around the globe.
Indications of this growing international activity can be drawn from the behavior of researchers, firms, and inventors. A rising share of the world's scientific and technical publications have coauthors who are located in different countries. U.S. investigators play a major part in these collaborations, and their coauthorship ties extend to a wider range of countries than those of scientists and engineers in any other nation. (See figure O-18 .) Regional research collaborations are also growing stronger among European and Asian countries.
Greater global collaboration is not limited to the conduct of scientific research. In many countries, foreign sources of R&D funds have been increasing, underlining the growing internationalization of industry R&D efforts. In Canada and the United Kingdom, foreign funding has reached nearly 20 percent of total industrial R&D; it stands at nearly 10 percent for France, Italy, and the European Union as a whole. Foreign R&D funding remains low in Germany, however, and it is negligible in Japan.
The United States is attractive to foreign firms because of its technological sophistication and size of the market. R&D spending in the United States by foreign affiliates rose to a record $22 billion or 15 percent of company-funded R&D in 1998. U.S. affiliates of European companies (including Daimler-Chrysler) accounted for 72 percent of this total, the Asian/Pacific region for 14 percent (four-fifths Japan), and Canada for 11 percent. Foreign-owned subsidiaries of firms in particular countries tend to be concentrated in particular industries (e.g., computer and electronic products for Japan). Also in 1998, 715 R&D facilities were operated in the United States by 375 foreign-owned firms. Japan owned 35 percent of them; Germany and the United Kingdom each owned 14 percent.
U.S. firms are also investing in R&D conducted in other locations. R&D spending by U.S. companies abroad reached $17 billion in 1999, rising by 28 percent over a brief three-year span. (See figure O-19 .) More than half this spending was in the areas of transportation equipment, chemicals (including pharmaceuticals), and computer and electronics products. Both inflows and outflows of foreign funds are dominated by manufacturing sector R&D. Relatively low levels of service sector R&D spending suggest a greater difficulty in exploiting nondomestic locations.
Globalization is also indicated by the strong growth of international patent families, which are patents filed in multiple countries covering the same invention. Their number has grown from 249 in 1990 to 1,379 in 1998. This development indicates the globalization of both markets and intellectual property. It also suggests increasing access to knowledge and know-how flows on a global scale.
Changes in the financing, organization, and performance of R&D and technological innovation have affected the actions of industry, research performers, and governments in the United States and elsewhere. Key economic sectors have learned to exploit R&D advances rapidly, which has shortened product cycle times and increased market risk. The underlying research is increasingly multidisciplinary, requiring specialized knowledge from a broad range of fields. The development of new products, processes, and services often entails gaining access to firm-specific intellectual property and capabilities.
Firms and research performers have responded to these developments by outsourcing R&D and by forming collaborations and alliances to share R&D costs, spread market risk, and obtain access to needed information and know-how. Alliances, cross-licensing of intellectual property, mergers and acquisitions, and other tools have transformed industrial R&D and innovation. Universities have moved to increase funding links, technology transfer, and collaborative research activities with industry and government agencies. Government policies have supported these developments through changes in antitrust regulations, intellectual property regimens, and initiatives in support of technology transfer and joint activities.
The idea that efficient exploitation of new knowledge is fundamental to economic performance has become widely accepted, leading to policy and market changes in other industrial nations. In response, numerous strategic research and technology alliances have been created over the past two decades, many involving international partners.[10] During the 1980s, at least 3,800 such alliances were created; from 1990 to 2000, the number rose to nearly 6,500. (See figure O-20 .) Alliances between U.S. and foreign firms increased by about 1,000 between the two decades. In 2000, about one-third each were in IT, biotechnology, and other technology sectors.
In the United States, about 800 formal research joint ventures were formally registered[11] between 1985 and 1999. They involved about 4,200 organizations, nearly 90 percent of them industrial firms. Thirty percent were foreign-owned participants, indicating broad interest in this form of activity.
Universities were important partners in these research joint ventures. During the 198599 period, they participated in 16 percent of them. Nearly one-third in the electronic and other electrical equipment sector involved academic partners, as did one in five industrial machinery and computer manufacturing ventures.
During the past decade, U.S. firms' alliances split about evenly between arrangements involving only domestic partners and those involving at least one foreign organization. (See figure O-21 .) This is a shift from the earlier decade, when nearly two-thirds of U.S. alliances involved foreign partners. This development largely reflects the increasing intracountry alliance structure in the IT sector. European and Japanese alliances in the 1990s were focused to a larger extent on partners outside their immediate region but showed the same tendency as the United States toward domestic and regional collaboration in the IT field.
Risks that may be associated with these new forms of collaboration include the unintended transfer of technology; cultural differences among industrial, academic, and government partners or international participants; and the potential for anticompetitive behavior. Questions have been raised about the effects of industry-university relations on the funding balance of S&E fields, the nature of academic research, the open availability of research results, and especially research tools. However, the increasing number of collaborations suggests that, at least to the participants, the benefits outweigh the risks.
The performance of the U.S. S&T system has drawn the attention of other countries, which widely regard U.S. system performance as a de facto international benchmark in assessing their own performance.[12] The United States has a strong infrastructure of knowledge and trained personnel, thanks to long-term Federal Government investments in R&D. The nation's universities and colleges educate large proportions of young people, many of whom graduate with degrees in science, mathematics, and engineering. Moreover, its academic institutions conduct nearly half of the nation's basic research, provide world-class advanced training to young researchers, and have become key partners in knowledge transfer to industry.
Rising U.S. industrial R&D has produced a steady stream of innovations, including new products, processes, and services, that have spurred economic growth, contributed to increased productivity, and raised per capita income. New forms of R&D and technology alliances connect firms with universities, nonprofit organizations, and government. The very conduct of R&D has changed in response to market pressures and the capabilities created by the IT revolution.
Governments in many countries have responded to these developments. Convinced that strength in S&T translates into concrete economic advantage, they have invested in education, R&D, and technical development. Private firms, responding to market pressures, have also increased their R&D activities. These moves have resulted in the creation of new centers of scientific and technical activity in many parts of the world. As industry, governments, and universities have started exploiting the new opportunities created by these developments, R&D and knowledge transfers have increasingly acquired global dimensions. U.S. research scientists and U.S. firms have been active participants in these international R&D activities.
The net effect of these trends for economic development and open international knowledge flows is undoubtedly positive both for the United States and for other countries. Yet these developments also pose challenges. As new centers of technological excellence arise, firms and universities in the United States may find it increasingly difficult to recruit scientists and engineers from abroad, currently an important source of supply. Foreign students may increasingly return home after their training, and U.S. firms may find it advantageous to locate technically sophisticated functions overseas. These potential developments bear watching, because they would affect U.S. policies that support S&T and the education and training of the domestic S&E workforce.
National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics
Science and Engineering Indicators2002
Arlington, VA (NSB 02-01)
[January 2002]


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Two-Faced and Proud
John Eller is trying his best to convince Chris Lynch to try the pizza with white sauce, but to no avail; the thought of it makes Lynch grimace. It's an illustrative moment. The two local musicians are as alike as night and day: Eller carps, Lynch shrugs; Eller is outgoing, Lynch is reserved; one fronted a band steeped in the boozy rock of the Faces and the Stones, the other is a crooner weaned on pop radio.
So how did these two wind up in a band together? Good question. Both have been knocking around on the scene for years: Eller with his band the DTs, Lynch as former frontman of the Picadors. When Lynch bailed out of his band, he called up Eller to ask him about the possibility of collaborating. At the time, Eller deferred (telling Lynch that he "would be bored just playing keyboards on my songs"). But eventually, when the DTs disbanded, the two found themselves working on demos together. The result of their cooperative efforts is Dog Day Afternoon, a sunny acoustic pop debut that's one of the most outstanding local music releases in years.
Despite Eller and Lynch's differences, Dog Day Afternoon reveals a shared pop culture history. Instead of taking the roots-rock road of so many local songsmiths, the duo put a '90s spin on the soundtrack of their urban childhoods. Growing up in south Minneapolis, Lynch was immersed in a multicultural stew. "I have a very different take on what 'Americana' is," Lynch says, referring to the current proliferation of wide-eyed, rural-spirited country-rock. "It seems this 'small town' thing is very exclusive to very few people; it's a very white Americana." Lynch grew up on the music of Bootsy Collins, Stevie Wonder, Elton John, and Joni Mitchell, and both he and Eller draw on a variety of styles to make their music.
As things turned out, their unlikely demos ended up getting them an unlikely deal with the locally based East Side Digital label. A small upstart with national distribution, ESD has an eclectic roster that includes San Francisco art-rock weirdos The Residents and young roots-rock bands like Go to Blazes. ESD had been in the market for a local band; Mary Retzlaff, now the label's director of sales and marketing and a longtime supporter of Eller's music, put the bug in owner Steve Daly's ear about the singer long before she even worked at the label. Her efforts paid off.
"We didn't want to go after someone who was a flavor of the month, playing at the Uptown for three or four months and then going away," Daly says. "And they were easy to work with-- really cooperative in letting us know what they were up to and what their goals were. There was no pretension." Even Eller was surprised at Daly's interest. "I think when we originally gave him the demo, he might have been a little disappointed at first glance. I think he was expecting that sort of roots-rock thing that everybody was doing, but it wasn't," Eller says. The signing complements both sides: ESD gets to bring its hometown to a national audience, and Eller Lynch gets a label that should offer them broad support.
That's appropriate, because Dog Day Afternoon is a record that should easily find an audience beyond the Twin Cities. It represents a conscious effort to strip their song styles down to the bare minimum. And while the acoustic detour may seem a leap for some of Eller and Lynch's old fans, it was a necessary evolution for both songwriters. "I felt like a dinosaur playing the Entry and the Uptown, playing the big hard rock numbers with the DTs," Eller says. "Not that I didn't like it, but at times it just didn't feel right anymore. I always wrote songs on my acoustic guitar; it was very natural when I started doing demos in the basement with Chris." Lynch chimes in: "I couldn't write a rock song to save my life. You get to the songcraft when you strip things down to just acoustic elements. And I had a lot more in common with [Eller] than I thought, like we could draw on some of the same stuff that we listened to."
This common ground is evident in Dog Day Afternoon, whether they are re-reading old chestnuts like George Harrison's "For You Blue" (giving the song a better treatment than even Harrison did) or Patti Page's "Old Cape Cod." The duo also found comfort in working on each other's songs, alternating the album with tunes penned by each. Eller works on fleshing out Lynch's R&B pop stylings with a rock sensibility, while Lynch brings a lighter touch to the more muscular material.
And Dog Day Afternoon reveals interesting new developments for both artists, the most noticeable of which are Eller's vocals, which take a softer approach that serves his songs well. "Away From the Heart," for example, is a plaintive wail of heartache that is among Eller's most affecting songs. Lynch's tribute to a friend, "Human Dignity (For William)," speaks just as honestly to a future cut short, while "Just a Memory" reflects on a dissolved relationship. Eller's "Maybe I'm Amused" and Lynch's "Don't Cross Me Off" both pop with a giddy tunefulness that recalls both Elton John and the Monkees. The music gets additional mileage from Eller's harmonica turns, and the warm groove of Dan Bergstrom and Tommy Alsides, the DTs' old rhythm section.
Onstage, the band dishes out covers as disparate as Cher's "Dark Lady," Prince's "Sign o' the Times," and Led Zeppelin's "Custard Pie." They've played Patrick's Cabaret (for the annual Queer Boyz Nite) as well as the 7th Street Entry. Eller, who is gay, has never hidden his sexuality, but he struggles with the issue of broadcasting it. "I wouldn't want it to be a big issue, like carrying a big banner, or being some kind of spokesperson," Eller says. "So you have to decide: You're either going to anger people by not addressing it, and they'll say, 'Oh, you're closeted, you're not being yourself, you're not a true artist.' Or it becomes political, where people have to sit and talk about it." Meanwhile, Lynch's stage costumes and mannerisms (which include chiffon blouses and enthusiastic butt-shaking) have prompted many to mistakenly assume he's also gay. "I always have to tell people that he's the straight one," Eller says, laughing.
The nature of Eller Lynch, both musically and personally, is contradictory. They blur the lines that divide pop and rock, pain and pleasure, gay and straight. In bridging these opposites, Eller and Lynch have established themselves as songwriters of the highest order. After all, a world without contrasts is a very dull world indeed.
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|COLUSSI ERMES SRL Patent applications
|Patent application number
|PLANT AND METHOD FOR WASHING CONTAINERS OF FOODS AND/OR MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS - A plant and method for washing containers comprising a base wall and a plurality of lateral sides hinged to the base wall in order to define at least a first folded condition, in which the sides are folded in overlapping pairs and substantially parallel to the base wall, and a second open condition, in which the sides are substantially perpendicular to the base wall and define a containing compartment of the container. The plant comprises a washer machine into which the containers are fed in the first folded condition, and provided inside with a plurality of delivery nozzles. At least part of the delivery nozzles are disposed and directed with respect to the containers in such a manner as to direct the washing liquid delivered under pressure mainly towards a first external lateral side, so as to determine the at least partial opening of a second external lateral side with respect to the base wall.


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BOOK YOUR ROOM ~ or call ~ (704) 892-8044
The Davidson Village Inn is the perfect setting for your next off-site meeting or retreat. Our 600-square-foot conference room opens onto a covered patio and landscaped courtyard.
Wireless high-speed Internet access, a full complement of audio/visual equipment, and a generous food and beverage service make it easy for your group to focus on work. We'll focus on the rest.
Email your requests or questions to firstname.lastname@example.com, and we'll put together a plan tailored to meet your specific needs. Or explore our rooms and start planning your business trip!
Bank of America
City of Lenoir, NC
Davidson College
Ingersoll Rand
Lowes Corp.
Resource Technologies


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Stanford: Sacred Choral Music / David Hill, Winchester Cathedral Choir
3 CD / Hyperion / 2012-11-13Works: Charles Villiers Stanford: Evening Service (Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis) for chorus & organ (or orchestra) in B flat major, Op; The Lord Is My Shepherd (Psalm 23), for chorus & organ; Motets (3) for...
Performers: Christopher Monks [Organ/Choral Conductor]; Farr, Stephen [Organ]; Hill, David; Kendall, William
Conductors: Hill, David
Ensemble: ; Winchester Cathedral Choir
Sir Charles Villiers Stanford is a central figure in Anglican church music. His many settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis have been staples of...continue...
Recording information: Winchester Cathedral (01/1997/04/1997)....continue...
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Stanford: The Complete Services for Holy Communion
1 CD / Priory / 1998-05-19Works: Charles Villiers Stanford: For Lo, I Raise Up, anthem, Op. 145 (unpublished); Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in F major ("Queen's Service"); Festal Communion Service for chorus & orchestra (or organ) i...
Performers: Andrew Redmond; Anne O'Neill; Arthur Sealy; Helen Roycroft; Johnstone, Andrew; Maeve Morris; Michael Finlay; Smith, Russell; Stuart Kinsella; Sue Hemmens
Conductors: Duley, Mark
Ensemble: Christ Church Chamber Choir
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10 June, 2011
Nicole Martel commented on the project 3/2011 Wide Leg Trousers with Cuffs
style and comfort – worth for a sewing challenge!
style and comfort – worth for a sewing challenge!
Check out this video on how to rotate a dart as well as our handy dandy dart guide!
Pattern of the Week
This blouse features an open triangle back with strap for support!
BurdaStyle Academy
Interested in skipping the paper, rulers & French curves? You can!
Pattern Collections
This updated collection from the 05/2010 issue features 6 flattering plus size dress patterns!
Fashion & Trends
See what's inside, and check out a behind the scenes video
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Introducing a date to foreign cuisine can make you seem exotic, much like only communicating with them in the language you just invented. Be worldly with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
$49 for a three-course Greek-fusion dinner for two (up to a $98 total value)
- Two appetizers (up to an $11 value each)
- Two entrees (up to a $25 value each)
- Half a litre of wine (a $14 value)
- Two desserts (up to a $6 value each)

$95 for a three-course Greek-fusion dinner for four (up to a $193 total value)
- Four appetizers (up to an $11 value each)
- Four entrees (up to a $25 value each)
- Litre of wine (a $25 value)
- Four desserts (up to a $6 value each)

The menu showcases appetizers such as spanakopita and saganaki and entrees ranging from moussaka and skewers of lamb to tilapia over ratatouille.

Restaurant Medzes
Alternating bands of solid chartreuse, stripes, grey damask, and a silvery geometric pattern, Restaurant Medzes' wall treatments merge the classic with the contemporary—creating an apt visual representation of their menu. Flambeed saganaki, moussaka, and lamb skewers anchor the kitchen's repertoire of traditional Greek fare and can be assembled into a miniature battle map of Thermoplyae, if you're a child. The Hellenic influence also permeates unexpected dishes: feta and tzatziki sauce tops burgers, and black olives, pesto, and sun-dried tomatoes are tossed into fettuccine. Cannelloni, veal parmesan, and artisan pizzas further extend the Mediterranean's reach into the dining experience.
94% of 371 customers recommend
"Great service and the food is delicious!"
"great place, great food and very good service."
"Very nice restaurant, good service, small restaurant better make reservations. paid over the value of my bill by choice."


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The George Forman 14685 family grill has a floating hinge so you can cook extra thick food like large steaks or chicken fillets. Excess fat and grease is channelled away from your food into a separate drip tray for healthier cooking. There is a single heat setting to keep cooking simple. The plates on this stylish looking family grill are removable so they are easy to take out and clean and can even be washed in the dishwasher for extra convenience.
Catalogue Number: 215-9850
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Save £10 when you spend £75 or more on selected Electrical and Gaming using TDX-PF4N
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items tagged with Yes for Independent Maps
Written By: Jeff Ignatius
Section: Commentary/Politics
Category: Illinois Politics
2014-06-22 11:59:55
Almost 90 percent of the Yes for Independent Maps petition entries tossed as invalid by the Illinois State Board of Elections this month were for people who were either not registered to vote or weren't registered to vote at the address shown on the petitions, official documents show. The group is attempting to get a constitutional amendment on the ballot to reform the state's indisputably hyper-partisan legislative-redistricting process.
Yet the state's media, led by the Chicago Tribune editorial page, have focused on problems with signatures that don't match up to voter-registration cards. It's either a gross misunderstanding of the situation or a deliberate deception.
Read More About Media Ignore Real Problems With Remap-Reform Petition...
Written By: Jeff Ignatius
Section: Commentary/Politics
Category: Illinois Politics
2013-12-12 12:01:32
Practically speaking, there are two ways party leaders draw state-legislative districts in Illinois: domination and dumb luck.
A key phrase in that sentence is "party leaders," because regardless of whether redistricting is accomplished through one-party rule or a name literally being drawn from a hat, it's controlled by those with a vested interest in remaining in power – and it's controlled by one party. Functionally, Illinois' system is institutionalized gerrymandering.
"Republicans and Democrats want to draw the maps to protect incumbents and punish their political foes," said Michael Kolenc, campaign director for Yes for Independent Maps (IndependentMaps.org). "We've seen them do it in this state. We've seen them do it in other states. They do it at any level that they can. And right now they have the data and the technology where they can do it very, very well – where they can slice and dice neighborhoods" to craft maps that benefit them.
Kolenc's campaign aims to put a constitutional amendment on the November 2014 ballot that would change the way Illinois draws its state-legislative maps. (The process of drawing districts for the U.S. House of Representatives would not be affected.)
Read More About Taking Back The Maps: Campaign Aims To Stop Gerrymandering In Illinois...
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Buffalo Gary Jean
SALE JPY 6876.22 was JPY 12956.69 Item #19380BM13232BU
Sorry, this product is currently not available on buckle.com.
- Regular fit bootcut zip fly jean
- Mid-rise, 19" bottom opening
- Leather applique on back pockets
- Hand sanding and grinding details
- Leather Buffalo label on back
- 100% Cotton.
- Machine wash cold. Do not bleach. Tumble dry. Iron on low.
- This quality denim has been hand finished for a unique, individual look. It will wear like your old favorite jeans, with each abrasion continuing to wear over time. We hope you love the vintage appearance and comfort of wearing jeans that have the look and feel of years of wear. Thanks for making the Buckle your denim destination.
- Made in China.
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G Fits transition well between slim and regular fit categories.


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Welcome to Halifield Schools, the schools of choice for parents who desire the best for their children and are prepared to ensure that a bright future, for them, is achieveable.
Education in Halifield is total and seeks to imbibe in the child Excellence, Responsibility and Moral Uprightness that will stand him/her out in an aggressive and competitive world.
"The Quest for the Raven's Eye"read in full
Halifield Scholarship awardees excelling and thriving at .. read in full
&nb.. read in full
Congratulations to our Westside School,Canada, Full-Schol.. read in full


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My God..Its full of stars!
brilliant work as usual man. love the addition of the monolith too. adds a very ominous feeling to this piece.
2001 becoming an odyssey for you?
Man, you have no idea. This whole thing is a fucking journey, one passing minute of a life-time at a time.
You unlock this door with the key of imagination...
..then embrace it by locking it up again and swallowing the key.
Great piece, i love it!
awesome! maybe i can get in in hd, wanna poster it!
love the scene there
so.. potently omnious :3
Why, might that be a monolith? From a certain 60s film?.....
Indeed it is the Tycho Magnetic Anomaly-1. I just couldn't resist.
Nice work mate!
Love this man.
Very nice dude!
Interesting mood, very surreal. It looks like the sort of art you'd expect to see on a album cover or poster for a rock band or something The subtle aqua in the light helps keep it interesting too


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3475 Views Previous 1 2 Next 16 Replies Latest reply: May 17, 2008 8:29 AM by GeneMike
Daniel Epstein May 4, 2008 8:04 AM
in response to theiflordTry Logging out of your user and then logging back in and see if this helps.
mebberg May 4, 2008 8:19 AM
in response to Daniel EpsteinTried that, tried deleting app from desktop and reloading it, tried downlaoding new version to desktop - couldn't get any to work.
theiflord May 4, 2008 12:20 PM
in response to mebbergYes I have done all that and it still is doing the same thing.
CurlyGirl May 4, 2008 1:34 PM
in response to theiflordI too am having problems with Safari. I have a PowerPC iMac G5. Safari stopped working for me after I needed to hold down the Power Button to get control of my iMac. So Safari was improperly shutdown. My computer was unresponsive ...
So now when I try to start Safari, the icon "bounces" once (on the dock) and then it stops. it never shows up as an active process. It never has Leopard's blue light below it. Right now I am using FireFox to ask for help in the forum.
Is there something I need to delete? Help would be appreciated
23circles May 5, 2008 11:49 AM
in response to theiflordIs there an answer to this?? My computer is doing the same thing. It bounces once and never opens, it all started when I tried to update safari and only got to around 2% complete. It stayed at 2% all night last night, and safari will not open. however, my mail works so it's not my internet connection.
23circles May 5, 2008 12:38 PM
in response to 23circlesI just went to another computer and downloaded firefox for macs onto a jump drive, I then transferred firefox to my computer. If anybody is having trouble getting on to Safari then this is a way to at least gain internet accsess. however, I really like Safari and don't want to be stuck using firefox.
23circles May 12, 2008 9:06 AM
in response to theiflordI miss safari, does anybody know a solution to this?
Joe784 May 12, 2008 3:26 PM
in response to theiflordI'm having exactly the same problem and tried exactly the same solutions, none of which works. It happened on both my computers, although they are networked to eachother. (The other one is a Powerbook G4). I'm using Firefox, now. Since it is happening to several of us with different configurations, I'm suspicious. Anybody have any ideas?
CurlyGirl May 12, 2008 6:14 PM
in response to 23circlesI reinstalled Safari from the Apple support pages. I searched for Safari311UpdLeo . Came up with the following link
I redownloaded Safari311UpdLeo.dmg. I mounted the dmg and then double clicked on the package that it contained. This asked me if I wanted to install. I did install, restart and now safari is working. Don't know what happened, but it is now working just dandy for me. Hope this helps
(I had firefox on my computer so I could use that to download)
Joe784 May 14, 2008 11:22 AM
in response to CurlyGirlI'm glad your Safari is working after the re-install. I tried that right away, and it didn't work. I also tried all of Hawaiian guy's suggestions, and they too didn't work after initially working a few minutes after restarting. In the process I lost all my bookmarks. So, I'm back on Firefox, where I'm really getting to like it. It's faster than Safari, and I got all my bookmarks from Safari on Firefox. I'm suspicious of all the problems others are having with Safari launching, and even if somehow Apple fulfills its obligations on maintaining Safari and straightens it all out, I can no longer trust it, and I'm staying with Firefox. Thanks for sending me an email on the subject.
23circles May 16, 2008 11:54 AM
in response to CurlyGirlReinstalling Safari worked for me. Weird...
Motorcycle Michael May 16, 2008 1:21 PM
in response to theiflordSame here after upgrading a dual 2GHz PowerMac from 10.3 to 10.4.11.
Safari does one hop in the dock and never opens.
Installed Firefox (imported all bookmarks from Safari okay), downloaded Safari 3.1.1 installer, installed the 311/PPC version, restart, no change. One hop, no launch. Can't install "universal" version (probably because of HFS+ format, not GUID).
Deleted everything related to Safari. Restart. Install 311/PPC version again. Restart. STILL DOESN'T WORK. D'oh!
GeneMike May 16, 2008 3:21 PM
in response to theiflordWorse for me was that every time I tried to launch Safari, it not only bounced once and hung, it froze my computer and I had to force a shutdown. None of the "experts" here offered a solution so I came up with my own and IT WORKED!
Here's what I did:
- In a finder window, I searched on "Safari"
- It revealed UserName/Library/Caches/Metadata/Safari
and, In UserName/Library/Caches/Safari
In both those folders, I did a Select All from the Finder Edit menu and drug them all to the Trash. After a Restart, my Safari performed flawlessly again!


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Oak Hill Cottage Christmas
Wednesday, December 11, 2013 - 2:00pm
Presented By:
Oak Hill Cottage
310 Springmill St.
Mansfield, OH 44903
Oak Hill Cottage
Visit Oak Hill Cottage Sundays, November 17-December 29 to enjoy the cottage decorated for the holidays with an old fashioned holiday theme. Sunday tours are $5.00 for adults and $1 for children 12 and under.
For more information, please call 419-524-1765 or 419-562-3013
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Me and my beautiful girl needed a night away from the kids. I did a quick internet search and found this B&B. I had never done one before, but always wanted to. We will be back. Friendly staff, clean room and plenty of options we did not get to try. The eat chocolate naked was a nice touch/ I feel we will both be leaving relaxed! Brian - East Lake, Ohio " "


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All of the food is delicious and full of flavor!!
Not sure what it's called, but the lamb with herbs in a "quesadilla" is phenomenal.
Great kafta. Great hummus. Nice dining room. A real gem in Toledo.
Get these lamb chops
Lebanese wine and lamb chops are the best!!
Great ambiance! Love it!
Ask about the ice cream pie.
Restaurant review: The Beirut ***** the gold standard of Lebanese cuisine in Toledo, is The Beirut on Monroe Street. Read more
It's ALL wonderful !!!!
Fatoosh salad was excellent! Marilyn is now enjoying the Baklava and says its good!
the hummus is amazing!!!!
The finest in the land!
get the number 8 shish kabob combo! beef and chicken. it's enough for two!
Best grape leaves of anywhere I have ever been. Truly wonderful food and great staff!
Best grape leaves of anywhere I have ever been. Truly amazing food and great staff!
Great Lebanese food. Always make it a point to stop in when I'm in Toledo. Hard to find a dish I don't like.
A great place for lunch. Really hungry? Try the Beirut Best ... you won't regret it!
Try the Lebanese wine. Delish!
Shish Tawook, fries and a side of tahini! Mmm!
humos is good
Try the Beirut's Best. It's the best!
Get the Foul!
Beiruts Best!
best lebaneese food in Toledo


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Grinder is here by KaneNashWatch
©2010-2016 KaneNash
brum! XD
Thanks for music bro)
GO tank! GO tank!
Hahaha, okey!
No like waiting...
We get to CRUSH!
Hahaha, okey!
No like waiting...
We get to CRUSH!
Awesome unit is awesome. ^^
Awesome unit is awesome. ^^
looks like it must be named the "MOBILE Grinder"... after yuri's "grinder"
Wow!Great one comrade...
i like the cute part where he says: we will crush the water XD
"i break all my toys" is my fave
can water be crushed??? I didn't knew that...
damn... i should have bought uprising! does it have any ranged capabilities?


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The Nintendo Wii launched nearly four years ago and it undoubtedly changed how we view and approach gaming. Even now, its influence is demonstrably strong on Microsoft and Sony. This fall, both companies are launching their own motion control hardware, wrangling in the remaining consumers eager to shake their dongle or their booty at the TV.
For some time now I have considered myself a motion control skeptic. The household Wii gets so little use, it has given me little reason to believe the PS Move of Kinect will herald in the dawn of a new age in interactivity. After seeing the merchandise at this year's E3, and given some brief hands on (and off) time with both devices, my opinion has swayed. Motion controls interest me not for the stellar "hard core" titles in the works, but for the possibility they mark a growing trend in normalizing public play.
One of my problems with motion controls is their disconnect between their marketing and their actual purpose. Sony and Microsoft would have us believe the Move and Kinect are technological advancements, leaps forward along a linear progression for the game's industry. At long last, the future is nigh upon us and its name is what exactly? Do these devices solve a long established problem for gamers? Have we been tragically confined to the counter-immersive system of buttons? No, of course not. For the vast majority of current gamers, the status quo is working just fine.
We should call the Move and Kinect what they are: as of yet untested methods of interaction with digital realms, just two among many. They are optional and on occasion, like all input methods, completely superfluous. There will certainly be great games that require motion tracking, but they will not replace or define the industry. Sony seems keenly aware of this fact, and many of the titles that will feature Move compatibility will also include non-Move options on the same disc.
Accessibility is a buzzword around motion controls. By responding to an individuals bodily movement instead of their dexterous fingers, newcomers to gaming may find the systems more hospitable. This is a silly idea. One, there are already a large catalog of "noob" friendly games designed with that purpose in mind. It is actually a bit insulting to presume your non-gaming friends are so absurdly ignorant that only waving their arms about in front of the screen will allow them to enjoy gaming. Secondly, there are serious accessibility concerns with this new hardware. We know little about how well the Move and the Kinect can pick up subtle movements from less-abled players. There are even doubts Kinect can recognize someone sitting down - sad news for those unable to stand on their own.
Accessibility is increased, however, with two elements of motion control: transparency and public play. Put simply, anyone unfamiliar with gaming can see how an individuals actions correlate to on-screen action. Most importantly, it normalizes a form of public recreation. At E3 I saw grown adults, many in work attire, happily flailing about with plenty of strangers watching their every move. They were playing, in public, and did not seem even slightly self-conscious. I do not think this behavior would be so readily accepted ten years ago. The Move, and the Kinect even more so, widen the visible space and lay bare the act of play for its own sake.
Both motion controls are in some ways targeted towards an adult audience. Stuart Brown, the founder of the National Institute of Play and an expert on the science of play, affirms the notion that adult play, unattached from specific goals, is necessary to maintain a healthy lifestyle:
Jorge Albor is the co-creator of Experience Points, a website dedicated to the serious, but not humorless, analysis of video games and culture. He and his fellow co-creator, Scott Juster, strive to find a happy medium between the academic, real, and virtual worlds by producing written features and a weekly podcast.


text:
Morning Clicks
Michael Brown's former campaign aides take the extraordinary step of publicly bashing their former boss. [Post]
Former environment boss says Gray admin fired him for being a whistleblower. [Times]
Mayor's spokesman says extra $23 million in speed camera revenues shows "there are a lot of people breaking the law." [Examiner]
Phil Mendelson doesn't like Virginia Republican's proposal to give more control of airports board to Virginia. [WAMU]
City not paying vendors in reasonable amount of time, small businesses complain. [Examiner]
Church fights historic label. [Post]
The proposed new Ballou [Post]


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|ESPN.com: NFL Nation
|[Print without images]
-- Inside linebacker Emmanuel Acho, who sacked Jets QB Matt Simms on a blitz, played solidly against the run and forced a Konrad Reuland fumble in the second quarter. In the first half alone, Acho was credited with eight tackles. Acquired from Cleveland in the Dion Lewis trade, Acho sure looks like the third-best ILB on the team right now behind starters DeMeco Ryans and Mychal Kendricks.
--ĀBrandon Graham, who bull-rushed Simms on the Jets' first possession and wrapped him up in the end zone. Simms threw the ball away, an intentional-grounding play that resulted in a safety. Graham still needs work on his pass drops (an understatement), but he can get to the QB from the OLB spot.
--ĀChris McCoy, who started at the ROLB spot and tormented Jets tackle Jason Smith. McCoy dropped an interception on the first play from scrimmage -- a negative, sure, but he was in position to make it -- and sacked Simms for a 6-yard loss on the third play. McCoy got around Smith and hit Simms from behind, knocking the ball loose.
--ĀEverette Brown, the guy singled out by Pro Football Focus for his play against Jacksonville, ended the first half by sacking Simms and knocking the ball out of his hands when the Jets were in the red zone. Eagles fans would recognize the failure to get even a field-goal attempt from Marty Mornhinweg's days as Andy Reid's lieutenant.


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Printable Area
Preheat the oven to 325 degrees F. Line a regular-size cupcake pan with 18 cupcake liners.
Sift together the flour, baking powder, salt, and sugar. In the bowl of an electric stand mixer with a paddle attachment, add the sifted dry ingredients and mix on low speed for 30 seconds. Slowly add the oil until fine crumbs are formed. Add the eggs, heavy cream, milk, and almond extract and mix on low speed for 1 minute. Stop and scrape the bowl and paddle, and then mix on medium speed for 2 minutes.
Fill the cupcake liners three-quarters full with batter and bake until baked through, about 20 minutes. Do not open the oven during this time. Cool the cupcakes completely after baking.
Roll out the marzipan evenly to 1/8-inch thickness. Cut out 12 (2 1/2-inch) round disks using a cookie cutter.
To assemble, core each cupcake with an apple corer to create a pocket for the filling. Put the Blueberry Tequila Filling into a pastry bag and cut 1/2-inch off the tip. Fill each cupcake with the filling. Place 1 marzipan disk on top of each cupcake. Put the Acai Berry Cream Cheese Frosting into a pastry bag and cut 1/2-inch off the tip. Pipe the frosting on top of the marzipan disk in a circular motion. Garnish with thinly sliced almonds on top and serve.
Blueberry Tequila Filling:
Mix all the ingredients in a mixing bowl until combined.
Acai Berry Cream Cheese Frosting:
In the bowl of an electric stand mixer with a paddle attachment, cream the butter and cream cheese. Slowly add the powdered sugar and mix until combined. Add the acai berry syrup and mix for 2 minutes on medium speed until incorporated and creamy.
NotesThis recipe was provided by professional chefs and has been scaled down from a bulk recipe provided by a restaurant. The Food Network Kitchens chefs have not tested this recipe, in the proportions indicated, and therefore, we cannot make any representation as to the results.


text:
- Homepage >
- News Archives >
- Article
German, Italian Prisoners of War honored at ceremony
November 21, 2008
Fort Riley, Kan. - The wind blew through the Post Cemetery, ruffling the German and Italian flags that proudly marked graves of Franz Muehllechner, Cesare V. Ciccone, Adolph Drengemann, Benvenuto Calvano, and other German and Italian prisoners of war.
Nov. 14 marked the day chosen to honor those prisoners of war who were buried on foreign soil. At 11 a.m. a small gathering consisting of German and Italian representatives from Fort Leavenworth, Kan., Fort Riley representatives and spectators braved the chill in the air to watch the ceremony.
To honor their comrades, the German and Italian officers from Fort Leavenworth spoke during the ceremony.
The first foreign officer to speak was German officer Col. Michael Oberneyer, who was followed by Italian officer Capitain Franco del Favero. Both officers are liaisons of their respective countries to the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth.
In addition to the officers' speeches, the POWs were honored by the playing of the German "Ich Hatt' Einen Kameraden" and "Silencio," from Italy.
Wreaths were laid in the graveyard by the delegations, followed by a rifle salute and the playing of taps.


text: Home Culture Today in Collegiate Racism: The Univ. of Missouri Someone at the University of Missouri thinks they're very clever. By: Authors Posted: Feb. 26 2010 3:55 PM 0 Cotton balls scattered outside of the University of Missouri's Gaines/Oldham Black Culture Center in an apparent act of vandalism. FULL STORY: Columbia Daily Tribune Get what we're watching delivered to your inbox everyday! Sign up for our daily video newsletter below. Powered by Livefyre 0


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April 18, 2013 | Vol. 116 -- No. 52
Eastern Washington University student Paul Brockmann, a senior pursing his BS in mechanical engineering, has been named the next New Face of Engineering: College Edition for 2013 by a national building technology society.
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) selected Brockmann for this national award and $1,000 scholarship. The award is part of a national recognition program led by the National Engineers Week Foundation which recognizes the best and brightest junior and senior engineering students by highlighting their academic success and student contributions to the industry and participating engineering society.
In honoring Brockmann, the society noted he spreads the word of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) by hosting presentations about new and upcoming HVAC technology, such as dedicated outdoor air systems and building automation systems controls. He also organized a tour of Eastern's utility plant for other students to see the boilers and chillers.
Eligible students must be enrolled in a bachelor of science in engineering program from an ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) accredited school, such as EWU.
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The mission of the UTHealth Office of Auditing and Advisory Services (A&AS) is to provide independent, objective assurance and consulting services designed to add value and improve the institution's operations. A&AS helps the UTHealth accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluation and improving the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes.
The scope of work of the internal audit department is to determine whether the organization's network of risk management, control, and governance processes, as designed and represented by management, is adequate and functioning in a manner to ensure:
Opportunities for improving management control, profitability, and organization's image may be identified during audits. These opportunities will be communicated to the appropriate level of management.
A&AS will practice according to the Institute of Internal Auditors' International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF). The three mandatory elements of the IPPF are the Definition of Internal Auditing, the Code of Ethics, and the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards). The department will also abide by generally accepted governmental auditing standards.
The chief audit (CAO) in the discharge of his/her duties, shall be accountable to the UTHealth Office of the President and the UTHealth audit committee to:
The CAO also has an indirect reporting relationship to the University of Texas System (UT System) director of audits who has responsibility for oversight of the internal auditing activity for the UT System and has reporting responsibility for all UT institutions to the Board of Regents.
To provide for the independence of the internal auditing department, its personnel report to the CAO who reports to the Office of President. The internal audit function must be free of all operational and management responsibilities that would impair its ability to review independently all aspects of the institution, as required by the Texas Internal Auditing Act (Government Code Chapter 2102).
The CAO enhances independence and meets the IIA Standard requirement of communication an indirect interaction with the board through periodic meetings with the Audit Committee, including private sessions.
The chief audit executive and staff of the internal audit department have responsibility to:
The chief audit officer and staff of the internal audit department are authorized to:
The chief audit officer and staff of the internal audit department are not authorized to:


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[Video] A Quick Tip: DIY Wind Machine
Have you ever wanted to give your models that wind swept look. This 56 second quick tip from our friend Benjamin Von Wong can save you from having to lug around a heavy and often expensive fan. So simple, most of us over look it and here is all you need.
Also be sure to check out Ben's latest project "Von Wong Does Europe".


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Tomb Raider Lara Croft 19 by typeATSWatch
©2011-2016 typeATS
Finally, a picture of the bike from Tomb Raider Underworld
Original Size: 1590 x 1579 px
Hope You Like It!
Please comment.
If you want to use my images, ask me first. Thanks.
Original Size: 1590 x 1579 px
Hope You Like It!
Please comment.
If you want to use my images, ask me first. Thanks.
This is nice!
She looks awesome
Hey, do you still have this XNALara model with the modifications you made? Can you please link me to it, I'm trying to make something new...
I have only the original models.
Umm...this is the original model from the game, the rest is Photoshop.
Alright... So basically you didn't modify the face-meshes (you know, the files from the XNAModel)? You just saved this scene as a PNG and edited the entire thing in Photoshop? I didn't understand, so that's why I asked.
i love her !!!! is she in mexico ??????
So awesome!!
Very Good!
THis looks so awesome. Keep it coming
That looks badass . Great job
That,s so cool
Incredible (now my wallpaper).
Wow are you draw it?
Woah, speechless!
WOW!..this is awesome!!! great job....
Powerful woman on a powerful machine. Biker-babe. Ready to ride over some annoying thralls and smash them to pieces. Detailed, realistic, and very beautiful.
I want this bike!!! XD
Awesome picture!! =3
Awesome picture!! =3
Gorgeus !
Woooww Just awesome!!
Great job, this is hot! Keep it up.
This is awesome!


text: NEW YORK CITY A noteworthy addition hailing from Chenango County will be joining the expected 47,000 entrants lacing up their running shoes for the famed 26.2 mile New York City Marathon. Recent stroke survivor Kelley Octigan of Sherburne will be running the grueling, yet extremely popular race, which annually receives an estimated 100,000 applications. Despite Hurricane Sandy, the marathon is still scheduled to step off Sunday, according to the marathons website and early reports from the New York Road Runners organization.


text:
This is my version of trepmal's "Add New Default Avatar" plugin. It has a few more features which I was looking for.
Extract the zip file and just drop the contents in the wp-content/plugins/ directory of your WordPress installation and then activate the Plugin from Plugins page.
Requires: 3.3.1 or higher
Compatible up to: 3.3.2
Last Updated: 5 years ago
Active Installs: 200+
Got something to say? Need help?


text:
Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books.
The Giver (original 1993; edition 1993)
by Lois Lowry
Work details
The Giver by Lois Lowry (1993)
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No current Talk conversations about this book.
Great read for all ages
An enthralling story of a society crushed by authority and the loss of memory. A young boy is invited to peek behind the curtain and .....
The audiobook was well produced and kept me and the kids enthralled on a road trip.
I liked this book for two reasons. First, the language is very descriptive. With such an abstract concept that not many readers can imagine, the author uses descriptive and detailed language to help provide the audience with ample information about this futuristic, unreal world. For example, the author writes, "He was in a confused, noisy, foul-smelling place" (p. 118). This descriptive language appeals to the audience's five senses and provides them with a well-rounded description of the place that Jonas has traveled to. With the use of descriptive language, the author creates a detailed setting for the audience to envision as the story goes on. I also like this book because it pushes readers to broaden their perspectives and think about difficult topics. Because everyone has memories, the author pushes the audience to think about what life would be like without those memories and how different their lives would be. By having the audience think about changing their lives as they know it, Lowry pushes the audience to think differently and have a new appreciation for their current lifestyle. Overall, the big idea of this book is to look at society as a whole and to make sure that people do not blindly follow the rules of society.
I did not like this book for a number of reasons, two of them being the characters and writing style. This book is a modern fantasy that takes place in an utopian society where there is no "I" just "We" and individuals cannot see color. The characters are designated with a career and must follow all the rules of the community in order to fit in. The characters are not exposed to the fullness of life or the pain of suffering therefore everyone but Jonas the main character sees nothing wrong with living the way they do. The style of writing is interesting in that memories and real life come together to help Jonas understand the ways of the past, this makes the story a little confusing to follow and while you learn plenty about Jonas and the Giver, the other characters are not fully developed which leads the story to be somewhat lacking. The main message however, is that in a place where change seems impossible and the rest of the world is against you, the ones who care the most about you will help you make a difference.
Интересное чтиво. Но детям бы не давал его читать без должных комментариев. Обычная история эгоизма и тщеславия, побудившего человека решать самому за все общество. По сути жили они весьма хорошо и счастливо. И только этим двум глупцам было тяжело и одиноко. Если глубже копнуть, то встаёт философский вопрос что есть жизнь, для чего мы живём, можно ли пожертвовать одним ради многих, что есть выбор? Книжечку рекомендую к прочтению. Неспешному, вдумчивому, с последующей рефлексией по горячим следам
Despite occasional logical lapses, "The Giver," a powerful and provocative novel, is sure to keep older children reading. And thinking.
Is contained in
The Worlds of Lois Lowry 3 Copy Boxed Set (The Giver, Gathering Blue, The Messenger) by Lois Lowry
Has as a student's study guide
References to this work on external resources.
Wikipedia in English (1)
Amazon.com Amazon.com Review (ISBN 0440237688, Mass Market Paperback)In a world with no poverty, no crime, no sickness and no unemployment, and where every family is happy, 12-year-old Jonas is chosen to be the community's Receiver of Memories. Under the tutelage of the Elders and an old man known as the Giver, he discovers the disturbing truth about his utopian world and struggles against the weight of its hypocrisy. With echoes of Brave New World, in this 1994 Newbery Medal winner, Lowry examines the idea that people might freely choose to give up their humanity in order to create a more stable society. Gradually Jonas learns just how costly this ordered and pain-free society can be, and boldly decides he cannot pay the price.
(retrieved from Amazon Thu, 12 Mar 2015 18:06:46 -0400)
Lowry's unforgettable tale introduces 12-year-old Jonas, who is singled out by the Community to be trained by The Giver. The Giver alone holds the memories of true pain and pleasure. Now it's time for Jonas to receiver the truth.
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text:
Buzz Kill - color by SquirrelShaverWatch
©2011-2016 SquirrelShaver
makes me think of baxter stockman and april o'neal from tmnt
It's funny but I look at this and think "Wow...Baxter Stockman is really getting his grope with April O'Neil!" Ah childhood Saturday morning cartoons....
All in all? Stunning level of work, SquirrelShaver!
All in all? Stunning level of work, SquirrelShaver!
just thinking that. a baxter stockman / april o neil variant of this would be awesome. wouldnt be too difficult, baxter fly was purple I think. the girls hair would need to be modified/shortened etc
Freaky but Cool!
Daaaamm...nnnn!!! I wanna be that stupid lucky buzz to grabs those things n squeezed it....
awesome... she is a freak lol
Guys thay sexy thing is about to get pregnant....hmmm...wonder how long it will take for those babies to be born? Just days .....bwahahaha....yes...i have seen the fly II...this is awesome!
Fascinate awesome work.
Even better in color! It doesn't look like she's going for the Raid
This is like the hottest girl you've ever drawn. Seriously.
Say what now?
Incredible!!! feels like Baxter Stockman and April O'neil... Pure Awesomeness
Featured this in my latest JOURNAL
Oh my god, awesome!
You DO need another colorist, are learn how to do it.
You're freaking awesome, and it doesn't make you justice.
You're freaking awesome, and it doesn't make you justice.
Simply love her expression.
So romantic..
Exllcent work here
April O'neil and Baxster Stockman. Very cool man, very cool.
OK, thats a very lucky buzz!!
Or maybe a Bra Buzz!! ^^
Beautiful girl and great painting job!!
Or maybe a Bra Buzz!! ^^
Beautiful girl and great painting job!!
hm... sensual and estranged.
Please tell me you have this in a print? I want one. lol
Do you have this as a print? I want one.
No!! Get your dirty hands off her!
woooww!!! sexy!!
Creepy but sexy! lol
some of the ugliest guys get the hottest girls... drives me nuts.
Remind me of Baxter Stockman from the old Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles show, taking April! Damn you Fly!!! Anyway great picture!
Striped socks.
One of my favorite pieces of yours, awesome to see it in color.
The girl is sexy
luv this 1...simply outstanding
good work...
°_° awesome, <3
four hands...hmmm
One Thing on my Mind..."I want to be a Fly".... Damn good art.
Wow, this is brilliant. You might even say it's super fly, hehe.
this piece with hardly any tweeking could be mary jane and 1 of spidey's foe, the fly! but i still love it no matter what!
oh yeeeeaaaaaaahhhhhh.
Humpf.....why could`nt the fly be another chick
I think these are some of the best lines you've done. Her face looks especially good.
looks cool ^^
That's illegal in Florida. ^_^