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Social neuroscience is rapidly exploring the complex territory between perception and action where recognition, value, and meaning are instantiated. This review follows the trail of research on oxytocin and vasopressin as an exemplar of one path for exploring the "dark matter" of social neuroscience. Studies across vertebrate species suggest that these neuropeptides are important for social cognition, with gender and steroid-dependent effects. Comparative research in voles yields a model based on inter-species and intra-species variation of the geography of oxytocin receptors and vasopressin V1a receptors in the forebrain. Highly affiliative species have receptors in brain circuits related to reward or reinforcement. The neuroanatomical distribution of these receptors may be guided by variations in the regulatory regions of their respective genes. This review describes the promises and problems of extrapolating these findings to human social cognition, with specific reference to the social deficits of autism.
Social neuroscience has come a long way in a short time. Two decades ago a gap existed between behavioral neuroscience, systems neuroscience, behavioral ecology, and social psychology. Today the field of social neuroscience fills this gap with abundance: social neuroscience now has its own journals, textbooks, societies and, according to PubMed, nearly 3000 research papers.(PubMed, February 22,2010) Much of this stunning growth has been driven by human neuroimaging studies seeking the neural correlates of psychological processes, from face perception to social preferences. Social neuroscience has a different foundation in animal studies, built on molecular and cellular approaches as well as the tools of systems neuroscience. In fact, the history of animal studies of social perception and social behavior with classical lesion and neurophysiological techniques extends back several decades in the venerable literatures of neuroethology and behavioral neuroendocrinology. This review will follow a single thread of social neuroscience spun from this older animal research, recently woven into human studies, and now suggesting potential treatments of human disorders of social behavior, such as autism.
Most of social neuroscience can be separated into studies of either receptive or expressive processes. Receptive studies, which emerged from neuroethology, focus on sensory processing. From the elegant work on pheromone receptors in mice (Dulac and Torello, 2003) to the careful mapping of face cells in human and non-human primates (Kanwisher, 2006), this arm of social neuroscience has described the neural geography and, in some cases, the cellular landscape by which sensory information is initially encoded as social. A fundamental insight from receptive studies is that in most vertebrates, the brain employs specific receptors or cortical regions for processing social information, whether that information is from pheromonal/olfactory, audio-vocal, somatosensory, or visual cues. That is, social information is not simply complex multi-sensory perception, it is perceived and encoded in unique ways in the brain.
Expressive studies, long the domain of behavioral neuroscience and behavioral neuroendocrinology, focus on social interactions: communication, reproductive behavior (especially parental care and sex), agonistic actions (aggression and predation), and affiliative behaviors (including social play). In vertebrates (and many invertebrates), nearly all of these behaviors are influenced by gonadal steroids (estrogens and androgens), acting via their nuclear receptors. The mapping of gonadal steroid receptor expression in the brain helped identify key regions for social behavior.(McEwen et al., 1979; Pfaff and Keiner, 1973; Pfaff and McEwen, 1983) Additionally, steroid receptors are transcription factors, and by identifying the genes regulated by steroid receptors, a molecular basis for social behavior could be proposed. (Warnmark et al., 2003)
Between the receptive and expressive arms sits the great dark matter of social neuroscience. (Figure 1) What happens between the stage when a percept is encoded as "social" to the stage when a "go" signal is given for initiating social behavior? How does the brain distinguish prey from predator, juvenile from adult, novel from familiar, kin from unrelated conspecific? What are the neural mechanisms that facilitate or inhibit social interaction? These are the questions which have been more difficult to answer.
Recently, researchers have begun to address these questions with human neuroimaging studies seeking to map various aspects of higher order processing of social information and even develop computational principles for the neural basis of social cognition.(Behrens et al., 2009) Human neuroimaging studies can describe the cortical patterns but mechanistic studies are still mostly the domain of animal research. In fact, some of the cellular mechanisms for the dark matter of social neuroscience are being explored with greatest success in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), an invertebrate with a central nervous system (CNS) composed of only 302 neurons but a surprisingly complex behavioral repertoire that includes social feeding and social avoidance. Dr. Cornelia Bargmann's laboratory has recently reported on the first cellular model of social behavior in C. elegans, describing a hub and spoke arrangement of cells for organizing social information processing, regulating the expression of affiliative behavior.(Macosko et al., 2009) The molecular basis of social feeding in C. elegans largely depends on a neuropeptide receptor, encoded by the npr gene.(de Bono and Bargmann, 1998) Gene transfer experiments between strains of worms that differ in their propensity for feeding in social groups demonstrate that this single genetic variant can shift a social strain to become solitary or a solitary strain to become social.(de Bono and Bargmann, 1998) Social feeding is driven by neurons that detect noxious chemicals in the environment.(de Bono et al., 2002; Gray et al., 2004) While we have much to learn about the dark matter of social neuroscience, these seminal studies in C. elegans demonstrate that (a) complex social behaviors may rely on surprisingly simple molecular mechanisms, (b) neuropeptides and their receptors appear to be important mediators of social behaviors, and (c) comparative studies may be a powerful approach for social neuroscience. The remainder of this review applies these three principles to understand the neurobiology of social affiliation involving two neuropeptides: oxytocin and vasopressin.
Of the roughly 100 neuropeptides described in the mammalian brain, most are synthesized and released from the hypothalamus, often with peripheral effects as endocrine hormones. Neuropeptides usually interact with G-protein coupled receptors through which they act as slow neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. Nonapeptides are one of the oldest families of neuropeptides: each with nine amino acids and a genetic structure that includes a large precursor protein known as neurophysin. The nonapeptide lineage has been traced through invertebrates and includes members in virtually every vertebrate taxa. There are two members of this class in vertebrates: arginine vasotocin (arginine vasopressin in mammals) and the oxytocin-like peptides (isotocin in fish, mesotocin in lungfish and non-eutherian tetrapods, and oxytocin in eutherian mammals). Across these diverse species, three aspects appear to be conserved: (a) nonapeptides are usually expressed selectively in brain and gonads; (b) nonapeptides and their receptors are influenced by gonadal steroids, seasonality, and gender; and (c) nonapeptides are important for social behavior, often in a highly species-typical fashion.
The remarkable evolution of nonapeptides and social behavior has been reviewed elsewhere (Donaldson and Young, 2008; Goodson, 2005) A few examples help to illustrate the extraordinary evolutionary conservation of the behavioral effects of this family. In the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, a single ancestral nonapeptide (lys-conopressin) is expressed selectively in neuronal and gonadal cells where it binds to a G-protein coupled receptor to influence male copulatory behavior.(Van Kesteren et al., 1995; van Kesteren et al., 1992; van Kesteren et al., 1996) In birds, the representative nonapeptides are vasotocin and mesotocin. In different species of finches, mesotocin receptor distribution in the lateral septum correlates with flock size and administration of mesotocin increases while a mesotocin antagonist reduces social behavior, such as flock formation.(Goodson et al., 2009) In bony fish, arginine vasotocin and isotocin have been studied extensively. The plainfin midshipman is a vocal teleost fish in which grunts are an important aspect of reproductive behavior. Arginine vasotocin, but not isotocin, regulates grunting in males whereas isotocin but not arginine vasotocin influences grunting in females. (Goodson and Bass, 2000)
The same principles of nonapeptide function observed in invertebrates and non-mammalian vertebrates are evident in rodents. Oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are synthesized in the brain's hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, with AVP also synthesized in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Both neuropeptides are transported via large neurosecretory axons to the posterior hypothalamus, hence their common designation as neurohypophyseal peptides. OT is released from the posterior pituitary in response to sexual stimulation, uterine dilatation, nursing, and, in some situations, stress. OT receptors in the uterine and mammary myoepithelium result in labor and lactation. Importantly, expression of these peripheral OT receptors increases markedly in response to the gonadal steroids of late pregnancy. AVP is released in response to sexual stimulation, uterine dilatation, stress, and dehydration. AVP V2 receptors in the kidney are anti-diuretic, whereas V1a as well as V1b receptors in the vascular tree, adrenal gland, uterus, and other tissues mediate the diverse peripheral effects of this peptide.
More relevant to social neuroscience, OT and AVP expressing neurons in the hypothalamus also project centrally and OT, V1a, and V1b receptors are found in the brain. Early studies described central effects of OT that were consistent with the peptide's peripheral effects on labor and lactation.(Insel, 1997; Kendrick, 2004) Similarly, AVP was reported to have central effects on memory and aggression, among many other behaviors.(Keverne and Curley, 2004) As in non-mammals, many of the effects are species-specific, some are gender-specific, and nearly all are dependent on gonadal steroids.(see, for instance, (Choleris et al., 2003) While this review will focus on neuropeptide effects mediated via integrative networks, the reader should note at the outset that OT and AVP can also influence early processing of social perception, as shown in the rat olfactory bulb.(Tobin et al.) Below I summarize studies of OT and maternal behavior as well as AVP and affiliation.
In rats, maternal behavior is initiated only after parturition.(Numan, 1988) Adult virgin females avoid or attack pups. Adult virgin females primed with estrogen and injected centrally with OT were reported to exhibit full maternal behavior, including nest building and crouching over pups in a nursing posture.(Fahrbach et al., 1984; Pedersen et al., 1982); although also see (Rubin et al., 1983). Importantly, an OT receptor antagonist could block the natural postpartum onset of maternal behavior (Fahrbach et al., 1985) As estrogen increased OT receptor expression specifically in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and ventral tegmental area, analogous to effects in uterine and mammary tissue, the localized increase in receptors along with the pulsatile central release of the peptide during parturition was thought to initiate maternal behavior.(Insel, 1990) This model has now been supported by neuroimaging studies in lactating rats.(Febo et al., 2005) Similar evidence emerged from physiological studies in sheep, also a species with the onset of maternal care generally only following parturition or with the stimulated release of OT following vagino-cervical stimulation. (Kendrick et al., 1997; Keverne and Kendrick, 1992) While most of the focus has been on OT as a mediator of maternal behavior, a recent study has demonstrated an important role for AVP as well.(Bosch and Neumann, 2008) Note that AVP can bind to all four receptors, including the OTR, so effects of the peptide may not be specific for a single receptor sub-type.
Given the apparent necessity and the parsimony of OT's central effects on maternal behavior (in addition to peripheral effects on lactation and parturition), one might suppose that an OT null mutant (OT-KO) mouse would fail to be maternal. In fact, OT-KO mice exhibit relatively normal maternal behavior.(Nishimori et al., 1996; Young et al., 1998), although subtle deficits have been reported.(Pedersen et al., 2006) OT-KO mice have profound social amnesia (without apparent deficits in non-social memory) and they show altered aggression, but maternal behavior is largely preserved.(Ferguson et al., 2000) Mice with a knock out of the OT receptor show deficits in maternal behavior, suggesting that AVP or some other endogenous ligand may be binding to the OT receptor in OTKO mice.(Takayanagi et al., 2005) It is also important to recognize that mice, unlike rats or sheep, are "promiscuously" maternal, meaning that they do not require parturition or steroid induction to exhibit maternal care. The species difference is instructive: OT may be critical for the initiation of maternal care, permitting female rats and sheep to overcome their avoidance of neonates.(Russell and Leng, 1998) But there is a deeper lesson here as well. There is a profound difference in the forebrain distribution of OT receptors in mice and rats even in the absence of any difference in the distribution or quantity of OT cells.(Insel et al., 2001) The receptor maps may be a useful guide to understanding the function of the peptide in different species. For instance, the gonadal steroid induction of OT receptors specifically in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat brain may be important for inhibiting pup avoidance and permitting maternal behavior to emerge.(Insel et al., 2001)
Voles are Microtine rodents found in diverse habitats in North America. For social neuroscience, voles offer good models for comparative studies because closely related species exhibit marked contrasts in social organization and social behavior.(Aragona and Wang, 2004; Carter et al., 1995; Lim et al., 2005; McGraw and Young, 2009) Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) are monogamous species living in burrows with extended families; montane voles (Microtus montanus) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) are promiscuous species often living in solitary burrows. Curiously these species differences in sociality are evident in the first days of life: prairie vole pups respond to social isolation with ultrasonic calls and increased corticosterone, whereas montane vole pups do not respond to social isolation as a stressor, although they produce ultrasonic and corticosterone responses to non-social stressors.(Shapiro and Insel, 1990)
Male prairie voles show a striking change in behavior following mating, including an enduring selective preference for their mate (increased affiliation), increased aggression towards other males (mate guarding), and increased paternal care.(Carter et al., 1995; Wang et al., 1994) These changes are not seen in montane or meadow voles following mating, suggesting that these mating induced changes reflect pair bonding and are fundamental to monogamous social organization in prairie voles. As AVP and OT are released with mating (Ross et al., 2009a), does either peptide have a role in the prairie vole's pair bond formation? AVP, given centrally to prairie vole males who have not mated, induces each of these pair bonding behaviors.(Wang et al., 1994; Winslow et al., 1993) A V1a receptor antagonist given centrally blocks each of these behaviors in males allowed to mate, without reducing mating behavior per se.(Wang et al., 1994; Winslow et al., 1993) OT does not induce pair bonding in male prairie voles although OT increases and an OT receptor antagonist decreases partner preference formation and parental behavior in female prairie voles.(Insel and Hulihan, 1995) (Cushing et al., 2001; Ross et al., 2009b) AVP or a V1a receptor antagonist administered to montane voles has no impact on social behavior, although the peptide increases self-grooming.(Insel et al., 1993; Young et al., 1999)
Why does the same peptide have such different effects in two closely related species? The neuroanatomical expression maps for the V1a receptor and the OT receptor are markedly different across vole species.(Insel and Shapiro, 1992; Young et al., 1997b) In prairie voles, which pair bond following mating, V1a receptors are highly concentrated in the ventral pallidum and OT receptors are expressed most heavily in the nucleus accumbens, both regions associated with reward and reinforcement. In montane voles or meadow voles, V1a and OT receptors are more heavily expressed in the lateral septum and amygdala. One model (Figure 2) would suggest that the neuropeptides are released in both species with mating but that the neurobehavioral consequences of mating are different because the neuropeptides are activating different pathways: in pair bonding species mating is reinforcing and leads to attachment. In non-pair bonding species, mating has no enduring effects.(Young et al., 2005)
Several observations in male prairie voles support this model. Overexpression of V1a receptors with viral vector mediated gene transfer into the ventral forebrain, including the ventral pallidum, facilitates pair bonding even in the absence of mating.(Pitkow et al., 2001) Cells in the ventral pallidum express Fos with mating and selective overexpression of the V1a receptor in the ventral pallidum increases Fos expression with mating.(Lim and Young, 2004) But perhaps the most direct evidence is that local injection of a V1a receptor antagonist into the ventral pallidum (but not into two other limbic regions with V1a receptors) inhibits pair bond formation.(Lim and Young, 2004) In fact, expressing the V1a receptor in the meadow vole ventral pallidum is sufficient to induce pair bond-like behavior after mating in this non-monogamous vole.(Lim et al., 2004) In an analogous fashion, overexpression of the OT receptor in the nucleus accumbens of female prairie voles facilitates partner preference formation.(Ross et al., 2009b) Note that this model that focuses on oxytocin and vasopressin as neuromodulators binding social signals to reward pathways does not take into account effects of these neuropeptides on anxiety and stress pathways (as suggested above for maternal behavior in rats and sheep) nor does it account for neuropeptide effects on social memory (as noted above for the OT-KO mouse).
This model also leaves several questions unanswered. What other brain regions are involved in sociality? Phelps and his colleagues have pointed out that there are several other areas that manifest both intra-species and inter-species variation in V1a receptor distribution in voles studied in the field. (Phelps and Young, 2003) Receptor density in the posterior cingulate-retrosplenial cortex was better than ventral pallidum as a predictor for mating success in male prairie voles in the field, although the correlation was especially found with males that mated but did not form pair bonds.(Ophir et al., 2008) Gobrogge and colleagues have demonstrated recently the role of V1a receptors in the anterior hypothalamus for mediating the aggression or mate guarding associated with pair bonding, with receptors increased in pair bonded males. (Gobrogge et al., 2009)
Why the gender difference in response? There are no striking gender differences in receptor expression, yet the path to pair bonding appears preferentially to use AVP in males and OT in females, just as found for effects on many other socio-sexual behaviors in other species.(Goodson and Bass, 2000)
What are the downstream effects of AVP binding to its receptor in the ventral pallidum or OT binding to the nucleus accumbens? Wang and his colleagues have demonstrated the importance of an interaction between OT and dopamine, specifically the dopamine D2 receptor, in the nucleus accumbens for pair bond formation in female prairie voles.(Aragona et al., 2003; Curtis et al., 2006; Liu and Wang, 2003) In the nucleus accumbens shell, the cellular output appears to involve cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) signaling: decreased cAMP signaling facilitates pair bond formation and increased cAMP signaling or activation of PKA (protein kinase A) inhibits pair bond formation.(Aragona and Wang, 2007) The cellular nature of the enduring pair bond – whether epigenetic or some form of cellular plasticity - is not yet known, although an intriguing body of work from Wang's lab points to a role for dopamine D1 receptors in the maintenance of pair bonding. (Aragona and Wang, 2009)
Finally, perhaps the most fundamental question is how such closely related species could have evolved such different neuroanatomical receptor expression maps? In fact, the expression of V1a receptors and OT receptors are strikingly different across mammalian species, in contrast to most neuropeptide receptors which have conserved patterns of expression. It may be more than coincidence that other monogamous species, such as marmosets and California mice (Peromyscus californicus), resemble prairie voles in that they also have OT or V1a receptors in nucleus accumbens or ventral pallidum, areas associated with reinforcement and reward.(Bester-Meredith et al., 1999; Insel et al., 1991; Schorscher-Petcu et al., 2009; Wang et al., 1997) Indeed, oxytocin has been reported to influence pair bonding in marmosets.(Smith et al.) But how does one explain the difference between congeners like prairie and montane voles? These species show few differences in the distribution of opiate receptors(Insel and Shapiro, 1992), although species differences for CRF receptors are striking.(Lim et al., 2006)Young and colleagues have done a series of elegant molecular studies to answer this question with the V1a receptor.(reviewed in (Young and Hammock, 2007) Although the coding regions of the V1a receptor genes are virtually identical across vole species, in monogamous species (prairie and pine voles) Young found a variable repeat microsatellite sequence in the V1a promoter region just upstream from the coding region.(Young et al., 1999) Such a large variable region in the promoter is suggestive of a functional role since this region of the gene regulates where and when expression occurs. However, the experimental evidence is still not conclusive. Inserting the prairie vole gene with the promoter into the mouse genome yields patterns of receptor expression that resemble the prairie vole pattern but are not identical.(Young et al., 1999) Prairie voles bred for different length repeat sequences had different anatomical patterns of receptors and different socio-sexual behaviors (including partner preference formation) suggesting that this microsatellite may be important for both individual differences within a species as well as the marked differences observed between species.(Hammock and Young, 2005) Recent studies comparing V1a receptor gene sequences from wild-caught voles suggest it may not be the length of the promoter microsatellite but aspects of the sequence or potentially interactions with distant sequences that drive tissue specific expression.(Ophir et al., 2008) Genetic polymorphisms have also been reported in the vole OT receptor gene, but their function is not clear.(Young et al., 1997a)
In summary, here we have a story that begins to shine some light into the dark matter of social neuroscience by bridging from gene variation to cellular expression to neural network to affiliative behavior. The results are parallel in many ways to the C. elegans research on social feeding, which also involved a neuropeptide receptor and a genetic variant. (de Bono and Bargmann, 1998) There are three critical principles from the vole story that may be relevant generally to a molecular basis for social neuroscience. First, comparative studies have proven important: species differences reveal candidates for individual differences within a species. Second, differences in neuropeptide receptor genes, thus far, appear more informative than differences in the genes for neuropeptides. Importantly, there are no evident differences in the levels or distribution of OT or AVP cells in different vole species.(Wang et al., 1996) Third, genetic sequence differences, especially in promoter regions, can alter patterns of receptor expression and the geography of receptors in the brain appears to be, thus far, the best correlate of social organization. It follows from each of these principles that (a) one must be cautious about generalizing from one species to another, (b) measuring neuropeptide levels may not be as informative as mapping receptor expression patterns, and (c) the effects of administering neuropeptide agonists or antagonists will depend on receptor expression. Can the principles gleaned from these studies in nematodes and voles inform human social neuroscience?
Humans like other eutherian mammals have both OT and AVP as well as their four receptors: OT, V1a, V1b, and V2 receptors. Most research in humans has been focused either on the variations in the genes of these receptors or behavioral and cognitive effects of administering OT or AVP.
Genetic variants in the OT and V1a receptor genes in primates are found in some of the same regions detected in voles and other mammals.(Ebstein et al., 2009) However, comparative studies of these variants in primates defy a simple relationship to social behavior.(Donaldson et al., 2008; Rosso et al., 2008) One of the most intriguing observations is the increase in V1a receptor expression and spine density of pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex of male marmosets as they become fathers. (Kozorovitskiy et al., 2006) Remarkably, there is little information about receptor expression of either OT or V1a receptors in human or non-human primates.(Loup et al., 1991; Schorscher-Petcu et al., 2009) As of 2010, major questions about individual variation, gender differences, and developmental changes have not yet been addressed in human brain.
Although the peptide and precursor peptide genes have been reported to be polymorphic in humans (Xu et al., 2008), the variants that have been studied most extensively are related to the receptor genes. (summarized in Figure 3).(Ebstein et al., 2009; Israel et al., 2008; Knafo et al., 2008; Rodrigues et al., 2009; Walum et al., 2008) The human AVP V1a receptor gene is relatively simple, 2 exons and 1 intron, located at 12q14-15 with 3 polymorphisms located in the 5′ flanking region and one in the intron.(Thibonnier, 2004; Thibonnier et al., 1994) The 5′ flanking region microsatellites, RS1 and RS3, have received the most attention, with links to a diverse set of interpersonal skills from sibling relationship to musical ability to economic decision-making. (Israel et al., 2008) One intriguing study of economic decision-making in an online game found subjects with longer RS3 genotypes were more altruistic and, in a separate cohort longer RS3 polymorphisms were associated with increased V1a mRNA in human post-mortem hippocampus.(Knafo et al., 2008) Studies in 552 healthy Swedish twin pairs reveal significant associations between the 334 allele in the RS3 polymorphism of the V1a gene and several aspects of pair-bonding in men, including marital status, perceived marital problems, and reported marital quality as reported by spouses. The effects were relatively modest (0.27 effect size for carrying one or two 334 alleles vs none), but the prevalence of this allele (40%) suggests that at a population level, this variant could be relevant to social behavior.(Walum et al., 2008)
The human OTR gene, located at 3p25.3, spans roughly 17kb, with 4 exons and 3 introns.(Kimura et al., 1992) At least 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported in the human OTR, mostly in intronic regions. Among the early descriptions of the OTR gene structure, a genomic element in the third intron was implicated in transcriptional repression.(Mizumoto et al., 1997) In a study of this polymorphic region of the third intron of the OT receptor, Rodrigues and colleagues reported a SNP (RS53576) associated with empathy and stress reactivity in both male and female college students (n = 192).(Rodrigues et al., 2009) Again, effects were small, but individuals with GG alleles at RS53576 performed significantly better than those with AA or AG alleles on a test of the ability to read the emotional state of others as well as on self-reported measures of empathy but not on self-reported measures of attachment.(Rodrigues et al., 2009) This same allele has been reported in a study of parental sensitivity, with AA and AG alleles associated with lower parental sensitivity to their toddlers. (Bakermans-Kranenburg and van Ijzendoorn, 2008)
In this era of high throughput genomics, the trend is to scan the entire genome for common variants in large populations. These approaches have yielded many genes of small effect. (Manolio et al., 2009) The candidate gene approach, used with these V1a and OT receptor studies, suffers from the criticism of "looking under the lamppost". In defense of the candidate gene approach, these studies provide more intense coverage of a small region, identifying both common and rare variants. It is important to remember that relatively subtle changes in the regulatory region of the V1a receptor gene in voles appear to have profound effects on social behavior. (Hammock and Young, 2005) With the functional studies of these variants in the vole, OTR and V1a receptor genes are reasonable candidates to study in humans, recognizing that species differences are the hallmark of nonapeptide evolution.
What are the effects of OT and AVP on human social behavior? The absence of non-peptide agonists that readily cross the blood brain barrier has required investigators to administer the peptides intranasally to explore effects on behavior and cognition. Recognizing that negative studies may be less likely to be reported, the available published literature converges around the notion that OT increases trust, empathy, eye contact, face memory, and generosity. (Domes et al., 2007b; Guastella et al., 2008; Kosfeld et al., 2005; Savaskan et al., 2008; Zak et al., 2005; Zak et al., 2007) In line with animal research showing that OT reduces anxiety (Neumann et al., 2000), there is also evidence that intranasal OT facilitates response to exposure therapy in people with social anxiety disorder.(Guastella et al., 2009b) In an important extension of this work to neuroimaging, Kirsh and colleagues reported that OT reduces the amygdala activation following threatening stimuli.(Kirsch et al., 2005) While not conclusive, the results suggest that the OT effect on amygdala activation could be more evident in the response to social threats (faces) versus non-social threats (scenes)(Kirsch et al., 2005). In fact, OT appears to reduce the amygdala response to emotional expression irrespective of valence.(Domes et al., 2007a)
What about AVP and social behavior? The syndrome of central diabetes insipidus, which involves either a deficiency of AVP (central diabetes insipidus) or abnormal V2 receptors (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus), serves as a natural experiment to begin to answer this question. There is little data to suggest that the absence of AVP, as in central diabetes insipidus, is associated with social deficits although subtle memory problems can be detected (Bruins et al., 2006). Moreover, the admininstration of the mixed V2-V1a receptor agonist desmopressin (dDAVP) as a treatment for central diabetes insipidus, to my knowledge, has not been reported to influence social behavior or social cognition.
The limitations for pharmacological studies are notable. The absence of non-peptide agonists has been a formidable barrier for studying CNS effects. Peripherally administered peptides have a very brief half-life and, following intravenous administration, less than 1% of the dose crosses into the CNS.(Kendrick et al., 1986) Animal studies have benefitted from central administration of a range of highly selective peptide agonists and antagonists. But human studies depending on intra-nasal administration of peptide face variable delivery to the brain of a peptide which has an unknown half-life on central receptors. Non-peptide antagonists and agonists, currently in development, could transform this field.(Pettibone et al., 1993; Ring et al.); as would the advent of a PET tracer for studying receptor expression in human brain.
The vole research on affiliation, the mouse studies of social cognition, and the human research suggesting pro-social effects of OT and AVP all beg the question: are these peptides involved in autism? Autism is a developmental disorder with onset by age three of social deficits, absent or abnormal communication, and a tendency to repetitive or stereotyped behaviors. There have been three lines of evidence exploring the link between OT, AVP, and autism: genetics, plasma levels, and peptide treatment studies.
Based on twin studies, autism is among the most heritable of neuropsychiatric disorders.(Abrahams and Geschwind, 2008) Yet, the genetic basis of autism appears quite complex. There is, thus far, no evidence linking monogenic causes, such as Fragile X and Rett syndrome, to either oxytocin or vasopressin or their receptors. Curiously, one of the most heavily studied autism candidate genes, reelin, has been associated with changes in the expression of brain OTR.(Liu et al., 2005) Large scale case control studies looking for common variants or linkage, have not found associations between any of the known alleles in the genes for OT, AVP, or their receptors, although two of the many genome-wide searches have reported linkage on chromosomal region, 3p25.3, which contains the OTR.(Lauritsen et al., 2006; McCauley et al., 2005) In fact, genome wide association studies (GWAS) in autism have been surprisingly uninformative, beyond findings on chromosome 5 in an area between two cadherin genes.(Glessner et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009) Rare variants, such as copy number duplications or deletions, have been reported to be about 10-fold more prevalent in autism genomes relative to controls, with many different regions of the genome affected.(Sebat et al., 2007) An interesting case of pervasive developmental disorder and delayed speech associated with duplication of 3p25.3 suggested a role for the OTR as well as several other genes in the phenotype. (Bittel et al., 2006) A few autism cases have been identified with deletions in chromosome 3 that essentially knock-out the human OTR. (Gregory et al., 2009; Sebat et al., 2007) In the best characterized case, Gregory et al reported on a deletion of the OTR in an autism boy and his mother, who had OCD. An affected brother did not have the OTR deletion but exhibited epigenetic silencing of the OTR due to hypermethylation of the OTR promoter. In an independent sample, Gregory et al not only found additional autism cases with hypermethylation of the OTR gene but reported reductions in OTR mRNA in temporal cortex associated with hypermethylation, demonstrating likely epigenetic silencing of the OTR even in the absence of a genetic mutation. The reason for this epigenetic modification is unclear, but this finding reminds us that epigenetic mechanisms may be important regulators of protein expression. Considerable data support the hypothesis that early environmental experience, especially social experience, can have enduring effects on the OTR system.(Carter et al., 2009)
A number of candidate gene studies investigating the OT and V1a receptor genes and autism have been published. Figure 4 summarizes what has been reported for variants in the V1a receptor (Kim et al., 2002; Wassink et al., 2004; Yirmiya et al., 2006) and OTR genes (Jacob et al., 2007; Lerer et al., 2008; Liu et al.; Wu et al., 2005; Yrigollen et al., 2008) While there are many reports for associations between variations in both genes and risk for autism, the data are not entirely consistent, as some find the association with different risk alleles, perhaps reflecting the effects of varying ethnic backgrounds. More importantly, there is still little evidence that these variants are functional. For the OTR gene, a third intron variant has been implicated in transcriptional repression (see above), but this has yet to be shown for any of the intronic variants reported for autism. As noted above, there is one report that a longer RS3 version of the V1a receptor gene was associated with increased levels of hippocampal V1a receptor mRNA.(Knafo et al., 2008) Another report, used 121 healthy volunteers to test for a functional role of the RS1 and RS3 variants reported in autism. Looking at amygdala activation via fMRI BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging) in a face matching task, longer RS1 alleles were associated with higher activation whereas longer RS3 alleles were associated with lower activation.(Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2009) While this finding is broadly consistent with the vole data as well as evidence for vasopressin receptors in the rat amygdala (Huber et al., 2005), the evidence in humans points to a role for OT rather than AVP on amygdala activation. (Kirsch et al., 2005) The presence or role of V1a receptors in the human amygdala remains to be defined.
Is there any evidence for a decrease in OT or AVP neuropeptide levels in autism? Modahl and colleagues reported a marked reduction in OT in children with autism relative to age matched controls.(Modahl et al., 1998) This decrease in circulating OT could be explained by a deficit in processing the peptide from its precursor prohormone.(Green et al., 2001) There have been few attempts to replicate these findings, although Andari et al noted profoundly reduced OT plasma levels in their study of high functioning autism patients.(Andari et al.) As noted above, children lacking AVP have diabetes insipidus but not autism. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measures of OT or AVP could be informative but are not currently available from individuals with autism. Curiously, CSF OT has been reported to be selectively reduced in both women subjected to childhood abuse and monkeys raised with social deprivation.(Heim et al., 2009; Winslow, 2005)
Currently there are no medical treatments for the social and communications deficits that form the core symptoms of autism. If OT and AVP are "pro-social," could these peptides improve social behavior in children or adults with autism? While AVP has been more likely to affect male social behavior in other species and autism is 3-fold more common in males(Abrahams and Geschwind, 2008), research thus far has focused on OT. Three studies have examined the effects of OT administered intranasally to high functioning autistic patients. (Andari et al.; Guastella et al., 2009a; Hollander et al., 2007; Hollander et al., 2003) While not a cure, the results are promising. These initial trials report that, relative to placebo, OT improves eye contact, social memory, and use of social information. These reports should be considered a proof of principle. With the advent of non-peptide agonists (Ring et al.) and expanded clinical trial infrastructure allowing research with a broader range of children and adults with autism, there may soon be an opportunity to develop new pharmacological agents tailored to social deficits. Recall however, one of the principles from the vole research. The difference between social and solitary voles is not the amount of peptide but the location of receptors. If autism involves altered receptor distribution, the administration of additional peptide will not reverse the social deficit, just as AVP or OT does not increase social behavior in the montane voles.
This review began with a brief history of social neuroscience, describing the dark matter as the molecules, cells, and circuits linking sensory information to the motor outputs of social behavior. From research on the npr gene in C. elegans and studies of OT and AVP receptors in voles, a set of principles can be distilled. First, neuropeptides and their receptors appear important mediators of social behavior. Second, comparative studies point to important sites of intra-species as well as inter-species variation. And finally, from the work in voles, the neural geography of receptor distribution appears critical for determining function. A working model posits a role for OT and AVP in social attachment by linking socio-sexual information to pathways for reward and reinforcement, although effects on other aspects of social cognition or anxiety may also contribute to pair bond formation.
The role of OT or AVP in human social cognition remains unclear, but studies of intranasal OT suggest pro-social effects as measured operationally or by self-report. Whether OT, AVP, or their receptors are involved in autism is still not proven from genetic studies. The possibility that OT could improve social cognition in autism is especially intriguing given the absence of effective medical treatments for the social deficits of this syndrome.
Social neuroscience is still a frontier area of neurobiology. In 2010, one of the most exciting areas of this frontier is the opportunity to bridge the insights emerging from studies of social cognition and social behavior in animals to human research. While there is a temptation to think of "animal models" of human disorders or to assume that findings in animals will map directly on to human neurobiology, the translational bridge will need to be built with careful consideration of species differences, based on evolutionary adaptations. While some of the principles may be conserved (i.e. importance of receptor maps and role of gonadal steroids), the details for social organization need to be explored for each species, recognizing the importance of diversity in the neural mechanisms for social cognition.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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I'm moving a site from WordPress.com to .org self-hosted. The problem I'm running into is all the little things that an export/XML dump doesn't include.
One thing is videos (has anyone figured a workaround to that?)
But the main problem I'm having is theme options and custom CSS things that have been put in place. I was surprised that export didn't include any details about the theme. So I have fresh installed the same free theme on .org but it isn't exactly the same. And I have to go thru all the theme options and widgets etc to re-create the look I had on .com. Any better ways to go about this?

subset: commoncrawl


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10 Steps to Pick the Right Doctor
Whether you need a primary care doctor or a specialist, these 10 steps will ensure you find the right doctor for you. View Slideshow
Dr. Meehan's Experience
- Anatomic Pathology
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Dr. Meehan does not have any procedures listed. If you are Dr. Meehan and would like to add procedures you perform, please update your free profile.
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Dr. Meehan does not have any conditions listed. If you are Dr. Meehan and would like to add conditions you treat, please update your free profile.
Background Check for Dr. Meehan
0 Malpractice Claims
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- No sanctions history found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
0 Board Actions
- No board actions found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
Awards & Recognitions
Education & Training
Medical School
- Royal College Of Surgeons In Ireland, National University Of Ireland, School Of Medicine
- Graduated in 1985
Residency Hospital
- Mass Gen Hospital
Languages Spoken by Dr. Meehan & Staff
- English


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Introducing the new Gmail API
7 comments :
"While IMAP is great at what it was designed for (connecting email clients to email servers in a standard way)" -- presumably you don't have any plans to deprecate this use of IMAP then? Or does this announcement apply to any and all Gmail access over IMAP? (If so, will this also apply to Google Apps email users?)
Sounds like a neat idea! Does that mean the Gmail IMAP implementation can be made to adhere to the IMAP standard so our "connecting email clients" does happen in a standard way?
Can you please build in public-private key encryption when sending/receiving via this API and between two gmail addresses?
Why not use a new open standard API, preferably RESTful, rather than own proprietary API? This new standard could be used by any mail provider for free.
@niu tech:
"The Gmail API gives you flexible, RESTful access to the user's inbox, with a natural interface to Threads, Messages, Labels, Drafts, and History."
Wow...didn't even bother to take a look first huh? First sentence even.
@James, you didn't get me. I know Gmail API is RESTful, but it's Gmail-only and proprietary. I was asking why not use a universal open standard, so that the same API could be used with any other mail provider. Just like POP, IMAP or Z-push are open.


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Airline & Safety Ratings
Aegean Airlines
Country of Origin: Greece | Airline Code: A3 and LH
Full Service Carrier
See Passenger Reviews for Aegean Airlines See Editors Airline Reviews for Aegean Airlines
In Flight Product
Economy ClassDomestic
- Beverage service offered on short flights (less than half an hour); snacks served on longer flights
- No in flight entertainment
- Seat pitch of 30 inch with 3 inch recline
- No blankets, pillows or amenity kits
- Baggage allowance of 1 x 20kg bag unless travelling on a "Go Light" fare which does not include baggage (though it can be purchased on line)
- Snack or light meal and nonalcoholic beverages served depending on flight time
- In flight movies on London to Greece flights only
- Seat pitch of 30 inch with 3 inch recline
- Baggage allowance of 1 x 23kg bag unless travelling on a "go light" fare that does not include baggage (though it can be purchased on line)
Business Class
- Choice of two hot meals with Greek wines on international flights; cold meal on domestic flights; welcome drink offered
- In flight entertainment as in economy class
- Seat pitch of 33 inch with 3 inch recline; middle seat in each row of three kept free
- No blanket or pillow
- Baggage allowance of 2 x 32kg bags
- Founded in 1987 but scheduled passenger services did not commence until 1999
- Partnership with Lufthansa since 2005
- Greece's largest airline in terms of passenger numbers
- Joined Star Alliance in 2010
- Takeover of Olympic Airlines by Aegean in October 2012 with both airlines maintaining their brand names and logos
Major Strengths
- Aegean will own 90% of the Greek domestic market once merger with Olympic is complete
- Full service airline offering more flights in and out of Greece than any other Greek airline
Subsidiary Airlines
- Olympic Airlines
- Star Alliance
Aircraft Types
Passenger Rights*
Denied boarding
When passengers are denied boarding on a flight, airlines are obliged to first seek volunteers to give up their reservation in exchange for certain benefits. In addition, the air carrier must also offer volunteers the choice between a full refund and re-routing.
You may be entitled to compensation of between €125 and €600 depending on the distance of the flight and the delays experienced before being re-routed. Where volunteers choose re-routing, the airline must also provide assistance if necessary, for example - food, access to a telephone, hotel accommodation of one or more nights if necessary and transportation between the airport and the place of accommodation.
You are also entitled to identical compensation to that offered when you are denied boarding, unless you were informed of the cancellation at least 14 days before the flight, or you were rerouted close to your original times, or if the airline can prove that the cancellation was caused by extraordinary circumstances.
In addition the airline must offer you the choice between:
- reimbursement of your ticket within seven days;
- re-routing to your final destination under similar conditions;
- and if necessary, care (phone call, refreshments, food, accommodation, transportation to the accommodation).
Long delays
You are entitled to care by the airline (phone call, refreshments, meal, accommodation, transportation to the place of accommodation) if the delay is:
- two hours or more for flights of 1,500 km or less;
- three hours or more for longer flights within the European Union or for other flights of between 1,500 and 3,500 km;
- four hours or more for flights of over 3,500 km outside the European Union.
If the delay is more than five hours, and you decide not to continue your journey, you are also entitled to have your ticket reimbursed and be flown back to where you originally started your journey.
If you get to your final destination with a delay of three hours or more, you may be entitled to identical compensation to that offered when your flight gets cancelled, unless the airline can prove that the delay was caused by extraordinary circumstances. Additionally, airlines can be held liable for damages resulting from delays.
If your baggage is lost, damaged or delayed, you may be entitled to compensation limited to about €1,220. However, airlines shall not be liable if they have taken all reasonable measures to avoid the damage or it was impossible to take such measures.
For damaged baggage, you must lodge a claim to the airline within seven days of receiving your baggage.
For delayed receipt of baggage, this period is a maximum of 21 days.
People with disabilities and people with reduced mobility
Under EU legislation people with disabilities and/or reduced mobility are protected from being discriminated against during reservation and boarding. They are also entitled to receive assistance at airports (on departure, on arrival and in transit) and on board airplanes. In order to facilitate the provision of assistance, it is recommended to pre-notify your needs.
See the airlines Conditions of Carriage here
For details of legislative obligations under EU regulation click here
NOTE: Conditions of Carriage refer to the country of origin and may not be applicable to all jurisdictions.
To lodge a complaint with the airline, click here
To lodge a complaint with the EU click here
* This is to be used as a guide only. We strongly recommend that you read the airline's terms and conditions at the link above. All complaints are to be lodged with the airline directly and not with AirlineRatings.com. Whilst we will endeavour to keep this information accurate and up to date, we can not guarantee it's accuracy and can not be used by the public in their lodgement of a complaint for compensation against any airline
Click here for more information about our Aegean Airlines reviews and safety ratings system.
Safety Rating Criteria
The 7 star safety assessment criteria for all airlines is as follows
Is the airline IOSA certified? If yes two stars are awarded; if not, no star is given.
What is IOSA Certification? The IATA* Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) certification audit is an internationally recognised and accepted evaluation system designed to assess the operational management and control systems of an airline. IOSA uses internationally recognised audit principles and is designed to conduct audits in a standardised and consistent manner. Airlines are re evaluated every two years. Registering for IOSA certification and auditing is not mandatory therefore an airline that does not have IOSA certification may have either failed the IOSA audit or alternatively chosen not to participate.
*IATA (International Air Transport Association)
Is the airline on the European Union (EU) Blacklist? If no a full star is awarded; if yes then no star is given.
What is the EU Blacklist? A list of airlines banned from flying into European airspace due to safety concerns arising from alleged poor aircraft maintenance and/or regulatory oversight. Airlines banned by the EU may have a flawless safety record however the potential risk towards passenger safety is deemed by the EU as too high and a ban is put in place
Has the airline maintained a fatality free record for the past 10 years? If yes the airline is awarded a full star; if not then no star is given.
A fatality is deemed as the death of crew and/or passengers whilst on board the aircraft due to an accident. If deaths occurred through acts of terrorism, highjackings OR pilot suicide they have not been included. If an airline suffered a fatal accident through no fault of its own such as a runway incursion on the active runway (an incident where an unauthorized aircraft, vehicle or person is on a runway) this has also not been included.
Is the airline FAA endorsed? If yes a full star is awarded; if not, no star is given.
What is FAA endorsement? In the United States, the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) has a list that bans countries (not airlines) from flying into American Airspace. The ban arises from a deemed inability to adhere to international aviation standards for aircraft operations and maintenance. According to the FAA Web site, "those that do not meet these international standards cannot initiate new service and are restricted to current levels of any existing service to the United States while corrective actions are underway". An airline or airlines from a prohibited country may have a flawless safety record however the potential risk to safety is deemed too high by the FAA to allow operations in American airspace.
Does the country of airline origin meet all 8 ICAO safety parameters? If yes TWO stars are awarded to the airline. However, if the one criteria that is below the average is so by less than 15 per cent it is considered a pass. If 5 to 7 of the criteria are met one star is awarded. If the country only meets up to four criteria no star is given.
What is ICAO and what are the 8 parameters? The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was created to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. It sets standards and regulations necessary for aviation safety, security, efficiency and regularity, as well as for aviation environmental protection. The 8 ICAO audit parameters that pertain to safety are; Legislation, Organization, Licensing, Operations, Airworthiness, Accident Investigation, Air Navigation Service and Aerodromes. For more information on a particular country visit: http://www.icao.int/safety/Pages/USOAP-Results.aspx.
Has the airline's fleet been grounded by the country's governing aviation safety authority due to safety concerns? If yes an additional star will be taken off the total for five years from the time of grounding
Does the airline operate only Russian built aircraft? If yes an additional star will be taken off the total.
Full Service Carrier Rating Criteria
A full service airline typically offers passengers in flight entertainment,checked baggage, meals, beverages and comforts such as blankets and pillows in the ticket price. The seats generally have more recline than
a low cost carrier as well as more leg room. Full service airlines offer passengers the choice of economy or business class travel and on some flights premium economy and first class. The airlines in this category
will transfer baggage between flights and to alliance partners of which most full service carriers are a part (SkyTeam, oneworld, Star Alliance). Full service airlines often have a long history and are flag carriers
for their countries of origin.
The 7 star assessment criteria for full service airlines is as follows:
Seat pitch
1 star if 30 inch and greater across the airlines fleet in economy class. No star if less than 30 inch across the fleet.
1/2 star if mixed seat pitch across fleet (some aircraft 30 inch and greater, others less than 30 inch).
In Flight Entertainment
1 star if Personal Audio/Video On Demand (AVOD) across the fleet in all classes of travel. No star if no Audio/Video On Demand, shared cabin screens only or nothing at all.
1/2 star if mixed across airlines fleet (some of the fleet have AVOD some do not).
NOTE: If an airline has Audio/Video On Demand on all flights except for short routes of 2 hours or less they are still eligible for a full star
Website information
1 star if comprehensive information. No star if no English or incomplete information.
1/2 star if inconsistent information.
1 star if flat beds in business class on long haul routes. No star if no beds.
1/2 star if angled beds or a mixture of angled and flat beds across the fleet.
NOTE: For airlines that do not operate long haul routes and therefore do not need beds but have business class in a 2-2 seating configuration in single aisle aircraft they are awarded 1 star; seating configuration in 3-3 with the middle seat left free awards the airline a 1/2 star; if there is not enough information to be sure a 1/2 star is awarded.
1 star if provision of full meal in economy. No star if a passenger has to pay for meals and alcoholic beverages.
1/2 star if passengers have to pay for meals or if passengers have to pay for alcohol on international routes or if the airline does not offer alcoholic beverages at all regardless of religious beliefs.
NOTE: Provision of alcohol on domestic and/or short haul routes has not been rated as airlines have complex rules based around flight time, route and time of day.
Blankets and pillows
1 star if provided by airline or if passengers have to pay for blankets on domestic and/or short haul routes but they are available. No star if not provided or unavailable.
1/2 star if blankets need to be paid for on medium and long haul routes.
Editor's discretionary
Editors draw on their collective 150 years plus experience to evaluate airlines based on personal experience and/or extensive industry knowledge to award the final star.


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All Comments (11)
Ugh shit that is soo fucking good fuck me hard ugh
Fuck me soo hard
If that was my girl I would have beat that guys ass
Dat was a good video
He only fucks 2 of them...
he moved at 08:19 :O
Lol, the fat one should have been left out of the whole clip
q paja me ise


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'Twilight' scribe Melissa Rosenberg has been tapped to write and produce a series based on Marvel's Jessica Jones character for Netflix, The Hollywood Reporter reports. Of the character, Rosenberg has said: "The graphic novel was so phenomenal that I really just wanted to bring that to the screen. It's so raw, and I love this character that is kind of a B-level superhero. She's not in one world or another, she's a borderline alcoholic. She's just a mess, but she's driven by a need to do something greater, you know? She's just this delicious character. Fun, you know? I'd love to write that character more, and I hope I get the opportunity. I've always said that I'd love to write the female Iron Man, this very f***ed-up female character that also wants to do some good. And that's who she is."
It's a fitting gig for Rosenberg. She was tapped three years ago to develop 'AKA Jessica Jones,' a drama revolving around the Marvel hero at ABC, but the series never materialized.
Apparently the character of Jessica Jones is undergoing redevelopment in its move to Netflix. Created by Brian Michael Bendis and Michael Gaydos, Jones is a superhero suffering with post-traumatic stress disorder, which leads to her hanging up her costume and opening her own detective agency, where she ends up helping people and assisting other superheroes.
The project is one of four series Marvel TV and ABC TV Studios sold to the streaming giant. It will follow the TV version of 'Daredevil,' followed by 'Iron Fist' and 'Luke Cage.' The four series will lead into a team-up miniseries, 'The Defenders.'
Whether you're a Twi-hard or not, Rosenberg, the highest-paid female scribe in the business, will surely make the Marvel superhero memorable at least (and I, for one, hope none of Jones' clients involve vampires or werewolves or Kristen Stewart).
Rosenberg previously ran 'Red Widow' for ABC.


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Tag Archives: Saul "Canelo" Alvarez
Oscar De La Hoya says fight with Erislandy Lara is personal for 'Canelo'
Saul "Canelo" Alvarez/photo by Tom Hogan – Hoganphotos/Golden Boy Promotions
A lot of smack has been talked by Cuba's Erislandy Lara ahead of his July 12 junior middleweight title fight against Saul "Canelo" Alvarez of Mexico at MGM Grand in Las Vegas (on Showtime pay-per-view).
Oscar De La Hoya, who is promoting the fight under his Golden Boy Promotions banner, believes Alvarez has taken Lara's mouthing off to heart.
"It's going to be a great fight; I don't want to predict anything," De La Hoya said Tuesday. "Lara has been doing a lot of trash-talking that has been fueling 'Canelo.' I see him at an entirely different level and it's exactly where he should be. He's at a level of determination where he really wants to get this guy. It's personal."
Showtime video previewing undercard of 'Canelo' Alvarez-Erislandy Lara on July 12
This Showtime video previews the undercard for the July 12 junior middleweight showdown between Saul "Canelo" Alvarez of Mexico and Erislandy Lara of Cuba at MGM Grand in Las Vegas on Showtime pay-per-view. Just click on the link.
Check out this Showtime video previewing 'Canelo' Alvarez vs. Erislandy Lara
Saul 'Canelo' Alvarez-Alfredo 'El Perro' Angulo does over 350,000 pay-per-view buys
Golden Boy Promotions on Friday announced that the junior middleweight fight between Saul "Canelo" Alvarez and fellow Mexican Alfredo "El Perro" Angulo this past Saturday at MGM Grand in Las Vegas did over 350,000 buys on Showtime pay-per-view.
Alvarez stopped Angulo in the 10th round. The fight will be replayed Saturday as part of the Showtime telecast featuring Danny Garcia of Philadelphia defending his two junior welterweight belts against Mauricio Herrera of Riverside from Bayamon, Puerto Rico.
"The fans have spoken," said Richard Schaefer, CEO of Golden Boy Promotions. "'Canelo' is without a doubt the brightest young star in the sport today. He's been a huge star in Mexico for quite some time. Now there is no denying that he is a star in the United States as well. We're already in discussions with 'Canelo' to find the next opportunity to bring another exciting event to boxing fans worldwide."
Saul 'Canelo' Alvarez stops Alfredo 'El Perro' Angulo in 10th round at MGM Grand
Saul "Canelo" Alvarez on Saturday rebounded from his first career loss by stopping fellow Mexican Alfredo "El Perro" Angulo in the 10th round of their junior middleweight main event at MGM Grand in Las Vegas. The Golden Boy Promotions card was televised on Showtime pay-per-view.
Alvarez (43-1-1, 31 KOs) was ahead by scores of 89-82, 89-82, 88-83 at the time of the stoppage, which came at 47 seconds into the round when Alvarez came out strongly following what was a good ninth round for him.
This was Alvarez's first fight since he lost a decision to Floyd Mayweather Jr. this past September at MGM Grand.
This was the second consecutive loss for Angulo, who is now 22-4.
Carlos Molina still in jail, off Saturday's Alvarez-Angulo undercard at MGM Grand
It's official, Carlos Molina of Chicago via Mexico won't be able to defend his junior middleweight title against Jermall Charlo on tonight's undercard in Las Vegas because he remains on jail after having been arrested Tuesday on out-of-state warrants issued from the state of Wisconsin. Molina also has immigration issues, according to several reports out of Las Vegas.
That fight was scratched and now the 10-round lightweight fight between Ricardo Alvarez and Sergio Thompson will be elevated to the Showtime pay–per-view portion of the show at MGM Grand.
Saul "Canelo" Alvarez and Alfredo "El Perro" Angulo – both of Mexico – will tangle in the junior middleweight main event. The limit for junior middleweight is 154. But before the weigh-in Friday, Alvarez apparently let it be known he wouldn't be able to make the weight. But it is not a title fight and the Angulo camp agreed to a limit of 155, according to a story on BoxingScene.com.
In that story, it was noted that Alvarez may have had to give Angulo $100,000 of his purse for the fight to go on at the higher weight. Alvarez then weighed in at 155, Angulo 154 1/2. Richard Schaefer, CEO of Golden Boy Promotions, could not confirm that Alvarez had to fork over the extra dough.
Alfredo Angulo understands what it means when two Mexicans tangle
There is a lot of boxing pride in Mexico, so when two of its best and most ferocious fighters square off, there is no denying how big of a fight it is to the combatants and their country.
Alfredo "El Perro" Angulo knows the score.
"Every fight is important, but this one is more special because of all the fans in Mexico will know that the winner of this fight is the No. 1 Mexican fighter," Angulo, who will take on Saul "Canelo" Alvarez on Saturday in the junior middleweight main event at MGM Grand in Las Vegas (on Showtime pay-per-view), said at Tuesday's arrival at MGM Grand. "It's a huge fight for Mexico and it's a huge fight for 'Canelo' and me."
Angulo, of Mexicali, Baja California, is 22-3 with 18 knockouts. Alvarez, of Guadalajara, Jalisco, is 42-1-1 with 30 knockous.
This card is being staged by Golden Boy Promotions.
Saul 'Canelo' Alvarez says he has gotten past loss to Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Even though Saul "Canelo" Alvarez of Mexico is just 23, he has been a pro since 2005 after turning pro at the of 15 in Jalisco, Mexico. During all that time, the only blemish on his record was a draw when he entered the ring this past Sept. 14 to take on Floyd Mayweather Jr. at MGM Grand in Las Vegas.
Like most who challenge Mayweather, they realize once they are in the fray that Mayweather is even better defensively than thought. Mayweather schooled Alvarez and won a majority decision that was only such a decision because since-disgraced judge C.J. Ross scored it a draw.
Alvarez (42-1-1, 30 KOs) on March 8 will get back in the ring for the first time since that first loss when he tangles with fellow Mexican Alfredo "El Perro" Angulo in the junior middleweight main event at MGM Grand (on Showtime pay-per-view).
Alvarez was asked how he got past the loss to Mayweather during a conference call this week.
"I have a lot of family. I have a lot of support, friends, and my team, and I'm very strong-minded," Alvarez said. "I'm very strong-minded. So yes it was a loss, but I learned a lot from it, and I just move on. I just – I gained experience and move on. But again, I'm strong-minded. I don't dwell on the past. Now I look forward to the future."
The future is now, as this fight with Angulo (22-3, 18 KOs) could be an absolute ring war.
Saul 'Canelo' Alvarez says loss to Floyd Mayweather Jr. was difficult to take
Saul "Canelo" Alvarez really thought he was going to be the one to hand Floyd Mayweather Jr. his first loss. Instead, Mayweather gave Alvarez his first setback this past September at MGM Grand in Las Vegas.
Alvarez, along with fellow Mexican Alfredo Angulo, on Tuesday first played host to a conference call, then to a news conference in Los Angeles formally announcing their fight for March 8 at MGM Grand in Las Vegas (on Showtime pay-per-view).
One reporter asked Alvarez how difficult it was to overcome his initial defeat. To his credit, the 23-year-old was very candid about it.
"It was hard, and it hurt my honor," said Alvarez, who lost his junior middleweight title to Mayweather. "It's very tough. Nobody ever wants to lose."
But you know what they say, it's not whether one loses, it's how one responds to it. From the sound of it, Alvarez is responding well.
"But I don't see it as a loss, I see it as a learning experience," he said, "and I'm going to take the best out of it."
Alvarez is 42-1-1 with 30 knockouts. Angulo, 31, is 22-3 with 18 knockouts.


text:
- BoliviaFoodFunding via Fundación Pro Mujer
Takeshi GroupBoliviaFoodFunding via Fundación Pro Mujer
RenildaBoliviaFoodFunding via CIDRE
Las Magnificas De Franz Tamayo Group
The businesses of the group members are varied: blanket weaving, mattress manufacturing, neighborhood grocery store, food selling.
The loan will benefit micro-entrepreneurs, one of whom is Ignacia. She indicates that she has been a member of Pro Mujer for six months, after having been invited to join by a promoter for the institution who visited her at her home. She currently has a business selling quinoa juice. She started this business years ago, following the advice of a cousin who also sells this product.
She will use this loan to increase her stock (purchase of quinoa wholesale) which she will buy in wholesale stores. After manufacturing, she will sell her products at her stall. This way of working allows her to generate resources to provide for her household because she is married and has three children.
When asked about what she likes from Pro Mujer, she says she likes the health care area and the loan rate.
El crédito que sacaran beneficiara a pequeñas microempresarias donde la señora Ignacia es integrante, ella indica que hace seis meses que integra Pro Mujer, ingresando por invitación de una promotora de la institución que fue a visitarle a su casa. En la actualidad ella tiene un negocio de venta de jugos de quinua; cuenta que este negocio lo emprendió hace años, por el concejo de su prima que vende este mismo producto.
El crédito que ahora sacará es para el aumento de capital (compra de quinua por mayor) que adquirirá de las tiendas mayoristas y posteriormente a la elaboración lo comercializara en su puesto fijo. Esta forma de trabajo le permite generar recursos para mantener en lo posible a su hogar pues ella es casada y tiene tres hijos.
Cuando se le consulta qué le gusta de Pro Mujer, ella responde que le gusta el área de salud y el interés.
Additional Information
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Bolivia
134View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 10 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Feb 19, 2013
- Listed
- Mar 8, 2013
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Covered
- Ended:
- Nov 18, 2013


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Important! Freebase is read-only and will be shut-down. More.
Pro Wrestling Zero1 en
Pro Wrestling Zero1, formerly known as Pro Wrestling Zero-One and Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max, is a Japanese professional wrestling promotion founded in 2001. It was affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance from 2001 until late 2004 and again from 2011 onwards. The promotion's name seems to refer to the year it was created. [ - ]


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2011 began with a legislative effort to relax restrictions on raw milk sales, and is ending with a reminder of why so many scientists oppose such measures.
Although State Sen. Kevin Ranker's bill exempting small-scale dairies from raw milk regulations is languishing in committee - "it fizzled out pretty quickly," Democratic Caucus spokesperson Michael Althauser says - the state still has among the nation's most liberal raw milk laws. Washington is one of 10 states in which raw milk can be legally sold at grocery stores.
Tenino's Cozy Vale Creamery, now the subject of an E. coli-related recall, sold its products at seven co-ops and natural foods stores around the Puget Sound, including Marlene's Market in Federal Way. The Washington State Department of Agriculture last week initiated the recall after finding E. coli in the dairy's milking parlor and processing area. Three illnesses have been linked with the contamination.
The Cozy Vale outbreak was the fourth raw milk outbreak in Washington since 2005, and the eighth in the U.S. this year: In 2011, more than 100 people nationwide were seriously sickened by raw milk.
"Raw milk is one of those food products, like raw hamburger, that really is just inherently dangerous," says Seattle food safety attorney Bill Marler, whose name recently appeared on New York Times columnist Mark Bittman's list of reasons for food activists to be thankful. Marler has been contacted by two of the families affected by the Cozy Vale outbreak.
"These are not bellyaches," Marler says. "This is acute kidney failure. These are very sick kids."
According to Marler, the proximity of a cow's udder to fecal matter makes it impossible to eliminate the risk of E. coli. Food safety experts hail pasteurization as the obvious solution: In the years before pasteurization standards were widely adopted, milk was the source of one-quarter of traceable food and waterborne illnesses. Milk now accounts for fewer than one percent of such illnesses.
But eaters who are wary of big ag and government interference in the food system have made a totem of raw milk, which often represents the end stage of an experimentation process that starts with filtered water and organic vegetables. Many raw milk devotees loudly credit the drink with elevating their health and restoring their happiness.
"There's a level of passion I find to be almost religious in its fervor," Marler says. "When I put up something on my blog about listeria, I won't get any comments. But when I post something about raw milk, I'll get 10, 15, 20 comments, most of them nasty."
Whole Foods last year stopped selling raw milk products, citing a need to develop nationwide corporate standards for the category. But Marler says few small natural food grocers have publicly followed suit, perhaps because they fear a backlash from raw milk believers.
"(Hemolytic Uretic Syndrome) cases are millions of dollars," Marler says. "The co-ops that sold this milk have enormous risks."
The risks are heightened, Marler says, by the common practice of shelving raw milk alongside pasteurized milk. Although Cozy Vale's customers aren't claiming they were misled into purchasing raw milk, Marler says a buyer told him, "I couldn't tell the difference."
Washington law mandates a warning label on raw milk.
"Unfortunately, maybe we can read the label," Marler says. "But kids don't have a chance against what mom and dad put in the kitchen."
Follow Voracious on Facebook & Twitter. Follow me at @hannaraskin


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NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- If you're a current Nike (NKE - Get Report) investor, Thursday's earnings release must have you feeling like your shoelace broke right before running the Boston Marathon. The miss and guidance surely do not warrant the selloff on Friday.Nike has lost about 9% of its market cap from Wednesday's close. The loss in market cap is the result of earnings per share falling from $1.23 to a still respectable $1.17. Unfortunately, what truly captures Wall Street's attention is guidance. Nike already was trading below the widely followed 200-day moving average, adding fuel to the liquidation based on chart technicals.
Has Nike Lost Its Footing?
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Home Tags Posts tagged with "future depth player"
Tag: future depth player
D-Day Wrap Up
Final Deadline Trades:Alexei Ponikarovsky to Pittsburgh for Luca Caputi and Martin Skoula Martin Skoula to New Jersey for a fifth round draft selection. Lee Stempniak to PHX for 4th and 7th rounders. Joey MacDonald to ANA...


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- The revenue growth greatly exceeded the industry average of 2.1%. Since the same quarter one year prior, revenues rose by 38.4%. This growth in revenue does not appear to have trickled down to the company's bottom line, displayed by a decline in earnings per share.
- Net operating cash flow has slightly increased to $82.93 million or 8.98% when compared to the same quarter last year. In addition, SALESFORCE.COM INC has also modestly surpassed the industry average cash flow growth rate of 7.41%.
- The gross profit margin for SALESFORCE.COM INC is currently very high, coming in at 77.90%. Regardless of CRM's high profit margin, it has managed to decrease from the same period last year. Despite the mixed results of the gross profit margin, CRM's net profit margin of -0.80% significantly underperformed when compared to the industry average.
- The company, on the basis of change in net income from the same quarter one year ago, has significantly underperformed when compared to that of the S&P 500 and the Software industry. The net income has significantly decreased by 128.9% when compared to the same quarter one year ago, falling from $14.74 million to -$4.27 million.
- The company's current return on equity has slightly decreased from the same quarter one year prior. This implies a minor weakness in the organization. Compared to other companies in the Software industry and the overall market, SALESFORCE.COM INC's return on equity significantly trails that of both the industry average and the S&P 500.
TheStreet Ratings Top 10 Rating Changes
TheStreet Ratings) -- Every trading day TheStreet Ratings' stock model reviews the investment ratings on around 4,800 U.S. traded stocks for potential upgrades or downgrades based on the latest available financial results and trading activity. TheStreet Ratings released rating changes on 132 U.S. common stocks for week ending August 19, 2011. 16 stocks were upgraded and 116 stocks were downgraded by our stock model.NEW YORK (
Rating Change #10 Salesforce.com (CRM - Get Report) has been downgraded by TheStreet Ratings from buy to hold. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its robust revenue growth, good cash flow from operations and expanding profit margins. However, as a counter to these strengths, we also find weaknesses including deteriorating net income, disappointing return on equity and feeble growth in the company's earnings per share. Highlights from the ratings report include:
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Woodworking Tools and Woodworking Machinery Article Archives
Williams & Hussey listens to its customers
Written by Jennifer Hicks Tuesday, 27 October 2009 17:52
Williams & Hussey introduced its new molder, model 209, at the AWFS fair in July. The 209 is lighter and more compact than the company's other molders, and operates on single-phase power. The 209 performs the same applications as the Williams & Hussey models 154 and 206, such as producing straight, radius and elliptical molding.
Wynmatic Mini-Coper offers production value
Tuesday, 27 October 2009 17:50
Wynmatic has developed a smaller version of its Cope-Avator, which clamps a workpiece to produce coped rails for door construction. The new product, the Mini-Coper, has the capability of handling work pieces up to 7" wide and 1-1/4" thick.
Makita 10" miter saw includes four rails
Tuesday, 22 September 2009 18:51
Company says the product has the crown-cutting capacity of a 12" saw and provides accurate cuts for heavy use
Rikon rolls out range of new machines
Written by Jennifer Hicks Tuesday, 22 September 2009 18:48
A new planer was exhibited at this year's AWFS fair and a belt-disk sander and planer / jointer have been relaunched
CarveWright adds enhanced 3-D function
Tuesday, 22 September 2009 18:37
LHR Technologies, manufacturer of the CarveWright system, also known as the CompuCarve woodworking system under the Craftsman brand name, has released its new STL Importer software that allows 3-D models to be imported and digitally sliced into patterns that can be carved on both machines.
Page 73 of 92


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- Homepage >
- News Archives >
- Article
Sill seeks skilled serenaders
September 14, 2012
Are you the next rising star? If you believe you've got what it takes to compete in the Army's singing talent search, sign up by Sept. 14 for the Operation Rising Star competition.
It is open to active duty, National Guard or Reserve Soldiers from any branch of service or military family members 18 years or older with a valid military ID.
The Fort Sill competition heats up with the preliminary round Sept. 21 at 5:30 p.m. at the Backbone Lounge in the Patriot Club.
"The two-week competition will combine the popularity of the TV show 'American Idol' with the talents of our military performers," said event organizer Cara Bell, Family and Morale, Welfare and Recreation recreation manager.
"The preliminary round Sept. 21 is also the elimination round. Contestants will perform a cappella with no props," she said. "The finals Sept. 28 are also at the Backbone Lounge at 5:30 p.m. Patrons and contestants are encouraged to make a night of it and attend Final Friday at 4:30 p.m."
The finals are judged by the audience and a panel of judges.
"Audience votes make up 50 percent of the determination of who becomes the local rising star," said Bell.
Contestants have a chance to win the ultimate recording music experience. Fort Sill's "top star" will win $500 and may advance to compete in the televised Armywide finals. The winning contestant of the Armywide competition will receive a paid trip to Hollywood, Calif., to record his or her own three-song CD and $1,000 in spending money.
Bell said competitors should plan on bringing a cheering section to the event. For the audience members, there will be a spirit award for the best supportive unit or family readiness group, she said. "The $300 award goes to the most supportive unit or FRG that attends the weekly competitions."
To prepare for the upcoming competition, visit www.OpRisingStar.com or www.sillmwr.com and download the registration form. Fill out the entry form and e-mail it to Bell at firstname.lastname@example.com or drop off the registration form at the RecPlex, 2502 Sheridan Road.
For more information, call 442-9480.


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Searching for Upside on eBay
(EBAY - Get Report) star may have waned during the recession, but the online auction site could still offer some upside when it reports its second-quarter results after market close. With rival Amazon (AMZN - Get Report) reporting its own second-quarter results later this week, the spotlight is on online retail, which has certainly felt the effectsof the economic slowdown.Whereas Amazon appears to have weathered the worst of the economic storm, eBay has taken a pounding. During the first quarter, eBay's sales dipped more than $171 million year over year to $2.02 billion. The company partly blamed weakness in its core Marketplaces business for the slump, although the strong dollar and tough macroeconomic conditions hardly helped. Marketplaces, which includes eBay, Shopping.com, StubHub, Kijiji and a number of other e-commerce sites, saw revenue plummet 18% compared to the prior year's quarter. eBay's PayPal and Skype businesses were much healthier, though, and the firm predicted second-quarter revenue between $1.85 billion and $2.05 billion. Excluding charges, the firm expects earnings between 34 cents a share and 36 cents a share. Analysts surveyed by Thomson Reuters are looking for the auction site to report revenue of $1.99 billion and earnings of 36 cents a share. Even if eBay posts these numbers, however, it would still mark the company's third consecutive quarter of negative growth. But there could be still be some positives for investors. The buzz that once surrounded eBay may have now faded, but at least one analyst is expecting to see some good things from the San Jose, Calif.-based firm.eBay's
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tool nameclose
Lakeside Community has...
|3035 Maritime Drive 95758
GARAGE/YARD SALES: Lakeside Community has 1700 homes. Come out, drive the community and find LOTS and LOTS of stuff! Map it using 3035 Maritime. Signs posted.More info Email a friend
Saturday 7AM - 3PM 7208 Delhaven Way 95660
|7208 Delhaven Way 95660
GARAGE/YARD SALES: Garage Sale - Saturday April 30th - Disney collectibles, quarry critters, knickknacks, power lawn equipment, tools, furniture, clothes - something for everyone!More info Email a friend
Saturday 8AM-3PM 5520 fenton way 95746
|5520 fenton way 95746
GARAGE/YARD SALES: GRANITE BAY MULTI FAMILY FUND RAISING GARAGE SALEMore info Email a friend
Saturday, Sunday All Day 7329 Candlelight Way 95621
|7329 Candlelight Way 95621
GARAGE/YARD SALES: Home Garage Sale, new and used items. Start cooking with Kitchen Aid, Cuisinart and Food Network. Deck your halls with Hallmark ornaments; stuffed animals, blankets and more. Vintage signs; wind chimes; video games; computers; clothes; Michael's crafts. Proceeds go to Mother's stoke care.More info Email a friend
Saturday 8:00am - 4:00pm 100-420 Touchstone Place 95691
|100-420 Touchstone Place 95691
GARAGE/YARD SALES: ANNUAL TOUCHSTONE MULTIFAMILY GARAGE SALEMore info Email a friend
Saturday, Sunday 8:00AM - 4:00PM 3950 Mack Road 95823
|3950 Mack Road 95823
GARAGE/YARD SALES: Annual Community Wide spring Yard Sale. At least 25 homes participating.More info Email a friend
Saturday 8am - 6pm 2010 Arroyo Vista Way 95762
|2010 Arroyo Vista Way 95762
GARAGE/YARD SALES: Saturday, April 30th - 8am - 6pm Neighborhood Yard Sale - 10+ families selling lots of great stuff! Contractor tools, kitchen items, furniture, bikes, ski equipment and clothing, cat condo, fish tank and a lot more!More info Email a friend
Saturday, Sunday 9:00am - 4:00 pm 9359 & 9363 Village Green Way 95662
GARAGE/YARD SALES: 9359 & 9363 Village Green Way- 2 family sale! Furniture, glassware, sports equip., fishing gear, artwork, clothes, etc. Sat & Sun 9-4More info Email a friend
Friday, Saturday 8:00 AM to 2:30 PM 9281 Central Ave 95662
|9281 Central Ave 95662
GARAGE/YARD SALES: 5 FAMILY YARD SALEMore info Email a friend
20th ANNUAL...
GARAGE/YARD SALES: 20th ANNUAL SOUTH STANFORD RANCH 200+ HOMES MONSTER GARAGE SALE SAT, APRIL 30, 7am-1pm Get map at major streets: Stanford Ranch & Sunset, Park, W. Oaks, Farrier, Darby, Crest, Cobblestone, Stoney. Sponsored by TeamRindy.com Better Homes & Gardens REMore info Email a friend


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April 26, 2007
By David Vergun
U.S. and Iraqi Soldiers and Police conduct a mission planning meeting in Baqubah.
2nd Lt. Jason Franklin conducts a mission brief at Forward Operating Base Kalsu, Iraq, before a reconnaissance mission in Diyarah. The Soldiers are from the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division.
Sgt. 1st Class Conley goes over rules of engagement and safety before Soldiers from the 1st Armored Division participate in squad-level tactics training in Friedberg, Germany.
Soldiers and Airmen plan their next movements during Exercise Atlantic Strike V in Avon Park, Fla. The Soldiers are with the 67th Armored Regiment.
Soldiers from the 20th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division plan their next objective during a search for insurgents in Buhriz, Iraq.
1st Lt. Grant Saxena briefs his Soldiers on the areas they will patrol during an Iraqi Army led foot patrol of Baghdad. The Soldiers are from the 3rd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division.
Soldiers from the 25th Infantry Division get a mission brief before delivering a convoy of food and water to residents of Tal Afar, Iraq.
AH-64 Apache attack helicopter pilots and aircrew listen to a safety brief prior to a training mission in South Korea.
The U.S. Military Academy Black Knights team huddles during a game. Soldiers in the field "huddle" as well to go over the "game plan" before each mission.


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Police looking for wood stove thiefApril 07,2014Staff Report
Vermont State Police are looking for a man who broke into a home in Rupert and stole a wood stove.
Police said sometime between 3 p.m. Friday and 1:30 p.m. Saturday someone went through a window of a garage and entered a residence on Mill Road and stole a Lakewood wood stove. Police said the stove had a beaver emblazoned on the door.
Also, given the size of the stove, police said, it is likely more than one person was involved in the theft.
Anyone with information is asked to call state police at 442-5421.MORE IN This Just InWHITE RIVER JUNCTION A New Hampshire man is expected to spend nine months in jail in his home... Full StoryA Ludlow woman denied threatening another female driver with a handgun while driving on Route 7... Full StoryA Rutland landlord will pay a $1,000 fine for filing false lead compliance documents. Full Story
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I have a very simple html page with the following javascript in it
$(function() {
$( "#datepicker" ).datepicker({
changeMonth: true,
changeYear: true
$( "#datepicker" ).datepicker( "option", "dateFormat", "yy-mm-dd" );
Then I have the input target element
<input id="datepicker" type="text" class="boxtpl" name="${field.name}" value="${release?.startDate}">
and I see the html of the input from viewing source is valid...
<input id="datepicker" type="text" class="boxtpl" name="release.startDate" value="2012-02-07">
so when I do the GET request to get this page, my date ONLY renders if I delete that last line in the javascript that sets the format WHICH is very important as that is the format I have playframework configured for!!!!! If I don't set the format, the POST then breaks because formats don't match :(
Why is setting the format of datepicker clearing out my date????
I can try scripting more to set it manually though I tried calling the api to set it and that DID NOT work so it might not work doing raw javascript set either...not sure yet. anyone know why this occurs or better yet how to fix it???
thanks, Dean