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Independent Bank Corporation Announces Extension Of Exchange Offer For Trust Preferred Securities
IONIA, Mich., May 28 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- As previously announced, Independent Bank Corporation (Nasdaq: IBCP), the holding company of Independent Bank, a Michigan-based community bank ("we," "us" or the "Company"), has made an offer to exchange up to 180,200,000 newly issued shares of its common stock for properly tendered and accepted trust preferred securities issued by IBC Capital Finance II (Nasdaq: IBCPO), IBC Capital Finance III, IBC Capital Finance IV, and Midwest Guaranty Trust I (the "Exchange Offer"). The Exchange Offer has been made pursuant to a prospectus and related letter of transmittal, which are part of a registration statement that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The Expiration Date and the Early Tender Premium Deadline for each trust preferred security accepted in accordance with the terms of the Exchange Offer, previously scheduled for 11:59 p.m., Eastern time, on Tuesday, June 1, 2010, have each been extended to 11:59 p.m., Eastern time, on Tuesday, June 22, 2010, unless further extended or earlier terminated by us. Except for the extension of the Expiration Date and the Early Tender Premium Deadline, the terms and conditions of the Exchange Offer are unchanged.We believe a high level of participation in the Exchange Offer by holders of trust preferred securities issued by IBC Capital Finance II (Nasdaq: IBCPO) is critical to our ability to successfully implement our capital restoration plan. We continue to exercise our right to defer quarterly payments on all of our trust preferred securities and do not anticipate resuming such payments at any time in the near future, regardless of the level of participation in the Exchange Offer or the timing of completion of the Exchange Offer. Our capital restoration plan and the importance to us of the Exchange Offer are described in the prospectus sent to holders of the trust preferred securities.
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There are 18 results - Show results on a map Print this page
Showing 11 - 18 of 18
This hotel, with excellent parking, is close to the town centre and provides well-equipped accommodation with WiFi in all areas. Public areas include the brasserie-style bar and restaurant, Maxine's, ...More about Bannatyne Hotel Darlington
This impressive hotel enjoys a peaceful setting on a restored 18th-century estate by the banks of the River Tees. Luxurious, spacious bedrooms, contemporary in style, are split between the original ol...More about Rockliffe Hall
This traditional, family-owned inn is in a countryside setting yet is only a mile from the A1. There is a friendly atmosphere and the bar and dining areas are full of character. Food is served through...More about The Old Mill
Premier Inn Stockton-on-Tees West is very handy for the town centre. There's plenty to see and do nearby - the 100 acres of Preston Hall Park, the 13 miles of the Great North Run and Dracula's haunts ...More about Premier Inn Stockton-on-Tees West
Premier Inn Hotel Bishop Auckland is a good choice for a stopover. The historic market town of Bishop Auckland is just off the A1 and the hotel is close to both Durham and Darlington. Discover the are...More about Premier Inn Bishop Auckland
Premier Inn Stockton-on-Tees/Middlesbrough is good choice for exploring the countryside or for visiting first-rate business destinations. You could shop at Teesside Shopping Park, get your pulse racin...More about Premier Inn Stockton-on-Tees/Middlesbrough
Peacefully situated in grounds that feature a golf course, this hotel is just a few minutes from the motorway network. The well-equipped bedrooms come in various styles - it's worth asking for one of ...More about Hall Garth Hotel, Golf and Country Club
Drive through the gates, over the lion bridge, and Wynyard Hall will immediately impress with its grandeur and elegance. The opulent public areas are as much a feature of the property as are the groun...More about Wynyard Hall Hotel

subset: commoncrawl


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HOME MLB Texas Rangers Gear Texas Rangers Ladies Texas Rangers Ladies T-Shirts Texas Rangers Ladies T-Shirts Ladies $20 to $40 (255 items) Product ID: 1438042
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The Caldwell Dance Center
The CALDWELL DANCE CENTER, LLC (TCDC) is a for profit entity that will endure in the service of educating the youth and families in dance and the arts while in turn contributing positively to the health and wellness of our communities. Standing as a dedicated force for the promotion of quality education, excellence, self-assurance and esteem, TCDC offers an alternative in physical activity that encourages a positive and inclusive environment for transforming artistic dreams into reality. We nurture impressive performance through commitment and consistent cooperation. TCDC means to prepare the dance student to qualify as a high caliber dancer/choreographer anywhere in the world of dance.


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Williams, Karl S, Wood, Daniel Paul and Walmsley, Kevin Fredrick (2011) The role of stakeholder engagement in effective site waste management plans. In: IEMA Environmental Knowledge Exchange, 19th January 2011, Manchester.
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: http://www.iema.net/download/conferences/KE2011/Th...
|Item Type:
|Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)
|G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences
T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
|College of Science and Technology > School of Forensic and Applied Sciences
|ID Code:
|Deposited By:
|Karl S Williams
|Deposited On:
|07 Sep 2011 15:44
|Last Modified:
|27 Aug 2015 12:37
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An overall upgrade
on 5/1/2013
The game is Unrealistic at times. because u can never execute a deadly thrupass with a top player with just one lowly defender who stood between you and the forwards running/waiting for that thru-pass. A defender would always intercept the pass unless u direct the pass to a completely open area which defeats the purpose. In real life, play-makers like Gerrard, Iniesta, Xavi, etc provide deadly thru-passes toward inside the box past 2 to 3 top defenders.
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Publications / Articles
Around the House
|The Amish: Simplicity and Satisfaction Personified
- Posted 5/23/13
"Although this lifestyle may seem old-fashioned to you, it is quite up to date—maybe not for you and me, but in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, this is the only way of life for the "Plain People," also known as the Amish."
|Controlling the "Almost" Insanity in Our Home – With Time Management
- Posted 5/9/14
"To many it may seem that our life is somewhat out of control, but we know the true secret to our family's success: God is in control of everything."
|Are Public Schools an Option for Christian Kids? - Posted 12/15/10
|The New School Year: Planning Your Course - Posted 12/15/10
For the Homeschooling Parent
|Learning to Love Silence and Solitude
- Posted 2/11/14
"Whether it is the silence of morning, the quiet stillness at the end of the day, or a few moments of quiet time when little ones are napping, for many, silence and solitude is an essential part of keeping a quiet and content heart."
|It's Time to Wake Up!
- Posted 2/11/14
"Whether you are feeling asleep in life or knocked down by life's tribulations, there is hope for you."
|7 Foolish Things Moms Say
- Posted 5/9/14
"Uttering these seven foolish things not only leaves your children feeling powerless and confused, but it also gives them an excuse to justify disobedience and poor behavior."
|On free-range kids and letting go of labels
- Posted 3/11/15
More and more we are becoming label-obsessed and label-dependent, and while I'm certainly not here to take issue with the food industry (I'm just happy to have food on my table!), I've noticed that the label-happy mentality sticks itself to our homeschooling habits as well.
Classical, TJED, unschool, Charlotte Mason, Montessori, Waldorf, and there's more … all of these have excellent elements, and one of them may be the perfect fit for your family.
Or not.
Free Curriculum
|Free Curriculum on the Web
- Posted 9/9/10
List of available curriculum websites that offer free worksheets, lesson plans, etc.
|Free and low-cost help for home-schoolers
- Posted 9/4/12
Home-schooling parents have more free and low-cost resources than ever at their disposal, both online and in their communities. This guest post comes from Jody Mace at Living on the Cheap.
Homeschooling - General
|A Journey of Discovery - Posted 9/13/10
|Don't "Write Off Writing" Instruction
- Posted 10/25/11
Creative Ideas for Teaching Composition to Your Struggling Learner—Part I
|Making Education History: Beyond the Status Quo - Posted 5/16/12
|Eight Common Myths About Homeschooling in High School - Posted 5/16/12
|The Key to Education
- Posted 6/13/12
By Diana Waring
|A Guide to Navigating the Homeschool Community
- Posted 6/15/12
There is no one right kind of homeschooling family, and there is no single best way to homeschool.
|The Forster Family "Favorite Curriculum" List
- Posted 7/31/12
From the creator of Doorposts
|A beginner's guide to scheduling the homeschool
- Posted 9/12/12
Contributor Amida blogs at Journey into Unschooling
|A Brief History of Public Education in the United States
- Posted 10/23/12
by Mike and Carolyn Riggs "In early America private education was the rule of thumb, with parents providing most, if not all, of the instruction for their own children."
|Where Have the Children of Yesterday Gone?
- Posted 5/23/13
"The children of America who attend public schools are missing in action as their minds, hearts, and souls are being taken captive by an education system that does not have in mind the Master's plan, which can be found only in the Word of God."
|Play Your Way Through Learning
- Posted 5/23/13
"Most educators agree that a higher percentage of learning occurs when there is interaction. A great way to incorporate all three learning styles into your lesson plans is by using puzzles and games."
|Freedom From the Four Walls
- Posted 2/11/14
"…we enjoy the freedom to treat every place we go as a learning experience—even if it is not inside the traditional four walls."
|Homeschooled Kids Scare Me…in a Good Way
- Posted 2/11/14
"After just four weeks of teaching these kids Constitutional Law, my experiment's initial result has affirmed the wise choice my own family made many years ago to homeschool our own kids."
History/Geography/Social Studies
|Heroes of the Faith Day
- Posted 5/23/13
"It's an easy-to-plan, one-day event through which your kids will absorb more details about history, gain an understanding of the risk and price that many must pay for the freedom to simply worship, and learn about the many great people of the faith who went before them."
|Piggy Bank Principles
- Posted 2/11/14
"It makes me laugh, thinking of how people's perceptions of money change as they get older."


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Part-time pet care provider from Princeton, NJ with 10 years of experience and a background check available upon request
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Joy of Music en
The Joy of Music is Leonard Bernstein's first book, originally published in 1959 by Simon and Schuster. A highly acclaimed, bestselling work, it is still in print today. In the book, Bernstein completely abandons the traditional academic style of books on classical music. Some of the chapters are cast in the style of conversations about music between Bernstein and several imaginary people. Other chapters of the book are made up of complete transcribed scripts of Bernstein's television music lectures of the 1950s, taken from the TV show Omnibus. They include his famous dissection of the first movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. But the published scripts rely heavily on printed musical illustrations, so readers unable to read music were once unable to appreciate them fully. However, all of Bernstein's Omnibus lectures have recently been released on DVD, so now readers of The Joy of Music are now able to hear the musical examples they may have been unable to read. The program on jazz was also recorded on an LP and has been released on CD. [ - ]
Freebase Commons Metaweb System Types /type
- #9202a8c04000641f800000000584b81a
- Joy of Music
- Monday, October 12, 2009 5:01 AM
- -
- /m/02s9g0v
- The Joy of Music
- The Joy of Music
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- -
- Sunday, December 14, 2014 4:06 PM


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Information Today INC
ITI is the publisher of Information Today, as well as other periodicals, books, directories, and online products; and is the organizer of Computers in Libraries, Streaming Media, and other exhibitions for the library, information management communities.
Fleetwood Group, Inc.
Manufacturing 21st Century Library and Classroom Furniture since 1955 - in the USA! We design and manufacture high quality, lifetime warranted library and classroom furniture in Holland, Michigan. 100% employee owned following Biblical principles.


text:
GeniSoy Products, Soy Crisps, Zesty Barbeque, 3.85 oz (109 g)
By GeniSoy Products
Loyalty Program
- You earn loyalty credit for every order you place at iHerb!
- Loyalty credit is equal to 10% of the value of your order, excluding shipping charges.
- Your loyalty credit will be applied towards your next order as soon as your current order has shipped.
- Your loyalty credits are valid for up to 60 days from the date of your last purchase.
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Shipping Weight:?1.26 lbs (0.57 kg)
Shipping Weight
The Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: GEP-04300
- UPC Code: 635992043003
- Package Quantity: 3.85 oz (109 g)
- Dimensions: 9.8 x 5.2 x 2.5 in, 0.25 lbs (0.11 kg)
Product Overview
- Smart Snacking
- 5 g Total Protein Per Serving
- 110 Calories Per Serving
- 0 mg Cholesterol Per Serving
- Smart Snacking with Genisoy!
- Naturally Flavored
- New & Improved Satisfaction Guaranteed
- All Natural!
- 5 Grams of Protein Per Serving as Part of Your Weight Management Plan
- Healthy Soy Protein Everyday!
A Nutritious Way to Satisfy Hunger
Our unique blend of soy and rice creates a light, crispy, nutritious snack.
Genisoy Zesty Barbeque Soy Crisps deliver 5 grams of total protein and features:
- 65% less fat than regular chips**
- 110 calories per serving
Expect More From Your Chips.
Genisoy makes it easy to snack healthy with our family of delicious, convenient products available at fine stores.
|Fat per Serving
|Protein per Serving
|National Leading Brand of Chips
|10 g
|2 g
|Genisoy BBQ Soy Crisps
|3.5 g
|5 g
Other Ingredients
Soy crisp (rice pieces, soy flour, rice flour, salt), barbeque seasoning (evaporated cane juice, tomato powder, sea salt, onion powder, maltodextrin, citric acid, garlic powder, chili pepper, paprika extract (color), caramel color, vinegar, natural smoke flavor, safflower oil), mid-oleic sunflower oil.
Contains soy.
Manufactured in a facility that processes milk and wheat.
Genisoy products are made from soybeans that were not genetically engineered.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 17 Crisps (28 g)
|Servings Per Container: About 3.5
|Amount Per Serving
|%Daily Value*
|Calories from Fat
|Total Fat
|3.5 g
|Saturated Fat
|0 g
|Trans Fat
|0 g
|0 mg
|140 mg
|Total Carbohydrate
|15 g
|Dietary Fiber
|2 g
|3 g
|5 g
|Vitamin A
|Vitamin C
|*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs:
|Total Fat
|Less than
|65 g
|80 g
|Saturated Fat
|Less than
|20 g
|25 g
|Less than
|300 mg
|300 mg
|Less than
|2,400 mg
|2,400 mg
|3,500 mg
|3,500 mg
|Total Carbohydrate
|300 g
|375 g
|Dietary Fiber
|25 g
|30 g
|Calories per gram:
Fat 9 · Carbohydrate 4 · Protein 4
iHerb Customer Reviews
I love my potato chips, but since they're not the healthiest snack, I'm always looking for substitutes and I'm pretty happy with the Genisoy Products. They're crunchy and I appreciate the fact that they have 5 g of protein and it's 65% less fat that regular chips. The one tiny issue I had is that with the flavor being a Zesty Barbecue, I wish the barbecue flavor was stronger.
The chips are crispy and nice but the barbeque flavour is not so good.
Great Potato Chip Replacement
Posted by abbyiherb on May 14, 2012
I love my potato chips, but since they're not the healthiest snack, I'm always looking for substitutes and I'm pretty happy with the Genisoy Products. They're crunchy and I appreciate the fact that they have 5 g of protein and it's 65% less fat that regular chips. The one tiny issue I had is that with the flavor being a Zesty Barbecue, I wish the barbecue flavor was stronger.
Was this review helpful to you?
1 person found the following review helpful
Flavour not good
Posted by 4654333807781323874 on Feb 10, 2014
The chips are crispy and nice but the barbeque flavour is not so good.
Was this review helpful to you?


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- Homepage >
- News Archives >
- Article
Hohenfels Community lines up to give the gift of life
April 26, 2012
By Mark Iacampo
HOHENFELS, Germany -- The Hohenfels Military Community rallied behind the Health Clinic's recent blood drive to set the record for the largest blood drive the Armed Services Blood Bank Center-Europe has seen in Germany in five years.
"I am proud of the overwhelming support that our community gave to our Blood and Bone Marrow drives ," said U.S. Army Garrison Hohenfels Command Sgt. Maj. Kenneth McKoy. "I knew this was going to be a successful event but I did not realize to what magnitude until I saw over 100 Soldiers, civilians and family members standing in line waiting about 20 minutes before the event started."
Sgt. David Wheeler, HHC laboratory technician , said he'd been trying to get a blood drive organized since May of last year, but the Landsthul Blood Bank Center was reluctant to travel to Hohenfels.
"The last blood drive conducted at Hohenfels back in 2010 collected 38 units of blood total from the entire installation," Wheeler said. "Now to take a team from Landsthul and send them here TDY cost more money than it would cost to buy those 38 units outright from the American Red Cross."
Wheeler had to convince the Blood Bank that he could deliver their quota of units, so he began advertising and instituted a preregistration sign-up, but it wasn't until a chance meeting at the lab with 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment's Command Sgt. Maj. Thilo E. Hendricks that things really got rolling.
"(Wheeler) told me (Landsthul ) was kind of hesitant, so I said, you tell them to get up here, whatever they're quota is, they'll have it," said Hendricks. "I'll have the whole battalion up there."
With support of Battalion Commander Lt. Col. Mitchell O. Watkins, Hendricks made the blood drive the main effort of the day, and by 10 a.m., April 4, the entire 1-4th Inf. Regt. had lined up outside the Community Activity Center. Halfway through the first day of the two-day drive, almost 100 units had been collected. Volunteer response was so overwhelming, that some donors were asked to return at a later time to spare them a 1.5-hour wait.
"When you got senior leadership like that making time for Sol diers to come down here, people are really enthusiastic about it and really encouraged to donate and save lives," said Wheeler.
"There's no word that can really express how it makes me feel that these Soldiers are taking this mission and making it the main effort," said Hendricks. "They're really excited about giving back to the community and giving back to their brothers and sisters in arms."
"I'm giving blood to save a life that could someday save mine," said Spc. David Webb III, 1-4th Inf. Regt.
The two- day blood drive amassed 220 units of blood, as well as 140 bone marrow samples.
"Of additional significance is the fact that Europe's monthly goal is 300 units of blood and our numbers, even on the first day, exceeded half of Europe's monthly objective," said Lt. Col. John J. Strange Jr., USAG Hohenfels commander.
McKoy said this was a great community filled with people who have always supported Army programs and the JMRC mission.
"Often we are dubbed as "the great little place," but given the success of this event I would say that we are small but mighty," he added.
Hendricks said he plans on 1-4th Inf. Regt. supporting the blood drive on an annual basis.
"Soldiering is not just about combat," he said. "It's about the basic Army value ... the support of the community which makes us the whole Soldier concept. This blood is going to save somebody's life."


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Watch a behind the scenes video with Taylor Bruce.
On a bright Big Bend afternoon in far-west Texas, I steer myself along a high-desert, two-lane highway, tufts of dried-up tumbleweed thistle packed like snow against barbed-wire fences. The sky above opens up its cobalt tent; the space beneath stretches as far as an ocean. U.S. 90 leads me through the Davis Mountains and ocotillo-and-cactus flats to Marfa, Alpine, and Marathon, a string of three Big Bend towns just 60 miles apart. Here they live as siblings in a remote, starkly beautiful landscape as mysterious to me as Mars.
"Driving from Dallas, we often joke," says Marfa wood artist Camp Bosworth, " 'Who would put a town out here? And who would live in it?' And we realize, well, us."


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Sunday, March 17, 2013
So it has been a week since I posted to the blog . I wish i could say it was because I was super busy but the fact is I have been having one hell of funk party. Wondering as the days go on if I have what it really takes to continue on this path to the extreme weight loss I have so richly wanted to achieve. I havent stopped nor have i fallen . I have battled with my inner self .
All i know is that i dont hurt as bad physically so i just keep doing it . Maybe winter caught up with me . I have friends and family tell me all the time that i look good , that i am doing the great thing , everyone says I am a motivator and inspiration but I have been so exhausted and got to wondering are they just being kind .. I have been trying to loose the same 13 pounds for the last 4 months and it is still there off and on .. up and down . The roller coaster continues but as long I am getting somewhere that should be all that matters right ? well i know it but sometimes the demons come calling anyway .
So yesterday I was at the gym and this lady trainer that works there made me speechless ... She said without even having a conversation just out of the blue to me " you look amazing , Your dedication shows so much on you keep up the good work " ... So I was speechless a perfect stranger that doesnt love me at all said the most amazing thing that left me speechless. No one has ever said to me "you look amazing " So maybe chasing that 13 pounds has done some good after all . My advice here is if you see someone that you know puts forth that effort and doesnt ask anything of you mayve just take aminute and tell them they are doing good because they might just need to know it no matter how strong they are .
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Member Comments About This Blog Post:
Wow that's awesome! And really encouraging. I'm having a bit of a battle with the same 4-5 lbs at the moment (put them on, take them off, then they're back on again, argh!) but as long as we keep going that's the main thing!
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Well said sweet Miss Tink ...
... I know we can, one step at a time!
Spark on sweetie! ~ Cookie
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Now that is when you know you are doing good - she sees what you are doing and sees the changes in you that is the BEST NSV Darlene you are doing great
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Keeping on the healthy path is what matters. Even when we don't see results on the scale, it's important to keep acting the part. To me, that is what is important. Kudos to you for continuing to PUSH!
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We all have times that we feel we are fighting a never ending battle, I was so exhausted last week and didn't do much but I also didn't give up. You have been doing an amazing job, with all the trouble you had with your foot and you still kept going !! You are such an inspiration to me. Keep up the great work and you will reach any goal that you set for yourself.
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You are Amazing! Thanks for sharing your story. I've read the blog twice already because it's inspiring me to keep pushing on.
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I can get caught up on the weight. The number. The feeling like we are "stuck". But we are not. The scale may be... but we continue on. Our bodies continue to change. Consistency is such a wonderful thing. Because if I STOP.... !!!! Do you know what happens when you coast? You can only coast down hill. So even maintaining takes work! We are keeping our engines reved for the next change whether that be a NSV or a change in the scale. You ARE amazing and it WILL happen. For me it meant trying something new and that new thing was joining a BL challenge so I would start trying things outside my comfort zone. This week I plan to try something else new... don't know what yet... but I am open to the opportunity. That in itself is a NSV. I am constantly changing and I cannot let the scale tell me that is not true.
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Good for you! I don't know how many times I have felt discouraged, but the important thing is to keep on keeping on. You should put that quote on a sticky note and post it all over your house so that the impact remains on your psyche. Congrats!
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We all get discouraged and lots of times it's just because results are so SLOW and weight loss is not an exact science. You don't do A and get B. You do A and more A and sometimes you get B but sometimes you get NADA. Or worse. It's definitely an uphill battle and not for the weak. So, there's that. You keep going. We keep going. We get pissed, we backslide, we remember what we wanted so we keep going. And slowly, we get there. We do. Look where you are now compared to when you started. And other people are noticing!! That is wonderful. Congrats.
(Your background picture is such torture! I love those dam things.)
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Yes, we should rely on our own tracker for approval but it never hurts getting the occasional external validation. Just can't let it get to our heads.
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That is fantastic! I cant wait to get to that point! Good job! Keep it up!
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Amazing!!!!! See, the whole time you were focusing on pounds, your body and trainer were focusing on toning and health..
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text:
The history of the Voynich MS is described in three parts, in three pages:
This page addresses the third part, the history of the manuscript research and analysis.
When Wilfrid Voynich first saw the manuscript, he quickly considered the 13th Century Franciscan friar Roger Bacon as its possible author, quite probably based on the reference to Bacon in the letter from Marci he found inside it. Some years later he embarked on a study of the MS's history, in the hope of being able to prove this. While that would make the Voynich MS an incredibly important and valuable document in the history of science, a fact to which an antiquarian book dealer would not have been insensitive, it is apparent from the way in which he performed his search that he seems to have genuinely believed that Bacon was the author of this MS (1).
We need, however, first to go back in time, as we now know that already centuries ago people have attempted to solve the puzzle presented by the Voynich MS, primarily that of its illegible text.
The first evidence of attempts to decipher the text of the Voynich MS is visible on its first folio (f1r). In the right-hand margin there is an apparently erased cipher table, which is only partly visible even under UV illumination. It has one column with the characters of the Latin alphabet, a second column with the characters of the Voynich MS aligned with the Latin alphabet, and a third column, slightly more displaced, with again the Latin alphabet, but shifted up by one position. The first attractive idea could be that this is the key to the MS, left here for us by its author, but as we know from character entropy analysis (2), the Voynich MS text cannot be the result of a simple substitution. Therefore, this table is most likely to be a decipherer's attempt, although Dr. Gerhard Strasser proposes an interesting alternative, by which these are notes made by a later owner, who is creating his own code from the cipher alphabet of the Voynich MS (3).
It is not certain when this cipher table was written, or by whom. Like the Tepenec Ex Libris on the same page it is faded, and if both were erased (possibly at the same time), then perhaps it predates Kircher as an erasure of the name is more likely to have been done before the MS was sent to Kircher. Both Barschius and Marci would be prime suspects here.
Georgius Barschius (or Baresch) wrote one letter to Kircher that has been preserved, and in this he also refers to an earlier submission to Kircher of some samples of the writing of the MS. Both from this letter of 1639, and from the 1665 Marci letter accompanying the Voynich MS (4), it is clear that Barschius must have spent many years trying to read the Voynich MS text. We know from Barschius' letter that he thought that the MS described medicinal wisdom from the Orient, brought to Europe by a traveller. This immediately evokes two associations.
The first is that of Leonhard Rauwolf, famous for his travels to the Orient, during which he collected herbs and plants which he dried and pasted into his herbals. As described in the history page, Rauwolf's herbals were brought to emperor Rudolf II and sold to him.
The second, even more interesting association is with the preface to the German Herbarius or 'Herbarius zu Teutsch', sometimes also called the German Ortus Sanitatis (5). It appears from the preface of this herbal that its originator was a rich man, who had travelled in the east, and that the medical part of the MS was compiled under his direction by a physician. The latter was probably Dr Johann von Cube, who was town physician of Frankfort at the end of the fifteenth century. Since Barschius also writes in his letter that 'the volume contains pictures of exotic plants which have escaped observation here in Germany' it seems plausible that Barschius owned, or at least used, a copy of this German herbal.
Barschius was an alchemist, interested in its application to medicine (6). We can only guess what Barschius really knew about the origin of the MS. Tantalisingly, Marci writes in his 1665 letter to Kircher that he not only sends him the Voynich MS, but also Barschius' extensive notes of his work. These notes have not surfaced so far. It is rather likely that they have been lost, but if they still survive, they could quite possibly include valuable information. If Kircher received and kept them, their fate is closely related to the various moves and confiscations of Jesuit libraries and archives described here (7).
We know from Marci's letter that Rafael Mniovský discussed the possible origin of the Voynich MS with Marci. This must have taken place before 1644, the year Mniovský died. From Philip Neal's translation of the Marci letter it appears that this should have been between 1626 and 1636. In any case, at the time Mniovský discussed the MS with Marci, Barschius was still alive (8), so still the owner of the MS. Mniovský states the opinion that the Voynich MS is a Roger Bacon MS. Was this also the opinion at Rudolf's court? We don't know, but it is certain (9) that Roger Bacon was held in the highest esteem at this time, and considered one of the greatest alchemists. Mniovský was, according to his own words, deeply interested in alchemy, and he certainly was a great supporter of the Polish alchemist Sendivogius (10).
We have no information about any research by Marci on the Voynich MS. We just know that he held on to the MS between the time of Barschius' death and his own serious decline in health, when he ultimately sent it to Kircher. From the letters of Godefrid A. Kinner (11). we know that Marci was extremely eager to find out what Kircher thought of the MS. He must have been aware of the two different theories of Barschius and Mniovský, and writes in his letter to Kircher that he does not want to express an opinion about it.
Kircher's complete silence about the Voynich MS has puzzled many. In recent years, the Czech historian Josef Smolka discovered Kircher's reply to Barschius' first (now lost) submission of sample writing of the MS (12). In a letter from Kircher to Theodor Moretus, dated 12 March 1639 and now preserved in Moretus' scientific diary kept in the National Library in Prague (13), Kircher responds to a letter from Moretus and writes about unknown symbols from a book surrounded by mystery which Moretus sent to him in his letter. Kircher reports that he was not successful in translating it, but is still hoping for success later on. Furthermore (but this may refer to another item or another page sent by Moretus - the Latin is somewhat ambiguous) he recognises a similarity with certain Illyrian characters in the style of Hieronymus, i.e. the Glagolitic script. We know from Barschius' surviving letter that he had his first submission sent by Moretus, and now we see that Kircher responded to Moretus directly, some six weeks before Barschius sent his 1639 letter. The wording of this letter suggests impatience, perhaps even exasperation from the side of Barschius, but it appears as if no further correspondence took place on this topic.
After Voynich acquired the MS, he contacted many experts. Kahn (14) names in this respect: paleographer H. Omont of the Paris Bibliothèque Nationale (who had written a learned article about a 15th-C cryptographic MS on alchemy), Prof. A.G. Little, a foremost authority on Bacon, a Harvard authority of anatomy, George Fabyan of the Riverbank Laboratories, the vice president of the Royal Astronomical Society in London, and Dom Aidan, Cardinal Gasquet, prefect of the Vatican Archives.
When the manuscript was first shown to expert cryptologists, they thought that solving it would be easy as the text was composed of "words", some of which were more frequent and occurred in certain combinations. This soon turned out to be a mistake; the text could not easily be converted into Latin, English, German or a host of other languages.
Parts of Voynich's own research can be reconstructed from his notes in the Beinecke library, and his 1921 publication (15). Remarkably, for at least 6 years after the discovery, he did not pay much attention to the MS history, and only paid passing attention to the Marci letter. From a 1917 letter to cryptologist Edith Rickert, and some 1918 newspaper reports, it appears that by this time the Prague history of the Voynich MS was still completely unknown territory. Until 1918, Voynich believed that the Rudolf mentioned in the Marci letter was Rudolf I (1218-1291), contemporary of R.Bacon, and also that beside Kircher, only kings had owned the MS. He did not yet realise who was Marci, and had apparently not yet seen the Ex Libris of Tepenec. By 1919, though, he had clearly realised that the Rudolf in the Marci letter was Rudolf II, and he had started his search for the unknown seller of the MS to him (16). A handwritten note of Voynich in the Beinecke library contains a list of names he considered, and we can be certain that he extracted these names from Bolton (1904) (17). His conclusion was that a Roger Bacon MS was most likely brought to Prague by John Dee (18).
Then, apparently in preparation for his 1921 publication, he concentrated on tracing the history of the MS by investigating the people associated with it. To research the Prague part of the history, he wrote to the Bohemian state archives early in 1921, inquiring primarily about Jacobus de Tepenec and Dr. Raphael. In parallel he had his London employee Herbert Garland research Tepenec. This correspondence has largely been preserved. Garland seems to have spent most of his time in the library of the British Museum and was very effective, and Voynich sent him ever increasing requests for other names (19). From these letters we see that Voynich based all his knowledge about the court of Rudolf on the above-mentioned source (20). By the time Voynich received a very long and detailed answer from Prague, from Dr. Ladislav Klicman in March 1921, Garland had already provided him with many of the essentials (21), and Miss Howe, of the same London office of Voynich, had found the indication of the previous owner: Barschius, in the book 'Philosophia Vetus Restituta' of Marci. In his thank-you letter to Dr. Klicman, Voynich further inquires about Barschius, but there does not appear to be any answer (22). From correspondence between Voynich and James Westfall Thompson, historian of the University of Chicago, which took place after his 1921 presentation, it appears that Voynich was intent on re-writing the biography of Dee, or at least his early years. Thompson managed to find out quite a bit about the origin of many Bacon MSs that Dee once owned, including hints of an encrypted MS, but this was only a few years before Voynich's death, and it is not clear what happened with this information.
Voynich also found out from a catalogue of Kircher's museum: De Sepi (1678) (23) that there once was a 12-volume binding of Kircher's correspondence, and immediately realised (correctly as we have seen) that this must be a valuable source for additional information about his MS (24). He decided to find out about this collection with Henri Hyvernat (about whom more below), who was in Rome at the time. For an as yet unknown reason, Voynich did not write to Hyvernat directly, but asked his trusted friend W.W. Bishop to do that for him. Hyvernat then inquired in Rome about Kircher's correspondence, and his request reached the foremost expert, Fr. P. Tacchi Venturi (official historian of the Jesuits). His answer was that he himself had already searched for it in all the principal libraries in Rome, didn't know anything, and was not even aware of the fact that this was a 12-volume collection. He suggested that it was probably lost sometime between 1773 and 1824. In reality, the collection of some 2000 MSs including this correspondence had been moved to the German college in 1919, so his response indicates that the collection was still kept under lock and seal by this time, and he was not at liberty to talk about it.
In 1919, some of the reproductions of the Voynich MS reached one William Romaine Newbold, a professor of philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. He set to work and decided that the Voynich MS is based on a very complicated cipher, involving anagrams of sections of 55 to 110 characters. He presented plain text solutions of various pages of the MS, indicating that it was written by Roger Bacon, and that Bacon had invented and used both a telescope and a microscope. He presented these results in April 1921, accompanied by Wilfrid Voynich's own presentation of the history of the MS (as mentioned above) and a presentation about the validity of Newbold's claims by an eminent professor of medicine: C.E. McClung.
In 1926 Newbold died, and the book that he had planned to write was published posthumously by his friend Roland Grubb Kent, in 1928 (25). His results were supported by such famous people as Étienne Gilson and Raoul Carton.
Among others, Newbold identified one page of the MS as a depiction of the great Andromeda nebula. The illustration shows a clear spiral structure and the deciphered text includes words referring to a spiral in the sky. The problem is that the spiral structure of this nebula can only be distinguished by modern telescopes (and this was achieved first not long before Newbold's days).
In 1931 John Manly wrote a critical paper (26) about Newbold's theory, exposing its important weaknesses. Newbold did not use the letters of the Voynich MS itself, but the irregularities of the edges of the letters as seen under a magnifying glass, which he converted to letters. The unreliability of a solution based on anagrams was however the most important objection. Newbold and all those who followed his belief were to some extent disgraced and this may have had the effect of scaring off serious research of the Voynich MS.
Manly also left a statement that the solution of the Voynich MS is a relatively simple substitution cipher with extensive use of nulls. It has not been understood what he meant.
In 1931, Mrs Voynich (E.L.V in the following), owner of the MS after the death of her husband, brought a photostatic copy of the MS to Prof. H. Hyvernat of the Catholic University. Hyvernat was a well-known expert on near-Eastern languages. In 1910 he had discovered a major collection of Coptic Manuscripts, and he had since been engaged in a major effort to ensure that the collection could stay together, rather than be scattered in different libraries all over the world. The Pierpont Morgan Library in New York was found willing to purchase the entire collection.
Returning to the Voynich MS, both Hyvernat and his assistant, Fr. Theodore Petersen, were immediately attracted to the problem presented by the MS. Prof. Hyvernat was too busy (and he also suffered from serious health problems) to spend much time on it. Fr. Petersen was not.
Fr. Petersen started by making a complete photocopy of the photostats. He then embarked on the project of making a hand copy of the Voynich MS, using also the original MS kept in a safe deposit vault in New York, in the case of difficult passages. He completed it in 1944. Each page of this transcription includes comments about what it might represent. He also indicates odd character sequences and highlights frequent words. He includes many tentative plant identifications in the herbal section, using especially material by Holm and O'Neill (see below). These are presented in a dedicated page. He has also made a complete concordance of the words in the MS, but I have not seen this.
He worked on the Voynich MS until his death, and a very extensive correspondence between him, Miss Nill and E.L.V. on all possible related subjects has been preserved in the Beinecke Library archives. He became their most trusted expert, and new interested people, once they also acquired the confidence of E.L.V. and Anne Nill (e.g. Dr. Salomon, W. Friedman) were invariably referred to him. After his death, his material was given to Friedman (see below) and an inventory was made by Tiltman (see below). The material is now kept in the >> George C. Marshall Library and Archives, Lexington (Va).
A Danish botanist and zoologist (not Dutch as reported by D'Imperio (1978) (27), Section 3.3.1) who worked at the Catholic University and identified 16 plant species, all typically European. Quoted frequently in the hand transcription of Petersen.
O'Neill was a Benedictine monk and botanist at the Catholic University who identified some plants as being New-World species, specifically Sunflower and Capsicum, see O'Neill (1944) (28). He is also quoted frequently in the hand transcription of Petersen.
The famous Renaissance Art (in particular Albrecht Dürer) expert Panofsky (1892 - 1968) first became interested in the Voynich MS in 1931. This is recorded in correspondence of Anne Nill preserved both in the Beinecke Library and in the Grolier Club (29).
In spring 1931 he came to New York and Miss Belle Greene of the Morgan Library showed him a photostat of one of the zodiac pages of the Roger Bacon cipher MS. He at once recognised it as bearing a close resemblance to one page in a MS made in Spain for Alfonso the Wise, and asked to see the other pages. Miss Greene then contacted Mrs Voynich, who came to meet him at the Morgan Library where she showed him the photostats. (According to Nill these were negatives and in poor condition, having greatly faded in some parts). After satisfying himself that no other page resembled either the Spanish MS or any other MS known to him, he became intensely interested and seemed to think that the MS was early, perhaps as early as the 13th century. He asked to see the original, and met with E.L.V. and Anne Nill at the safe deposit vault on a Friday, where he spent two hours examining the MS. His first impression was still that it was early, but as he came to the female figures (in conjunction with the colours used in the manuscript) he came to the conclusion that it could not be earlier than the 15th century. Following summarises his first impression after the two hours of investigation (30):
He regarded it, in any case, as interesting and important. He went back to Hamburg, taking with him a complete set of photostats, and promising to ask some of his colleagues there to try if they can solve the problem.
Many years later, Panofsky appears to have changed his mind on some of the aspects. He was requested to answer a list of 15 questions. Following is a summary of the questions and answers (31).
In conclusion, Panofsky first thought the MS to be Spanish, with Arabic influences, and later changed his opinion that it could be German, mainly influenced by his friend and mentor Richard Salomon (for whom see below). He believed the origin to be in the 15th Century, but allowed a later date in consideration of the work of O'Neill.
Salomon (1884 - 1966) was one of the people involved in the founding of the Warburg Institute, and knew the younger Panofsky through this connection. They became close friends (34). Salomon met Anne Nill by chance as he was visiting the Library of Congress in Washington in 1936, where Anne Nill was working with W.J. Wilson (35). It turned out that Salomon was the expert who received the photostats from Panofsky as mentioned above, because, as Salomon told Anne Nill, when Panofsky returned to Hamburg he laid the copies on Dr. Salomons desk, and said: Here is something for you. Salomon had been working with these very regularly. A long correspondence between Anne Nill and Salomon resulted from this chance encounter.
Salomon believed that the MS may be German. He was convinced that it was written in the 15th century, possibly as late as 1450, possibly earlier in the century. In particular, he suggested the following reading of some phrases in the Voynich MS (which are in the Latin alphabet):
der Musdel
on f66r and
so nimm geiss milch
on f116v.
Singer was a well-known herbal expert. He compared the nymphs in the biological section of the Voynich MS to elements (archaei) in the work of Paracelsus, and generally believed it to be a paracelsan work, for which see D'Imperio (1978) (see note 27), section 3.3.5. As reported in the previous page, he initially upset Anne Nill and E.L.V. with statements that he had seen the Voynich MS in the hands of another book dealer at the time when Voynich had discovered it, and retracted his statements, only to repeat his original opinion about the MS in a letter to Tiltman in 1957.
As long as Voynich was still alive, there was no alternative for his theory that this was a Roger Bacon autograph, and his conviction carried forward for some time after his death. As already indicated above, doubts gradually emerged, and Manly's critique had already invalidated Newbold's proposed solution. In the 1937 issue of De Ricci's Census (see note 35) the MS is listed as:
8. Cipher ms. Vel. (date uncertain, authorities hesitate between the XIIIth and XVth c.; we suppose it to be not much older than 1500), ...
Here, 'we' are the administrators of Voynich's estate, i.e. E.L. Voynich and Anne Nill. By this time, their official view no longer favoured R. Bacon as the author.
(See also D'Imperio Section 5.2).
In 1943, a Rochester (N.Y.) lawyer, Joseph Martin Feely, published a book (36) in which he announced his solution of the Voynich MS. His solution essentially proposes that the Voynich MS text results from a single substitution of highly abbreviated Latin. He does not say so specifically, but hints that the writer of the Voynich MS is indeed Roger Bacon. It is worth noting that Feely never obtained access to copies of the MS and had to work from illustrations in Kent & Newbold.
To quote D'Imperio:
Unfortunately for Feely, however, no other student has accepted his solution as valid
And she also quotes Tiltman (1967) (37) (p.6):
His unmethodical method produced text in unacceptable medieval Latin, in unauthentic abbreviated forms.
Some examples of his results are also given in D'Imperio (Fig 25).
Prof. Leonell C. Strong was a medical scientist from Yale University, renowned for his work on cancer, and he became attracted to the Voynich MS by O'Neill's publication. Working from illustrations in Newbold's book of a few pages, he devised a complicated polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which he saw the solution of the MS. The details of his system were not disclosed and can only be partly reconstructed. He concluded that the MS was written by Anthony Askham, the lesser known brother of Roger Askham. Some of his plaintext, which has been heavily criticised as being unrealistic, is given here:
When skuge of tun'e -bag rip, seo uogon kum sli of se mosure-issued ped-stans skubent, stokked kimbo-elbow crawknot.
Some problems with this solution are:
The name of the proposed author (Askham) is read from the deciphered plain text so also this must be taken with some caution.
The Friedman couple with a photographic copy of the Voynich MS.
The involvement of especially William Friedman with the Voynich MS has been the subject of dedicated publications, most recently by J. Reeds. This short summary cannot do justice to Friedman's work. (See also D'Imperio Section 6.5).
William F. Friedman (1891-1969) is remembered as one of the world's foremost cryptologists. He already became involved with the Voynich MS when, together with Manly, he demonstrated the invalidity of Newbold's theory. Apart from the fact that he spent some time on the MS himself, he also tried very hard to interest other scholars in it. In 1944 he brought together what later became known as the First Study Group (FSG). During his work with them, he developed the theory that the Voynich MS represented a text in a synthetic language (constructed according to strict logical principles).
(See also D'Imperio Section 6.2). The First Study Group (FSG) was active from 1944 to 1946 and consisted of (at least) the following people: (<Reeds)
Robert A. Caldwell
G. E. McCracken
Thomas A. Miller
Frances Puckett, later Frances Wilbur
Mark Rhoads
William M. Seaman
This group, composed of specialists in a wide variety of fields, was doing war work in Washington and awaiting demobilisation. They agreed to get together after working hours and study the Voynich MS under Friedman's leadership. Plans were made for devising a transcription alphabet, and producing a complete transcription in computer-readable form. They transcribed most of the Voynich MS.
(See also D'Imperio Section 6.4). The so-called second study group was active from 1962-1963, though the term 'Second Study Group' appears not to have been used by them. Jim Reeds has researched also their work. An audio tape of the opening session of their collaboration has been preserved, and the introduction by Friedman has been played to the audience of the Voynich MS panel discussion in the Folger Library on 11 November 2014.
(See also D'Imperio Section 6.6). John Tiltman was a British intelligence specialist, working in association with William Friedman. The latter asked Tiltman for his opinion on the Voynich MS text, and sent him copies of the final quire of the MS (the so-called recipes section which does not have any illustrations apart from the marginal stars). Friedman and Tiltman independently came to the same conclusion, that the MS text appears like an early example of an artificial (constructed) language.
Tiltman published his findings in an interesting article (see note 37). He also wrote about the work done by Theodore Petersen, a reference which unfortunately I have not seen.
In the 1970's a revival of Voynich MS studies may be observed, with a variety of researchers approaching the problem from many different aspects.
(D'Imperio section 5.4). Brumbaugh, professor of medieval philosophy, became interested in the Voynich MS during the '30's, and was particularly fascinated by O'Neill's publication about the American plant species. He became a follower of the hypothesis that the MS was a deliberate fraud by Dee and/or Kelly in order to dupe emperor Rudolf II, but that there was an underlying text which he tried to decipher with a code which maps all roman characters (many-to-one) onto the numbers 0-9, and these were mapped (one-to-many) onto the Voynich MS alphabet.
Using this system, Brumbaugh published solutions of some plant labels and of many of the zodiac labels. (Include references here). D'Imperio is quite supportive of Brumbaugh's theories, but despite the multiple degrees of freedom in his cipher, the produced plaintext is anything other than convincing. (38).
Bennett, another Yale professor, used the Voynich MS in a book about problem solving with the computer (39). Rather than presenting a theory about the meaning of the Voynich MS, Bennett concentrated on the statistics of the text and finding measures of its properties. He was probably the first to note the low entropy of the Voynich MS text, which is discussed extensively in the analysis section of this web site. The only language he found with an entropy similar to the Voynich MS was Hawaiian, without suggesting a connection, though. He also mentioned the similarity of some characters to the Glagolitic script, a view expressed already in the 17th Century by Athanasius Kircher (see above).
While still a student, Krischer wrote a paper also investigating the text properties of the Voynich MS. This paper is extremely difficult to find, and we only have D'Imperio's summary analysis of it.
Mary D'Imperio was introduced to the problem of the Voynich MS by John Tiltman in 1975, and in the following years she wrote a monograph
(see note 27),
summarising all recorded work about the Voynich MS. For thirty years this has been the standard reference for the Voynich MS, and it is still the most quoted work about it.
She also wrote several papers about different features of the MS text (40).
See D'Imperio Section 6.8.
His important presentation in 1976 is available in digital form at this site (41).
Further information about his discovery of different hands and different "languages" in the Voynich MS is also discussed extensively elsewhere at this web site (see note 2).
Watson identified that the foliation of the Voynich MS is in the hand of John Dee. This is however contested by other Dee experts.
Stojko proposed in a book published in 1978 (43) that the Voynich MS is a copy of a series of letters written in Ukrainian. These letters were encrypted by removing all the vowels and writing the consonants in a secret alphabet. The main reasons why Stojko's solution is finding little acceptance are:
Levitov proposed a pronuciation for the characters of the Voynich MS which leads to a largely pronounceable text, which he claims is in a creole mainly based on Flemish. His translation of this text deals with a Cathar cult of Isis followers, and rites related to Euthanasia. He published his results in a monograph (44). The linguistic aspect has been contested by Jacques Guy (45). and the differences with the known practices of the Cathars in S.France have been analysed by Dennis Stallings (46).
Proposed a solution based on a Nordic language.
From the earliest days of the internet, this medium has been used as place for discussions related to the Voynich MS and in 1991, after a flurry of electronic mails via a Usenet newsgroup, a dedicated mailing list was set up. For a decade or so, this was the most focussed, yet very informal, study of the Voynich MS, by a group of people from a wide variety of backgrounds. The first ftp site dedicated to the MS was created by Jim Gillogly. Since then, many new web resources dedicated to the Voynich MS have been set up, including wikis and blogs.
The main aims of this intial group (apart from the ultimate desire to explain the text of the Voynich MS) were to obtain access to a good copy of the MS and to continue / complete the transcription of the MS. With respect to the former, on 1 June 2004 the Beinecke library has made available a nearly complete high-quality digital colour scan of the MS.
Further transcriptions of missing pages in the Currier / D'Imperio files were made by the group, and Reeds discovered the almost complete transcriptions made by Friedman's study groups, in the George C. Marshall Library and Archives in Lexington, Virginia. These were entered in computer form by J.Reeds and J.Guy.
Individual students of the Voynich MS have performed a multitude of analyses of the MS. It presently appears too difficult to treat these properly at this site, and only the briefest and not up-to-date summary is presented at the analysis pages. It is possible to retrieve the archives of the early years of this mailing list in compressed form from the >> mailing list home page (go to bottom).
In 1995, the herbal expert in medieval herbals Sergio Toresella inspected the MS at the Beinecke library and wrote, in an article concerned with 'alchemical herbals' (47) that the Voynich MS appears to be written in a script fitting with the Italian humanist book movement, and should therefore be dated around 1460, and not much later. He also suggests that the purpose of the book was to impress the gullible clientele of a doctor or quack.
In the late 90's and early years of the 21st century the Brazilian mathematician Jorge Stolfi published several analyses of the statistical properties of the Voynich MS text, in particular explaining the word structure in detail. These are presented in more detail in the analysis pages.
A proposed solution to the Voynich MS, which attracted a lot of media attention, was developed by Gordon Rugg in 2003. Based on statistical analyses by Jorge Stolfi, Rugg proposed that the Voynich MS text could well have been generated more or less randomly by techniques which would have been available in the 16th Century, and points in particular to Edward Kelley as the perpetrator of the implied hoax (48).
The proposed method consists in the use of a Cardan grille and a set of sheets with word fragments or syllables. The major problems with this are that:
There is, however, an important aspect which lies at the basis of Gordon Rugg's theory. This relates to the question why the solution to the Voynich MS has not yet been found. Rugg's answer to that question is that all analysts are making a number of assumptions, and these assumptions are prohibiting them from finding the answer. More specifically, essentially everyone assumes that the MS text is meaningful and can be deciphered. While Rugg's solution hasn't been accepted, this understanding of hidden or unstated assumptions is certainly very important.
The Voynich MS may very well have no meaningful content, either deliberately by the author, or because its meaning was lost in the process of its creation.
Nick Pelling presents his theory about the authorship of the Voynich MS in "The Curse of the Voynich" - Pelling (2006) (49). Based on details in the illustrations of the Voynich MS, in particular the rosettes folio, he believes that the MS originates from Milan, around or shortly after the middle of the 15th Century. As author he identifies the architect Antonio Averlino, based on details of his life.
Beside this theory, Nick presents many detailed and important observations about the MS itself, related to the writing and to the composition of the codex. He continues to explore both paths at his very extensive blog.
Important statistical analyses were performed by the Austrian mathematician Andreas Schinner, which were published in Cryptologia (50). The results strongly suggest that the text of the Voynich MS is probably meaningless. This work has received some media attention due to its relation with the work of Gordon Rugg, but due to its complicated nature it has not yet been properly understood or assessed in Voynich MS circles.
The retired PhD in chemistry Edith Sherwood has performed a number of analyses on the Voynich MS, which she presents at a well-designed web site. It includes (among others) her theory that the Voynich MS was written by a young Leonardo da Vinci, her identification of most of the herbal drawings in the MS, and a possible solution to the text.
A large number of people have set up web logs (better known as blogs) about their theories related to the Voynich MS, many of which are listed here. It seems impossible to summarise them here, but it should be said that some of them are quite extensive and quite active, though also in the smaller blogs, real nuggets of information may be found.
In 2012 the traditional (51) discovery of the Voynich MS in Villa Mondragone reached its 100th anniversary. This was celebrated with a conference in the same villa, on 11 May. It was attended by a multitude of active Voynich researchers and included a series of presentations on all relevant areas of research. A report of this event is provided at a separate set of pages.
More recent statistical analyses of the Voynich MS text have been published in various media. Deserving particular mention are the publications of Knight and Reddy, of Marcel Montemurro, and the less well-known but equally intriguing work done at the University of Adelaide. There are likely to be many more that I am not aware of. This topic is addressed in the text analysis section, which presently still requires a lot of work.
The year 2014 has seen a flood of newly proposed solutions, some of which received some attention in the press. Most prominent were the theory that the Voynich MS is associated with the Aztec culture in Meso-America, by Tucker and Talbot, and the tentative identification of about 10 herb names in the text, by UK linguist S. Bax (52).
On the occasion, in November 2014, of the Voynich MS being on exhibition in the Folger Shakespeare library in Washington, the Beinecke library initiated a new series of forensic and expert invistigations of the MS. These are still on-going and results have not been published in detail. Some new results are that the Voynich MS pages are made of calfskin while the cover is of goatskin. Multi-spectral imaging did not reveal any trace of erased earlier writing on the MS.


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Date: 1968 ca.
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|Mobile Index
|No. 1 Warning
'How Many Bridges' Hotel Listings
Also see: Locations Index
0 bridges to cross:
1 bridge to cross:
2 bridges to cross:
The following hotels are beyond our usual two-bridge maximum, but the bridges are low, and the streets are easy to navigate:
3 bridges to cross:
Also see:
Venice Hotel Maps:
(Our maps work best in horizontal view, with a fast phone and a high-speed Internet connection.)
|Mobile Index
|No. 1 Warning


text:
Just a week after proudly displaying his diploma from Domestic Violence class, Chris Brown has shown the world that five years of ongoing probation, six months of community service and 52 weeks of how-not-to-be-a-wifebeater classes have had absolutely no impact on his stupidity level. A little over a week after Tweeting, "I have enough self respect and decency to be proud of accomplishing this DV class. Boys run from their mistakes. Men learn from them," the singer went on a homophobic rant after a musician named Raz B Tweeted, "Im just sittin here Thinking how can niggas like [Eric Benet] and [Chris Brown] disrespect women as Intelligent as Halle Berry, Rihanna."
Regardless of boring grammatical issues, Chris Brown quickly proved himself to be the bigger douche, tweeting back, "Nigga you want attention! Grow up nigga!!! Dick in da booty ass lil boy."
I hope someone's going to make Dick in Da Booty Ass Lil Boy their rap name because if not, I'm snatching that one up for myself.
Brown went on to tweet several more homophobic insults, in one, eluding to Raz B's public disclosure that when he was part of teen sensation B2K, the band's manager (who was also his cousin) molested him over several years:
"Tell me this!! Why when the money was coming in you won't complaining about getting butplugged! When I need tips on how to demolish my career I'll call ya!!!!! (sic)"
Nice, right? But don't worry--Brown isn't a gay-hater. Nah, nothing of the sort. He later clarified, "I'm not homophobic! He's just disrespectful!!!"
Thanks for clearing that up, Chris. I'm sure some of your best friends are gay. Ahem.
His publicist or handler has since scrubbed his Twitter feed clean, but honey, the internet never forgets. And Lord knows I love me some Twitter, but both of you should note that feuds conducted via Tweets make you look like 12-year-olds. Did Biggie and Tupac duke it out in 140-character put-downs? I think not. Even Kid Rock and Tommy Lee broke it down with a slap fight.


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Wednesday, August 25, 2010
3 comments
Here we are again. A new day and it hasn't changed. I had a dental appointment in Waconia where my son lives. Stopped in to see how he was doing. Much better, just a little pressure behind the eyes. Got home, did a couple things and the went to... Read more
Monday, August 23, 2010
6 comments
Today I was without my usual child care for my g/daughter(s). So I decided to take it easy, rest my painful back and enjoy my feet up. Got a call about 12:30 that my son was not answering his phone and had a bad migraine and his wife (at schoo... Read more
Saturday, August 14, 2010
4 comments
I can honestly say we had a great day today. Started out raining (what's new) and settled in this afternoon. Out for dinner after an afternoon of cards & laughing. This evening a great campfire with stars appearing in the sky. Relaxed, telling s... Read more
Sunday, August 08, 2010
3 comments
As many of you know, I have hard a difficult past 2 weeks and I am still grieving although it is getting better. This has been proved today when I got on the scale and gasped!! I guess all the weight I lost over the past 2 weeks is back with ven... Read more
Saturday, July 31, 2010
3 comments
Today was a flat affect day. Didn't want to do anything and really didn't. Didn't exercise but walked my stairs a couple times. Needed my nails done so went to the salon. They couldn't fit me in so came home and finished my book. Made dinner bu... Read more
Friday, July 30, 2010
3 comments
I have not had a good week with all the emotions in play. Today was weigh in day for our challenge and I felt I would have dropped weight as I am not eating nor moving around like I should. Today, even though our loss has been one week ago today... Read more
Saturday, July 24, 2010
17 comments
Since the last blog, things have been very good. Enjoying life & staying busy. That is until yesterday. I had a Vet. appt for our little Angel for a recheck of an enlarged heart. Long story shortened she panicked when 2 other dogs came in so we ... Read more
Wednesday, July 07, 2010
8 comments
What a wonderful day. It started out with plenty of sun. I walked to the pool with my DH and we spent an hour water walking together. As we started back to our camper, in comes friends that will be sending the week with us. Later in the afternoo... Read more
Monday, July 05, 2010
1 comments
We are out camping (in our 2nd home) in Walker, MN. We just returned from watching a magnificent fireworks show that was about 45 minutes long. Had a wonderful day with nice weather (after several heavy downpours during the night). Another 2 ni... Read more
Wednesday, June 30, 2010
1 comments
Had an unusual day. Didn't get to sleep until after 2 AM and was awakened by the City working at our corner at 7 AM and a phone call at 8 AM. Decided there was no more sleep so got into the shower. Another phone call. Had a lite bfkt., another c... Read more
Friday, June 25, 2010
4 comments
Copy and Paste into your own blog, change the answers to suit you. It's really hard to only use one word answers.
Where is your cell phone?
Your hair?
Your mother?
Your f... Read more
Sunday, June 20, 2010
1 comments
Well, today was some day. I ate a small bkft. of oatmeal and a banana and had no lunch. Instead I had some shopping to d and it is a rare day that I actually have minimal pain so decided to keep going. Normally I do only 2 stores and have to qui... Read more
Friday, June 18, 2010
3 comments
Hi all. Destressing and getting ready to sleep. Just thought I would check in and do my 1st blog. We have had tornadoes all around us this evening and the Lord was good to us as the storms split as it came to us. So many tornadoes and injuries ... Read more


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- 100Promote
Art Print
rainbow cloudsby Christy Leigh
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
Beautiful ..love the colours and softness
very nice blending
Thank you Ally
Thank yu Texnotropio
Very nice!
wonderful feel
Downright delicious!
Beatiful colours and sensations!
really beautiful!!!
Thank you Omart
Thank you Beverly, Cathrine, Monnlight Studio and Tsuki appreciate all the compliments :)
Love this series Christy!!
Thank you Sharon :)
very cool Christy!
Thank you Garima
lovely colour!
Thank you Amy
Thank you Brianna
Stunning! Such fabulous colors :)
Thank you EbiEmporium :)
Love the colors in this one!
Thank you tscreative :)
great colors!
Thank you
beautiful Christy
Thank you....
looks great on the products!
Thanks Christine :)
Love it!
oooh! very nice work!
See More Comments


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Monday, January 25, 2016
6 comments
Six years on Spark People.
What I have learned:
Exercise is good for me
Eating right is good for me
A healthy life style is good for me
A supportive community is good for me
Have I always adhered to these things? NO. Do I s... Read more
Friday, January 01, 2016
5 comments
My team members may have noticed that I haven't been racking up the exercise minutes lately. Many of you know that I have had 3 back surgeries over the years and occasionally whined about recurring low back pain. My orthopedic surgeon felt tha... Read more
Monday, June 15, 2015
5 comments
I guess this is how! My beautiful great grandson and great granddaughter born on June 5!
William and Eve each weighed more than 6 pounds. Mom, Dad, babies, grandmas and grandpas, great grandmas and great grandpas and great great grandma are ... Read more
Sunday, January 25, 2015
8 comments
Five years! It doesn�t seem possible that I have been a Spark People member for that long.
Besides being 5 years older, there have been many changes in my life. I moved from South Dakota, where I had lived for forty years, back to Iowa.... Read more
Saturday, June 14, 2014
8 comments
Happy Father's Day, Pop! Love you always!
... Read more
Sunday, February 02, 2014
8 comments
Wednesday, January 22, 2014
12 comments
Thursday, January 02, 2014
12 comments
My Dad left us yesterday. He was 96 years old and the best person I have ever had the privilege of knowing. He always was truthful (even when it hurt), he had a wicked sense of humor and an innate intelligence. Was he perfect? Probably not, ... Read more
Thursday, May 09, 2013
6 comments
Friday, January 25, 2013
14 comments
Health-overall better
Fitness-overall better
New friends-amazing Spark Friend... Read more
Tuesday, November 20, 2012
11 comments
These are my granddaughters dressing up in some of the outfits in a large box of "dress up" clothes that my dil gave them many years ago for Christmas.
The little one... Read more
Monday, August 27, 2012
14 comments
Friday, August 03, 2012
8 comments
I tried to post a cute blog with pics of grandkids camping and me reading "Shades of..." , well you know.
Pics wouldn't upload, SP has slowed to a crawl, so I finally gave up, because I'm going camping.
Have a great weekend, Sparkies!... Read more
Sunday, July 15, 2012
5 comments
I found this link on another Spark member's blog. It shows a comparison of your/my bmi with others in your/my country, the world and one particular person in another country. Mine was compared to a woman in my age group in the United Arab Emir... Read more
Monday, July 09, 2012
7 comments
Daisy dog and I are seasoned campers! We have camped in sleet, snow, 70 mph winds, rain storms Read more


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Future of Judaism
Beyond Jewish Triumphalism
With all the changes, do you think there will come a time when we can say, yes this person is but no that person isn't Jewish? This person is a member of the tribe, that person is a friend of the tribe.
There are all kinds of ways in which you can cut that. If I begin genetically, it will be very clear that some people are not genetically Jewish and some people are. And many converts are going to be out if I use the genetic criterion. If I use the measure of self-identification, where someone says, I am a Jew because I identify as one, then there is another criterion for counting. The question is what criteria do I use -- why don't I want to count some people?
But I have a feeling that if you think of it sociologically, you'll find that there is a bell-shaped curve. The greater sample of people will be closer to the center where the curve is up, but there will be also be some people on the fringes. Jewish Renewal is moving closer to the center, away from the fringes. However, some of them are not moving toward the center. Some of them are being left behind, like the Karites and the Samaritans. Some of them will get lost.
I've noticed that certain movements may swing back and forth like a pendulum but they look for that middle area eventually.
That's correct, except that there are some movements that are moribund, that no longer have vitality. In the declining fringe areas you lose the vitality and in the upward fringe areas, you gain vitality. It moves forward, like a snail.
And something is left behind. So what about groups such as the secular humanists?
Ah, yes, the G-dless Jews.
This tried to be a movement, but seems clearly to be on the declining fringe. There are a lot of secular Jews but they don't identify with a movement.
They were very much interested in how to continue to be Jewish without having to have a god, an old man in the sky who's going to tell me "you mustn't masturbate," if I were to characterize that. So they have their shul and they celebrate the holidays, and Professor Reinus (one of the founders of the Jewish Secular Humanist movement) would be very happy with them. But we don't know what connects them to a Jewish identification. A lot of people can pass today as a non-Jew. Every Jew is a Jew by choice. So you can pass if you want to. And then the question is going to be whether the descendants will revert to faith in a generation or two, which often happens.
There's the story about a bris in Israel where the grandfather did not circumcise the father, but the father wanted to circumcise his son. And then the father also got himself circumcised as an adult. It's very hard to say. These are questions that I can't say much more about. Now, there's a possibility that for some Jews circumcision will not be a reality and I would regret that greatly. And it's happened already to a few families that I know of who chose not to circumcise their sons. But you don't know what will happen to those children and their choices.
Or why or how or when. One last question: What would be your dream of a perfect Judaism?
First of all, we would create a different siddur (prayer book) for every age. Old folks need a different siddur than younger folks need. I think Judaism also needs to find a way to daven (pray) in a minyan (normally a required quorum of ten Jews), but also create some equivalent for seven people and something for five people and so on and so forth. There should be different ways of creating minyan.