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Contribution of Hamstring Fatigue to Quadriceps Inhibition Following Lumbar Extension Exercise
Hart, Joseph M.
Kerrigan, D. Casey
Fritz, Julie M.
Saliba, Ethan N.
Gansneder, Bruce
Ingersoll, Christopher D.
Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of hamstrings and quadriceps fatigue to quadriceps inhibition following lumbar extension exercise. Regression models were calculated consisting of the outcome variable: quadriceps inhibition and predictor variables: change in EMG median frequency in the quadriceps and hamstrings during lumbar fatiguing exercise. Twenty-five subjects with a history of low back pain were matched by gender, height and mass to 25 healthy controls. Subjects performed two sets of fatiguing isometric lumbar extension exercise until mild (set 1) and moderate (set 2) fatigue of the lumbar paraspinals. Quadriceps and hamstring EMG median frequency were measured while subjects performed fatiguing exercise. A burst of electrical stimuli was superimposed while subjects performed an isometric maximal quadriceps contraction to estimate quadriceps inhibition after each exercise set. Results indicate the change in hamstring median frequency explained variance in quadriceps inhibition following the exercise sets in the history of low back pain group only. Change in quadriceps median frequency explained variance in quadriceps inhibition following the first exercise set in the control group only. In conclusion, persons with a history of low back pain whose quadriceps become inhibited following lumbar paraspinal exercise may be adapting to the fatigue by using their hamstring muscles more than controls.
Key PointsA neuromuscular relationship between the lumbar paraspinals and quadriceps while performing lumbar extension exercise may be influenced by hamstring muscle fatigue.QI following lumbar extension exercise in persons with a history of LBP group may involve significant contribution from the hamstring muscle group.More hamstring muscle contribution may be a necessary adaptation in the history of LBP group due to weaker and more fatigable lumbar extensors.
Superimposed burst technique; electromyography; spectral median frequency; correlation and regression; low back pain
Related Articles
Reduced Quadriceps Activation After Lumbar Paraspinal Fatiguing Exercise
Hart, Joseph M
Fritz, Julie M
Kerrigan, D. Casey
Saliba, Ethan N
Gansneder, Bruce M
Ingersoll, Christopher D
Journal of Athletic Training
Context: Although poor paraspinal muscle endurance has been associated with less quadriceps activation (QA) in persons with a history of low back pain, no authors have addressed the acute neuromuscular response after lumbar paraspinal fatiguing exercise.
Objective: To compare QA after lumbar paraspinal fatiguing exercise in healthy individuals and those with a history of low back pain.
Design: A 2 × 4 repeated-measures, time-series design.
Setting: Exercise and Sport Injury Laboratory.
Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen volunteers participated (9 males, 7 females; 8 controls and 8 with a history of low back pain; age = 24.1 ± 3.1 years, height = 173.4 ± 7.1 cm, mass = 72.4 ± 12.1 kg).
Intervention(s): Subjects performed 3 sets of isometric lumbar paraspinal fatiguing muscle contractions. Exercise sets continued until the desired shift in lumbar paraspinal electromyographic median power frequency was observed. Baseline QA was compared with QA after each exercise set.
Main Outcome Measure(s): An electric burst was superimposed while subjects performed a maximal quadriceps contraction. We used the central activation ratio to calculate QA = (FMVIC/[FMVIC + FBurst])* 100, where F = force and MVIC = maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Quadriceps electromyographic activity was collected at the same time as QA measurements to permit calculation of median frequency during MVIC.
Results: Average QA decreased from baseline (87.4% ± 8.2%) after the first (84.5% ± 10.5%), second (81.4% ± 11.0%), and third (78.2% ± 12.7%) fatiguing exercise sets. On average, the group with a history of low back pain showed significantly more QA than controls. No significant change in quadriceps median frequency was noted during the quadriceps MVICs.
Conclusions: The quadriceps muscle group was inhibited after lumbar paraspinal fatiguing exercise in the absence of quadriceps fatigue. This effect may be different for people with a history of low back pain compared with healthy controls.
superimposed burst technique; quadriceps muscle inhibition; low back pain
Related Articles
Glaviano, Neal R.
Langston, William T.
Hart, Joseph M.
Saliba, Susan
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation is a common intervention to address muscle weakness, however presents with many limitations such as fatigue, muscle damage, and patient discomfort that may influence its effectiveness. One novel form of electrical stimulation purported to improve neuromuscular re‐education is Patterned Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation (PENS), which is proposed to mimic muscle‐firing patterns of healthy individuals. PENS provides patterned stimulating to the agonist muscle, antagonist muscle and then agonist muscle again in an effort to replicate firing patterns.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a single PENS treatment on knee extension torque and quadriceps activation in individuals with quadriceps inhibition.
18 subjects (10 males and 8 females: 24.2±3.4 years, 175.3±11.8cm, 81.8±12.4kg) with a history of knee injury/pain participated in this double‐blinded randomized controlled laboratory trial. Participants demonstrated quadriceps inhibition with a central activation ratio of ≤90%. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps and central activation ratio were measured before and after treatment. The treatment intervention was a 15‐minute patterned electrical stimulation applied to the quadriceps and hamstring muscles with a strong motor contraction or a sham group, who received an identical set up as the PENS group, but received a 1mA subsensory stimulation. A 2×2 (group × time) ANCOVA was used to determine differences in maximal voluntary isometric contraction and central activation ratio between groups. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction was selected as a covariate due to baseline differences.
There were no differences in change scores between pre‐ and post‐intervention for maximal voluntary isometric contraction: (PENS: 0.09±0.32Nm/kg and Sham 0.15±0.18Nm/kg, p=0.713), or central activation ratio:(PENS: ‐1.22±6.06 and Sham: 1.48±3.7, p=0.270).
A single Patterned Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation treatment did not alter quadriceps central activation ratio or maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Unlike other types of muscle stimulation, PENS did not result in a reduction of quadriceps torque.
Level of Evidence:
Level III
Electrical stimulation; muscle inhibition; quadriceps torque
Related Articles
Lumbopelvic Joint Manipulation and Quadriceps Activation of People With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Grindstaff, Terry L.
Hertel, Jay
Beazell, James R.
Magrum, Eric M.
Kerrigan, D. Casey
Fan, Xitao
Ingersoll, Christopher D.
Journal of Athletic Training
Quadriceps weakness and inhibition are impairments associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Lumbopelvic joint manipulation has been shown to improve quadriceps force output and inhibition, but the duration of the effect is unknown.
To determine whether quadriceps strength and activation are increased and maintained for 1 hour after high-grade or low-grade joint mobilization or manipulation applied at the lumbopelvic region in people with PFPS.
Randomized controlled clinical trial.
University laboratory.
Patients or Other Participants:
Forty-eight people with PFPS (age = 24.6±8.9 years, height = 174.3 ± 11.2 cm, mass = 78.4 ± 16.8 kg) participated.
Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: lumbopelvic joint manipulation (grade V), side-lying lumbar midrange flexion and extension passive range of motion (grade II) for 1 minute, or prone extension on the elbows for 3 minutes.
Main Outcome Measure(s):
Quadriceps force and activation were measured using the burst superimposition technique during a seated isometric knee extension task. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed to compare changes in quadriceps force and activation among groups over time (before intervention and at 0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after intervention).
We found no differences in quadriceps force output (F5,33,101,18 = 0.65, P = .67) or central activation ratio (F4.84,92.03 = 0.38, P= .86) values among groups after intervention. When groups were pooled, we found differences across time for quadriceps force (F2.66,101.18 = 5.03, P = .004) and activation (F2.42,92.03 = 3.85, P = .02). Quadriceps force was not different at 0 minutes after intervention (t40 = 1.68, P = .10), but it decreased at 20 (t40 = 2.16, P = .04), 40 (t40 = 2.87, P = .01) and 60 (t40 = 3.04, P = .004) minutes after intervention. All groups demonstrated decreased quadriceps activation at 0 minutes after intervention (t40 = 4.17, P <.001), but subsequent measures were not different from preintervention levels (t40 range, 1.53–1.83, P >.09).
Interventions directed at the lumbopelvic region did not have immediate effects on quadriceps force output or activation. Muscle fatigue might have contributed to decreased force output and activation over 1 hour of testing.
force output; knee pain; manual therapy; muscle activation
Related Articles
Jogging Kinematics After Lumbar Paraspinal Muscle Fatigue
Hart, Joseph M.
Kerrigan, D. Casey
Fritz, Julie M.
Ingersoll, Christopher D.
Journal of Athletic Training
Isolated lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigue causes lower extremity and postural control deficits.
To describe the change in body position during gait after fatiguing lumbar extension exercises in persons with recurrent episodes of low back pain compared with healthy controls.
Case-control study.
Motion analysis laboratory.
Patients or Other Participants:
Twenty-five recreationally active participants with a history of recurrent episodes of low back pain, matched by sex, height, and mass with 25 healthy controls.
We measured 3-dimensional lower extremity and trunk kinematics before and after fatiguing isometric lumbar paraspinal exercise.
Main Outcome Measure(s):
Measurements were taken while participants jogged on a custom-built treadmill surrounded by a 10-camera motion analysis system.
Group-by-time interactions were observed for lumbar lordosis and trunk angles (P < .05). A reduced lumbar spine extension angle was noted, reflecting a loss of lordosis and an increase in trunk flexion angle, indicating increased forward trunk lean, in healthy controls after fatiguing lumbar extension exercise. In contrast, persons with a history of recurrent low back pain exhibited a slight increase in spine extension, indicating a slightly more lordotic position of the lumbar spine, and a decrease in trunk flexion angles after fatiguing exercise. Regardless of group, participants experienced, on average, greater peak hip extension after lumbar paraspinal fatigue.
Small differences in response may represent a necessary adaptation used by persons with recurrent low back pain to preserve gait function by stabilizing the spine and preventing inappropriate trunk and lumbar spine positioning.
gait analysis; spine
Related Articles
EMG analysis of lumbar paraspinal muscles as a predictor of the risk of low-back pain
Heydari, Abbas
Nargol, Antoni V. F.
Jones, Anthony P. C.
Humphrey, Anthony R.
Greenough, Charles G.
European Spine Journal
Studies of EMG power spectra have established associations between low-back pain (LBP) and median frequency (MF). This 2-year prospective study investigates the association of LBP with EMG variables over time. 120 health care workers underwent paraspinal EMG measurements and assessment of back pain disability. The EMG recordings were performed under isometric trunk extension at 2/3 maximum voluntary contraction and acquired from erector spinae muscles at the level of L4/L5. 108 (90%) subjects were reviewed at a minimum 2-year follow up. 16 out of 93 subjects with no history of chronic low-back pain became worse as measured by time off work, disability, reported pain and self-assessment rating. The value of the EMG variable half-width at inception demonstrated significant association with changes in subject's outcome measure and their own assessment of their LBP at follow up (p < 0.05). Based on self-assessment data, subjects with no history of chronic LBP with half-width of greater than 56 Hz were at threefold greater risk of developing back pain compared with the remainder of the population (p = 0.045). The value of the initial median frequency (IMF) and MF slope at inception were also associated with the subjects' own assessment of LBP at follow up. Subjects with an IMF greater than 49 Hz were at 5.8-fold greater risk of developing back pain compared with the remainder of the population (p = 0.014). EMG variables recorded from lumbar paraspinal muscles can identify a sub group of subjects at increased risk of developing low-back pain in the future.
EMG; Low back pain; Paraspinal muscles; Prediction; Cohort study
Related Articles
Comparison of Active and Electrostimulated Recovery Strategies After Fatiguing Exercise
Vanderthommen, Marc
Makrof, Souleyma
Demoulin, Christophe
Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
The purpose of this study was to compare an electrostimulated to an active recovery strategy after a submaximal isometric fatiguing exercise. Nineteen healthy men completed three sessions (separated by at least 4 weeks) which included a knee extensors provocation exercise consisting of 3 sets of 25 isometric contractions. Contraction intensity level was fixed respectively at 60%, 55% and 50% of previously determined maximal voluntary contraction for the first, second and third sets. This provocation exercise was followed by either an active (AR) recovery (25 min pedaling on a cycle ergometer), an electrostimulated (ESR) recovery (25-min continuous and non-tetanic (5 Hz) stimulation of the quadriceps) or a strictly passive recovery (PR). Peak torques of knee extensors and subjective perception of muscle pain (VAS, 0-10) were evaluated before (pre-ex), immediately after the provocation exercise (post-ex), after the recovery period (post-rec), as well as 75 minutes (1h15) and one day (24h) after the exercise bout. Time course of peak torque was similar among the different recovery modes: ~ 75% of initial values at post-ex, ~ 90% at post-rec and at 1h15. At 24h, peak torque reached a level close to baseline values (PR: 99.1 ± 10.7%, AR: 105.3 ± 12.2%, ESR: 104.4 ± 10.5%). VAS muscle pain scores decreased rapidly between post-ex and post-rec (p < 0.001); there were no significant differences between the three recovery modes (p = 0.64). In conclusion, following a submaximal isometric knee extension exercise, neither electrostimulated nor active recovery strategies significantly improved the time course of muscle function recovery.
Key pointsThree sets of submaximal isometric contractions at 60%, 55% and 50% of MVC induced an early fatigue without DOMS but did not lead to exhaustion.In comparison with passive recovery, active and electrostimulated recovery did not lead to significantly higher MVC torques 24h after the exercise bout.No significant differences were demonstrated between the effects of passive, active and electrostimulated recoveries on muscle pain after repeated submaximal isometric contractions.
Electrical stimulation; muscle recovery; isometric contraction; muscle fatigue
Related Articles
Effect of Lumbar Stabilization and Dynamic Lumbar Strengthening Exercises in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Moon, Hye Jin
Choi, Kyoung Hyo
Kim, Dae Ha
Kim, Ha Jeong
Cho, Young Ki
Lee, Kwang Hee
Kim, Jung Hoo
Choi, Yoo Jung
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
To compare the effects of lumbar stabilization exercises and lumbar dynamic strengthening exercises on the maximal isometric strength of the lumbar extensors, pain severity and functional disability in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP).
Patients suffering nonspecific LBP for more than 3 months were included prospectively and randomized into lumbar stabilization exercise group (n=11) or lumbar dynamic strengthening exercise group (n=10). Exercises were performed for 1 hour, twice weekly, for 8 weeks. The strength of the lumbar extensors was measured at various angles ranging from 0° to 72° at intervals of 12°, using a MedX. The visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) were used to measure the severity of LBP and functional disability before and after the exercise.
Compared with the baseline, lumbar extension strength at all angles improved significantly in both groups after 8 weeks. The improvements were significantly greater in the lumbar stabilization exercise group at 0° and 12° of lumbar flexion. VAS decreased significantly after treatment; however, the changes were not significantly different between the groups. ODQ scores improved significantly in the stabilization exercise group only.
Both lumbar stabilization and dynamic strengthening exercise strengthened the lumbar extensors and reduced LBP. However, the lumbar stabilization exercise was more effective in lumbar extensor strengthening and functional improvement in patients with nonspecific chronic LBP.
Exercise; Low back pain; Muscle strength; Abdominal muscle; Rehabilitation
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The Protonics Knee Brace Unloads the Quadriceps Muscles in Healthy Subjects
Earl, Jennifer E.
Piazza, Stephen J.
Hertel, Jay
Journal of Athletic Training
The Protonics brace is a functional resistance brace designed for rehabilitative use in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Our objective was to determine whether the Protonics brace altered quadriceps muscle activity or knee mechanics in healthy subjects.
Design and Setting:
We used a within-subjects design in a laboratory setting.
Nineteen recreationally active college students (10 females, 9 males; age = 22.6 ± 2.8 years; height = 172 ± 9.0 cm, mass = 69.7 ± 12.5 kg) with no history of patellofemoral pain syndrome.
A standard-length Protonics brace was fit to each subject's leg. Surface electromyography of the vastus medialis obliquus, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris muscles was recorded during a lateral step-down exercise. Lower extremity kinematics and ground reaction force were assessed during stair descent. Subjects performed both tasks under 4 conditions: no brace and brace with low, medium, and high resistance. Electromyography values were normalized to a maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The brace moment was determined by passive testing in an isokinetic dynamometer. Changes in the subject's muscular knee-extension moment were determined by subtracting the extension moment provided by the brace from the total knee-extension moment calculated from motion and force data using an inverse dynamics approach.
Vastus medialis obliquus activity in the brace at the low- and medium-resistance settings was significantly lower than that measured without the brace. Vastus lateralis activity while wearing the brace at medium resistance was significantly less than in the absence of the brace. Regardless of brace setting, vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis activity in the descending phase of the exercise was less than during the ascending phase. A significant interaction was noted between brace setting and phase of the step-down exercise for rectus femoris activity. Significantly less activity was seen in the descending phase than in the ascending phase. Post hoc testing indicated that, in the descending phase, less activity was demonstrated with the brace at the medium and high settings than at the low setting. Muscle activity at the high setting and activity at low resistance were also significantly less than when the brace was not worn in the ascending phase. Knee flexion and extension moment during stair descent were significantly less at the higher resistance settings.
Wearing the Protonics brace at moderate or high resistance during the lateral step-down exercise produced less quadriceps activity compared with not wearing the brace. The knee extensor mechanism was unloaded when the brace was worn during stair descent. These findings indicate that the Protonics brace may unload the quadriceps and therefore decrease the load on the patellofemoral joint.
patellofemoral pain; knee; unloading
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Quadriceps Fatigue Alters Human Muscle Performance during a Novel Weight Bearing Task
Ballantyne, Bryon T.
Shields, Richard K.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise
Limited information is currently available regarding muscle synergistic patterns and triggered reflex responses during dynamic weight bearing activities in the presence of muscle fatigue.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of quadriceps muscle fatigue on patterns of muscle activation and performance in response to sudden, unexpected perturbations during a weight-bearing task.
Motion of the knee was measured as subjects were asked to track a visual target as accurately as possible while performing a resisted single leg squat task. Random perturbations were delivered in 20% of the trials by unexpectedly releasing the resistance during the flexion phase of the exercise. Absolute and constant errors were calculated to evaluate target tracking performance. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity was recorded during both perturbed and unperturbed trials. Twelve healthy females were tested before and after completing a repetitive submaximal eccentric quadriceps fatigue protocol. A second group of 12 females served as controls. Unexpected perturbations elicited long latency responses characterized by facilitation of the quadriceps and inhibition of the hamstrings.
Muscle fatigue increased the amplitude of the long latency response in vastus lateralis by 4.3% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (p=.004). Changes in tracking error occurred in response to perturbations after fatigue in spite of significantly increased quadriceps muscle activity, especially during the extension phase of the exercise.
Quadriceps muscle fatigue alters the patterns of coordinated muscle activity and may render subjects less able to cope with unexpected perturbations during weight bearing tasks.
long latency responses; muscle activation; perturbation; eccentric exercise
Related Articles
Effect of Differing Intensities of Fatiguing Dynamic Contractions on Contralateral Homologous Muscle Performance
Kawamoto, Jon-Erik
Aboodarda, Saied Jalal
Behm, David George
Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
The purpose of this study was to investigate different intensities of unilateral fatiguing dynamic quadriceps contractions on non-exercised, contralateral quadriceps performance. In a randomized crossover study design with 12 recreationally trained male (1.78 ± 0.05 m, 84.5 ± 7.6 kg, 30.0 ± 8.5 yrs) participants, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, force developed in the first 100 ms (F100), and electromyography of the non-exercised contralateral knee extensors were measured before and after fatiguing protocols performed by ipsilateral knee extensors. Non-exercised knee extensors' endurance was also measured post-intervention. The fatigue protocols consisted of four sets of dynamic knee extensions each to task failure with 40% and 70% MVC on separate days. Both the 40% (p = 0.009, Effect Size [ES] = 0.72) and 70% (p = 0.001, ES = 2.03) conditions exhibited 23.7% and 34.6% decreases in F100 respectively with the non-exercised contralateral knee extensors. A significant time effect (p = 0.002) demonstrated that both the 40% (and 70% (conditions exhibited 4.4% (ES = 0.29) and 7.1% (ES = 0.53) force decreases from pre- to post-intervention, respectively. However, the condition * time interaction only showed a trend (p = 0.09) with moderate (40%: ES = 0.62) to large (70%: ES = 0.82) effect sizes for decreased contralateral limb force compared with control session. The 40% (p = 0.09, ES = 0.65) and 70% (p = 0.07, ES = 0.79) protocols had a tendency to induce greater contralateral force variation during sustained submaximal isometric contraction compared with control. In conclusion, this study highlighted that unilateral lower limb fatigue induced by low intensity as well as high intensity dynamic knee extensions provided some evidence of crossover fatigue with the contralateral non-exercised limb.
Key PointsThere was a pattern of crossover fatigue effects with significant impairments in F100, near significant, moderate to large magnitude decrements in MVC force and moderate magnitude increases in submaximal force variability in the contralateral knee extensors.Although both contraction intensities resulted in significant and near significant F100 and force decrements respectively, higher intensity (70%) fatiguing contractions manifested moderate to large magnitude effects (force and F100 respectively) compared to small to moderate magnitude effects (F100 and force respectively) for the lower intensity (40%) fatiguing contractions.
Central fatigue; peripheral fatigue; maximal voluntary contraction; dynamic contractions; electromyography
Related Articles
Neuromuscular Fatigue During a Modified Biering-Sørensen Test in Subjects with and Without Low Back Pain
Pitcher, Mark J.
Behm, David G.
MacKinnon, Scott N.
Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
Studies employing modified Biering-Sørenson tests have reported that low back endurance is related to the potential for developing low back pain. Understanding the manner in which spinal musculature fatigues in people with and without LBP is necessary to gain insight into the sensitivity of the modified Biering-Sørenson test to differentiate back health. Twenty male volunteers were divided into a LBP group of subjects with current subacute or a history of LBP that limited their activity (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). The median frequency of the fast Fourier transform was calculated from bilateral surface electromyography (EMG) of the upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES), lower lumbar erector spinae (LLES) and biceps femoris while maintaining a prescribed modified Biering-Sørensen test position and exerting isometric forces equivalent to 100, 120, 140 and 160% of the estimated mass of the head-arms-trunk (HAT) segment. Time to failure was also investigated across the percentages of HAT. Fatigue time decreased with increasing load and differences between groups increased as load increased, however these differences were not significant. Significant differences in the EMG median frequency between groups occurred in the right biceps femoris (p ≤ 0.05) with significant pairwise differences occurring at 140% for the left biceps femoris and at 160% for the right biceps femoris. There were significant pairwise differences at 120% for average EMG of the right biceps femoris and at 140% for the right ULES, and right and left biceps femoris (p ≤ 0.05). The modified Biering-Sørensen test as usually performed at 100% HAT is not sufficient to demonstrate significant differences between controls and subjects with varying degrees of mild back disability based on the Oswestry classification.
Key pointsThe results do not wholly support the modified Biering-Sørensen test utilizing resistance of 100% HAT to discern differences in fatigue in subjects with mild low back pain.A greater activation of the biceps femoris by low back pain individuals probably contributed to the lack of significant differences in back fatigue times.The possibility exists that subjects with more sophisticated strategies could yield higher fatigue times despite inferior neuromuscular fatigue and the existence of low back pain.
Endurance; electromyography; median frequency; back muscles; healthy subjects
Related Articles
Low frequency fatigue in human quadriceps is fatigue dependent and not task dependent
Iguchi, Masaki
Baldwin, Kris
Boeyink, Charles
Engle, Carol
Kehoe, Michael
Ganju, Anish
Messaros, Andrew J
Shields, Richard K.
Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology
It is well accepted that a low intensity/long duration isometric contraction induces more low frequency fatigue (LFF) compared to a high-intensity/short-duration contraction. However, previous reports examined the intensity/duration of the contraction but did not control the level of fatigue when concluding fatigue is task dependent. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a long duration/low intensity fatiguing contraction would induce greater LFF than a short duration/high-intensity contraction when the quadriceps muscle was fatigued to similar levels. Eighteen healthy male subjects performed quadriceps contractions sustained at 35% and 65% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) on separate days, until the tasks induced a similar amount of fatigue (force generating capacity = 45% MVC). Double pulse torque to single pulse torque ratio (D/S ratio) was obtained before, immediately and 5 min after fatigue along with the electromyographic (EMG) signal from vastus medialis (VM) and rectus femoris (RF). The D/S ratio significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 8.7 ± 8.5% (mean ± SD) and 10.2 ± 9.2% after 35% and 65% tasks, respectively, and remained elevated 5 min into recovery; however, there was no significant difference in ratio between the two sessions immediately or 5 min post-fatigue (p > 0.05) even though the endurance time for the 35% fatigue task (124 ± 39.68 s) was significantly longer (p = 0.05) than that of the 65% task (63 ± 17.73 s). EMG amplitude and median power frequency (MPF) analysis also did not reveal any significant differences between these two sessions after fatigue. These findings indicate that LFF fatigue is fatigue dependent as well as task intensity/duration dependent. These findings assist us in understanding task dependency and muscle fatigue.
Task dependency; Equivalent fatigue; Double/single ratio; Excitation–contraction coupling; Electrical stimulation
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Quadriceps Function After Exercise in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Reconstructed Knees Wearing Knee Braces
Davis, Alexis G.
Pietrosimone, Brian G.
Ingersoll, Christopher D.
Pugh, Kelli
Hart, Joseph M.
Journal of Athletic Training
Knee braces and neoprene sleeves are commonly worn by people with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLRs) during athletic activity. How knee braces and sleeves affect muscle activation in people with ACLRs is unclear.
To determine the effects of knee braces and neoprene knee sleeves on the quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) before and after aerobic exercise in people with ACLRs.
Crossover study.
Patients or Other Participants:
Fourteen people with a history of ACLR (9 women, 5 men: age = 23.61 ± 4.44 years, height = 174.09 ± 9.82 cm, mass = 75.35 ± 17.48 kg, months since ACLR = 40.62 ± 20.41).
During each of 3 sessions, participants performed a standardized aerobic exercise protocol on a treadmill. The independent variables were condition (brace, sleeve, or control) and time (baseline, pre-exercise with brace, postexercise with brace, postexercise without brace).
Main Outcome Measure(s):
Normalized torque measured during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (TMVIC) and CAR were measured by a blinded assessor using the superimposed burst technique. The CAR was expressed as a percentage of full muscle activation. The quadriceps CAR and TMVIC were measured 4 times during each session: baseline, pre-exercise with brace, postexercise with brace, and postexercise without brace.
Immediately after the application of the knee brace, TMVIC decreased (P = .01), but no differences between bracing conditions were observed. We noted reduced TMVIC and CAR (P < .001) after exercise, both with and without the brace. No differences were seen between bracing conditions after aerobic exercise.
The decrease in TMVIC immediately after brace application was not accompanied by differences between bracing conditions. Wearing a knee brace or neoprene sleeve did not seem to affect the deterioration of quadriceps function after aerobic exercise.
neuromuscular function; aerobic exercise; central activation ratio
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Effect of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on electromyographyic activity of quadriceps in untrained healthy females
Rezaei, Mandana
Ebrahimi-Takamjani, Ismael
Jamshidi, Ali A.
Vassaghi-Gharamaleki, Behnoush
Hedayatpour, Nosratollah
Havaei, Naser
Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate muscle damage indicators and electromyography activities of quadriceps muscles at 25° of hip flexion in untrained healthy females after an eccentric exercise induced muscle fiber damage.
Methods: A total of 14 healthy females participated in this pre-experimental study. The subjects performed maximal eccentric quadriceps contractions at 25˚ of hip flexion. Maximum voluntary extensor isometric and concentric moments, angle of maximum moment for concentric contractions, perceived pain intensity, and pain pressure threshold were examined before, immediately, 48 hours, 120 hours and 14 days after eccentric exercise. Additionally, electromyography of three parts of quadriceps muscle, knee flexion range of motion and thigh circumference were measured before and after eccentric exercise.
Results: Significant reductions in maximum isometric moment and maximum concentric moment were observed at angular velocity of 60˚ per sec immediately after eccentric exercise (p<0.05). Both maximum isometric moment and maximum concentric moment recovered to the baseline 48 hours after eccentric exercise. Increased pain intensity and decreased knee joint range of motion manifested 48 hours after eccentric exercise. Pain pressure threshold for the quadriceps was higher 14 days after exercise as compared to 48 and 120 hours (p<0.05). No significant changes observed in electromyography and thigh circumference (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Eccentric exercise performed at 25˚ of hip flexion resulted in muscle fiber injuries within the quadriceps muscle. However, electromyography of quadriceps muscle was not significantly different than the baseline. The result indicates that hip joint position may modify the effect of eccentric exercise on muscle activation.
Muscles; electromyography; hip; muscle soreness; exercise
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Eccentric exercise and delayed onset muscle soreness of the quadriceps induce adjustments in agonist–antagonist activity, which are dependent on the motor task
Vila-Chã, C.
Hassanlouei, H.
Farina, D.
Falla, D.
Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale
This study investigates the effects of eccentric exercise and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the quadriceps on agonist–antagonist activity during a range of motor tasks. Ten healthy volunteers (age, mean ± SD, 24.9 ± 3.2 years) performed maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) and explosive isometric contractions of the knee extensors followed by isometric contractions at 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30% MVC at baseline, immediately after and 24 h after eccentric exercise of the quadriceps. During each task, force of the knee extensors and surface EMG of the vasti and hamstrings muscles were recorded concurrently. Rate of force development (RFD) was computed from the explosive isometric contraction, and the coefficient of variation of the force (CoV) signal was estimated from the submaximal contractions. Twenty-four hours after exercise, the subjects rated their perceived pain intensity as 4.1 ± 1.2 (score out of 10). The maximum RFD and MVC of the knee extensors was reduced immediately post- and 24 h after eccentric exercise compared to baseline (average across both time points: 19.1 ± 17.1% and 11.9 ± 9.8% lower, respectively, P < 0.05). The CoV for force during the submaximal contractions was greater immediately after eccentric exercise (up to 66% higher than baseline, P < 0.001) and remained higher 24 h post-exercise during the presence of DOMS (P < 0.01). For the explosive and MVC tasks, the EMG amplitude of the vasti muscles decreased immediately after exercise and was accompanied by increased antagonist EMG for the explosive contraction only. On the contrary, reduced force steadiness was accompanied by a general increase in EMG amplitude of the vasti muscles and was accompanied by increased antagonist activity, but only at higher force levels (>15% MVC). This study shows that eccentric exercise and subsequent DOMS of the quadriceps reduce the maximal force, rate of force development and force steadiness of the knee extensors, and is accompanied by different adjustments of agonist and antagonist muscle activities.
Delayed onset muscle soreness; Eccentric exercise; Muscle damage
Related Articles
Central and peripheral quadriceps fatigue in congestive heart failure☆
Hopkinson, Nicholas S.
Dayer, Mark J.
Antoine-Jonville, Sophie
Swallow, Elisabeth B.
Porcher, Raphael
Vazir, Ali
Poole-Wilson, Philip
Polkey, Michael I.
International Journal of Cardiology
The clinical syndrome of heart failure includes exercise limitation that is not directly linked to measures of cardiac function. Quadriceps fatigability may be an important component of this and this may arise from peripheral or central factors.
Methods and results
We studied 10 men with CHF and 10 healthy age-matched controls. Compared with a rest condition, 10 min after incremental maximal cycle exercise, twitch quadriceps force in response to supramaximal magnetic femoral nerve stimulation fell in both groups (CHF 14.1% ± 18.1%, p = 0.037; Control: 20.8 ± 11.0%, p < 0.001; no significant difference between groups). There was no significant change in quadriceps maximum voluntary contraction voluntary force. The difference in the motor evoked potential (MEP) response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex between rest and exercise conditions at 10 min, normalised to the peripheral action potential, also fell significantly in both groups (CHF: 27.3 ± 38.7%, p = 0.037; Control: 41.1 ± 47.7%, p = 0.024). However, the fall in MEP was sustained for a longer period in controls than in patients (p = 0.048).
The quadriceps is more susceptible to fatigue, with a similar fall in TwQ occurring in CHF patients at lower levels of exercise. This is associated with no change in voluntary activation but a lesser degree of depression of quadriceps motor evoked potential.
Brain; Exercise; Muscles; Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Related Articles
Dehydration and Symptoms of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness in Hyperthermic Males
Cleary, Michelle A
Sweeney, Lori A
Kendrick, Zebulon V
Sitler, Michael R
Journal of Athletic Training
Context: Exercise in the heat produces cellular conditions that may leave skeletal muscle susceptible to exercise-induced microdamage. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a clinical model of contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury.
Objective: To determine whether thermoregulation during exercise heat stress adversely affects muscle injury and the accompanying DOMS.
Design: Randomized group test-retest design.
Setting: Laboratory.
Patients or Other Participants: Ten healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to either the euhydration/hyperthermic or dehydration/hyperthermic group.
Intervention(s): Participants were randomly assigned to treadmill walking in a hot, humid environmental chamber (40°C and 75% relative humidity) with either oral rehydration (euhydration/hyperthermic) or fluid restriction (dehydration/hyperthermic). Immediately after heat exposure and while hyperthermic, participants performed an eccentrically biased downhill run to induce DOMS.
Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured DOMS characteristics pre-exercise and at 0.5, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours postexercise.
Results: Treadmill exercise and exposure to the hot ambient environment elicited a 0.9% body mass loss for the euhydrated/ hyperthermic (mean rectal temperature after 60 minutes of heat-stress trial = 38.2 ± 0.4°C) and 3.3% body mass loss for the dehydrated/hyperthermic participants (mean rectal temperature after 60 minutes of heat-stress trial = 38.1 ± 0.4°C). Quadriceps perceived pain was significantly higher (F5,40 = 18.717, P ≤ .001) than baseline at 24 and 48 hours postexercise, following the classic pattern of DOMS. Overall lower extremity perceived pain was significantly higher for the dehydration/hyperthermia group than the euhydration/hyperthermia group (F1,8 = 6.713, P = .032). Punctate tenderness of the vastus lateralis for the dehydration/hyperthermic group was 6.9% higher (F5,40 = 4.462, P = .003) than for the euhydration/ hyperthermic group. No clinically important findings were revealed for passive range of motion for knee flexion. For both groups, quadriceps isometric strength (F5,40 = 12.924, P ≤ .001) was 17.5% and 20.0% lower at 0.5 hours postexercise than at 72 and 96 hours postexercise, respectively. Further, quadriceps isometric strength remained 10.5% reduced at 24 hours postexercise compared with 96 hours postexercise.
Conclusions: Skeletal muscle microdamage, indirectly evidenced by DOMS, was exacerbated in hyperthermic participants dehydrated by exercise in a hot ambient environment. Individuals performing novel exercise, particularly with a significant eccentric component, should use caution when training in a hot, humid environment and implement frequent rest and rehydration breaks.
heat stress; thermal physiology; isometric strength; pain; downhill running
Related Articles
Jayaseelan, Dhinu J.
Courtney, Carol A.
Kecman, Michael
Alcorn, Daniel
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
Background and Purpose:
Quadriceps weakness is a common finding following knee injuries or surgery, and can be associated with significant functional limitations. This weakness or muscle inhibition may be due to central inhibitory mechanisms, rather than local peripheral dysfunction. Lumbopelvic manipulation has been shown to effect efferent muscle output by altering nociceptive processing. The purpose of this report is to describe the physical therapy management of anterior knee pain and chronic quadriceps weakness utilizing side‐lying rotational lumbar thrust manipulation and therapeutic exercise for an individual eight months status‐post ACL reconstruction
Case Description:
A 20 year‐old male presented to physical therapy eight months following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction of the left knee with primary complaints of residual anterior knee pain and quadriceps weakness. The subject was treated with a multimodal approach using side‐lying rotational lumbar thrust manipulation in addition to therapeutic exercise.
The subject was seen in physical therapy for eight sessions over eight weeks. Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) scores improved from 58/80 to 72/80, quadriceps force, measured by hand‐held dynamometry (HHD), was improved from 70.6 lbs to 93.5 lbs and the subject was able to return to pain free participation in recreational sports.
Therapeutic exercises can facilitate improved quadriceps strength, however, in cases where quadriceps weakness persists and there is concurrent pain, other interventions should be considered. In this case, lower quarter stabilization exercise and lumbar thrust manipulation was associated with improved functional outcomes in a subject with anterior knee pain and quadriceps weakness. Side‐lying rotational lumbar thrust manipulation may be a beneficial adjunctive intervention to exercise in subjects with quadriceps weakness.
Level of Evidence:
5, Single case report
ACL; knee; manipulation; manual therapy
Related Articles
Effect of fluid ingestion on neuromuscular function during prolonged cycling exercise
Vallier, J
Grego, F
Basset, F
Lepers, R
Bernard, T
Brisswalter, J
British Journal of Sports Medicine
Objectives: To investigate the effects of fluid ingestion on neuromuscular function during prolonged cycling exercise.
Methods: Eight well trained subjects exercised for 180 minutes in a moderate environment at a workload requiring ∼60% maximal oxygen uptake. Two conditions, fluid (F) and no fluid (NF) ingestion, were investigated.
Results: During maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC), prolonged cycling exercise reduced (p<0.05) the maximal force generating capacity of quadriceps muscles (after three hours of cycling) and root mean square (RMS) values (after two hours of cycling) with no difference between the two conditions despite greater body weight loss (p<0.05) in NF. The mean power frequency (MPF) for vastus lateralis muscle was reduced (p<0.05) and the rate of force development (RFD) was increased (p<0.05) only during NF. During cycling exercise, integrated electromyographic activity and perceived exertion were increased in both conditions (p<0.05) with no significant effect of fluid ingestion.
Conclusions: The results suggest that fluid ingestion did not prevent the previously reported decrease in maximal force with exercise duration, but seems to have a positive effect on some indicators of neuromuscular fatigue such as mean power frequency and rate of force development during maximal voluntary contraction. Further investigations are needed to assess the effect of change in hydration on neural mechanisms linked to the development of muscular fatigue during prolonged exercise.
Related Articles
Dynamic In Vivo Quadriceps Lines-of-Action
Wilson, Nicole A.
Sheehan, Frances T.
Journal of biomechanics
Tissue stresses and quadriceps forces are crucial factors when considering knee joint biomechanics. However, it is difficult to obtain direct, in vivo, measurements of these quantities. The primary purpose of this study was to provide the first complete description of quadriceps geometry (force directions and moment arms) of individual quadriceps components using in vivo, 3D data collected during volitional knee extension. A secondary purpose was to determine if 3D quadriceps geometry is altered in patients with patellofemoral pain and maltracking. After obtaining informed consent, cine-phase contrast (PC) MRI sets (x,y,z velocity and anatomic images) were acquired from 25 asymptomatic knees and 15 knees with patellofemoral pain during active knee extension. Using a sagittal-oblique and two coronal-oblique imaging planes, the origins and insertions of each quadriceps line-of-action were identified and tracked throughout the motion by integrating the cine-PC velocity data. The force direction and relative moment (RM) were calculated for each line-of-action. All quadriceps lines-of-action were oriented primarily in the superior direction. There were no significant differences in quadriceps geometry between asymptomatic and subjects with patellofemoral pain. However, patellofemoral kinematics were significantly different between the two populations. This study will improve the ability of musculoskeletal models to closely match in vivo human performance by providing accurate 3D quadriceps geometry and associated patellofemoral kinematics during dynamic knee motion. Furthermore, determination that quadriceps geometry is not altered in patellofemoral pain supports the use of generalized a knee model based on asymptomatic quadriceps architecture.
Related Articles
Quadriceps Activation Failure After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture Is Not Mediated by Knee Joint Effusion
The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy
Descriptive prospective cohort study.
To investigate the relationships between knee joint effusion, quadriceps activation, and quadriceps strength. These relationships may help clinicians better identify impaired quadriceps activation.
After anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, the involved quadriceps may demonstrate weakness. Experimental data have shown that quadriceps activation and strength may be directly mediated by intracapsular joint pressure created by saline injection. An inverse relationship between quadriceps activation and the amount of saline injected has been reported. This association has not been demonstrated for traumatic effusion. We hypothesized that traumatic joint effusion due to ACL rupture and postinjury quadriceps strength would correlate well with quadriceps activation, allowing clinicians to use effusion and strength measurement as a surrogate for electrophysiological assessment of quadriceps activation.
Prospective data were collected on 188 patients within 100 days of ACL injury (average, 27 days) referred from a single surgeon. A complete clinical evaluation of the knee was performed, including ligamentous assessment and assessment of range of motion and effusion. Quadriceps function was electrophysiologically assessed using maximal volitional isometric contraction and burst superimposition techniques to quantify both strength and activation.
Effusion grade did not correlate with quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) (zero effusion: mean ± SD CAR, 93.5% ± 5.8%; trace effusion: CAR, 93.8% ± 9.5%; 1+ effusion: CAR, 94.0% ± 7.5%; 2+/3+ effusion: CAR, 90.6% ± 11.1%). These values are lower than normative data from healthy subjects (CAR, 98% ± 3%).
Joint effusion after ACL injury does not directly mediate quadriceps activation failure seen after injury. Therefore, it should not be used as a clinical substitute for electrophysiological assessment of quadriceps activation. Patients presenting to physical therapy after ACL injury should be treated with high-intensity neuromuscular electrical stimulation to help normalize this activation.
ACL; effusion; electrophysiological assessment; swelling
Related Articles
Enhancing Muscle Force and Femur Compressive Loads via Feedback-Controlled Stimulation of Paralyzed Quadriceps in Humans
Dudley-Javoroski, Shauna
Littmann, Andrew E.
Chang, Shuo-Hsiu
McHenry, Colleen L.
Shields, Richard K.
Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation
To compare paralyzed quadriceps force properties and femur compressive loads in an upright functional task during conventional constant-frequency stimulation and force feedback-modulated stimulation.
Crossover trial.
Research laboratory.
Twelve men and one woman with motor complete SCI.
Subjects performed 2 bouts of 60 isometric quadriceps contractions while supported in a standing frame. On separate days subjects received constant-frequency stimulation at 20 Hz (CONST) or frequency-modulated stimulation (FDBCK). During FDBCK, a computer algorithm responded to each 10% reduction in force with a 20% increase in stimulation frequency.
Main Outcome Measure
A biomechanical model was used to derive compressive loads upon the femur, with a target starting dose of load equal to 1.5 times body weight.
Peak quadriceps force and fatigue index were higher for FDBCK than CONST (p<0.05). Within-train force decline was greater during FDBCK bouts but mean force remained above CONST values (p<0.05). As fatigue developed during repetitive stimulation, FDBCK was superior to CONST for maintenance of femur compressive loads (p<0.05).
Feedback-modulated stimulation in electrically-activated stance is a viable method to maximize the physiologic performance of paralyzed quadriceps muscle. Compared to CONST, FDBCK yielded compressive loads that were closer to a targeted dose of stress with known osteogenic potential. Optimization of muscle force with FDBCK may be a useful tactic for future training-based anti-osteoporosis protocols.
spinal cord injuries; fatigue; electrical stimulation; osteoporosis
Related Articles
Peripheral muscle endurance and the oxidative profile of the quadriceps in patients with COPD
Allaire, J
Maltais, F
Doyon, J
Noel, M
LeBlanc, P
Carrier, G
Simard, C
Jobin, J
Background: Based on previously reported changes in muscle metabolism that could increase susceptibility to fatigue, we speculated that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have reduced quadriceps endurance and that this will be correlated with the proportion of type I muscle fibres and with the activity of oxidative enzymes.
Methods: The endurance of the quadriceps was evaluated during an isometric contraction in 29 patients with COPD (mean (SE) age 65 (1) years; forced expiratory volume in 1 second 37 (3)% predicted) and 18 healthy subjects of similar age. The electrical activity of the quadriceps was recorded during muscle contraction as an objective index of fatigue. The time at which the isometric contraction at 60% of maximal voluntary capacity could no longer be sustained was used to define time to fatigue (TF). Needle biopsies of the quadriceps were performed in 16 subjects in both groups to evaluate possible relationships between TF and markers of muscle oxidative metabolism (type I fibre proportion and citrate synthase activity).
Results: TF was lower in patients with COPD than in controls (42 (3) v 80 (7) seconds; mean difference 38 seconds (95% CI 25 to 50), p<0.001). Subjects in both groups had evidence of electrical muscle fatigue at the end of the endurance test. In both groups significant correlations were found between TF and the proportion of type I fibres and citrate synthase activity.
Conclusion: Isometric endurance of the quadriceps muscle is reduced in patients with COPD and the muscle oxidative profile is significantly correlated with muscle endurance.
Related Articles
Posterior muscle chain activity during various extension exercises: an observational study
De Ridder, Eline MD
Van Oosterwijck, Jessica O
Vleeming, Andry
Vanderstraeten, Guy G
Danneels, Lieven A
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Back extension exercises are often used in the rehabilitation of low back pain. However, at present it is not clear how the posterior muscles are recruited during different types of extension exercises. Therefore, the present study will evaluate the myoelectric activity of thoracic, lumbar and hip extensor muscles during different extension exercises in healthy persons. Based on these physiological observations we will make recommendations regarding the use of extensions exercises in clinical practice.
Fourteen healthy subjects performed four standardized extension exercises (dynamic trunk extension, dynamic-static trunk extension, dynamic leg extension, dynamic-static leg extension) in randomized order at an intensity of 60% of 1-RM (one repetition maximum). Surface EMG signals of Latissimus dorsi (LD), Longissimus thoracis pars thoracic (LTT) and lumborum (LTL), Iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracic (ILT) and lumborum (ILL), lumbar Multifidus (LM) and Gluteus Maximus (GM) were measured during the various exercises. Subsequently, EMG root mean square values were calculated and compared between trunk and leg extension exercises, as well as between a dynamic and dynamic-static performance using mixed model analysis. During the dynamic exercises a 2 second concentric contraction was followed by a 2 second eccentric contraction, whereas in the dynamic-static performance, a 5 second isometric interval was added in between the concentric and eccentric contraction phase.
In general, the muscles of the posterior chain were recruited on a higher level during trunk extension (mean ± SD, 56.6 ± 30.8%MVC) compared to leg extension (47.4 ± 30.3%MVC) (p ≤ 0.001). No significant differences were found in mean muscle activity between dynamic and dynamic-static performances (p = 0.053). The thoracic muscles (LTT and ILT) were recruited more during trunk extension (64.9 ± 27.1%MVC) than during leg extension (54.2 ± 22.1%MVC) (p = 0.045) without significant differences in activity between both muscles (p = 0.138). There was no significant differences in thoracic muscle usage between the dynamic or dynamic-static performance of the extension exercises (p = 0.574).
Lumbar muscle activity (LTT, ILL, LM) was higher during trunk extension (70.6 ± 22.2%MVC) compared to leg extension (61.7 ± 27.0%MVC) (p = 0.047). No differences in myoelectric activity between the lumbar muscles could be demonstrated during the extension exercises (p = 0.574). During each exercise the LD (19.2 ± 13.9%MVC) and GM (28.2 ± 14.6%MVC) were recruited significantly less than the thoracic and lumbar muscles.
The recruitment of the posterior muscle chain during different types of extension exercises was influenced by the moving body part, but not by the type of contraction. All muscle groups were activated at a higher degree during trunk extension compared to leg extension. Based on the recruitment level of the different muscles, all exercises can be used to improve the endurance capacity of thoracic muscles, however for improvement of lumbar muscle endurance leg extension exercises seem to be more appropriate. To train the endurance capacity of the LD and GM extension exercises are not appropriate.
Trunk extensor muscles; Multifidus; Posterior muscle chain; Extension exercise; Electromyography; Spine
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text:
This is a slightly futuristic take on the black knight. Wanted to include the knight but without his sword into the line up so i made him more futuristic looking in order to fit him into the special ops line and give him guns. The head was from a ninja raiden figure while the body is a repainted arkham mr. Freeze. The "blade" gun is a custom piece.
|Special Ops Avengers Winter Soldier
|Submission Order
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Huge convoy of evacuees stuck north of Fort McMurray now heading south in RCMP-led convoy
Return to Fort McMurray after wildfire devastation 'will not be a matter of days'
When evacuation was ordered, Fort McMurray principal fled with busload of students
'I would love to go back to Fort McMurray': Wildfire evacuees in Edmonton share their ...
Paula Simons: Neither myth nor symbol, the real Fort McMurray is mourned and loved
Dan Barnes: Mayor says rodeo association wants all the bucks, so Edmonton opts out
Jury in Edmonton LRT killing sequestered in hotel
Alleged drug courier intercepted at Edmonton airport after ingesting 82 cocaine pellets
Omar Khadr in Edmonton court, has bail conditions relaxed
Many Fort McMurray evacuees likely to suffer post-traumatic stress, Edmonton psychologist says
Dash-cam video shows terrifying drive for evacuees out of fiery Fort McMurray
Graham Thomson: RCMP officer resists temptation to check on his own home in Fort McMurray
Fort McMurray Grade 9 student identified as victim in Wednesday car crash
Premier Rachel Notley promises financial support plan for Fort McMurray fire evacuees
Insurance losses from Fort McMurray fire could top $9 billion, analyst says
Ranchers gear up for latest push to educate the public - and Earls restaurant - ...
Gary Lamphier: Fort McMurray 'certainly didn't need this,' says former Syncrude boss
Earls pledges to work with Alberta ranchers; corporate chef 'regretful' of earlier decision to drop ...
Oilsands production hit by Fort McMurray fires as companies focus on employees, evacuees
Edmonton Queen riverboat sells for princely sum after bidding war breaks out
'They're just refusing to go': RCMP tactical teams search for stragglers who refuse to leave ...
'Clueless, offensive': Trump's taco-bowl-eating proclamation 'I love Hispanics' draws ire
After a bitter and bruising race, London voters appear ready to welcome first Muslim mayor
SpaceX proves itself wrong — and actually lands second reusable rocket on ocean barge
North Korea opens first ruling party congress since 1980 — but reporters bused to venue ...
Lonnie Franklin Jr. found guilty of all 10 'Grim Sleeper' murders that targeted L.A. women
Pete McMartin: The son also rises — Donald Trump Jr. talks hotels and politics
Fort McMurray wildfire, May 6, 2016
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All of Alberta now under a fire banDry conditions have prompted Edmonton and other nearby communities to put fire bans into effect.
Local News
Tree-climbing Edmonton drug addict put in prison for stabbing manAn Edmonton drug addict who fled 10 metres up a tree after blasting a police officer with bear spray while on the run for stabbing a former co-worker was put behind ...
Inside the Fort McMurray rescue convoys: 'I've been trying 26 hours to find a way ...The convoys are fuelled partly by the idea it's an insult for salaried NGO pros to bring Fort McMurray back from the ashes when Albertans should do it themselves for ...
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Here's our list of resources for Fort McMurray wildfire evacuees and how you can helpAs tens of thousands of evacuees fled Fort McMurray, numerous private companies and municipalities are pitching in to help with the huge wildfire and its aftermath.
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Edmonton-area schools open doors to students displaced by Fort McMurray wildfiresMore than 12,000 students forced out of Fort McMurray by wildfire are trickling into schools across Alberta, and most of them are likely to funnel into Edmonton-area schools, the education ...
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Chief Darby Allen: Leader of Fort McMurray's fire crew the human face of wildfire fightIf the fight to save Fort McMurray from wildfires has a human face, it's that of veteran fire Chief Darby Allen.
Fort McMurray fire likely to cause large, temporary economic hitThe Fort McMurray wildfire could take a temporary bite out of Canada's gross domestic product, but shouldn't have much of a long-term impact, an economist said Thursday.
Suspicious death near downtown Edmonton investigated by homicide detectivesPolice are investigating the death of a man found bleeding on the ground near downtown Edmonton early Thursday.
Woman killed in crash central Alberta east of PonokaA woman has died after a fatal head-on collision east of Ponoka.
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'We understand what they're feeling': Syrian refugees in Calgary step up to help Fort McMurray ...When Rita Khanchet saw images of a vicious wildfire destroying homes and uprooting tens of thousands in Fort McMurray, she immediately thought of Syria, the homeland she fled just five ...
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Southern Alberta firefighters do house-to-house battle to save homes in Fort McMurraySoon after arriving in the blazing oilsands city early Wednesday, the pumper truck-equipped crew of four from the village north of Calgary went into the fireline in the Timberlea neighbourhood ...
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This updated map shows where the Fort McMurray wildfires are burning today
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Edmonton shuts the door to Canadian Finals RodeoEdmonton ran out the clock and will not submit a bid to host Canadian Finals Rodeo in 2017, Mayor Don Iveson announced Thursday.
Watch one driver's incredible videos of his escape from Beacon Hill in Fort McMurrayAs people reach safety after fleeing Fort McMurray, we continue to see more amateur footage of the fire. Last night, YouTube user ljubavi_moja_uLVNV posted a series of dashcam videos from Tuesday, as ...
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Earls chef from Fort McMurray and family land in Edmonton, hoping their home will survive ...Chef from Earls restaurant in Fort Mac flees without even diapers for the baby
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Vital Fort McMurray infrastructure remains intact, but for how long?Vital pieces of Fort McMurray, including the hospital, airport, city hall and Athabasca River Bridge, remained standing Wednesday despite a growing threat from the wildfire.


text:
Along the Grand Canyon, and Down to Its Floor
By SUSAN SPANO
Published: May 18, 1997
HIGHWAY 89 north of Flagstaff, Ariz., slices straight over the flat, scrub-covered Colorado Plateau. When I drove it, late one Wednesday afternoon in early April, there were snow clouds up ahead. Across the Navajo Reservation to the east, I could see the Echo Cliffs reaching all the way into Utah, and my rear view mirror framed Arizona's crown, 12,655-foot Humphreys Peak in the San Francisco Mountains to the south.
Invigorating sights, all. But somewhere to the northwest lay the region's most remarkable feature: the Grand Canyon.
I wished I didn't know it was there, so that I could come upon the great, 277-mile gorge of the Colorado River as the Spanish explorer, Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, did in 1540 -- by surprise. Given all I'd heard and read about America's most vaunted beauty spot, from ''Brighty of the Grand Canyon,'' the children's book by Marguerite Henry about a wild canyon burro, to Wallace Stegner's version of John Wesley Powell's landmark 1869 expedition down the Colorado River in ''Beyond the Hundredth Meridian,'' this was clearly impossible.
Still, I tried to follow Cardenas's path by approaching the Grand Canyon from the east, along Highways 89 and 64, a drive of about 250 miles from Phoenix, as opposed the busier, slightly shorter route to the national park's south entrance near the touristy hamlet of Tusayan. When I reached the scenic turnout on Highway 64 for the gorge of the Little Colorado River, which joins the greater Colorado about 60 miles southwest of Glen Canyon Dam, I decided that if I were Cardenas I'd have looked into the 3,100-foot sheer-walled chasm and turned back, thinking I'd seen all there was to see and missing the Grand Canyon. Colorado River tributaries like the Little Colorado and Bright Angel Creek seem to many almost as impressive as the big river, whose gorge is up to 18 miles across, defining a canyon country rather than a narrow slot.
It was starting to snow, leading me to wonder whether I should have come to the Grand Canyon in early spring at all. The week before I arrived, three feet of snow had fallen on the North Rim (closed until May 15); the South Rim got a foot.
I had never been to the Grand Canyon before and was traveling alone, so I'd resigned myself to the fact that it wouldn't be wise to try anything too adventurous, like backpacking from rim to rim, or to the falls in the Havasupai Indian Reservation. This would be a beginner's trip. I'd stick mostly to the South Rim, where tourist-friendly facilities cluster, including two scenic drives with myriad turnouts, seasonal shuttle bus service, a main visitor center, six lodges, nine restaurants and snack bars, a big grocery store, bank and post office.
If I'd waited until the high, hot summer season, I probably wouldn't have been able to reserve a room in the park; those are booked as much as a year in advance. It seemed important to stay close to the rim; I couldn't see commuting to the canyon from a chain motel outside the park. When I called Amfac, the company that manages the park's lodges, about a month before my visit, I felt lucky to get a historic cabin at Bright Angel Lodge; it had no chasm view but was close to the rim and cost $66 a night.
Apart from camping or a $59 cabin (open seasonally) at Maswick Lodge, about a 10-minute walk from the canyon's edge, the tidy little wood, stone and adobe cottages at Bright Angel Lodge appeared to be the cheapest lodging option in the park. However, the reservations agent didn't mention that Bright Angel also has about 19 equally well-situated rooms with shared baths priced from $38 to $46.
As a lark, I asked about overnight mule trips to Phantom Ranch at the bottom of the canyon, assuming that these would have been booked up, too. But there was space available for a Friday morning (returning about noon the next day), and even the $265 price didn't stop me. I wanted to be among the 1 percent of the millions who visit the Grand Canyon to get to the bottom.
The rate includes the services of a wrangler guide, transportation by mule, lunch, a steak dinner, breakfast, a leather water flask and lodging at Phantom Ranch, set in a cottonwood grove on the banks of Bright Angel Creek, which hatchets through some of the oldest rock in the canyon on its way to the river from the North Rim. Brighty's old stomping ground, and my idea of paradise on earth.
It would have been a lot cheaper to walk down (nine and a half miles on the winding Bright Angel Trail or seven via the steeper South Kaibab) and camp or stay in a hiker's dorm at Phantom Ranch for $22 (though campsites and space in the dorms can be hard to come by). Next trip that's what I plan to do. But this time, I packed my bandanna and boots, and imagined the views I'd get from the back of a big, sure-footed mule.
AT the eastern entrance to the park (admission $20 a car), I told the attendant I'd never seen the Grand Canyon before. He sent me straight to Desert View, a scenic point overlooking the park's eastern precincts. It enjoys a sliver of a view of the Colorado River, mint green when I saw it, curling behind the 70-foot Watchtower, an imitation Anasazi kiva designed in 1932 by Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter. Four other Colter structures (including Bright Angel Lodge), built to resemble Hopi dwellings, Navajo pueblos and mountaineers' cabins, line the South Rim and vie for attention with the natural wonder 4,500 feet below.
The canyon wins, even with clouds dimming the brilliance of its palette and fingering into hard rock valleys between buttes with names like Jupiter Temple and Wotan's Throne.


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Removed the head and neck and filled with apoxie sculpt. Placed the head from an old 90's Man-Bat figure placing it towards the chest to give the character his hunching posture. The feet were replaced with an ML Abomination's feet which allow much greater poseability than the figure's original ones. The Abomination's toes were cut off to be replaced by apoxie sculpt clawed ones. The bone spikes were also sculpted in apoxie sculpt and I used an engraving tool with my dremel to create the bony striations. Finished with Citadel Paints. Used a picture of an un-produced Hemingway figure from the 90's Generation X figure line as reference. Perhaps my favorite custom to date.
|Bloody Rhino
|Submission Order
|Toad V2
|Marvel Legends Series
|Mr. Immortal
|Created by glennwebman69
|Blob (Post M-Day)


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Please tell the businesses you found them on HappyCow.
Fairfield (9)
Vegetarian Restaurants: (7 Listings)
Gupta Vegetarian Restaurant
51 S Court St (at east side of Square) ~ PH: 641-472-0548
Moderate-- Vegan-friendly, Lacto, Indian, Buffet, Take-out--- Additional Info: Vegetarian Indian restaurant. Full meal Thali feeds two modestly with extra chapati and Lassi. Food is fresh and tasty. Open for lunch and dinner, closed weekends. Accepts credit cards. Call for hours - tell us.-- Rating: 4 HappyCow(s)
Mohan Delights
101 W Broadway (at Main) ~ PH: 641-469-6900
Moderate-- Vegan-friendly, Lacto, Indian, Organic, Buffet, Take-out, Ayurvedic--- Additional Info: Vegetarian Indian restaurant. Food is prepared in traditional Ayurvedic way in small portions. Lunch only. Accepts credit cards. Call for hours - tell us.-- Rating: 2 HappyCow(s)
MUM Campus Dining
1200 N 4th ~ PH: 641-472-7000
Moderate-- Vegan-friendly, Lacto, International, Organic, Buffet, Juice bar, Take-out, Salad-bar--- Additional Info: The MUM dining hall menu is lacto-vegetarian only. Popular with faculty, students, and local vegetarians. Large variety of fresh organic food, remarkably good for a university dining hall.
Call for hours - tell us.-- Rating: 4.5 HappyCow(s)
Sabi's Cafe
2094 185th St ~ PH: 641-233-0064
Inexpensive-- Indian--- Additional Info: A 100% vegetarian restaurant serving authentic Indian cuisine. Has vegan options. Cash only. Mon-Fri 12:00pm-1:30pm.-- Rating: Not rated yet
The Raj
1734 Jasmine Ave ~ PH: 641-472-9580
Moderate-- Lacto, Indian, Organic, Buffet, Salad bar, Ayurvedic--- Additional Info: Ayurveda Health Center. Part of a fancy spa / retreat center. No reservations needed. Mon-Sun 9:30am-4:30pm.-- Rating: Not rated yet
112 N Main (at between Boradway and Briggs) ~ PH: 641-472-6733
Moderate-- Vegan-friendly, Lacto, Ovo, International, Organic, Take-out, Non-veg--- Additional Info: Serves meat, veg options available. Features veg brick oven pizza, soup, and sandwiches. Also a used bookstore with music on weekends. A good place to eat and hang out. Accepts credit cards. Call for hours - tell us.-- Rating: 5 HappyCow(s)
The Gardens Seasonal Kitchen
60 1/2 W Burlington Ave (at N 2nd St) ~ PH: 641-209-1821
Moderate-- Vegan-friendly, American, Organic, Take-out, Non-veg--- Additional Info: Serves meat, veg options available. Trendy, classy, hip atmosphere, and caters to all dietary preferences, including vegans. Serves gourmet coffee, smoothies, gluten free items and more. Has outdoor seating. Accepts credit cards. Tue-Sun 11:00am-3:00pm.-- Rating: 4 HappyCow(s)
Health Food Stores, Vegan Shops, Vegan Bakeries, Vegetarian B&Bs, Veg Catering, Veg*n Organizations: (2 Listings)
Everybody's Whole Foods
501 N 2nd Street (at Kirkwood) ~ PH: 641-472-5199
Organic and natural foods store in Iowa. They supply the quality organic, natural, alternative, local, and sustainable foods available. Their mission is to nourish the community through supplying high quality foods, nutrition, education, centralized philanthropy, and employee and community outreach programs. Accepts credit cards. Call for hours - tell us.Open in the morning and afternoons only.-- Rating: 5 HappyCow(s)
Cafe Paradiso
101 N. Main St ~ PH: 641-472-0856
Cafe serves organic coffee drinks, gelato, and fresh pastries. Free wireless internet access. Live music and events some nights. New location since 12/09. Cash only. Call for hours - tell us.Open daily.-- Rating: Not rated yet
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Zimmerman Lawyer: 'This Is The Worst Time in His Life'
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49ers Dispute Rent Payments At Levi's Stadium, File For ArbitrationA dispute over rent payments at Levi's Stadium has prompted the San Francisco 49ers to file for arbitration to enforce a lease agreement the team says allows it to pay a lower rent.
Beyoncé Drops New Album 'Lemonade'The album features guest spots from Jack White, James Blake and Kendrick Lamar, plus tour dates include a stop at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara.
Beyoncé Says She Isn't Anti-Police"Anyone who perceives my message as anti-police is completely mistaken."
Santa Clara City Manager Resigns Amid Discrimination Claims, Stadium Authority ProbeSanta Clara's city manager has announced he is stepping down amid his allegations of racial discrimination and a grand jury investigation into questionable finances at Levi's Stadium.
California Sen. Feinstein Urges North Korea Sanctions After Super Bowl Satellite OverflightJust days after the newest North Korean satellite passed almost directly over Levi's Stadium on Super Bowl Sunday, Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) made it clear that she supports enforcement of North Korea sanctions.
Peyton Manning Has a Little Fun With Little Brother EliPeyton said he understood why Eli wasn't elated like other relatives in the luxury suite at Levi's Stadium...
4 Planes Violated Restricted Airspace Around Levi's Stadium During Super Bowl 50Four small planes violated temporary flight restrictions around Levi's Stadium yesterday for the Super Bowl.
New North Korea Satellite Passed Over Super Bowl 50 SiteBased on data released by international organizations, a new North Korean satellite passed almost right over Levi's Stadium about an hour after the Super Bowl ended.
Get Super Bowl 50 Merchandise 50% OffThere's a fan appreciation sale all day Monday, at the 49ers Team Store at Levis Stadium in Santa Clara.
Few Issues Between Fans At Super Bowl 50Broncos fans were celebrating in the South Bay and San Francisco Sunday night after Denver's Super Bowl 50 win.
Turf Issues Cause Super Bowl 50 Players To Slip, Keep Grounds Crews Busy Throughout GameSome players at Super Bowl 50 weren't happy with the field at Levi's Stadium.
Broncos Get 3rd Super Bowl Title With 24-10 Win Over PanthersPeyton Manning gave himself a chance to have a Super ending to his career. Von Miller and the Denver defense made the plays to secure the title for the Broncos.


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During their Thursday night meeting, the HMC-1 Board of Education voted to eliminate the current uniform code for all elementary students and move to a standard dress code.
Boundary changes have been proposed that will allow the District to balance enrollment at elementary schools, while expanding our school choice programs.
The District would like to hear from elementary school parents regarding the continuation of uniforms. Click here to provide your feedback! Survey responses must be received by April 25.
The district calendar for the 2016-2017 school year is available for download. The first day of school is August 22!
HMC-1 Summer Success 2016 will be in session May 23-June 20 for elementary, middle, and high school students. Click here for more information and to download the application.
Students Visit College Campuses, State Competition and More!
Dennis L. Carpenter, Ed. D, Superintendent of the Hickman Mills School District is pleased to announce the passage of the District's $19 million no tax increase bond. This bond issue was passed overwhelmingly, with approximately 80% of the district's voters expressing approval.
11:35 AM - 12:55 PM Top Tiger Lunch
8:00 AM - 2:30 PM Ukrainian Kaleidoscope


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Awesome camera work there. This video does not do her justice. (But I'll do her just as soon as I can find her).


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Pamela Denise Green, 44, of Springfield, Mo., formerly of Kennett, died Monday, Sept. 27, 2004, at her residence.
Born July 31, 1960, in Kennett, daughter of the late Watis and Dorothea Austin Green, she was a homemaker and a member of the Community Temple Church of Christ of Kennett.
Survivors include one daughter, Kimberly Green, of Springfield; two brothers, Earl Green, of Little Rock, Ark. and Jimmy Ivory Green, of Kennett; six sisters, Mary Ann Green Jackson and Donna Green, both of Kennett, Brenda Faye and Velma Green, both of Springfield, Dorothea Green, of Poplar Bluff, Mo. and Pauline Green, of St. Louis, Mo. and her grandmother, Velma Austin, of Cape Girardeau, Mo.
She was preceded in death by one brother, Nathan Green and her grandfather, Benjamin Austin.
Visitation will be from noon to 1 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 2, at the Community Temple Church in Kennett.
Funeral services will be held at 1 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 2, at the Community Temple Church with Bishop Luke Robinson officiating.
Burial will follow at the Oak Ridge Cemetery in Kennett.


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June 19th, 2015 — Repaint
Sharka is done. We drove home together. I'm a babbling mass of joy and snot.
June 17th, 2015 — Repaint
Sharka gets assembled. And after that? Not what I expected to do that day when I woke up.
June 17th, 2015 — Repaint
That's right! EVERYTHING is now painted. Every body panel. Every stripe. Every part.
June 13th, 2015 — Repaint
The bumpers, airdams, and hardtop get stripes in this one. Not far to go now!
June 11th, 2015 — Repaint
What does Sharka look like out of the paint booth and without the masking? Hmm.
June 11th, 2015 — Repaint
The main body gets painted and striped. It's pretty awesome.
June 8th, 2015 — Bucky (01 MX-5), DIY, Repaint
Bucky gets some attention and modification.
June 6th, 2015 — Repaint
What comes between primer and paint? Blocking. That and a lot of random inspirational quotes lurk in this post.
June 4th, 2015 — Repaint
After only a week, primer was sprayed.
June 3rd, 2015 — Repaint
Sorry about the post title. I couldn't help myself. Sharka's ass is so smooth right now. So very smooth.


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Chicago, ILUSA
April 18, 2012
I'm currently unemployed, however my profession has been Office Manager for the past 6 years.
I'm basically hoping to meet new and different people to socialize and get to know.
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USER EDITORfireballil
User Score: 12473
The crew says goodbye to Joel Robinson when a misunderstanding leads to Gypsy plotting his escape with the help of temp worker Mike Nelson. The movie is Mitchell, starring Joe Don Baker as the stereotypical maverick cop.
Joel and the 'bots watch yet another Sandy Frank movie, this time an Japanese TV ripoff of Planet Of The Apes. They do their own version of Inherit The Wind and present the latest in ape fashion while Frank grows big babies.
Movie Plot: Aliens from the Moon battle the Earth.
Host Segment I: The crew does a skit about the Macy's Thanksgiving parade.
Gamera helps two boys who sneak onto a spaceship get back to Earth. Also, the crew sings their version of the Gamera theme song and Michael Feinstein visits Deep 13.
The crew endures more Sandy Frank as they see a movie taken from a Japanese TV series. Listen for the 'Forklift Song.'
The crew watches the first of the Gamera movies. Joel presents an endless salad bar container while Frank has problems with his bird cage vacuum. Tom also sings his famous song, 'Tibby, Oh Tibby.'
While watching a movie about a space trip to Jupiter, the crew fends of the attacks of a black Crow, which the real Crow names 'Timmy.' The Mads invent a huge checkbook for the huge checks at sporting events, but Frank uses a couple without telling Dr. Forrester.
While watching the first of the four Russo-Finnish movies, Joel and the 'bots invent snacks for martial artists, Dr F. uses Frank's 401K to fund the Unhappy Meal, the crew tries to figure out what a Sampo is and Gypsy presents a one woman show.
The crew gets bored on a rainy day, so they play poker before watching a movie about a teen caveman rebel. We find out new epicacs and find out what happens when animals turn on the hunters. Also, the Mads turn on each other and make up.
The crew watches the last Hercules movie while they and the Mads present baby-themed inventions. Gypsy tries to riff with the 'bots but only lasts a few minutes.
The crew watch a beach movie while Tom falls in love with the 'creepy girl' and Joel tries to explain the '60's. Little Richard is among the musical guests.
Yet another movie set after the apocalypse, but with teens. The crew present Mr. Meat-And-Potato Head while Morrissey visits Deep 13 and depresses everyone.
The crew watches yet another movie about an alien life form. The Mads present Tragic Moments figurines and the crew makes a kit to impersonate Jack Palance.
The crew watch a giant spider terrorize a small town while Crow writes a screenplay called Earth vs. Soup. The Mads steal Joel's invention again, this time a phone made of cheese. Joel and the bots also try to start a band called Spydor but are interrupted by an intergalactic janitor.moreless
The SOL crew engage in a gag weapon war with the Mads as they watch a failed TV pilot about an astronaut held captive on an Earth-like planet.
While watching the sequel to The Amazing Colossal Man, where Glen Manning goes on another rampage, Joel and the bots also encounter the spirit of music and wonder where it is male or female. The invention exchanges involve taking weapons of war and making them into ways to feed breakfast, while new ways to name 'Mexican' food are revealed and Glen visits the SOL again.moreless
The SOL crew dives into the beatnik culture and hike their pants up to their chest with Daddy-O. They also endure an alphabet short, go drag racing and discover the value of a spit-take. Along with the Mads, they also have inventions for the Miracle Growth Baby.
Season Four begins with a Oscar-winning movie getting the treatment. Also, the crew's invention is found to be illegal while Joel tries to get the 'bots to be 'all for one and one for all' but fails.
The crew watches a movie about a giant scorpion that threatens Mexico, while creating their own puppet show. Meanwhile, the Mads suffer severe mutations.
The crew watches a post-apocalyptic movie while taking in what turns out to be the final Commando Cody short. They also bring out a monster truck pipe.
Gamera returns to fight another monster, this time a flying one with a triangluar head. Also, the bots try to do the Gamera-damerung, but it never gets anywhere.
While watching another sword and sorcery epic, Crow professes his love for Estelle Winwood, Joel sells Basil Rath-bones for dogs, and Dr. Forrester invents biohazard pillows for the home that make Frank sick.
The crew watches a horror movie where a medical student has to steal a ring off a corpse as part of a fraternity hazing as well as part 3 of The Phantom Creeps serial. The inventions have a medical theme including Frank in a real-life game of Operation, while the Old School for Old Students is introduced.moreless
The crew watches the last Gamera movie as the mutant turtle fights a sea creature from another planet. Joel and the 'bots celebrate by having a root beer keg party(with Tom as the party keg), make dioramas of their favorite scenes, and make a model of Gamera's insides.
Tom gets a new voice and Dr. Forrester gets a new sidekick, but the crew still has to watch the same old bad movies. This one features Lloyd Bridges and Hugh O'Brien as they try to get the moon.
Gamera returns from space to fight the monster Baurgon in the second movie of the famed series. Also, the 'bots have a computer interface war and play elderly Midwestern women eating at TGI Tokyo.
The crew watches another late 60's space film while presenting games of the future.
While watching a Lassie movie, Tom gets gold fever and tries to melt Crow, Frank gets his heart attached to generators, and a short on body care leads to a debate.
Movie Plot: The Killer Shrews Some scientists on an island accidentally create giant poisonous shrews.
Also riffed was the short: Junior Rodeo Daredevils.
Intro: Joel gives gifts to the 'bots. Gyspy receives a Love's Baby Soft Bath Kit. Tom gets a dragster with a tape deck. Crow recieves a pair of dress slacks, which he is not enthusiastic about.
Segment One: Tom tries to comfort Crow, but he drives off in his car. The Mads have a missle ready to split the Earth in two, but they don't have much to gain from using it. Joel invents Jim Henson's Edgar Winter Babies.
Segment Two: Joel tries to impersonate Will Rogers. He has Crow dress up like a steer and Tom as a cactus; however he gets too much into it and ties up Crow.
Segment Three: Servo and Crow create a Killer Shrews board game. No one moves. They break down and Joel comforts them.
Segment Four: Joel and The Mads try a drink that Servo and Crow came up called the Killer Shrew. It makes Joel collapse and Frank go crazy.
Segment Five: The 'bots dress up as killer shrews and attack Joel as he reads a viewer's letter. Frank has drank too much Killer Shrew and Dr. Forrester gives him an ipecac.
Stinger: Dr. Craigis tries to explain the experiment to Thorne.
The crew watches a Cold War 'epic' about a US spy dropped into the USSR to try to prevent nuclear war. He fails and the Russkies bomb Manhattan. The Mads turn foosball into water polo, Tom gets a 'haircut' and Joel tries to explain the Cold War with children's puppets being targeted. Also watch for the very first end-of-show stinger and chapter 2 of The Phantom Creeps.moreless
The crew watches a movie about a mechanic who encounters a motorcycle gang. Joel presents a pet Slinky while the gang make up terminology for the new sport of sidehacking.
While watching a movie about youth exploited on a farm, Tom gets a magnetic tapeworm, Gypsy has Richard Basehart flashbacks, and the crew presents a pipe which squirts water on the matches.
A group of Viking women sail after their men when they don't return and wind up captured with them. Also, a short on home economics and Joel really gets into waffles.
The crew watches a Robert Lippert/Bert I. Gordon creation where astronauts find a planet like dinosaur-era Earth, and a safe driving short. Also, we get the Joey the Lemur song and a new show called The Emotional Scientist.
The crew watches a knockoff of the James Bond movies starring Sean Connery's brother Neil and several of the actors in the actual Bond movies. Frank tries to be Bavarian while Joel and the 'bots compare the careers of the Connery brothers.
Another biker movie, this time with a racer involved with bikers. The Deep 13 crew turn into bikers, the SOL crew presents cereal inspired by the movie, and the 'bots learn about biker culture.
The crew watches slime monsters invade Los Angeles while putting Commando Cody on trial for 'crimes against reality' after watching the sixth installment of the short.
The crew watches a movie about rescuing a missing heiress and the first installment of The Phantom Creeps. Also, they play hide-and-seek with the forces of the universe and sell exploding spiders they call Phantom Creeps.
Movie Plot: Astronauts battle one-eyed aliens at a space station.
Segment One: Joel explains the premise of the show, as well as introduces us to The Satellite of Love, as well as Crow and Beeper, two robots of his own design. He then presents to Earth an invention that allows people to turn their heads heads around in a 360º circle.
Segment Two: Joel introduces the world to Gypsum, a third robot that he had not yet shown to us. She faints upon learning that she's on television.
Segment Three: Joel discovers The Secret of Life, which is on 8-track.
The crew has to endure another Fugitive Alien movie while Tom is brought back from the dead and the Captain Joe action figure is created.
The crew has to endure rock climbing while watching Lost Continent while skewering 'white male reality' and encountering Hugh Beaumont as one of the horsemen of the Apocalypse.
The crew watches another biker movie while dealing with bad colds. Each of them also remembers other good times in flashbacks, which may or may not be caused by the cold medicine they take.
Mike Nelson debuts on the SOL with a movie about a doctor looking for a new body for the severed head of his fiancé. Tom and Crow are of much help, making fun of Mike after he reveals a secret about his childhood.
The crew watches a giant praying mantis attack the Arctic Circle, while Mike inadvertantly blows up Ape Earth.
While watching a scientist pursue the fountain of youth for his aged wife, the crew has to deal with a Nanite labor stoppage, while Pearl proves she is the Lawgiver and the apes let themselves go. Also, Tom and Crow try to get Mike's pineal juice and the SOL is infested with prairie dogs.moreless
The show debuts on the Sci-Fi Channel with the 'se-quel' to the cult classic Creature From The Black Lagoon. Crow can't remember Mike, the Earth in the year 2525 is ruled by apes(supposedly with the help of Mike's ancestors) and Pearl is their Lawgiver, and she blames Mike for her son going back to mad scientist-ing so she takes up his experiment.moreless
Frank is forced to fire himself, but with the inspiration of the SOL crew, he gets his job back. The crew watches a movie about a bunch of giant mutant teens terrorizing a town. Tommy Kirk, Beau Bridges and Ronny Howard star.
Mike and the 'bots see the story of a race of albinos living in a mountain at the top of the world, while the apes celebrate Lawgiver Daze...except for Bobo. Watch for ex-Vikings running back Robert Smith in a cameo at the end.
Another teen rebel movie starring Mamie Van Doren is on tap but the big news is the SOL becomes the first ever tethered satellite in the sixth season premiere.
Another spy movie is on the screen for the crew while Frank becomes a talent agent(for Mike, Tom and Torgo, but not Crow), the 'bots do 'This Is Your Life, Mike Nelson!' and Tom develops his own death ray--for peaceful purposes(until he zaps Crow because he just can't resist).
The crew watches the story of a Finnish hero who fights off invaders and perfoms a satirical politcal revue. The Mads entertain their female neighbors from Deep 12 and the movie's hero stops by as well.
The British version of a Godzilla film is presented by Leonard Maltin.
While watching a movie about greedy developers trying to force people to 'Leave the Bronx,' Crow repeatedly sets fires on the SOL, Dr. Forrester puts his mother in a home, and a new character comes in to try and help ratings.
Kathy Ireland stars as a nerdy girl who blossoms after rescuing her father from Atlantis. This causes the crew to sing about her, to try and figure out her emotions and think about other models. The Mads invent the donor organ vending machine and Mike invents Fridge Udders for milk, which makes the 'bots go fridge tipping.moreless
Another TV pilot movie is on tap while the Mads play construction worker, the 'bots have a political debate that's anything but, and Mike's Urkel impression pleases almost everybody.
While watching a medieval hero try to keep a kingdom out of the hands of an evil ruler, the 'bots make their own Ren fest which pleases Mike no end. Meanwhile, Dr. Forrester has to deal with his mother being sick, while the crew pulls a prank on him and Crow reads a steamy romance novel to Pearl.moreless
The last experiment of the season is about trying to save Earth from lunar beings angry that man landed on the moon. Also seen is a short about GM cars featuring Nuveena, the woman of the future. She comes to take Mike back to her world, but when she turns the 'bots into appliances, he has second thoughts.moreless
Mike and the 'bots endure a short about auto safety around train crossings and a movie featuring RADAR! The Mads use Hypno Helio Static Stasis on the movie, but the crew has just the antidote. Also, Mike tries to escape using Crow's underwear and Gypsy's bra, Tom turns into a state trooper, and we see the Quinn Martin nature preserve.moreless
The crew watches another time travel movie while turning into 'big, buttery slabs of Fabio!' They also sing the song 'Tubular Boobular Joy' and read from Jack Palance's autobiography.
The crew watches Invasion USA(no, not that one) while Crow is experimented on and gives his seminar on the two Lois Lanes. Tom is deeply affected by the movie while an A-bomb visits the SOL drunk and depressed.
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