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'Shioner' Coated Slim Skinny Leg Jeans (0804H)
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Galatians / Ephesians / Philippians: Reformation Heritage Bible CommentaryJerald C. Joersz, Jerald C. Joersz
The great reformers' influence upon the Bible's interpretation and application could not help but revitalize the Church - this is as true today as it was five hundred years ago. The reformers taught with special insight, due to their constant reading, study, translating and ... Read More
More From: Jerald C. Joersz, Jerald C. Joersz
This lay-level commentary for Galatians / Ephesians / Philippians allows you to study the Word in a deep and meaningful way with devotional warmth and readability.
The Reformation Heritage Bible Commentary series provides you with an insightful New Testament commentary in the English Standard Version (ESV) translation. Perfect for church workers, Bible class teachers, or anyone interested in learning more about the Bible, the series' unique layout features both the English Standard Version and King James Version (KJV), with a parallel format that allows you to see both the classic and modern translations side by side.
- English Standard Version (ESV) text
- King James Version (KJV) text
- Book introductions
- Notes
- Charts
- Maps
- Applications
- Articles
- Church Father quotations
Product Details:
Page Count: 320
Released: 03/2013
- Product type: Book
- Format: Softcover
- Release Date: Apr 1, 2013
- Height: 0
- Width: 0
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- Volumes/Discs: 1
- Pages: 243
- Publish Date: Apr 1, 2013
- Language: English
- Audience Age Maximum: 0
- Audience Age Minimum: 0

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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Oct 26, 1971
|Filing date
|Nov 29, 1968
|Priority date
|Dec 30, 1964
|Publication number
|Foley Ernest, Herwig George Lang
|Original Assignee
|Conzinc Riotinto Ltd
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (5), Classifications (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
lnventors Ernest Foley East Burwood, Victoria, Australia; George Lang Herwig, Valentine, Wales Appl. N0. 779,672
Filed Assignees Noy. 29, 1 968 Division of Ser. No. 51 Pat, No. 3,464 900 7,769, Dec. 30, 1965,
Conzinc Riotinto of Australia Limited;
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Priority Australia 53446/64 Melbourne, Australia Dec. 30, 1964 PRODUCTION OF AiUMmuM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS FROM ALUMINUM CHLORIDE 6 Claims, 8 Drawing Figs.
U.S.Cl 204/237, 204/245, 204/246 19 *9 m w I. W] I I. I 5
'32:: I 2:12: 3 z I, i
Primary Examiner-John H. Mack Assistant Examiner-D. R. Valentine Att0rney-Piercc, Schefflcr & Parker ABSTRACT: Apparatus is provided for the electrolytic production of aluminum which includes an electrolysis compartment and a reactor compartment communicating therewith to which Alchlor vapor is introduced and means for recycling molten metal from the reactor compartment back to the electrolysis compartment.
t .l I.-
PATENTEDum 26 |97l 3, 6 1 6 438 SHEET 2 OF 2 PRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS FROM ALUMINUM CHLORIDE The present application is a divisional of our application Ser. No. 517,769, filed Dec. 30, 1965, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,464,900.
This invention relates to the electrolytic production of aluminum and aluminum alloys, and refers especially to a continuous process of and apparatus for the production of molten aluminum by a fusion electrolysis using aluminum (hereinafter termed alchlor, as a source of feed material.
Electrolytic processes for the production of aluminum which are in present day use employ aluminum oxideas a source of feed material and electrolyse this as a solution in a double salt of sodium and aluminum fluorides. Disadvantages of this system include (I) the consumption of high purity carbon electrodes by the oxygen component of the feed material at a rate which varies from 0.6 to 1.0 lb. of carbon per lb. of aluminum produced; (2) the low voltage efficiency of the cell of 35 to 45 percent which results from a summation of high voltage drops across the anode which must be adapted to continuous feeding, across the carbon lining which must be thick to contain the high temperatures within the cell, across the polar gap which must be large to allow clearance between the distorted cathode metal surface and the anode, and finally due to polarization effects on the anode as a result of intermittent charging and variation of electrolyte compositions; (3) losses of expensive electrolyte by vaporization occasioned by the open top construction of the cell necessitated by the need to intermittently and evenly feed solid alumina to the electrolyte; (4) severe corrosion and low-cell life resulting from thehighcell temperature of 950 to l,O C. and (5) an appreciable labor requirement for introducing feed material.
The art contains records of attempts to produce aluminum from anhydrous alchlor by electrolysis of an electrolyte composed of alchlor dissolved in certain fused metal halides. A number of disadvantages have prevented commercial acc'eptance of such processes. Alchlor is a volatile solid subliming at about 178 C. Although its vapor pressure may be lowered substantially in molten alkali metal chloride baths, alchlor is readily distilled from such baths when operating at or about the melting point of aluminum (661 Q). As a consequence these processes are operated at low temperatures or under a positive pressure. Eutectic or low melting point fused salt mixtures containing alchlor have very poor electrical conductivity especially below the melting point of aluminum. At the opening temperatures of such processes molten solutions of alchlor are corrosive towards graphite and carbon which are essentially the only practical anode materials which can withstand the coproduced chlorine. At low temperatures aluminum is deposited as a solid comminglcd with electrolyte which is inconvenient to separate from the metal crystals, and cell voltages can at practical current densities are very high. At high-temperatures cell voltages can be reduced and liquid metal obtained but the pressurized equipment is expensive and corrosion is severe.
Our invention seeks to overcome the disadvantages of processes using electrolytes containing alchlor, while retaining the advantages of alchlor as a feed material, by providing apparatus for carrying out a process wherein little, if any alchlor can ever be present in the electrolyte.
According to the invention, a process for the electrolytic production of aluminum and aluminum alloys comprises electrolyzing a fused salt electrolyte containing at least one of the group consisting of alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, and rare earth metal halides, using as cathode a molten metal of alloy, which cathode metal or alloy contains in solution a metallic reductant deposited from the electrolyte, and contacting the molten metal or alloy and the contained metallic reductant with alchlor. Preferably, the alchlor is contacted with the molten metal or alloy in such a manner that there can be negligible contact between the alchlor and the electrolyte.
More particularly, the invention includes a process for the trolyzing in an electrolysis compartment or cell a fused salt electrolyte containing at least one of the group consisting of alkali metal halides and alkaline earth metal halides, the cathode being molten aluminum or aluminum alloy containing a metallic reductant deposited from the electrolyte by the electrolysis, transferring the molten aluminum or aluminum alloy and reductant to a reactor compartment or vessel, reacting alchlor with the metallic reductant in the reactor compartment or vessel, transferring to the electrolysis compartment or cell, recycling molten aluminum containing a lower concentration of the metallic reductant back to the electrolysis compartment or cell, and discharging the molten metal product from the reactor compartment or vessel.
According to one aspect of the invention an important feature resides in effecting the reaction between the metallic reductant and the alchlor which latter is preferably in the vapor state, in a compartment or vessel which is distinct or separate from the electrolysis compartment, so that little or no alchlor is permitted to enter the electrolysis compartment and consequently the possibility of its loss with and contamination of the chlorine produced in the electrolysis, and the attack by the alchlor on the anode material, are substantially prevented.
A further feature of the invention, according to one form thereof, is that the electrolyte contains halide of a metal which is deposited in the molten metallic cathode and which when transferred therewith to the reactor compartment functions as a metallic reductant which reacts with the alchlor to form metallic aluminum and the chloride of the said metallic reductant, the said chloride (selected to contain negligible amounts of alchlor) being then transferred to the electrolyte in the electrolysis compartment.
The metallic cathode should comprise a metal or alloy which is molten within the required temperature range, which is a sufficiently good solvent for the metallic reductant used, which is substantially unreactive to alchlor vapor and which can be separated from or is consistent with thefinal metal product required. Aluminum of those alloys of aluminum meeting the above requirements are preferred.
A further novel aspect of the invention resides in the employment, as compartments of the fused salt electrolyte, of an alkali metal halide or alkaline earth metal halide or rare earth metal halide, or mixture of alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal halides, and/or rare earth metal halides, which enable the above-mentioned objects and functions of the process to be achieved.
The composition of the fused electrolyte should desirably be such that the metal or metals deposited at the cathode during electrolysis (i.e. the metallic reductant) have adequate solubility in the molten metallic cathode, (e.g. in molten aluminum or aluminum alloy) low solubility in the saline phase and, when dissolved in the molten cathode metal, have sufficient reactivity even at low concentration to reduce alchlor vapor, at high efiiciency.
The metal or metals deposited at the cathode are desirably such that the corresponding chloride salt or salts have a density lower than that of the molten metallic cathode and a melting point not greatly in excess of the melting point of the cathode.
We have found (a) that magnesium fulfils these requirements in a particularly satisfactory manner and is therefore the preferred reductant, and (b) that magnesium chloride is a preferred constituent of the electrolyte, for the purposes of this invention.
However, the invention also includes the use of other alkaline earth metals (e.g. calcium), rare earth metals and lithium as the metallic reductant, and the use of other alkaline earth metal halides or alkali metal halides or rare earth metal halides and in particular mixtures thereof, as components of the fused salt electrolyte. Such an electrolyte would have a density lower than that of the molten cathode and preferably a melting point not greatly higher than that of the molten electrolytic production of aluminum which comprises elecgathode.
Because of its low-decompositon voltage magnesium chloride may be used alone or in admixture with the halides of other alkali metals and/or alkaline earth metals. Rare earth halide reductants may be used with the halides of alkali metals and/or alkaline earth metals in the absence of magnesium halides. As a source of reductant lithium chloride and calcium chloride may be used alone or in admixture with each other.
Other alkali metal or alkaline earth metal halides, specifically the fluorides, may be added, within the limitations set out above and provided that they are mutually miscible, to modify and improve the properties of the electrolyte used in this invention.
As previously stated, the metallic reductant (e.g. magnesium) is transferred to a second or reactor compartment, distinct from the electrolysis compartment, wherein chemical interaction occurs between the metallic reductant and the alchlor vapor. By this arrangement it becomes possible to control the amount of reductant to any level deemed necessary to ensure the desired degree of interaction. Contrary to what might be expected we have found by experiment that alchlor vapor will reduce the magnesium content of an aluminummagnesium alloy to extremely low values (e.g. 0.005 percent) at high efficiency.
Magnesium chloride is a coproduct of the above reaction. It collects as a separate phase prior to being transfered to the electrolytic cell. Our experiments have also disclosed that the solubility of alchlor in molten magnesium chloride in the relevant temperature range is unexpectedly small. The magnesium chloride transferred to the electrolysis compartment, in the normal process of the invention therefore contains little or no alchlor even if the rate of injection of alchlor vapor is excessive. Consequently the amounts of alchlor which may enter the electrolysis compartment are relatively small; hence not only are losses of alchlor via the electrolysis compartment substantially avoided, but additionally contamination of the halogen coproduct and attack by the alchlor on the anode are either prevented or are of negligible degree.
Therefore, the successful operation of the process of the invention is not necessary for the electrolyzing current and rate of input of alchlor vapor to be in continuous and exact synchronization.
It will be appreciated that it is desirable to use a metallic reductant which upon reaction with alchlor yields a chloride with little or no solvent action for the alchlor at the temperature employed. This effect is best realized with reductants of the alkaline earth metal class or with lithium. Chlorides of alkali metals other than lithium form double salts with alchlor which remain stable to some degree at the temperatures of interest. Hence the electrolyte preferably contains chlorides of metals of the alkaline earth class or lithium, which are com ponents or components decomposed during electrolysis even when admixed with other salts. The appreciable solubilities of magnesium, calcium, lithium and rare earth metals in aluminum alloys at the operating temperatures are a further advantage of the process. As a result, the amounts of these metals which dissolve in the molten salt bath are decreased, as are their chemical activities at the cathode, the overall effect being to permit higher current efficiencies and lower decomposition voltages to be realized than would have been the case if a metal of low solubility in molten aluminum, such as sodium, had been deposited.
in the preferred process of the invention a molten salt phase comprising either:
a. magnesium chloride alone or admixed with halides of the alkali metals and/or of the alkaline earth metals,
b. calcium chloride and/or lithium chloride alone or admixed with magnesium chloride or with each other, is electrolyzed in an electrolysis compartment using a dependent graphite or carbon anode and a molten aluminum or aluminum alloy cathode, the relative densities of the liquid phases being such that the molten cathode remains as a discrete phase at the bottom of the electrolytic cell. Under such conditions substantially pure chlorine is evolved from the anode and corresponding amount of reductant dissolve in the aluminum cathode.
THe aluminum plus reductant metal so formed is transferred to a separate second compartment where it is reacted with alchlor gas under conditions of high, but not necessarily 100 percent efficiency. The chloride coproduct, containing negligibly small amounts of alchlor, is transferred to the electrolysis compartment to maintain the composition of the molten salt phase at an optimum level. Aluminum or aluminum alloy, denuded in reductant, is collected in suitable collection equipment. Part of this aluminum or aluminum alloy is recycled to the electrolysis compartment to maintain the cathode metal at the desired depth. The remainder representing the effective production of aluminum or aluminum alloy, which may be treated further with sufficient alchlor to remove as much reductant as is desired, is tapped off as required.
The temperature at which the electrolysis and reduction processes are carried out is desirably maintained at l0-l00 C. above the melting point of the electrolyte, or the cathode metal or the chloride salt of the reductant, whichever is the highest.
A further feature of one fonn of the invention resides in enclosing the reactor compartment in such a manner that back pressure in the vapor or gas space is used to control the rate of alchlor addition. Preferably, the reactor compartment is totally enclosed to the gas phase, so that if an excess of alchlor is fed it accumulates as a gas and builds up pressure within the compartment. lf the alchlor supply to this compartment is only at low pressure, then the accumulated pressure in the compartment retards or steps the flow of alchlor into the compartment and this state continues until sufficient of the excess alchlor vapor is consumed by fresh reductant contained in the liquid metal received from the electrolytic cell to reduce the back pressure and allow further flow. This is a very desirable feature as the alchlor feed rate is thereby automatically controlled according to demand.
Whereas the normal method of alloy manufacture would be to add the alloying element directly to the metal stream in these instances, where an alloying element forms a volatile chloride, the alloy may be produced by introducing the chloride of the element in addition to alchlor into the reactor compartment at the appropriate rate.
The process of this invention has a number of advantages over existing processes for the electrolytic production of aluminum. lt consumes virtually no carbon, continuously produces aluminum at current efficiencies of at least percent and enables operation at temperatures above the melting point of aluminum yet significantly below those used in current aluminum extractive technology. By the use of gaseous alcholor a high-purity feed can be introduced and a closed cell construction used with several attendant advantages.
Important advantages derive from the introduction of the gaseous alchlor in a separate compartment to the electrolysis, in that a wide selection of cell electrolytes is possible and a composition can be used which gives high conductivity and low specific gravity. Resulting from this, high current densities are possible close electrode spacing can be used and voltage drop across the electrolyte can be minimized. Fixed anodes of optimum design can be used with a low voltage drop across them similarly cathode connector design can be improved to reduce voltage drop at this point. Cell designs are possible which are amendable to automation so that routine labor and supervision requirements are reduced to a minimum.
Because aluminum compounds are not directly electrolyzed, but instead a metal reductant is deposited as a solution in a flowing stream of aluminum or aluminum alloy, problems such as cathode, overpotential and fog formation are substantially reduced and high voltage and current efficiencies are possible. By recycling the aluminum at a sufficient rate to ensure that the solution of reductant in the molten cathode is relatively dilute, the higher voltages required for decomposition of the reductant salt in the electrolyte rather than of alcholor are largely offset by the reduced activity of the reductant dissolved in the molten cathode.
Examples of the operation of the process of this invention are as follows:
EXAMPLE I A fused salt electrolyte comprising percent w/w magnesium chloride 40 percent w/w lithium chloride and 40 percent w/w sodium chloride was electrolyzed at 670-700 C. in an alumina-lined cell fitted with a vertical carbon rod as anode and having a pool of eommercial-grade aluminum as cathode. The interpolar gap was 0.71 inches, the current density l,080 amps per square foot and the overall voltage 3.2 to 3.4 volts.
After electrolyzing for one hour the magnesium chloride content was replenished to percent by adding addition molten magnesium chloride. Electrolysis was then continued for a further period of one hour after which the aluminum metal product was removed and on analysis was found to contain 3.97 percent w/w metallic magnesium.
The said aluminum-magnesium alloy was transferred to 2%inch internal diameter alumina crucible enclosed in an evacuable steel vessel. After evacuation and filling the vessel with argon the metal alloy was melted by heating to 800 C.
Pure aluminum chloride vapor at a rate equivalent to 500 mls. chlorine per minute measured at S.T.P. was bubbled through the molten metal alloy by means of a l-inch bore tantalum tube which dipped to a level 7 /-inches below the surface of the metal. During the operation the temperature was controlled within the range 800 to 900 C. The flow of aluminum chloride vapor at the stated rate continued until aluminum chloride was detected in the exhaust gases. The tantalum tube was then retracted and the metal product allowed to solidify.
Analysis showed the metal product to be aluminum containing less than 0.002 percent w/w of magnesium.
A fused salt electrolyte comprising 40 percent magnesium chloride, percent w/w lithium chloride and 30 percent w/w sodium chloride was electrolyzed at 725-750 C. using a current density of l,000 amps per square foot and an interpolar gap of 0.74 inches, in an alumina-lined cell with a vertical carbon rod as anode and a pool of commercial-grade aluminum as cathode. The aluminum alloy produced after contained 13.5 percent w/w of magnesium, the overall current efficiency being 90 percent.
The aluminum alloy was transferred to a Z k-inch bore alumina crucible and melted under argon with the addition of sufficient aluminum to produce an aluminum alloy containing 6.12 percent w/w of magnesium. Aluminum chloride vapor was then bubbled, at a rate corresponding to 4,500 mls. per minute of chlorine measured at S.T.P., through the molten metal by means of a /4 inch bore tantalum tube dipping 7% inches below the metal surface. The flow of aluminum chloride was continued at the stated rate until aluminum chloride was detected in the exit gases, the temperature of the metal being controlled within the temperature range of 800 C. to 950 C.
Analysis of the metal produced showed it to be aluminum containing less than 0.002 percent w/w of magnesium.
The forms of apparatus of the present invention for carrying out the process, which are shown diagrammatically in the accompanying drawings, will now be described. These drawings and the description thereof are illustrative only, and are in no way to be regarded as limitative of the invention. In the drawings the same reference numerals are used to refer to like or corresponding parts. In the drawings:
FIG. I. is a view in sectional elevation of apparatus for the electrolytic production of aluminum.
FIG. 2. is a sectional view taken on the line 2-2 of FIG. 1, and
FIG. 3 is a sectional plan view taken on the line 3-3 of FIG. I.
FIG. 4 is a view in plan of an alternative and preferred form of apparatus for carrying out the invention,
FIG. 5 is a view in sectional elevation taken on the line 5-5 of FIG. 4,
FIG. 6 is a view in sectional elevation taken on the line 6-6 of FIG. 4,
FIG. 7 is a view in sectional elevation taken on the line 7-7 of FIG. 4, and
FIG. 8 is a view in sectional elevation taken on the line 88 of FIG. 4.
Referring to the FIGS. 1 to 3 of the accompanying drawings, the apparatus indicated generally at l is provided with an outer shell 2 which is thermally insulated by the lining 3. An inner graphite and/or carbon lining 4 contains the contents of the apparatus and carries current from the connectors 6 to the cathodic liquid metal layer 7. The sides of the electrolysis compartment or cell 11 are electrically insulated by a refractory lining 5. The apparatus 1 is divided internally by graphite and/or carbon walls 8 and 9, and by-a graphite, carbon and/or refractory wall 10 into four compartments, namely, the electrolysis compartment 11, the pump compartment 12, the reactor compartment or vessel 13 and the return compartment 14.
The electrolysis compartment 11 contains a molten salt electrolyte 15 which is of lower specific gravity than the cathodic metal layer 7 therebeneath. Anodes l6, 17 preferably of graphite or carbon depend into the electrolyte 15 and are secured to the cover 18, the anode connection being indicated at 19. The undersurface of the cover 18 not protected by the anodes l6, 17 is lined with refractory blocks 20. A chlorine gas outlet 21 is fitted through the cover 18 and block 20 and communicates with the space'above the electrolyte 15. Direct current is supplied to the connectors 6 and 19.
Covers 22 and 23 are fitted to the pump compartment 12 and the reactor compartment I3 respectively. Refractory block linings 24 are used to protect the undersurfaces of the covers 22, 23. The covers 18,22 and 23 are sealed and gastight.
Refractory block lining 25 protects the walls of the reactor compartment 13 and the top of the pump compartment [2.
A vertical shaft 26 driven by a motor (not shown) projects through a gland 27 in the cover 22 and is fitted with refractory clad impellers 28 which are inclined so as to impart movement to the liquid metal 7 which enters the pump compartment I2 from the electrolysis compartment 11 through passageway 29.
The liquid metal 7 overflows from the pump compartment 12 over a cascade 30 formed of steps, and enters the pool 3] of metal in the reactor compartment 13.
Alchlor vapor is supplied through the main supply pipe 32 and refractory sparger pipes 33 which project downwardly through the cover 23 into the reactor compartment 13 and is bubbled through the metal pool 31. Branch pipes 34 are connected to the lower ends of the sparger pipes 33 and are provided with holes 35 through which the alchlor va'por enters the pool 31.
The wall 10 forms a weir over which molten aluminum and vcoproducts flow into the return compartment 14 and thence are recycled by return passageway 36 into the saline phase contained in the electrolysis compartment II. A downwardly sloping passageway 37 is provided for periodic tapping of product aluminum, the outlet from the passageway 37 being normally closed by a removable plug 38. Aluminum metal or alloy accumulates in the passageway 37 and its upper level is normally immediately below the return passageway 36. The chloride coproduct tends to rise to the surface of the metal or alloy and hence to be recycled with molten metal through the passageway 36. When the product aluminum in the passageway 37 is tapped, tapping is discontinued before any chloride coproduct is discharged from the outlet. When the plug 38 is replaced the said chloride coproduct is displaced upwardly in the passageway 37 by progressive accumulation of product metal therein, and is then recycled with further metal through the passageway 36.
A wall or baffle 39 is provided in the electrolysis compartment 11 and extends from the end of the said compartment which is nearest to the reactor compartment 13 to a point spaced a short distance from the opposite end of the compartment 11. The wall or baffle 39 forms a trough 40 between it and the adjacent wall of the compartment 11. The passageway 36 communicates with one end of the trough 40 at a level above the upper surface of the cathode metal 7 so as to communicate with the molten salt electrolyte 15. The other end of the said trough 40 communicates with the compartment 11.
As illustrative of the process, the cell is filled with sufficient molten aluminum or aluminum alloy 7 to cover the bottom of the electrolysis compartment 11 and give good electrical contact with the lining 4. Sufficient molten electrolyte 15 is then poured into the cell to cover the bottom of the anodes 16, 17. The molten electrolyte may comprise a selection of alkaline earth metal halides and alkali metal halides, as hereinbefore described, and preferably contains magnesium chloride. The source of direct current is connected to the cell and electrolysis of the electrolyte 15 in the electrolysis compartment 11 takes place with deposition of metallic reductant (e.g. magnesium) in the cathodic layer 7, the metallic reductant entering into solution in the molten aluminum. After a suitable period the recycle pump 26, 28 is started and when molten metal is recirculating through the reactor compartment 13 alchlor vapor is fed from the main 32 through the sparger pipes 33 and branch pipes 34 into the metal in the pool 31.
The pressure of alchlor in the main 32 is maintained at a constant small positive value. This forces the vapor into the reactor chamber 13 and to then bubble in slight excess through the metal pool 31 until such time as the pressure built 'up in the gas space of the reactor chamber 13 is sufficient to halt the vapor flow. When this pressure is relieved by further reaction of the alchlor vapor in the gas space with fresh incoming metal descending over the cascade 30, more alchlor will feed from the main 32. The alchlor is reduced by the metallic reductant, forming aluminum and the chloride of the reducing metal (e.g. magnesium chloride). The greater proportion of the alchlor vapor reacts with the reducing metal as it bubbles through the molten alloy in the pool 31. A small proportion of the alchlor escapes this pool and is consumed by surface reaction with the reducing metal at the cascade 30.
The alchlor vapor is thus fed automatically from the main 32 only as fast as it can be consumed by the reductant electrolyzed into the metal recycling through the electrolysis section.
Under some circumstances the surface of the metal in the pool 31 may become coated by a thin layer of molten salt product from the alchlor/reductant reaction which tends to prevent further rapid reaction between the metal surface and excess alchlor which escapes the pool 31, and the cascade therefore serves the function of providing sufficient uncoated metal surface for the excess alchlor to be consumed.
Molten aluminum or aluminum alloy, together with the molten salt product of the reduction reaction, overflows the weir 10 and both components are then returned to the electrolysis compartment 11 via passageway 36 and trough 40, and the molten salt product is again electrolyzed in the compartment 11 to form the reductant.
As cell operation continues the quantity of molten aluminum in the system increases. The make is periodically tapped off through outlet 37 at a rate and frequency required to maintain the polar gap and cell operation at close to the op timum values.
Referring to FIGS. 4 to 8 of the accompanying drawings, the apparatus 1 shown therein comprises an outer shell 2, an insulating lining 3 a conductive inner graphite or carbon lining 4, an electrolysis compartment or cell 11, a pump compartment 12, a filter compartment 42, a reactor compartment 13 and a sampling compartment 43. An anode or anodes 16 depend into the electrolysis compartment 11 through the cover 22. Current is supplied to the anodes 16 through cover 22. Current is supplied to the anodes 16 through connectors 19 and is supplied to the cathodic lining 4 through connectors 6.
The electrolysis compartment 11 contains a fused salt electrolyte 15 of lower specific gra'vity than molten metal cathode 7 therebeneath, which latter preferably comprises aluminum or aluminum alloy. The anodes 16 depend into the electrolyte 15 but not into the cathode layer 7.
The electrolysis compartment 11 communicates by means of channels 44, 45 with launders 46, 47. The launder 46 communicates with a chamber 48 which is separated from the pump compartment 12 by a sleeve 49. A passage 50 at the lower end of the sleeve 49 provides communication between the chamber 48 and the pump compartment 12.
The pump compartment 12 is provided with an impeller 28 which imparts upward movement to liquid metal in the pump compartment 12. The impeller 28 is mounted on a shaft 26 which projects through a gland 27 in the cover 22 and is driven by a motor (not shown).
An upwardly inclined passage 51 communicates between the pump compartment 12 and the filter compartment 42. A removable tapered sleeve 52 is fitted in the filter compartment 42 and the passage 51 communicates with an aperture 53 in the sleeve 52. A cover 54 fits over the upper end of the sleeve 52. A perforated horizontal wall 55 is provided at the lower end of the sleeve 52 and the compartment 42 above the wall 55 is filled with filter material 56 such as tabular alumina. The space below the wall 55 communicates with a chamber 57 at the side of the filter compartment 42 and the upper end of this chamber 57 communicates by means of channel 58 with the upper part of the reactor compartment 13.
Two inner and outer concentric alchlor supply tubes 33, 33a depend into the reactor compartment 13 through the cover 22, the open lower ends of the tubes 33, 330 being flared outwardly. The inner supply tube 33 terminates near the lower end of the reactor compartment 13 and the outer supply tube 33a terminates at a higher level in the said compartment 13. The tubes 33, 330 are connected to a source of gaseous alchlor at suitable pressure. The lower end of an upwardly inclined passage 59 communicates with the reactor compartment 13 at a point just above the lower end of the outer tube 33a, and the upper end of the passage 59 communicates with the sampling compartment 43. A channel 60 connects the upper end of the reactor compartment 13 with the sampling compartment 43. A channel 61 connects the sampling compartment 43 to the launder 47,
A product metal outlet passage 62 is provided at the bottom of the reactor compartment and communicates by upwardly inclined passage 63 with intermediate compartment 64 and thence by vertical passage 65 with metal receive 66. The passage 65 is controlled by valve 67 attached to spindle 68 passing through gland 69 in the cover 22. The valve 67 controlsthe flow of metal into receiver 66.
An emergency discharge passage 70 closed by plug 71 connects also with outlet passage 62.
In operation, the electrolysis compartment 11 is charged with molten aluminum or aluminum alloy 7, and with a supernatant layer of molten salt electrolyte of the type previously described, preferably containing magnesium chloride. Direct current is supplied to the cell to effect electrolysis of the electrolyte. Metallic reductant (e.g. magnesium) is deposited and enters into solution in the molten aluminum cathode. The molten cathodic metal and dissolved reductant leaves the cell 11 by channels 44 and launders 46 and enters the lower end of the pump compartment 12 where it is elevated by the impeller 28 through passage 51 and aperture 53 into the reactor compartment 13 which normally is filled with the molten metal. In descending the reactor compartment 13 the molten metal moves countercurrently to upfiowing alchlor vapor which is supplied to the reactor compartment 13 through the tubes 33, 33a. The reaction between the alchlor and the reductant, the latter being present in excess at this stage, leads to the total consumption of alchlor and the production of aluminum and the chloride of the reductant, the chloride coproduct being displaced upwardly to the surface of the molten metal in compartment 13. Part of the molten metal, denuded in reductant and which may contain a proportion of chloride coproduct flows through passage 59 into the sampling compartment 43 while chloride coproduct overflows from the reactor compartment 13 through channel 60 into the sampling compartment 43. The said molten metal together with the chloride coproduct, is recycled to the electrolysis compartment 11 via channel 6], launder 47 and channels 45.
The remainder of the molten metal in the reactor compartment [3 moves to the lower part of the compartment 13 where it is subjected to further reaction with alchlor vapor entering through inner tube 33, the said alchlor vapor being in sufficient excess to ensure the substantially complete removal of the reductant from the molten metal.
The excess alchlor passes upwardly in the reactor compartment 13 where it reacts with further amounts of reductant contained in the molten metal.
Product aluminum or aluminum alloy leaves the bottom of the reactor 13 by passages 62, 63 and enters the intermediate compartment 64. The product metal is tapped periodically from the intermediate compartment 64 into the receiver 66 by means of the valve 67, at a rate normally determined by the rate of production of reductant in the electrolysis compartment 11.
While the alchlor would normally be totally consumed trace quantities of inert gases might occasionally be present in it. These escape above the molten salt layer and are contained by the refractory trap 72 dependent from and sealed to the cover 22. The open base of this trap dips just below the liquid salt surface. The inert gases then expel to atmosphere through the bleed tube 73 which terminates just below the surface of a suitable seal liquid (e.g. molten lead) contained in the pot 74.
We claim:
1. Apparatus for the electrolytic production of aluminum or aluminum alloys comprising an electrolysis compartment adapted for containing a fused salt electrolyte and a molten metal cathode, a nonelectrolytic reactor compartment, a
passageway below the surface of said molten metal cathode in said electrolysis compartment through which the molten metal with a contained metallic reductant may be transferred to said reactor compartment, an overflow weir in said reactor compartment, means for feeding alchlor vapor to a level below said weir in the reactor compartment to enable the alchlor vapor to be contacted with the molten metal and metallic reductant, a passageway to enable molten metal together with any unreacted metallic reductant to be returned from the reactor compartment to the electrolysis compartment, means for discharging product aluminum or aluminum alloy from the reactor compartment, and means to cycle molten metal from the electrolysis compartment through said reactor compartment and the second-mentioned passageway back to the electrolysis compartment.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said means of cycling molten metal includes a pumping chamber interposed between the first-mentioned passageway and said reactor compartment.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said means for feeding alchlor vapor includes two concentric tubes, the inner tube supplying alchlor vapor to a lower level than the outer tube.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the reactor compartment is closed and the alchlor vapor is maintained under pressure therein.
5. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the second-mentioned passageway communicates with the electrolysis compartment above the level of the molten metal cathode therein.
6. Apparatus according to claim 2 and having a filter unit through which the molten metal passes after leaving the pumping chamber and before entering the reactor compartment.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 26, 1981
|Aug 2, 1983
|Swiss Aluminium Ltd.
|Electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum by fused salt electrolysis
|Jun 23, 1983
|Nov 5, 1985
|Alcan International Limited
|Electrolytic reduction cells
|Sep 8, 1988
|Dec 10, 1991
|Moltech Invent S.A.
|Cathode current collector for aluminum cells
|Mar 23, 2006
|Apr 19, 2016
|Keystone Metals Recovery Inc.
|Metal chlorides and metals obtained from metal oxide containing materials
|Mar 23, 2006
|Sep 27, 2007
|Keystone Metals Recovery Inc.
|Metal chlorides and metals obtained from metal oxide containing materials
|U.S. Classification
|204/237, 204/245, 204/246
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Swiss Meringue Buttercream for Meyer Lemon Anniversary Cake
You will need 15 cups of buttercream to complete Martha's Meyer Lemon Anniversary Cake (14 cups for frosting the cake; one cup for piping around the layers and assembling the toppers).
- Yield: Makes 7 1/2 cups
Source: Martha Stewart Living, January 2006
- 8 large egg whites
- 2 1/2 cups sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 3 cups (6 sticks) unsalted butter, cut into pieces, softened
- Yellow gel-paste food coloring
Whisk egg whites, sugar, and salt in the heatproof bowl of an electric mixer set over a pan of simmering water until sugar has dissolved and mixture registers 160 degrees, about 4 minutes. Attach bowl to mixer fitted with the whisk attachment. Beat on high speed until cool and stiff (but not dry) peaks form, about 6 minutes.
Fit mixer with the paddle attachment. With mixer on medium-low speed, add butter, several pieces at a time, mixing well after each addition (meringue will deflate slightly as butter is added). Mix until frosting comes together but is still smooth and glossy, 3 to 5 minutes. Tint with food coloring; stir until smooth.


text:
Hello Zainab,
I heartily welcome you to our closely knitted, empowering, fast growing and vibrant online community where everyone's vision(s), aspiration(s) and voices count. To get more acquainted with happenings in the community, I recommend that you read the "Getting Started- https://www.worldpulse.com/en/community/getting-started", "Frequently Asked Questions-https://www.worldpulse.com/en/about-us/frequently-asked-questions" and Global Issues- https://www.worldpulse.com/en/global-issues pages.
In the event that you would like to inspire, draw inspiration and or connect with other experienced and or emerging change makers and leaders from around the world, you are welcome to join one, more or all of the following groups: Leadership Group, Economic Empowerment Group, World Pulse Volunteer Group, Environment Group, Technology & Innovation Group, Gender-based Violence Group. The choice is all yours!!!!
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While I look forward to learning more about you, your work and local community through your writings and active participation in our online community, please feel free to connect with other community members. Together we can walk our talk and talk our walk in ways that will make the world a better place for everyone.
Warm Regards Always,
Olanike (Greengirl)


text:
iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: AU$1.69 (23% off)
Wish it was more refreshing
Posted by 5199760228416514347 on Apr 19, 2014
My teeth feel clean but i wish it was more... Minty.
like a.salt toothpaste
Posted by 4794189287350463888 on Apr 13, 2014
salt toothpaste,clean
Limpia bien
Posted by Reviewer1590082 on Apr 02, 2014
Deja los dientes limpios, aunque no hace espuma y el sabor a menta es muy ligero.
Posted by 5330317388368794592 on Mar 24, 2014
not bad toothpaste, but not refreshmint :/
Posted by 5180001879788222557 on Mar 18, 2014
its pretty organic does not contain any SLS + other nasty chemical stuff. so it does not form easily even it says paste, it almost looks like gel. great in cleaning teeth however i prefer the one has more formy feel even it will contain nasty chemical stuff
Good toothpaste
Posted by 5385844493517959458 on Mar 16, 2014
Nice taste, but I did not get any lighter shade on my teeths
started using, didnt finish
Posted by 5499689881224183830 on Mar 15, 2014
started using it, but went back to our ordinary toothpaste. not give you that fresh feel that the regular have.
Tingling sensation in teeth, not durable
Posted by 5483893310456733543 on Mar 04, 2014
This toothpaste has the consistency of a gel, which is not something I am used to. THis would not have mattered had it not been for the fact that I can only brush one round with a strip of gel on my toothbrush. It is as if it disappears while brushing and I always have to "serve twice". The gel gives me a weird tingling sensation in some of my teeth which I don't understand and is uncomfortable. My boyfriend has not experienced this sensation. The toothpaste is very fresh and delicious otherwise.
Supongo que acabare acostumbrandome, el tubo es grande
Posted by Nadqa31 on Mar 02, 2014
La primera vez que me lave los dientes con esto tuve que volver que lavarmelos con mi pasta habitual de supermercado. No me daba la impresion de tenerlos limpios. Aunque tiene un ligerisimo sabor a menta no es como esas pastas de dientes de frescor mentolado que hasta pican. Pero poco a poco segun la voy usando me va gustando mas. Lo de que te blanquee un poco los dientes tampoco esta tan mal...
I don't like it !
Posted by 5223484783474408280 on Feb 17, 2014
The mouth is very uncomfortable~


text:
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'Washed Up - Nash' Crossbody Bag
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A sleek, simplified crossbody bag shaped from lavishly textured lambskin leather features a glossy logo-etched plaque and zip-around gusset for signature, street-chic style.
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This motel was beautiful inside and out. It is very clean and the beds were so comfortable. The staff was very friendly and knew the area well. We would stay her agian for sure. The motel was full and it was so quiet you never knew anyone was even there. We loved it. The grounds and patio were kept in... More
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TripAdvisor awards a Certificate of Excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers.


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3 Thermal Neoprene Face & Neck Masks £9 instead of £59.97 (from Fizzy Peach) for 3 thermal neoprene face and neck masks - save 85%
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Uncertain Futures: Eastern Europe and Democracy
Uncertain Futures: Eastern Europe and Democracy
The year of the bicentennial of the French Revolution witnessed another genuine revolution in Europe. Freedom of action at the state level in Eastern Europe has significantly increased. But, in large measure as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev's rise to power in the Soviet Union, the most dramatic and sudden changes have occurred at the level of society itself. The courageous struggle of underground movements like Solidarity and Charter '77, as well as the bold steps taken by Gorbachev, have awakened the hearts and minds of the peoples of Europe. The peoples of Eastern Europe have seized their own destiny and are demanding policies that until recently were forbidden dreams.
The repercussions of these internal developments on the international system have been directly visible and far‐ reaching. For almost half a century the political structure in Europe had been characterized by a robust, if not rigid, security system. Its dominant features had been the imposed divide between East and West. Ideological antagonism and a confrontation-oriented understanding of military security were given primacy over legal, cultural and economic relations between governments and virtually suppressed human exchanges between societies. Now, after the revolutions of 1989, governments and societies (which had done so long ago) have declared their willingness to construct a new political order in Europe based on principles and values of cooperation and mutual understanding. The challenge now has become how to implement those—internal and external—political goals in a peaceful and structured way.


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Re: Public should go Public NYSE
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text:
Barre water line break creates sinkhole
Staff Report
BARRE A high-pressure water line blew out Wednesday night, creating a massive sinkhole in the middle of Third Street that prompted the residential streets closure to through traffic.
City Engineer Reg Abare said it wasnt clear what caused the break that was reported at 8:30 p.m., but the problem was quickly isolated using gate valves on either end of the short street that runs between North Main and Beckley streets.
With the break easily contained and no one believed to be without water, Abare said, repairs were pushed off until Thursday morning to avoid overtime expenses associated with night work.
According to Abare, the section of 8-inch cast iron pipe is several decades old and could have fractured due to a water hammer caused by a fire hydrant being opened and quickly closed. He said he hadnt had time to explore that theory.
Third Street remained closed to through traffic Thursday while the high-pressure line was being repaired.MORE IN This Just InROCKINGHAM Wildlife will be celebrated at the 17th annual Herricks Cove Wildlife Festival... Full StoryBURLINGTON Vermont police say a Burlington man is charged with a hate crime after they say he... Full StoryMONTPELIER A working group created to determine if Vermont should try to buy more than a dozen... Full Story
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text: Tsarnaevs Got $100K In State Benefits [Pic] State funded terrorism Submitted by: DraculyaMore Posts (408) More From IAB... Obama In His State Of The Union Address: Then & Now [Pics] 3D-Printed Gun Site Gets Censored By State Dept Baby Animals By The State They Represent [Pic+] Washington State Flies Communist Flag At Capital Most Popular Halloween Costumes In Each State[Pic] In Which State? [Pic] What Is Your State #1 At? [Pic] The Most Affluent Town In Every US State [Pic] Which State Produces The Most Porn Stars? [Pic] Dreams Of The Sovereign State Of Quebec [Total: 12 Average: 2.6/5] + Add to favs Share facebook del.icio.us twitter 20 Comments - View/Add Hits: 7281 Rating: 2.6 Category: Date: 04/30/13 11:45 AM


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640 South State StreetDover, Delaware 19901
21 West Clarke AvenueMilford, Delaware 19963
401 North Carter RoadSmyrna, DE 19977
640 S. State StreetDover DE 1990121 West Clarke AvenueMilford DE 19963
301 Jefferson AveMilford, DE 19963
1275 S. State StreetDover, Delaware 19901
ICATIBANT is a protein used for the treatment of angioedema attacks.
This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
an unusual or allergic reaction to icatibant, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
pregnant or trying to get pregnant
This medicine is for injection under the skin. You will be taught how to prepare and give this medicine. Use exactly as directed. Do not take your medicine more often than directed.
If you have a laryngeal (throat) attack, inject the medicine and then go to the closest emergency room immediately.
It is important that you put your used needles and syringes in a special sharps container. Do not put them in a trash can. If you do not have a sharps container, call your pharmacist or healthcare provider to get one.
Overdosage: If you think you've taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.
NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.
If your symptoms continue or come back, you may repeat the dose at least 6 hours apart from the previous dose. Do not use more than 3 doses in 24 hours.
ACE inhibitors like benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, and trandolapril
This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.
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Bayhealth is Southern Delaware's healthcare leader with hospitals in Dover and in Milford. Bayhealth provides a wide range of medical services, including cardiovascular, cancer, orthopaedics and rehabilitation, pediatrics, respiratory care, sleep care, surgical weight loss and women's services.


text:
Allan returns to the Magpie Nest
One of the AFL's most experienced and successful administrators, Graeme Allan, will return to Collingwood as the club's General Manager of Next Generation Academies and Teams.
8:00pm May 3, 2016
Four Magpies to face fitness tests
Taylor Adams is one of four Magpies set to undergo fitness tests before Collingwood's clash with Carlton on Saturday afternoon.
7:12pm May 3, 2016
Premiership hero on Open Mike
Catch Magpie favourite Denis Banks as he relives his football journey on Fox Footy's Open Mike at 8.30pm (AEST) on Tuesday.
11:38am May 3, 2016


text:
Thor-Lo Experia Multi-Sport Padded Low Cut Socks
$10.99 $14.99*
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Product Information:
Run and workout in comfort with the Thor-Lo® Experia Multi-Sport Padded Low Cut Socks. With THOR-LON® technology, moisture management is maximized to keep you cool while THORLO® pads protect upon impact with every powerful stride. A lightweight build helps to boost performance and speed in a sock that comes with mesh polyester for breathability and nylon-covered Lycra® for a custom fit and feel with every wear.
- Thor-Lo® socks provides support and comfort during exercise
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Country of Origin: United StatesWeb ID: 18921126
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Rated 4.8 out of 5 by 20 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by ChattyCathy This product feels amazing. My favorite sport sock yet. Thor-Lo is absolutely my very favorite. It was great to find these in black. Classy, too. April 30, 2016
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Rated 4 out of 5 by Gennie33 Nice padded sock the places that are padded are very nice. My other socks would leave my toes sore after running. I don't have any problems with these socks. They are very comfortable. The only concern I have is that the parts of the sock that aren't padded are very thin. They are as thin as tights. I wonder if they are going to last. August 15, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by Liz Love them! I love these socks for running. They do not sag into my shoes like the macro crews. I just wish you sold them in your store July 1, 2015
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Rated 5 out of 5 by Pat I love these socks! I was very happy to find these socks in a crew version in the internet store. My first pair was a gift for Christmas and I love them, however, can only get the short version in the store - much to my disappointment. Those are fine in the summer but not very warm in the winter. My only negative comment is the sizing. I am a woman and wear a size 8 shoe so according to the sizing should wear the small (or number 10) socks. They fit but I prefer fit of the medium. (number 11) . I would definitely recommend these to anyone. March 5, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by GrtDaneLvr These socks are very lightweight These socks are very lightweight and feel great. The padding is in the right places and the rest of the sock is so light you don't feel it at all. They fit nice and tight on my feet. My feet didn't feel hot even tho the rest of my body did. June 26, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by Eman68 Thor Lo Sock I really like the feel and fit of the socks, I have four pair. June 19, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by Pink Lady Great Socks for Long Distances These are great socks--they stay in place and wick moisture away. I also like the extra padding in the ball-of-the-foot and heel area. The lower-cut socks tend to crawl down into my shoes, but these mini-crews stay in place. I was surprised to see I was charged shipping and handling for the socks which increased the price by 25%. Since these were not in stock in the store where I was shopping, I believe I should have gotten free shipping. May 6, 2014


text:
This job posting is no longer available on Indeed.
Find similar jobs:Library Director jobs
- Wyandanch Public Library jobs
The Trustees of the Wyandanch Public Library seek a highly motivated professional to manage the daily operations of the Library. The Board is seeking a candidate who will continue to grow and enhance library services to the Wyandanch community through the effective management of library staff, technology, and resources.The Wyandanch Public Library is a suburban library located in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, which serves a diverse population of approximately 15,000 residents.
MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONSOPEN COMPETITIVEPossession of a New York State Public Librarian's Professional Certificate, and four (4) years of experience in a public library as a professional librarian (professional experience is defined as experience gained after being awarded a Master's Degree in Library Science (MLS), or a Master of Science in Information Science (MSIS) or a New York State Public Librarian's Professional Certificate); at least three (3) years of this experience must have been at the level of Librarian II or higher; or a satisfactory equivalent encompassing service as a library department head or head of a small branch. The salary will be based on relevant experience.The Library Director position is a provisional appointment he salary will be based on relevant experience.Please e-mail a cover letter and resume and place Library Director in the subject line.
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| Outdoor Board
| Anyone fish Indian Creek this year? - Cadello on 2/6/16 at 4:33 pm
If so, any reports. Going in 2 weeks and then fishing a tournament at the end of the month. ...View Topic - Replies (4)
| Outdoor Board
| Any reports from Toledo Bend? - Cadello on 1/18/16 at 11:43 am
Heard 2 reports last week. One guy caught 2 dinks and went home the other caught 40 keepers. Not sure which one to believe. Will make a trip soon. Then will be there for a week around March 18th. Have a tournament at IC the end of Fenruary so anyone have any reports from there would be ...View Topic - Replies (6)
| LSU Recruiting
| Attention all Alters! - Cadello on 1/18/16 at 10:50 am
Post your old/fake/negative QB posts here. ...View Topic - Replies (1)
| LSU Recruiting
| Haskins said he's firm to Maryland - Cadello on 1/2/16 at 11:09 am
And recruiting for them at the UA game. Next up? ...View Topic - Replies (8)
| Outdoor Board
| Weirs in Big Lake - Cadello on 1/2/16 at 2:31 am
Anyone know if it's open or closed right now? TIA ...View Topic - Replies (1)
| Food and Drink
| Cornish Game Hen stuffed with Pork. - Cadello on 12/27/15 at 1:22 pm
I can google it but most of those replies aren't from Cajuns. Any idea how to bake them. Temp and time? ...
Posted on Food and DrinkView Topic - Replies (3)
| SEC Rant
| Thought Missouri wasn't playing in a bowl game? - Cadello on 12/24/15 at 10:57 pm
What changed? ...
Posted on SEC RantView Topic - Replies (1)
| Tiger Rant
| How I know these coaching threads are bogus? - Cadello on 11/26/15 at 9:35 am
Nothing factual happens here before Midnight. ...View Topic - Replies (8)
| Tiger Rant
| Mingo just intercepted Manning in OT! - Cadello on 10/18/15 at 3:28 pm
:geauxtigers:...View Topic - Replies (5)
| Tiger Rant
| LSU vs. EMU. Is it on TV? - Cadello on 10/2/15 at 11:36 am
Didn't see a thread. I have Charter....View Topic - Replies (16)
| Outdoor Board
| Big Lake/ Prein trout fishing - Cadello on 9/16/15 at 2:19 am
Going Thursday. Anyone hear anything at all? ...View Topic - Replies (2)
| Tiger Rant
| Countdown clock to the first game. - Cadello on 8/10/15 at 11:01 am
Time to get excited here about LSU Football. I am ready! :geauxtigers: Can we get one. ...View Topic - Replies (0)
| LSU Recruiting
| Someone CB'd QB Franks to UF - Cadello on 5/8/15 at 9:50 am
Sorry if already posted. This will probably get deleted . ...View Topic - Replies (9)
| LSU Recruiting
| Caleb Robby SDE Denham Springs - Cadello on 4/22/15 at 8:47 am
Anyone know anything about this recruit? Anyone see him play? Big boy for sure....View Topic - Replies (11)
| Help Board
| I keep getting the stop sign picture - Cadello on 3/21/15 at 7:17 pm
On every post saying go back, but messages are posting.. There was an error processing your request. Use the back button etc. etc. Actually says: The was was an error processing your request. Someone must have been drunk......
Posted on Help BoardView Topic - Replies (2)
| SEC Rant
| Arkansas is being crushed by - Cadello on 3/7/15 at 3:25 pm
First off: Props to Arkansas on a good season. Every time an Arky fan starts a thread trashing LSU there are several aTm fans waiting to jump in. They follow y'all around like a little puppy. Arkansas must by like their big brother. I see a school girl crush and I'd be very afraid consid...
Posted on SEC RantView Topic - Replies (1)
| Outdoor Board
| Toledo Bend trip. - Cadello on 3/1/15 at 10:03 pm
Leaving in 2 weeks for a week of fishing. Got a game plan but was wondering if anyone has any reports for bass, may fish white perch too. TIA....View Topic - Replies (9)
| Outdoor Board
| Any reports on Black Bayou near Houma? - Cadello on 2/28/15 at 12:02 pm
My buddy is there now for the first time......View Topic - Replies (3)
| LSU Recruiting
| Willie Allen 24/7 - Cadello on 2/16/15 at 6:38 am
Was CB'd 3 times yesterday to LSU. Thought he was all Alabama. The other thread was anchored. My question is: Is there movement with his recruiting or is 24/7 trying to sell subscriptions? ...View Topic - Replies (5)
| SEC Recruiting
| Leo Lewis OM/LSU battle. (Apparent MS lock) - Cadello on 1/30/15 at 8:37 pm
What are people hearing? ...
Posted on SEC RecruitingView Topic - Replies (10)
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Printable Area
Photo by Marg (CaymanDesigns)
Photo by Marg (CaymanDesigns)
"I've always loved tacos but I think the assembling part can be a pain, especially if I'm making mine and the kids' because they were too small to make their own. Once I had taco salad this way, I never made tacos again! (Salsa pictured in my photo is Zesty Salsa for Canning) I have found that squeezing some lime juice over the prepared salad makes it even better! YUM!!"
Serving Size: 1 (591 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 4


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This is a really convenient place to stay if you are skiing at Heavenly. It's just next to the Gondola. Very easy when traveling with kids.
Marriott's Timber Lodge
Today:Open 24 Hours
4100 Lake Tahoe Blvd,
South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150
(530) 542-6600
Business Details
in Business
- Hours:
Regular Hours
- General Info:
- Set within the bustling Heavenly Village, Grand Residences by Marriott, Lake Tahoe is one of Lake Tahoe's most desirable luxury resorts for year-round vacation fun. Just steps from the Heavenly gondola, these resort accommodations are ideal whether heading to the mountain top for some of the finest skiing in the world or enjoying the captivating year-round entertainment of Heavenly Village and the surrounding area.
- Extra Phones:
Fax: (530) 542-6610
TollFree: (800) 845-5279
- Brands:
- Marriott Hotels & Resorts
- Payment method:
- jcb
- Location:
- With a stay at Marriott's Timber Lodge in South Lake Tahoe (South Lake Tahoe), you'll be minutes from Heavenly Village and Heavenly Mountain Gondola. This 4-star condominium resort is within close proximity of Van Sickle Bi-State Park and Lakeside Marina.
- Other Link:
- Categories:
- Hotels, Wedding Chapels & Ceremonies, Lodging, Conference Centers, Resorts, Wedding Reception Locations & Services, Motels
- Other Information:
Swimming Pool: Outdoor
Check-In Time: 4 PM
Check-Out Time: 10 AM
Property Amenities: Multilingual staff, Picnic area, Elevator/lift, Express check-out, Fitness facilities, Shopping on site, Safe-deposit box at front desk, Private beach nearby, Barbecue grill(s), Fireplace in lobby, Porter/bellhop, Steam room, Laundry facilities, Bar/lounge, 24-hour front desk, Restaurant, Concierge services, Gift shops or newsstand, Dry cleaning/laundry service, Ski storage
Room Amenities: Hair dryer, Phone, Premium bedding, Air conditioning, Blackout drapes/curtains, Microwave, Flat-panel TV, Cookware, dishware, and utensils, Pillowtop mattress, Iron/ironing board, Satellite TV service, Sofa bed, Coffee/tea maker, Down comforter, Limited housekeeping


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Cooperation, Competition, and Confrontation in a Globalised Economy
A multidisciplinary conference to consider the balance between commercial opportunity, risk, security and defence
Tuesday, 8th September 2015
The Royal Society of Arts
8 John Adam Street, London WC2N 6EZ
Press Release
"Land grab at sea" threatens world trade and peace Britain and the Sea conference warns
Land grab at sea – the aggressive territorial expansion of nations like Russia and China into the ocean – presents one of the greatest threats to world trade and peace in the 21st century, an audience has heard at the Britain and the Sea conference.
The conference, organised by the Maritime Foundation in cooperation with Plymouth University, was held as part of London International Shipping Week 2015.
A stark warning issued by Rear Admiral Chris Parry heard that the freedom of the sea risks being snatched from Britain by more aggressive and enterprising countries.
He said if disputes are not resolved peacefully, future naval conflicts are further likely to revolve around and result in land grab at sea.
"The question for the developed world is whether they wish China, Russia and other powers to seize the initiative at sea and to dominate the oceans in the era of globalisation," said Mr Parry. "The Chinese investment in ports across the India Ocean and in Europe is looking like the "treaty port" system in reverse.
"The great issue to resolve in the 21st century is whether the idea of freedom of the seas is to persist or if creeping territoriality whereby states exercise sovereign jurisdiction over their adjacent seas space," said Mr Parry.
"The next ten years is likely to be characterized by a largely contained international system at sea, in which states will largely cooperate, but will compete continuously for strategic and regional advantage both within, and around, the edges of international maritime law.
"States will compete in order to secure and exploit the resources of their economic zones, to maximise the opportunities provided by the sea to promote trade, conduct warfare and provide security for their societies and, in conjunction with commercial concerns, to secure the resources of the wider global commons for their exclusive benefit."
Rear Admiral Parry, author of Superhighway – Sea Power in the 21st Century, said: "In a developed world in which sea, commercial and national power will be diffused, the advantage is likely to lie with those countries which have powerful navies, that are able to enforce claims and can deploy sufficient commercial power to exploit the carrying trade, the ocean routes and the exploitation of the resources at sea.
"In a complex competitive environment, modern maritime forces will be needed to ensure national security and the rights of access and trade at sea, especially to natural resources and energy products, in the face of increasingly assertive, adventurous and aggressive states."
Rear Admiral Parry said in some cases, these circumstances will lead to the threat and use of force in support of national interests through the employment of both manned and, increasingly unplanned platforms.
Maritime Foundation chairman Julian Parker OBE said the event, held at the Royal Society of Arts, was designed to stimulate debate on maritime risks in an era of uncertainty, and critically its effect on world trade.
"The event marked the fourth instalment of the Britain and the Sea conference series," said Mr Parker. "The health and vitality of Britain's maritime sector is of immense importance not only in terms of international trade, but also to the nation's security and economic wellbeing.
"The conference provided a platform for leading maritime experts and senior members of the Royal Navy to explore and debate the balance between commercial opportunity, security and defence in a globalised trading economy.
"Critically, it helped to uncover the vulnerabilities of international trade, and encourage efforts for a national response. Promoting Britain's across the maritime sector is a key role for the Maritime Foundation, and we feel very passionately about ensuring maritime remains an essential component of national policy.
"Other key issues discussed include problematic global trade rules and protective measures barring progress for developing countries. Further energy was spent exploring the burden of reducing emissions in sea transport, fair trade, seapower, cyber-crime and terrorism."
Vice Admiral Fleet and Commander and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff Sir Philip Jones KCB also spoke about the strategic role of the Royal Navy in safeguarding global trade and defence of the United Kingdom.
He said the Royal Navy is working with partners in the UK academia and industry, to push the boundaries of existing technology, including the development of the world's first 3D printed drone in a maritime environment.
"The ability to produce and operate cheap, recoverable, or even disposable drones at sea could vastly extend the eyes and ears of the captain of a merchant vessel for instance, as a navigational tool and for safety at sea.
"If this insight was shared and disseminated amongst lawful users of the sea it could also increase our collective situational awareness within the maritime community.
"However, we will only be able to maintain our technological edge if we have the necessary expertise, which is why the Royal Navy is working with government, the educational sector and industrial partners to develop the training and skills that both the Royal Navy, and UK need for the future.
"The relationship between the Navy and maritime sector has never been closer, nor more important, than in this age of global opportunity. As economic recovery continues, we want to continue working together because with a strong and credible Royal Navy comes global influence, greater security and the stability on which military and trading alliances are built."
Notes for editors
- The Maritime Foundation is a charity promoting Britain's interests across the entire maritime sector. Its purpose is to inform and raise public and parliamentary awareness of the importance of Britain's maritime industries, commerce and defence through education, training and research, as well as through the Foundation's annual Maritime Media Awards.
- The Maritime Media Awards were established in 1995, in memory of Desmond Wettern, former naval correspondent of the Daily Telegraph. The Desmond Wettern Media Award was initiated to give recognition to those journalists who do most to create public awareness of maritime matters. The Awards have since grown into a national event.
- A full list of previous Maritime Media Awards winners is available at http://www.bmcf.org.uk/awards/awards-winners-and-nominees/
Conference Papers
Opening address
Dr Fotios Moustakis, Director, The Dartmouth Centre for Sea Power and Strategic Studies
The political economy of trade and development
Dr James Scott, Lecturer in International Politics, Kings College London
Global warming and the restrictions on carbon emissions. How will this affect the international shipping industry?
Dr Tristan Smith, Director, Shipping in Changing Climates Project UCL Energy Institute
Taking the lead in competitive maritime global markets – the case for Education Research and Development
Professor Richard Clegg, Managing Director, Lloyds Register Foundation
Geopolitics and the sea – security and insecurity
Rear Admiral Chris Parry CBE, author of Superhighway Sea Power in the 21st Century
The strategic role of the Royal Navy in safeguarding global trade and defence of the United Kingdom
Vice Admiral Sir Philip Jones KCB, Fleet Commander and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff
Professor Richard Clegg
Managing Director
Lloyds Register Foundation
Dr James Scott
Lecturer in International Politics
Kings College London
Rear Admiral Chris Parry CBE
Author of Superhighway Sea Power in the 21st Century
Sunil Shastri
Lecturer in Marine Policy Hull University
Dr Tristan Smith
UCL Energy Institute
Vice Admiral Sir Philip Jones KCB
Fleet Commander and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff
Julian Parker OBE (Introduction)
The Maritime Foundation
Paul Wright MSc (Chairman)
Master Mariner
Plymouth University Marine Institute
The Britain and the Sea 4 Conference was organised by The Maritime Foundation in cooperation with Plymouth University
Prospect Magazine
Prospect magazine wishes to share its authoritative supplement (Sept) entitled How to Save the Oceans. Essentially it addresses the problems of over fishing and environmental degradation and is available as an e-copy through the following link: http://www.prospectmagazine.
For those who do not know the monthly current affairs and critical magazine Prospect, the company has arranged for a special introductory offer of £1.00 for three issues and details can be found by following the following link: https://prospect.
A London International Shipping Week 2015 event
Supporting Organisations: The Greenwich Forum • Hull University • Kings College London • Lloyds Register • The Ministry of Defence • University College London


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Overeem turns down fight with Dos Santos
Coming off a win over Frank Mir at UFC 169, Alistair Overeem will likely find himself in a bout with title implications. However, according to Dana White, it won't be against former champion Junior Dos Santos.
On the most recent episode of UFC Tonight, Dana White said that he offered Overeem a five round main event fight with dos Santos, which the Dutchman declines. White also offered Overeem a three round co-main event against Dos Santos, which he also turned down.
White believes that Overeem is running from Dos Santos.
"He wants nothing to do with dos Santos," said White. "He's literally hiding from him"


text:
Legal downloads will take off in 2004
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Eventually we get some music download sites that are legal. Though the way you say 'resigned' seems to imply that illeagal downloading will stop. I doubt that very much….
I wonder will we be ripped off like we are with every other product? It will be interesting to see how expencive it will cost compared to the USA iTunes.
Im sceptical but pleased it will soon turn up….
Posted by Dennis Lloyd in Irvine, CA on February 3, 2004 at 8:53 AM (CST)
I'm getting tired of these articles that claim that legal downloads will soon take hold on the mass market. What evidence do they have to make a claim like this? Yes, legal download sites are certainly taking off… but look at the big picture. The percentage of legal downloads vs. illegal downloads probably amounts to a rounding error. It's insignificant. There's no sign whatsoever that the overall market is changing.
Posted by Dennis Lloyd in Irvine, CA on February 3, 2004 at 9:14 AM (CST)
I agree with PodMax, illegal music downloads won't stop in a hurry. Here in the UK we are ripped off on everything and that is one reason why people download music illegally. If legal music downloads can be kept cheap then they will be successful.
Posted by Dennis Lloyd in Irvine, CA on February 3, 2004 at 9:18 AM (CST)
Look at the trend of software piracy. I'm sure it's similar with mp3s
Posted by Dennis Lloyd in Irvine, CA on February 3, 2004 at 9:51 AM (CST)
Start making people accountable for their actions and illegal downloads will stop quickly!
If you can't pay don't play!
Posted by Dennis Lloyd in Irvine, CA on February 3, 2004 at 11:28 AM (CST)
Kind of depressing that crappy quality mp3s will be the new medium of choice for music. Quite frankly, I buy a CD for the quality not to make myself feel less guilty about downloading music.
Problem Solution
tape copying——- higher quality, more durable cds/dvds
trading ripped cds via mp3s on the internet—- legal mp3 downloading?
No. People will pay for quality and ingenuity.
Move on recording industry. SACDs/DVD audio are a step in the right direction, now just bring the price down and players more available (in cars, boomboxes, portables, etc)
I hope to god the legal downloading of mp3s is the future of music.
Posted by Dennis Lloyd in Irvine, CA on February 3, 2004 at 4:13 PM (CST)
*isn't, that is.
Posted by Dennis Lloyd in Irvine, CA on February 3, 2004 at 4:14 PM (CST)
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Activity Browse
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Arithmetic/Computation6 matches
New Pedagogic Methods
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Pedagogy: Teaching with Data
Results 1 - 6 of 6 matches
Two streams, two stories... How Humans Alter Floods and Streams
Eric Baer, Highline Community College
An activity/lab where students determine the changes in 100-year flood determinations for 2 streams over time.
Learn more about this review process.
Reagents, Compositions, Weight Loss
Dexter Perkins, University of North Dakota-Main Campus
This is a short experimental study of several different reagents and what happens to them when they are heated to 110° and 1200° C.
Learn more about this review process.
Stabilization Wedges Game
David Kobilka, Central Lakes College-Brainerd
Learning about complexities carbon stabilization firsthand with the Princeton University Carbon Mitigation Initiave's Sabilization Wedges Game
Stream Characteristics Lab
Wendy Van Norden, harvard-westlake school
Students determine the relationship between the sinuosity of a river and its gradient by calculating gradients and sinuosity, and generating a graph on Excel. They then test the relationship by making measurements on a picture generated on Google Earth.
Archimedes and Pi
Christina Stringer, University of South Florida-St. Petersburg
Spreadsheets across the Curriculum Activity. Student build spreadsheets that allow them to estimate pi using the same iterative process as Archimedes.
Shift in life expectancy
Holly Partridge
Determining the shift in expected life span over a century and the social and environmental impact


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Your health should be a priority every day of the week, but that's easier said than done.
Inspired by Meatless Mondays, the nationwide push for (very) part-time vegetarianism, we asked three Los Angeles-area nutritionists to share their suggestions about what to quit — or take up –— once a week.
While you might not think such modest steps could lead to sweeping goals, all three agreed that starting small is the key to lasting change.
"Small goals become habits, and habits build a lifestyle," says Brentwood-based holistic nutritionist and health coach Kelly LeVeque of Be Well by Kelly. "Instead of...


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Things to see and do - Andalusia
Leaving for Spain
Nearby hotels
Hotel Al-Yussana from33 €Book
Hotel Santo Domingo Lucena from64 €Book
Los Bronces from45 €Book
Things to do nearby
Granada - The Alhambra Palace and Generalife Gardens
- 80 €
- Book
Gibraltar Sightseeing Day Trip from Costa del Sol
- 46 €
- Book
5-Day Morocco Trip: Rabat, Meknes, Fez, Casablanca and Marrakech
- 448 €
- Book
Hotel Cortijo Las Malvasias :
Nearby tourist sites
Nearby Restaurants
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : Modern cuisine
Parador de Mazagón
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : Regional
La Mirta
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : Traditional cuisine
Hotel Cortijo Las Malvasias
Hotel Cortijo Las Malvasias
Address : Urbanización Santa Catalina, 42 E - 21820 Lucena del Puerto
from : 59 EURBook
Located just outside Lucena del Puerto, Hotel Cortijo Las Malvasias is set in pretty gardens with an orchard and an outdoor swimming pool. Its charming rooms have terraces and the property can arrange art and craft workshops for guests. The bright, colourful rooms at Hotel Cortijo Las Malvasias have creative décor and tiled floors. All rooms have heating, air conditioning and a private bathroom. A dining service is available upon request and meals are prepared using produce from the orchard. The restaurant serves international food including homemade cakes for dessert. There is also a barbecue set in the gardens. The surrounding area is ideal for horse riding and Doñana National Park is a 30-minute drive away. The nearest beaches are approximately 20 km from the Malvasias. Huelva is a 25-minute drive away and Seville is 75 km from the property.
Useful Information
- Address : Urbanización Santa Catalina, 42 E - 21820 Lucena del Puerto21820Lucena del Puerto
Main services
- Air conditioning
- Disabled access
- Non-smoking rooms
- Animals allowed


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Michael Pollan, author of theNew York Times bestsellersIn Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto,The Botany of Desire,Food Rules andThe Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, will speak at Bellarmine University this coming Thursday, October 7 at 7:30 p.m. in Knights Hall. The lecture is free and open to the public.
In addition to being a bestselling author, Pollan frequently speaks about food, agriculture, health and the environment—all leading to our plates, where nature and culture intersect. He was named by Time as one of the world's 100 most influential people in 2010, and in 2009 Newsweek called him one of the top 10 "New Thought Leaders."
The event coincides is a part of the inauguration Bellarmine's new Center for Regional Environmental Studies.
Bellarmine is located at 2001 Newburg Road in the Highlands. Seating is first come, first served. For more information, contact Carla Carlton, director of development communications, at 272-8277.
Contact the author firstname.lastname@example.com orwww.leecopywriting.com.
Photo: CourtesyMinnesota Public Radio