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Obama can't find his birth certificate, lies, steals, cheats and is some disgusting scrawny Jewish Mulatto sub human half breed.
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Most in America hate Obama, we didn't vote for him, don't respect him and realize he is put in place to destroy our country.
Please don't judge the average American because of what you hear in the MSM. We (majority) are not like that at all!
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You will have to excuse me for not believing you. If a majority did not vote for him, why is he president? If a majority reject his methods and rulings, why are they not tearing down the doors to their representatives offices and demanding that they add their voices to stopping the changes? There may well be a small number of people who are not happy with the US being a laughing stock, who do not want their country to be perceived as a flailing bully, but it is not a majority. Many American people are happy to emulate the bullying ways of their country. You only have to look at the various law enforcement agencies and their methods. The fact is, that if the 10% who do not like what has happened to their country actually took to the streets to protest, the police and national guards would beat, bully and kill them.
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Supported by "Sapienza" University of Rome.
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Feeding disorders of infancy: A longitudinal study to middle childhood†
Article first published online: 14 APR 2011
DOI: 10.1002/eat.20925
Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
International Journal of Eating Disorders
Volume 45, Issue 2, pages 272–280, March 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Ammaniti, M., Lucarelli, L., Cimino, S., D'Olimpio, F. and Chatoor, I. (2012), Feeding disorders of infancy: A longitudinal study to middle childhood. Int. J. Eat. Disord., 45: 272–280. doi: 10.1002/eat.20925
- †
Publication History
- Issue published online: 7 FEB 2012
- Article first published online: 14 APR 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: 17 JAN 2011
Funded by
- "Sapienza" University of Rome
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- infantile anorexia;
- emotional–behavioral adjustment;
- longitudinal outcome
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Method
- Results
- Discussion
- Earn CE credit for this article!
- References
To evaluate over time feeding behavior and emotional–behavioral functioning in a sample of children diagnosed with Infantile Anorexia (IA) and a group of typically developing children; and to investigate the relationship between maternal psychological functioning and the children's feeding patterns and emotional-behavioral functioning.
Seventy-two children diagnosed with IA and 70 children in the control group were prospectively evaluated through several measures at two, five, and eight years of age.
Our findings revealed partial improvement in the nutritional status of the children with IA. However, they continued to show ongoing eating problems and, in addition, anxiety/depression and withdrawal, as well as rule-breaking behaviors and social problems. There were significant correlations between the children's eating problems and their emotional difficulties and their mothers' increased emotional distress and disturbed eating attitudes.
Our longitudinal study points out that the natural course of untreated IA is characterized by the persistence of difficulties in eating behavior and emotional–behavioral adjustment in both, the children and their mothers. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Method
- Results
- Discussion
- Earn CE credit for this article!
- References
The last version of the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood-Revised - DC: 0-3R by Zero-To-Three1 introduced a classification of feeding behavior disorders for infants and young children. Different clinical pictures are included depending on the developmental period in which they appear, their clinical symptoms and their possible association with coexisting medical conditions.
|CBCL/1½ -5 subscales
|Time 1∧
|Time 2∧
|Cut-off scores
|IA-Group N = 72
|ND-Group N = 70
|IA-Group N = 72
|ND-Group N = 70
|Emo React
|6.7 (4.6)a
|2.3 (1.8)b
|8.5 (2.7)c
|2 (1.6)b
|5.6 (3.5)a
|3.3 (2.2)b
|5.9 (2.3)a
|3.3 (2.3)b
|Som Comp
|6.8 (4.6)a
|2.1 (1.6)b
|9 (3.2)c
|2.7 (1.9)b
|6.92 *
|5.8 (3.7)a
|1.6 (1.4)b
|7.8 (2.7)c
|2 (1.7)b
|Att Prob
|4.7 (2.1)a
|2.3 (1.3)b
|5.8 (1.8)c
|2.5 (1.5)b
|Agg Beh
|14.6 (5.9)a
|8.5 (4.4)b
|17.1 (8.3)c
|8.3 (5.5)b
|CBCL/6-18 subscales
|Time 3∧∧ Males
|Time 3∧∧ Females
|IA-Group N = 37
|ND-Group N = 35
|IA-Group N = 35
|ND-group N = 35
|Males; Females
|12.4 (2.5)a
|1.65 (2.4)b
|12.1 (2.4)a
|1.94 (2.5)b
|>12; >10
|17.8 (3.1)a
|2.57 (3.1)b
|19 (3.1)a
|2.62 (3)b
|>6; >6
|Som Comp
|5.72 (2.6)a
|1.17 (3.5)b
|6.83 (2.5)a
|1.2 (2.5)b
|>4; >5
|Soc Prob
|6.78 (2.3)a
|1.51 (2.4)b
|6.43 (2.4)a
|1.17 (2.4)b
|>6; >6
|Thought Prob
|7.76 (2.8)a
|1.34 (2.9)b
|8.14 (2.9)a
|1.14 (2.8)b
|>2; >2
|Att Prob
|5.62 (1.9)a
|1.69 (1.9)c
|6.77 (1.8)b
|1.31 (1.9)c
|>11; >10
|Rule Break Beh
|7.78 (2.7)a
|1.4 (2.8)b
|8.82 (2.8)a
|1.31 (2.7)b
|>4; >4
|Agg Beh
|9.03 (3.4)a
|2.29 (3.7)c
|10.9 (3.7)b
|1.74 (3.7)c
|>20; >17
|IA-Group (N = 72)
|ND-Group (N = 70)
|Ref. Score
|Time 1
|Time 2
|Time 3
|Time 1
|Time 2
|Time 3
|1.1 (0.6)a
|1.1 (0.6)a
|1.2 (0.4)a
|0.13 (0.4)b
|0.1 (0.04)b
|0.08 (0.4)c
|1.8 (0.4)a
|1.8 (0.4)a
|1.7 (0.3)a
|1.1 (0.16)b
|1 (0.1)b
|1.03 (0.3)b
|53.3 (19)a
|53.6 (20.4)a
|57 (14.2)b
|11 (3.7)c
|9.7 (3.1)c
|7.04 (14)d
|1.2 (0.8)a
|1.2 (0.8)a
|1.2 (0.6)a
|0.16 (0.1)b
|0.14 (0.1)b
|0.1 (0.6)c
|1.5 (0.8)a
|1.5 (0.8)a
|1.5 (0.8)a
|0.19 (0.9)b
|0.17 (0.9)b
|0.12 (0.8)b
|0.98 (0.6)a
|1 (0.6)a
|1.1 (0.3)b
|0.11 (0.1)c
|0.11 (0.1)c
|0.07 (0.3)d
|1.5 (0.7)a
|1.5 (0.7)a
|1.57 (0.4)b
|0.13 (0.1)c
|0.12 (0.1)c
|0.07 (0.4)d
|1.14 (0.8)a
|1.1 (0.7)a
|1.14 (0.5)a
|0.12 (0.1)b
|0.1 (0.1)b
|0.07 (0.5)c
|0.9 (0.6)a
|0.9 (0.6)a
|0.9 (0.5)a
|0.13 (0.2)b
|0.1 (0.2)b
|0.07 (0.4)b
|0.98 (0.6)a
|0.99 (0.6)a
|1.0 (0.5)a
|0.09 (0.6)b
|0.1 (0.6)b
|0.05 (0.5)b
|1.03 (0.7)a
|1.05 (0.7)a
|1.12 (0.7)a
|0.15 (0.7)b
|0,14 (0.7)b
|0.10 (0.7)b
|1 (0.78)a
|1.01 (0.8)a
|1.12 (0.6)a
|0.17 (0.14)b
|0.15 (0.1)b
|0.1 (0.5)c
|46 (19.4)a
|44.6 (19.7)a
|53 (18.6)b
|8.1 (7.4)c
|8.4 (7.7)c
|5 (18.6)d
|15.5 (7.7)a
|14.9 (7.9)a
|17.6 (7.5)b
|3.05 (5.2)c
|3.2 (5.1)c
|6.3 (4)a
|6.2 (3.9)a
|7.4 (3.2)a
|0.3 (.8)b
|0.3 (.8)b
|0.2 (3.3)b
|7.5 (3.8)a
|7.1 (3.6)a
|8.2 (3)b
|1 (2.3)c
|1.2 (2.4)c
|Time 1
|Time 2
|Time 3
|Emo React
|Som Comp
|Att Prob
|Agg Beh
|Soc Prob
|Thought Prob
|Rule Break Beh
Longitudinal studies serve to better understand the clinical picture and the course of various feeding behavior disorders.2, 3 In general, current longitudinal research on feeding behavior disorders in early infancy is primarily based on studies of nonreferred populations or retrospective studies of limited clinical samples and no clear differentiation is made between different clinical conditions.4–6 Consequently, the long-term outcome is still poorly understood. In fact, it is not clear whether the same clinical manifestations persist (homotypical continuity), whether the feeding disorder takes on different clinical phenomenologies (heterotypical continuity) or whether remission occurs.7
A prospective longitudinal study of a large nonreferred population from early childhood to young adulthood showed that picky eating, eating conflicts, struggles with food and unpleasant meals in early childhood correlate with the diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa in adolescence or young adulthood.4, 8
Other longitudinal studies, which investigated a shorter time period (from infancy to preschool age and mid-childhood), revealed homotypical continuity in 50–80% of the children with early food refusal (persistence of food refusal, selective feeding behavior, low weight) and heterotypical continuity (i.e., separation anxiety, oppositional behaviors, school phobia and social phobia).6, 9, 10 These studies indicate that children with early feeding disorders are at risk not only for ongoing eating problems, but also for anxiety disorders and behavioral adjustment.
The aim of the present longitudinal study was to study the clinical course of Infantile Anorexia (IA). On the basis of the criteria of DC: 0-3R1,a IA is defined as a feeding disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by the child's refusal to eat adequate amounts of food for at least one month. The child with IA rarely communicates hunger, lacks interest in food and eating, would rather play than eat, and has growth deficiency. The child's food refusal does not follow a traumatic event and is not due to an underlying medical illness. The onset of food refusal often occurs during the transition to spoon- and self-feeding, typically between six months and three years of age. Cross-sectional studies of IA, conducted on children ranging in age from six months to three years and their mothers,11–14 showed that when compared to control samples: (1) the feeding interactions between children with IA and their mothers are characterized by low dyadic reciprocity, greater interactional conflict and negative affects in both mother and child; (2) children with IA have a fussy-difficult temperament, have a heightened level of physiological arousal, are less adaptive, and show irregular feeding and sleeping patterns. In addition, as toddlers, their emotional–behavioral functioning is characterized by both internalizing and externalizing problems; (3) their mothers show psychopathological indexes, characterized by depression and dysfunctional eating attitudes.
In this study, the clinical evolution of IA was assessed in a broad sample of children initially diagnosed during the first three years of life, and followed at five and seven years of age. The children were compared to healthy children assessed at the same ages. The children's pattern of development, particularly with regard to feeding and emotional–behavioral functioning, and the psychological profiles of the mothers, were compared to the development of healthy control children and their mothers. The specific aims of the study were:
- 1To examine whether the malnutrition of the children with IA would persist over time.
- 2To examine whether the eating behaviors of the children with IA would change over time.
- 3To identify difficulties in the emotional–behavioral development of the children with IA compared to the control group of healthy children.
- 4To examine the psychological profiles of the mothers of the children with IA compared to the mothers of the healthy children over time.
- 5To evaluate whether there are any correlations between maternal psychological profiles and the children's eating and emotional–behavioral development.
Material and Method
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Method
- Results
- Discussion
- Earn CE credit for this article!
- References
The participants were recruited at the "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital in Rome. They were part of a large sample of 184 Italian children diagnosed, on the basis of the criteria of the DSM-IV-TR15 with Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood and of the criteria of DC: 0-3R,1, 3 with different feeding disorders, including Infantile Anorexia (N = 114), Post-traumatic Feeding Disorder (N = 24), Sensory Food Aversions (N = 31) and Feeding Disorder Associated with a Concurrent Medical Conditions (N = 15). Here we report the data regarding the children with IA and their mothers, who received nutritional and psychological counseling at the end of the diagnostic process but, for various reasons, did not pursue any specific psychotherapeutic treatment (living in other areas of Italy without appropriate resources, refusal by one or both parents, or precocious interruption of treatment, after participating in no more than three meetings, often motivated by partial improvement of the child's nutritional status).
The longitudinal sample (who filled out the measures at all times) was comprised of 142 children and their mothers; 72 of the children had a diagnosis of IA (IA group) and 70 had no physical or psychiatric disorders and had a normal growth rate (ND group). The gestational age and psychomotor development of all the children, at the time of the first assessment, were in the normal range, which was one of the inclusion criteria. The children's mean age of the IA-group and ND-group was 2.1 (years, months) at the assessment Time 1 (S.D. = 0.4), 5.05 (S.D. = 0.6) at Time 2 and 7.7 (S.D. = 0.58) at Time 3. At Time 1, maternal mean age for IA-group was 31.3 and 32 years for ND-group (S.D. = 4.6 and 5.6, respectively). Most of the children had been breastfed (about 76%) and were firstborn (about 78.5%). Most of the mothers were married (about 91%), and had obtained a secondary school diploma (about 85%). Most families were of middle socio-economic status (SES) (about 93%).
For the children in the clinical group, the diagnosis of IA was made at time 1 by two independent clinicians (k = 0.93). Subsequently, the mothers of the children with IA were recontacted by telephone and invited to take part in a pediatric and psychological assessment (participants' initial response rate: 63.2%). Participants for the control group were recruited from the normal population of several nursery schools. The parents were invited to participate in a longitudinal study on child development (participants' initial response rate: 56%). The children were screened by a pediatrician and a clinical psychologist, and they were evaluated at each of the follow-ups along with the children who were initially diagnosed with IA. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Hospital Review Board and all parents signed informed consent forms.
During the three evaluation sessions all dyads underwent the following assessments: (1) clinical screening was carried out by a pediatrician who assessed the child's growth and level of malnutrition and by a clinical psychologist who interviewed the parents regarding the child's patterns of feeding and eating behavior; evaluation of (2) the child's psychological profile by means of the Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 and 6-18,16, 17 which was filled out by the mothers; (3) the mother's psychological profile and eating attitudes by administering the following instruments in counterbalanced order: (a) Symptom Checklist-90-Revised18; (b) Eating Attitude Test-40.19
Assessment of Child's Malnutrition
This was based on the Waterloo20 criteria, assuming that during periods of nutritional deprivation, a weight deficit is followed by a height deficit. The children's weight and height were recorded on the growth charts of the National Center for Health Statistics21 and translated into the percentage ideal body weight (IBW). The normal range of IBW is from 90% to 110%. To determine acute malnutrition, actual weight is divided by the expected weight for the child's actual height; mild, moderate, and severe acute malnutrition corresponds with 80–89%, 70–79%, and less than 70% of ideal body weight, respectively. To calculate chronic malnutrition, actual height is divided by the expected height at the 50th percentile for the child's chronological age; mild, moderate, and severe chronic malnutrition correspond with 90–95%, 85–89%, and less than 85% of ideal height, respectively. The child's degree of malnutrition (acute and chronic) was evaluated on a 4-point scale (from 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, to 3 = severe).
To evaluate the child's eating behavior at the follow-up sessions, the mother was asked several questions during an interview which was based on the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire.22 We created 10 closed-response items along a 3-step Likert scale, concerning three dimensions of: Satiety Responsiveness, Lack of Enjoyment of Food, and Food Fussiness.22 Satiety Responsiveness (SR) is usually demonstrated by reduced food intake; Lack of Enjoyment of Food (LEF) refers to the expressed lack of desire to eat, showing a general lack of interest in eating; Food Fussiness (FF) refers to the child's high selectivity about the range of foods s/he will accept and being very difficult during meals, especially with new foods. In this study the Cronbach's alphas showed good internal consistency (LEF = 0.73, FF = 0.77, and SR = 0.89).
Assessment of Child's Emotional/Behavioral Functioning
Depending on the child's age, two versions of Achenbach and Rescorla's16, 17 Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used in the three follow-up sessions. The CBCL/1½-5, which includes 99 items, evaluates the 1½-5-year-old child's behaviors and emotions in different areas of daily functioning. It measures three syndrome scales: Internalizing, Externalizing, and Neither Internalizing Nor Externalizing. The Internalizing scale includes the following syndromes: Emotionally Reactive, Anxious/Depressed, Somatic Complaints, Withdrawn; the Externalizing scale includes: Attention Problems and Aggressive Behavior; and the Neither Internalizing Nor Externalizing scale identifies syndromes involving Sleep Problems and Other Problems not exclusively associated with other symptoms of the internalizing or externalizing scales. The CBCL/6-18 is a 118-item report-form questionnaire containing descriptions of emotions and behaviors in various areas and social contexts. The subscales Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed and Somatic Complaints belong to the Internalizing Syndrome Scale. The Externalizing Syndrome Scale comprises the Rule-Breaking Behavior and Aggressive Behavior subscales. Finally, the Neither Internalizing Nor Externalizing Scale comprises Social Problems, Attention Problems, and Thought Problems. The parent evaluates the child on a 3-point scale according to whether the behavior is absent = 0, rarely = 1, often or always = 2. The internal coherence coefficients of the CBCL Scale are satisfying and the validity of these instruments is supported by their ability to differentiate accurately between referred and nonreferred populations of subjects during child development.16, 17
Assessment of Mother's Psychological Symptom Status
The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised,18 a 90-item self-report symptom inventory, is a measure of current psychological symptom status scored on nine subscales—Somatization, Obsessive-compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism—and three Global Indices of Distress (Global Severity Index, Positive Symptom Distress Index, Positive Symptom Total) that indicate the severity and depth of individual psychological distress. Internal consistency of the SCL-90-R is quite satisfactory (alpha ranging from 0.77 to 0.90) and high levels of construct and convergent-discriminant validity have been demonstrated.18 The Eating Attitudes Test19 is a 40-item self-report symptom inventory that identifies concerns with eating and weight in the adult population, scored on three subscales: Dieting, Bulimia/Food Preoccupation and Oral Control. A high total score reflects dissatisfaction with body image and a desire to be thinner, preoccupation with eating and its effect on body size and self-control when eating. It has shown a high degree of internal reliability (alpha coefficient from 0.79 to 0.94) and has been validated on adult patients with anorexia nervosa.19
Data Analysis
An initial screening of data showed few data missing for each instrument (less than 5% for each instrument at each time). Missing data were corrected according to each test norms or by inserting the scale average for the participant with missing data. To investigate changes in the level of malnutrition over time, acute and chronic malnutrition were considered as a continuum from 0 (no malnutrition) to 6 (severe chronic), where 1, 2, and 3 correspond to mild, moderate and severe acute malnutrition and 4, 5, and 6 to the 3 chronic levels. A Kendall's test for repeated measures was carried out on malnutrition scores of the clinical group. Mixed analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were run with group (clinical vs. control) and gender at two levels and time at three levels on Satiety Responsiveness, Lack of Enjoyment of Food, and Food Fussiness, to examine changes in feeding behavior patterns during development.
A further 2 × 3 mixed ANOVAs (Group × Time) were carried out on standardized CBCL scores (Total Score of the Scale, Total of Internalizing and Externalizing Scales). To examine differences between the subscales of the CBCL, separate analyses were run considering the children's age and the different versions of the instrument used. In particular, to reveal differences between the children at the first two evaluation sessions (CBCL/1½-5), mixed ANOVAs were performed on the raw scores of the Internalizing and Externalizing Scales, considering group (clinical vs. control) and gender (male vs. female) as independent factors and time (first vs. second) as repeated measure. On CBCL/6-18 subscales a multivariate analysis of variance was run, with group and gender as between variables.
To investigate the presence and the trend of the scores regarding maternal psychopathological status, a series of mixed multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were carried out on the scores (transformed in their square root whenever the distribution deviated from normality) obtained by the mothers on the SCL-90-R (the three global indexes of distress and, subsequently, the subscales) and the EAT-40 (total score and, subsequently, the subscales), using group as independent variable and the three evaluation sessions as repeated measures. In all of the MANOVAs, univariate analyses were then conducted on significant effects and Duncan test (Bonferroni correction) was used for contrasts.
As a final step, correlation analyses (Pearson, Bonferroni correction) were performed to investigate the relationships between the child's eating behavior patterns (SR, LEF, FF) and emotional–behavioral functioning (CBCL) and maternal dimensions (SCL-90 and EAT-40 subscales) at each assessment time.
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Method
- Results
- Discussion
- Earn CE credit for this article!
- References
Assessment of Child's Malnutrition and Current Feeding Behavior
A significant difference between the three evaluation times (chi2(2) = 117.5; p < 0.001, Kendall's W = 0.82) indicated a decrease in malnutrition from the first to the second evaluation (mean ranges = from 2.83 to 1.99) and a further decrease at the third evaluation session (mean range = 1.18). At time 1, about 51% of the children in the IA-group showed chronic malnutrition (22.2% severe chronic malnutrition). At Time 2, 44% of the children presented a chronic malnutrition, and about 69% presented a decrease in malnutrition (Wilcoxon test, z = 6.2; p < 0.001). Between Time 1 and 3, 97% of the children showed a decrease in malnutrition status, whereas the remaining 3% showed no change (Wilcoxon test, z = 7.3; p < 0.001). Furthermore, at time 3, none of the children had severe acute or chronic malnutrition, and about 87% had either no or mild malnutrition.
According to the screening carried out by the family pediatricians, the normally developing children, in the control group, showed no evidence of malnutrition at any of the follow-up's evaluations.
In regard to the eating behavior patterns, analyses showed an effect of the Group × Time interaction (df = 2,276 and p < 0.001 for all dimensions; F = 52.76, η2p = 0.41 for Satiety Responsiveness; F = 48.55, η2p = 0.40 for Lack of Enjoyment of Food; F = 115.9, η2p = 0.62 for Food Fussiness), the main effect of Group (df = 1,138 and p < 0.05 for all dimensions; F = 178.2 and η2p = 0.56 for SR; F = 6.4 and η2p = 0.27 for LEF; F = 177.5 and η2p = 0.56 for FF) and of Time (df = 2,276 and p < 0.001 for all dimensions; F = 64.9 and η2p = 0.46 for SR; F = 79.8 and η2p = 0.53 for LEF; F = 105.3 and η2p = 0.59 for FF). Analyses showed that the ND group of children had stable scores over time (SR: Time 1 = 1.9, Time 2 = 2.1, Time 3 = 1.7; LEF: Time 1 = 1, Time 2 = 1, Time 3 =;.8 FF: Time 1 = 1.3, Time 2 = 1.6, Time 3 = 1.2), whereas in the IA-group of children the scores of Satiety Responsiveness (Time 1 = 5.9, Time 2 = 4.6, Time 3 = 3.3) and Lack of Enjoyment of Food (Time 1 = 2.8, Time 2 = 2.2, Time 3 = 0.8) dimensions decreased from the first to the second and from the second to the third evaluation session (Duncan's test, p < 0.05). However analysis of the Food Fussiness dimension revealed an increase in the score of the children with IA at the second and third evaluation sessions (Time 1 = 1.7, Time 2 = 3.8, Time 3 = 5.6). No effects emerged for gender or for its interaction with the other factors in any of the three dimensions considered.
Evaluation of Child's Emotional–Behavioral Functioning
Analyses showed a significant effect of the Group × Time interaction on both the Total Scale (F(2,280) = 133.4; p < 0.0001, η2p = 0.81) and the Total Internalizing (F(2,280) = 14.7; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.62) and Externalizing (F(2,280) = 7.2; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.13) Scales. For the Total Score, comparisons revealed a decrease in the control group's score at the second evaluation session, but no difference between the scores obtained at the first and third sessions. By contrast, for the group with IA, scores were stable at the first and second evaluation sessions and increased significantly at the third session. For the Total of the Internalizing scales at the second session, the scores of the control group decreased and those of the IA-group increased, whereas at the third session the scores of both groups remained stable. At all time intervals, the children in the IA-group presented significantly higher scores than those in the control group (p < 0.001 for all comparisons).
Furthermore, analyses on CBCL/1½-5 subscales revealed a significant Group × Time interaction (η2p = 0.06) for the Internalizing dimensions: Emotional reactivity, Somatic complaints and Withdrawal and the Externalizing Subscales: Attention problems, and Aggressive behavior. Post-hoc comparisons revealed the same pattern for all scales, with a higher score obtained by the children in the IA- group, which increased significantly at the second follow-up session. By contrast, the score of the children in the control group remained stable over time and was significantly lower. No significant effects emerged for Gender or its interactions with Group factor. Finally, analysis of the CBCL/6-18 subscales revealed a Group × Gender interaction effect (Lambda = 0.84; F(8,131) = 3.06; p < 0.01, η2p = 0.16). Univariate analyses showed that in the Aggressive behavior and Attention problems subscales both males and females in the IA-group had significantly higher scores than the children in the control group; moreover the females, in the IA-group, had higher scores than the males in the same group on both subscales, although these average ratings are under the clinical cut-off score. Analyses also pointed out a main effect of group for all subscales, on which the children in the IA-group had a higher score than those in the control group (Lambda = 0.11; F(8,131) = 135.2; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.89) for all dimensions; there were no main gender effects (Table1).
Evaluation of Mother's Psychological Symptom Status
Analyses of the global indices of the SCL-90-R showed a significant Group × Time interaction in the Global Severity Index (F(2,278) = 9.47; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.02) and in the Positive Symptom Total (F(2,278) = 20.41; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.15). On the GSI, the mothers of children with a history of IA had higher and more stable scores over time compared with the control sample, whereas their score on the PST increased significantly at Time 3; the mothers of the children in the control group showed a significant decrease in the scores of both indices at the third evaluation session (Duncan's test, p < 0.01). Finally, the Positive Symptom Distress Index analyses showed a main effect of group (F(1,139) = 335.28; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.7), with the mothers of the IA-group presenting a higher score than those of the control group. Analyses on the SCL-90-R subscales showed an interaction effect on Somatization (F(2,278) = 5.14; p < 0.01, η2p = 0.06), Interpersonal Sensitivity (F(2,278) = 11.94; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.1), Depression (F(2,278) = 14.44; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.1), Anxiety (F(2,278) = 3.35; p < 0.05, η2p = 0.03) and Psychoticism (F(2,278) = 4.21; p < 0.05, η2p = 0.04), where the mothers of the children with IA presented higher scores than mothers of the control group that were stable over time for the Somatization, Anxiety, and Psychoticism dimensions, whereas for the Depression and Interpersonal sensitivity dimensions, their scores increased significantly at the third session. By contrast, the scores of the mothers of the control group decreased significantly at the third evaluation session. Furthermore, analyses showed a main effect of group on the Hostility subscale (F(1,139) = 196.12; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.58), where the mothers of children with a history of IA had higher scores than those of the control group.
Analyses of the EAT-40 showed a significant effect of the Group × Time interaction (F(2,278) = 10.59; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.07). Duncan's test (p < 0.01 for all comparisons) showed that the mothers of the control sample had significantly lower scores than the mothers of the children diagnosed with IA at all evaluation sessions. Moreover, contrasts showed that in the third evaluation session, where the scores of the mothers of the control group decreased significantly, the scores of the mothers of the IA-group increased. Analyses on the Dieting and Oral control subscales showed the same pattern of results: the group of mothers of children diagnosed with IA had significantly higher scores than those of the control group at the three evaluation sessions (Dieting: F(2,278) = 5.66, p < 0.005, η2p = 0.08; Oral control: F(2,278) = 3.7, p < 0.05, η2p = 0.08), with a decrease in the Dieting and Oral Control scores in the control group at Time 3 (Duncan's test, p < 0.05); moreover, the Bulimia/Food Preoccupation subscale presented a main effect of group (F(1,139) = 646.8; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.65), where the mothers of children with IA had significantly higher scores than those of the control group (Table2).
Correlations Among Mothers' Psychological Status and Children's Emotional–Behavioral Functioning and Eating Patterns
Significant correlations emerged at Time 1 both between the maternal and children symptomatic characteristics and two dimensions of the child's eating behavior patterns (Satiety Responsiveness and Lack of Enjoyment of Food); Time 2 showed a significant relation even for Food Fussiness, which becomes more intense at Time 3 (Table3).
Moreover, correlations between maternal psychological status and children emotional–behavioral characteristics showed a general positive significant correlation between all of the maternal and the children's dimensions.
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Method
- Results
- Discussion
- Earn CE credit for this article!
- References
Our longitudinal study of nontreated children, diagnosed with IA in early childhood, and for various reasons received very little or no intervention, shows the natural course of IA into middle childhood up to the age of about eight years. Although the nutritional status improved for the majority of the children with IA, about 10% of them continued to show moderate malnutrition at the last follow-up. But it is remarkable to note that their eating behavior continued to be characterized by dysfunctional satiety responsiveness, lack of enjoyment of food, and increased food fussiness. The children remain "fussy eaters" who, as described by other authors,22 "eat small meals, eat slowly and are often selective and less interested in food". Moreover, during middle childhood, poor internal regulation of eating was associated with internalizing and externalizing problems, particularly anxiety, moodiness, somatic complaint, oppositional, uncooperative behaviors, and social problems.
In summary, our longitudinal study reveals homotypical continuity7 of symptoms in the area of eating behavior as well as in the emotional–behavioral adjustment from infancy to middle childhood. It has been reported previously,11–14 the group of children with IA showed early signs of difficult temperament and heightened emotional reactivity, aggressive behavior, somatic complaints and withdrawal during thee toddler years, and anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, rule-breaking behaviors and social difficulties during the follow-up assessments. These observations are in line with suggestions from other studies regarding the association between early food refusal and emotional problems during infancy and later during childhood.4–6
Furthermore, we observed that mothers of the children with IA continued to show increased symptoms of emotional distress, anxiety, depression, somatization, and difficulty with their own regulation of eating. Interestingly the longitudinal study pointed out significant associations between the mothers' psychopathological symptoms and the continuing eating and emotional regulation difficulties in their children. In particular during Time 1, when the children were toddlers, their quick and disturbed satiety responsiveness correlated significantly with emotional reactivity, anxiety, and with withdrawal, attention and aggressive behavior problems. In addition, there were significant correlations between the children's satiety responsiveness ratings and lack of enjoyment of food with the mothers' eating problems and emotional difficulties. During Time 2, when the children were five years old, food fussiness became apparent and added to the correlations between the children's disturbed eating behavior, their anxiety and behavioral problems and the mothers' eating disordered and general emotional symptoms. During Time 3, when the children were eight years old, the children's early satiety responses continued to produce significant correlations, and in addition, the children's food fussiness, which had increased over the years, produced very high correlations with the children's emotional symptoms and the mothers' symptomatic eating behavior and emotional distress. Although correlations do not help to better understand causality, they point to an ongoing circular pattern of disturbed eating behavior and emotional symptoms in both, the children and their mothers, and highlight the need for early intervention.11–13
We would like to emphasize some limitations of the study. Most of the information was gathered by parent questionnaires and parent interview since the children were too young to be interviewed, especially during the earlier assessments. The children have not reached adolescence, the period in which eating disorders show a consistent level of increase, primarily in the female population. Future expansion of our research into adolescence, by further evaluations of the same sample, it will give us the possibility to fully understand the longitudinal course of difficulties in both eating behavior and emotional–adjustment during development. Another limitation of this study is the lack of a systematic investigation of the fathers and their role in the mother–child care-giving system, in the process of the child's regulation of eating and affective differentiation, an area not yet sufficiently explored in clinical samples of early feeding disorders.23
Earn CE credit for this article!
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Method
- Results
- Discussion
- Earn CE credit for this article!
- References
Visit: http://www.ce-credit.com for additional information. There may be a delay in the posting of the article, so continue to check back and look for the section on Eating Disorders. Additional information about the program is available at www.aedweb.org
- 1
The DC:0-3, published in 1994 and revised in 2005, was designed to address the need for a systematic, developmentally based approach to the classification of mental health and developmental difficulties in the first four years of life. It has the aim to complement, but not replace, existing frameworks such as the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
- Top of page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Material and Method
- Results
- Discussion
- Earn CE credit for this article!
- References
- 1Zero To Three. Diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood (revised). Arlington, VA: Zero To Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, 2005.
- 2Feeding and eating disorders in childhood. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43: 98–111., , , .
- 3A classification of feeding disorders in infancy and early childhood. In: Narrow WE,First MB,Sirovatka PJ,Regier DA, editors. Age and Gender Considerations in Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Research Agenda for DSM-V. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2007, pp. 227–242., .
- 4Early childhood eating behaviors and adolescent eating disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29: 112–117., .
- 5Eating habits and attitudes among 10-year-old children of mothers with eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 189: 324–329., , , , , .
- 6Selective eaters: A retrospective case note study. Child Care Health Dev 1997; 23: 265–278., , .
- 7Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 837–844., , , , .
- 8Longitudinal relationships between childhood, adolescent, and adult eating disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40: 1434–1440., , , , .
- 9Risk factors for the emergence of childhood eating disturbances: A five-year prospective study. Int J Eat Disord 1999; 25: 375–387., , .
- 10Children with refusal to eat: Follow-up during primary school. Acta Paed 1994; 83: 54–58., , .
- 11Malnutrition and dysfunctional mother-child feeding interactions: Clinical assessment and research implications. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 23: 259–271., , , , .
- 12Maternal psychopathology and child risk factors in infantile anorexia. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43: 233–240., , , , .
- 13Maternal characteristics and toddler temperament in infantile anorexia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39: 743–751., , , , .
- 14Physiological regulation and infantile anorexia: A pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43: 1019–1025., , , .
- 15American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed, Text Revision. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
- 16Manual for the ASEBA Preschool Forms and Profiles. Burlington VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families, 2000., .
- 17Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles. Burlington VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families, 2001., .
- 18SCL-90-R Symptom Checklist-90-R Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual. Minneapolis, MNV: National Computer Systems, 1994..
- 19The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Pychol Med 1979; 9: 273–279., .
- 20The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bull World Health Organ 1977; 55: 489–498., , , , , .
- 21CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Data 2000; 314: 1–27., , , , , , , , .
- 22Development of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiat 2001; 42: 963–970., , , .
- 23La fonction du père dans la consultation thérapeutique parents-bébé et dans le traitement des troubles de l'alimentation chez le bébé. In: Solis-Ponton L, editor. La parentalité. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2002, pp. 73–90., , , , , , , .

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to our development blog!
You've found the place where we try to keep everyone up to date about game development progress and everything related to our little independent video game studio.
Be sure to subscribe to the RSS feed to be the first to get all the latest news!
Hi guys, Of Guards and Thieves update 74.24 is now available with a brand new "Winter Pack" for map editor.
Here's all the changes in this update:
Map Editor Winter Pack
New content and bug fixes
Map Editor Winter PackWinter Pack map editor update contains 284 new winter themed tiles distributed on different tilesets.
New Avatars4 new profile Avatars available
Featured Maps available for downloadWe designed 3 new maps for gTDM/IG/MadBall game modes, you can download them following this link: http://www.subvertgames.com/community/t/6455484844343296?p=1
OF Squared TDM #1 - By Subvert Games
OF Snipe Training #1 - By Subvert Games
OF Winter War #1 - By Subvert Games
Hi guys, finally the Map Editor v.1 is available for everyone!
It took us a lot of time and a huge amount of work but it's a really important addition to the game that will give the players a potentially infinite map amount and a way to express your creativity.
Here the content list for the update 74
Map Editor 1.0
New content and bug fixes
Here's a quick video preview that shows how to create a medium size house and some outdoor vegetation.
Tons of unique assetsMap Editor assets are organized in LAYERS, TILESETS and TILES and feature more than 800 placeable objects. "Layers" works as main category selection tool, "tilesets" rapresent a further subdivision into a specific sets of objects, and "tiles" are the specific objects that you can place into the scene.
7 different layers for a total of 892 different tiles, subdivided in 53 tilesets.
Map Editor GuideIf you need in-deep information and guidelines about the Map Editor check the official guide here: http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=570794295
Map Creation
Map Creation, Saving and LoadingTo create a new map click the "New Map" button available inside the gamemode selection screen as host.
Click "Host a new game" button.
Setup your game room name and options *(Keep in mind that if you don't put any password everyone will be able to join your room with editing permissions).
Select the "Map Editor" game mode.
Create a new map by clicking the "New Map" button, select the new "untitled map" and start the game.
Saving your custom mapsThe map can be saved from the map editor gamemode in the dedicated "SETTINGS" section available in the top right corner of your screen.
Enter your map title and click the "SAVE" button to save the map in your hard drive.
NOTE: the map won't be saved automatically, you have to do it manually, be sure to save the map often.
Loading/Playing your custom mapsYour custom maps (with the wrench icon) are listed alongside the official maps in the gamemodes/maps selection screen, just choose the desidered map and launch the game.
Map sharing
We're building an integrated system to save maps in the cloud and share them but at the moment the only way to share a map is to do it manually. Right now every map is saved with an unique Map ID in this folder (Documents/Subvert Games/OGAT/maps).
Retrieve the desidered map ID inside the gamemodes/maps selection screen
Look for the map file with the correct map ID inside your (Documents/Subvert Games/OGAT/maps) folder.
Send the map file to your friends or feel free to publish it on our official community forum or Steam forum
IMPORTANT NOTE! Sharing your maps means that you're giving it entirely to another user, meaning that the new user will be able to edit and rename the map. If you are afraid about copyright and map stealing issues do not share your maps until the official sharing tool is released.
NOTE In a near future all the maps will be saved directly online on our servers, and there will be an in-game workshop that allow users to publish, share and rate maps.
Quit the Map Editor mode To close the Map Editor and return to the Lobby screen just click the "Quit" button in the SETTINGS tab.
REMINDER: Save the map before quitting the editor!!!
Map Building, Tools and ControlsMap Editor have 4 different main tool, each one has a precise use and features.
Online map editingMap Editor allow you to create maps online with other players, basically you can chose between 3 different server settings.
New Zombie Class: Meat Zombie!The Meat Zombie is a support class equipped with 2 healing abilities and one melee attack.
Meat Zombie Stats
Healing SpitThe Healing Spit ability creates a pool of curative blood that heals allies and enemies that pass through.
*The Healing Spit also affects your enemies, so use it with care!
New AvatarMeat Zombie avatar is now available as custom profile image.
Level Cap upped to Level 40
Hi guys, finally we can show something about the upcoming Map Editor update. At the moment we are stress testing all the systems in private and a public release date depends on how many bugs/issues will come out during the next few days.
Creating the map editor took us lots of time and a huge amount of (re)work but we're sure that will be a really important addition to the game.
First update will include the Map Editor version 1.0, that includes these features:
Here's a quick video preview that shows how to quickly build a medium-sized building and vegetation.
Lots of objects
We converted pretty much all the assets used for the classic maps into "tiles" and the first Map Editor update will include more than 250 unique 3D tiles giving you the freedom to create maps with a lot of variety.
Are you ready to create? Stay tuned :)
Remember GEARSCAPE? Well, this was our main project before "Of Guards And Thieves" took over and by that time it was 80% complete.
Now it's time to unfreeze this project and finish it! If you're new around here, here's a brief description of the game.
Play as an intelligent gear and try to beat yourself in a frantic race full of obstacles.
Gearscape is an easy type of game to play but hard to master, challenge your friends all over the world and look the death counter growing up.
Bringing the old school games difficulty and mixing it with modern graphics, you're going to face 5 unique types of environments with more than 100 unique rooms full of traps, bombs, rotating saws and tricks.
Are you ready to test your skills and reflexes?
We need your help!In order to being accepted on Steam store we need to gather enough upvotes. This is where we really need your help, if you like the game visit the Gearscape greenlight page and give us a big "thumb up" pressing the Yes button.
How about OGAT?!Don't panic, Of Guards And Thieves development won't be affected. We are still working on it and we're sure you will like the new features that are going to be released mid August. Hint: lots of new maps soon! ;-)
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Commercial kitchen equipment distributors with the best prices in the cooking equipment industry and one of the leading customer service programs, CKitchen.com is your first and last stop for commercial ovens. Included in our line of kitchen oven choices are Combi-Ovens, Roll-In Ovens, Microwave Ovens, Convection Ovens, Conveyor Ovens, Deck-Type Electric Ovens and more. Commercial cooking equipment merchants include Cleveland, Vulcan, Doyon, Groen, Hobart, Merco, Panasonic and more. CKitchen.com offers customers professional assistance from our certified foodservice equipment & restaurant equipment professionals and an educated sales team who will assist you in finding the perfect kitchen ovens to fit your budget, utilization and business plan.
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Let's face it: pizza has become a major staple in the food world.
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Photo source drgreeen.com
The best delivery services ensure that foods are delivered to doorsteps just as fresh as the moment they were taken out of the oven. While transporting bins and other units designed at keeping foods regulated at certain temperatures have been a lifesaver for many, Domino's Pizza is taking it a step further by incorporating warming ovens in their delivery vehicles.
Read More
With pumpkin spice lattes and fresh apple pies comes another fall favorite: roasted veggies and meats. Harking to memories of juicy morsels with a crisp, sweet shell, roasting is a fan favorite for many Americans. If you haven't already invested in a roaster, now is the perfect time to add this essential to your kitchen lineup.
Read More
What does it take to truly succeed in the pizza industry? Whether you're a restaurant looking to add pizza to the menu or a pizzeria who's new in town, here are five tips to keep in mind when putting pizza pizzazz in your restaurant.
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While cups and measuring spoons have been used for years to measure ingredients, digital scales are truly the way to go when it comes to accurate measurement.
Specialty equipment like pizza ovens are essential to any Italian restaurant or pizzeria. Even traditional restaurants and small diners choose to invest in pizza ovens, as pizza has become such a popular menu item. Additionally, the evolution of these ovens have made them ideal for cooking foods in addition to more than just their namesakes!
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Just recently, Panera announced that it will be removing a swath of ingredients from its list in an effort for a more natural menu selection. Their 'No' list targets the removal of artificial colors, flavors, preservatives and sweeteners by 2016. By announcing this to the public, they're capitalizing on many of today's hottest trends: natural ingredients and food transparency, to name a few.
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From bakeries to pizzerias, restaurants should consider investing in a dough sheeter to boost production and decrease labor costs.
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You've been to culinary school, and while you were there you got attached to the quality restaurant supplies the kitchens there had you use. Maybe you're a professional chef, and when you go home you want to have the same amenities there that you do in your place of work. Should you have commercial grills, commercial ovens and commercial ranges installed in your home?
In the warm summer months, customers love refreshing fruits, so why not incorporate them into your menu?
All cooks know that the key to their success often relies on having access to the right restaurant equipment. For bakers, that means having the right kinds of commercial ovens.
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Successful restaurants have a wide array of equipment options to choose from when preparing meals for their guests.
Baking is a time-consuming process, but one that can be beneficial.
Rice is a simple dish to create. Depending on how you prepare it, rice can be an excellent side dish or part of a main course.
In some cases the more complicated a recipe the better the taste.
Convenience stores are meant to be just that, convenient, but convenience doesn't mean that the customer won't appreciate better food.


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With years of customer feed back in hand, this sand scoop was designed to provide all the features that our beach hunting customers have been asking for. At just 3 pounds, 8 ounces, we are sure that you will enjoy the rugged design, quality components and overall comfortable weight of this long handled travel scoop. The pole is rugged and is produced from 1 and 1/4" aluminum. The pole is reinforced and welded to the bucket at a 20 degree angle. This 20 degree angle allows you to easily apply pressure with your foot to push the scoop into the sand. For added strength, there is an extra aluminum bar at the base of the bucket which gives the sand scoop extra durability. The handle alone is 40" long and with the bucket measures an overall length of 47". The handle has a reinforced rubber hand grip for durability and comfort.
Aluminum Sifting Basket
The quick drain design of the aluminum sifting basket is perfect for use in the water. The bucket has a 5" overall diameter and measures a full 9 inches in length at the longest edge. The bucket is produced of thick cut, machine welded aluminum. The bucket has the popular 5/8" diameter holes throughout the sides and the back of the scoop. The holes are large enough to sift sand and gravel quickly, yet small enough to keep coins, rings and other precious objects from slipping through.
Detailed Specifications:
- Upper Pole: 24" long aluminum pole, 1.25" diameter
- Sifting Bucket & Lower Pole: 23" long, aluminum, 5/8" holes, 5" diameter, 9" length
- Overall weight: 3 Pounds, 8 ounces
- Made In USA
Additional Information
|Approximate Weight
|3 Pounds, 8 Ounces
|Audio Identification
|Battery Requirements
|Detector Electronics Corp
|Built-In Flashlight
|Search Coil Size
|Headphone Jack Size
|Holster Included
|Includes Bonus Items
|Operating Mode
|Operating Frequency
|Search Coil Shape
|Search Coil Type
|Sensitivity Adjustment
|Shirt Size
|Vibrating Alert
|Visual Identification
|1 Year
|Water Resistance
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No Hidden Fees! Free ground shipping applies to all orders over $99.95 shipped within the continental United States. You will not find any fine print or catches to this offer. We do not charge handling fees, per accessory fees or any of the other fees that you may find when shopping elsewhere. Order today and save time, gas and money with this limited time promotion.
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Since 1983 we have offered a return policy that is quite simple. We want you to be 100% satisfied with your purchase. Here are the details in black and white:
Returns & Exchanges:
Within 14 days of receipt of your on line order, you may return or exchange any hobby item in original condition. All products must be unused, unassembled in the original packaging and with the manufacturer's original blank warranty form and instruction manual. Simply call us for a return authorization code and our special returns address before shipping any product back for a refund, store credit or exchange. Refunds are issued to the same credit card, debit card, gift certificate, or other form of payment used in the original transaction.
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Shipping, handling and insurance fees of $20 for your original ground shipment will be deducted from your refund for non-defective returns. Return shipping and insurance on non-defective merchandise is your responsibility.
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Security, Industrial, Minelab GPX Detectors, Makro Detectors, JW Fishers Underwater Search & Recovery and special order items are not returnable.


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New Method May Detect Ovarian Cancer Earlier »
"May 5, 2015 -- A screening method that uses blood tests can detect twice as many cases of ovarian cancer as older testing methods, and that may lead to women getting diagnosed sooner, researchers say.
The new approach looks at how levels of"...
Read the New Method May Detect Ovarian Cancer Earlier article »
Acute overdosage with doxorubicin HCl causes increased risk of severe mucositis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
DOXIL is contraindicated in patients who have a history of severe hypersensitivit y reactions, including anaphylaxis, to doxorubicin HCl [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Last reviewed on RxList: 3/10/2015
Doxil FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Doxil Information
Doxil - User Reviews
Doxil User Reviews
Now you can gain knowledge and insight about a drug treatment with Patient Discussions.
Here is a collection of user reviews for the medication Doxil sorted by most helpful.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Get the latest treatment options.


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StormFists of the universe bruise the sky with clouds,Storm by shadowFletcher
screaming at stars as they bleed black into the dust,
tears of dark fire falling among immaculate roses.
The heat is a heartbeat, a palpitation beneath
ribs of rotting airplanes and snowy mountains.
The spectacle of the peaks is a frosty contradiction -
twisted faces made from fluid lines,
divergent colors of orange and blue.
Because they don't know how to cry like the clouds,
rivers weep like broken seahorses,
chuckling as they catch themselves
in the gnarled curls of tree roots.
NeverlandPeter Pan came back for WendyNeverland by shadowFletcher
but was greeted by clotted, acrid air
filling his lungs with a grey death
He flew falteringly between skyscrapers
as they pierced the bitter smog, and he wrestled
with the haze, begging for one more breath
But his lungs collapsed, alveoli screaming
as he tumbled toward the concrete earth
golden fairy dust bleeding from his flesh
the second star to the right flickered and died
as neverland's soul fractured across the pavement -
and it will never be morning again
"Courage is not the absence of fear, but rather the judgment that something else is more important than fear. The brave may not live forever, but the cautious do not live at all." - Princess Diaries
How long have you been on DeviantArt? Around seven years or so (I deleted my first account before starting this one).
What does your username mean? Absolutely nothing. It's just random.
Describe yourself in three words. Nerdy, antisocial, and neutral.
Are you left or right handed? Right.
What was your first deviation? A photograph.
What is your favourite type of art to create? Literature.
If you could instantly master a different art style, what would it be? Digital art.
What was your first favourite? Probably a photograph. I don't know.
What type of art do you tend to favourite the most? Photographs.
Who is your all-time favourite deviant artist? I don't really have one.
If you could meet anyone on DeviantArt in person, who would it be? Mmm... I don't know anyone well enough.
How has a fellow deviant impacted your life? This isn't applicable.
What are your preferred tools to create art? My keyboard.
What is the most inspirational place for you to create art? It depends.
What is your favourite DeviantArt memory? Creating a writers' group.


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The Hill
The disclosures of classified surveillance programs by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden have further slowed the already ponderous process of passing cybersecurity legislation, and also put U.S. commercial networks at increased risk of attack, the bill's top sponsors said Sept. 12.
Rep. Mike Rogers (R-Mich.), chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, said that "misperceptions" created by media reports based on documents leaked by Snowden have slowed efforts to advance the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA), which the House passed in April.
"We've had great conversations with the Senate. They haven't given up on it. We think that [they] will make a few changes and maybe, hopefully, get a bill sent to the president," Rogers said at the Intelligence and National Security Alliance (INSA) conference in Washington, D.C.
Rep. Dutch Ruppersberger (D-Md.), ranking member on the committee, sounded slightly more pessimistic, saying the bill was currently stalled in the Senate. "We're trying to work on that," he said, appearing on the same stage as Rogers.
CISPA would create a framework for information sharing on cyberthreats between industry and government. The bill is a reworking of a 2011 version that drew considerable criticism from privacy advocates. The latest iteration includes provisions designed to place limits on what the government could do with personal information received as part of threat reports from private industry.
However, news reports of National Security Agency programs designed to collect and retain bulk phone metadata records from telecommunications carriers and details of Internet activity from private firms have significantly reduced the appetite for new cybersecurity legislation. Instead, some legislators on both sides of the aisle are looking for ways to curb the authority of the NSA to collect information.
Rep. Justin Amash (R-Mich.) sponsored an amendment to the Defense authorization bill that would have banned the NSA from storing bulk phone metadata records. The proposal was narrowly defeated. Rep. Rush Holt (D-N.J.) introduced legislation that would roll back some spying authorities granted to the government under the Patriot Act and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.
Despite the relationships with commercial firms detailed in news reports, the intelligence community still faces a gap when it comes to observing cybersecurity threats faced by private networks, according to senior officials who spoke at the INSA conference.
"We need to have partnerships with industry. We need to understand what is going on within not just our own networks but the nation's networks," Rear Adm. Sean Filipowski, director of intelligence at U.S. Cyber Command, told a panel at the INSA conference.
At a separate panel, Michael Werthheimer, director of research at NSA, said, "You need a legal framework to protect that sharing of information."
Rogers raised the specter of a possible cyberattack on U.S. networks by the Syrian Electronic Army, should the United States pursue military options against Syria. "There are huge vulnerabilities in the private sector system," Rogers said. Without real-time information sharing, the private sector would lack the ability to protect their networks.
The lack of visibility into private-sector networks prevents the intelligence community from getting a top-down view of cyberthreats, said Jim Richberg, deputy national intelligence manager for cyber at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. "What we definitely need if we're going to produce a holistic view of cyberthreats from an intelligence perspective is finding a way of doing this as a fused, partnered product and process."
That does not necessarily mean that information is not already being shared between private industry and government with regard to network vulnerabilities and threats.
Werthheimer said that in the case of a major flaw in a device or in a piece of important software, the NSA is able to reach out to employees with security clearances at affected companies and discuss how to remediate the problem.
"When you get software updates at home, sometimes major updates you got at home came from NSA," Werthheimer said. "That's part of the role we have to play."
About the Author
Adam Mazmanian is executive editor of FCW.
Before joining the editing team, Mazmanian was an FCW staff writer covering Congress, government-wide technology policy, health IT and the Department of Veterans Affairs. Prior to joining FCW, Mr. Mazmanian was technology correspondent for National Journal and served in a variety of editorial at B2B news service SmartBrief. Mazmanian started his career as an arts reporter and critic, and has contributed reviews and articles to the Washington Post, the Washington City Paper, Newsday, Architect magazine, and other publications. He was an editorial assistant and staff writer at the now-defunct New York Press and arts editor at the About.com online network in the 1990s, and was a weekly contributor of music and film reviews to the Washington Times from 2007 to 2014.
Click here for previous articles by Mazmanian. Connect with him on Twitter at @thisismaz.
E-Mail this page
Printable Format
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Check out the digital edition of FCW magazine -- the federal IT community's premier publication.
In this issue: Profiles of every Fed 100 winner, the government and industry Eagle Award winners and more.
See the latest issue
A revamped assessment process targets the cloud security program's biggest friction point: time.
FCW talked with FedRAMP evangelist Ashley Mahan about her role in helping agencies adopt cloud technology.
One tiny team is at the center of the federal government's push for cloud computing — and all the loud, complicated competing interests that go along with it.
Two key IT modernization bills could move in Congress, despite the compressed legislative calendar and the politically charged election year.
CyTech Services, the veteran-owned small business that may have played a significant role in discovering the OPM hack a year ago, says it's never been paid for that work.
Although most agencies are on track to meet a presidential directive to archive email records electronically, a few will need more time.
Limiting the impact of open source policy to a time- and scope-constrained pilot forgoes a unique and long-needed opportunity to modernize government, argues a leading open source advocate.
Agencies can put more money on mission by analyzing accounts payable data. The former leader of the U.K.'s Government Procurement Service explains what it takes.
This year's winners were honored in person at the April 7 Fed 100 Awards Gala. Click here to learn more about their accomplishments.
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Celebrating 30 years of providing fashionable comfort footwear and excellent service— Footwear etc. • Established 1986 —
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The Ameribag Shoulder Bag is everything you have been hoping for, this Shoulder Bag in the Jazzmin Collection is ideal for the run around of every day life!
Since its inception over twenty years ago, AmeriBag has focused on one core principle - quality. From using the best materials available, to the care and craftsmanship that goes into making each bag, the quality of AmeriBag products is never sacrificed.
Ameribag Shoulder Bag Horizon Blue Distressed Nylon Women's Handbag
Features include:
Size: 8" x 11.5" x 3.75"
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"Aside from the MBT shoe, which GREATLY helps my arthritic knees, the most pleasing aspect of Footwear etc. are the superb folks in their customer service department. They're tremendously helpful, always ready to make right my purchase, and they seem to genuinely care that my experience is a good one. I cannot give a higher commendation to either the shoes or the people. They will continue to get my business."
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Three translucent camo designs: Digi-tek, Pelagi-tek and Covi-tek
2 year warranty against manufacturers defects (see details below)
Features large fin rails – radial design
Foot rails help hold fin blade in foot pocket
Water channeled efficiently across fin surface
Diver may use with or without foot rails
Foot pockets and blades also sold separately
Compatible with Riffe / Pathos / Omer footpockets (slight modifications required)
25º angle, 34.5″ (87.6cm) length
** Our Composite blades are covered under a 2 year "Limited Warranty". We reserve the right to inspect the fins and determine whether or not the damage was due to abuse/misuse or a structural defect. Any fail in the blade during normal use is covered under this warranty.
Warranty is non-transferable and only applies to the original owner with proof of purchase and warranty does not cover damage to rubber rails, foot pockets and surface scratches. Additional restrictions may apply for commercial spearfishing.
The longest tapered high strength plastic fin blade manufactured, offering better spring action and ease while swimming. The only plastic fin blade using flexible side rails, which helps channel water off the tip of the blade and prevent side wobble.
The RIFFE Silent Hunter Fin Blades develop more forward thrust with less effort. Ankle weights are not necessary for quiet swimming. Foot pockets are made from two different rubbers; soft for comfort & hard for energy transfer to the blade.
Helps prevent fin sores, eliminates noise generated by fins, and helps secure when using oversized fins.
Available sizes: M, L, XL


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Answer Key Records, the new record label formed by Bridge & Tunnel's, Jeff Cunningham, chose How Do We Jump This High's, Funny/Not Funny, for the label's first release--a quartet comprised of members of the short lived Get Bent and Frame. Together, they blend their sound into one melodic-punk explosion.
Funny/Not Funny picks up where the band's first EP, Deep Stationary, left off, but it's a bit more capering. Mike Borth kicks things off with a deep bass tone on "En Route." The chorus is backed with great harmonies from the lead guitar that carry over into the following track, "Potential," which also contains a solo. The second half of the EP, opens with "The Greats." Despite being a good track, it's a bit forgettable. Nothing stands out much from it. However, they end the EP with its best song, "Migraines." It features the urgency I would have liked to have heard from the previous tracks and maintains its catchy melodies.
Hopefully, history won't repeat itself, and we'll get to see a full length from How Do We Jump This High before they decide to disband. They've shown promise thus far. Funny/Not Funny is a solid release, but there's still room for improvement.
7.8 / 10
It's been five years since Texas post-rock outfit Explosions in the Sky released Take Care, Take Care, Take Care, which makes this the longest between-album gap for the band. Not ...
Five song ripper from this quartet out of Maine. If the cover art is any indication these guys wear a lot of Nike. A cartoonish drawing of a baldy wearing ...
Line-up changes are a scary thought. When it was first announced that vocalist Charlie Fell and guitarist Ken Sorceron were leaving Lord Mantis, it indeed felt like a devastating blow ...
Looking for the SPB logo? You can download it in a range of styles and colours here:
Click anywhere outside this dialog to close it, or press escape.


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Tech at Night: The left's war on spectrum.
The FCC and the radicals are at war with the secondary spectrum market. Gigi Sohn even tried to make the point at the Less Government debate that license holders don't own spectrum. That's true. They own the licenses. That's where property rights come in. So it's disappointing to see Democrats still piling on against Verizon even as the push begins to go after Dish. As | Read More »


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383 Views 1 Reply Latest reply: May 2, 2012 3:03 PM by Old Toad
Old Toad May 2, 2012 3:03 PM
in response to luisgz
You're going to give us a lot more information that that.
What version of iDVD do you have?
What happens when you try to burn the iDVD project?
Any messages or warnings?
What type of content do you have, i.e. movies, photos for slideshows?
What brand of DVD disk are your using?
If you get to the point of starting a burn what speed do you select.


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30 x 'Gold Collagen' Eye Masks£9.99 instead of £99 (from Look Good Feel Fabulous) for 30 x 'gold collagen' eye masks - save 90%
Save 90%
Promotion ends on
03 / 03 / 2014
- Pack includes 30 x 'gold collagen' eye masks.
- That's 15 treatments.
- Each mask contains natural extracts and collagen.
- Aims to help to brighten and rehydrate the eye area.
- Easy to use - simply apply & leave on for 15-20 minutes.
The Fine Print
- May buy multiples.
- Voucher valid until 6th March 2014.
- Postage costs an additional £3.99.
- Please allow up to 10 working days for delivery after redeeming.
- Subject to availability.
Full Details
It's been said that the eyes are the windows to the soul. Make sure your windows sparkle with today's golden deal…
Today we're offering you 30 x 'gold collagen' eye masks for only £9.99, saving you 90% off Look Good Feel Fabulous' price of £99 (correct as of 26.1.14).
Look Good Feel Fabulous are bringing a you a home pampering solution in the form of 'gold collagen' eye masks. This set of 15 treatments will be delivered to your door, allowing you to apply the product away from prying eyes. The treatment contains bio-active ingredients including natural extracts and collagen, which aim to help brighten and rehydrate the skin on the eye area. Easy to use, you simply cleanse your face and eye area and apply the masks. Gently press and leave on for 15 to 20 minutes, then remove the mask and clean with water. Result!
How to Redeem
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Once purchased, you can redeem this wowcher towards another wowcher or claim a Wowcher Wallet Credit. Click here for more info.
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Mazes & Monsters
Bonus commentary! Beware the sacrilege!!
Bonus commentary! Beware the sacrilege!!
Will MacLeod and Ramirez defeat the nefarious General Katana, bring down the planetary shield, and return as conquering heroes to Zeist? Does anyone still care?
Spoony tackles the most notoriously stupid sequel in sci-fi!
Creator's Commentary Freddie Prinze Jr and Matthew Lillard pinch-hit for Mark Hamill and Tom Wilson in this cinematic abortion of the once-sublime game series. It's the worst sci-fi you'll find without Psychlos: Wing Commander.
Creator's Commentary A dark, bleak story about the ultimate triumph of evil over reason and decency!
Cap's back to take down Miguel, a bioterrorist with a new deadly chemical weapon that can age you to death in a matter of weeks! But could it possibly age you any faster than this awful movie does?
Reb Brown dons the stars and stripes as America's hometown hero!
Part 1: Star Trek Online Part 2: Pontypool Part 3: Gaming NOTES You know what really strikes me about STO is that, for all my complaints about the game and the atmosphere, I would rather play a good tabletop RPG about Star Trek. Think about it! It's cheaper, the experience is more personal and scripted,…file continues…