text:
Members of the writing group for this manuscript, listed in order of their contribution to the writing of the manuscript.
Monitoring the price and affordability of foods and diets globally
Article first published online: 17 SEP 2013
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12078
© 2013 The Authors. Obesity Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Obesity Reviews
Special Issue: INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases, Research, Monitoring and Action Support): rationale, framework and approach
Volume 14, Issue Supplement S1, pages 82–95, October 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Lee, A., Mhurchu, C. N., Sacks, G., Swinburn, B., Snowdon, W., Vandevijvere, S., Hawkes, C., L'Abbé, M., Rayner, M., Sanders, D., Barquera, S., Friel, S., Kelly, B., Kumanyika, S., Lobstein, T., Ma, J., Macmullan, J., Mohan, S., Monteiro, C., Neal, B., Walker, C. and INFORMAS (2013), Monitoring the price and affordability of foods and diets globally. Obesity Reviews, 14: 82–95. doi: 10.1111/obr.12078
Publication History
- Issue published online: 17 SEP 2013
- Article first published online: 17 SEP 2013
Funded by
- The Rockefeller Foundation
- International Obesity Taskforce
- University of Auckland
- Deakin University
- The George Institute
- University of Sydney
- Queensland University of Technology
- University of Oxford
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- World Cancer Research Fund International
- University of Toronto
- The Australian National University
- Faculty of Health at Deakin University
- Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Obesity Policy and Food Systems
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Food prices;
- food affordability;
- non-communicable disease;
- food policy
- Top of page
- Summary
- Background
- Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Conflicts of interest
- References
Food prices and food affordability are important determinants of food choices, obesity and non-communicable diseases. As governments around the world consider policies to promote the consumption of healthier foods, data on the relative price and affordability of foods, with a particular focus on the difference between 'less healthy' and 'healthy' foods and diets, are urgently needed. This paper briefly reviews past and current approaches to monitoring food prices, and identifies key issues affecting the development of practical tools and methods for food price data collection, analysis and reporting. A step-wise monitoring framework, including measurement indicators, is proposed. 'Minimal' data collection will assess the differential price of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods; 'expanded' monitoring will assess the differential price of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' diets; and the 'optimal' approach will also monitor food affordability, by taking into account household income. The monitoring of the price and affordability of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and diets globally will provide robust data and benchmarks to inform economic and fiscal policy responses. Given the range of methodological, cultural and logistical challenges in this area, it is imperative that all aspects of the proposed monitoring framework are tested rigorously before implementation.
- Top of page
- Summary
- Background
- Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Conflicts of interest
- References
Food prices influence food choices
Food prices and food affordability (defined here, in broad terms, as the cost of the diet of a household relative to the household's income) are important determinants of food choices [1, 2] and, accordingly, dietary patterns, nutrition and health [3-6]. In addition, the price and affordability of food affects food security at all levels [7-9].
While food price has been reported by some groups as a more important determinant of food choice than taste, promotions, convenience or environmental concerns [10-12], there is still much to learn about the impact of food prices on dietary choices [13]. Generally, consumers purchase fewer foods when their prices rise and the converse when prices fall [8, 14-20]. However, estimates of food price elasticity values (a measure of the percentage change in the amount purchased relative to percentage change in price) vary greatly [13]. Particularly in high-income countries [21], consumers may be more sensitive to price changes between close food substitutes, such as wholemeal bread and white bread, or diet soft drinks and sugar-sweetened soft drinks, than between foods that are not close substitutes [13]. While recent randomized controlled trials indicate that targeted price discounts can increase purchases of 'healthier' food [22, 23], experimental studies do not show how price changes affect the total diet or how sustainable any effects may be.
Prices of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and diets
Differentials in the price of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and diets can contribute to obesity, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their inequalities [24]. However, despite several studies that have investigated this [25-29], it is not clear whether 'healthy' foods and diets are generally more expensive than 'less healthy' foods and diets on the basis of price per calorie [30-32]. Under times of economic stress, it has been postulated [33, 34] that socioeconomically disadvantaged groups tend to choose cheaper foods that are energy-dense. When food choices are made within the context of sustained budgetary constraints and/or rising food prices [35], it has been postulated that they maximize energy value for money (dollars per megajoule [$/MJ]), resulting in habitual energy-dense, nutrient-poor dietary patterns that contribute to obesity and diet-related NCDs [24, 27, 34, 36-42]. However, the unit of measure is critical; many 'healthy' foods such as fruit and vegetables, despite having low energy-to-price ratios, can provide nutrients at a reasonable cost when compared with 'less healthy' foods [43, 44]. Similarly, the lack of standard definitions of 'healthy' and especially 'unhealthy' diets is problematic.
In low- and middle-income countries, food accounts for a large and increasingly volatile share of the budget of poor and urban families [29, 45], and small changes in food prices can impact considerably on household expenditure and diet. In these countries, middle-class households may spend between 35% and 65% of their gross income on food [46]. Among the poorest groups, up to 80% of income can be spent on food [29]. For example, in one South African study, food accounted for between 38% and 71% of total household expenditure [47]. In the face of rising food prices in these countries, there is evidence that the most vulnerable individuals initially ration consumption to prioritize energy-dense but nutritionally poor foods [48-53]. This results in a decline in dietary quality followed by reduced dietary quantity as resources are depleted [51], causing micronutrient deficiencies [54] and 'hidden hunger' [55], and contributing to the cycle of malnutrition [56], lower incomes and high rates of NCDs in later life [53, 54, 56]. Better understanding of the differential between the cost of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and diets in low- and middle-income countries would help provide insights into the determinants of food price and affordability in the development of obesity and NCDs in these countries.
In high-income countries, greater total spending on food tends to be associated with more nutritious dietary patterns [38, 41, 57]. However, if populations were to follow dietary guidelines/recommendations, this may lead to higher food costs [58]. Those households with the lowest incomes are more vulnerable to increasing food prices, as they spend less per person on food, but a greater proportion of their total expenditure on food. For example, in Australia, a 'healthy' diet costs between 28% and 40% of the disposable income of a welfare-dependent family compared with 20% for families on the average income [59-61] and in Los Angeles, United States, a 'healthy' food basket costs 35–40% of low-income consumers' budgets [62]. Thus, it is important for measures of food prices to relate to income or purchasing power to be meaningful [29].
Government efforts to influence food prices
A range of complex factors influence food prices, including political, economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors at the local, national and international levels [4, 63]. Food prices may be manipulated by governments through a variety of complex policy approaches. Three common pricing strategies at a state or national level are as follows: taxes on specific foods, e.g. soft drinks; exemption of selected goods from a goods and services or value added tax; and subsidies such as agricultural and transport subsidies, or voucher systems targeted to high-risk groups [16, 64]. Recently, Denmark introduced a 'fat tax' (now revoked) [65]; Hungary has a 'junk food tax'; and France, four Pacific countries and 40 states in the United States tax sugar-sweetened beverages specifically [21, 66, 67]. In Australia, Canada, France and the United Kingdom, differential application of taxes on food occurs, although health benefits are not necessarily the primary driver [68]. The health outcomes of these taxation policies have not been evaluated.
Food subsidy programmes have been operating for many years in the United States and the United Kingdom, but until recently have not tended to focus on promoting healthier eating [69-71]. The Special Supplementary Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children has demonstrated increases in targeted nutrients and foods and some improvement in perinatal outcomes [72]. Poland [73] and South Korea [74] have similar programmes in place. Other food subsidy systems are more local. For example, vulnerable women, children and the elderly are provided with coupons to purchase fresh fruit and vegetables at outdoor farmers' markets in Massachusetts, United States, resulting in increased purchases of fruit and vegetables in around 30% of participants [75].
The need for monitoring of food prices
Many leading international bodies are advocating for economic and fiscal policies to promote the consumption of healthier foods, improve the nutritional quality of diets and raise revenue to fund population health programmes [16, 76-79]. In order to strengthen the case for these policies, and evaluate their impacts, it is clear that monitoring systems are needed to understand the relative price and affordability of foods, with a particular focus on the difference between 'less healthy' and 'healthy' foods, meals and diets.
The International Network on Food and Obesity/non-communicable disease Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) is a global network of public-interest organizations and researchers that aims to monitor, benchmark, and support public and private sector actions to create healthy food environments and reduce obesity, NCDs and their related inequalities [80]. This paper introduces the food prices module of INFORMAS, which seeks to answer the research question, 'What is the relative price and affordability of "less healthy" compared with "healthy" foods, meals and diets?'. This paper reviews previous methods and tools used to assess food prices and affordability, and outlines a step-wise framework to monitor the price and affordability of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods, meals and diets between countries and over time.
In this paper, a 'healthy' diet is defined as one that provides recommended amounts of foods, nutrients and other food components, within estimated energy requirements, to promote normal growth and development in children, reduce risk of obesity and NCDs, and promote optimum well-being, consistent with national dietary guidelines/recommendations [81]. For the purposes of this paper, a 'less healthy' diet is defined as the current average diet of each country's population [63], assessed, where available, by national intake surveys. The definition of 'less healthy' foods and beverages are those high in energy density, containing saturated fat, trans fat, added sugar, added salt and/or alcohol [81].
Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Top of page
- Summary
- Background
- Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Conflicts of interest
- References
Global commodity food prices
Internationally, commodity price indices tend to be applied in economic rather than health contexts [7, 82-86]. Different staple foods are collated in a range of global commodity price indices for different purposes, including the Food Price Index compiled by the Food and Agriculture Organization [87], the food and beverage components of the International Monetary Fund Primary Commodity Price Index [76], and the food and beverage components of the World Bank Commodity Index [84, 88].
International food price data can be contextualized to take into account country-specific factors, such as local political and weather conditions, as illustrated by the Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture, the Food Price Data and Analysis Tool [87], and the World Food Programme's Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping Food and Commodity Prices Data Store [89, 90]. These approaches can provide useful insights into regional food pricing pressures. However, achieving reliable, comprehensive food security monitoring systems is an ongoing challenge [89-91].
Commodity food prices fluctuate widely depending on factors such as international oil prices, weather conditions, crop and production yields, global and domestic demand, state of surplus stocks, market speculation and other financial issues [9, 53, 87]. Specific stressors include climate change, the global and European economic downturns [9, 51], population growth, demographic changes and demand for biofuels [53, 83, 84, 92]. Food commodity prices spiked in 2008 and 2010–2011; most projections suggest they will remain higher this decade than that leading up to the previous peaks [53, 92].
International prices do not translate directly into local prices due to a number of factors, including regional import/export drivers and local policies affecting taxes and subsidies [92]. As they are based on highly selected, aggregated staple items, commodity prices cannot readily be used to provide quantitative assessment of the cost differentials between 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods.
National/regional food price databases
Few countries regularly monitor the retail prices of foods and publish results in accessible formats. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Centre for Nutrition Policy and Promotion national food price database provides the cost per one gram edible portion of most foods and beverages reported in dietary recalls collected in the 2001–2002 National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey survey based on the average retail prices of foods and ingredients across the country at that time [93].
The European Commission is developing economic monitoring tools for selected products throughout the European food supply chain, including indicators such as the harmonized index of consumer prices, producer price index, purchasing power parity (PPP) and the agriculture commodity prices index [94, 95]. Current limitations include that different products tend to be monitored in different countries and available data sets are incomplete [94, 95].
The New Zealand Food Price Index reports monthly on the rate of price change of 176 commonly purchased foods across six regions collected as part of that country's Consumer Price Index (CPI) programme [96]. Similarly, the National Agricultural Marketing Council of South Africa monitors quarterly detailed price changes of selected foods [97].
Apart from that of the USDA, no currently available national/regional data set can be used to compare differentials in prices between 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods as the food groupings are too highly aggregated.
Consumer Price Index
Many countries regularly survey household expenditure on selected consumer goods and services to inform the CPI as a measure of inflation. Prices are collected for a sample of goods and services, including foods, from a number of locations for a number of times per year. Data are weighed either upon proportional expenditure for a sample of households or upon estimates of the proportion of consumption expenditure in the national accounts. Some countries, such as New Zealand and South Africa, also report specifically on the food component of the CPI [96, 97]. Detailed CPI data are published on the statistical websites of some countries, but only compiled data tend to be published for most countries [98] and specific regions (e.g. the Economic Commission for Latin America [99]).
Various methods and 'representative' baskets are used to estimate CPI, and a number of sources of bias exist [100]. Some attempts have been made to classify foods priced to calculate CPI into 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' categories [101, 102]. Challenges reported include bias in food sampling, varying quality of seasonal foods, aggregation of products and lack of comparability across countries. However, where CPI (foods) is based on actual household purchases, this index may be a useful proxy for the changing price of basket of standard 'less healthy' foods over time [101, 103].
Price of selected food baskets
A range of food baskets have been costed for different purposes worldwide:
- The World Bank uses the price of a 1200-kcal basket of reference foods to set the food poverty line [104].
- The (semi-humorous) Big Mac Index is published by The Economist as an informal way of measuring the PPP between different currencies and has given rise to the term 'burgernomics' [105]. The costed unit is a single 'Big Mac' burger as sold locally by the McDonalds fast food chain. Purchasing power comparators are calculated on the basis of both the unit price and the amount of time that an average worker in a given country must work to earn this amount [106].
- Various countries and regions have attempted to measure PPP on a larger selected number of standard goods including foods. For example, in Europe, data are collected on selected food products for 37 countries [107], and help inform estimates of Gross Domestic Product per capita [108]. Various issues with data quality have been identified [95].
Price of 'healthy' diets, meals and foods
Various approaches have been used to measure the cost of a 'healthy' diet or list of 'healthy' foods. Rarely have studies assessed the price of 'healthy' meals.
Price of 'healthy' diets
In a few countries, notably Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, baskets of 'healthy' food reflecting the total diet have been developed and used as tools for monitoring prices and availability at the national [109, 110], state/provincial [103, 111-113] and community [61, 114, 115] levels. Several local studies have investigated the costs of 'healthy' food baskets on a more ad hoc or one-off basis [116-119].
Few of the above-mentioned studies have been written up in peer-reviewed journals; most are published in web-based data sets or within the grey literature [110, 118, 120-122]. Generally, methods are not well described, and the rationale for and composition of 'healthy' food basket monitoring tools vary greatly. Types of 'healthy' diet baskets range from those modelled on national dietary guidelines [60, 109, 123, 124] to those modified to be 'more realistic' [60, 61, 103, 111, 113-115, 125-127]. The latter frequently includes foods not commonly considered 'healthy' such as sugar, biscuits and ice cream. Some models use only fruit and vegetables as a proxy for 'healthy' foods [73]. Several 'healthy' diet baskets are based on habitual intake determined by nutrition or household budget surveys. Given that current dietary intakes tend to be inconsistent with dietary recommendations [63], such baskets represent standard 'less healthy' rather than 'healthy' diets [103, 128]. Some studies have based assessment of dietary quality on stratification of diet scores from various surveys [25, 29, 129] but these are not specific enough for answering the research questions of this module of INFORMAS.
There is also great variability in how foods are selected to develop monitoring tools; e.g., in the degree to which cultural preferences are accommodated. Some 'healthy' diet baskets are developed for specific age/gender groups [109], others for hypothetical reference families/households [61, 103, 111, 115]. Monitoring tools vary according to whether branded, generic or cheapest available products are included; the size of the items is specified; and in the proportion of fresh/canned/ refrigerated/frozen or juiced products included. Survey protocols also vary greatly. For example, prices may be collected either manually or electronically, in-store, from catalogues or on-line. The size and type of retail outlets surveyed, the number of outlets included, recording of standard or special promotional prices, frequency of data collection and attempts to control for seasonality also vary greatly. The high number of 'healthy' food items missing in retail stores can be problematic in some areas [111, 118, 130]. In addition to time trends, serial results have been reported by regional location [131, 132], remoteness [103, 111], and income and demographics [128, 133].
Food basket costing studies commonly assume that most foods purchased are consumed; that all foods are consumed equitably by family members according to nutritional need; and that waste is minimal. Few consider issues such as home production of food.
Price of selected 'healthy' foods
Most studies investigating the costs of 'healthy' foods do not attempt to encompass total diet and apply highly selected shopping lists/baskets of healthier food choices [62, 132, 134-139]. Compared with 'healthy' diet baskets, there is even greater variability in development and composition of 'healthy' food lists/baskets. Some studies apply nutrient profiling [140], others use key foods consumed by those meeting nutritional recommendations in dietary surveys [141] or informed by national dietary guidelines [137], but most appear to be quite subjective [138]. For example, one study of 'healthy' foods costed sausages, chocolate and butter [135], which were not included in other 'healthy' food lists.
Differential between the price of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and diets
The price of 'less healthy' diets has rarely been compared with that of 'healthy' diets; a major challenge is the lack of standard definition of a 'less healthy' (or 'unhealthy') diet.
Most commonly, studies reporting price differences between 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' foods have costed selected lists of 'standard' and 'healthier' items [141]. The most common method to categorize foods is nutrient profiling [32, 62, 140, 142]. Within food categories, corresponding healthy/unhealthy items may not be identified readily for all foods, e.g. for fruit or eggs, or conversely for commercial-baked goods and sugar/sweets. Therefore, common lists of 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' foods do not necessarily correspond to each other in terms of culinary use or energy or key nutrients provided [32, 138]. Studies have varied greatly in the number of foods included, from very comprehensive lists [32, 140] to highly selected items, such as fruit and vegetables and salty snacks [131].
Most recent studies use price per energy unit as the basis for comparison, reporting results in terms of food categories or energy-adjusted nutrients, rather than total diet [26, 34, 140]. Other units reported include per edible volume [131], per edible gram, per energy (calorie) and/or per average portion [32]. Carlson and Frazao [32] recently analysed the costs of 'healthy' foods by food category, and compared these with 'less healthy' foods using three price unit metrics. When the price was expressed per unit of energy, foods high in nutrients and low in energy density, such as fruits and vegetables, were relatively expensive compared with energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, especially those high in saturated fat and added sugar. However, when measured on the basis of edible weight or average portion size, grains, vegetables, fruit and dairy foods were less expensive than most protein foods (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, peanut butter), and were also less expensive than most energy-dense nutrient-poor foods. The authors concluded that it was less costly to meet U.S. dietary recommendations for grain products, dairy foods and fruit than for vegetables and protein foods [32].
Most, but not all, monitoring studies report rising disparities between the price of 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' foods [101-103, 137, 140, 143, 144]. In one study, the price of 378 foods and beverages was monitored in Seattle, United States, from 2004 to 2008. Nutrient-dense items increased in price by 29.2% compared to a 16.1% increase for the least nutrient-dense items [140]. As another example, in a UK study, the cost of a 'healthy' shopping basket increased by 49% from 1988 to 2003, while the cost of an 'unhealthy' basket increased by 33% over the same time [145]. However, lack of specificity and consistency between studies makes interpretation and comparison of results difficult [13, 32, 146].
Associated costs in preparation of food
In addition to the price of foods, a number of other inputs add to the cost of producing a household meal. These include time and energy such as transport, shopping, storage, preparation and cooking, including electricity, gas or other fuels [147]. Other costs are associated with relevant 'health hardware' such as stoves, cooking pots, utensils, plates and bowls, washing equipment and facilities for food storage [148]. Such costs have rarely been considered in studies of food prices [149], but could impact on the price differential for 'healthy' and 'less healthy' meals and diets. There are many methodological challenges involved in collecting such data, particularly without conducting very expensive household surveys.
Affordability and household income data
The need to measure household income as a denominator of affordability of foods introduces another challenge into food price monitoring and surveillance programmes [29]. Very few food price studies have estimated affordability at household level [62, 133, 150, 151].
A range of estimates of disposable income at the household level is collated for different countries, including median household income [152], disposable household income [153], household budget survey data [154], and household expenditure and income data for transitional economies [155]. Caution must be exercised when using such economic data sets to draw inter-country comparisons due to variations in methodology [156].
Food affordability has a strong social gradient, and in high-income countries, measures such as welfare payments have also been used to benchmark the proportional cost of a healthy diet [59-62].
Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Top of page
- Summary
- Background
- Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Conflicts of interest
- References
Overview of monitoring framework
A step-wise framework (including 'minimal', 'expanded' and 'optimal' approaches) for monitoring the price and affordability of foods, meals and diets at country level is proposed (Table 1). The step-wise approach is designed to take into account differences in the available capacity, infrastructure and resources of countries to conduct monitoring activities.
|'Minimal' approach
|'Expanded' approach
|'Optimal' approach
|Differential between the price of selected 'healthy' foods and 'less healthy' foods
|Differential between the price of 'healthy' diets and meals, and 'less healthy' diets and meals
|Affordability of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' diets and meals
|Data sources
Retail prices of foods
Nutrient profiling system to differentiate nutritional quality of comparable foods
Relevant country dietary guidelines and national dietary intake data (where available)
Relevant country food composition tables, dietary modelling and/or food selection guides (where available)
|As 'expanded' approach together with median household income data
|Comparison of the cost (and tax component) of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' equivalent foods
Diets: Comparison of the cost of a 'healthy' diet for a reference (healthy weight) family over 2 weeks versus cost of the 'current' diet for a reference (current weight) family over 2 weeks
Meals: cost of a reference 'healthy' meal vs. the cost of a similar but less healthy meal (of equivalent weight)
|As for 'expanded' but expressed as costs in relation to median household income
|No stratification
|Stratification by region
|Stratification by region and by household socioeconomic status
Socioeconomic groups
For simplicity, at this stage, it is proposed to collect retail price data for foods, meals and diets, but not to collect non-food costs associated with food/meal preparation, nor estimate costs of home food production.
Contextual analysis
The first step as part of the proposed monitoring approach will be for each country to conduct a contextual analysis to gain an understanding of the circumstances affecting food prices in that country. This would include the country's population characteristics, available food and nutrition intake data, risk profile, NCD risk factors, relevant national and local government policy issues, key private sector actions and pricing policies, household income measures, consumer group/non-government organization activities in the area, and an assessment of the likelihood of change in the policy environment. Where available, CPI (foods) and/or contextualized commodity prices could inform the contextual analysis.
For the policy analysis, information about food taxation and subsidization will be critical, including details about the taxes on specific foods or drinks, any foods exempted from taxation, and agricultural, transport, direct or any other form of subsidies that affect food prices. Ideally, the structure of food pricing would be described in each country, including issues such as purchase price stability.
The assessment of the types and quality of available data, resources and capacity will assist identification and prioritization of the most appropriate monitoring approach (i.e. 'minimal', 'expanded' and/or 'optimal') for each country.
Data collection methods and tools
It is proposed that INFORMAS team members will lead the development and testing of protocols and standardized food price monitoring tools for subsequent tailoring within each country. The proposed components of the data collection approach are illustrated in Fig. 1.
The 'minimal' monitoring approach will be used to collect data to assess the differential between the cost of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' (i.e. regular/standard) foods. Examples of the types of foods that will be included as healthy or less healthy are shown in Table 2. Standardized lists of common 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and beverages within the same food category will be drawn from the literature, contextualized for each country and confirmed by expert consensus within the country. Standardized unit sizes will be identified and included on 'shopping lists' ready for pricing.
|Food group
|'Healthy' food
|'Less healthy' food
|Meat and alternatives
|Lean mince beef
|Standard mince beef
|Trimmed red meat (specific type)
|Standard red meat (specific type, e.g. lamb flap)
|Standard mince beef
|Lean, low salt sausages
|Standard sausages
|Fresh meat
|Tinned 'Spam'
|Fresh tofu
|Fried tofu
|Milk and alternatives
|Reduced fat milk
|Full cream milk
|Reduced fat yoghurt, plain
|Full cream yoghurt, plain
|Reduced fat cheddar
|Cheddar – standard
|Grain (Cereal) foods
|Wholegrain bread
|White bread
|Whole grain cereal- no added sugar (specific type)
|Sweetened breakfast cereal (specific type)
|Brown rice
|White rice
|Wholegrain pasta
|Fruit and vegetables
|Fruit (apple)
|Pack potato crisps
|Boiled/baked potatoes (where potatoes are grouped as a vegetable)
|Hot fried potato chips
|Fresh fruit
|Fruit juice drink
|Oil/spread allowance
|Polyunsaturated spread
|Unsaturated oil
|Palm oil
|'Discretionary' foods, high in energy-density, saturated fat, salt and added sugar compared with healthier option from other groups
|Artificially-sweetened soft drink
|Sugar-sweetened soft drink
|Frozen yoghurt (plain, no sugar)
|Ice cream
|Plain dry biscuits (wholegrain)
|Corn chips
|Nuts (unsalted)
|Potato crisps
|Fruit (e.g. banana)
|Sweet biscuits
|Dried fruit (e.g. sultanas)
The current retail price of foods in the 'shopping list' will then be collected, either in-store or on-line during a stand-alone survey. Where available, the tax component of each food price will also be collected to aid interpretation of results. Ideally, this data collection activity will be incorporated as an extension of monitoring conducted as part of the INFORMAS food composition [157] and/or food labelling [158] modules. Either way, detailed data collection and analysis protocols will need to be developed and tested for these purposes.
As an alternative method of data collection, food price information may be purchased from commercial data bases (such as Kantar World Panel 2012 [159]). Where detailed food price data are collected for determination of the CPI, it is theoretically possible to access disaggregated data to compare changes in the cost of the component 'healthy' foods with regular/standard foods (as a proxy for 'less healthy' foods). Accordingly, this could also be an alternate source of data for this step.
The 'expanded' monitoring approach will be used to collect data to assesses the differential between the cost of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' (i.e. regular/standard) meals and diets. As the starting point for this approach, it is proposed that Global/Regional Foundation Diets for a reference household are developed. This will be based on, where available, each country's dietary guidelines and any underpinning dietary modelling or food selection guide (e.g. those developed in Australia [81]). It is proposed that this will initially be developed by INFORMAS team members as part of INFORMAS pilot initiatives.
The Foundation Diets will then need to be translated into standardized 'healthy' diets to construct 'healthy' menu plans for 2 weeks for the reference household. 'Less healthy' menu plans for 2 weeks for the reference household will be informed by national dietary survey data (where available) or by substitution/replacement of foods in 'healthy' menu plans with standard/regular items. The menu plans will be transcribed into 'shopping lists' ready for pricing, as per the 'minimal' approach.
The 'optimal' monitoring approach will be used to collect data to assess the affordability of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' diets and meals at the household level. It will consist of the 'expanded' monitoring tool as well as tools to collect/collate household income data. The measure of income that appears to hold most promise as a denominator is median household income. However, as affordability of a 'healthy' diet is likely to be more challenging for lower socioeconomic groups, a range of other income measures, including welfare payments, should also be investigated.
Data analysis
Standardized methods of data analysis will be developed and tested by the INFORMAS team. Data will be analysed within each country and reported centrally. Monitoring will assess how the price differential of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and diets and/or the affordability of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' diets differs between countries and over time.
In addition, it will be important for countries to monitor the food price regulatory and policy environment, as described under contextual analysis, over time. The collection of case studies would be valuable to provide contextual examples.
- Top of page
- Summary
- Background
- Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Conflicts of interest
- References
There is an urgent need for global monitoring of the price and affordability of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods, meals and diets [13, 28, 103, 160-163], and for the improvement of systems to monitor changes in the vulnerability of populations to rising food prices [29, 85, 89-91, 164, 165].
A major challenge lies in developing cost-effective, simple monitoring tools relevant at the family/household level that complement available data sets, and do not require expensive and intensive household surveys. Useful price indicators need to be robust; policy relevant; pertinent to nutrition, obesity, NCDs and their inequalities; sensitive to system pressures, such as climate change and economic drivers; and changes in the price differentials need to be comparable between countries and within countries over time. Robust indicators could trigger preventative policy action and would be useful in establishing baselines, and for monitoring and evaluating structural, economic interventions at the country/regional and household levels.
Given the methodological complexities in assessing and monitoring food prices and affordability globally, a step-wise monitoring approach is proposed, with transition from 'minimal' through to 'optimal' indicators, depending on the capacity and resources available within each country. Several countries would have the capacity to monitor all three levels of food price indicators, providing the opportunity for the performance of the indicators to be compared.
Major challenges in the development of monitoring tools are the lack of consistent definitions of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods, and composition of 'unhealthy' diet baskets [146, 166-168]. In this INFORMAS module, the latter challenge may be circumvented by focusing on the indicator most relevant to food price and affordability policy: the cost differential between 'healthy' and 'less healthy' diets, where 'less healthy' diets are based on current intake.
In developing tools to measure the differential price of foods, as opposed to diets, specific problems include the lack of rationale to compare foods across different product categories; difficulties in comparing foods with different weight, volume and energy densities; and lack of an 'anchor' determining the numbers of foods included in pricing lists. The use of 'diet' as a metric effectively applies daily energy intake as an anchor for the types and amounts of foods to be included in these monitoring tools. Analysing the cost of diets also avoids the question of which unit to use (energy, weight or portion) when comparing the price of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods.
As people chose to produce, purchase, prepare and consume foods rather than macro- or micronutrients [169, 170], it is imperative that solution-orientated research investigating the price determinants of dietary intake focus on foods and dietary patterns rather than nutrients. In this regard, the proposed development of food-based Global/Regional Foundation Diets will be an ambitious attempt to develop 'healthy' diet metrics that are standardized to some extent, but can be tailored to reflect locally available foods throughout the world.
Given the range of methodological challenges in assessing the price and affordability of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and diets in different countries, and that logistics affecting implementation are likely to vary both between countries and within countries, it is imperative that all aspects of the proposed monitoring framework are developed and tested rigorously. The degree of variability of proposed indicators is largely unknown and targets cannot be set currently.
- Top of page
- Summary
- Background
- Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Conflicts of interest
- References
Robust indicators for monitoring the price and affordability of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and diets are required to help inform national and international economic and fiscal policy responses to improve population diets and reduce obesity, NCDs and their related inequalities. INFORMAS provides a timely framework to embed a feasible food price and affordability monitoring programme within a broader research, monitoring and action support system. Such work is imperative to help address the global burden of obesity and NCDs.
- Top of page
- Summary
- Background
- Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Conflicts of interest
- References
Sarah Appleton, Wilma Waterlander and Amanda Wood contributed to discussions around the key concepts. The Rockefeller Foundation kindly supported the work of INFORMAS by hosting the first formal meeting of INFORMAS at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Centre, Italy, from 19 to 23 November 2012. The following organizations provided funding support for the travel of participants to Italy for this meeting and the preparation of background research papers: The Rockefeller Foundation, International Obesity Taskforce, University of Auckland, Deakin University, The George Institute, University of Sydney, Queensland University of Technology, University of Oxford, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, World Cancer Research Fund International, University of Toronto and The Australian National University. The authors would like to thank Francesco Branca and Godfrey Xuereb from the World Health Organization, and Janice Albert from the Food and Agriculture Organization for their participation in the first formal meeting of INFORMAS, and for their input into this paper. The Faculty of Health at Deakin University kindly supported the costs for open access availability of this paper, and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence in Obesity Policy and Food Systems (APP1041020) supported the coordination and finalizing of INFORMAS manuscripts.
Conflicts of interest
- Top of page
- Summary
- Background
- Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Conflicts of interest
- References
Bruce Neal is the Chair of the Australian Division of World Action on Salt and Health (2007–present), was a Member of the Pepsico Global Scientific Advisory Board (2010–2012), was the Independent Adjudicator for the Australian Responsible Marketing to Children's Initiative (2009–2010) and holds funding from the Australian Food and Grocery Council as part of a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Partnership project (2010–2014). The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
- Top of page
- Summary
- Background
- Overview of previous and ongoing food price monitoring activities
- Proposed step-wise approach to monitor prices and affordability of foods and diets
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Conflicts of interest
- References
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- 153Luxembourg Income Study. Disposable household income. 2012. [WWW document]. URL http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/data-key-inequality-dhi.pdf (accessed 20 October 2012).
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- 169Food, not nutrients, is the fundamental unit in nutrition. Nutr Rev 2007; 65: 439–450., .
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Yeah! Grandpa sucks cock
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Description: View form across street of the French Lumber Company, a two-story brick building with the Chicago Dental Parlors occupying the second floor, on a street co...
Date: 1885 ca.
Description: Chippewa Falls with a park and river in the foreground.
Date: 1927
Description: View down street of trucks and cars parked at an angle along the curb in a commercial strip through town. The buildings on the left have signs, including t...
Description: Crayon portrait of Jean Brunet who kept a lumberman's stopping place at Brunette Falls (now Cornell), on the Chippewa River.
Description: About a dozen men stand in the woods by a large tent. The carcass of a deer is hanging from one of the trees. A horse stands nearby. There are some traces...
Description: Winter scene with pine trees drooping with snow after a heavy snowfall.
Date: 1920 ca.
Description: View from street of exterior of the Leslie Wilson residence, a large Victorian house, at 320 Superior Street. A sidewalk runs in front of the house and tre...
Description: The raised altar of the Episcopal Church, with potted palms sitting on the steps. Lilies in vases and candles are displayed on the altar. Elaborate woodwor...
Date: 1898 ca.
Description: Margery Bish, the young daughter of the photographer, stands in front of a draped curtain.
Date: 1929
Description: View of the Chippewa River rapids.
Description: A steam locomotive moves along a set of railroad tracks near a sugar beet processing plant with a tall smokestack. There are several small outbuildings in...
Date: 1935 ca.
Description: An old house in a rural area, with some broken windows, and a road in the foreground.
Description: Exterior view from road of the Chippewa Falls Library. The library opened in 1903 and Andrew Carnegie funded the library with $10,000. Above the main entra...
Date: 1913
Description: View from below Little Falls Dam on the Chippewa River.
Description: Winter view of Chippewa (Ojibwa) Valley village.
Date: 1919
Description: Three men use three different pieces of machinery in various stages of the tire-making process at the Boone Tire Factory. Stacks of tires are piled around...
Description: The Richardson Farm stands at the far edge of a farm field with a creek running through it and animals grazing. The farmhouse is white and surrounded by tr...
Date: 1900 ca.
Description: Outdoor group portrait of some eighty members of the extended Meinen family on the occasion of the golden anniversary of two of its members. They are stand...
Date: 1908
Description: Photographic postcard featuring an illustration of the high school, bordered by a pennant, a baseball bat, golf clubs, rowing oars and tennis rackets.
Description: Winter scene with William Irvine (1851-1927) seated in his sleigh next to his daughter Ruth (1891-1987) wearing a hat and wrapped in furs, Chippewa Falls,...
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He should have fucked her arse as well, she really likes the cock, and i would love to fuck her lovely arse.


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Heard in the Herd
Updated: August 6, 2012, 12:33 PM ET
ESPN's Rick Reilly shares his thoughts on how the U.S. men's basketball team has fared at the London Olympics, Michael Phelps, Tiger Woods and more. Reilly
ESPN sports business analyst Darren Rovell covers sports marketing, Usain Bolt, Gabby Douglas, the London Olympics, Tim Tebow, Jonathan Vilma and more. Rovell
The NFL Network's Michael Lombardi talks about Kevin Kolb, Matt Flynn, the possibility of the NFL reducing Jonathan Vilma's suspension, Roger Goodell, ...
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Mocha Molten Cakes
Browse WomansDay.com today to find healthy dessert recipes that are easy, yet hearty enough for the working family.
Total Time:
Serves: 6
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
- ⅓ c. semisweet chocolate chips
- 2½ tbsp. heavy (whipping) cream
- 4 tsp. instant coffee
- 1 box Chocolate Lover's Double Fudge Brownies mix with Fudge Syrup
- 3 large eggs
- ⅓ c. oil Garnish: fresh strawberries
- Have a rimmed baking sheet ready.
- Microwave chocolate chips and cream in a small bowl, stirring at 30-second intervals, until melted and smooth. Refrigerate 15 minutes, or until firm as soft pudding.
- Drop level measuring tablespoons on a foil-lined flat plate (you should have 6 disks). Freeze at least 30 minutes until firm.
- Heat oven to 425ºF. Coat six 6-oz custard cups or ramekins with nonstick spray. Place on the baking sheet.
- Dissolve coffee in 2 Tbsp warm water. Combine brownie mix (reserve fudge syrup packet), eggs, oil and coffee mixture in a large bowl. Stir, as brownie mix package directs, until well blended. Divide evenly among prepared cups (slightly rounded 1/3 cup in each).
- Bake 8 minutes, or until sides are set but centers are still soft. Push a frozen chocolate disk into middle but not to bottom of each cake (batter doesn't have to cover disk). Bake 8 minutes more until cakes have risen. Cool on pan on a wire rack 5 minutes.
- Place syrup packet in a small bowl of hot water. Run a thin knife around cakes to loosen. Invert on serving plates. Snip off one end of syrup packet; drizzle syrup on cakes and plates as shown.
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text:
Borriello gives Roma late victory against Liverpool at Fenway Park
A late Marco Borriello goal gave Roma a 1-0 friendly win over Liverpool at Boston's Fenway Park on Wednesday.
A late Marco Borriello goal gave Roma a 1-0 friendly win over Liverpool at Boston's Fenway Park on Wednesday.
- • O'Driscoll appointed assistant manager
- • England defender Clyne joins from Southampton
- • Reds sign Firminho from Hoffenheim
- • Reds snap up Charlton youngster Gomez
- • Liverpool capture Bolton goalkeeper Bogdan
- • Ings agrees deal to sign for Liverpool
- • Manchester City increase bid for Sterling
- • Rodgers to stay after meeting American owners
- • Sterling jeered at players' award ceremony
The 32-year-old striker, who spent the second half of last season on loan at West Ham, steered the ball home from a 90th-minute corner through the legs of Jack Robinson, despite the close attentions of Daniel Agger.
Sunderland transfer target Fabio Borini was named in the Reds' starting line-up alongside Rickie Lambert, but the Italian was forced off with a shoulder injury in the 12th minute.
However, speaking after the match, Reds boss Brendan Rodgers played down the severity of the knock.
"He's only bruised it," said Rodgers. "He won't train now for the remainder of the trip here, but it's only going to be a few days before he's back training and playing again."
In front of a sold-out crowd, Philippe Coutinho was the stand-out player on show for Liverpool, against a Roma team that included former England left-back Ashley Cole.
FULL-TIME: The Reds are narrowly beaten at Fenway as a late Roma goal seals victory for the Italians #LFC 0-1 #ASR pic.twitter.com/NYEZfYouvR— Liverpool FC (@LFC)
July 24, 2014
After Coutinho had sent a 20th-minute free-kick just wide, Francesco Totti stabbed a good chance wide for the Giallorossi after being set up by Cole.
Lambert had several chances, and forced a fine save out of goalkeeper Lukasz Skorupski after the break.
Coutinho had another shot blocked from the edge of the area and Brad Jones made a one-handed stop to deny Antonio Sanabria before Borriello settled the affair late on.
Meanwhile, Liverpool owner John W Henry spoke about life after Luis Suarez for the Reds following the sale of the Uruguay striker to Barcelona.
"It was time for Luis and time for the club to make a break," said Henry. "He brought so much to the club but we brought a lot to Luis.
"I think you will still see a very explosive Liverpool offense."
Liverpool's next friendly assignment is against Olympiakos in Chicago on Sunday, a game in which Adam Lallana and Lazar Markovic are expected to make their Reds debuts.


text: Celebrity News February 06, 2014 Extra Scoop: Dylan Farrow Responds to Backlash About Her Woody Allen Allegations Dylan Farrow Responds to Backlash About Her Woody Allen Allegations Dylan Farrow explains her reasons for penning an open letter detailing her claim that her adoptive father, Woody Allen, sexually molested her as a child. Full story: People.com Philip Seymour Hoffman's Family, Friends Attend Wake Mimi O'Donnell, Hoffman's longtime girlfriend and the mother of his three children, invited family and close friends to the wake. See pics at NY Daily News Brandi Glanville's Tirade About Her Botox Disaster "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" star isn't shy when it comes to talking about her plastic surgery procedures, but rants if you call her out on it. Full story: RadarOnline.com Hot Pics of US Olympic Skier Julia Mancuso Mancuso takes her three medals to the slopes of Sochi, and her secret to success… lucky underwear. See pics at GQ.com Susan Sarandon Hints She's Dating Her Younger Business Partner It looks like Susan Sarandon and her SPiN partner Jonathan Bricklin are indeed dating. Full story: E! Online Comments Around the Web More In Celebrity News Getty Celebrity News Lee Daniels Publicly Apologizes to Sean Penn As They Settle Defamation Lawsuit Celebrity News Michael Weatherly Drops Serious Hint About How DiNozzo Will Go Out on 'NCIS' Celebrity News Duran Duran Remembers Prince: 'He Was the Greatest Performer of His Generation' Getty Award Shows Céline Dion Is Covering a Queen Song and Receiving Icon Award at Billboard… Getty Baby News Report: Janet Jackson Is Pregnant Getty Celebrity News Eminem's Ex-Wife Kim Mathers Speaks Out About Suicide Attempt Celebrity News What Ellen DeGeneres Would Do If She Were President Load More


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Which movie is this?
why u upload so boaring videos
i love the soaping scenes which is so good on her boobs belly and her sexy back i cum manytimes seeing this


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Memoirs about growing up, attending weddings, tending kids, shooting stars, being deaf, eating wildly, and coming out.
Stop Seeking and You Shall Find | Memoir
Telling It True | Memoir
Dancing with Myself | Memoir
New Year, New Stories | Memoir
A Family More Dysfunctional Than Yours | Memoir
Ah, the holidays. The time of year for twinkling lights, random acts of kindness, and generosity toward one's fellow man. Or if that sounds more like a Hallmark Channel original movie than what you have planned for December (dodging cranky shoppers, shaking off passive-aggressive comments from family members, pretending to like ugly Christmas sweaters), then […]
Fun, Functional, and Dysfunctional Family Stories | Memoir
Meanwhile, Back at the Ranch | Memoir
Keeping Score | Memoir
Fall approaches. The boys of summer are winding it all down on the diamond and the gridiron guys are gearing up. Since my sport is reading, I've tallied up the major themes and attributes of this month's six memoirs. Here are the scores: family stories six/six; tales of resilience six/six; woman memoirists five/six; damages of […]
Making Moves, Making Dates | Memoir
Behind Closed Doors on Long Island | Memoir
Dylan told us all that "everything is gonna be diff'rent when I paint my masterpiece." The belief that things could be different, even if they weren't going to be perfect, carried many of this month's memoirists through very trying times. Masterpieces are not always on canvas: here we glimpse families, houses, and careers that are themselves real works of art.


text:
Hi All,
I was wondering if any of you shop at trader joes. i just started shopping there recently and I have found a few things her and there, but was curious of what other people are buying that are WW friendly.
Hi All,
I was wondering if any of you shop at trader joes. i just started shopping there recently and I have found a few things her and there, but was curious of what other people are buying that are WW friendly.
Met DH on 10/10/01. Married DH on 10/10/09
Mom to Oli born 10/11/11
Cyrus born 4-9-16
Almond butter
Decaf Tea
Reduced Kettle Popcorn
Reduced Pita Chips
Mom to Myles(5)-DX'd Type1Diabetes 4/28/2010
Feedback for maggiemae123- Please leave trading FB.
their rice chips are good for a snack. i like the sea salt and pepper. i'm a salty snacker and i like the quantity. haven't had them in a while. might have to go now!
Yes! I like the reduced-guilt wheat crackers and tortilla chips. I buy most of my fresh produce there. Also like their string cheese (I think it's 2 pp) and we get most of our cereal there too (mostly the kids eat that though). I just bought their reduced-guilt brownie mix but haven't made it yet :) Also, they have a pre-made salad - Southwest Salad, I think? - that I get for lunch sometimes. It has black beans and corn.
Rachel, mom to J. 02/2007 and K. 05/2009
I'm heading there now.
I just like to browse at everything.
I know I'm getting Kale but outside of that it will be a surprise. I need some easy fix meals for the week so that's what I'm after.
The frozen tofu/edememe are good. So are the chicken cilantro frozen dumplings.
Wife to DH (06) Mommy to DS (3/09) and DD (8/11).
Mango Sorbet, Apple cinnamon crisps, veggie chips, mini pizzas (8pts) i count that as a meal!, Breaded chicken strips, edamame, pita bread, olive tapenade. Not sure if it's all friendly but just portion control and you will be good. =)
Happily Married since 2007
Skylar (11/02) and Alanna Lux(FORMER tubie toddler) (9/10)
Wish this would have come up last week! We were just at Trader Joe's. I bought my old stand-bys for the kids, but would have loved to get some WW-friendly things for me, too.
I did buy the reduced fat brownies. On the back of the box it gives directions for individual microwaved brownies! I haven't figured the points yet, but I'd guess around 3.
Their canola oil is pressed. No chemicals used to extract the oil, like the grocery store brands.
After losing 75 pounds, I'm sharing tips, tricks, before & after pics: www.justadotnotalot.com
Thank you all,
I have found a few good things their and people are always telling me of new things i havent tried yet.
I love the ranch dressing 1pt for 1 serving, 2 pts for 2 servings
cilantro dressing is also good 2pts for 1 serving
cibatta bread ( i think thats what its call) its 3 pts
Garlic hummus 1 pt.
light kettle popcorn 3pts
breakfast chicken sausages 1 pt for each sausage.
I love their american sliced cheese 1 pts for a slice- i think its the best.
I will definitely try some of your suggestiongs.
Met DH on 10/10/01. Married DH on 10/10/09
Mom to Oli born 10/11/11
Cyrus born 4-9-16
The spinach kale dip is amazing, I think it's 1pp. I am also a fan of the salsas in the refrigerated section.


text:
The luxury yachting industry is set to enter a new era of quality and cost efficiency in the unlikeliest of places. U.S. based Tricon Marine, a high quality builder of FRP/Composite luxury yachts up to 180 feet long, recently broke ground on China's first and only North American-owned and operated shipyard. The new facility will allow Tricon to offer its discriminating clientele of OEM manufacturers and custom yacht end users the highest quality design and construction at unprecedented value.
Located just outside the city of in 's province, Tricon's 55,000 sq. meter state-of-the-art facility is designed to operate at the highest American and European standards of craftsmanship, cleanliness and security. An initial $8-million investment is budgeted for Phase I with a total investment of $21-million over five years.
Production and employee training began in early-2007 on a 88 foot high-performance offshore vessel at Tricon's temporary facility adjacent to its new yard-in-construction. The new shipyard is expected to be fully functional by August, 2008. At full capacity, the yard will be the largest for composite yacht construction in with a production capacity of 16 yachts indoor and in-water work on two additional yachts up to 55 meters in length at its pier. The company will be able complete up to $60 million in work per year depending on the size of the yachts under construction.
Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
On Friday the 29th of April, Nb. 420 was launched in Leer. She was christened 'Symphony Sun' and is the fourth vessel in a series of 6 that will be delivered to Symphony Shipping.
Propulsion and steering systems manufacturer SCHOTTEL has unveiled its new EcoPeller (SRE), which it said offers improved efficiency and robustness. Playing a
Carnival Vista, the new flagship of the fleet of Carnival Cruise Line, brand of the Carnival Group, was delivered today at Fincantieri's shipyard in Monfalcone.