text:
Veganism is both the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.[1] A follower of veganism is known as a vegan.
Distinctions are sometimes made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans (or strict vegetarians) refrain from consuming animal products, not only meat but also eggs, dairy products and other animal-derived substances; this is known as a vegan or entirely plant-based diet.[2] The term ethical vegan is often applied to those who not only follow a vegan diet but extend the philosophy into other areas of their lives, and oppose the use of animals for any purpose. Another term is environmental veganism, which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the premise that the harvesting or industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable.[3]
The term vegan was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson when he co-founded the Vegan Society in England, at first to mean "non-dairy vegetarian" and later "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals."[4] Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s; vegan options became increasingly available in many countries, including in supermarkets and chain restaurants.
Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron and phytochemicals, and lower in calories, saturated fat, cholesterol, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc and vitamin B12. Well-planned vegan diets can reduce the risk of some types of chronic disease, including heart disease, and are regarded as appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and Dietitians of Canada. Because uncontaminated plant foods do not provide vitamin B12 (which is produced by microorganisms such as bacteria), researchers agree that vegans should eat B12-fortified foods or take a supplement.
The origin of the English defined term vegetarian is unknown.[5] The first known vegetarianism (prohibition of all meat, but use of milk and other animal products like urine, eggs etc.) was practiced since the early origin of Hinduism,[6] in holy texts Upanishads, discouraging harm to any living being as described in Sanskrit.[7] The recent earliest known use is attributed to the actress Fanny Kemble, writing around 1839 in Georgia in the United States. The practice can be traced to Pythagoras in 6th-century-BCE Greece. Greek philosophers Empedocles and Theophrastus were vegetarians, as were Seneca the Younger, Ovid, Plutarch, Plotinus and Porphyry. Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls, animal welfare and the view, espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium ("On Abstinence from Animal Food"), that if humans deserve justice so do nonhumans.[8] Al-Maʿarri was a blind Arab poet and philosopher who lived an ascetic lifestyle and refrained from eating meat, fish, dairy, eggs and honey.[9]
Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century England and the United States.[10] There were vegetarians who ate fish, eggs and dairy (now known as pescetarians), and dietary vegans, then often called strict vegetarians, who ate no animal products.[11] In 1815 William Lambe, a London physician, published Water and Vegetable Diet, proposing a vegan diet as a cure for cancer and asthma.[12] In the 1830s Sylvester Graham's Graham diet – mostly fruit, vegetables, bread made with stoneground flour, and water – became a popular health remedy in the United States.[13] Several vegan communities were established. Amos Bronson Alcott, father of novelist Louisa May Alcott, opened two in Massachusetts in 1834 and 1844: the Temple School and Fruitlands, the latter opposing the use of animals for any reason.[14] In 1838 William Alcott, Amos's cousin, published Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages (1838).[15]
In England in 1838 James Pierrepont Greaves founded the Concordium, a vegan school and cooperative community at Alcott House on Ham Common, advocating cold baths and a diet of fruit, porridge, bread and water.[16] In 1843 members of Alcott House created what may have been the first vegan advocacy group: the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food. Little is known about it, except that its president was Sophia Chichester, a significant benefactor of Alcott House.[17] Alcott House was also involved in establishing the British Vegetarian Society, which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent.[18] An 1851 article in the society's magazine discussing alternatives to shoe leather suggests that there were vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely, not only from diet.[19] The first known vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldon's No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes, was published in London in 1910, proposing a diet of pulses, cereals, nuts, fruits, green vegetables and roots on health and moral grounds.[20]
Mahatma Gandhi joined the Vegetarian Society's executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891.[21] In 1931, during a visit to London for the second Round Table conference on the future of India,[22] he gave a speech to the society arguing that it ought to promote a meat-free diet as a matter of ethics, not health.[23] The consumption of eggs and dairy had become something of an issue within the society; there were regular discussions in its newsletter, the Vegetarian Messenger, about the treatment of cows and hens. It appears from the correspondence that many opponents of veganism came from within the vegetarian community.[24]
In August 1944 several members asked that a section be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was turned down, Donald Watson, secretary of the Leicester Vegetarian Society, set up his own quarterly newsletter, Vegan News. He chose the word vegan himself.[25] The first edition appeared in November 1944, priced tuppence, and attracted over 100 letters in response, including from George Bernard Shaw, who suggested that he was willing to give up eggs and dairy.[26] [27] World Vegan Day is held every 1 November to mark the newsletter's creation.[28]
The new Vegan Society, then with six members, held its first meeting in early November 1944 at the Attic Club, 144 High Holborn, London. The newsletter changed its name to The Vegan in November 1945, by which time it had 500 subscribers. It published recipes, health news, and a list of suitable products (the "vegan trade list"), such as Colgate toothpaste, Kiwi shoe polish, Dawson & Owen stationery and Gloy glue.[29] Vegan books began appearing, including Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson, and Aids to a Vegan Diet for Children by Kathleen V. Mayo.[30]
The society made clear after a few years that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose, not only as food. Watson told a conference in 1947 that "the vegan renounces it as superstitious that human life depends upon the exploitation of these creatures whose feelings are much the same as our own ..."[31] In 1951 the society defined veganism as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals."[32] Leslie Cross, the society's vice-president, founded the Plantmilk Society in 1956 to explore commercial soy milk production. As Plantmilk Ltd (later Plamil Foods) it began production in 1965 of one of the first widely distributed soy milks in the Western world.[33]
The first vegan society in the United States was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Watson's newsletter.[34] In 1960 H. Jay Dinshah founded the American Vegan Society (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of ahimsa, "non-harming" in Sanskrit.[7] [35] According to Joanne Stepaniak, the word vegan was first published independently in 1962 by the Oxford Illustrated Dictionary, defined as "a vegetarian who eats no butter, eggs, cheese or milk."[36]
From the late 1970s a group of scientists in the United States, including physicians Dean Ornish, Caldwell Esselstyn, Neal D. Barnard, John A. McDougall, Michael Greger and biochemist T. Colin Campbell, argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as the Western pattern diet, were detrimental to health. They proposed that a low-fat, plant-based diet would prevent, and might reverse, coronary heart disease, diabetes and certain cancers.[37]
Concerns about diet and the environment coincided. A series of books opposed the consumption of animal products: Frances Moore Lappé's Diet for a Small Planet (1971), McDougall's The McDougall Plan (1983), John Robbins's Diet for a New America (1987), and Ornish's Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease (1990). From the early 2000s there was increased interest from scientists about diets that were low in, or free of, animal products. In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations approved the vegan diet as safe for all life stages.[38] Other influential books and films included Campbell's The China Study (2005), Esselstyn's Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease (2007), Jonathan Safran's Eating Animals (2009), and the film Forks over Knives (2011).[39]
The vegan diet became more mainstream in the 2010s. Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus, and supermarkets increased their selection of vegan processed food.[40] The mock-meats market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010,[41] and in the UK the plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years, from 36 million litres in 2011 to 92 million in 2013.[42] The interest was reflected in increased page views on Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia article on veganism was viewed 73,000 times in August 2009 but 145,000 times in August 2013. Articles on veganism were viewed more during this period than articles on vegetarianism in the English, French, German, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish Wikipedias.[43]
Celebrities, athletes and politicians adopted vegan diets, some seriously, some part-time.[44] The idea of the "flexi-vegan" gained currency; in his book VB6 (2013), New York Times food columnist Mark Bittman recommended sticking to a vegan diet before 6 pm. In 2010 the European Parliament defined the meaning of vegan for food labels, in force as of 2015.[45] De Vegetarische Slager, the first known vegetarian "butcher" shop, selling mock meats, opened in the Netherlands in 2010.[41] [46] In 2011 Europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany: Vegilicious in Dortmund,[47] and Veganz in Berlin and elsewhere.[48] In 2013 the Oktoberfest in Munich, traditionally a meat-heavy affair, offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history.
In 2015 Israel was, "the most vegan nation, per capita, in the world." with about 5% of the population following a vegan diet and vegan food provided in the mess halls of the Israel Defense Forces.[49] [50] In Sweden four percent said they were vegan in a 2014 poll,[51] There were an estimated 800,000 vegans in Germany as of 2013.[52] Estimates of vegans in the United States vary from two percent (Gallup, 2012)[53] to 0.5 percent (Faunalytics, 2014); according to the latter, 70 percent of those who adopted a vegan diet abandoned it.[54] In the UK, where the tofu and mock-meats market was worth £786.5 million in 2012, two percent said they were vegan in a 2007 government survey.[55] In the Netherlands there were an estimated 16,000 vegans as of 2007.[56]
Vegans do not eat beef, pork, poultry, fowl, game or seafood, eggs, dairy or any other animal products. Dietary vegans might use animal products in clothing (as leather, wool and silk), toiletries and similar.[57] Ethical vegans reject the commodification of animals and will not use them for food, clothing, entertainment or any other purpose.[58] The British Vegan Society will certify a product only if it is free of animal involvement as far as possible and practical, including animal testing.[59]
Philosopher Gary Steiner argues that it is not possible to be entirely vegan, because animal use and products are "deeply and imperceptibly woven into the fabric of human society."[60] Animal products in common use include albumen, allantoin, beeswax, blood, bone char, bone china, carmine, casein, cochineal, elastin, emu oil, gelatin, isinglass, keratin, lactic acid, lanolin, lard, rennet, retinol, shellac, squalene, tallow/sodium tallowate, whey and yellow grease. They are not always included in the list of ingredients.[61]
Ethical vegans will not buy woollen jumpers, silk scarves, leather shoes, bedding that contains goose down or duck feathers, or ordinary soap (usually made of animal fat). They avoid certain vaccines; the flu vaccine, for example, is usually grown in hens' eggs. Non-vegan items acquired before they became vegan might be donated to charity or used until worn out. Some vegan clothes, in particular leather alternatives, are made of petroleum-based products, which has triggered criticism because of the environmental damage involved in their production.[62]
The main difference between a vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude eggs and dairy products. Ethical vegans avoid them on the premise that their production causes animal suffering and premature death. In egg production, most male chicks are culled because they do not lay eggs.[63] To obtain milk from dairy cattle, cows are made pregnant to induce lactation; they are kept pregnant and lactating for three to seven years, then slaughtered. Female calves are separated from their mothers within 24 hours of birth, and fed milk replacer to retain the cow's milk for human consumption. Male calves are slaughtered at birth, sent for veal production, or reared for beef.[64]
Vegan groups disagree about insect products.[65] Neither the Vegan Society nor the American Vegan Society considers honey, silk and other insect products as suitable for vegans,[66] while Vegan Action and Vegan Outreach view it as a matter of personal choice.[67] Agave nectar is a popular vegan alternative to honey.[68]
Vegan diets are based on grains and other seeds, legumes (particularly beans), fruits, vegetables, edible mushrooms, and nuts.[69] Meat analogues (mock meats) based on soybeans (tofu), or wheat-based seitan/gluten, are a common source of plant protein, usually in the form of vegetarian sausage, mince and veggie burgers.
Dishes based on soybeans are a staple of vegan diets because soybeans are a complete protein; this means they contain all the essential amino acids for humans and can be relied upon entirely for protein intake. They are consumed most often in the form of soy milk and tofu (bean curd), which is soy milk mixed with a coagulant. Tofu comes in a variety of textures, depending on water content, from firm, medium firm and extra firm for stews and stir-fries, to soft or silken for salad dressings, desserts and shakes. Soy is also eaten in the form of tempeh, seitan and texturized vegetable protein (TVP); also known as textured soy protein (TSP), the latter is often used in pasta sauces.[70]
|Nutritional content of cows', soy and almond milk
|Cows' milk
(whole, vitamin D added)[71]
|Soy milk
calcium, vitamins A and D added)[72]
|Almond milk
|Calories (cup, 243 g)
|Protein (g)
|Fat (g)
|Saturated fat (g)
|Carbohydrate (g)
|Fibre (g)
|Sugars (g)
|Calcium (mg)
|Potassium (mg)
|Sodium (mg)
|Vitamin B12 (µg)
|Vitamin A (IU)
|Vitamin D (IU)
|Cholesterol (mg)
Plant milks—such as soy milk, almond milk, grain milks (oat milk and rice milk), hemp milk, and coconut milk—are used in place of cows' or goats' milk. Soy milk provides around 7 g of protein per cup (240 ml or 8 fluid ounces), compared with 8 g of protein per cup of cow's milk. Almond milk is lower in calories, carbohydrates and protein.[74] Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. Babies who are not breastfed need commercial infant formula, normally based on cows' milk or soy. The latter is known as soy-based infant formula or SBIF.[75]
Butter can be replaced with a vegan alternative such as Earth Balance's.[76] Vegan (egg-free) mayonnaise brands include Vegenaise, Nayonaise, Miso Mayo, Just Mayo, Mindful Mayo, and Plamil's Egg-Free Mayo.[77]
Vegan cheeses such as Chreese, Daiya, Sheese, Teese and Tofutti, are made from soy, nuts and tapioca, and can replace the meltability of dairy cheese.[78] Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes.[79] Several recipe books describe how to make cheese substitutes at home;[80] one recipe for vegan brie combines cashew nuts, soy yogurt and coconut oil.[81] In 2014 Oakland's Counter Culture Labs and Sunnyvale's BioCurious produced vegan cheese from casein extracted from genetically modified yeast.[82]
Commercial egg substitutes, such as Bob's Red Mill egg replacer and Ener-G egg replacer, are available for cooking and baking.[83] The protein in eggs thickens when heated and binds other ingredients together.[84] Flaxseeds as well as Chia seeds will do the same: replace each egg with one tablespoon of flaxseed meal mixed with three tablespoons of water.[83] For pancakes a tablespoon of baking powder can be used instead of eggs.[85] Other ingredients include (to replace one egg): one tablespoon of soy flour and one tablespoon of water; a quarter cup of mashed bananas, mashed prunes or apple sauce; or in batter two tablespoons of white flour, half a tablespoon of vegetable oil, two tablespoons of water and half a tablespoon of baking powder.[84] Silken (soft) tofu and mashed potato can also be used.[86]
Since 1991 the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) has recommended a no-cholesterol, low-fat vegan diet based on what they call the New Four Food Groups: fruit, legumes, grains and vegetables. Legumes include peas, beans, lentils and peanuts.
PCRM recommends three or more servings a day of fruit (at least one of which is high in vitamin C, such as citrus fruit, melon or strawberries); two or more of protein-rich legumes (such as soybeans, which can be consumed as soy milk, tofu or tempeh); five or more of whole grains (such as corn, barley, rice and wheat, in products such as bread and tortillas); and four or more of vegetables (dark-green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, and dark-yellow and orange such as carrots or sweet potatoes).[87]
The New Four Food Groups was created as an alternative to the Four Food Groups – meat, milk, vegetables and fruit, and cereal and breads – recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) from 1956 until 1992.[88] In 1992 the USDA replaced this with the food guide pyramid and in 2011 with MyPlate, which is consistent with a vegan diet. MyPlate is divided into five groups: grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy (or calcium-fortified soymilk), and protein. The protein includes meat, poultry, seafood, beans and peas, eggs, processed soy products, nuts and seeds. In the UK the National Health Service recommends the Eatwell Plate, also with five groups and consistent with a vegan diet: fruit and vegetables; potatoes, bread and other starchy foods; dairy or non-dairy alternatives; meat, fish, eggs or beans for protein; and fat and sugar.
Proteins are composed of amino acids. Vegans obtain all their protein from plants, omnivores usually a third and ovo-lacto vegetarians half.[89] Sources of plant protein include legumes such as soy beans (consumed as tofu, tempeh, texturized vegetable protein, soy milk and edamame), peas, peanuts, black beans and chickpeas (the latter often eaten as hummus); grains such as quinoa (pronounced keenwa), brown rice, corn, barley, bulgur and wheat (the latter eaten as bread and seitan); and nuts and seeds. Combinations that contain high amounts of all the essential amino acids include rice and beans, corn and beans, and hummus and whole-wheat pita.[90]
Soy beans and quinoa are known as complete proteins because they each contain all the essential amino acids in amounts that meet or exceed human requirements.[91] Mangels et al. write that consuming the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of protein (0.8 g/kg body weight) in the form of soy will meet the biologic requirement for amino acids. In 2012 the United States Department of Agriculture ruled that soy protein (tofu) may replace meat protein in the National School Lunch Program.[92]
The American Dietetic Association said in 2009 that a variety of plant foods consumed over the course of a day can provide all the essential amino acids for healthy adults, which means that protein combining in the same meal may not be necessary.[93] Mangels et al. write that there is little reason to advise vegans to increase their protein intake, but erring on the side of caution, they recommend a 25 percent increase over the RDA for adults, to 1.0 gram of protein per kilogram of body weight.[94]
Vitamin B12 is a bacterial product needed for cell division, the formation and maturation of red blood cells, the synthesis of DNA, and normal nerve function. A deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia and nerve damage.[95] Vegans are unable in most cases to obtain B12 from their diet. Vegetarians are also at risk, as are older people and those with certain medical conditions.[96] [97] A 2013 study found that "vegetarians develop B12 depletion or deficiency regardless of demographic characteristics, place of residency, age, or type of vegetarian diet."
Increased hygiene in the food supply is probably the cause of B12 depletion from plant-based diets.[98] Neither plants nor animals make B12; it is produced by microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and algae. Plants not washed properly may contain B12 from bacteria in the soil, often from faeces, and drinking water may be similarly contaminated, particularly in the developing world. Animals obtain it by eating contaminated plants, other animals, or their own faeces, and become sources of B12 if eaten themselves.[95] Intensively farmed animals are often given B12 supplements or injections, particularly pigs and poultry, because when raised indoors they have no access to plants and less access to their own faeces.[99] Bacteria in the human digestive tract produce B12, but most is expelled in the faeces. The mouth is another source, but in small amounts and possibly analogue (not biologically active).
Japanese researchers say that around 4 g of dried purple nori, an edible seaweed, supplies the adult RDA of 2.4 mcg (µg) of B12. Tempeh, a fermented soybean food, is cited as another source, perhaps because of contamination during production.[100] One tablespoon of Red Star Vegetarian Support Formula nutritional yeast delivers the adult RDA of B12.[101] There is no gold standard for assessing B12 status and few studies exist of long-term vegans who have not used supplements or fortified foods.[102] Studies of vegans not taking supplements or eating fortified food have found low B12 levels and clinical signs of deficiency; low B12 levels without signs of a deficiency; and neither.[103] [104] Nevertheless, the consensus among researchers is that vegans and vegetarians should use supplements, or eat B12-fortified foods such as plant milk or breakfast cereal.[96] [105] Mangels et al. say: "It is likely that all Western vegans consuming unsupplemented diets will eventually develop vitamin B12 deficiency, although it may take decades for this to occur.[106] No animal products are involved in the production of B12 supplements.[95]
Calcium is needed to maintain bone health and for several metabolic functions, including muscle function, vascular contraction and vasodilation, nerve transmission, intracellular signalling and hormonal secretion. Ninety-nine percent of the body's calcium is stored in the bones and teeth.[107] [108]
Vegans are advised to eat three servings a day of a high-calcium food, such as fortified plant milk, fortified tofu, almonds or hazelnuts, and to take a supplement as necessary. Plant sources include broccoli, turnip, bok choy and kale; the bioavailability of calcium in spinach is poor.[107] Vegans should make sure they consume enough vitamin D, which is needed for calcium absorption.[109]
A 2007 report based on the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, which began in 1993, suggested that vegans have an increased risk of bone fractures over meat eaters and vegetarians, likely because of lower dietary calcium intake. The study found that vegans consuming at least 525 mg of calcium daily have a risk of fractures similar to that of other groups.[110] A 2009 study found the bone mineral density (BMD) of vegans was 94 percent that of omnivores, but deemed the difference clinically insignificant.[111]
Vitamin D (calciferol) is needed for several functions, including calcium absorption, enabling mineralization of bone, and bone growth. Without it bones can become thin and brittle; together with calcium it offers protection against osteoporosis. Vitamin D is produced in the body when ultraviolet rays from the sun hit the skin; outdoor exposure is needed because UVB radiation does not penetrate glass. It is present in salmon, tuna, mackerel and cod liver oil, with small amounts in cheese, egg yolks and beef liver, and in some mushrooms.[112]
Most vegan diets contain little or no vitamin D without fortified food. People with little sun exposure may need supplements. The extent to which sun exposure is sufficient depends on the season, time of day, cloud and smog cover, skin melanin content, and whether sunscreen is worn. According to the National Institutes of Health, most people can obtain and store sufficient vitamin D from sunlight in the spring, summer and fall, even in the far north. They report that some researchers recommend 5–30 minutes of sun exposure without sunscreen between 10 am and 3 pm, at least twice a week. Tanning beds emitting 2–6 per cent UVB radiation have a similar effect, though tanning is inadvisable.[112] [113]
Vitamin D comes in two forms. Cholecalciferol (D3) is synthesized in the skin after exposure to the sun, or consumed in the form of animal products; when produced industrially it is taken from lanolin in sheep's wool. Ergocalciferol (D2) is derived from ergosterol from UV-exposed mushrooms or yeast and is suitable for vegans. Conflicting studies have suggested that the two forms may or may not be bioequivalent.[114] According to researchers from the Institute of Medicine, the differences between D2 and D3 do not affect metabolism, both function as prohormones, and when activated exhibit identical responses in the body.[115]
Vegetarian and vegan diets usually contain as much iron as animal-based diets, or more. Vegan diets generally contain more iron than vegetarian diets because dairy products contain very little. There are concerns about the bioavailability of iron from plant foods, assumed by some researchers to be around 5–15 percent compared to 18 percent from a nonvegetarian diet.[116] Iron deficiency anaemia is found as often in nonvegetarians as in vegetarians, though studies have shown vegetarians' iron stores to be lower.[117]
Mangels et al. write that because of the lower bioavailability of iron from plant sources, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences established a separate RDA for vegetarians and vegans of 14 mg for vegetarian men and postmenopausal women, and 33 mg for premenopausal women not using oral contraceptives.[118] Supplements should be used with caution after consulting a physician, because iron can accumulate in the body and cause damage to organs. This is particularly true of anyone with hemochromatosis, a relatively common condition that can remain undiagnosed.[119]
High-iron vegan foods include soy beans, black-strap molasses, black beans, lentils, chickpeas, spinach, tempeh, tofu and lima beans.[120] Iron absorption can be enhanced by eating a source of vitamin C at the same time,[121] such as half a cup of cauliflower or five fluid ounces of orange juice. Coffee and some herbal teas can inhibit iron absorption, as can spices that contain tannins (turmeric, coriander, chillies and tamarind).[122]
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, is found in leafy green vegetables and nuts, and in vegetable oils such as canola and flaxseed oil.[123] Vegan Outreach suggests vegans take 1/4 teaspoon of flaxseed oil (also known as linseed oil) daily, and use oils containing low amounts of omega-6 fatty acids, such as olive, canola, avocado or peanut oil.[124] Iodine supplementation may be necessary for vegans in countries where salt is not typically iodized, where it is iodized at low levels, or where, as in Britain and Ireland, dairy products are relied upon for iodine delivery because of low levels in the soil.[125] Iodine can be obtained from most vegan multivitamins or regular consumption of seaweeds, such as kelp.[126] [127]
Veganism appears to provide health benefits, including a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease and certain forms of cancer.[128] A 2015 meta-analysis suggested that vegetarian, and particularly vegan, diets aided weight loss more effectively than non-vegetarian ones (the conclusion applied to diets of relatively short duration rather than long-term weight control).[129] Studies of Adventists have suggested that, compared to non-vegetarians, vegans may have a reduced risk of most cancers, although a greater risk of urinary tract cancer.[130] Both vegetarian and vegan diets are considered to be cancer-protective, although relatively few studies have been conducted.
According to nutritionist Winston Craig, writing in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2009, vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fibre, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron and phytochemicals, and lower in calories, saturated fat, cholesterol, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc and vitamin B12. Craig wrote that vegans tend to be thinner, with lower serum cholesterol and lower blood pressure. Factors associated with a vegan diet being considered cancer-protective include an increased intake of fruits and vegetables; absence of meat; sources of vegan protein, including soy protein; and typically lower body mass index (BMI).
Eliminating all animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins B12 and D, calcium and omega-3 fatty acids. Craig advised vegans to eat fortified foods or take supplements, and warned that iron and zinc may be problematic because of limited bioavailability. Vegans might be at risk of low bone mineral density without supplements.
The American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada state that properly planned vegan diets are appropriate for all life stages, including pregnancy and lactation. They indicate that vegetarian diets may be more common among adolescents with eating disorders, but that its adoption may serve to camouflage a disorder rather than cause one. The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council similarly recognizes a well-planned vegan diet as viable for any age.[131] As of 2011 the German Society for Nutrition did not recommend a vegan diet and cautioned against it for babies and children, the pregnant and the elderly.[132] The British National Health Service's Eatwell Plate allows for an entirely plant-based diet,[133] as does the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) MyPlate. Since 2012 the USDA has allowed tofu to replace meat in the National School Lunch Program.[92]
The American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada consider well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets "appropriate for individuals during all stages of the lifecycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes."[134] The German Society for Nutrition cautioned against a vegan diet for pregnant women, babies and children as of 2011.[132] The Canadian Pediatric Society regards well-planned vegan diets as appropriate "at all stages of fetal, infant, child and adolescent growth"; attention should be given to nutrient intake, particularly protein, vitamins B12 and D, essential fatty acids, iron, zinc and calcium.[135]
According to a 2015 systematic review, there is little evidence available about vegetarian and vegan diets during pregnancy, and a lack of randomized studies meant that the effects of diet could not be distinguished from confounding factors. It concluded: "Within these limits, vegan-vegetarian diets may be considered safe in pregnancy, provided that attention is paid to vitamin and trace element requirements."[136] A daily source of vitamin B12 is important for pregnant and lactating vegans, as is vitamin D if there are concerns about low sun exposure. Researchers have reported cases of vitamin B12 deficiency in lactating vegetarian mothers that were linked to deficiencies and neurological disorders in their children.[137] [138] A doctor or registered dietitian should be consulted about taking supplements during pregnancy.
Ethical vegans will not use toiletries or household cleaners that contain animal products. Animal ingredients are ubiquitous because they are cheap. After animals are slaughtered for meat, the leftovers are put through the rendering process, and some of that material, particularly the fat, ends up in toiletries. Common ingredients include tallow in soap, and glycerine (derived from collagen), used as a lubricant and humectant in haircare products, moisturizers, shaving foam, soap and toothpaste; there is a plant-based form but it is usually animal-based.
Lanolin from sheep's wool is found in lip balm and moisturizers. Stearic acid is a common ingredient in face creams, shaving foam and shampoos; as with glycerine, it can be plant-based but is usually animal-derived. Lactic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid derived from animal milk, is used in moisturizers, as is allantoin, from the comfrey plant or cows' urine, in shampoos, moisturizers and toothpaste.[139] Carmine from scale insects, such as the female cochineal, is used in food and cosmetics to produce red and pink shades.[140]
The British Vegan Society's sunflower logo and PETA's bunny logo mean the product is certified vegan, which includes no animal testing. The leaping-bunny logo signals no animal testing, but it might not be vegan.[141] The Vegan Society criteria for vegan certification are that the product contain no animal products, and that neither the finished item nor its ingredients have been tested on animals by, or on behalf of, the manufacturer or by anyone over whom the manufacturer has control. Its website contains a list of certified products,[142] as does Australia's Choose Cruelty Free website.[143] Animal Ingredients A to Z (2004) and Veganissimo A to Z (2013) list which ingredients might be animal-derived.
Beauty Without Cruelty, founded as a charity in 1959, was one of the earliest manufacturers and certifiers of vegan toiletries.[144] Several international companies stock large vegan ranges, including Kiss My Face, MuLondon and Lush.[145]
Ethical vegans avoid clothing that incorporates silk, wool (including lambswool, shearling, cashmere and angora), fur, feathers, or leather, snakeskin, or any other kind of skin or product. Most leather clothing is made from cows' and calves' skins, but sheep, goats, horses and pigs are also used. Less common skins include those from kangaroos, elephants, zebras, seals, crocodile and deer. Vegans regard the purchase of leather, particularly from cows, as financial support for the meat industry.[146] They wear shoes, belts, jackets and carry handbags made of hemp, linen, cotton, canvas, polyester, synthetic leather (known as pleather), rubber or vinyl.
Ethical veganism is based on opposition to speciesism, the assignment of value to individuals on the basis of species membership alone. Divisions within animal rights theory include rights-based (deontological) and utilitarian (consequentialist) approaches, as well as protectionism, which pursues improved conditions for animals, and abolitionism, which seeks to end human ownership of non-humans. Abolitionists argue that protectionism serves only to make the public feel that animal use can be morally unproblematic (the "happy meat" position). Rights-theorists tend to be abolitionist and utilitarians protectionist.[147] [148]
Law professor Gary Francione, a rights theorist and prominent abolitionist, argues that all sentient beings should have the right not to be treated as property, and that adopting veganism must be the baseline for anyone who believes that non-humans have intrinsic moral value.[149] Pursuing improved welfare conditions is like campaigning for "conscientious rapists" who will rape without beating, he argues.[148] Philosopher Tom Regan, also a rights theorist, argues that animals possess value as "subjects-of-a-life," because they have beliefs, desires, memory and the ability to initiate action in pursuit of goals. The right of subjects-of-a-life not to be harmed can be overridden by other moral principles, but pleasure, convenience and the economic interests of farmers are not weighty enough.[150]
Philosopher Peter Singer, a prominent protectionist and utilitarian, argues that there is no moral or logical justification for failing to count animal suffering as a consequence when making decisions, and that killing animals should be rejected unless necessary for survival.[151] Despite this, he writes that "[e]thical thinking can be sensitive to circumstances," and that he is "not too concerned about trival infractions."[152]
An argument proposed by Bruce Friedrich, also a protectionist, holds that strict adherence to veganism harms animals, because it focuses on personal purity, rather than encouraging people to give up whatever animal products they can.[153] For Francione, this is similar to arguing that, because human-rights abuses can never be eliminated, we should not defend human rights in situations we control. By failing to ask a server whether something contains animal products, we reinforce that the moral rights of animals are a matter of convenience, he argues. He concludes from this that the protectionist position fails on its own consequentialist terms.[154]
Another view is that ethical veganism remains "subtly human-centred." Philosopher Val Plumwood saw ethical veganism, which she called "Ontological Veganism," as an example of human/nature dualism in that it views humanity as separate from the rest of nature; ethical vegans want to admit non-humans into the category that deserves special protection, rather than recognize the "ecological embeddedness" of all.[155] Plumwood maintained that animal food may be an "unnecessary evil" from the perspective of the consumer who "draws on the whole planet for nutritional needs," and she strongly opposed factory farming, but for anyone relying on a much smaller ecosystem, it is very difficult or impossible to be vegan, she argued.[156]
Environmental vegans focus on conservation, rejecting the use of animal products on the premise that fishing, hunting, trapping and farming, particularly factory farming, are environmentally unsustainable.[3] Around 30 percent of the planet's surface is devoted to the livestock sector. In the United States ten billion land animals are killed every year for human consumption, and in 2005 48 billion birds were killed globally.[157] A 2006 UN report, Livestock's Long Shadow, concluded that livestock farming (mostly of cows, chickens and pigs) has an impact on the air, land, soil, water, biodiversity and climate change.[158]
Paul Watson of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society called pigs and chicken "major aquatic predators," and said that all Sea Shepherd ships are vegan for environmental reasons.[3] In 1999 222 million tonnes of meat were produced globally.[159] Livestock consumed 1,174 million tonnes of food in 2002, including 7.6 million tonnes of fishmeal and 670 million tonnes of cereals, one-third of the global cereal harvest.[160] In 2001 they consumed 45 million tonnes of roots and vegetables and 17 million tonnes of pulses.[161] As of 2006 the livestock industry accounted for 9 percent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, 37 percent of methane, 65 percent of nitrous oxide, and 68 percent of ammonia; livestock waste emitted 30 million tonnes of ammonia a year, which is involved in the production of acid rain.[162] [163] Greenhouse gas emissions are not limited to animal husbandry. Plant agriculture such as rice cultivation can also cause environmental problems.[164]
A 2007 Cornell University study concluded that vegetarian diets use the least land per capita, but require higher quality land than is needed to feed animals.[165] A 2010 UN report, Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production, argued that animal products "in general require more resources and cause higher emissions than plant-based alternatives."[166] It argued that a move away from animal products is needed to reduce environmental damage.[167]
Steven Davis, a professor of animal science, argued in 2003 that, applying the least-harm principle, human beings should convert to a ruminant-based rather than plant-based diet, because of the animals killed by crop production. Based on a finding that wood-mouse populations fell from 25 to five per hectare after harvest, Davis estimated that 10 animals per hectare are killed from crop farming every year. If all 120000000acres of cropland in the continental United States were used for a vegan diet, 500 million animals would die, but if half the land were used for ruminant pasture the number would be 900,000. This assumes that people switch to beef, lamb and dairy products from the eight billion poultry killed each year.[168]
Philosopher Andy Lamey argued that, to include nonhuman deaths in the moral cost of veganism, Davis must also include human deaths caused by his proposed diet.[169] Economist Gaverick Matheny wrote that Davis had miscalculated the animal deaths, basing his figures on land area rather than per consumer. In addition, by focusing on numbers rather than welfare, and by excluding factory-farmed animals, Davis had equated lives with lives worth living. His argument ignored the harm done to farmed animals: pain from branding, dehorning and castration, confinement, transport without food or water to a slaughterhouse, and a frightening death. Matheny argued that (strict) vegetarianism probably allows for a greater number of animals with lives worth living.[170]
For veganism and commodification of animals, Helena Pedersen, Vasile Staescu, "Conclusion: Future Directions for Critical Animal Studies," in Nik Taylor, Richard Twine (eds.), The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre, Routledge, 2014 (pp. 262–276), pp. 267–268.
Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline," in David M. Kaplan, The Philosophy of Food, University of California Press, 2012 (pp. 169–189) pp. 182–183.
Gary Francione, Robert Garner, The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition Or Regulation?, Columbia University Press, 2010, pp. 27–29, 62–63.
Gary Steiner, "Animal, Vegetable, Miserable", The New York Times, 21 November 2009, p. 2.
William E. A. Axon, "A Forerunner of the Vegetarian Society", Vegetarian Messenger, December 1893, pp. 453–455.
For an example of the vegan trade list, The Vegan, 2(2), Summer 1946, pp. 6–7.
. Colin Spencer. The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. Fourth Estate Classic House. 33–68, 69–84. 978-0874517606.
For Ornish, Campbell, Esselstyn, Barnard and Greger informally discussing veganism and health, Kathy Freston, Veganist, Weinstein Publishing, 2011: Dean Ornish, p. 21ff; T. Colin Campbell, p. 41ff; Caldwell Esselstyn, p. 57ff; Neal D. Barnard, p. 73ff; Michael Greger, p. 109ff.
"Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets", Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(6), June 2003, pp. 748–765. PMID 12826028
"Vegan diets becoming more popular, more mainstream", Associated Press, 6 January 2011; Raman Nijjar, "From pro athletes to CEOs and doughnut cravers, the rise of the vegan diet", CBC News, 4 June 2011.
Antonia Molloy, "No meat, no dairy, no problem: is 2014 the year vegans become mainstream?", The Independent, 31 December 2013; Kat Tancock, "Vegan cuisine moves into the mainstream – and it's actually delicious", The Globe and Mail, 13 January 2015.
Joel Stein, "The Rise of the Power Vegans", Bloomberg Businessweek, 4 November 2010.
Virginia Messina, Vegan for Her, Da Capo Press, 2013, p. 248.
A. Vega-Gálvez, et al., "Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: a review," Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(15), December 2010, pp. 2541–2547. PMID 20814881
L. E. James Abugoch, "Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): composition, chemistry, nutritional, and functional properties," Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 58, 2009, pp. 1–31. PMID 19878856
Joel Fuhrman, D. M. Ferreri, "Fueling the vegetarian (vegan) athlete," Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), July–August 2010, pp. 233–241. PMID 20622542
Fumio Watanabe, et al., "Biologically active vitamin B12 compounds in foods for preventing deficiency among vegetarians and elderly subjects," Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 61(280), 17 July 2013, pp. 6769–6775. PMID 23782218
Martin T. Croft, et al., "Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria," Nature, 438(7064), 3 November 2005, pp. 90–93. PMID 16267554
Marian Glick-Bauer, Ming-Chin Yeh, "The Health Advantage of a Vegan Diet: Exploring the Gut Microbiota Connection", Nutrients, 6(11), November 2014, pp. 4822–4838. PMID 25365383
"Halt heart disease with a plant-based, oil-free diet", Harvard Heart Letter, 25(2), 1 October 2014, p. 6. PMID 26027024
Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy, Metria Harris, "Key elements of plant-based diets associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome," Current Diabetes Reports, 14(9), August 2014, p. 524. PMID 25084991
Lap Tai Le, Joan Sabaté, "Beyond Meatless, the Health Effects of Vegan Diets: Findings from the Adventist Cohorts", Nutrients, 6(6), June 2014, pp. 2131–2147: "In summary, vegetarians have consistently shown to have lower risks for cardiometabolic outcomes and some cancers across all three prospective cohorts of Adventists. Beyond meatless diets, further avoidance of eggs and dairy products may offer a mild additional benefit. Compared to lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, vegan diets seem to provide some added protection against obesity, hypertension, type-2 diabetes; and cardiovascular mortality. In general, the protective effects of vegetarian diets are stronger in men than in women." PMID 24871675
Philip J. Tuso, et al., "Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets", The Permanente Journal, 17(2), Spring 2013, pp. 61–66: "The major benefits for patients who decide to start a plant-based diet [vegetarian or vegan] are the possibility of reducing the number of medications they take to treat a variety of chronic conditions, lower body weight, decreased risk of cancer, and a reduction in their risk of death from ischemic heart disease." PMID 23704846
Winston J. Craig, "Health effects of vegan diets", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), May 2009 (pp. 1627S–1633S), p. 1627S: "A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases." PMID 19279075
Timothy J. Key, Paul N. Appleby, Magdalena S. Rosell, "Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diet," Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 65(1), February 2006, pp. 35–41. PMID 16441942
Claus Leitzmann, "Vegetarian Diets: What Are the Advantages?," Forum of Nutrition, 57, 2005, pp. 147–156: "A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that wholesome vegetarian diets offer distinct advantages compared to diets containing meat and other foods of animal origin. The benefits arise from lower intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein as well as higher intakes of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C and E, carotenoids and other phytochemicals. ... In most cases, vegetarian diets are beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, renal disease and dementia, as well as diverticular disease, gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis." PMID 15702597
Michael J. Orlich, Gary E. Fraser, "Vegetarian diets in the Adventist Health Study 2: a review of initial published findings", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(1), July 2014, pp. 353S–358S. PMID 24898223
Also see "Animal ingredients list", PETA.
Virginia Messina, Vegan for Her, Da Capo Press, 2013, p. 233.
S. L. Davis, "What is the Morally Relevant Difference between the Mouse and the Pig?", Proceedings of EurSafe 2000, 2nd Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics, 2000, pp. 107–109.


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Patriots Rumors: New England could sign Dustin Keller
There has been speculation that the New England Patriots, hungry for tight ends for a few years now, are looking at free agent TE Dustin Keller. After the Aaron Hernandez situation, along with Rob Gronkowski's constant injury issues, Patriots' head coach Bill Belichick is scrambling to bring in a TE to fit his offense. �...
Via Sports Rumor Alert
May 27, 2014 | Discuss
Thoughts on TE Dustin Keller's visit to New England
On Wednesday, the Patriots met with Ex-Jet TE Dustin Keller, per Adam Schefter of ESPN. Keller passed the team's physical, but left without a deal. Here are a few of my thoughts on Dustin Keller and a possible signing that could be in the works. Pats need depth at TE Due to Rob Gronkowski's persistent injuries issues and everything that went on (and is still going on) with Aaron...
Via Total Sports Live
May 04, 2014 | Discuss
Dustin Keller visiting with Patriots
getty images Free agent tight end Dustin Keller is taking time t visit with the New England Patriots on Wednesday. Keller has been dealing with knee injuries but if he is healthy now he could provide a nice bit of insurance for the Patriots who currently have Rb Gronkowski working his way back from a torn ACL. Just eight months ago Keller suffered a knee injury that saw him tear...
Via Tireball.com
AFC East: TE Dustin Keller meeting with Patriots today
Dustin Keller potentially continues his AFC East carousel ride, meeting with the New England Patriots today, as first officially reported by ESPN's Adam Schefter. The Star-Ledger Keller, who played in five seasons for Gang Green, was a part of the Miami Dolphins roster last season. During the preseason, he suffered a nasty leg injury, tearing his ACL, MCL, and PCL, while dislocating...
Via One Jet At A Time
Report: Dustin Keller, Free-Agent Tight End, Visiting Patriots Wednesday
The New England Patriots are hosting an oft-injured tight end on a free-agent visit. Former New York Jets and Miami Dolphins tight end Dustin Keller will visit the Patriots on Wednesday, a source told ESPN's Adam Schefter. Keller tore his ACL, MCL and PCL in a preseason game with the Dolphins last summer. Keller was hindered by groin and ankle injuries in 2012 with the Jets, playing...
Free Agent TE Dustin Keller Visiting Patriots Wednesday
ESPN's Adam Schefter reports that free agent TE Dustin Keller is visiting with the Patriots on Wednesday. Ian Rapoport reports that Keller's physical on his knee went "very well." It should come as no surprise that the Patriots are looking at Keller given that they could really some extra depth at the position. On top of that, Rob Gronkowski continues to deal with...
Via NFL Trade Rumors
Former Jets tight end Dustin Keller 'good to go' after missing entire 2013 NFL season
Tight end Dustin Keller never got a chance to be called a Miami Dolphins player. Spending his entire six-year career with the New York Jets, he was signed by Miami last free agency period to a one-year contract. Yet before the 2013 NFL season even got underway, Keller had his knee obliterated in a preseason game last summer, tearing his ACL, MCL, PCL, and dislocating his patella...
Via Sports Injury Alert
April 22, 2014 | Discuss
Dolphins Haven't Ruled Out Re-Signing TE Dustin Keller
Dolphins HC Joe Philbin told reporters on Tuesday that they haven't ruled out the possibility of re-signing veteran TE Dustin Keller. "He's one of those guys we're evaluating and considering like a lot of other free agents out there," Philbin said, via the Miami Herald. "We'll see." Miami signed Keller to a one-year, $4.25 million contract after he didn't fair...
Via NFL Trade Rumors
March 25, 2014 | Discuss
Keller's agent says TE will be good to go in 2014
BY SEAN DONOVANDuring last year's training camp, Dustin Keller looked every bit like the dynamic receiving threat the Miami Dolphins were looking for at the tight end position.Unfortunately, a devastating knee injury ended his 2013 season before it could even get started.Keller developed an instant rapport with Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill, starring in practice and preseason...
Via AFC East Daily
March 08, 2014 | Discuss
Dustin Keller Sends Sympathy to Rob Gronkowski, Says 'Something Has to Be Done' About Low Hits in NFL
From one NFL tight end who's had his knee mangled and season ruined by a low hit to another, complaints about new trends in tackling are growing across the NFL. Dolphins tight end Dustin Keller chirped up Monday to express sympathy to Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski after Gronkowski's season ended with an MRI confirmation of an ACL and MCL tear. Gronkowski hurt his knee in...
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The massive, magnitude-8.3 temblor that struck today (May 24) near Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula could turn out be the deepest earthquake ever recorded.
At 378 miles (609 kilometers) below the seafloor, the quake could best the previous record set in Bolivia, in 1994. The initial depth may be revised as scientists collect more data. The Bolivian quake was a magnitude-8.2, and 392 miles deep (631 km)
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Abram and Ruth Anna Hanson of Highland announce the birth of their son, Daniel Michael Hanson. He was born at 2:15 p.m. on Aug. 12 at Baxter Regional Medical Center in Mountain Home. Daniel weighed 8 pounds, 8 ounces and was 21 inches long. He has one sister, Esther Renea Hanson.
Maternal grandparents are Mike and Peggy Stanley of Highland. Maternal great-grandparents are Jack and Nancy Stanley of Highland and Herb and Eva Gaines of Mammoth Spring. Maternal great-great-grandmother is Irma Moreman of Troup, Texas.
Paternal grandparents are Dan and Patti Hanson of Stewartville, Minn. Paternal great-grandmothers are Dorothy Davis of Waukon, Iowa, and Ruby Hanson of Stewartville.


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Purity Ring
Sun, Apr 7, 2013 8:00 pm
Granada - KS, Lawrence, KS
Sorry, this event has already taken place. Please see similar events below.
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At TPM 2016, Port of Prince Rupert's President and CEO Don Krusel joined JOC.com to discuss its 26 percent growth in 2016, plans for additional capacity, the role of collaboration and Fairview Terminal's unique design, as well as its drivers for growth.
Press Releases
Minister Raitt meets with the Federation of Canadian Municipalities on improving railway transportation
CN extends EcoConnexions From the Ground Up program for three more years to green public properties across Canada
03 Mar 2016
FedEx, the largest less-than-truckload carrier in North America and the second-largest trucking operator in the U.S., has joined the league of logistics industry groups, including rival UPS, opposed to a proposed Canadian Pacific-Norfolk Southern railway merger.
03 Mar 2016
The frequent congestion and longshore labor flare-ups at the New York-New Jersey port are putting a renewed focus on Montreal as an alternative gateway for goods, particularly those from Europe destined for the U.S. interior.
01 Mar 2016
The British Columbia government appointed Duncan MacPhail container trucking commissioner at Port Metro Vancouver, replacing Andy Smith who left the post following criticism of potential conflicts of interest arising from his leadership of an association representing terminal operators.
26 Feb 2016
As the deadline for the International Maritime Organization's controversial new container weight rule nears, it's still unclear whether railroads will accept containers without their verified gross mass documentation.
18 Feb 2016
There's little chance that Canada will ask the International Maritime Organization to delay the SOLAS container weight mandate or even give shippers a "soft start" when the rule takes effect July 1, said Bob Ballantyne, president of the Freight Management Association of Canada.
14 Feb 2016
E-commerce opportunities on both sides of the Canada-U.S. border are helping TransForce compensate for loss of energy, less-than-truckload volumes.
13 Feb 2016
South Carolina-based Southeastern Freight Lines is revamping its business in Canada, replacing an interline partnership with a direct cross-border offering that gives the company more control over door-to-door service.
10 Feb 2016
Canadian Pacific Railway CEO E. Hunter Harrison said Wednesday he will abandon a proposed takeover of Norfolk Southern Railway if shareholders at the Virginia railroad fail to pressure their board to sit down at the negotiating table with their Canadian counterparts.
10 Feb 2016
A new retail services division and steady automotive demand helped push Pilot Freight revenue higher last year despite falling fuel surcharges and a sluggish economy.
09 Feb 2016
Canadian Pacific Railway said Tuesday it plans to submit a resolution asking Norfolk Southern Railway shareholders request their board of directors engage in "good faith discussions" with CP regarding its proposed merger, the newest approach after the Calgary-based company has been rebuffed three times.


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Manufacturer's Description
Microsoft Office Home and Business 2010 is the essential software suite for managing small businesses and working from home. Enhanced tools and features help you run your business, connect with customers, and organize your household more efficiently. Office Home and Business 2010 features photo, video, and text effects for creating standout documents and presentations.A Product Key Card provides another way to purchase Office with a PC.
The Specs
|Quick Glance


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One of the points that Bill Belichick made in his Saturday wrap-up draft news conference is that the picture is not yet complete.
"This is one step in the team-building process," he said. "I'm sure there will be others to come, but maybe not for a while. We'll just have to wait and see."
The other steps are free agency and trades, and those can't happen until the current labor situation is resolved. But it's never too early to look ahead, and Jason La Canfora of NFL.com puts together a handy free-agent list that is a good reference for those wondering what players project to be available. La Canfora's list assumes that 2010 free-agency rules will be in effect.
If that is the case, the Patriots project to have running back BenJarvus Green-Ellis (2nd-round tender) and safety Jarrad Page (2nd-round tender) back as restricted free agents.
As for areas the Patriots might target in free agency, defensive line and outside linebacker are two strong candidates.
Mike Rodak's free-agent fit series, which was published in this Patriots blog in February, is another good reference.


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2783 Views 5 Replies Latest reply: Dec 1, 2009 12:12 PM by robnich
5wamb Nov 13, 2009 6:18 AM
in response to dcasettaHi all
I have the exact same problem. In Windows Explorer, when I open my Mac OS X partition, then navigate to Users\MyUserName, there is nothing there. The status bar reads "0 objects (plus 11 hidden)". I've tried time and time again to change the folder options to display hidden files and folders, but the setting reverts to "Do not show hidden files and folders" immediately.
Before Bootcamp 3.0, I never had trouble showing hidden files and folders, but then again I couldn't access my Mac OS X partition either. Maybe Apple chose to keep hidden files and folders hidden when they added read support for HFS+ drives? (which would be stupid, the partition is read-only anyway) Either way, I think the problem is the inability to show hidden files and folders. Does anyone know how to fix it?
Thanks for any help
Side_Step_Society Nov 16, 2009 11:14 PM
in response to 5wambAre either of you running Remote Desktop software by any chance? I know after I installed Microsoft Remote Desktop Connection, my "Username" folder vanished in Windows 7. I could see every other folder on my drive, and I could even still access the files and folders in the "Libraries" section (Music, pictures, etc), but it would not show up when I went to it via Explorer. I cleaned caches, I checked for hidden files, and various other Windows tasks, but still, no "Username" folder.
Switched over to my Mac side to browse around. Realized the only thing that had changed on Mac was installing Remote Desktop Connection. I opened Preferences, went to the Drives tab. Changed it from none to Home folder, saved my settings, closed the program. Opened it back up, changed it back to none and now my Username folder is back in Windows.
I'd suggest to check your Remote Desktop/Remote Management/Screen Sharing settings.
ReMacs Nov 17, 2009 3:06 AM
in response to dcasettaBecause of losing sight of user data since Snow, while in Snow, I put data that I want to access in Windows into Shared folder which is in Users folder on MacDrive. In Windows, after "Online"ing MacDrive, I copy file(s) over, then "Offline" MacDrive. A step backwards.
Because it is easier to go the other way, I now add to iTunes music only in Windows OS, copying it over in Snow.
dcasetta Dec 1, 2009 10:59 AM
in response to ReMacsThanks for your answers but I still have the problem. I am not using Windows 7 so it is not about Remote Desktop
Any ideas?
robnich Dec 1, 2009 12:12 PM
in response to dcasettaA previous thread addresses this problem: http://discussions.apple.com/message.jspa?messageID=10309888
An invisible filed called .xauthority, related to X11, is present at the root level of your Home folder, and if it is deleted you will once again be able to see the contents of that folder from XP. If you use X11 applications, things are a bit more complicated - see the thread linked above.
Bob N.


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Consciousness and Behavior / Edition 4by Benjamin Wallace, Leslie E. Fisher
Pub. Date: 05/01/2003
Publisher: Waveland Press, Inc.
What is the role of sexual fantasies in daydream activity? What are the latest findings in the controversial area of parapsychology? How do drugs like marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol alter a person's consciousness? This book presents the most thorough and most current overview of the phenomena surrounding the realm of the psychology of consciousness available today.… See more details below
What is the role of sexual fantasies in daydream activity? What are the latest findings in the controversial area of parapsychology? How do drugs like marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol alter a person's consciousness? This book presents the most thorough and most current overview of the phenomena surrounding the realm of the psychology of consciousness available today. Though comprehensive in nature, the book is accessible, enjoyable, and requires little prerequisite knowledge of psychology. Its neutral approach explores both sides of such controversial issues as the influence of consciousness-altering drugs, hypnosis, biofeedback, meditation, the physiology and psychology of sleep and dreams, sensory deprivation, and parapsychology. Psychologists, counselors, and educators.
Product Details
- 9781577662969
- Publisher:
- Waveland Press, Inc.
- Publication date:
- 05/01/2003
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 304
- Product dimensions:
- 5.90(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.70(d)
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.
What Is Consciousness?
Contemporary Theories of Consciousness.
A Taxonomy of States of Consciousness.
2. The Physiology of Consciousness.
Microscopic Neuroanatomy.
Gross Neuroanatomy.
The Central Nervous System.
Toward a Biological Basis of Consciousness.
Historical Background.
Split Brain, Split Consciousness.
Visual Field.
Altered States of Consciousness and the Split Brain.
3. Conciousness-Altering Drugs.
Pharmacology of Neurotransmission.
Basic Psychopharmacological Concepts.
Sedative-Hypnotic Compounds.
Behavioral Stimulants and Convulsants.
Narcotic Analgesics (Opiates).
Psychedelics and Hallucinogens.
4. Hypnosis.
Hypnosis and Consciousness.
Historical Development.
Assessing Hypnotic Susceptibility.
Correlates of Hypnotizability.
Hypnosis and Pain Control.
Hypnosis and Memory.
Hypnosis and Perception.
Contemporary Theories of Hypnosis.
5. Biofeedback.
Biofeedback and Consciousness.
Historical Development.
The Biofeedback Training Process.
Biofeedback Applications.
Biofeedback and the Production of Altered States.
Research and Biofeedback.
6. Meditation.
Meditation and Consciousness.
Historical Development.
Meditative Styles.
Contemporary Theories of Meditation.
Correlates of Meditation.
7. Sleep and Dreams.
Sleep, Dreams, and Consciousness.
Historical Development.
Sleep, Dreams, and the EEG.
Sleep Deprivation.
Sleep Learning.
Sleep Disorders.
Theories of Sleep.
On Dreams and Dreaming.
Theories of Dream Activity.
Daydreaming: Another Level of Consciousness.
Sexual Fantasies.
8. Sensory Deprivation.
Sensory Deprivation and Consciousness.
Historical Background.
The McGill Studies.
Sensory Deprivation Research After McGill.
Experimental Procedures.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Theory.
Sensory Deprivation and Altered States of Consciousness.
Clinical Potential of Sensory Deprivation.
9. Parapsychology.
Parapsychology and Consciousness.
Historical Development.
Extrasensory Perception.
Factors Influencing Experimental Findings.
The Out-of-Body Experience.
The Near Death Experience.
Psychic Healing.
General Theories of Parapsychology.
10. Conclusions.
Future Applications of Consciousness.
Author Index.
Subject Index.
Customer Reviews
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text:
Handguns stolen from Wallingford homeMarch 08,2013Handguns, iPods
stolen in burglary
WALLINGFORD A pair of handguns were stolen Thursday in a burglary at a home on Route 7, Vermont State Police said.
Police were called to the home at 8:40 a.m., when the homeowner reported that a .357 Taurus and a 9-mm Star were taken, along with two iPods and $50 in cash.
Anyone with information is asked to call state police at 773-9101.MORE IN This Just InNEW YORK His defiant protests helped shape Americans opposition to the Vietnam War. Full StoryWhen Rutland City Mayor Christopher Louras told those gathered in the citys aldermanic chambers... Full Story
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Nelson F. Heuman, 92, of rural Gilliam, died Wednesday, March 31, 2010, at Big Bend Retreat in Slater.
Funeral services will be held at 10 a.m. Saturday, April 3, 2010, at First Baptist Church in Slater, with Rev. Randy Huff officiating. Bethany Weiker, organist, will accompany the congregation in singing "When the Roll is Called Up Yonder." She will also play "Amazing Grace" and "The Old Rugged Cross." Terry Black will sing "How Great Thou Art." Burial will be in Slater City Cemetery. Pallbearers will be Clark Driskell, Dean Dautenhahn, D.P. Dautenhahn, Roger Davis, Charles Davis, Leland Hains and Louis Hains. Visitation will be held Friday from 6 to 8 p.m. at Weiker Funeral Home in Slater. Memorials are suggested to Fish Creek Baptist Church or Big Bend Retreat.
Born Nov. 23, 1917, in Saline County, he was the son of the late Dick B. and Hannah Marie Hoener Heuman. On Feb. 17, 1950, in Slater, he married Elsie B. Driskell, who survives of the home. He was a member and deacon emeritus of Fish Creek Baptist Church. He was a U.S. Army veteran of World War II. He was a founder of Slater Rural Water District and served on its board for many years. He was a past member of Orearville school board and farmed in rural Saline County for many years.
Also surviving are three sons, Wayne Heuman and his wife, Telpha, of Slater, William Heuman and his wife, Amy Bryant Heuman, of rural Slater, and Philip Heuman of Odessa, Texas; two daughters, Clara Merk and her husband, Randall, of Kansas City North, and Audrey Thurman and her husband, Joe, of Marshall; 12 grandchildren, Michele Heuman, Leissa Beckmann, Chris Heuman, Jamie Heuman, Carlee Heuman, Sarah Atkinson, Amy Merk, Jeremy Heuman, Hannah Heuman, Bryant Eads, Skyler Thurman and Mason Thurman; and four great-grandchildren, Josh Suttner, Kyanna Suttner, Toby Heuman and Cheyanna Heuman.
He was preceded in death by two sisters, Isabell Davis and Dorothy Lee Landfear.
Additional information provided per family recompense.


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Oakland (33-28) at San Francisco (28-33)
- Game info: 4:05 pm EDT Sun Jun 10, 2007
The Battle of the Bay hasn't been much of a battle so far this season.
The Oakland Athletics will try for their first three-game sweep in San Francisco when they face the Giants on Sunday.
The A's (33-28) have won four of the five meetings between these teams this season, including two of three in Oakland in May, and have outscored the Giants 31-12. Oakland beat former ace Barry Zito, who signed a $126 million, seven-year contract to move across the Bay in the offseason, 6-0 Saturday for its AL-leading sixth shutout win.
Oakland, which swept a two-game series in San Francisco from June 24-25, 1998, has won three straight at AT&T Park and five of its last six against the Giants. The Athletics' only three-game sweep against their Bay Area rivals came June 24-26, 2005, in Oakland.
Mark Ellis and Bobby Crosby homered Saturday for the A's, who have won seven of eight and are a season-high five games over .500. The Giants (28-33) have been heading in the opposite direction, dropping 11 of their last 15 and managing only 11 runs in their last five games.
"We need to pitch better, we need to hit better, we need to do better in situational hitting and we need to play better defense," right fielder Randy Winn told the Giants' official Web site. "We need to get better across the board. Could we be a little looser? Yeah, but you want guys to be themselves, to do what is comfortable."
Slugger Barry Bonds was one of the few bright spots for San Francisco on Saturday, starting in an afternoon game after a night game and going 2-for-4 with a pair of singles and his second steal in as many days. However, Bonds struck out twice and remains nine homers shy of Hank Aaron's all-time record of 755.
Bonds, who has 18 homers in 51 games against the A's, has not homered since May 27 against Colorado.
"He tried to get us going—a couple hits," manager Bruce Bochy said. "He stole a base. We just couldn't figure (Oakland starter Dan) Haren out."
Giants center fielder and leadoff hitter Dave Roberts returned from the disabled list two days earlier than scheduled but went 0-for-4, nearly a month after surgery on his left elbow.
Matt Cain (2-5, 3.54 ERA) will look to help San Francisco avoid the sweep after allowing three runs in 5 1-3 innings of the Giants' 10-inning, 4-3 loss in Arizona on Tuesday. He is 0-2 with a 4.26 ERA in four starts since his last win on May 13, and San Francisco is just 2-10 in games he has started.
However, Cain has received two or fewer runs of support in seven of his outings.
Cain is 1-2 with a 4.12 ERA in three starts against the A's, including a 4-2 loss on May 19 in Oakland.
The A's will counter with Lenny DiNardo (2-2, 1.45), who earned his first win as a starter since May 7 last season on Tuesday. He allowed just two hits in a career high-tying six innings of a 2-0 victory over his former team, the Boston Red Sox. The start was the second this season for DiNardo, who made 11 appearances out of the bullpen before the A's moved him into their injury-depleted rotation.
"It wasn't really a picturesque outing," DiNardo, who walked a career-worst six batters, told Oakland's Web site. "But we played some solid defense, and I made some pitches when I needed to."
DiNardo has pitched 2 2-3 scoreless innings without receiving a decision in a pair of relief outings against the Giants, including 1 2-3 innings of work on May 20.
Team Comparison
|3rd West
|Away 36-45
|Won 1
|San Francisco
|5th West
|Home 39-42
|Won 1


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Hey, im surprised there isnt a thread about this I looked through 10 pages.
Anyways post the "foot in ass" jokes that you think are funny.
Mine is:
Kelso: Hey Mrs. Forman I'm back! I forgot that you're a hot mom!
Red: You know what's hot? My foot in your ass!


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Becky and David Stevenson
Pedal Hard for all those that fight each day!
Matthew Gotlin
Anonymous Anonymous
Go Gotlin!
For all my friends struggling with cancer...
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John Brewer Jr
Go get 'em, Danny.
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The Jack & Frances Sall Foundation
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Go Dani! Love, Drew & Grant
Go for it Noah! Love, Drew & Grant
Go Syd! We love you, Drew & Grant
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Becker loves Melanie!
Go get it, Sterner!
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Good luck and have fun!
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shannon haines
Alli and Jon Levine
Mr. George Petrides Jr.
Thanks for your hard work ... you can do this!
jordan stern
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You're a hero, Matthew! - Lorne
Peggy Rankin
Audi 5000...
Oliver is in the hiz-house!
From Jamie Rubin and Jonathan Gordin
Tim Scheld
Go Jonathan!
The Davis Family (Evan, Debbie, Morgan, and Molly)
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Jayme Uhlfelder
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Have an amazing ride Melanie!
Lauren Harrison
In honor of Richelle Weisbrod.
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Go Sam! Donation for the benefit of Steve Fletcher
For the fighters, the survivors, and the taken.
You go...with the wind at your backs!
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xo, Karen David
Poniatowski Family
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Thanks for doing this
Go kiss some ass Melanie. Xo Ali and Seth
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Go, Mike! You are amazing!
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Good luck!
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Good luck Melanie! Mark Zukerman
Great Cause - Good Luck Sam
What you are doing is amazing. Good luck!
We are so proud of you!
Taryn + Oliver
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RideStrong! Kendrick Family
Go Melanie!! Good job good job... love ya!
Good Luck Daddy, Love Matthew
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Good Luck SAM!!!!
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Good luck, Court!!
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Go Scott go!
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In memory of Janel Ammann
Way to go, Matt!
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Go Dani! Zachary, Elijah, Aunt Cinny, Uncle Mark
We are proud of you. Love, The Suchin Family
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Donzis Family- Go Mel!
Wishing You the Best! Kendall & Kia
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scott a nelson
Ms. Crystal Oczkowski
Your dedication is impressive, Best of luck !!
From Louise and Jeff Leitman
Lynn R Corrado
always doing great work! congrats jen!
hartley etheridge obrien
Good Luck Matthew
J Rubin
Mrs. Maria Daskalakis
SO Proud Jen!
cynthia jones
Ronit Wrubel
Mr. Sean & Shannon Kirkpatrick
Way to go Courtney!!!!
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Go get 'em!
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Ride on Buddy!
Mr. Mitchell Chokas Jr.
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Uncle Herbie, Aunt Wendy, Ben, Max, Sam & Sara
Rev. Whit Mathis
Good luck with the challenge
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Mrs. Susan Stirling Woody
In honor of James Guthrie. Thanks Jorge.
Craig Allen
Mr. William Borders
Ms. Natalie benezra
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Robin Jacobs
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GO Melanie!!!
Ms. Phyllis Naditch
Sherry Murphy
In honor of your Mother, Mike and all that suffer.
Go T- Minus Three- Love Grandma Charlotte
Go Matt!!!
Meredith Gotlin
Dana and John Ramirez
Go matty g
Go get em Syd!
Mr. Ryan Andrew Jolson
Dr. Bradley Trattner
Sue McQuiston
Thanks for the invitation to sponsor!
Great Work for a Great Cause! Best of Luck Scott
Barbara Guskind
Josh Korsower
Mr. John Davison
Debbie and Jerry Sholtz
You are amazing!!
Callie A Cope
Mr. John Costa
Susan Rettino Tuite
Good Luck Brother
Good luck bro!
Kim Stanton
Mr. Brian M. Gill
Mrs. Arlene Leshin
GO Matt! - Nikki Math
Lexi Varrato
Good Luck Jorge
Dr. Youseph Yazdi
Alexis Kmitis
Mr. Steve Kalman
David Goodman
Have a great ride!
Congrats Matt! Kick butt in Philly!
In honor of an old friend!
Louis Sarkes
Mrs. Sondra Gotlin
Much love, Lynn, Peter, Daniel and Alec Glantz
Ride strong Jorge?
Mr. Howard S Jaffe
Go Jen!
Minkin Family
Go Matt!
Mrs. Joan Rubin
Good luck my love!
Michael Shenkman
Go Mel Go!!!
Jason Lewis
Jeremy Stein
Keep up the good work!
Barbara Hendrixson
Good Luck from Amanda Hallock's Family
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In memory of Fay Anderson - love and miss you!
In memory of our GFS friend Erin Raleigh
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For my mom and too many others!
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HAYDENREIS.COM proudly supports Michelle Lerner
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Go for the cure..... you can do it!
You can can..... make a difference
We love you, Daddy! Laurel, Mackenzie and Kylie
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Ilene Stern
For my amazing warrior mom.
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Keep riding Mel!!! Make a difference.
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Count me in for the soul cycle ride....xo
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First-time tennis instructors coach children at local camp
Vidalia — Nancy McLemore, Alma Melton and Lynette Turner were just certified as tennis instructors on Sunday and already they're out on the court teaching 40 children the fundamentals of the game.
After getting certified by Bill Phillips, the United States Tennis Association southern region director, McLemore, Melton and Turner said they were eager to get active with children who want to learn the sport.
This week they hosted the La-Miss Community Tennis Association Camp, and the new instructors have had their hands full with children ages 5 to 11 teaching them the correct form of a forehand swing.
The camp is located at the Concordia Recreational District 3 Complex.
Children are broken up into five groups according to age and are taught, step-by-step the basics of tennis.
Melton said it takes patience to instruct children at such a young age.
"You have to let them play," she said. "The main things they must learn is to keep their eye on the ball and how to hold the racket correctly is a big thing."
Melton is implementing drills that the children can use at home to help them with their skills.
"We give them three practice balls to practice with at home," Melton said. "We're getting their coordination together and practice makes perfect."
Turner is teaching 8 year olds, and she said she is implementing three keys into her coaching methods.
"Agility, hand-eye coordination and having fun is what we're doing," Turner said. "Tennis is a lifetime sport, and they should be able to play it until they're 90."
Turner is teaching the more difficult backhand swing to her group, and she said teaching children is easy for her.
"It's fun, because I've worked with kids for a longtime, most of us (camp instructors) were teachers or has had children so we know children."
Josh Ingram said he joined the camp because he likes the sport, and he wants to learn as much as he can about tennis.
"We're hitting the ball right now, and I want to learn how to serve the ball," he said.
McLemore is the president of the La-Miss Community Tennis Association, and she said Wednesday was her first time getting to work with 5 and 6 year olds.
McLemore said she is making sure to move slowly so the children won't be overwhelmed with techniques. But McLemore said it could be difficult to get children to move slowly sometimes.
"We're working on the forehand, and I'm getting them to slightly tap the ball across the net which is hard because they all want to hit it hard."
Tennis camper Devin Sanford said he's getting better with his forehand swing, and he can't wait to move on to more techniques.
"(Hitting with forehand) is not hard," Sanford said. "I want to learn whatever they'll teach me next."
The camp will end today but McLemore, Turner and Melton said they are looking forward to spending years training children to become tennis players.
"It feels good to help children," Melton said. "You never know, two or three of them might become tennis pros."


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Service technology -- from SOA to cloud to IT service management -- promises many "-ilities": greater agility, flexibility, and reusability. Joe McKendrick explores the challenges and opportunities.
Cloud Priorities
Between the cloud and the corporate data center, there is fog computing
Enterprise Software
Successful user experiences may rely more on psychology than design
Outsourcing exec urges: 'Stop outsourcing your software development'


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Rymer: Playing the 18th hole at TPC Louisiana
Charlie Rymer explains how to play the 18th hole at TPC Louisiana for the 2016 Zurich Classic. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.
Simulated action: 16th hole at TPC Louisiana
Paige Mackenzie explains how to play the 16th hole at TPC Louisiana for the 2016 Zurich Classic. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.
Simulated action: No. 17 at TPC Louisiana
Brian Bateman and Paige Mackenzie explain how to play the 17th hole at TPC Louisiana. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.
Soft conditions? Here's what you need to do
Charlie Rymer explains how to adjust your driver loft for playing on a soft golf course. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.
Know your distance: Tips for playing on soft greens
Paige Mackenzie and Nicole Castrale give you ways to learn your distances and play on soft greens. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.Tie him for the lead when he holed that big birdie putt on 16. But it is time now for our TruGreen Greens Report, as we take a look at TPC Louisiana in a little bit more detail. Play is just under 7,500 yards. It is that Pete Dye designed layout. Average green size, compared to some varying sizes we've really seen on the PGA TOUR of late. And overseed of Bermudagrass With the power on the green. It's the soft conditions that's got everyone talking so far this week though. And every professional golfer loves approachable green. When you know that you can control your distance and put exactly where you want. Amateurs maybe don't figure it out quite as quickly because they don't know exactly how far the clubs go. So I would recommend, if you get out there and play golf this weekend, take a little notecard with you and keep track of how many shots you've hit. Short of the pin, pinSo that's how to play if you've got soft conditions like the PGA Tour Pros do this week.
Tree trouble: Playing the 13th at TPC Louisiana
Charlie Rymer shows of the cypress tree that plays into the strategy on the 13th hole of TPC Louisiana for the 2016 Zurich Classic. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.I'll show you what I'm talking about. And here it is, this cypress tree is maybe 200 years old, it's certainly older than the golf course designer Pete Dodd, who was 90. Check out these menacing knees right here. Really cool feature, but putters have to deal with the cypress tree . Because from the tee they got to make this decision, do you go left of the cypress tree and deal with trying to carry this bunker if you do that's like a 325 yard carry and it's no bargain. Only the longest hitters if it's down wind will give that a go. Everyone else has to hit their T shot basically past this cypress tree because you can see the farther right you get the more open the approach is. Here's what's really cool about the two
Good shot from bad luck: Playing from a divot
Paige Mackenzie breaks down the swing of S.Y. Kim playing from a divot at the 2016 LOTTE Championship.Paige. We know that Sei Young Kim knows how to play most golf courses , with three wins in her rookie year last year. But she won this one particularly, and how tough was this approach shot
Open venues achieve gold standard for sustainability
Cara Robinson reports on how all ten of the Open Championship venues have achieved the gold standard for sustainability. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.which are. Shown a strong commitment to environmental stewardship, resource efficiency and community value . Of course, we're all headed to roll through later this summer and we can not wait to cover the championship right here on Golf Channel and NBC and
Precision matters at Harbour Town Golf Links
Charlie Rymer and Chris DiMarco show that precision matters on the 12th & 15th holes of Harbour Town Golf Links for the 2016 RBC Heritage. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.the back nine of number 15. This is a rarity on the PGA tour , a three shot par five, 588 yards, very narrow. Off the tee and this is one where I think it makes some
Playing the difficult 14th hole at Harbour Town
Charlie Rymer and Chris DiMarco review the difficult 14th hole at Harbour Town Golf Links for the 2016 RBC Heritage. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.bit closer look at- Yeah. What is the hardest hole on the golf course , Chris, and I think one of the hardest par 3s on the PGA TOUR . Without a doubt. Yeah. There's only a few par 3s we play all year where. You think about that hole before you
Heading home: Keys to 18th hole at Heritage
Chris DiMarco and Charlie Rymer show how to play the 18th hole at Harbour Town Golf Links for the 2016 RBC Heritage. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.mm hm. Anywhere between there. Is an okay shot. You can get up and down and give yourself a good putt at it. So I'm gonna try to hit this ball just right of the green, like
Watch and learn: Sergio's club face control
Paige Mackenzie breaks down how Sergio Garcia controls the club face in thick rough at the 2016 Open de Espana.Yeah. But low enough where again, you can still control that trajectory. Tricky balance . Okay, let's fast forward to the eighth hole. What did you notice here? Well, we've talked to often about his golf swing and throughout his career, and how well he has good lag on the way down. From the downline, you're not gonna see
Rymer breaks down Harbour Town's 17th hole
Charlie Rymer shares insights for playing the par-3 17th hole on Harbour Town Golf Links.17th hole you're playing right out toward Calabogie Sound. You love this golf hole . I do, I love this golf course . But you gotta remember, the first 16 holes you play in heavy tree cover. When you get to the 17th that's the first time you're really exposed to the win And it sort of just takes your breath away. It's a good golf hole and it's a beautiful golf hole . You stand up here and just Calibogue Sound is where your mind wonders to but you better pay attention to this screen
Playing the ninth hole at TPC Louisiana
Charlie Rymer shows how to play the ninth hole on TPC Louisiana for the 2016 Zurich Classic. Watch Morning Drive on Golf Channel.as it gets. Last year it ranked seventh most difficult on the golf course . A twelve double bogey, if you mess up just a little bit you can make a big number. You just wanna get a three here, if you get a three here all four days. You are a very happy PGA tour pro. if it was from the looks of that graphic. So if we are going to play it Charlie, show us if you can step up and hit a shot. Where we should take target, where we should take aim to. Well it's difficult because the green is pretty narrow. And to the right side is no bargain. if you hit to the right side, you go down in a flat area and you've got a tough chip- Right. Back up and over the rise to a green with the water behind you. So You pretty much don't have a bail out there, it's one of those holes you have to take dead aim at the flag, make sure you don't hook it. And


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $0.65 (10% off)
Very good
Posted by 5149791949953532420 on Sep 09, 2014
Natural only, its OK for us and our babies!!!!
Great soap!
Posted by Reviewer1198313 on Mar 17, 2014
As always, Badger makes high quality products!
chamomile calendula soap
Posted by 5325869466759892965 on Dec 22, 2013
Love it! Smells wonderful and is very gentle! Hold shape very well, unlike other organic soaps.
Too small
Posted by 5724970584702169078 on Aug 10, 2013
smaller than I expected
Good for sensitive skin
Posted by Reviewer2026833 on Aug 05, 2013
I love that baby soap than other badger soap, not drying my skin. I also love its smell. Must purchase it again.
really like this soap.
Posted by Reviewer2826747 on Jun 10, 2013
Use it for my little one and for myself. Will by it again. Smells great. Like the ingredients.
Was this review helpful to you?
1 person found the following review helpful
Slightly drying
Posted by 5231209421195999786 on Apr 22, 2013
This soap smells lovely but whenever I wash my baby with it my hands become uncomfortably dry- I can only assume that my baby also feels that way. I've used better all-natural soaps. I will not re-purchase this.
Does not yet been used.
Posted by Reviewer2564975 on Jan 06, 2012
Does not yet been used. The price is cheap and will have faith
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Lou is a member of the adjunct faculty at the McColl School of Business at Queens University of Charlotte, and co-founder of the school's annual TWIST Conference for Women. Her articles and insights have been published by Fast Company, Entrepreneur.com, CEO.com, the American Management Association, Leadership Essentials, SUCCESS Magazine and more. Her latest research in collaboration with Harris Interactive sheds light on the communication practices that keep leaders from being effective.
In 2009 Lou released her first book, Say Something Real, endorsed by Joseph Pine II, author of The Experience Economy and Authenticity: What Consumers Really Want. She is working on her second book, which is due for release in the spring of 2016.
Outside of her Studio, Lou's work reflects a commitment to the power of real conversations and connections. Interact offers CLE courses for the Bar Association, a Pitch Boot Camp for start-up entrepreneurs and scholarships to non-profit partners.
Interact clients include Wells Fargo, Lend Lease, the LPGA, Duke Energy, Bank of America, Carolinas HealthCare System and Pernod Ricard. Non-profit partnerships include those with the Duke Endowment, the Foundation for the Carolinas, United Way of Central Carolinas, and Leadership Charlotte.


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Leonard C. Horn, 88, of Switz City, passed away at 5:20 a.m. on Thursday Nov. 2, 2006 at Lyons Health and Living Center.
Born Feb. 16, 1918 in Greene County, he was the son of Timothy and Rella (Fordyce) Horn.
He was a Pearl Harbor survivor who was serving on the USS Utah during the bombing. He served in the U.S. Navy for 22 years and was in Tokyo Bay during the signing of the World War II peace treaty with Japan. He retired from the Navy as a Chief Petty Officer. He belonged to the Worthington VFW, Fleet Reserve, and the Moose Lodge in Linton.
Survivors include: three nieces, Juanita (Horn) Lamm of Indianapolis, Jacqueline (Horn) Phillips of St. Petersburg, Florida, and Kathleen (Horn) Trammell of Venidocin, Ohio; one aunt, Ethel Rollison formerly of Bloomfield; and several cousins.
He was preceded in death by his parents, his wife, G. Lorene Horn in 2002, and two brothers, Charles and Marshall Horn.
Funeral services will be conducted at 1 p.m. on Sunday at Jenkins & Sons funeral home in Bloomfield, with the Rev. Lysle Pittman officiating. Burial will be in Switz City cemetery where military honors will be presented.
Friends may call from 2-5 p.m. on Saturday and one hour prior to services Sunday at the funeral home.