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TOP 3 FACIAL CONCERNS OF MEN Here they are and we can help: crow's feet wrinkled brows turkey neck (saggy skin under the chin, attached to the neck) There are about 57 muscles throughout your face and neck—muscles that you probably neglect during your daily workouts. DON'T! Your body looks amazing after training the other hundreds of muscles from the neck …
From Men's Personal Care
Why Most Americans Don't Own a Bidet
When traveling abroad bidets were in most hotel bathrooms; bathrooms in the Middle East, especially those in private residences, a hand-held spray mechanism was installed. Rather than paper tissue, small, white washcloths were tightly rolled and kept within reach of the toilet along with a receptacle for the used cloths. It was all very neat …
What If Breast Cancer is Really a Fungus…?
Dr. Sherri Tenpenny frequently shares posts regarding breast cancer – here's a recent post posing a question regarding whether breast cancer might be a fungus. According to the National Cancer Center at the National Institute of Health, the word cancer is "a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and are able to …
15 Natural Remedies for the Treatment of Acid Reflux and Ulcers
Acid reflux is more than just a stomach upset. It is perplexing how it attacks some but not others – Dr Mercola says that 50% of our population suffers from this and offers 15 natural solutions to stopping this annoying malady. Share this important information with your family and friends. Read about these remedies at …
Man Refuses Chemo, Outlives His Doctors
Ever wonder how you would react if you received a cancer diagnosis? Would you immediately leap into treatments like chemo or radiation? Here's a story of a man who had a diagnosis of cancer, given 6 months to live and made a decision that changed and prolonged his life. Read his story! Read about it …
9 Ways to Enhance Sleep
Making small adjustments to your daily routine and sleeping area can go a long way to ensure uninterrupted, restful sleep and, thereby, better health.
8 Health Warnings Your Fingernails May Be Sending
Your fingernails might be sending you a message.
Flu Vaccine Tests Positive for Heavy Metals
You just might want to skip flu shots – no clinical testing and mercury levels 25,000 times higher than EPA allows for water!
World's First Drinkable Sunscreen Goes on Sale
Well, here's a novel idea that just might have merit – drinkable sun screen. The article suggests it is even safe for children.
New Miracle Anti-aging Brand Too Good to be True?
I am hopeful that this miracle antioxidant is all that it is purported to be.
Winter Is a Great Time for Living Room Workouts
Just like Facial Magic goes to work to sculpt and lift your face, living room workouts will shape, tone and slim your waist, tummy, hips and thighs.
The Real Reason Americans are Getting Dumber
In order to live younger longer, you will have to pay closer attention to your lifestyle.
What Really Causes Heart Disease?
Want to feel better and alleviate heart disease? Well, rethink the cholesterol aspect because here's a very compelling quote:
The injury and inflammation in our blood vessels is caused by the low fat diet recommended for years by mainstream medicine.
Low fat diets cause inflammation in our blood vessels!
Exercises Protect Head and Neck Cancer Patients' Ability to Swallow
Many people have trouble swallowing due to head and neck cancer or sometimes just an uncooperative esophagus so there are exercises to increase the ability to swallow more naturally. Thanks, Bottom Line Publications, for sharing this very good information.
Chuck Norris Talks Space-Age Medical Cure
I've always been fascinated with hyperbaric treatments. My naturopathic doctor uses them in her practice for all sorts of treatments to speed up healing. If you have a medical condition you might want to consider if hyperbaric treatments would work for you. The increased oxygen treatment is almost like magic.
Nigella Sativa Cancer Prevention
Black cumin oil has been used for thousands of years to treat many ailments; now there are 460+ studies to back the claims. I just recently bought four bottles to have on hand and shared one with my son who has a mouth ulcer. He has used it for only a few days but has noticed his breath is sweeter and his teeth are whiter.


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"It could have been so much worse," is a sentiment that many of the residents at Cooper Towers share regarding the early Monday morning fire that startled them from their sleep and forced them out of their apartments into the rain.
"This was my first experience in a fire," third-floor resident Bernard Lintz said. "There was a lot of smoke. You couldn't see to go down the stairs to get out."
The thick black smoke from the fire on the second floor filled the stairways of the building, making it difficult to see or breathe for residents trying to escape from the floors above.
"It stung your eyes and burnt the back of your throat and nose," fifth-floor resident Connie Gregg said. She wasn't going to leave the building at first, figuring the alarm to be another safety drill, but when a message beeped into each room over the intercom system in the residents' phones, she changed her mind. "I just didn't think it was real until I heard that message."
According to the residents, fire drills are a common occurrence in the building.
"When I heard that message, and looked out the window to see the lights and the firemen downstairs, that's when I knew it was for real and I left in a hurry," Gregg said.
The residents were quick to praise the firemen from Brazil City Fire Dept., Van Buren and Posey Township Volunteer Fire Departments, members of Clay County Search and Rescue and the Brazil City Police Department.
"The firemen did an incredible job getting everyone out," sixth-floor resident Don Dowell said. Unaware of what was happening, he was asleep for a while before the alarm woke him. "The elevators were off because of the fire, and by the time I got to the stairwell on the east side black smoke was boiling up from below. I think it was because people had to open the doors to get out and the smoke just got thicker each time a door opened. It really could have been a bad situation, real bad."
The elevators being off caused problems for many of the handicapped residents that lived above the second floor.
"I almost didn't make it out. I'm not supposed to walk without my walker because of a fractured hip, but I had to last night if I was going to get out. I hung on to the railings with both hands going down with a man behind me carrying my walker. Everyone was helping each other," sixth-floor resident Sanford "Sandy" Sanders said after his release from St. Vincent Clay Hospital Monday afternoon. "I made it to the third floor and just couldn't go any further. That's when two firemen rescued me. I'm so glad everyone got out all right."
As of Monday afternoon one resident was still hospitalized at Regional Hospital due to smoke inhalation and many of the displaced residents from the second floor were staying with relatives during the clean-up.
In the chaos of the night, residents from other buildings came to the aide of their neighbors.
"I've got friends that live in Cooper Towers," Bruce Murdock gave for his reason for helping bring down a wheel chair for one of the handicapped residents rescued by firemen. "I saw the police arrive, and then the fire department, from my apartment window on the fourth floor of the Meridian Towers across the street. I could see the smoke in the windows, so I came right over. I just wanted to help if I could."
Residents from the surrounding apartment buildings came out to help victims of the fire get in out of the rain and offered places to stay until the building reopened.
"Everyone has been so great," Lintz said. "The Brazil Housing Authority has been helping everyone today. The Red Cross has been here offering help in the clean-up, food for people and got rooms for people from the second floor to stay in at the Villa Motel."
Late Monday afternoon the fire alarm, which was damaged in the fire, was still periodically going off, rattling the nerves of the remaining residents that have returned to their apartments in the building. Workers on the scene expect it to be repaired quickly, but when ever it is, it won't be soon enough for the residents.
The smell of smoke lingers in the building.
No one has slept yet.
The signs of fatigue show on the residents' faces, but their spirits are high as they sit on benches outside and share their individual stories with each other, finding humor among what could have been a terrible tragedy.
Fire Chief Tobey Archer praised the firemen at the scene, but he also praised the residents of Cooper Towers.
"They really assisted the firefighters in helping to save themselves," Archer told The Brazil Times. "They pounded on doors and made noise to help the firefighters find them if they were trapped. They did what they were supposed to do."

subset: commoncrawl


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The Coolest Shelves You'll Ever SeeMelanie Blodgett
I never thought I would feel so strongly about shelves, but these shelves are amazing. They all have amazing shapes and colors. See for yourself! You'll be in love too.[collection type='slideshow' style='classic']
Read more from Melanie on You Are My Fave. Join Melanie on Facebook and Twitter for updates.
Article Posted 3 years Ago


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ClassicsOnline Home » Vocal Music - ALBRIGHT, W. / MUEHLEISEN, J. / PARRY, H. / GIBBONS, O. / BARTOLUCCI, D. / SZYMANOWSKI, K. (From Captivity to the Holy City) (Opus 7)
ClassicsOnline customers will not be able to use their log in to access the new HD site. Please create a new ClassicsOnline HD•LL account to download albums, subscribe to streaming, create playlists and more!


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Tom V. Morris explores "The Oasis Within" in new book
Wilmington writer and public philosopher Tom V. Morris has a new book out, his first novel: "The Oasis Within: A Journey of Preparation" (Wisdom/Works, $14.99 paperback). Morris says a hardcover edition is forthcoming in September, and an e-book version will be available soon. Copies may be ordered through Amazon.com. Set in the Egyptian desert in 1934, the book follows a boy and his uncle on the way to Cairo. At rest stops, the man tries to prepare the boy for… Read More »


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The third major reason why value chain analysis is important is that it helps to explain
the distribution of benefits, particularly income, to those participating in the global
economy. This makes it easier to identify the policies which can be implemented to
enable individual producers and countries to increase their share of these gains. This
is an especially topical issue at the turn of the millennium and has captured the
attention of a wide variety of parties. Invariably the debate is polarised between two
Guide Questions 2
As trade barriers decline, what factors determine access to final product
How important are ethnic links in connecting producers to final markets?
How might the way in which producers connect to final markets affect their
capacity to change their mix of activities, or the links which they perform in
the value chain?
To what extent does the competitive positioning of TNCs affect the
capacity of locally-based producers to enter global markets?
Further reading
For a discussion of changing trade barriers, particularly in relation to the EU, see:
Stevens, C. and J. Kennan (2001), "Post-Lome WTO-Compatible Trading Arrangements",
Economic Paper No 45, London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
The competitive oligopolistic positioning of TNCs is an ongoing process with strong
historical roots:
Hymer S (1975), "The Multinational Corporation and the Law of Uneven Development" in
H Radice (ed), International Firms and Modern Imperialism, London, Penguin.
An example of how different origins of TNC ownership can affect connectedness to
global; markets can be see from the recent experience of South African auto industry
Barnes J. and Kaplinsky R (2000), "Globalisation and the death of the local firm? The
automobile components sector in South Africa", Regional Studies, Vol. 34, No. 9, 2000,
pp. 797-812., 2000
The role played by ethnicity in global value chain sourcing is described in:
Saxenian, A (1996), Regional Advantage, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
The role played by triangular manufacturing in the clothing value chain is described in
Gereffi, G (1999), "International Trade and Industrial Upgrading in the Apparel
Commodity Chain", Journal of International Economics, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp 37-70.
views – globalisation is good for the poor or globalisation is harmful for the poor. Yet
this is much too simplistic a perspective, since it is less a matter of globalisation being
intrinsically good or bad, than how producers and countries insert themselves in the
global economy. Understanding why this is the case – and how value chain analysis
can help both understand these dynamics (positive analysis) and then fashion an
appropriate policy response (normative analysis) - requires a detour in the discussion,
identifying the dangers arising from a harmful pattern of insertion into the global,
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The Second Injury Fund's obligation to reimburse a township for workers' compensation benefits paid to an injured firefighter is limited to the amount it would have owed had the township coordinated the workers' compensation benefits with benefits the firefighter received ...Read More »
Workers' Compensation
Feed Subscription
Worker's Compensation – No-fault carriers entitled to equitable subrogation from comp insurer
The Workers' Compensation Appellate Commission correctly ruled that two no-fault insurers were entitled to equitable subrogation from the injured party's workers' compensation carrier for benefits paid on the injured party's behalf. Plaintiff worked for AKA Trucking. Travelers provided AKA with ...Read More »
Prisons And Prisoners – Administrative fact-finding has preclusive effect on civil rights suit
When a disputed issue of fact was resolved at a Michigan prisoner's major misconduct hearing as a necessary part of the hearing's judgment, that fact-finding has preclusive effect in a related suit the prisoner later filed under 42 U.S.C. § ...Read More »
Workers' Compensation – WCAC did not abuse discretion by denying cross-appeal
On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 18, 2012 judgment of the Court of Appeals and the application for leave to appeal as cross-appellant are considered. Pursuant to MCR 7.302(H)(1), in lieu of granting ...Read More »
Workers' Compensation – Attack by psychiatric patient was not intentional tort
The trial court correctly ruled that plaintiff hospital worker had not pleaded an intentional tort claim to avoid the exclusive remedy of workers' compensation for injuries received when a psychiatric patient attacked him. Plaintiff's theory that because defendant hospital habitually ...Read More »
Workers' Compensation – RICO claim stated against comp administrator, employer, doctor
Where plaintiffs claim that their employer, a workers' compensation administrator and the administrator's doctor used the mail to fraudulently deny workers' compensation claims, the federal district court's holding that the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act cannot provide a remedy ...
Tagged with: Labor and Employment Law U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals Workers' CompensationRead More »
Workers' Compensation – Plaintiff had right to seek medical attention for work-related accident
The trial court incorrectly dismissed plaintiff's suit for retaliatory discharge under the Workers' Disability Compensation Act (WDCA) on the basis that plaintiff had not filed a benefits petition when he was fired, the Court of Appeals has ruled. The appeals ...Read More »
Workers' Compensation – WCAC must determine extent of disability on remand
Although plaintiff established a prima facie case of disability under Stokes v Chrysler LLC, 481 Mich 266, 274; 750 NW2d 129 (2008), the Workers' Compensation Appellate Commission (WCAC) erred by making an open award of benefits based on total disability ...Read More »
Workers' Compensation – SIF reimbursement ruling will be reviewed
On a 7-0 vote, the Court has granted leave to appeal in a workers' compensation case involving reimbursement by the Second Injury Fund (SIF). The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed a magistrate's decision holding that the SIF may not reduce ...
Tagged with: Workers' CompensationRead More »
Workers' Compensation
Benefits properly ordered after 'no misconduct' finding
The Workers' Compensation Appellate Commission (WCAC) correctly concluded that plaintiff's workplace injury did not arise from intentional and willful misconduct, MCL 418.305, and therefore properly approved the magistrate's award of benefits. Plaintiff had a conflict with a co-worker, Foley. Plaintiff ...Read More »


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Top Definition
The belligerently intentional misreading of an email message to buy time, avoid work, or otherwise cause confusion.
Joe's belliterance saved the department from months of work.
by LM Shelley August 08, 2008
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Teen births drop in South Carolina
Posted: 01/17/2014 - An advocacy group reports the teen birth rate in South Carolina has dropped 47 percent in 20 years.
Posted: 01/17/2014 - An advocacy group reports the teen birth rate in South Carolina has dropped 47 percent in 20 years.
Posted: 01/10/2014 - The Georgia National Guard is planning to unveil a memorial to 200 service members who have been lost in the War on Terror.
Updated: 02/05/2014 - People living at Raes Creek Mobile Home Park and Rocky Creek Mobile Home Park have been without water for three days.
Updated: 01/08/2014 - A local camp that teaches children living with diabetes about their disease is shutting down.
Updated: 01/07/2014 - Major Tony Perez, the Augusta Area Commander for the Salvation Army says they've been busier than ever the past couple of days. He says, Monday night, there wasn't a bed to spare in their shelter.
Updated: 12/28/2013 - Several of her neighbors in Warrenville are dealing with the same thing, after they say their landlord stopped paying the water bill. Her landlord said a leak at one home caused the water bill to sky rocket to more than 400 dollars and he hasn't been able to pay it off, but without a lease there's not much anyone can do.
Updated: 12/24/2013 - Last minute shoppers started early and have crowded stores all day long. Tuesday is the last day to make sure all those presents are under your tree. Many stores close early Tuesday night, starting at 6pm.
Updated: 12/18/2013 - Three hundred thousand dollars worth of equipment will soon be making it's way to the Richmond County Sheriff's Office.
Updated: 12/13/2013 - The River Club Homeowner's Association filed the suit over the financing plan for Project Jackson. It names the city of North Augusta, the mayor, and the city council as defendants, but not everyone agrees with the filing of the lawsuit.
Updated: 12/13/2013 - It was all smiles and tears as the Airman walked on stage while his wife received her diploma. Airmen Michael Peterson has been in training at his Air Force base in Florida for 6 months. He left three days after they got married and hasn't seen her since.
Updated: 12/06/2013 - Right now, South Carolina has reciprocity with 20 states meaning your South Carolina permit is accepted there. Nearby states Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi are not on the list. But the state of Utah may have a solution. With a Utah concealed weapons you can carry your weapon in 35 states.
Updated: 12/04/2013 - The holidays can be an expensive and even stressful time of year, especially if you have kids. But, one local mom learned the hard way, not everyone offering a helping hand is a good Samaritan.
Updated: 12/03/2013 - Cyber Monday started back in 2005 and has grown every year since. Last year, US online sales totaled close to 1.5 billion dollars.
Posted: 11/27/2013 - As the busiest shopping days of the year get closer store employees have been busy getting ready. They've spent days stacking shelves and unloading trucks preparing for extra early openings this year.
Updated: 11/28/2013 - Thousands of shoppers hit the grocery store Wednesday to get those last minute items for Thanksgiving, making for a busy day in the checkout line.
Updated: 11/26/2013 - Alayna spent two weeks on a breathing tube at Children's Hospital of Georgia. She was then sent to Children's Hospital of Atlanta where they spent the next two months trying to bring back the pieces of Alayna that were lost in the water. She is now bound to a wheelchair unable to sit or stand on her own.
Posted: 11/21/2013 - A woman was taken to the hospital with minor injuries after her mobile home caught on fire Thursday night.
Updated: 11/19/2013 - A lot of local police departments use social media to get the word out about crime sprees and suspects on the run, but one local chief is raising some eyebrows about the things he's posting on Facebook.
Updated: 11/19/2013 - Home break-ins usually spike this time of the year because criminals know many of you are already buying Christmas gifts. TV's, game consoles, and jewelry aren't just on your wish list, crooks want them too. News 12 gives you a few ways to keep the Grinch out of your home for the holidays.
Updated: 11/19/2013 - A local non profit could soon be getting national attention with their ideas and plans for helping sex trafficking victims.
Updated: 11/12/2013 - She took to Facebook asking for help making stockings for soldiers and the response she got left her speechless. More than 200 people in just 3 days from Georgia to California.
Updated: 11/08/2013 - Neighbors have been fighting the one in Grovetown for years. About a dozen people who live near the Newmantown Gun Club showed up Thursday night to try to keep the property from being rezoned for a gun range. They say the noise is a disturbance, but the biggest issue is safety after they found bullet holes in homes nearby.
Updated: 11/07/2013 - Budget cuts and the end of a cooperative agreement that was allowing non profits to manage the parks left them in this situation. The number of visitors at the parks has gone from 1.1 million to under 900,000 in the past 6 years.
Updated: 11/06/2013 - As Christmas decorations go up around town, holiday deals go up on the internet. While many begin their holiday shopping, criminals will start doing theirs as well. Each year the scams get more sophisticated. Before you click the purchase button there's a few things you need to know to protect yourself.
Updated: 11/04/2013 - Local food banks have been bracing for the food stamp cutbacks, but many outreach ministries say they're already seeing the effects.


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Adjust Text Size:
On-the-go essentials? Check. Peace of mind? Check. Take your must-haves with you, and know that they'll stay with you, with the Anti-Theft hobo bag. The stylish bag is designed with cut-proof chain link construction and locking zippers to ensure your valuables are safe from pickpockets and thieves. The adjustable shoulder strap is also cut-proof, and the bag can even attach to a chair for additional safety and protection.And there's plenty of space for your stuff--the roomy main compartment is equipped with pockets for organization, and the front face features a zippered pocket for easy access. From Travelon.
Adjust Text Size:
F08614 — Travelon Anti-Theft Nylon Hobo Bag
To choose your shipping method, add this item to your Shopping Cart, continue to Standard Checkout, and make your selection on the Shipping Method page.
Travelon Anti-Theft Stacked Zipper RFID Crossbody
Travelon Foldover Quilted RFID Convertible Backpack
Travelon RFID Wallet, Passport Case & Luggage Tag Travel Set
Travelon Quilted RFID Wallet Set
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We are in urgent need of gift cards. Our families use gift cards for specific needs like clothing, food, and supplies. We use them to buy items for family birthday parties, bottles, diapers, clothing, and other necessities for families. From time to time we also use them for needs in the House. We urgently need cards from:
We also need cards from:
See our wish list for other ways to support families in the House.
Please join us in raising $288,000 to underwrite the cost of two of our eight patient beds allowing us to accept any patient regardless of his/her insurance status. Please consider making a donation today to help make this possible!more »
Check our our brand new video which premiered at the 2015 Autumn Gala. Special thanks to Dolphin Graphics.
more »
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Please check out this amazing medical facility and hospice for kids that I support @gmch https://t.co/sxlvaU59iC #justinshometeam
— Buster Posey (@BusterPosey) May 20, 2015
Read about Isabelle and her work with families at George Markmore »


text:
This creation is simply amazing!! I just love the color and the Dragonfly!!!
I LOVE, LOVE, LOVE this candlestick!!! It is really beautiful, unique and sturdy! I hope to add another to my collection soon.
The items are lovely, thank you!
If you tried one of my yarn bowls at the yarn tasting booth at Vogue Knitting live in LA, now you can buy one for yourself here.
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Best Practice: How to use brand models
This Best Practice paper analyses what brand models are for, examines different types of brand models, and provides a checklist of how to use them in practice. Models discussed include Brand Pyramid, Brand Onion, Brand Bull's Eye, Brand Maps and Brand Key.
Not a subscriber? Download this sample
Making the case for investment in brand
A step-by-step guide to current approaches of valuing brands, with advice on valuation principles.
Grow brand value
Why strong branding and good advertising are lead drivers of brand value.
Stephen King's 'What is a brand?'
This classic text looks at the history of brands and key factors in a brand's success.
Brands' emotional connection
Measuring consumers' emotional links with brands – and the value of these relationships.
Building brands through differentiated salience
This article challenges commonly held views in order to provide a more nuanced perspective on the concepts of brand differentiation and salience.
Brands, contradictions and driving growth
This report discusses how consumers seem to care little about a brand, even though it may be hugely valuable.
Millward Brown's three "secrets" for driving brand growth
This report discusses how most marketers are focused on driving sales through digital, arguing that positive brand attitudes create the potential for stronger growth and higher profits.
What we know about luxury brands
This article provides marketers with information and guidance about luxury brand advertising.
Comparing approaches to elicit brand attributes both face-to-face and online
Brand attributes play an important role in tracking customer-based brand equity.
How the latest technology can render the news incomprehensible
This article discusses the BBC's news programme Outside Source, arguing that it uses technology for technology's sake, leaving viewers confused.
New conjoint approaches to scaling brand equity and optimising share of preference prediction
Ratings-based conjoint analysis suffers two problems: the distortion raised by consumer perceptions of brand equity, and the lack of efficiency of probabilistic models for estimating preference shares.
Eat fresh, Latin American: Subway's success translating a global brand to local consumers in Latam
This paper comprises an extended case study of how Subway, the US sandwich retail franchise, successfully expanded into Latin America, establishing over 4,400 restaurants in over 30 countries.
Monique Dolbin
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text:
Simple MOUTH GUARD special for the competititon of karate, taekwondo, K-1, boxing and more sports. Adaptable for any set of teeth!
MOUTH GUARD special for people with braces. High tighten and protection for competition, with 3 protection layers.
FINGER GRIP to grasp a bar, with special reinforcement on the palm.
FITNESS AND MUSCLE-BUILDING GLOVE, with wristband and gel hand palm. BLACK
PROFESSIONAL K-1 COMPLETE SHIN IN STEP. BLUE / RED (shin guard + instep)
TOP OF THE RANGE GALACTIC KIMONO with COOLMAX technology, special for HIGH COMPETITION. Blue or red Belt Gift for competition.
Simple Universal Mouth guard High teeth protection, simple fitted (one layer). Black and clear colors.
FINGER GRIP to grasp a bar, with special reinforcement on the palm.
*NEW!!! INSIDE CHEST PROTECTOR TOP TYPE FOR COMPETITION, APPROVED BY THE SPANISH KARATE FEDERATION, 2013-2016. The chest is like a top with velcro bands for better fastening to the body from the shoulders to the abdome. ONLY IN LAGUNASPORT.


text:
I invited Jay and his girlfriend to a party but at the last minute the party was cancelled and as bad as it was going to rain I figured I could get Jay to convince Kristina his girlfriend to try out for the extremely exclusive club of the 40 plus asses. Im getting good at measuring with plain vision. Call it a gift. She was disappointed about the party being cancelled but Jay got her to fight the boredom by bouncing that gargantuan ass all over her cock.
"Mount That Ass"
Rachel Solari
"Kinky Butt"
Adrianna Nicole
"Trampoline Escapade"
Gianna Michaels
"Ass On Two Wheels"
"Worlds Greatest Ass"
"Double Dipped N Coco"
Sydnee Capri
"Luscious Lips"
Luscious Lopez
"Tushy Tango"
Savannah Stern
"Chayse My Ass"
Chayse Evans
"Rosey Cheeks"
Kristina Rose


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jun 28, 1974
|Filing date
|Jul 10, 1972
|Priority date
|Sep 25, 1968
|Publication number
|Jernigan J
|Original Assignee
|Us Navy
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (6), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Jernigan INVERTED TIME IMPULSED BRAGG ANGLE MATCHED FILTER Inventor: James L. Jernigan, Inyokern, Calif.
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, DC.
Filed: July 10, 1972 Appl. No.: 270,366
Related US. Application Data Continuation-impart of Ser. No; 763,054, Sept. 25,
1968, abandoned.
US. Cl 250/216, 235/181, 350/161 Int. Cl. H01j 3/14 Field of Search..... 250/216; 235/181; 329/141;
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 6/1965 Slobodin 235/181 June 28, 1974 3,432,647 3/1969 Wilmotte 235/181 3,441,724 4/1969 Taylor 235/181 3,483,386 12/1969 Jemigan 250/216 3,488,438 1/1970 Korpel 350/161 3,544,795 12/1970 Korpel 350/161 Primary ExaminerJames W. Lawrence Assistant ExaminerD. C. Nelms Attorney, Agent, or Firm-R. S. Sciascia [5 7] ABSTRACT A means for encoding and decoding electrical signals using monochromatic spatially coherent light by im pulsing a Bragg Angle matched filter in such a manner that theoutput light beam and electrical signals will be in the correct order for correlation.
11 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures QR 111: 2:01am- INVERTED TIME IMPULSED BRAGG ANGLE MATCHED FILTER The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 763,054 filed Sept. 25, 1968, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a matched filter sys tem and more particularly to a system which uses the Bragg Law to achieve light modulation.
One such system is the Bragg Angle Matched Filter disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,483,386 by James L. Jemigan. In that system, separate code generating means were required to encode the monochromatic spatially coherent light as it passed through an ultrasonic delay cell. 6
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, means are provided for producing and recognizing coded pulses by introducing an impulse into the Bragg Angle Matched Filter system to read out the code for which the system is matched. This is analogous to impulsing a matched filter as treated in passive network theory.
Monochromatic spatially coherent light is directed onto an ultrasonic delay cell at an angle equal to that which satisfies the Bragg Law for the desired frequency. The delay cell modulates the incident light causing a coded wave-front to emerge from it. The coded wave front impinges in turn upon a wave plate designed to transform into a plane wave front only a wave front corresponding to the phase code placed on said wave plate. The plane wave and a reference beam previously split from the original light are focused by a lens where it is detected by a photodetector located behind a pin hole aperture where the waves interact in a heterodyning fashion.
The present invention operates as follows: Monochromatic spatially coherent light, intercepted by a beam splitter, is both reflected to a mirror and transmitted to a delay cell. An electrical impulse is fed into the delay cell, thereby altering the frequency of the exiting diffracted light beam. The diffracted light beam is transmitted through a wave plate which changes the diffracted beam into a plane modulated wave front. The wave front is combined in a second beam splitter with the reflected beam from the first beam splitter. The combined light is focused and detected by a photodetector whereat heterodyning occurs, resulting in a coded modulated output.
The encoded output is then fed into an environment determined by the chosen application for the invention, which application can be in a radar system. Regardless of the application, the environment will include extraneous and, possibly, jamming signals.
A second input to the delay cell is included for coupling signals of interest into the system, which signals are those residing in the chosen environment and include the encoded output. The signal of interest is fed into the delay cell after each electrical impulse and before the next. Thereby, the delay cell is used alternately to encode and decode.
When the signal of interest is the returning encoded output, which matches the code of the system, the transmitted light correlates with the wave plate and a compressed pulse occurs and is detected. The photodetector then provides an output in response to the decoded signal, which output is the system output.
When the signal of interest is any other signal, the transmitted light does not correlate with the wave plate and no output is provided.
To reiterate, first an electrical impulse is fed into the delay cell and, in response thereto, an encoded electrical output is provided by the photodetector. Second, and before the next such electrical impulse is fed into the delay cell, the encoded output is fed into an uncontrolled environment, and then, possibly returned to a second delay cell input along with all other signals found in that environment. Third, and still before the next encoding electrical impulse is fed into the delay cell, the system discriminates between signals fed into the second input that match the code of the system and those that do not; and, the photodetector provides the system output in response to the code matching signals.
The present invention, therefore, both produces a coded pulse and recognizes a coded pulse that matches the code of the system.
The general purpose of this invention is to provide a matched optical filter system which can be used for encoding and decoding at frequencies above 200 megacycles and which will have a broad bandwidth exceeding 20 megacycles. The 200 megacycle capability stems from the high carrier frequency necessary to produce efficient Bragg diffraction.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic, partially in block diagram from, of a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic of an alternate embodiment of the invention utilizing a reflective wave plate; and
FIG. 3 is a detailed plan view of the mask used to make deposits on the wave plate.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, monochromatic spatially coherent light 10 impinges upon double ended ultrasonic delay cell 13 at the Bragg Angle 0.
An electrical impulse 22 is impressed upon piezoelectric transducer 12 generating acoustic impulse 22 which causes a small portion of incident light 10 to be diffracted at the Bragg Angle which is satisfied by the relation nh 2!) Sin 0 where:
n the order of diffraction A wavelength of the monochromatic spatially coherent light source 9 ultrasonic wavelength of the center frequency of the impulse 0 angle of incidence of the monochromatic spatially coherent light source to the direction of ultrasonic velocity x or x.
The optical frequency of this small beam of diffracted light is changed by a small amount f, due to the doppler effect caused by the moving acoustic waves within delay cell 13.
Before light 10 arrives at delay cell 13 beam splitter 23 splits off part of incident monochromatic spatially coherent light 10 and directs it onto full reflective mirror 24.
As shown in FIG. 1, mirror 24 directs incident beam onto a second mirror 25 which applies the beam to beam splitter 26. Beam splitter 26 combines wave front 16 with incident wave front 10.
As shown in FIG. 2, mirror 24 directs incident beam 10 onto beam splitter 26 which combines incident beam 10 with wave front 16.
lff represents the center frequency of incident plane wave front 10, a new frequency fi, f is caused by the doppler shift in the frequency of the portion of the beam diffracted by ultrasonic impulse 22' moving in direction x. The value of f is determined by the angle 0 and the velocity of inpulse 22.
The phase modulating electrical signal g(t) as generated by photodetector 19 may now be returned to transducer 11 for detection purposes. If such a phase modulating signal is impressed upon transducer 11, the light wave emerging from delay cell 13 is modulated by g(t) yielding the spatial function g(-r x) where 'r t/v and where velocity of sound in the delay cell 7 delay interval in time and space of delay cell 13 due to the velocity of the acoustic wave and x direction of travel of the acoustic waves in delay cell 13.
Light wave 14 then impinges upon quartz wave plate 15 as shown in FIG. 1.
Quartz wave plate 15 may be constructed by depositing silicon dioxide through a mask onto a plate as illustrated in FIG. 3. The spacing between slots 21 is chosen to generate a desirable code when impulsed. The deposit, therefore, creates a coded relief of varying optical thickness with respect to the impinging beam from ultrasonic impulse 22.
As coded wave front 14 impinges upon coded wave plate 15, the varying optical path length of wave plate 15 changes the phase of light travelling out of the coded wave plate so that phase modulated wave front 14 emerges from the wave plate as a plane wave 16. This phenomena will occur only when a wave front impressed with a proper code impinges upon wave plate 15. If an improperly coded wave front impinges upon the wave plate, a plane wave will not result.
Plane wave front16 emerging from wave plate 15 is focused by a lens 17 through diffraction limited aperture l8 behind which a photodetector 19, such as a photocell, indicates the presence or absence of incident plane waves. It should be noted that only a plane wave can be focused to pass through this aperture, a wave front containing some modulation will not properly focus, and therefore will not be detected.
In operation, the small beam of Bragg diffracted light exits from delay cell 13 and scans across wave plate 15 as shown in FIG. 1 producing a time varying phase on the wave passing through condensor 17 to pin hole 18 and into photodetector 19.
An alternate embodiment as shown in FIG. 2 uses an aluminum reflector 15' with aluminum deposited through the mask shown in FIG. 3 to act as the wave plate. The spatial code on the wave plate causes each ray of impinging light to travel a different distance. Thus, the phase modulation impressed on wave front 14 is detected, and a plane wave front 16 emerges which is focused by lens 17 onto aperture 18 and photodetector 19. In the alternate embodiment, the small beam of Bragg diffracted light exits from delay cell 13 and scans across aluminum reflector 15'.
Consider first the case where no phase modulating signal g(r) is impressed upon ultrasonic transducer 11.
The small beam of light exiting from the wave plate 15 or reflecting off reflector 15 enters photodetector 19 via aperture 18 where it is mixed with incident light beam 10 containing optical frequency f,,. Photodetector 19 operates on the principle of square law detection to detect fi, and (f f,). The output of photodetector l9, '(t), is thus f modulated by the phase changes caused by the small beam scanning across wave plate 15 or aluminum reflector 15'.
Because the code is scanned backwards across wave plate 15 or aluminum reflector 15', the output of the photodetector 19 contains the pulse response of the matched filter in inverted time. The output signal of the photodetector (t) may be returned to transducer 11 at some future time, such as by a radar system which transmits the output signal '(t) and feeds the return from the target to transducer 11, so that the matching properties of the system for the generated signal may be examined.
As described above, the generated pulse entering transducer 11 will fill delay cell 13 completely producing a phase modulated wave front which will match the code placed on wave plate 15 or aluminum reflector 15.
The generated pulse also satisfies the Bragg relation and will yield a doppler shifted frequency f,, +f where f, frequency of the incident light; and
f change in frequency due to the doppler shift.
Wave front 16 and incident wave front 10 are combined by beam combining mirror 26. The two optical beams when mixed by photodetector 19, produce a wave having the phase code of the wave plate superposed on carrier frequency f The optical transfer function of wave plate 15, or aluminum reflector 15' may be denoted as f(x) where f(x) e and (x) is the phase modulating factor in x.
The diffracted beam resulting from impulse 22 will cause photodetector 19 to generate an output function represented by g(t) !(t) A0el[2flfll+(l)] where '('t)'is now the impulse response of the filter in reverse time.
A represents the amplitude of the output signal.
Whenever g(t) is returned to transducer 11 and fills the delay cell, an optical wave represented by =A t[21r(fi+fz)(1r.r)+d (r-z')l impinges onto wave plate 15 or aluminum reflector 15.
The wave exiting from wave plate 15 or reflecting off aluminum reflector 15' may be represented by This wave is integrated onto aperture 18 by condensor 17 where it is detected by photodetector 19. The light falling onto the photodetector may be rrpresented y where the integral is taken over the diameter of condensing lens 17.
The function (M1) is mixed with the reference wave of frequency 1;, and square law detected yielding an output function from photodetector l9 approximated by which represented the desired function.
If the carrier frequency f is envelope detected, a function of the form results.
It is well known that holographic techniques permit placing of a code such as the code impressed upon wave plate 15 upon a holographic plate. Thus, it is within the scope of this disclosure to detect phase modulated wave front, such as wave front 14, by the use of a hologram. It is also well known that holographic techniques permit superimposition of several different codes placed at various angles with respect to an incident beam of light. Thus, it is also within the scope of this disclosure to detect several different codes employing a plurality of photodetectors placed at the various angles as required by the hologram pattern.
What is claimed is:
l. A matched filter system for recognizing a coded pulse of a given character comprising:
a source of monochromatic spatially coherent ligh rays;
means for modulating said light rays in response to a first modulating signal;
means for modulating said light rays in response to a second modulating signal;
a wave plate to intercept the coded modulated wave;
means for combining the monochromatic spatially coherent light rays with the intercepted coded modulated wave; and a lens to focus the combined wave fronts onto a photodetector. 2. A matched filter system as described in claim 1 wherein:
said modulating means comprises an ultrasonic delay cell having first and second piezoelectric transducers; and the modulation is phase modulation. 3. A matched filter system as described in claim 2 wherein:
said delay cell is positioned so that said light rays impinge upon the delay cell at the Bragg Angle. 4. A matched filter system as described in claim 3 wherein:
said delay cell is positioned so that said light rays im pinge upon the delay cell at the angle 0, where 0 is satisfied by equation nk 20 Sin 0 where n the order of diffraction A wavelength of the monochromatic spatially coherent light source (I ultrasonic wavelength 6 angle of incidence of the monochromatic spatially coherent light to the direction of the ultrasonic velocity.
5. A matched filter system as described in claim 4 wherein:
a first modulating signal is applied to said first means for modulating said light rays;
an impulse is applied to said second means for modulating said light rays; so that the output of said photodetector effectively impulses the filter with a reversed time read out.
6. A matched filter system as described in claim 5 wherein:
the first modulating signal is the output of the photodetector.
7. A matched filter system as described in claim 5 wherein said wave plate consists of sodium dioxide deposited through a mask upon a quartz face to create a relief on the surface such that the phase delay due to the varying optical thickness will compensate the phase modulated code and produce a plane wave output.
8. A matched filter system as described in claim 5 wherein said wave plate consists of aluminum deposited through a mask upon an aluminum reflector to create a relief on the surface such that the phase delay due to the varying optical thickness will compensate the phase modulated code and produce a plane wave output.
9. A matched filter system as described in claim 5 wherein said wave plate consists of a hologram.
10. A matched filter system as described in claim 5 wherein said photodetector has an aperture comprised of a diffraction limited pin hole.
11. A matched filter system as described in claim 10 wherein the means for combining the monochromatic spatially coherent light rays with the detected coded modulated wave comprises:
a first semitransparent mirror to split the monochromatic spatially coherent light into two beams;
the first beam impinges upon the ultrasonic delay cell, and
the second beam impinges upon a first fully reflective mirror;
a second fully reflective mirror to reflect the second beam reflected from said first fully reflective mirror onto a second semitransparent mirror; and
a second semitransparent mirror to combine the second beam with the detected coded modulated wave
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 30, 1973
|Mar 9, 1976
|United Technologies Corporation
|Modulator for electrical signals processed in a laser-acoustic delay line
|Oct 21, 1983
|Apr 29, 1986
|Chevron Research Company
|Acoustically controlled frequency shifted cavity for electromagnetic radiation
|Mar 27, 1985
|Oct 13, 1987
|Grumman Aerospace Corporation
|Optical RF filtering system
|Oct 31, 1988
|Mar 6, 1990
|Grumman Aerospace Corporation
|Optical spread spectrum decoder
|Apr 6, 1989
|Apr 9, 1991
|Grumman Aerospace Corporation
|Multi-channel filter system
|Feb 7, 1989
|Jul 18, 2000
|Northrop Grumman Corporation
|Multi-channel receiver
|U.S. Classification
|250/216, 708/819, 359/311
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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10 Jul 2008 | News story
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A taskforce of whale and oil industry experts convened by IUCN have published a list of monitoring and mitigation measures aimed at minimising the impacts of a seismic survey off Sakhalin Island in eastern Russia scheduled for 2009. …
30 Jun 2008 | News story
Construct an oil pipeline next to gray whale feeding area? Think twice, warns independent panel of scientists
Members of the Western Gray Whale Advisory Panel, an independent scientific body convened by IUCN, have voiced their concern to Exxon Neftegaz Ltd. over plans to build an oil pipeline and an ice bridge across the Piltun Lagoon on the Sakhalin Island. The Lagoon is believed to be of crucial importance for the productivity of species on which western gray whales feed. …
07 May 2008 | News story
4th meeting of WGWAP to be held in Switzerland, 22-25 April 2008
The fourth meeting of the western gray whale advisory panel will be held at the Hotel Alpha-Palmiers in Lausanne, Switzerland between 22-25 April 2008. For further information on the meeting contact email@example.com …
22 Feb 2008 | News story
IUCN appoints new panel member
Following a request by IUCN for nominations, Dr David Weller has been appointed to the WGWAP after the resignation of Dr Tim Ragen. Dr Weller has a long association with the Panel and its predecessors and has a long history of working with western gray whales. We are delighted to welcome Dr Weller on board and look forward to his continued involvement. …
22 Feb 2008 | News story
Dr Tim Ragen to stand down from WGWAP
IUCN regrets to announce the resignation of Dr Tim Ragen from the WGWAP. Earlier this month, Dr Ragen announced that he will not be renewing his engagement for 2008. …
15 Jan 2008 | News story


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Skip to comments.What Remains of the Christians of the East (up to date map of churches)
Posted on 02/11/2014 3:38:32 AM PST by NYer
In the Arab countries they are fewer and fewer, driven to exodus by growing hostility. An up-to-date map of how many and who they are, three months before the pope's voyage to the Holy Land
by Sandro Magister
ROME, February 11, 2014 – Behind the scenes preparations are in full swing for the voyage of Pope Francis to the Holy Land, scheduled for May 24-26.
When half a century ago Pope VI went to Jerusalem - the first pope in history to do do so - almost all of the holy places of the city were within the boundaries of the kingdom of Jordan. And so was much of Judea and the valley of the Jordan. There were many Christians there, and in some places, like Bethlehem, they were in a clear majority. In the minds of many Catholics in the West - like the mayor of Florence Giorgio La Pira, now on his way toward the honors of the altar - there shone the utopia of a messianic peace near at hand that would make brothers of Christians, Jews, and Arabs.
Against this background and in this climate, the voyage of Paul VI was an event of great resonance. In the old city of Jerusalem the Arab crowd clasped the pope in a strenuous embrace, at times lifting him from the ground. And also at his return to Rome an interminable crowd flanked the pope as he reentered to the Vatican.
That climate no longer exists. The geopolitics of the Middle East has changed completely. There is no peace between Israelis and Palestinians. Lebanon has been ravaged by a civil war. Syria is on the point of collapse. Iraq is devastated. Egypt is exploding. Millions of refugees are fleeing from one region to another.
And Christians are feeling the bite most. Their exodus from Middle Eastern countries is incessant, not compensated for by the precarious immigration into rich countries of the Gulf by manual laborers coming from Asia.
Vatican secretary of state Pietro Parolin stated in this regard during his first wide-ranging interview after his appointment, in "Avvenire" of February 9:
"The situation of Christians in the Middle East is one of the great preoccupations of the Holy See, about which it is not cease to sensitize those who have political responsibilities, because peaceful coexistence in that region and in the whole world is at stake."
And he added, referring to the presence in the Middle East of Christians belonging to different confessions and implicitly to the meeting that Pope Francis will hold in Jerusalem with the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople, half a century after the embrace between Paul VI and Athenagoras:
"This is indeed an area of particular significance at the ecumenical level, since Christians are able to seek and find common ways to help their brothers in the faith who suffer in various parts of the world."
But how many Christians live in the Holy Land and the surrounding region, and who are they?
Overall they are between 10 and 13 million today, according to the estimates, out of a population of 550 million inhabitants. So roughly 2 percent.
The following is an up-to-date map, taken from issue no. 22 of 2013 of the magazine "Il Regno" of the Sacred Heart fathers of Bologna, written by an expert in the field.
by Giorgio Bernardelli
How many Christians are there in the Middle East? To how many Churches do they belong, and what are they like? In order to get our bearings, the reference point is made up of the patriarchates of Christianity in the first centuries, which in addition to Rome and Constantinople assigned a role of the first rank also to Antioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalem.
Looking at the numbers today, one cannot help but begin with the Christians of Egypt, the heirs of the patriarchate of Alexandria. And specifically with the Coptic Orthodox Church, led by Pope Tawadros II, responsible for more than 90 percent of the Christians in Egypt.
It is called Coptic Orthodox, but it must be clarified immediately that it has nothing to do with the Orthodoxy that is the daughter of the schism between Rome and Constantinople. The genesis of an autonomous Egyptian Church in fact sets down its roots in the refusal of the patriarch of Alexandria to participate in the Council of Chalcedon in 451, at the time of the theological disputes over the nature of Jesus.
The Copts are today the most numerous Christian community in the Middle East. But how many are there? In the last two census surveys of 1996 and 2006 the question about religious membership in Egypt was omitted from the questionnaires, following a guideline in this direction given by the United Nations. Only that this has fostered two parallel reckonings.
On one side there is that of the Coptic Orthodox Church, which based on its records maintains that Christians are 10 percent of the country's population, or between 8 and 9 million.
On the other side are the official statistics, which maintain that there are far fewer: in 2012 the government agency said that there were no more than 5,130,000 Christians. And also an independent source like the Pew Research Center in the United States estimates that there are only 4,290,000 Christians in Egypt, equal to 5.3 percent of the population. It is not to be taken for granted, however, that the official statistics are more accurate: one must take into account the fact that Egypt is not only Cairo and - above all for the most outlying districts - even the numbers on the overall population are highly dubious.
It must be added that the number of Egyptian Christians also includes the Coptic Catholic Church, which is Coptic in rite but in communion with Rome, headed by Patriarch Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak, which numbers about 160,000 faithful. And then there are the Egyptian Christians of evangelical origin, who are estimated at around 250,000.
If there are so many uncertainties about the Copts in Egypt, the matter can be no different when it comes to estimating the numbers of Egyptian Christians who have left the country in recent years.
What is certain is that the most substantial community of the diaspora is that of the United States, where the figure of 900,000 persons is circulated. There are also very large communities in Canada (about 200,000) and in Australia (75,000). As of a couple of years ago, the Coptic presence in European countries was smaller.
All of this, however, does not take into account those who have left the country in the past two years. On this the Washington Institute for Near East Policy has released an estimate that speaks of 100,000 Christians having fled from Egypt after the fall of Mubarak. A figure that is contested by the Coptic Orthodox Church, which speaks of just a few tens of thousands of persons, but it also has interests in containing the phenomenon.
These are the heirs of the patriarchate of Jerusalem, which in antiquity always remained within the orbit of Constantinople. But they are also one of the various strands born from the see of Antioch, the most beleaguered patriarchate in history.
It is partly for this reason that the Greek Orthodox in the Middle East still find themselves under the jurisdiction of two distinct patriarchates: that of Jerusalem - currently led by Patriarch Theophilos III - which numbers approximately 500,000 faithful and is the most numerous Christian community in Israel, Palestine, and Jordan; and the Greek Orthodox patriarchate of Antioch, which has its see in Damascus and for a few months has been headed by Patriarch Youhanna X Yazigi, the brother of one of the two bishops kidnapped in Aleppo.
It is estimated that this patriarchate is responsible for roughly 2 million faithful, in addition to Syria including the Orthodox communities of Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq, and above all the emigrants of the diaspora, present in very significant numbers in the United States, Latin America, Australia, and western Europe.
This diaspora began well before the tragedy that Syria is living through now, but the war is certainly accentuating it. If in the spring of 2011 it was estimated that there were more than 500,000 Greek Orthodox in Syria, today this number can only be flanked with many dramatic question marks. One eloquent figure is provided by Melkite patriarch Gregory III Laham, according to whom out of 1.5 million Syrian Christians at least 450,000 have had to leave their homes because of the war.
We just cited them along with the Greek Orthodox of the patriarchate of Alexandria, and not by accident. The Melkites were in fact born from a division within that community, which took place in 1724 when the patriarch of Constantinople did not recognize the election to the Greek Orthodox see of Antioch of Cyril VI, seen as being too close to the West. Five years later, he returned to full communion with Rome, preserving the Byzantine rite.
Like the Coptic Catholics, therefore, the Melkites as well are an Eastern-rite Catholic Church. According to the statistics of the Annuario Pontificio, they now number about 1.6 million faithful. Only 750,000 of these, however, still live in the Middle East, less than half; and it is striking to note that a number almost as large currently resides in Latin America.
In the Middle East the Melkites are present in different countries: in Syria there were about 235,000 (but as for their current number the same discussion applies as for the Syrian Greek Orthodox), in Lebanon almost 400,000, and smaller communities in Israel, Palestine, and Jordan. The Melkite patriarch also has his see in Damascus.
The Byzantine is however not the only face of Christianity born from the patriarchate of Antioch. Here as well, in fact, a first schism had already taken place at the time of the council of Chalcedon and the heirs of that community can still be found in the Syriac Orthodox Church. A Church of the greatest missionary tradition in the first millennium, witnessed to by the fact that there are still more than 5 million Syriac Orthodox living in India, compared to the million residing in the Middle East and the diaspora.
Another significant characteristic is the fact that this Church has kept as its liturgical language Aramaic, the language spoken by Jesus. Since 1980 the Syriac Church has been led by patriarch Mar Zakka I, who has his see at Saydnaya near Damascus but resides in Beirut.
There also exists a Syriac Catholic Church with a history parallel to that of the Melkites, even if their communion with Rome dates back a century earlier. There are currently 140,000 Syriac Catholics in the Middle East, most of them living in Syria and Iraq, led by Patriarch Ignatius III Younan.
Also in the line of the Syriac tradition are the Maronites, the Eastern-rite Catholic Church with the greatest number of faithful.
The Maronites are the majority Christian group in Lebanon. They are heirs of Syriac-rite communities that adhered to the council of Chalcedon in 451. In Lebanon, according to the data of the Annuario Pontificio, they are just under 1.6 million in a country of 4 million inhabitants. And this makes the country of the Cedars the one with the highest percentage of Christians, around 36 percent.
Here as well, however, it must be recalled that emigration hit hard, especially during the years of civil war. Today about half of the 3.5 million Maronites live far from the Middle East, with the most substantial group, more than 1.3 million, in Latin America.
The Maronite Church is led by Patriarch Bechara Rai, who today is the only patriarch who is also a cardinal. The Coptic Catholic Anthonios Naguib was a cardinal too, but he had to resign from the see of Alexandria for grave reasons of health.
Another thread of Syriac Christianity is that of the Assyrian Church, which today numbers 400,000 faithful between Iraq and the diaspora and is based in Chicago, where its patriarch, Mar Dinkha IV, also lives. From it come the Chaldeans, the majority group among Iraqi Christians.
The Chaldean is also an Eastern-rite Catholic Church, in communion with Rome since 1553. And it is the community that has suffered in its flesh the whole drama of the period following Saddam Hussein. Before the war there were at least a million Chaldeans in Iraq, but now there are only 300-400 thousand, mostly concentrated in the area of Iraqi Kurdistan. A frightening exodus that threatens to resume after in recent weeks - partly because of the combination of sectarian clashes in Baghdad and the war in Iraq - the number of attacks in the country is again on the rise.
The current situation has led Chaldean patriarch Raphael Sako to use very strong tones recently against the flight of Christians, coming to the point of accusing some Western countries of fomenting it through the granting of entrance visas for Iraqis.
Also historically significant for the Middle East is the presence of Christians of the Armenian tradition. In this case as well it is a matter of an ancient Eastern Church that did not adhere to the council of Chalcedon in 451.
In spite of having its spiritual center in Echmiadzin - in modern-day Armenia - the Armenian Apostolic Church has two important sees in the Middle East: the Catholicosate of Cilicia, which has jurisdiction over Lebanon and Syria and is led by Catholicos Aram I, and the Armenian patriarchate of Jerusalem, occupied by Patriarch Nourhan Manougian.
The largest community in numeric terms is in Lebanon, where there are about 150,000 Armenians. There were another 100,000 in Syria, mostly in the area of Aleppo and Deir ez-Zor, the final destination of the long forced marches of the persecution carried out by the Young Turks. Armenians are also the great majority of Iranian Christians (80-100 thousand).
In this case as well there is an Armenian-rite Church in communion with Rome: it is that headed by Armenian patriarch of Cilicia Nerses Bedros XIX, based in Beirut. This community numbers about 540,000 faithful in the world, fewer than 60,000 of whom however live in the Middle East today.
Where in this complex picture does the Latin-rite Church fit in, with its fulcrum in the patriarchate of Jerusalem headed by Fouad Twal? Its jurisdiction is over those communities of Israel, Palestine, and Jordan that blossomed over the centuries around the presence of religious orders of the Latin Church in the Middle East, Franciscans in the first place, but not only them.
It is a small community: apart from the new phenomenon of immigration, the Latin community currently numbers about 235,000 faithful in the whole region, just 7 percent of the Christians in communion with Rome.
It is the group that together with the Greek Orthodox and the Melkites has suffered the most on account of the exodus from the Holy Land. Today there are only 27,500 Latins in Israel, 18,000 in Palestine, 50,000 in Jordan.
Generally speaking the number of Christians in Palestine has been cut in half since 2000, dropping from 2 to 1 percent of the population. The data are most complex for Israel, where the central statistics office speaks of 158,000 Christians, stable at around 2 percent of the population; but this is a number with two sides to it, because while in Galilee the Christian community is growing according to the normal dynamics of a young population, in Jerusalem the Christians have remained just 6,000 in a city that now numbers 780,000 inhabitants, while there were more than twice as many in 1967, when Israel took control of all of Jerusalem and there were only 260,00 inhabitants in the city.
But the discussion of the Latins remains incomplete if one does not also address the issue of Christian immigrants who in recent years have come to the Middle East by the hundreds of thousands, driven by the new routes of the global labor market.
These are Filipinos, Indians, Thais, but also Romanians and Nigerians. In Israel the Filipinos alone are more than 50,000, or practically double the Arab Christians who attend the Latin-rite parishes.
This phenomenon becomes even more macroscopic if the view is expanded to the Arabian Peninsula, a land where until a few years ago Christians practically did not exist.
Thanks to immigration, today there are 1.2 million Christians in Saudi Arabia (4.4 percent of the population), 950,000 in the United Arab Emirates (12.6 percent), 240,000 in Kuwait (8.8 percent), 168,000 in Qatar (9.6 percent), 120,000 in Oman (4.3 percent), 88,000 in Bahrein (7 percent).
This is, however, a Christian presence that is structurally foreign, exposed to precariousness and, when it comes to the countries in the Gulf, subjected to heavy restrictions on its religious life.
It must finally be added that - although they are canonically under the jurisdiction of the Latin bishops of the two vicariates of Arabia - among the Christians of these countries there are also many Indians belonging to the Syro-Malabar and Syro-Malankara Catholic Churches.
The complete text of the article, in "Il Regno" 22/2013:
> Chiese antiche e fragili
Insightful look inside the ancient churches, ping!
Note that the author is afraid to even use the word Moslem.
"There are far more reasons for the Pope to call for a crusade against islam today than there was in 1095. "
As long as the crusaders don't first kill the Jews, "the infidel within," as did the last crusaders.
For sure. The Moslems need a total smack down.
The continuing genocide of Christians in the Middle East is the most under reported story in the world today.
Whaqt lasting harm would there be in the complete nuclear obliteration of Makkah, followed by the vaporizing of Qom and Karbalah?
Between 1095 and today, there is far less civilization left in us.
Good point. But we should not wait for the Pope's blessing, our Christian President can call for it! Oh, wait, what the hell am I talking about...
And who would be the crusaders? The K of C? The Knights of Malta? What sort of weapons would they use?
Ping to post 11.
Aren't some of those rites still current?
I hope you understand why Jews are nervous about crusades. Religious fervor has been known to make disasters for us, and it doesn't matter what religion - Muslim, Zoroastrianism, and yes, Christianity.
A civil society animated by the Pope to reject islam in their communities and schools, that shuns creeping sharia, that pressures our legislators to ban acceptance of a hostile ideology from our armed forces, that opposes mosques in their neighborhoods, that calls out Obama for conspiring with the muzzie B-hood, . . . . THAT DEFENDS WESTERN CIVILIZATION FROM MUZZIE BARBARISM.
So that makes me wonder why his language is so imprecise. From an "expert" it seems inexplicable.
ALL of them are current! These are the ancient churches of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. Each one was founded by an Apostle and continue to serve the Lord in the present day.
Numerous conflicts have occurred between Muslim and Christian nations, countries, groups, tribes and confessions throughout the history of mankind since 632 BC. In Lebanon, the two religions have shown that they are perfectly capable to live together in peace and harmony for many centuries if a well balanced power sharing system can be further promoted and maintained.
The Lebanese consensual system that brings together nineteen (19) different confessions who were destined to live together, has a Christian Maronite Head of State. When Pope John Paul II visited Lebanon, he stated: Lebanon is More Than a Country, Lebanon Is a Message (to the other countries)
There is no short and simple solution. Our crusade must begin and end with prayer.
I can't agree. I heard a guy on the radio say something that sounded like justice: "There are peaceful and warlike people. If people want peace, leave them in peace. If people want war, let them have it good and hard."
And I hope you know that I was being sarcastic about Obama defending Christians in the middle East. But to answer your serious question, I do know why Jews are nervous of help from anybody, but are we not talking about helping Christians here? We can do that without any Israeli involvement.
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