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Remarks by UNDP Resident Representative, Tony Lisle - Maldives 4th MDG Report, Closure WorkshopSep 12, 2013It is important for this MDGR to be utilized as a tool for advocacy and creating awareness on key developmental challenges facing the Maldives, especially in an opportune time when the country will be moving forward with the post 2015 developmental agenda and long-term development planning.
Remarks by UNDP Resident Representative, Tony Lisle Building Partnerships for Climate Change Adaptation ForumJun 27, 2013In increasing the resilience of the Maldivian tourism industry, each one of us has a role to play. Government agencies, NGOs, associations and the private sector, we all have to work together and share information so that we become better partners in our efforts to make the Maldivian tourism industry resilient to the effects of climate change. It is a challenging task before us, but I believe, with strong partnerships, we can make small but important incremental steps towards achieving a Maldives that is more resilient to climate change.
Remarks by UNDP Resident Representative, Tony Lisle - Launch of the Human Development Report 2013 in the MaldivesMay 12, 2013Maldives has achieved significant economic growth over the past decade, confirmed by its graduation to a Middle Income Country in January 2011. However, the country continues to face a number of risks and vulnerabilities, including effects of climate change and the global financial crisis. It is also experiencing democratic transition characterized by separation of powers, creation of independent bodies, the establishment of a legal grounding for a party political system, and rolling-out of decentralized governance.
Contact UNDP in MaldivesMedia Inquiries Phone: +960 3343272
firstname.lastname@example.com Fax: +960 3324501
- SAVING SEA TURTLES: WHY CARE? Sea turtles have existed for over 100 million years, yet they are struggling to survive today! Human activity - exploitation for its eggs, meat and shell, entanglement in fishing gear, and marine debris etc. - have placed them in grave danger. There are major ecological effects of sea turtle extinction. They help maintain the health of the sea grass beds and beach vegetation, which protects against loss of marine life and beach erosion. A threat to these ecosystems can make all life vulnerable. This is why initiatives such as the first Sea Turtle Protection & Awareness Festival in the #Maldives, held in #Laamu Atoll, is so promising. It helped reach more than 400 students from all over the atoll, and spread awareness around conserving this endangered and protected species. Shout out to festival organiser Six Senses Laamu, and host, the community of #Laamu #Maavah Island. This was an exciting opportunity for UNDP Maldives and the UNDP #LECReD programme, to provide hands-on support, along with other partners. Our LECReD programme will keep the momentum going, as we conduct a survey of natural resources in Laamu Atoll. The survey will determine the key iconic species that require special management strategies for conservation, among others. "The recent country-wide ban on catching of sea turtles, and collection of turtle eggs - which came to effect on April 1st of this year, is an example of concrete measures to protect sea turtles. Still, much more remains to be done. The Sea Turtle Festival has been a great step to raise community awareness, so that people can care enough to trigger meaningful change. Collective efforts are needed to ensure this magnificent creature continues to grace our world." – Shoko Noda, UNDP Resident Representative. Laamu Atoll Council Maldives Police Service DHIRAAGU Ocean Dimensions Maldivian Horizon Fisheries Maldives #KadhdhooAirportCompanyLimited #laamuseaturtlefestival Photos: UNDPMaldives/LECReD 2016. Sunday AT 08:11 AM
- Be a part of Miyaheli - the first Social Innovation Camp in the Maldives. Nehtha #SalhiHalleh? Visit and like Miyaheli for more info Sunday AT 06:00 AM
- "See more posts on"Facebook


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currencechik1's Mom Answers Activity
Kicking at 10 weeks?
Most recent answer (11/06/2015):
Ok this is my first child I'm 10weeks 1day along and I feel bubbly inside and when I press down on it it moves can anyone help me.posted by a BabyCenter Member
can anyone please tell me if it is normal to have upper bad pains at 10 wks preggo??
posted by currencechik1 11/03/2010

subset: commoncrawl


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Loudon County Schools will graduate college and career-ready students through rigorous and relevant learning opportunities.
Upcoming Events
- Wizard of Oz
School Announcements
Rocket Reporter 4.29.16
May 2nd-6th Teacher Appreciation Week
Celebrate May
May 2-6 Magnificent May
Monday: Wear Red - We were REaDy to test!
Tuesday: Wear Green We are green, mean, learning machines.
Wednesday: Wear Orange Orange you glad youre a Eaton Rocket.
Thursday: Wear Blue We BLUE this year away!
Friday: Wear Eaton school spirit t-shirt
Monday: Wear Red - We were REaDy to test!
Tuesday: Wear Green We are green, mean, learning machines.
Wednesday: Wear Orange Orange you glad youre a Eaton Rocket.
Thursday: Wear Blue We BLUE this year away!
Friday: Wear Eaton school spirit t-shirt
PTO: Teacher Appreciation Week
Teacher Appreciation Week is May 2-6
Please help us celebrate and show them how appreciative we are! Here are some suggestions for each day that weekfeel free to come up with your own. Lets dont forget about our Specials Teachers and other school staffthey are committed each and every day as well!
Most teachers and staff have completed a questionnaire of their favorite thingsweve posted them on our school website (http://www.eatonschool.org/). Let us know if you cant find someone youre looking for, and well try to get it!
Monday: Bring in a homemade thank you card, note or drawing for your teacher from student and/or parent.
Tuesday: Bring in your teachers favorite flower or one fresh from your garden.
Wednesday: Bring in your teachers favorite fruit.
Thursday: Bring in classroom supplies that your teacher can use.
Friday: Bring in your teachers favorite sweet treat.
You can also sign up for our PTO Teacher and Staff Appreciation Chillin & Grillin lunch that will be held in the Reading Garden on Friday May 13th at http://www.signupgenius.com/index.cfm?go=s.SignupLogin&urlid=10C0C4CA4A72DAAF94-teacher2 (access code is rockets)
If you have questions, please dont hesitate to contact me!
Thank you for your support!
Kim Chambers: email@example.com or 865.680.1766
PreK, Kindergarten, and Admin.
1st and 2nd grade
3rd and 4th grade
Special Area Teachers and paraprofessionals
Mark your calendars and get your tickets!
Field Day
PreK - 2nd grade ~ May 17th from 8:30-2:15
(PreK will finish field day at 11:00)
3rd and 4th grade ~ May 18th from 8:30-2:15
Walk of Fame
We will also be creating a Stepping Stones for each child with your help. Please send a special picture and message to firstname.lastname@example.com before May 11th to be included in our special Stepping Stones video. Please only send 1 picture per child and the personalized message must be less than 140 characters. On May 19th parents will line the walls in the cafeteria for this celebration. Beginning at 2:00 students will make their way through the halls of Eaton, into the NMS tunnel of graduation, and take one last parade through the cafeteria filled with family. We are extremely excited and proud of this graduating class. Please make plans to attend and support your child at this event.
Kindergarten Graduation
May 19th at 6:00 in North Middle Schools gymnasium


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Joint pain is not limited to runners and athletes. In fact, 28 million Americans experience joint pain. Did you know for every pound of weight you gain, you add 4 additional pounds of pressure to your knees and 6 additional pounds of pressure to your hips. No wonder so many Americans experience joint pain. Even though as we age, the protective cushioning deteriorates around our joints and increases the joint discomfort, joint pain is not restricted to seniors and/or athletes; it affects most everyone at some time. This cartilage between the bones can deteriorate for many reasons, therefore, causing reduced mobility and pain.
So now that we understand the problem, what is the solution? What is the ideal formula for optimal joint pain relief? This question needs to be answered because many of the anti-inflammatory prescriptions such as Vioxx have been recalled, and our health care is in chaos when it comes to prescription and medical coverage.
Can chondroitin offer joint pain relief, especially knee pain relief? Several studies have been done to analyze that exact notion and until recently the experts remained split. In fact, if you interviewed 100 runners, you would've heard a huge array of answers from, "it did nothing for me," to, "I can't live without it".
About 5-10 years ago, you wouldn't have even thought of buying a glucosamine supplement without chondroitin, but scientists have uncovered new information. The good news is that there is no down side to glucosamine: it's practically harmless. But chondroitin on the other hand does have a down side. New research has proven that glucosamine is not only more effective than its counterpart chondroitin, but also better absorbed without chondroitin. That's right...if you want the best joint pain relief then you need to use a supplement that has glucosamine without chondroitin.
It has also been proven that glucosamine combined with Boswellia extract can greatly increase joint pain relief and help rebuild the joints within a shorter amount of time than chondroitin and glucosamine combined. When choosing the right glucosamine supplement, it is essential to go with a large, time-tested company because there is little federal regulation on these supplements in the U.S. Many supplements are imported and the FDA is too overwhelmed to monitor everything. That is why the company's reputation and standards are so important. After starting a supplement regimen, remember to keep it up for 3-6 months to be able to see the full effects of improvement.
The optimal glucosamine supplement has been shown to increase mobility, flexibility, joint function by supporting long-term joint health. This supplement is best absorbed if the following nutrients are also present:
* Zinc
* Copper
* Manganese
* Vitamin C
* And of course, Boswellia extract.
Although numerous consumers have found relief in just 5 days with this patent-pending combination of ingredients, everyone's body responds differently. Typically, natural supplementation takes longer than prescription medicines. However, the side effects are quite often positive benefits, instead of negative effects. For instance, glucosamine with Boswellia extract is an excellent supplement that offers knee pain relief but is not limited to the knees: it helps alleviate all joint pains.
Quite often, when a company boasts of instant gratification, either they are lying or the side effects just aren't worth the risks so be patient and consistent. Whether you are dieting or treating a specific problem like knee pain or even heart disease, it always pays to be patient and consistent.
Barb Lulay, an Education Health Specialist, uses a phenomenal natural anti aging system that has helped thousands of people to not only regain their youthfulness but also to reduce their risk of cancer. Visit The Ultimate Guide to Anti Aging to learn more. To find top quality, paraben-free anti aging products plus effective anti aging supplements, simply visit the ultimate Anti Aging Products now.
5 Purposes Of Anti Aging And Grey Hair Treatments
Arthritis, Cancer, Heart Disease, And This Seemingly Unrelated Childhood Danger
Proper Use Of Cosmetic Surgery, Hollywood and Day to Day Style
Maintaining Natural Beauty And Fitness
Discover the New Face of Longevity: Unlock Level 12.0
4 Noticeable Areas on Career Opportunity in Aged Care
8 Questions about Anxiety Medications on which you need answers>> See All Articles On Anti-Aging


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Welsh Gravity Enduro – Trail Centres A-go-go!
An enduro series with a difference from the makers of Mini Downhill
Andes Pacifico Montenbaik Enduro – Day One Photo Gallery
Famed for its technical riding and unique anti-grip 'cowboy trails', the first multi-day enduro of the year takes place in Chile
Midweek Mini Movies 234
Here's this week's helping of visual distraction to help you keep the stoke alive
Borderline / PMBA Enduro Series 2015 entry goes live today
We're proud to be supporting the PMBA Enduro Series for a second year in 2015; and entries go live today at midday.
POC Scottish Enduro Series Ladies and Videos 2015
Are you a lady? Are you an enduroist (especially one who's handy with a camera)? Read on…
2015 – Time Check For Superenduro
Has the decision of British Cycling to not support enduro as a race format started to have repercussions for other national series?
Vallelujah! 50 more places go live tomorrow at 9am
50 extra places for the Tweed Valley's newest enduro 'Vallelujah'
State of the Enduro Nation: Chris Ball replies
After chatting to racers at the Finale Enduro World Series we thought we'd get Chris Ball's thoughts on where it's all heading
Commencal's Meta SX keeps 26 alive
But will the prospect of a neon pink bike make 650b look like a good idea?


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"We have seen 74 sites and 11,000 trees treated in 21 counties in recent years through the continued cooperative effort among our bureaus of forestry, state parks and others," Allan said.DCNR is partnering with the USDA Forest Service, The Nature Conservancy and other interested organizations to develop an Eastern hemlock management plan for northwestern Pennsylvania. In addition, its Bureau of Forestry is drafting a hemlock conservation plan for Pennsylvania.
Insect Threat To Hemlock Trees Discovered In Western Pa. State Parks
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Ted Loza Remaining Politically Active
LL was poking around campaign finance records and noticed this tiny gem of limited interest: Ted Loza isn't going to let a federal trial on corruption charges get in his way of civic engagement.
Loza donated $25 to Mayor Vince Gray's campaign two days before the Democratic primary. Loza also donated $50 to Chairman Kwame Brown's campaign, with one $25 payment right before the primary, and one after.
Loza, you may recall, was arrested in September 2009 on charges of corruption that included allegedly taking $1,500 in bribes. The prosecutor's indictment has Loza saying "You know I need it. That's why I take it, you know," when accepting an envelope full of cash from a taxicab lobbyist.
Court records show that Loza's appointed legal team will be paid by the Office of the Federal Public Defender.
Couple of issues here to ponder: Should someone getting taxpayer-funded legal help really be spending money on political campaigns? And should elected leaders accept money from a guy charged with taking bribes in order to influence city legislation?
And for the record, Loza did not donate to his former boss, Ward 1 Councilmember Jim Graham.
Photo by Darrow Montgomery.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jan 4, 1972
|Filing date
|Dec 19, 1969
|Priority date
|Dec 19, 1969
|Publication number
|Thomas Edmond J, Unrue John E Jr
|Original Assignee
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (19), Classifications (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[72] Inventors Edmond J. Thomas Mntnwnn, N..ll.; .Iohn 1E. IJm-ne, .Ir., Westmont, I11.
[211 App]. No. 006,407
[22] Filed Ilee. 119, 1969 [45] Patented Jan. I, 1972 [73] Assignee Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Murray Hill, NJ.
[54] METHOD I OR IMPROVING 'II-IE SIET'IIJING TIME OI" A 'IRANSVIERSAI, I IILTER ADAPTIVE 111C110 CANCIELIJEM 7 Claims, 1 Drawing Fig.
[5 1 Int. Cl 111M111 3/22 [50] I ieldl oI Search 179/1 70.2
[5 6] Welierences Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,465,106 9/1969 Nagata et a1 179/170.2
PERMANENT MEMORY SIGN NETWORK ERROR CONTROL DIFF SIGN NETWORK Primary Examiner-Kathleen Claffy Assistant ExaminerWilliam A. Helvestine Attorneys-R. J. Guenther and E. W. Adams, Jr.
AES'IRACT: The method disclosed accomplishes a reduction in the initial distance" between the tap gain vector, of a transversal filter adaptive echo canceller, and its optimum value. Tap gain magnitudes, related to the statistical distribu' tion of echo path impulse response envelopes, are stored. The gains associated with each tap component are initially set to zero and adaptation then proceeds for a period of time sufficient to determine the polarity of each tap component. The determined polarities of each tap component are respectively assigned to the stored tap gain magnitudes and the tap components are set in accordance with the same. Convergence thence proceeds naturally from this new setting of the gain vector.
SIGN NETWORK METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE SETTLING TIME OF A TRANSVERSAL FILTER ADAPTIVE ECHO CANCELLEIR BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the cancellation of echoes in communication circuits and more particularly to a method for improving the setting time of an adaptive echo canceller.
Echoes occur in telephone or communication circuits when electrical signals meet imperfectly matched impedance junctions and are partially reflected back to the talker. Because such signals require a finite travel time, this reflected energy, or echo, is heard some time after the speech is transmitted. As distances increase, the echo takes longer to reach the talker and becomes more and more annoying. An attempt is therefore generally made to control these reflections with voiceoperated devices, known as echo suppressors. Conventional echo suppressors combat echo generated at hybrid junctions in long-distance communication circuits by interrupting the outgoing, or return, path according to some decision based upon the relative levels of the incoming and outgoing signals. Since an interruption of the return signal path also interrupts the outgoing signal circuit, the use of such suppressors, particularly in extremely long circuits, causes much talker confusion. In effect, such echo suppressors introduce chopping of the outgoing signal during periods of double-talking, i.e., during periods when the two speakers are talking simultaneously. It is apparent therefore that cancellation of echoes in the return signal path without an interruption of the path itself is desirable for satisfactory communications in circuits of extended length.
A novel solution to this problem is set forth in the article An Adaptive Echo Canceller by M. M. Sondhi, The Bell System Technical Journal of March 1967, Vol. 46, No. 3, pages 497-51 1. Briefly, a replica of the echo is developed by synthesizing an approximation to the echo transmission path. The replica signal is then subtracted from the return signal. Such a system, which is aptly described as an echo cancellerto distinguish it from conventional echo suppressors, is characterized by a closed-loop error-control circuit. It is self-adapting in that it automatically tracks variations in the echo path which may arise during a conversation, for example, as additional circuits are connected or disconnected.
A problem associated with the use of a transversal filter adaptive echo canceller is the length of time required for adaptation. At the beginning of a conversation the echo canceller makes use of the first speech signals to adjust its simulation network to match that of the echo path. During this period of time, called settling time, uncancelled echo is returned to the talker. It is desirable that the settling time be short in order to reduce adverse subjective reaction.
As will be more evident hereinafter, an adaptive echo canceller has a characteristic rate of adaptation which is determined by a particular parameter in the adaptation control network. The chosen rate provides a compromise between two annoying effects. A fast rate of adaptation results in the echo canceller being adversely influenced by noise or speech from the second party of the conversation during periods of doubletalking. A slow rate results in long settling time.
The settling time not only depends on the rate of adaptation, but also on the distance between the initial and op- 'timum states of the echo canceller. It should be intuitively clear that if this distance can be reduced a shorter settling time will result from the same rate of adaptation, and a better compromise between the two etfects mentioned above can be achieved.
Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to improve, i.e., decrease, the settling time of an adaptive echo canceller without affecting the suppression achieved.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The above object is attained in accordance with the invention by a method which accomplishes a reduction in the initial distance between the tap gain vector, of an adaptive echo canceller, and the optimum value thereof. This, in turn, reduces the aforementioned settling time for a given characteristic rate of adaptation. To this end, tap gain magnitudes, related to a predetermined parameter (e.g., arithmetic mean or average) of the statistical distribution of echo path impulse response envelopes, are first stored. The proper polarity of each tap component of the tap gain vector is then found by initially setting all of the tap components to zero and allowing convergence to take place naturally for a predetermined short period of time. The polarities of each component determined during this period of natural convergence are then respectively assigned to the statistically determined stored magnitudes and the tap gain components are set in accordance with the same. Convergence is then permitted to proceed undisturbed (i.e., natu rally) from this new setting of the gain vector.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The single FIGURE is a detailed schematic block diagram of a transversal filter adaptive echo canceller, as modified in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now to the drawing, a single transmission terminal is shown for interconnecting a single two-way circuit 11 with two one-way circuits l2 and 13. Local circuit 11 typically is a conventional two-wire telephone circuit connecting a subscriber to circuits 12 and 13 by way of hybrid network I4. The impedance of local circuit 11 is matched insofar as possible by balancing network 15 associated with hybrid l4. Ideally, all incoming signals received from circuit 112 are delivered by way of isolating amplifier 16 and hybrid 14 to local circuit 11. None of this energy should be transferred to outgoing circuit 13. Similarly, all of the energy reaching hybrid 14 from local circuit 111 should be delivered to the outgoing circuit 13. Unfortunately, the balancing network 15 generally provides only a partial match to the two-wire circuit so that a portion of the incoming signal (from circuit 12) reaches the outgoing circuit 13. In the absence of adequate suppression or cancellation of this signal component, or echo, the signal accompanies outgoing signals which originated in circuit 11 and are delivered over the outgoing circuit 13 to a remote station or terminal. Upon reaching the distant station this signal, which originated there in the first place, is perceived as an echo. Accordingly, echo suppression or cancellation apparatus is typically employed to eliminate the return signal.
The other apparatus shown in block diagram form in the drawing comprises a transversal filter adaptive echo canceller for cancelling the return signal, or echo, without interrupting the outgoing circuit. In a manner analogous to that described in the aforementioned M. M. Sondhi article and also in the copending application of J. L. Kelly, Jr. and B. F. Logan, Ser. No. 591,382, filed Oct. 31, 1966, now US. Pat. No. 3,500,000, incoming signals in circuit 12 are passed through a synthesized network to produce, at the: output of summing amplifier 17, a replica of the echo signal. The replica signal is algebraically subtracted from the signals outgoing in circuit 13 through the action of the difference network 18. Signals leaving network 18, therefore, are devoid of echo components. These signals are then transmitted to the remote station.
The transversal filter adaptive echo canceller shown in the drawing is the same as that of the aforementioned Sondhi article, but modified in accordance with the invention so as to improve (i.e decrease) the settling time thereof. The additional equipment required to implement the method of the present invention is shown in heavy outline.
A brief description of the basic echo canceller at this point is appropriate. A more detailed, rigorous explanation of the same is set forth in the Sondhi article and the Kelly-Logan application. Accordingly, disregarding for the moment the additional apparatus required to implement the present invention, the incoming signals on circuit 12 are delivered to a transversal filter which includes a tapped delay line 21 having delay elements 21-1 through 2l-N. Delay line 21 is suitably terminated by resistor 20. Each delay element of the delay line imparts a delay of 1' seconds equal to the Nyquist interval of H28 where B is the bandwidth of circuit 12 in Hertz. In a typical example in practice, each element of the delay line imparts a l/lO-millisecond delay (1') to an applied signal. Thus, exact replicas of the signal in circuit 12 are repeatedly available at l/ l O-millisecond intervals.
Individual signals produced at the taps of the delay line are adjusted in gain by means of multiplier networks 22-0 through 22-N through which they are directed, and are combined in the summing network 17. Multiplier networks 22 and multiplier networks 24 (to be discussed hereinafter) are so named because circuits known in the analog computer art as fourquadrant linear multipliers are used to implement these networks. Functionally, however, each of the multiplier networks 22 can be thought of as providing a changeable amount of gain (including both positive and negative gain and gain less then unity) between its respective output tap on delay line 21 and a corresponding input to summing network 17, the amount of gain presented by each of the multiplier networks 22 being directly proportional to the polarity and magnitude of a signal provided by its respective one of the integrator networks 23. Accordingly, multiplier networks 22 are also referred to hereinafter as gain control networks 22. The resultant composite signal from the output of summing network 17 is supplied to one input of difference network 18, the other input of which is supplied with signals outgoing via circuit 13. Difference network 18 effectively supplies the algebraic difference and delivers a reduced echo signal at its output.
The signals incoming on circuit 12 are speech signals characterized by erratic signal levels interspersed with silent intervals. Similarly, the signals in outgoing circuit 13 comprise a combination of locally generated signals, which vary considerably in magnitude and which are characterized by frequent silent intervals, together with delayed and attenuated replicas of the signal incoming on circuit 12, i.e., echo components. For this and other reasons, the characteristics of the transversal network must be automatically adjusted to assure that the signal developed by summing network 17 closely approximates only the echo component appearing in outgoing circuit 13.
In order to cope with changing conditions, a closed error loop technique is employed. Thus, an initial replica signal produced by summing network 17 is subtracted via difference network 18 from the composite output signal in circuit 13. The resultant signal thus represents the locally generated output signal plus any residue echo-i.e., that portion of the echo signal not removed through the subtraction process. This composite signal constitutes an error component which is processed by error signal control 19 and delivered, via an amplifier 29 having a positive feedback gain constant K, in parallel to multiplier networks 24-0 through 24N. However, the error signal is not by itself suitable for indicating the necessary adjustment of the respective gain control networks 22 to obtain full correction. Accordingly, the incoming signals which appear in variously delayed versions at the junctions of delay elements 21 are mixed by multiplication with the error components in multiplier network 244) through 24N, and the resultant signal is averaged in integrating networks 23 to produce a signal whose polarity and magnitude indicate the appropriate correction for each gain control network. Thus, if the error signal indicates a substantial remanent of the echo in the outgoing transmission line, the gain control networks 22 are individually adjusted to pass a greater portion of the incoming signal on circuit 12. Hence, the composite signal developed by network 17 and removed from the outgoing signal in network 18 tends to remove the disparity and reduce the magnitude of the error signal.
Following the adjustment outlined above, it may well be that an overshoot has occurred, i.e., the replica signal subtracted from the outgoing signal was too great. This is immediately sensed by the error signal control 19 and the gain control networks 22 are readjusted to close the gap. It has been found in practice that convergence toward essentially maximum echo removal can be achieved in a moderate time interval by thus adjusting the gain coefficients for each tap signal of the transversal filter in accordance with the integral of the product of the error signal and the signal appearing at the several taps of the transversal filter delay.
An input signal, x(t), gives rise to an echo signal, y(l). in the outgoing transmission circuit 13. The input, x(!), is also transformed by the echo canceller into a signal y,,(!). which is subtracted from y(!) in the difference network H3. The objective is that the resulting difference, e(r), should eventually become small, i.e., that t T,, where e(t) depends on the suppression desired. The time required to accomplish this, T, is called the settling time.
Within the echo canceller x(t) is delayed by multiples of a fixed time, 1', thereby generating a sequence of functions l={x,(t)=x(tir); i=0, 1,..., N}. Each of these functions, x,, is multiplied by a factor, g,-, and summed to form y (t), i.e.,
y..( )=go 0+g1 i+---+g- The pertinent vector quantities can be defined as follows:
g lgo i glvl and From the above it will be apparent that Now let the impulse response of the echo network be denoted by h(t) and define the vector h =l'h(i7'); i=0, 1, N. For the normal case, it is known that For equation (1) to hold for all x(t) it is necessary and sufficient that the distance li Q||, be bounded by a number related to e(t), i.e.,
Now the control network is such that equation (2) will be met and the settling time, T,,, decreased as the loop gain factor K increases. Itis also intuitively clear that T, decreases as the initial distance ||fiQ||,=n decreases. If it is assumed that initially Q=Q there would be an average initial distance de pending on the ensemble of possible echo paths. For this socalled average or typical echo path, and for typical input functions x(t), there is a characteristic settling time depending only on the adaption control network. This characteristic settling time can be increased by increasing the parameter K in the control network. Unfortunately increasing K, to obtain a faster rate of adaptation, leads to the difficulties heretofore noted.
In the foregoing analysis it was assumed that y(t) consisted of only the echo of x( t). In practice there will, of course, also be a noise component. When the subscriber within the echo network is talking his speech is equivalent to noise; thus the noise component can b quite large. The noise will tend to make the echo canceller diverge from equation (2). The rate of divergence also increases as the parameter K increases. In order to prevent excessive divergence K should be small, while to prevent an excessively long characteristic settling time K should be large. Clearly the value of K must be a compromise. Once it is chosen other means must be sought for improving settling time.
It should be apparent at this point that if the initial distance HEQH U could be reduced, the settling time would also be reduced. in fact, if H was known exactly a priori one could initially set Q Il and the settling time would be zero. This is not possible, of course, since 11 is different for each and every connection. The components of 11 are, however, proportional to the time samples of the echo path impulse response.
Now a statistical distribution of a plurality of echo path impulse response envelopes can be obtained in accordance with techniques known in the art; the most obvious of the latter being a conventional empirical approach. That is, a large number of connections can be tested and their echo impulse responses measured. As might be expected, these response envelopes are more-or-less similar in shape but vary in magnitude. From a statistical distribution of the echo path impulse response envelopes so obtained, a select statistical parameter (e.g., arithmetic mean or average) can be arrived at. If this average envelope, for example, is then used for the initial setting of Q, a reduction in H Q would result, at least for those connections where the actual envelope is larger than the average envelope; that is, for half of the connections. Unfortunately, the proper polarity of each component of cannot be known in advance. However, if the proper polarity could be determined in addition to the magnitude statistically arrived at, then H I1- G H to could be reduced and the settling time improved. This, in essence, is what is accomplished in accordance with the invention.
Thus, in accordance with the method of the present invention, tap gain magnitudes, related to a predetermined parameter (e.g., arithmetic mean or average) of the statistical distribution of a large number of echo path impulse response envelopes, are first stored, i.e., store g0, 81 gr 8N, where g,-' 0. The gains of the taps of the transversal filter and then initially set equal to zero,
8r(0)=0; i=0, i, 2,...,N. The adaptation process is next allowed to proceed for a period of time, t,,, sufficient to determine the proper polarity of each tap gain g, with a good degree of accuracy. The polarities thus determined are assigned to the stored magnitudes (g,') and the values of the filter tap gains are set to these new values, i.e.,
gr( p*)=gr g [stun] Thereafter, adaptation is allowed to proceed undisturbed (i.e., naturally from this point of time.
In a typical embodiment of the invention the stored statistical parameter comprises the arithmetic rnean or average of echo path impulse response envelopes (i.e., g '=[rF(i1-)]. However, in particular instances another of the known statistical parameters (e.g., median, weighted average, etc.) of the statistical echo path response envelopes may preferably be so stored.
The value of the time 1,, is not critical. It should of course be short enough to speed up the settling time, but long enough so that polarities are correct. For the typical speech signals encountered, a time t on the order of 100 milliseconds is satisfactory.
The equipment necessary to implement the method of the invention is shown in heavy outline in the drawing. The tap gain magnitudes (g g g g are stored in the permanent memory storage device 30. For an analog arrangement the storage device 30 may comprise a simple resistance network having a plurality of taps from which the predetermined magnitudes g, are derived. A speech detector 31 is connected to circuit 12 for the purpose of detecting the presence of speech signals in said circuit. When the incoming speech exceeds a predetermined threshold level the detector 31 enables clock 32 and initiates a timing operation therein. At the start of this timing period a clear signal is derived from clock 32 and the same is delivered via lead 42, to integrators 23 to clear or set the tap components of the tap gain vector to zero. if the integrators 23 are of a conventional capacitive storage type, this set or clear operation can be readily accomplished by completing a discharge path across the integrator capacitors to thereby discharge the same to zero. The adaptation process then proceeds normally. The outputs of the integrators 23-0 through 23-N are respectively connected to the sign networks 334) through 33-N. The clock 32 is preset to deliver, via lead 44, a time out signal at the end of the determined period t,,. The signal on lead 44 is coupled to each sign network 33, which in response thereto serves to assign the instantaneous polarities of the respective integrator outputs to the stored magnitudes g, and then set the gain components (g g g in accordance with the same. For example, at the end of the time period t the signal on lead 44 closes a switch in sign network 33-0. This switch thus couples the present output of integrator 23-0 to a multiplier circuit, in sign network 33-0, via an infinite clipper. The other input to the latter multiplier circuit is the value g stored in memory 30. The multiplier thus assigns the polarity of the integrator 23-0 output to the stored value g The integrator 23-0 is then set in accordance with this multiplier output.
It will be apparent to those in the art that the above-recited implementation is only by way of example and there are numerous other, rather obvious circuit arrangements wherein the desired functions may be carried out. Moreover, as is known, various digital implementations of the basic adaptive echo canceller have been proposed. And, it should be obvious, that the method of the invention could be readily implemented in digital form. Accordingly, :it must be stressed that the present invention in no way necessitates any specific apparatus and numerous circuits can be devised by those skilled in the art for accomplishing the same.
As has been noted in the aforementioned Sondhi article, a tapped delay line type transversal filter is not essential to an adaptive echo canceller system. That is, Laguerre networks, for example, can be substituted for the delay networks 21-0 through 21-N to achieve satisfactory simulation of the echo path. This is discussed in greater detail in the copending appli cation of M. M. Sondhi, Ser. No. 590,583, filed Oct. 31, 1966, now Pat. No. 3,499,999. In fact, as should be apparent to those in the art, the delay units or networks of delay line 21 can be replaced by any other known networks which form a complete basis set-cg, such as an exponential series.
As understood by those skilled in the art, a complete basis set comprises a system of functions (t)} such that all members of the space can be represented by a weighted linear combination of the members of {gb (t)}, see the textbook Theory of Functions of a Real Variable by I. P. Natanson, Frederick Ungar Publishing Company (1955 page 181. Complete basis sets have been extensively treated in the mathematical and technical literature; see, by way of further example, Mathematics of Physics and Modern Engineering by Sokolnikoff et al., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., (1958), page 203. Such modifications of the basic echo canceller, moreover, have no affect on the principles of the present invention and the same may be utilized by any adaptive echo canceller re gardless of the configuration of the complete basis set utilized therein.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for improving the settling time of an adaptive echo canceller having a tap gain vector of N tap components comprising the steps of storing N tap gain magnitudes related to a statistically determined average echo path impulse response envelope, initially setting the gains of said tap components equal to zero, determining the polarity of each tap component after a predetermined period of natural convergence, assigning the determined polarities to the stored tap gain magnitudes and setting the gains of said tap components to these new values, and allowing adaptation to thence proceed undistributed.
2. A method for decreasing the settling time of an adaptive echo canceller having a plurality of filter networks that comprise a complete basis set and a tap gain vector of N tap gain components comprising the steps of storing N sample tap gain magnitudes that are related to a predetermined parameter of the statistical distribution of a plurality of echo path impulse response envelopes, initially setting the gains of said tap components equal to zero in response to a speech signal input to the echo canceller, determining the polarity of each tap component after a predetermined period of adaptation, assigning the determined polarities to said stored N samples of tap gain magnitudes, setting the respective gains of said tap gain components in accordance with said assigned gain magnitudes, and converging thence toward maximum echo cancellation.
3. The method for decreasing settling time as defined in claim 2 wherein said predetermined parameter comprises the arithmetic mean of said echo path impulse response envelopes.
4. The method for decreasing settling time as defined in claim 3 wherein convergence proceeds naturally after the setting of the gains of said tap gain components.
5. The method for decreasing settling time as defined in claim 4 wherein said polarity is determined after a period of natural adaptation on the order of 100 milliseconds.
6. In an adaptive echo canceller which includes a plurality of distinct networks that comprise a complete basis set, a plurality of N network taps, and means for individually adjusting the gains of signals derived from said taps so that a tap gain vector of N tap components is derived which provides maximum echo cancellation, said adaptive echo canceller being characterized by means for storing N sample tap gain magnitudes which are related to a predetermined parameter of the statistical distribution of a plurality of echo path impulse response envelopes, means for initially setting said tap gain adjusting means to zero gain in response to a speech signal input to the echo canceller, means for determining the polarity of each of the signals derived from said taps after a predetermined period of time, means for assigning the detennined polarities to said stored N samples of tap gain magnitudes, and means for setting the respective gains of said tap gain adjusting means to the assigned tap gain magnitudes, convergence thence proceeding undisturbed from the latter settings of the tap gain adjusting means.
7. In an adaptive echo canceller as defined in claim 6 wherein the plurality of distinct networks comprise series-connected delay units to thus define a transversal filter type echo canceller, said predetermined parameter of the statistical distribution comprising the average of the echo path impulse response envelopes.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 8, 1965
|Sep 2, 1969
|Nippon Electric Co
|Echo suppressor for long-distance communication network
|Oct 31, 1966
|Mar 10, 1970
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Closed loop adaptive echo canceller using generalized filter networks
|Oct 31, 1966
|Mar 10, 1970
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Self-adaptive echo canceller
|Dec 8, 1967
|Apr 21, 1970
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Adaptive echo canceller with an output filter
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 16, 1970
|May 8, 1973
|Postmaster Department Res Labo
|Self adaptive filter and control circuit therefor
|Nov 5, 1971
|May 22, 1973
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Method for improving the settling time of a transversal filter adaptive echo canceller
|Apr 24, 1972
|Jan 29, 1974
|Communications Satellite Corp
|Echo canceller with variable threshold
|Dec 3, 1971
|Sep 17, 1974
|Communications Satellite Corp
|Adaptive echo canceller with multi-increment gain coefficient corrections
|Aug 9, 1973
|Nov 25, 1975
|Siemens Ag
|Echo canceller
|Mar 10, 1980
|Jun 1, 1982
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Automatic gain control circuit for an adaptive filter
|Jul 16, 1982
|Nov 19, 1985
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Digital filtering with monitored settling time
|Aug 18, 1983
|Jun 10, 1986
|At&T Information Systems Inc. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
|Fast start-up of adaptive echo canceler or echo measurement device
|Jul 18, 1983
|Nov 4, 1986
|Scipione Fred J
|Communications interface for duplex transmission and reception of data and other signals over telephone lines
|Oct 9, 1984
|Apr 25, 1989
|Willi Studer, Ag.
|Method and apparatus for converting an input scanning sequence into an output scanning sequence
|Nov 16, 1987
|Aug 29, 1989
|Alcatel N.V.
|Adjustable echo canceller
|Apr 3, 1989
|Nov 13, 1990
|Universal Data Systems, Inc.
|Modem with improved remote echo location and cancellation
|Nov 7, 1989
|Nov 26, 1991
|Mts Systems Corporation
|Phased digital filtering in multichannel environment
|Apr 28, 1994
|Nov 28, 1995
|Analog Devices, Inc.
|Interpolation filter with reduced set of filter coefficients
|Jun 7, 1995
|Jun 10, 1997
|Analog Devices, Inc.
|Digitally controlled oscillator for a phase-locked loop providing a residue signal for use in continuously variable interpolation and decimation filters
|Jun 5, 1997
|Oct 6, 1998
|Ford Global Technologies, Inc.
|Method and system for adaptive fuel delivery feedforward control
|May 13, 1998
|Oct 5, 1999
|The Hoover Company
|Hard bag door with air directing arrangement
|Aug 19, 1974
|Mar 27, 1975
|Nippon Telegraph & Telephone
|Digitales multiplex-echounterdrueckungssystem
|Sep 28, 1990
|Apr 3, 1991
|Fujitsu Limited
|Adaptive digital filter including low-pass filter
|U.S. Classification
|379/406.8, 708/819
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Characterized by a simple contemporary look.
We investigate why and how the retro-futuristic sneaker made its stronghold out east.
The most huggable pair of sneakers we've seen so far.
Never has a swarm looked so captivating.
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UNDERCOVER revives its most memorable pieces from its archive for its 25th anniversary.
The icon shares his thoughts at Tokyo's Kosaten pop-up.
A simple two-tone variation.
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Featuring quintessential graphic T-shirts.


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It's that time of year again. Property taxes are due by Oct. 10 to avoid late penalties.
The Sharp County Collectors Office will have extended hours on Oct. 10, from 6:30 a.m. to 6 p.m.
"We understand people work and things come up during the day," Charlotte Ratliff, Sharp County Collector, said.
"For faster service, I suggest people bring their tax bill in with their payment," Ratliff said. She said she expects the office to be very busy and when customers present their tax bill with their payment, it makes it easier for the office to process the payment.
Ratliff said there is a 10 percent penalty charge assessed on personal property after the Oct. 10 deadline and so she highly recommends trying to pay on time.


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Anthrax's Frank Bello Talks About His Last Moment With Metallica's Cliff Burton
Before Cliff Burton's demise, he had developed a strong friendship with Anthrax bassist Frank Bello.
Before Cliff Burton's demise, he had developed a strong friendship with Anthrax bassist Frank Bello.
Anthrax have been having some fun, with members recently visiting the 'Game of Thrones' set and hanging out backstage at a show with Lady Gaga.
Limp Bizkit invited members of Anthrax onstage with them in Hamburg, Germany to perform the classic Anthrax song 'Bring the Noise.'
Scott Ian talks about Guns N' Roses, the progress of Anthrax's next album and wife Pearl Aday even shares some news on their newest endeavor.
At the 2014 Copenhell Festival in Denmark, Caggiano joined his former bandmates onstage to close out Anthrax's set with a performance of 'Antisocial.'
Anthrax drummer Charlie Benante reveals that he's sitting out a portion of the band's European tour to continue his recovery from surgery.
Anthrax will tide over fans waiting for their next album with the 'Chile On Hell' concert DVD.
Welcome to another edition of 'Wikipedia: Fact or Fiction?' Our weekly series rolls on with a new episode featuring legendary Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian!


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These steps have their benefits depending on your availability and budget. Notably, one of these ways favor the time and cost efficiency —-pre-built website from a website builder seemed to be the best approach. There's no labor-intensive coding&design, you can create simple and complex website easily and normally they offer all-in-one affordable support and package.
Of course, you still need to do the basics of building a website which you can easily learn from this short video:
After watching this video, you might start now your planning and if you've laid out everything, you'll see that it's very straight forward. You can make building a website project and have a personal timeline to complete your website.]]>
Use email templates that can be read easily on any electronic device – These are called responsive email templates, and it's important to use them because people are reading more and more emails on their smartphones. These make it easy for readers to read emails no matter what size their phone or tablet is.
Get to the point – People don't like to read long emails, so you need to use subject lines that are short and concise – briefly tell the user why they should open the email. You also need to use headlines that grab people's attention and explain the benefits quickly. Pictures and videos are a great way to do this.
Provide value – Give people a reason why they should subscribe to your email list – you can use reasons such as exclusive offers, unique information or events, or receiving information on discounts before non-subscribers do. You can also provide value with market information, educational tidbits or things that improve your customers' lives.
Tie it all together – Email is just one part of your marketing plan, it should not be the only part of your marketing plan. If you have a YouTube channel, you may want to embed a video in your newsletter or the campaign you're sending out. If you're trying to increase your likes on Facebook, provide an incentive within your email for people to like your page.
Avoid spam filters – companies like Gmail and Yahoo are always fine-tuning their spam filters, so it's important that you avoid words that will cause your emails to be sent there. These words include "sale," "free," "rich," and "deal," and any email that has a subject line in all caps. Also make sure your email doesn't sound like a brochure, and limit the number of links you put in it.
These are just a few simple adjustments you can make to your email marketing strategy. Learn from other professionals and be sure to keep experimenting and trying new ways to facilitate better email marketing campaigns.]]>
For web app owners out there, security is therefore an utmost concern. This is especiallly true now that most web apps are being used as platforms for multiple uses such as social media, entertainment and most especially online gaming, check for vipclubcasino for its promising security.
How do we address this? Here are a handful of simple tips:
Whether your website is WordPress-powered or a full-blown web application platform, it is very important that every piece of software you run is updated. CMS provides like WordPress and Joomla and framework organizations such as Code Igniter and Bootstrap have dedicated teams that work to patch any and all system vulnerabilities identified, so make sure you make the most out of their effort.
Nowadays, Web Application Firewalls have evolved from being only available as hardware appliances to being security-as-a-service applications, making them very affordable and attainable in the process. Just as anyone would lock their house doors when leaving, so should you when exposing your beloved web app to the world.
HTTPS or Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure, is a secure communications protocol that is used to transfer sensitive information between a website and a web server. Taking advantage of the protocol, which uses an additional Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption layer, basically makes all incoming and outgoing data extra secure from any hacking attempt.
This one seems a bit obvious, but then again, a lot of us are very guilty of using a comfortable set of passwords in most of the applications we use. Brute force attacks that try guessing username-password combos have multiplied at alarming rates over the last couple of years with thousands of attacks being detected on a daily basis across the web. An easy fix: ensure your password is a combination of alphanumeric characters, symbols, upper and lower case characters and is at least 12 characters long.]]>
However, there are many resources available on the net in which people share their best practices about web development and web design for free. As an owner of a website, you can benefit from them as well.
The majority of online entrepreneurs are already introduced to Google AdSense. However, not everyone considers it the best option. Examine the ad networks and choose the one that best suits your needs. It isn't easy to make money with advertisements, especially when you have insufficient traffic. Be aware of your options and make the right choice.
The content management system WordPress currently powers 24 percent of the entire net, and because of that, it is quite ahead of the rest of the more prominent other website platforms like Joomla and Drupal by a wide margin.
Every website owner should be comfortable working with WordPress and take the time he needs to brush up on his skills by reading tutorials such as those available at WPbeginner. The site is a great source of information on everything WordPress and will make your life easier when you decide to power up your site with this particular CMS or has already done so.
The concept of SEO is a difficult one to understand and even more complex to navigate through. The rules of the game often change when Google introduces new updates to its algorithm and it does happen often as one Montreal SEO company knows too well.
However, there is no need to panic as there are a lot of good SEO resources available too. One such is the Beginner's Guide to SEO, which examines how the search engines work in detail and provides guidance on keywords research, SEO-friendly design, links and much more.
Some consider coding the most frustrating and hardest web development skill to learn. However, thanks to a number of resources available on places like GitHub, you can find a large number of useful code snippets you can add to your site or even WordPress plugins that extend the functionality and usefulness of your blog.
The web is visually oriented and this has even greater weight today. It also asks for the use of engaging images on websites. This directly impacts both the user experience and the conversion rates.
Online resources such as Canva or professional applications like Photoshop will help you in your effort to create great graphics.
It is important to keep track on the resources that optimize, streamline and automate your work as websites require constant attention to be effective and achieve their goals.
Given such importance, the selection of an email marketing provider is one of the more important decisions any website owner or IT manager should make. A number of providers are currently available, with offerings that seem to be generally similar to each other except from price, ease of use, and level of customization available. Here we take a look at three of the dominant email marketing providers: MailChimp, Aweber and GetResponse and see which among them will be best suited for your needs.
First up is MailChimp, arguably one of the most popular email marketing services out there today. Out of the box, MailChimp offers a free tier for up to 2,000 subscribers and 12,000 emails a month. It has over 300 email templates to choose from, has built-in A/B split testing, and time-based and action-based autoresponders (although you would have to pay for the latter).
MailChimp also offers Send Time optimization, which basically means the service will work out the best time to send your emails. Migration from other services is also a tad easier with MailChimp, because uploading subscribers is allowed without them having to opt in again.
Unfortunately though, MailChimp is less intuitive than other providers. Topics such as making money online, working from home, and affiliate marketing are not allowed. The service's support staff is also not that easy to reach.
Next is Aweber, another popular service especially among internet marketers. Most reviews regarding the service rave about how it is very straightforward to use, with a very responsive and accommodating live chat support. Time-based auto responders are also available, as well as A/B testing, 600 email templates, and deliver attachments in emails. A single account may also be used for multiple lists across multiple sites.
However, Aweber does not come with a free account option to try out the service, although the first month may be had for as low as $1. Aweber is also quite expensive especially when you are just starting out, although the prices start to even out once you have more subscribers already. Moving between lists also require opting in again, and during billing, people who have not confirmed their subscription and people in multiple lists are counted as individual subscribers. Lastly, Aweber seem to have lesser features compared to other services in its category.
The last email marketing service we look at here is GetResponse. A long time personal favorite of mine, GetResponse, just like Aweber, is very intuitive to use. Their support team is available 24/7 for any concerns regarding the service, and from my experience is very capable and helpful in addressing any issues or inquiries.
Time-based and action-based autoresponders are available out of the box, as well as single account support for multiple lists across multiple sites. Similar to Aweber and MailChimp, A/B split testing is also available in GetResponse.
An easy to use email creator is also available for use by both novice and experienced marketers, with over 500 email templates to choose from. As an added bonus, GetResponse comes with access to over 1,000 stock images from iStock, a welcome addition especially for me since I always like adding images to my emails for added flair. Changing from another service is also a breeze with the capability to upload subscribers without the need to opt in again. A mobile app for both iOS and Android is also available, which means you can manage your email campaigns anytime, anywhere.
Okay, so given the above advantages and disadvantages of MailChimp, Aweber and GetResponse, which one should you get? Personally, I believe everything just boils down to your needs and your budget. Set your preferred email marketing provider budget, list the must have and nice to have features you are looking for, and do a side-by-side comparison. All three mentioned here offer free to very minimal starting costs anyway, so you shouldn't really go wrong in choosing one or the other.
But if I would have to choose one to recommend, I'd be sticking to GetResponse. Of course I would be biased because I have been using their service for a while. But maybe the exact same reason would be enough to justify my choice: I have been using their service for a while, hence they should be doing something really great to warrant my loyalty. Then again, it will be up to you to find out for sure.]]>
Software developers are aware of this need from the business community and over the last couple of decades the innovation that has come from the tech sector is truly astounding. Here we explore some of the most popular pieces of software for the smaller business and find out how each can help them reach the Holy Grail – higher profits.
Database software allows a company to keep track of any number of things that would have otherwise been stored in banks of filing cabinets, or not recorded at all. Things such as relationships with clients, employee records and other such archives can all be stored on database software.
As they are so versatile there are numerous different options available. Deciding which one works best for your business will be a matter of personal choice as some may be far too complex for your needs. Thankfully, the Internet is awash with reviews so your search shouldn't be too tiresome.
The Human Resources departments of old used to be full of staff manually entering things such as payroll, holiday entitlement and training schedules onto paper-based records. Not any more. Nowadays, businesses can use an online HR software suite to address record their data.
Employees are now able to update their own personal data and some systems even allow staff to book their own holidays without the need to run it past their line managers. This cuts costs and improves productivity, as well as instilling a degree of trust with the employee.
Finding and monitoring leads is essential to businesses both big and small. Gone are the days when decent tracking software was the sole preserve of the larger corporations, however. Now all business owners can follow the progress of sales leads with ease thanks to a whole host of sales management software solutions.
Many software solutions will integrate with each other to give you an all-round way of dealing with your accounting, sales, marketing and invoicing needs, freeing you up to concentrate on the business of running your company.
One piece of software that is vital to anyone who needs to organise others is a project management tool. Programs such as Basecamp allow you to keep everyone connected, regardless of where they may be.
Compare this to the old way of working on a project and the benefits become clear. No more needing to meet face to face, no more lost documents and no more excuses. Projects get done faster and more accurately thanks to project management software.
By making use of the technology available, small businesses can improve productivity and lower their costs considerably. Furthermore, using software allows staff members to concentrate on more important aspects of their jobs, freeing them to push forward and be the employees that you hired them to be.]]>
Not necessarily.
There's actually a lot more to it than that, and if your business is to have any kind of success online, then both your design and your content have to be pretty well optimized to attract visitors, draw them in, and ultimately convince them to take action, whether that be buying your products or services, signing up for a newsletter, or simply requesting more information.
In the case of the design, many of us don't have too much to worry about these days. With online website builders and Content Management Systems like WordPress all coming complete with a range of professionally-designed templates, it's probably harder to create a badly designed than a good one.
Yet when it comes to our content, we're still often left to our own devices. As such, it's much easier to make mistakes, and those mistakes could well end up costing us both traffic and revenue.
With that in mind then, here's the four most common mistakes people make with their website content, and how you can avoid them.
Adding new content to your website on a regular basis can work wonders in enhancing your SEO and driving that site further up the search results, making it a smart move if you're relying on a steady stream of new visitors to make your online enterprise a success.
It's not all that difficult to do, either. Platforms WordPress make managing, editing and adding content to our sites a piece of cake, and with many of the web's best website hosting companies helping us to install those platforms at the click of a button, it only takes a minute to set up.
Though this may come as somewhat of a blow to the ego, it's worth pointing out that most visitors to your website aren't really interested in you, or how great you are. What they're really interested in themselves, and how the products or services you're promoting can benefit them.
When we create our content, it's all too easy to fall into the trap of bigging up our own experience, accomplishments and accolades, believing -with all the best of intentions- that customers are going to be impressed and want to buy from us on the strength of that alone.
Yet if you can't explain how that award you won recently makes your business a better choice than your competitors, you may find it harder to make that all important sale.
So, you've just written the most awesome piece of sales copy ever committed to the screen. You've explained precisely why your visitors should ignore the competition and buy from you, but they're still not biting. Is there something you're forgetting.
Probably. Have you actually asked those visitors to do anything? If you want them to buy that product, encourage them to do so. If you want them to contact you for a quote, point them in the direction of your contact form and invite them to get in touch.
For each page that you include on your website, you should have one clear goal in mind, whether that's to make a sale, generate a newsletter subscription, or anything else. Think about what you want to achieve with that particular page and stick to that alone.
Start asking too much of your customers all at once, and they'll either become so confused that they ultimately won't do anything at all, or at the very least, take action on something that wasn't really a priority for you.
Let's say, for example, that your goal with a web page is to make a sale, but just to be on the safe side you invite customers to sign up the newsletter, follow you on Facebook, or even read another page. Having read your sparkling copy, a reader signs up to your newsletter. Great, that's one result, but it's not really the kind of result you were looking for, is it?
To sum up, here's the four key things you need to be doing with your website content:
In short, responsive design makes your website look good on every device, from smartphones to smart TVs. To give you a better understanding of what responsive WordPress themes are capable of, we've compiled a list of key features and advantages. A WordPress (WP) theme that has built-in responsive design can:
While the features of each responsive design theme will vary, the above points should give you a basic idea of what the term itself means and how it can benefit your site. However, keep in mind that all themes are not created equal, which is why it is imperative to only deal with a top responsive WP design company, whether you're having your current theme converted into a responsive design theme or you're looking for an entirely new custom solution.
Nowadays people access the internet from a broad range of devices and browsers, with each user having a different field of view and aspect ratio. You've probably seen the "mobile versions" of websites that are condensed to look great while scrolling on a smartphone. Responsive themes are capable of adapting to not only mobile devices, they can also detect and cater to aspect ratio's resolutions, and screen sizes, regardless of whether the visitor is accessing the site via a laptop, tablet, smart TV, or any other kind of device. Thus, responsive themes are by far the most flexible and robust of the three.
The vast majority of internet users access the web via a combination of smartphones, desktops, laptops, and other devices like smart watches, smart TVs, PDAs, etc. While mobile internet use now exceeds desktop use (which makes a mobile version a bare necessity), as the "internet of everything" and "mobile first, cloud first" mentalities promoted by Microsoft, Google and other internet giants continue to progress into actual "things," the importance of having your site look great on every device has never been more paramount.
This year there are a number of new wearables (including virtual reality devices) hitting the market, and Windows 10 is expected to incorporate responsive design features, which will make it a universal operating system that can run on everything from the newest Xbox console to a smartwatch. As consumers continue to broaden the array of devices they use to access the web, catering to that diverse usage is the only way to ensure that your site is continually bringing in optimal traffic and conversion levels.]]>
Of course, that many websites come with so many security risks as well. Various predators, cyber criminals & syndicates, bullies and even corrupt enterprises will all try to take advantage of the internet that is so easily accessible to anyone, anywhere.
MIT's Information Systems & Technology site identifies identity theft, phising & scams as examples of common forms of web-related risks.
Identity theft is when theives try to use the information that you share online to drain your bank account, ruin your credit rating, or send malicious information to other people. Phising, on the other hand, is a common trick employed by hackers on websites that are pretending to be legitimate, with PayPal & eBay being two of the most common targets. Lastly, scams are very popular on social networking sites and usually entail fooling users into buying or opting into something that they do not really want or need.
Needless to say, online security is very much a big deal, for consumers and website owners & administrators alike. For the former, it is important that we be always on the defensive, anticipating that somewhere, someone is waiting for you to be careless with your computer, mobile phone, or in browsing the internet. For the latter, it is also always be on the defensive and expect that some hacker hundreds of kilometers away is waiting for the opportunity to break your website and wreck havoc into your servers and users.
Good thing that security companies such as Norton Antivirus provides cost effective services and products that enables both consumers and website owners to protect themselves against malicious attacks. Companies like Casino.com which offers online gaming services ensures its investment on these security products. The nature of this type of online business makes security breaches very critical and be consider as the core for its client's confidence.
The company's Norton Security software, its bread and butter, provides solid antivirus protection for all your devices. It guards against viruses, spyware, malware and other online attacks from ever reaching you, while at the same time also avoids unsafe websites & suspicious downloads.
Norton ConnectSafe, on the other hand, complements Norton Security by securing your network against unsafe or undesirable websites. It works in the background, it requires zero software installations, promises zero slow downs for your computer or network, and is free for home use.
Norton Identity Safe is also a free application from Norton, and it securely manages all your passwords for you. It eliminates the need for users to list paswords in notepads, pieces of paper, or your mobile phone. With password management this easy, you'll never need to use a single password for all your online accounts. Something that even I am guilty of.
Lastly, Norton also offers Norton Safe Web. It is a new reputation service from Symantec. The company's servers analyze websites to see how they will affect you and your computer. Using the Norton Toolbar installed on your PC or by directly visiting their website, it lets you know how safe a particular website might be before viewing it.
Of course, there are a number of other security companies out there that offers similar solutions as the one enumerated above. Some will be paid, although most will also be free just like what Norton is currently offering. What we suggest is for you to try out different services that are available and see what you think will be most beneficial to you and your needs.
Beyond calling in a favour from a friend or paying the computer-whiz down the street to take care of it, you've essentially got two main options here, pay a sizeable amount of money to a professional, or go it alone.
Which one's better? It's all a case of what you're looking to achieve whilst actually creating your website, and when it's all said and done, there's pluses and minuses to be found whichever route you decide to take.
If you're still weighing up whether to hire in outside help or to do it yourself here's a few things you might want to consider.
When it comes to the crunch, nine times out of ten, budget is the key deciding factor in whether to outsource or fly solo. Pay a professional web designer, and you're looking at investing hundreds into your new site.
Build your own, and your budget will rarely, if ever, run beyond the tens. Depending on exactly what you need, it may be possible to create and publish your website without spending a penny thanks to many of the online website building tools available online.
Though cost is important, it's sometimes worth shelling out the extra funds, especially when it comes to saving you time. Hire somebody to do the job, and you're looking at a fairly minimal time investment, usually stretching to nothing more than a few meetings, telephone calls or emails with your designer to ensure everything's on course and that you're getting exactly what you need.
Take the DIY approach, and you'll spend a whole lot longer on your website, doing everything from creating the initial design to importing your content and making the whole things runs smoothly.
Using website builders such as Wix or Weebly, it's possible to build your own great looking website without knowing a single line of HTML code. There's a lot of additional tools on hand too, helping you to incorporate things such as eCommerce functions, blogs or photo galleries into your site with just a few clicks of a mouse.
If the site you're planning to build is fairly straight forward, such platforms provide everything you could need.
For more complex projects, like those requiring databases or tricky development procedures, you're going to have knuckle down and learn a lot of seemingly complicated tools and techniques before your site is complete with the kind of functionality you were hoping for.
In that instance, it's often much easier to give the job to someone who knows what they're doing. Not only will this save you countless hours at the keyboard -not to mention plenty of headaches- but it also reduces the risk of something going wrong.
Even when given the clearest brief in the world, it's not unheard of for professional designers to come up with an end product that's pretty far off the mark in terms of what you were looking for. It's at this stage that you and your designer start going back and forth on a more regular basis.
It's bad enough that this starts eating away at your valuable time, but if you're working with a professional who charges for revisions, you're adding costs to what is already likely to be a fairly big invoice.
Build your own website, and you don't have to try and explain your vision to anybody else. You have a clear idea in mind of what you want, and can make it happen however you please.
So, which is better? Building your own website or paying a professional.
If you have a small budget but enough time on your hands and want complete control when designing a basic website that looks and functions exactly as you imagined, we'd suggest going it alone.
If your cashflow is bigger than the hours you have to spare on putting together complex websites requiring a lot of intense development work, take the outsourcing route.]]>


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Vintage Kenner / Re: Rebel Transport« on: June 13, 2005, 11:35 AM »
I just scored my first one, loose, from ebay last year. It was in great shape and it cost under $20 shipped. I love it. Why can't they make modern toys like this?
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I agree, it's just that the phrase "in my little world" translates to "expanded universe." It's not in the movie, so it's not canon. Neyo's troops didn't have standard clone helmets in the movie, and therefore, the Target clone is expanded universe.
It wasn't the lightsaber duels that caused me concern for my son -- it was seeing the dead Jedi younglings strewn about, and more so, the crispy Anakin scenes. I think PG-13 was appropriate.
Personally I think Vader is just lost in a darkside funk for twenty years.


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text:
Skip to comments.New tax for broadband customers?
Posted on 07/02/2005 1:25:00 AM PDT by newzjunkey
Many broadband customers will pay new universal service taxes akin to those on their telephone bills if Congress bows to suggestions from rural legislators...
The USF currently collects a fixed percentage of revenues from long-distance, wireless, pay phone and telephone companies so that it can pass on subsidies to low-income customers, high-cost areas, and rural health care providers, schools and libraries. Most companies come up with their share, set for this quarter at 10.2 percent, by charging their customers a fee.
The USF should continue to be "industry funded," but the base of contributors should be expanded to "all providers of two-way communications, regardless of technology used, to ensure competitive neutrality," a bipartisan coalition of rural legislators said in a June 28 letter to the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee, which will be drafting the rewrites. That means companies providing broadband services such as VoIP over telephone wires would also have to pay into the fund...
"If our residents are to be competitive in today's fast-paced, technology-driven global marketplace, our communities will require affordable high-speed, high-capacity access to data and information over the Internet," Rep. John Peterson, R-Penn., co-chairman of the Congressional Rural Caucus, said... "If the private sector is either unwilling or unable to provide that service at an affordable price, we'll find a way to provide it for ourselves."
The wireless industry applauded the proposed change "since wireless consumers are significant and disproportionate payers into the universal service and intercarrier compensation systems," Steve Largent, CEO of CTIA - The Wireless Association, said in a statement...
The Universal Service Fund in recent years has faced allegations of waste, fraud and abuse. The FCC announced in June a formal inquiry into its management.
(Excerpt) Read more at news.com.com ...
Do we really need these fees, taxes and subsidies?
Does anyone know about this "Rural Caucus" leanings? I never heard of them before and this proposal seems to be flying a bit under the radar.
The House is debating the Telecommunications Act of 1996 which spawned the so-called Universal Service Fund (USF). The USF is under the FCC's control. Sixty-two House members signed the letter, supposedly in a bipartisan fashion.
Still paying for the Spanish-American War....
Anyone who can see the southern sky CAN get broadband now by satellite. No need to suck on the taxpayer tit for this.
You can only milk the goat so much before you yank the teat right off.
They'd likely go after satellite as well.
Isn't all internet access and ISP service taxed already?
And, hasn't it occured to these nippleheads that raising taxes cuts revenue (Remember cigarette taxes?)?
From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. - Marx
I'm considering soon taking a three or four month internet vacation, and unplugging my broadband at home and work. This helps the decision a little, based on principle alone.
FCC's strategic goal for Broadband
Does the FCC Require That Phone Companies Recover Their Universal Service Contributions From Their Customers?
The FCC does not require companies to recover their contributions directly from their customers. Each company makes a business decision about whether and how to assess customers to recover Universal Service costs.
Although it is not mandatory that companies charge a Universal Service fee to help recover their contributions to the fund, most do. Companies that choose to collect Universal Service fees from their customers cannot collect an amount that exceeds their contribution to the Universal Service Fund.
Congressional Rural Caucus
And Hillary.
Hmmmm. . . can I grow my own ISP?
This is horse crap. Anyone ever tell this guy about DirecWay, or some other satellite internet system? At any rate, his constituents' choice of homestead should not infringe upon my pocketbook. I live in the city. I don't get the benefits of living in a rural community. Can I dip into the pockets of the rural citizens to buy some "night sounds of the wilderness" CDs?
Destroy the USF. This tax needs to go.
I do admit though, I bet there isn't 150 DSL lines in my 2800 county. Not much room for profit. The cable company bills you for how many megabits you recieve, what a crock.
I'm getting to that point also.
Ah, wielding government legitimacy through extortion and theft.
One of these days people are going to wake up to the fact that there is no advantage to working your ass off to become part of the middle class and pay taxes.
Sit back and let the government take care of everything.
Then what.
( darn it's only 6:15 AM, I should be really pi$$ed by 8)
Then you are French.
They'll go after satellite broadband as well. Satellite TV is not taxed in many states, but the cable companies have been lobbying Congress to have satellite TV taxed. Some states have bowed to pressure and have begun taxing satellite TV, all because cable feels threatened by competition. That's the only reason why cable companies have been going this route.
The power to tax is the power to destroy.
Under the 1996 Act, all Americans are to have access to the benefits of the information superhighway - schools, libraries, hospitals and clinics. I also found that it may be other principles that, consistent with the 1996 Act, are necessary to protect the "public interest" are to be decided by the FCC.
You're confusing the USF with E-Rate, which was the subsidy used to wire disadvantaged areas to the internet, largely in rural areas by small local phone companies. By "wiring disadvantaged areas to the internet", that included wiring schools and community colleges to the internet and providing an "on ramp" for home users, whether they were accessing by dialup or xDSL. It's all smoke and mirrors. Not everyone could get broadband, and many were limited to one provider (usually the locally owned phone company) like myself.
It's a lie. So-called "natioanl providers" have largely concentrated on urban areas, where they can reap the most. If Wildblue is anything like Starband, I'll be pretty irate, and end up eating the $299 install fee. So far, I haven't seen any demonstration site for Wildblue around these parts. Having been to a Starband demonstration, I wasn't at all impressed. My 56k dialup was much faster.
I don't see why its a good idea for urban Americans subsidize those in rural areas. Things like cheap broadband and communication bandwith in general, is an added reason for people to move to the cities. By forcing urbanites to subsidize rural people, we are causing a missallocation of resources.
Of course the broadband tax may only be a few dollars a month, so it by itself doesn't mean much. But I've seen this type of thinking in quite a few areas, and it does start to add up. Anotehr example is electricity where it is much cheaper to bring electricity to metropolitan Americans, but they end up paying the same flat rate as rural Americans anyway.
If everything is equalized anyway, there is no reason to even try to make things cost effective.
Not possible, I insist on bathing once a week whether I need it or not.
Absolutely. The first handful of customers already on Wildblue will be disappointed when the 4mb/sec pipe is scaled back and more customers sign on.
Exactly they chose to live in a rural area. One of the disadvantages of a rural area, is services are a lot more expensive to deliver. But there are advantages.
Maybe the rural person wouldn't mind financing urban Americans travel expenses to nice scenic parks and wilderness fun?
Not really. Satellite Internet delays don't work too well for internet phone or vpn.
It's cheaper in a large city because the provider doesn't have to trench a single wire dozens of miles to one single person's home. Fiber is ridiculously expensive, which is why you don't see a huge movement to start laying down fiber to every home or business in this country. They could do it, but the providers would still end up passing the "savings" onto the customer.
Yep same with electricity. A lot cheaper to hook up a huge apartment building with a ton of residents, then digging trenches between a bunch of homes. Or putting power lines up, then maintaining them.
There is also economies of scale going on. Where you can have maintenance crews and server technicians with a constant workflow, and little travel time. And specialized equipment in addition.
If it wasn't for our major cities being liberal meccas, stopping growth and doing crazed socialist engineering, I think many more people would move towards the major centers, as the cost of living would be so much cheaper.
The Chinese with their super dense cities are throwing in broadband like crazy right now.
One of these days people are going to wake up to the fact that there is no advantage to working your ass off to become part of the middle class and pay taxes.
Sit back and let the government take care of everything.
Then what.
Then you go back to taxing the richest 1% uh, I mean 2%.
One day you won't even be able to make it to the middle class by working your ass off.
"Anyone who can see the southern sky CAN get broadband now by satellite."
Yes...I use Direcway. It's a great service...just don't expect too much whenever it rains.
So we have to subsidize farmers' kids surfing porn and downloading illegal songs, software and movies? Wonderful.
Of course, funded by the government no less. My local telephone company is my local internet provider and they've been providing ADSL to the cities they serve for years now. Broadband for what it's worth hasn't given me any incentive to move into town. The phone company and electric company know me personally, and if I have a gripe with either one, they're right on top of it the moment I speak up. I can't say that about the internet provider. The tech support is a couple of incompetant rubes. I've actually solved more customer problems than they have. It's how I make a living.
Thanks for the information. Good post.
Here's an idea:
Let companies decide where they will provide service, and let people decide where they will live!
Why spoil freedom with governments forcibly taking money from some people to give to others?
Should we transfer some of the peace and quiet enjoyed by the rural folks to the cities, just to make THAT fair, too?
Here's an idea:
Let companies decide where they will provide service, and let people decide where they will live!
Why spoil freedom with governments forcibly taking money from some people to give to others?
Should we transfer some of the peace and quiet enjoyed by the rural folks to the cities, just to make THAT fair, too?
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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|What was Glen Sather thinking?
Page 2 staff
What the heck was coach and GM Glen Sather thinking when he blamed Rangers' fans exuberant booing for the team's failure to make the NHL playoffs for the sixth straight year?
A. "As for the first five years, that was because of poor song selection by the PA guy."
B. "In order to avoid this next year, we're gonna beef up our fan base by getting the most expensive, injury-prone booers money can buy."
C. "Ya know, you just can't please a bunch of people paying outrageous ticket prices to watch an overpriced team underachieve and refuse to build."
D. "I should rip you all new 5-holes!"
E. "Knicks fans handle constant losses and poor management with a lot more grace."
F. "Seriously, our players are so brittle that booing like that could cause an injury."


text:
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Mercanti Fiorentini Square Toe Slip-On
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Item # 300774
Immense style embodies this Square Toe slip-on from Mercanti Fiorentini! Perfect for day to night wear, this versatile shoe has a handsome leather upper and is made in Italy.
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Sorry, this item sold. You may also like:
This listing is for all the buttons shown in the photo's. They are ceramic flesh tone buttons and you will receive a total of 200 buttons. They are all the same size as shown in the ruler measurement in the fourth and fifth photo. All are two hole sew thru buttons. They are clean buttons just a bit dusty.
Any questions, please feel free to ask.
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Vintage Ceramic Buttons Flesh Tone in Color
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- Material: ceramic
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1 Review
One of my favourites! My wife and I don't have subtle palates, so we tend to use more garlic and sweet chilli sauce than the recipe suggests, but otherwise I use it as written and it's delicious. I've used it for everything from a weekday supper to a Mexican-themed dinner party. It's quite a wet recipe, so you'll definitely need something to soak up the liquid: I make it with rice. I haven't tried the crusty bread suggestion.


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David's Bar & Grill
Oakland, TN
I can't be the first person to rateclubs this place am I? Anyhow - went here Friday night for some late night liver killing action. The crew at... (more)Rated
by Eddie L.
Rockin R Saloon
Saint Robert, MO
I had the pleasure of checking our your club a while back.(during a Habitat for Humanity benefit)I enjoyed the entire experience! The service, the... (more)Rated
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i visited tonight with some friends and was treated to a raunchy, blazing blues set by aunt tizzy's boyz. the setting was intimate, the crowd was... (more)Rated
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Went here around midnight on a Saturday. We had originally went to Sway across the street. Just as they were lifting the velvet rope to let us in,... (more)Rated
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What can I say other than it's you're typical "trick club", I mean strip club featuring college girls and some career dancers trying to get the most... (more)Rated
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4.01 out of 10 (what is this?)
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Victoria Kelly - Fort Pierce, FL Get Full Report
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|Episode Info
Episode number: 4x21
Production Number: 121
Airdate: Tuesday February 01st, 1966
Director: Georg Fenady
Writer: Richard Wendley
Sal Mineo
As Vinnick
Tom Skerritt
As Burke
Rick Jason
As Lt. Gil Hanley
Pierre Jalbert
As PFC Paul "Caje" LeMay
Jack Hogan
As Pvt. William G. Kirby
Conlan Carter
As PFC "Doc" (Platoon Medic)
As Pvt. Littlejohn