text:
- 102Promote
Wall Clock
Leaves From Paradise IIby Pom Graphic Design
Available in natural wood, black or white frames, our 10" diameter unique Wall Clocks feature a high-impact plexiglass crystal face and a backside hook for easy hanging. Choose black or white hands to match your wall clock frame and art design choice. Clock sits 1.75" deep and requires 1 AA battery (not included).
this is gorgepous pam love the blues
so lovely xx
Lovely indeed.
Magnifique ♥
this is pretty :)
Loving the colors in this design! :)
Cool!, circles to stripes! awesome :P
!! ✯ love it ✯ !!
Thank you so much ingz, cats, Michael, Alexandra, Magdalla, Nika, Natasha, Anchobee, Fimbis, Rich and DEF29 for all your beautiful comments! :)
WOW super beautiful!!~
pretty stripe work, really pretty! :)
Thank you so very much Julia, Rich and Wanye for your comments :)
So pretty and relaxing.
Thank you very much Viana and Mary! :)
Beautiful Pame!
Beautiful :)
This is lovely and perfect!
Thanks for your kind words Monika and guillermo! :)
Thank you Peter!
good work!are you traveling?^^
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text:
Amazon, RIM, Facebook: Tech Premarket
TheStreet) -- Amazon (AMZN - Get Report) was a big winner in premarket trading on Wednesday, climbing more than 8% following the online retailer's fourth-quarter results, which were released after market close on Tuesday. Investors responded positively to Amazon's 22% year-over-year revenue hike, which beat estimates, and shrugged off the company's bottom-line miss. Amazon earned 21 cents a share on $21.27 billion in revenue, compared to Wall Street's forecast of 28 cents a share on $22.26 billion in revenue. During the prior year's quarter, the company earned 38 cents a share on $17.43 billion in sales.The company's first-quarter guidance, however, was weaker than anticipated, with Amazon forecasting revenue between $15 billion and $16.6 billion. Analysts were expecting $16.85 billion in sales. Nonetheless, Amazon shares surged 8.82% to $283.3 before market open. Research In Motion (RIMM), which will unveil its new BlackBerry 10 technology at a glitzy event in New York on Wednesday, was another gainer, climbing 1.98% to $15.97. In addition to the eagerly anticipated OS, RIM is expected to launch two new smartphones; a touchscreen device and another which features a QWERTY keyboard. Facebook (FB - Get Report), which reports its fourth-quarter results after market close, was another gainer, climbing 1.62% to $31.29. Analysts surveyed by Thomson Reuters expect Facebook to report revenue of $1.53 billion and earnings of 15 cents a share. Apple (AAPL - Get Report) shares, which gained 1.88% during Tuesday's trading, slipped 0.17% to $457.5. Yahoo! (YHOO - Get Report) shares rose 1.32% to $19.96, despite slipping 3% during Tuesday's trading. The Internet giant reported better-than-expected fourth-quarter results earlier this week. TheStreet will be live-blogging RIM's BlackBerry 10 event, starting at 9.30 EST: --Written by James Rogers in New York. Follow @jamesjrogers >To submit a news tip, send an email to: email@example.com YORK (
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iHerb カスタマーレビュー
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text:
Syndol for headaches
Monday, 25 April 2016
Syndol was very popular with many people as a headache treatment and pain killer and then became unavailable at the beginning of 2014 and people wondered what had happened to it. A new product was launched later that year call Syndol Headache relief. Sanofi, who are the makers of Syndol, s......
It's the hay fever season again -help!...(0)
posted on 29th April 2016
I presume you have all the usual symptoms such as running nose, sneezing, itchy eyes and throat. I suggest using one of the allergen barriers, a vaseline type substance smeared on each nostril to try and prevent the pollen, the allergen, from causing the allergic response-all the sy.....
My child has eczema. What is the cause and how can it be treated?...(0)
posted on 5th April 2016
I read in the press that you should take an aspirin every day to stop bowel cancer. Is that true?...(0)
posted on 18th March 2016


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Dec 8, 1970
|Filing date
|Jun 17, 1966
|Priority date
|Jun 17, 1966
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Raymond G Olsson
|Original Assignee
|Gen Electric
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (17), Classifications (17)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1970 R. G. OLSSON SEMICONDUCTOR MASK MAKING- 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 17, 1966 QQ U a Fig.4
INVENTOR RAYMOND G. OLSSON ATTORNEYJ Dec. 8, v1970 G. OLSSON ,545,85
SEMICONDUCTOR MASK MAKING Filed June 17, 1966 2 Sheets-Sheet FIRST-ORDER A tfifl H OBJECT Fig.8 /4 GRATING ,3 '2 a PLANE OF SECOND-ORDER IMAGE FIRST-ORDER SE LEC TION PLATE INVENTOR RAYMOND G. OLSSON United States Patent 3,545,854 SEMICONDUCTOR MASK MAKING Raymond G. Olsson, Jamesville, N.Y., assignor to General Electric Company, a corporation of New York Filed June 17, 1966, Ser. No. 558,386
Int. Cl. G03b 27/44 US. Cl. 355-46 20 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This invention relates to a novel method and optical apparatus for simultaneously producing a plurality of substantially identical, extremely small images accurately representing a prepared object pattern, and has particular utility in the making of photographic masks for use in the production of semiconductor devices including integrated circuits.
When making semiconductors or integrated circuitry using photo-resist techniques, for instance of a type such as that illustrated in Pat. 3,122,817 to Andrus, an object pattern is usually prepared by hand and then reduced down in size until its photographic image approaches the dimensions desired at the surface of the mask or of the actual substrate to which it is to be applied. Such reduction easily produces one image which is sharply defined within the limitations of the optical system, but it is extremely difiicult to simultaneously produce a very large number of such images side-by-side in an image plane such that the images are all close together, are of equal resolution and equal size, and all have positional registry which is fully reproducible when a different object pattern is substituted during a later step in the process. In present systems, the resolution in a one-inch square mask is such as to make practical line-widths at the image of .15 mil, but semiconductor techniques also make desirable even greater registration accuracy during suc cessive exposures to different patterns used in the manufacturing process.
In order to manufacture semiconductor devices or integrated circuits economically, it is desirable to make hundreds of them at a time, thereby requiring an array of hundreds of substantially-idential images. Various processes are known for producing such plural images, but the known processes have always required objectionable compromises between image resolution and image registration (reproducibility), thus sacrificing one or the other.
Two basic approaches have been used heretofore in attempts to attain multiple images of the desired quality: (1) The finest available lens system is used to reduce a large pattern to the desired image size, and then this lens system is laterally displaced step-by-step to produce multiple adjacent images arranged in rows and columns on the same photographic mask. This is known as a stepand-repeat process, in which each image has excellent resolution, but in which image registration between successive patterns is relatively poor. (2) The second -approach employs an array of lenses mounted in the same plane on a singe plate and including a separate lens for each of the desired multiple images, which lenses then focus their respective reduced images of the common pat tern onto an image plane to thereby produce side-by-side images of the pattern corresponding with each lens in the array.
This multiple lens approach provides better registration than the step-and-repeat system during successive steps of an over-all process of manufacture which requires the successive use of different patterns in register with each other, provided that the same lens array is used to focus each successive pattern and provided the lens array is dimensionally stable. However, in actual practice the registration of the individual images is poor and nonuniform because no way has been found to make hundreds of lenses of high quality all on a common plate which is dimensionally stable, for example a glass plate. The expedient of molding such an array into a plastic sheet has met with only limited success, not only as to lens quality and uniformity but also as to dimensional stability which governs image reproducibility and registration. Plastic changes shape with aging, with changes in its water vapor content, and with temperature, so that these images exhibit a degree of registration which varies with time and therefore is not truly reproducible. Moreover, although these images have good resolution in their centers, the resolution of each image falls off very rapidly away from its center due to edge effects of the lenses.
It had been proposed to use a plate having multiple pin holes therein such that each pin hole provides in the image plane a separate image representing a common object pattern, but although this approach seemed attractive from the point of view of ease of making the pinhole array, the array was incapable of resolving an object pattern into more than about 60 lines per millimeter, whereas the present state of the art is now about 400 lines/ mm. In an effort to improve the resolving power of such arrays, the holes were made larger and a lens 'was introduced at each hole to focus the light on the image plane as discussed in the preceding paragraph. These lenses improve the resolving power to about 800 lines/mm. in the center of the image, but the resolving power falls off rapidly as points away from the center of the image are considered, and therefore each image has a large area of poor definition surrounding its central area.
It is a principal object of this invention to provide an improved approach of the general type using multiple focusing means comprising a common array arranged in such a way as to produce hundreds of substantially identical high-quality micro-images in a focal plane which may comprise either a photographic film which is later developed to provide a mask, or may comprise the photoresist coated surface of a semiconductor slice or some other substrate surface to which the multiple images are to be directly applied, thereby eliminating the mask-making step per se.
The present invention presents a novel approach to the problem of making improved focusing arrays, and teaches the use of Fresnel or Soret zone-plate diffraction gratings for each focusing means in the array. This type of halfperiod grating has been known for many years to have certain focusing properties (see Robertson Introduction to Optics, 4th edition, Chapters X and XI), but has not been considered useful in image-forming lens systems because of inadequate resolving power and angular coverage and because a refraction-type lens provides image contrasts which are about three orders of magnitude better than the zone plate.
This invention arises from the discovery that a zone plate can be made entirely satisfactory, and in fact superior to existing lens systems, in certain image-forming applications, and that an array of such zone plates can be made vastly superior to existing lens systems for simultaneously forming exactly registrable sets of such images. Where very small images are desired, a zone plate can be a made particularly suitable as a focusing element to form such an image with excellent resolution, and an array of such zone plates is physically easily fabricated. For example, I have found that the simple zone plate functions well at .025" outside diameter, with a resolving power of 400 lines per millimeter (i.e. live pairs) and its resolving power as well as the angular coverage of the area of high resolution behind it both can be made to increase as the zone plate diameter, and consequent center-to-center spacings of zone plates in an array, decrease.
In the present application where simultaneous exposure of a large number of semiconductor or integrated circuit substrates is the aim of the manufacturing process, and where all substrates must be photographically exposed sequentially to different image patterns, the degree of perfection with which the sequential patterns register with one another can be even more important than the fineness of the lines in the image of the pattern. If the array of focusing means is not fully stable in its dimensions, reproducibility of registration is degraded and becomes the limiting factor. Therefore, one principal advantage of the diffraction grating array over the refraction lens array resides in the fact that present novel techniques permit the producing of the complete grating array on a glass plate with excellent dimensional stability, whereas a prior art array can only be fabricated by known techniques from materials having poor stability, and even then the cost of fabrication of each array is very much greater. In order to make an array of hundreds of adjacent lenses on a common plate, only two basic techniques are available. Either these hundreds of lenses must be ground on the surface of a dimensionally stable plate, an impossible task at present, or the entire array must be molded in plastic. The latter expedient is currently in use, but the dimensional stability with time, temperature, humidity and mechanical support is relatively poor, and this fact, directly affects registration. Moreover, the quality of the individual molded lenses is not very high.
On the other hand, the present diffraction gratings are made with relative ease of photographing and etching opaque material deposited on a glass plate, the successive gratings being reduced and cast upon the common plate by a step-and-repeat optical system moving along predetermined coordinates. One present working embodiment of the invention employs a zone plate array covering an area of about 1.57 square inches, which array includes 2500 separate zone plates spaced on .025" centers within that area and all lying in the plane of the glass plate surface. Slight positional errors between centers of the 2500 zone-plate gratings do not degrade ultimate image registration of successive object patterns because the successive patterns are respectively focused through the same zone-plate gratings, and therefore their relative positions coincide on successive exposures using different but related patterns. The glass zone-plate array is stable with time so that the focused images are fully reproducible once the object patterns are properly oriented with respect to the grating array, a relatively ease accomplishment.
Assuming constant resolving power, the angular coverage of a grating, i.e. the angle vertexed at the grating and subtended by the image, increases as the diameter and focal length are reduced together. For instance, in the case of an array in which the gratings are mutually tangent, the center-to-center distance between images substantially equals the diameter of the gratings. Therefore, as the grating focal lengths and diameters are reduced together (by simultaneously reducing the dimensions of the outer zone of each grating and the number of zones used while keeping constant the numerical aperture, or ratio of outer zone radius to grating focal length, and therefore keeping the resolving power constant) each grating is capable of covering the area behind itself with greater resolving power than would be obtained with a corresponding simple refractive lens of equal outside diameter. When a similar attempt is made to 1 31 .53 the focal length of a simple refractive lens, the peripheral quality of the image becomes rapidly degraded. This means that in using an array of refractive lenses, for instance in making a checkerboard of images on a semiconductor slice which is later divided into individual pellets, only the central area of each pellet would have high resolution, and the surrounding area of the pellet would have rapidly decreasing resolution moving out from the center. On the other hand, gratings of the required physical dimensions minimize edge effects and provide much more uniform image quality over the full angular coverage of the grating. Known refraction techniques cannot provide analogous results on a practical basis.
With the complexity of the patterns increasing in integrated circuitry and semiconductor devices, and for technical reasons as well as economic mass-production reasons, the desirability of being able to focus greater numbers of images on a given image area increases all the time. Moreover, it is highly desirable to increase the overall area which can be exposed to images, and eventually to cover its entire surface, as distinguished from covering only limited zones opposite each of the individual focusing means and mutually separated by surrounding unusable zones. It is believed that substantial reduction or elimination of unused peripheral zones, i.e., the checkerboard effect, would be possible in a refractive lens array system only if each lens could be made to comprise a compound system of lenses. At any rate, future requirements will demand that the focusing means of an array be crowded closer together and eventually arranged to use the entire surface of the focusing array plate. Here again diffraction gratings can be relatively easily appplied to a coating on a glass plate so that its entire area is covered by grating lines, whereas the difficulty of making even a plastic lens array in which all of the array area is active to pass light enormously worsens an already very difiicult fabrication problem.
The zone plate grating enjoys still another advantage over the refracting lens which contributes to its desirability in the present multiple-image application. In a lens, wide angular coverage is characterized by thick-center lens design which is virtually unattainable in a micro-lens array. It is believed that in present lens arrays, the minimum practical center-to-center lens spacing is about thirty mils. However, with known techniques it is foreseeable that center-to-center zone plate spacings can be reduced to about .3 mil, or about times closer together than present lens array spacings. Moreover, image defects due to aberrations in a refractive system are great as compared with defect limitations in a diffractive system. On the other hand, the diffraction grating zone plate becomes easier to make as you shorten its focal length, because a shorter focal-length grating has a decreased over-all radius of the ring system. In a zone plate the number n of a zone refers to the number of edges between opaque and clear areas, counting from the center of the zone plate, and the radii of the various zones are by definition proportional to the square root of the number n of the zone. In the above-mentioned exemplary working embodiment of the zone-plate array, the outermost rings are mil in thickness.
In order to provide a better understanding of the zone plate, the following characteristics are discussed. Because of the fact that the alternate transparent and opaque zones of the zone plate must transmit only every-other half-period element of the wave front, the wave-length )t of the selected monochromatic light determines the dimensions of the zones whose diameters vary approximately as the square root of the number of the zone starting with the first zone in the center whose outer edge radius is r and extending out to a total of N zones to provide a zone plate of overall or outer edge radius R. Then R=r /N. The focal length of a grating is related to the dimensional value of the radius r of the first zone, and varies as the square. Therefore focal length=r Resolving power=2 numerical aperture/)\, where numerical aperture=R/ focal/ length, =2 /N/r For a given wavelength k, the total number N of zones, the value of r to be used to provide a grating of total radius R, and the resulting resolving power of the zone plate are all interrelated values. The number of zones, for a certain resolving power, is proportional to the maximum radius R. N (Resolving Power) R/ 2. The radius of the inner zone r 2R/Teswing power, so that if resolving power is held constant, the radius r is proportional to the /R.
The degree of difiiculty involved in forming a practical grating is measured by the width of the finest (outermost) zone in the grating which can be photo-etched into a metallic layer on a glass plate, or otherwise formed. The finest line width in the grating itself is twice the width of the narrowest line which the grating is theoretically capable of forming in the image plate. Therefore, on a practical basis, the ultimate limit on resolving power of the grating is not controlled so much by its diameter or focal length, as by the finest line that can be formed into the opaque layer forming the grating. Since this finest line defines the limit of resolution, the total amount of information passing through a given grating is independent of diameter, focal length, or center-to-center array distances.
In general, the aperture number determined by the ratio of diameter to focal length determines the resolving power of any focusing system, and gratings have the advantage that they can be designed for use in making tiny images as required in the present system, which images have greater resolution than those made by conventional lenses of similar aperture number. Moreover, in a grating array, the outermost zone plates can be considerably further off-axis with respect to the object than in lens systems without serious image distortion, whereas lens systems must work with large object distances to minimize off-axis errors. In one present practical system, the object pattern is spaced only about seven inches from the zone plate array, and the outer zone plates are about offset from the main axis. The degree to which a zone plate can be moved off-axis without serious detriment increases as the diameter of the zone plate is decreased.
Although as pointed out above, a grating array is easier to manufacture, has a wider angular coverage, and passes more information with higher effective resolving power than a lens array, it requires special provisions for main taining acceptable image contrasts, in view of the fact that its contrast is about three orders of magnitude poorer than a lens due to the fact that it passes zero-order, firstorder, second-order, etc., images which are superposed on each other but in non-registering relationship. If one order of image could be selected to the complete exclusion of other-order images, then the haze contributed by the latter to the detriment of the former would be gone. It is therefore another object of this invention to further improve the present novel zone-plate image-multiplying system by adding means for reducing haze caused by undesired orders of light passing through the gratings in the direction of the image plane.
In a step-and-repeat image multiplier employing only a single lens system mechanically moved from image area to image area, the light source is carried along together with the lens system, but in a system where all components are stationary and the image multiplication is accomplished by multiple zone plate gratings in an array occupying a plane normal to the main instrument axis, it is important to achieve uniformity of lighting for all areas contributing to each image, as well as for all of the images appearing in the image plane. This is true regardless of whether the image plane comprises a photographic film on which plural masks are to be projected, or whether the image plane comprises a photo-resist coated substrate or other image-receiving surface. Since in the present system only one object pattern is used, which pattern is then focused through all of the individual gratings in the array, the light illuminating the object pattern should be uniform everywhere thereon. Moreover, the light leaving the object pattern should be given off thereby uniformly through all angles drawn from any light-radiating point in the pattern to any point in the focusing array. It is preferred in this invention to provide uniform illumination in an image multiplying system of the present type.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention Will become apparent during the following discussion of the drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the location and spacing of the various elements of a simple embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a view of the left-half of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, but illustrating the arrangement of elements in perspective so as to show their character in more detail;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged elevation view showing an image plate having image projected thereon and arranged in a checkerboard pattern defined by the illustrated dashed lines;
FIG. 4 is a view of a haze mask having an arrangement of holes dimensioned to pass first-order images from the zone plate array;
FIG. 5 is a detail view of the image multiplying and focusing array comprising multiple Fresnel zone plates;
FIG. 6 shows a plate having an object pattern which is intended to be projected upon adjacent image plate areas by the focusing array shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 shows an enlarged view of a zone plate pattern similar to each of the patterns included in the array of FIG. 5 although simplified as to the number of zones illustrated; and
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the performance of a firstorder selection mask for reducing image haze contributed by other orders of light.
Referring now to FIG. 1, the illustrative embodiment shown in this figure includes at its right end a light source 1 which in a working embodiment of the invention comprises an electric arc illuminating a first condenser and lens system 2, which includes a heat absorber 2a and a narrow band light filter 2b, serving to deliver monochromatic light to a first field lens 2c which is placed near the image of the arc to eliminate vignetting at the plane of a diffuser means 3. The light then passes through the diffuser means 3 which includes two crossed lenticular plates 3a, and a diffusion plate 3b having an etched surface. The purpose of the diffuser means 3 is to provide a glowing area whose every surface point emits light having substantially the same intensity as every other point. The light then passes through a second condenser 4 which images the plane of the first field lens through a second field lens 5 and onto the object plate 6 with such distribution as to uniformly illuminate a transparent object pattern plate 6, FIG. 6. The light leaving the object plate 6 then passes through the array of gratings G on the glass plate 7, FIG. 5. Each of these gratings focuses an image of the pattern from the plate 6 upon one Zone of the emulsion E on the image plate P, FIG. 3, after the light passes through a haze mask 8, FIG. 4. In a working embodiment of the illustrated system, all of the various plates and lenses 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and P are approximately the same size, about 1% inches on a side, and this fact points up one of the advantages of the present system, namely that the entire assembly is compact, and can be of a size approximating the outlines shown in the present drawings.
The light source 1, serves to brightly illuminate the diffuser means 3 so that all points thereof give off the same light intensity in the direction of the lenses 4 and 5. The arc light 1 is preferably a monochromatic source, and, if not, is filtered by a multi-layer interference filter 2b to remove all but the desired light wavelength. A substantial improvement in operation may be obtained by using a spacially coherent light source such as a laser (not shown),
the wavelength of such light source and the zone-plate parameters being related as described hereinabove.
Considering each point on the diffuser means 3 in FIG. 1, as a source of light, each such point should provide uniform illumination to all points on the pattern plate 6. Such a purpose can be accomplished by meeting two conditions. Firstly, all points of the diffuser means 3 should give off light with equal intensities; and second, the light which leaves each point of the diffuser means 3 should be uniform through all angles subtended by the field lens 5. If every point on the diffuser means 3 provides constant light intensity within the subtended angle, then the lens 5 can focus each of these light source points to provide uniform illumination in the plane of the pattern plate 6.
This plate 6 may comprise a glass plate having a photographic representation of a hand-made object pattern photographed thereon by an external camera system. Since only one pattern is to be reduced onto the plate 6 from the hand-made drawing, this pattern can easily be very sharply reproduced thereon. Moreover, any failings of the reduction lens system may be easily compensated for by the artist who draws the original pattern so that after reduction, including unavoidable lens distortions, the final pattern appearing on the plate 6 is substantially perfect. Some of the effects to be corrected for include edge effects of the lens and the effect resulting from large transport areas located next to fine opaque areas, or vice versa. The present system therefore provides illumination of the pattern which is more than mere uniform intensity across the whole plane of the pattern, and includes the feature that the light also leaves the pattern in such a way that all points in the plane of the grating array 7 are uniformly contributed to by each point in the object plane 6. Moreover, it is desirable that the light leaving any point within the object plate 6 should uniformly illuminate the entire area of the zone-plate array 7, which means that the light should not only be uniformly distributed across the plane of the pattern 6, but also that each point in that plane should radiate uniformly through the angle subtended by the zone plate array 7.
The crossed lenticular plates 3a contribute to efficient illumination of the object plate 6 in the evenly-distributed fashion which is preferred. A single vertical lenticular plate acts as two prisms superimposed which causes the second condenser 4 to form two images of the field lens in the plane of the object, and side by side. The horizontal lenticular plate produces two more images of the field lens one above the other, to appear in the object plane, thereby in effect providing in that plane four adjacent images. With these four source images on the plane of the object, only a small amount of diffusion is required to obtain quite uniform illumination over the entire object plane 6. Whenever diffusion is utilized, light must be spread out over an area many times that to be covered, if uniform illumination is to be obtained over the covered area. With the above lenticular multiple image system, uniformity is obtained with minimum light lost due to scatter outside the desired area.
FIGS. 5 and 7 show zone-plate focusing means of the type used in the present invention. As is known in the prior art, each zone plate comprises a grating G of alternate transparent and opaque zones, all of which are of equal area, the areas being related according to Fresnel diffraction theory to the wavelength of light which the zone plate is focusing. In the system illustrated herein the zone plate has the odd-numbered zones opaque. For the purpose of effectively blocking out as much of the zero-order light as possible, the center few clear zones of the zone plates actually used are made opaque, as will be made clearer during the subsequent discussion of FIG. 8. The gratings may conventiently be made, for example, by etching an aluminum coating 10 carried upon a glass plate 11 using known photographic techniques, for in- 8 stance, of the type discussed in Pat. 3,130,098 to Levengood.
One exemplary focusing array 7 includes 2500 individual Fresnel zone-plate greatings G, each having about zones, and the space between the gratings in the plate being made opaque as appears in FIG. 5. As indicated in the statement of the objects, it is desirable to improve the quality of the images by using gratings having a high numerical aperture, i.e., diameter to focal length. The waste space between zone plates is preferably reduced to a minimum, for instance by having the gratings at least tangent with each other, although such closeness of spacing is, for clarity, not illustrated in FIG. 5.
Referring now to FIG. 8, it will be observed that the arrow 15 representing an object-plate pattern lies upon an axis A drawn between the arrow and the illustrated Fresnel grating G comprising the etched aluminum pattern 10 on the glass plate 11. Note that the grating axis A probably will not correspond with the axis A of the optical system as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, but that it will in the case of all but the center grating be laterally offset therefrom. Fortunately, the performance of the gratings is not much affected by reasonable offsets from the main axis A of the light source, at least not nearly as much as would be the case with ordinary lenses. The gratings diffract the light rays in such a way that their performance is not severely damaged by having the rays arrive somewhat at an angle to the axis of the grating itself.
At any rate, each grating G passes light to form images of a number of different orders, which images all focus in different planes. There is zero-order light which simply goes straight through the glass plate at the openings of the gratings, and is not diffracted thereby. There is first-order light which passes through the gratings and is focused at what shall be considered for present purposes the main focal length of the grating, thereby providing an arrow 15 comprising the first order image. There are also a number of higher order images, for instance the second order image 15" which has a considerably shorter focal length as represented by the lines which are labeled second-order light in FIG. 8. There are also third, fourth, and higher order light images whose intensities decrease as the light order increases. Finally, there is negative order light which represents divergent, and therefore non-focusing, rays.
It is the function of the opaque haze plate 8 to block as much as possible the zero-order, negative orders, and all orders of light greater than the desired first order, to prevent it from reaching the plane of the first-order image, which is also the plane P of the photographic emulsion E, While at the same time permitting the first-order light to reach that plane through strategically placed holes 9. While it is obviously not possible to block all of the unwanted orders of light using the illustrated apertured plate 8, it is possible to block most of such light while producing high-contrast images on the emulsion coating E, FIG. 3. By carefully selecting the emulsion characteristics, the exposure time, and the developing time, the hazing effect of the remaining undesired-orders of light can be minimized to the point where it is well within tolerable levels. From the diagram of FIG. 8, it will be seen that by using a Soret type of grating in which the central zone 12 is opaque, most of the zero-order light can be excluded. The opaque central zone 12 of the grating G prevents the zero-order light from falling upon the area of the image plane occupied by the first-order image 15', and the plate 8 tends to block other zero-order light, such as the light ray Z passing through a transparent outer zone of the grating G, as well as the divergent negative-order light. Fortunately, the intensity on plate P decreases with higher-order images, which fact helps the haze problem. The plate 8 also tends to block light from the second-order, and the third and subsequent orders of images, whose rays cross at even steeper angles and at focal points located closer to the grating G as shown by the second order image 15. The holes 9 in the plate 8 must, of course, register perfectly with the firstorder image positions of the grating plate 7, although this does not necessarily mean that the centers of the holes 9 are concentric with the axes A through the centers of the gratings G. Because of the offset of most of the grating axes A from the main instrument axis A, the holes 9 which cooperate with offset gratings will in turn be offset somewhat from the centers of the gratings. Efficient means has been devised for using the grating array 7 to make its own apertured plate 8 while it is in place within the assembled system, and thereby provide accurate registrations of the centers of the holes 9 with respect to the centers of the gratings G in the array plate 7.
The images 20 which are cast upon the surface of the image plane P are all substantially identical with each other, and are certainly mutually similar to a much greater extent than is true with images cast by multiple lens arrays. As long as each different pattern plate 6 is aligned properly with the preceding pattern plate, it follows that all of the multiple images made through the same focusing array will be in perfect registry with each other. Thus, it is only necessary to properly align the pattern plate 6 in order to obtain perfect registry of the 2500 individual images, assuming of course, that the same zone plate array 7 is used. The practical embodiment of the present system has a microscope (not shown) mounted therein for the purpose of viewing one or more images in the plane P, and the system further includes micrometer adjustments (not shown) for precisely aligning each newly inserted pattern plate 6.
This invention is not to be limited to the exact embodiments shown in the drawings, for obviously changes may be made therein within the scope of the following claims.
I claim:
1. In an optical system for simultaneously forming a plurality of essentially identical extended area images, including an extended area object patter-n supported in an illuminated object plane disposed normal to an axis of the system, and including an image plane spaced from said object plane along said axis and normal thereto, means for focusing multiple images of said pattern onto said image plane, comprising:
(a) a transparent plate disposed between said planes and normal to said axis;
(b) multiple substantially identical image focusing means, all lying in one plane, disposed side-by-side, on said plate in an array clustered about said axis;
(c) said focusing means, each comprising a zone-plate diffraction grating having alternate opaque and transparent concentric ring zones; and
((1) means asoci-ated with each said grating for blocking from said image plane substantially all light rays extending through said grating from said object, except those forming a selected order image on said plane of said object.
2. In a system as set forth in claim 1, said transparent plate comprising a flat glass plate and said gratings comprising concentric ring areas in which alternate areas are made opaque by metallic coatings on the glass plate.
3. Focusing means for an optical system used to focus a plurality of identical extended area images on an image plane, comprising:
( a) a transparent plate;
(b) a coating on one surface of said plate, the coating being selectively partially removed from the plate to leave adjacent areas comprising alternate light transmissive and opaque zones with a predetermined center area being opaque;
(c) and said zones mutually forming plural zone-plate ditfraction-gratings all lying in one plane disposed side-by-side, the zone plate diameters being of the l 0 same order of magnitude as the spacings between zone plate centers.
4. An optical system for focusing onto an image plane multiple substantially identical images each reproducing a common pattern of an extended area object located in an object plane, comprising:
(a) object plane means supporting said pattern normal to an axis of the system;
(b) image plane means disposed normal to said axis and spaced from said object means;
(0) monochromatic light means for illuminating said pattern on the object means;
(d) an array of image focusing means all lying in one plane disposed norm-a1 to said axis and located between said object plane means and said image plane means, and said focusing means being clustered sideby-side about said axis;
(e) each focusing means comprising dilfr-action-grating means having alternate opaque and light transmissive zones dimensioned and located to focus monochromatic light emitted from said pattern onto said image plane means to form thereon plural extended area images of one selected order; and
(f) haze eliminating means located between each grating means and the image plane to intercept non-selected orders of images.
5. An optical system for focusing on to an image plane multiple substantially identical extended area images each reproducing a common extended area object pattern located in an object plane, comprising:
(a) object plane means supporting said pattern normal to an axis of the system;
(-b) image plane means disposed normal to said axis and spaced from said object means;
(c) monochromatic light means for illuminating said pattern on the object means;
(d) an array of image focusing means all lying in one plane disposed normal to said axis and located between said object plane means and said image plane means, and said focusing means being clustered sideby-side about said axis;
(e) each focusing means comprising diffraction-grating means having alternate opaque and light transmissive zones dimensioned and located to focus monochromatic light emitted from said pattern onto said image plane means to form thereon plural extended area images of one selected order;
(f) haze eliminating means located between each grating means and the image plane to intercept non-selected orders of images;
(g) said haze eliminating means comprising an opaque plate having holes therethrough which are respectively located opposite the gratings and are dimensioned to pass light rays forming the selected-order images, but to substantially block light rays of nonselected orders; and
(h) each grating having its center zone opaque.
6. In a system as set forth in claim 5, the opaque center of each grating being about the same size as the hole in the haze eliminating means thereopposite.
7. In a system as set forth in claim '4, said image plane means comprising an emulsion coated plate located in the focal plane of the desired-order images from said gratings.
8. In a system as set forth in claim 4, said image plane means comprising a substrate having a surface located in the focal plane of the desired-order images from said gratings, and this surface being coated with light-sensitive photo-resist.
9. In a system as set forth in claim 4, said pattern being a transparency, and said light means comprising a light source and means to condense a beam of light therefrom and pass it through the pattern such that all areas of the pattern receive light of uniform intensity and l 1 such that light leaving any point in the pattern plane is emitted with uniform intensity through the angle subtended by the focusing means array.
10. In a system as set forth in claim 9, said light source comprising means for generating substantially monochromatic coherent light.
11. In apparatus for manufacturing microcircuit elements, an optical system including an extended area circuit pattern supported in an object plane normal to an axis of the system and including image plane means spaced from said object plane along said axis and normal thereto, means for focusing an image of said pattern on said image plane means, comprising:
(a) an array of image focusing means disposed between said planes forming a zone plate diffraction grating comprising alternate opaque and transparent concentric zones disposed normal to said axis;
(b) the outside diameter of the outermost zone of said grating, being such that the extended area image it produces on the image plane covers an area at least as large as the area enclosed by the outside diameter of said grating, and the spacing between the grating and the image plane being approximately equal to the first-order-image focal length of the grating.
12. In apparatus for manufacturing microcircuit elements, an optical system including an extended area circuit pattern supported in an object plane normal to an axis of the system and including image plane means spaced from said object plane along said axis and normal thereto, means for focusing an extended area image of said pattern on said image plane means, comprising:
(a) an array of image focusing means disposed between said planes forming a zone plate diffraction grating comprising alternate opaque and transparent concentric zones disposed normal to said axis the center zone being opaque;
(b) the outside diameter of the outermost zone of said grating being such that the extended area image it produces on the image plane covers an area at least as large as the area enclosed by the outside diameter of said grating and the spacing between the grating and the image plane being approximately equal to the first-order-image focal length of the grata haze eliminating plate disposed between the grating and the image plane, and closer to the latter and having a hole therethrough concentric with a line drawn between the center of the grating and the center of the first-order image, the diameter of the hole being greater than said central zone but less than the outermost ring.
13. In a system as set forth in claim 11, means for illuminating said pattern with monochromatic light of wavelength and said grating having its nth ring comprise the outermost ring of diameter R, and said focal length of the grating being equal to R /n 14. In a system as set forth in claim 11, said means comprising an array of multiple gratings clustered sideby-side about said axis and providing a density of at least 1600 such gratings per square inch.
15. In a system as set forth in claim 11, the spacing between said grating and said first order image plane being less than .250 inch.
16. The method of manufacturing multiple microcircuits each involving the successive registering of images from plural common extended area object patterns, with each pattern casting multiple reduced images side-by-side onto an axially-spaced image plane, including the steps of:
(a) uniformly illuminating a first pattern with monochromatic light;
(b) ditfracting light emitted from said pattern through an array of multiple focusing locations clustered about said axis and lying in a plane, to cause light diffracted at each location to focus to form on discrete image-plane locations multiple reduced images based on said first pattern;
(c) photographically recording said discrete images in said image plane;
(d) substituting a second related pattern for said first pattern;
(e) aligning the second pattern with respect to said focusing locations so that its diffracted and focused images register relative to said photographically recorded images in said image plane; and
(f) photographically recording said second-pattern in said image plane.
17. An optical system for forming an extended area image of an object extending in an object plane transversely of a reference axis normal to said object plane comprising an image plane normal to said reference axis and spaced therealong from said object plane, a zone plate diffraction grating spaced between said object plane and image plane normal to said reference axis, the area of said grating being about the same order of magnitude as the area of said extended area image.
18. An optical system as defined in claim 17 having means disposed between said grating and said image plane for blocking from said image plane substantially all light rays extending through said grating from said object except those forming a selected order image on said image plane of said object.
19. An optical system as defined in claim 17 having a haze eliminating plate disposed between the grating and the image plane, said plate having a hole therethrough concentric with a line drawn between the center of the grating and the center of the image.
20. An optical system as defined in claim 17 wherein the area of said grating is essentially equal to the area of said extended area image.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,263,079 7/1966 Mertz et al. 350--162 JOHN M. HORAN, Primary Examiner R. A. WINTERCORN, Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R. 340-173; 350-162
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Jul 26, 1966
|Block Engineering
|Method for forming an image of an invisible radiation pattern and apparatus for copying the image
|Citing Patent
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|Publication date
|Jun 16, 1970
|Apr 25, 1972
|Siemens Ag
|Arrangement for facilitating adjustment of the electronic beam of an electronic-beam microanalyzer and method of producing same
|Aug 3, 1970
|May 9, 1972
|Schneider Henry
|Optical-illusion device
|Jul 23, 1971
|Aug 14, 1973
|Philips Corp
|Apparatus for making multiple point holograms
|Dec 9, 1971
|Sep 4, 1973
|Rca Corp
|Coarse pinhole array for recording improved redundant holograms
|Oct 17, 1972
|Feb 12, 1974
|Xerox Corp
|Multiple image formation through self-imaging
|Jul 22, 1970
|Oct 1, 1974
|Us Navy
|Method of forming a precision pattern of apertures in a plate
|Aug 15, 1975
|Oct 12, 1976
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Device for the light-optical, computer-controlled drawing of masks for semiconductor components
|Apr 2, 1976
|Jul 26, 1977
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Zone plate alignment marks
|Sep 15, 1976
|Dec 26, 1978
|Align-Rite Corporation
|Method for increasing the yield of batch processed microcircuit semiconductor devices
|Jan 15, 1988
|Nov 7, 1989
|Lookingglass Technology, Inc.
|Optical imaging system using lenticular tone-plate elements
|May 26, 1993
|Mar 12, 1996
|Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.
|Image display apparatus
|Dec 27, 2002
|Jun 22, 2004
|Asml Netherlands B.V.
|Lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method
|May 11, 2001
|Oct 11, 2001
|Stanley Kremen
|Methods of preparing holograms
|Dec 27, 2002
|Oct 23, 2003
|Asml Netherlands, B.V.
|Lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method
|Apr 21, 1982
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|Dec 28, 2001
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|Lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
|By Marketwired .
Article Rating:
|December 14, 2012 08:00 AM EST
DALLAS, TX -- (Marketwire) -- 12/14/12 -- 58 North, creators of premium iPad applications, today announced that the leading free iPad digital photo book app, Pholium, has added significant new features that make digital photo books more interactive with sound and movement. Pholium's latest version now includes the ability to add audio captions for each photo and an option to embed video -- giving creators tools to tell an enriched sensory story through multimedia.
In addition to letting people share digital photo books through the cloud and the Pholium app, this update adds the ability for users to share their creations on the web via social networks, including Facebook and Twitter.
"With the natural evolution of technology, it's so much easier to record sound or action -- that luxury is no longer limited to those with an expensive video camera," said Bill Sinclair, co-founder of 58 North. "By adding this multimedia element to Pholium, users can fully capture their memories and tell a story by adding voice and video."
Pholium continues to find ways to interact with your photos and videos. With this new update, Pholium users can:
- Create audio captions and tie them directly to a photo, the audio will play when the photo is expanded to full screen
- Link to and connect online video files to photos and play them directly in Pholium digital photo books
- Import multiple images from different sources at once with ease -- combined with the auto book layout already available in the app, the multiple image import from multiple sources makes for a quick and easy iPad photo ebook creating experience
- Post links to ebooks on the web to Facebook and Twitter directly from Pholium
- An improved image selection feature provides a better view of photos in the gallery for importing and managing book creating content
- With this update, Pholium ebooks are now fully retina display compatible
Launched in April 2012, Pholium elevates the way iPad users interact with images by enabling the creation and consumption of high-quality, customizable digital photo books that can easily be given to others. As an iPad-only photo ebook creating and consumption platform, Pholium is designed to provide a rich and immersive experience that goes beyond today's online photo sharing and point-click-print photo books. These new features allow users to further customize their own digital photo books to tell a complete story through multimedia.
"Pholium provides a platform by which people's inspiration can easily be transformed into a shared photo ebook experience. We want to help people to do more with their photos using digital photo books that showcase a life event's emotional impact, whether it's a wedding album or a trip with good friends to a favorite spot," said Sinclair. "These new features merge real life and technology to capture a moment in its entirety."
Pholium is available for FREE from the App Store on iPad at http://www.pholium.com/app.
About 58 North
58 North is the creator of premium applications that leverage Apple's iOS 6 and the iPad's unparalleled capabilities as a creating, publishing and content consumption platform. The company works with leading high-end application developers to develop its iPad apps. 58 North is led by uncle and nephew duo Robert and Bill Sinclair, both successful entrepreneurs and amateur photography enthusiasts. Named for the parallel running through the Caithness region of Scotland where the Sinclair clan originated, 58 North was founded in 2011 and is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. www.pholium.com
Media Contact:
Atomic PR for Pholium
Email Contact
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5 Things to Guarantee a Lousy Trip
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An Interview with the IEA's Neil Atkinson
Give your kids the knowledge they need
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Carl Icahn completely offloaded his stake in
The Hain Celestial Group, Inc.
). Once a major stockholder in the natural food and personal care
products maker, Icahn and related entities sold the remaining
3,589,963 shares to Jefferies LLC, which acted as an underwriter.
Earlier this month, Icahn divested approximately 50% of his stake
in Hain Celestial, selling 3,650,000 shares.
Hain Celestial remains a healthy option for investors. Barring
a few hiccups, the shares have been portraying an upward trend
since February end and is gradually inching closer to its 52-week
high of $85.48. Considering the last traded price of $79.40 on
Sep 13, the stock has amassed a year-to-date return of roughly
40.6%. The long-term EPS growth rate stands healthy at 13.6%.
Moreover, the company's last traded price was above the 50 and
200-day moving averages, which stand at $76.94 and $67.30,
respectively. In fact, the stock has been consistently trading
above its 200-day moving average since Mar 19, 2013, but has
remained above the 50-day moving average since Jul 1, 2013.
If we look at the company's earnings surprise history for the
last 13 quarters, Hain Celestial has topped estimates by an
average of 4.6%. In the last concluded quarter, the company
posted earnings of 65 cents a share that comfortably surpassed
the Zacks Consensus Estimate of 62 cents and surged 38.3% year
over year.
Management cited that strong top-line growth, integration of
acquired businesses, focus on high margin carrying brands, and
elimination of underperforming private label brands facilitated
the bottom-line growth.
Hain Celestial hopes to sustain strong momentum across entire
business segments as it remains well positioned to capitalize on
the growing global demand for organic products. Alongside,
management now anticipates sales in the range of $2,025 million
to $2,050 million in fiscal 2014, reflecting a year-over-year
increase of 17%. Earnings are projected in the range of $2.95 to
$3.05 per share, up 16% to 20% year over year.
Currently, Hain Celestial carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold).
Other stocks worth considering in the food-miscellaneous sector
Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Inc.
) holding a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy), and
Pinnacle Foods Inc.
) and
Dole Food Company Inc.
) both carrying a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy).
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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With its red crimson color has been used since ancient times as a traditional tonic for health. Modern research, through chemistry and nutritional analysis, has found greate relevance in many of the ancient claims.
Beetroot juice is a nutritional goldmine of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, iodine, iron, copper and vitamins, in addition to trace minerals. Recent research suggests that beetroot juice may increase levels of nitric oxide. This long treasured juice is low in calories, high in health benefits, and traditionally used to promote healthy living.
California's Proposition 65 Warning: May This item contains chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm. Reference by California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) at: www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
Supplement Facts:
Certified Organic Beetroot Juice.
Take 2 tablespoons (1 fl. oz.) daily on an empty stomach, preferably in the morning, or as directed by your health care professional.


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Business News
Beyond Fashion Summit 2012
03 Oct. 2012
Beyond Fashion Summit: New Date & New LocationUsing the motto 'HYPER NATURE', The Beyond Fashion Summit this year takes place on 15th and 16th November, in the new location at the STATION in Berlin.
The second edition of the international conference for fashion and sustainability moves to the renowned fashion hotspot, Station, Kreuzberg. The Beyond Fashion Summit 2012 offers a two-day programme with conference, workshops, business talks and a round table. This year's theme, Hyper Nature, establishes a visionary discussion on how sustainable and technological inventions can and should change the fashion industry.
The Beyond Fashion Summit 2012 is organized by Beyond Berlin in cooperation with Newthinking Communications and Core Communications.
Alice McCullagh
|Back to home
Upcoming Tradeshows


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I have been creating Sharepoint application page, which is deployed in Sharepoint 2010 14\TEMPLATE\LAYOUTS directory. In browser my page is working fine. But on the page i am using asp:FileUpload control for uploading images.
there is a javascript function, which i change image src/path when asp:FileUpload onChange event is called. this is working also fine.
Now the problem is, after changing image src/path through javascript onChange event. Page postback is causing an error like,
Webpage error details
User Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; InfoPath.2) Timestamp: Thu, 13 Oct 2011 13:08:03 UTC
Message: Access is denied.
Line: 350 Char: 9 Code: 0 URI: http://saif-pc:81/WebResource.axd?d=0a7ZWROgcpePPy6XDUEhLl9SVCuQxHFrPdtua4kZN2U8VKZ9a4kNK11sx9E5Ae_oIgpqGL4O9QaXCripQx59D309Yoc1&t=634208957469717278
I have spent much time on googling, but not find any solutions.
Please any one help me.
Thanks in advance.


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Born 11-22-1931 -- Died 8-11-2004
Joseph Harold Grass Jr. of Camp, son of the late Joseph Harold and Ibbie (Perkins) Grass, was born Nov. 22, 1931, in New Orleans, La. He departed this life Aug. 16, 2004, at Camp at the age of 72.
Grass was united in marriage to Lillian Messenger on Aug. 15, 1944, in New Orleans. He served his country in the U.S. Coast Guard during the Korean War.
He was an officer for the New Orleans Police Department.
He was a member of Immanual Southern Baptist Church.
He is survived by his wife, Lillian of Camp; three sons -- Robert Grass of Salem, Larry Grass of Glencoe, and Tim Grass of Kansas City, Mo.; three daughters -- Debbie Spears of Houston, Texas, Carol Perkins of Salem, and Patty Harris of Lousiville, Ky., two sisters, Marie Buras of Baton Rouge, La., and Barbara Nuss of Metarie, La.; 21 grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.
He was preceded in death by his parents.
The memorial service was held Aug. 18 at Immanuel Southern Baptist Church in Salem with Bro. Alan Winberry officiating.
Arrangements were by Barker Funeral Home of Salem.
Memorials may be made to Immanuel Southern Baptist Church.


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Irvine council member Beth Krom sent us this op-ed posted in response to an LA Times story about the Great Park. We're posting it here with links to the original story. Regardless of your opinion of the Park and it's progress, if you were an Irvine homeowner 10 years ago, your home's values are higher…
Orange County – Local
Local Orange Couty, California
It's Not All About the Swing-States
by Chris Prevatt •
If you watch the cable news channels you may have gotten the impression that the only place where voters matter is in the swing-states. At times it seems the two presidential candidates are running for President of Virginwiscoflohiowa. While that election is getting all the attention, there are some important votes in California that could swing the balance of political power away from middle-class Californians for years to come.
Pro-Pulido Mailer Directs Readers to Anti-Pulido Website
by Dan Chmielewski •
A source of ours sent us a copy of a mailer that appears to have been issued by Santa Ana Mayor Miguel Pulido sent to voters in Santa Ana recently. At first glance, it appears to be an older mailer from an earlier election cycle. The Mayor is thinner, has a full head of black…
The Trader Joe's Encounter – Part I
by Dan Chmielewski •
Some last minute shopping sent me to Trader Joe's in Irvine's Woodbury shopping center Sunday evening and I noticed a couple of Steven Choi signs close to the door. And as the clerk was scanning my purchases, I turned and saw Dr. No himself greeting departing customers and offering door hangers and a smile as…
Dan Choi stumps for Jay Chen
by Dan Chmielewski •
Our troops and military veterans risk their lives whenever our nation needs them. Many fought long and hard for the right to serve with dignity and equality in the military. These same soldiers were subject to the discrimination of Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT), and I celebrate the repeal of a policy that forced…
Bob Rush runs a Clean, Positive Campaign for Assembly
by Dan Chmielewski •
I've had a few phone calls with Bob Rush over the past few months. I've come away impressed that he's running a campaign to win a seat in the California State Assembly simply because he has better ideas than his opponent Allan Mansoor. After coming in second in the primary in June for AD-74, Rush…
OC's Scariest Politicos
by Dan Chmielewski •
Happy Halloween! In our tradition, we offer this year's edition of OC's scariest political figures. #10, Chris Thompson, Fullerton School Board — Distrustful of government, hate unions, can't wait for the police to investigate? Chris Thompson is your man. Call him and he'll hassle teenagers parking in a car on school grounds after dark,…


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UK News
EU Referendum
Weird News
Local News
- Aston Villa tighten security for this weekend's clash with Newcastle at Villa Park
- Las Vegas airport blunder couple win free holiday to Birmingham Alabama!
- Daniel Ivery Q&A: The man behind Often Partisan talks about the past, present and future for Birmingham City
- Major delays on M5 after lorry spills MEAT onto carriageway
- Will Manchester United manager Van Gaal break one of his own rules for Marouane Fellaini?
- Vintage cigarette ads: When smoking was considered good for you!
- Bye to Boris the buffoon: Best pics of the outgoing Mayor
- Dungeons of decay: Eerie abandoned prisons around the world
- Will and Kate's anniversary: Five years of marriage bliss
- Chernobyl survivors return to ghost town 30 years after nuclear disaster


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Groups Meet On Redistricting
Updated: 07/01/2010 - The Pitt County School Board meets with the Coalition for Educating Black Children and the Greenville Parents Association about student reassignment plans Thursday.
Updated: 07/01/2010 - The Pitt County School Board meets with the Coalition for Educating Black Children and the Greenville Parents Association about student reassignment plans Thursday.
Posted: 06/30/2010 - Perdue surrounded herself with schoolchildren and legislative leaders late Wednesday outside the old Capitol building as she signed the nearly $19 billion budget for the new year starting Thursday. It's the first budget passed on schedule since 2003.
Posted: 06/30/2010 - The break-in happened June 19th at Rosewood Middle School in Wayne County.
Updated: 06/28/2010 - It requires schools to teach seventh through ninth graders about contraception and sexually transmitted diseases, in addition to teaching them abstinence and basic reproductive biology.
Updated: 06/29/2010 - Democratic budget-writers say the final budget for North Carolina government next year will hurt some programs but should go a long way toward preserving school teacher and university faculty positions.
Posted: 06/24/2010 - A new policy in a Massachusetts public school district that makes condoms available to all students, even those in elementary school, is drawing criticism from some who say it goes too far.
Updated: 06/22/2010 - Civil rights leaders upset with changes to North Carolina's largest school district say they'll stage a mass demonstration in protest on July 20.
Updated: 06/18/2010 - East Carolina University is in the process of building its new family medicine center, one of 17 University of North Carolina system buildings the UNC system says it might not have enough money to operate when construction is finished.
Updated: 06/18/2010 - Onslow County Schools was ready for a big turnout Friday, especially since they had cuts last year.
Updated: 06/17/2010 - The school became the first College or University in the entire country to offer a masters degree in sustainable tourism.
Updated: 06/18/2010 - North Carolina NAACP leaders say four arrests over a new diversity policy in the state's largest school district are only the beginning.
Updated: 06/16/2010 - Multiple media outlets reported Tuesday that four activists were arrested after disrupting a meeting of the Wake County Board of Education in Raleigh. Those arrested include state NAACP leader the Rev. William Barber.
Updated: 06/15/2010 - The Medical School at East Carolina University ranks in the top 10 nationally for its efforts to train primary-care doctors and place them in the rural and poverty-stricken communities where they are needed most.
Posted: 06/14/2010 - Already the college has record summer enrollment with 3,903 students. Now the college's admissions office says there has been a 27% increase in the number of fall admission applications compared to this time last year.
Updated: 06/11/2010 - Friends say the retired longtime president of Edgecombe Community College died Friday morning in a tragic accident.
Updated: 06/11/2010 - The staff of Normandy Crossing Elementary School outside Houston eagerly awaited the results of state achievement tests this spring.
Posted: 06/09/2010 - Twenty students from across the nation are selected for USA TODAY's 2010 All-USA College Academic First Team, and one of those students is from eastern Carolina.
Posted: 06/08/2010 - An old building is being gutted for education in one Eastern Carolina city.
Posted: 06/08/2010 - Gov. Beverly Perdue says a new law requiring North Carolina health insurers to cover hearing aids for young people is proof one person -- a 9-year-old boy who lobbied for the bill -- can make a difference.
Posted: 06/07/2010 - Students at a college in the state that's considered the birthplace of flight soon will be able to get a bachelor's degree from Southern Illinois University in aviation management.
Posted: 06/07/2010 - The Highway Patrol wants to remind all teenage drivers to be aware of the dangers of driving while on summer break.
Posted: 06/05/2010 - Fourteen-year-old Anamika Veeramani of North Royalton, Ohio, has won the National Spelling Bee.
Updated: 06/04/2010 - The heated debate over education in Martin County turned violent Wednesday with a school board member assaulted at a restaurant.
Posted: 06/01/2010 - Tuition could go up by $300.00 for in state students, $750.000 for out of state students at ECU.
Posted: 06/01/2010 - As state universities continue to deal with the budget shortfalls, the question now, is how will tuition rates be affected by it?


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Croatt Research Group
21. "Spiroscytalin, a New Tetramic Acid and Other Metabolites of Mixed Biogenesis from Scytalidium cuboideum"
20. "Isolation, semisynthesis, covalent docking and transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-inhibitory activities of (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol analogues"
19. "Formation and in situ reactions of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates to form cyanocarbenes"
18. "Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed [2+2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Diynes to Form Cyclooctatetraenes"
17. "Identification of the GPR55 Antagonist Binding Site Using a Novel Set of High-Potency GPR55 Selective Ligands"
16. "Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes"
15. "Mechanistic Study of the Biomimetic Synthesis of Flavonolignan Diastereoisomers in Milk Thistle"
14. "Exploring the reactivity of 1,5-disubstituted sulfonyl-triazoles: Thermolysis and Rh(II)-catalyzed synthesis of α-sulfonyl nitriles"
13. "Semisynthesis, cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, and drug interaction liability of 7-O-methylated analogues of flavonolignans from milk thistle"
12. "Sequential Pd(0)-, Rh(I)-, and Ru(II)-catalyzed Reactions in a Nine-step Synthesis of Clinprost"
11. "Alkynes and Azides: Not Just for Click Reactions"
10. "Reactions of Hypervalent Iodonium-Alkynyl Triflates with Azides: New Mechanistic Approach for the Generation of Cyanocarbenes"
9. "Selective Formation of 1,5-Substituted Sulfonyl Triazoles Using Acetylides and Sulfonyl Azides"
Graduate and Postdoctoral Research
8. "Probing the Role of the Mycosamine C2′-OH on the Activity of Amphotericin B."
7. "The Diene Effect: The Design, Development, and Mechanistic Investigation of Metal-Catalyzed Diene-yne, Diene-ene, and Diene-allene [2+2+1] Cycloaddition Reactions"
6. "Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed [2+2], [2+2+2], and [2+2+2+2] Cycloadditions of Dienes or Alkynes with a Bis-ene"
5. "Higher Order Cycloadditions"
4. "Metal-Catalyzed [2+2+1] Cycloadditions of 1,3-Dienes, Allenes, and CO"
3. "Carbonyl(chloro)bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I)"
2. "New reactions and step economy: the total synthesis of (±)-salsolene oxide based on the type II transition metal-catalyzed intramolecular [4+4] cycloaddition"
1. "Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed [2+2+1] Cycloadditions of 1,3-Dienes, Alkenes, and CO"


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Services were held for Doloris LaMoyne Ericson Chapman, 87 on Sunday, March 1, 2009 at Spirit of Peace Evangelical Lutheran Church in McAllen, Texas.
Pastor K.W. Werhmeister officiated.
Doloris passed away on Feb. 24, 2009 after a short illness.
The daughter of Florence Margaret Nugent Ericson and Melvin Andrew Ericson, she was born on March 23, 1921 in Hartley. She grew up in Sheldon and Everly and laer was a cosmetologist and owned beauty shops in Spencer and Everly, Iowa. She also spent several years as a bookkeeper.
Doloris married Arnold Defoe Chapman on Nov. 23, 1948, in Spencer. They were in the oil business until 1994 when they moved to McAllen, Texas. She was a member of Bethany Lutheran Church in Spencer and Spirit of Peace Evangelical Lutheran Church in McAllen.
Doloris was preceded in death by her husband, Arnie; daughter, Donita; and sister, Floreine Adrian.
Doloris is survived by two daughters: Denise Mohr and husband, Robert of Punta Gorda, Fla., and Sharon Chapman of McAllen, Texas; two granddaughters; and one great granddaughter.
Kreidler Funeral Home, Inc. of McAllen, Texas was in charge of arrangements.


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I am using matplotlib.pyplot to create histograms. I'm not actually interested in the plots of these histograms, but interested in the frequencies and bins (I know I can write my own code to do this, but would prefer to use this package).
I know I can do the following,
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x1 = np.random.normal(1.5,1.0)
x2 = np.random.normal(0,1.0)
freq, bins, patches = plt.hist([x1,x1],50,histtype='step')
to create a histogram. All I need is
freq[1], and
bins[0]. The problem occurs when I try and use,
freq, bins, patches = plt.hist([x1,x1],50,histtype='step')
in a function. For example,
def func(x, y, Nbins):
freq, bins, patches = plt.hist([x,y],Nbins,histtype='step') # create histogram
bincenters = 0.5*(bins[1:] + bins[:-1]) # center bins
xf= [float(i) for i in freq[0]] # convert integers to float
xf = [float(i) for i in freq[1]]
p = [ (bincenters[j], (1.0 / (xf[j] + yf[j] )) for j in range(Nbins) if (xf[j] + yf[j]) != 0]
Xt = [j for i,j in p] # separate pairs formed in p
Yt = [i for i,j in p]
Y = np.array(Yt) # convert to arrays for later fitting
X = np.array(Xt)
return X, Y # return arrays X and Y
When I call
func(x1,x2,Nbins) and plot or print
X and
Y, I do not get my expected curve/values. I suspect it something to do with
plt.hist, since there is a partial histogram in my plot.


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04.29.2016 | 21 Nisan, 5776
Hamas: 'There will be an explosion' unless Israel lifts Gaza blockade
Two Palestinian teens attempt to stab IDF soldier at West Bank checkpoint
Palestinians clash with IDF forces as Jewish worshipers visit Joseph's Tomb
Exclusive: Israeli envoy slams Austria's hosting of Palestinian hijacker terrorist
Palestine, ISIS flags banned from Eurovision song contest
In Depth: ZAKA founder explains why Haredim entering the workforce is a Torah value
NYT: Israel denies waiting for Obama successor to strike defense aid deal
Bikini blunder?: Bar Refaeli swimsuit collection accused of copying $11 eBay design
Gal-On endorses Berko to head key Knesset panel
Mimouna all night long
Katz: We can't count on US at UN
Music maestro Zubin Mehta remains young at heart
ISRAELI OPERA Gounod: Romeo and Juliet TA Opera House, April 18
Dining: A roadside attraction
J'lem wraps up first place and home court in postseason
Rajkovic suspended following Sakhnin brawl
Tensions run amok as Mac TA, Sakhnin brawl in rematch
Sinai Says: New horizons open up for Casspi following breakthrough season
Your investments: Omer and building wealth
COLUMN ONE: Defeating Hamas in America
Israel's economy: Reasons to be cheerful – and some for concern
MIDDLE ISRAEL: Should we visit Auschwitz?
Terror victims' kin have no right to sue Iran in US courts, Zarif says
Fragile economy forces Iran's top leaders to form alliance
From petrol to pesco: ISIS turns to 'non-traditional' terror funding
Italy nabs four suspected in ISIS plot to attack Israeli embassy, Vatican
Analysis: The limits of the Iran-Russia alliance
Report: Iran looks to deploy Hamas in the battle to liberate Mosul from ISIS
VIDEO: ISIS forces withdraw from strategic town under Assad's protection
Boston-area men charged in ISIS-inspired beheading plot against police
'I'm ashamed I did nothing to stop injustice,' ex-Nazi SS officer says
Former Nazi guard expected to break silence at German trial
Potential Jewish NFL pick chooses latkes all year long
A new arrival to Calcutta gives its Jewish population a bump, to 9
How much money is the life of the world's richest Jew worth?
Rx for Readers: Attending to hygiene in geriatric homes
Country feels heat, wildfires break out in Jerusalem, Galilee
Tech Talk: Start in Germany
Haifa and NY researchers collaborate on treatment for two deadly cancers
TA pub fined NIS 50,000 in anti-tobacco suit
Optical guide will keep orthopedic procedures on target
Something strange in the air at Haifa Earth Day
Nation celebrates spring festival at natural wonders
'Israel needs to invest in Negev, Galilee for future population hike'
In 5 years, driverless cars based on Israel's Mobileye tech
TECH TALK: Women's Empowerment
Country's young computer innovators create apps at HackTrack TLV
US Republican Cruz names Fiorina as running mate
Trump on foreign policy: Iran deal allowed it to become a 'great power' at Israel's expense
Trump, Clinton score early wins in Northeast states
Trump slams 'B-actor' with 'no mojo'
VIDEO: A 'Hassidic Jew' and 'devout Muslim' walk the streets of New York
This week in 60 seconds: Priestly blessings and religious brawls
Grapevine: Finally, a family center
Just Torah: Passover: A means – not an end in itself
Briefing: The Democratic showdown on Israel
Podcast: Is Bibi the worst option except all the rest?
Briefing: Bernie Sanders, Monica Lewinsky, and an uneventful cyber attack
Exclusive: Some Trump Vodka, popular as kosher for Passover spirit, may not be kosher
WATCH: Superman's got nothing on Israel!
Can you match the President to his opposing candidate?
Animals are just the best.
Can you solve this riddle?
Peace train building up steam
Hezbollah at a crossroad
A survivor's story
A year after quake, Israelis still helping Nepal recover
Necessary Stories: Grasping at the void
Trees for grandchildren
Bellicose culture mogul
In the heart of Africa
Veterans: Comic timing
Books: Seeing God's face
Books: Between tribalism and universalism
Hot off the Arab press
A musical journey back to the Holy Temple
Hello, goodbye Jerusalem
This week in Jerusalem
Seen by engagement
Turning the (Seder) tables
'Seas' the day
Worn out with your workout?
The secret of the lost color
שִיר הַחֵירוּת
יוּמֵיְיק רִימֵיְיק
אִיתַי פִּנְקָס
הַצַלָמִים – יְרוּשָלַיִם בְּעֵינֵי צַלָמֶיהָ
Palestinian Christians slam PA for refusal to recognize Easter
Orthodox Christians mark Palm Sunday at Jerusalem church
Israeli brewery resurrects beer recipe from time of Jesus
A different Passover Seder
Eurovision Contestants Plant Trees in Israel
KKL-JNF and The Italian State Forestry Corps Sign a Memorandum
Cornerstone Ceremony for ANZAC Museum in Beersheba
The 19th Walk for Water: Touring the Desert, Loving Israel
A Tree Avenue for the Mashabim Air Force Base in the Negev
Greek President Plants Olive Tree in Jerusalem Grove of Nations
Italian Environment Minister Discovers Negev Agriculture
Kenyan President Plants an Olive Tree in Jerusalem
Italy-Israel Friendship Tree Planted in Italian Ambassador's Garden
Hugging a Tree? Beware of the Pine Processionary Caterpillar!
UN World Water Day 2016: Better Water, Better Jobs
International Forest Day 2016: Saying Thank You to the Trees
US Forestry Service Shares Remote Sensing Tech with Israel
JNF USA & Alexander Muss High School in Israel
Both Receive Charity Navigator's Highest Rating
First-Ever Birthright Israel Trip for Jewish Law Enforcement Announced
90 Year-old Giuditta Matalon Embraces the Children of Israel
Peonies and Pineapples in the Negev Desert
An Interview with Israel Prize Winner Prof. Yossi Katz
Arava Open Day 2016
The Acacia Tree Stars in the Arava Ecosystem
Bright September
Appeasement for Peace?
Just look at Miriam now
It's The Jews Fault, They Could Have Prevented WWII!....
Joan Rivers rushed to hospital following throat surgery
American ultra-orthodox charge sexual abuse at Israeli seminaries
Coat of many colors: US Jewish leaders divided on Gaza truce
Claims Conference examines plight of child Shoah victims
Anti-Semitic expression in France no longer in hiding, says Jewish communal leader
Holocaust survivor arrested in Missouri protests
Hungarian community leader vows European Jewry will not disappear
Anti-Semitism alarms ADL
Israel to extradite suspected haredi sex abuser to Australia
Tricycle Theatre ends boycott of Israeli funds
Netherlands suspends official who said Zionists created ISIS
New York Governor Cuomo leads solidarity mission to Israel
Jewish News
11/16/2007 00:16
(photo credit:Courtesy)
The government needs to bring up the issue of hundreds of thousands of Jews who left their homes in Arab countries following the establishment of the State of Israel as part of any future peace agreement with the Palestinians, the president of the World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries said Thursday.
About 850,000 Jews fled Arab countries after Israel's founding in 1948, leaving behind assets valued today at more than $300 billion, said Heskel M. Haddad.
He added that the New York-based organization has decades-old property deeds of Jews from Arab countries on a total area of 100,000 sq.km. - which is five times the size of the State of Israel.
Most of the properties are located in Iraq, Egypt and Morocco, Haddad said.
The Baghdad-born Haddad fled Iraq in 1951, and, after a brief stop in Israel, made his way to the United States where he went on to become a prominent New York ophthalmologist.
In an interview, he said that it was imperative for Israel to bring up the issue of the Jews who fled Arab countries at any future peace talks - including those scheduled to take place in Annapolis in the coming weeks - since no Palestinian leader would sign a peace treaty without resolving the issue of Palestinian refugees.
Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians - with estimates ranging from 400,000 to 750,000 - left Israeli-controlled territory in 1948 and 1949, and they, along with their millions of descendants, make up one of the prickliest issues to be dealt with by Israeli and Palestinian negotiators as part of any resolution to the conflict.
Haddad said that the key to resolving the issue rested with the Arab League, which in the 1950s passed a resolution stating that no Arab government would grant citizenship to Palestinian refugees, keeping them in limbo for over half a century.
At the same time, the Arab League urged Arab governments to facilitate the exit of Jews from Arab countries, a resolution which was carried out with a series of punitive measures and discriminatory decrees making it untenable for the Jews to stay in the countries.
"No Jews from Arab countries would give up their property and home and come to Israel out of Zionism," Haddad said.
He said that the Israeli government was "myopic" not to utilize this little-known information, which he said should be part of a package financial solution to solving the issue of Palestinian refugees.
An Israeli ministerial committee on claims for Jewish property in Arab countries, which is currently headed by the Pensioners Minister Rafi Eitan, has been virtually dormant since it was established four years ago.
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