text:
This glorious opera was magnificent on Saturday, November 7th. Ms. Guleghina and Mr. Giordani were well matched and both sang beautifully. The sets by Zefirelli were glorious. All the participants: leads, chorus, dancers and supers were superb. It was a relief that Mr. Z...moreefirelli's production was maintained and not replaced by spare and harsh modern sets. view less
Albuquerque Regal Cinemas
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1. Regal Cinemas
10000 Coors Byp NWAlbuquerque, NM 87114
From Business: Enjoy the latest movies at your local Regal Cinemas. UA Cottonwood features stadium seating, digital projection, mobile tickets and more! Get movie tickets & showti…
2. UA Cottonwood Stadium 16
I love my smile makeover! My teeth are really straight after decades of hidden smiles. I should have visited years ago. Dr Sapp and his team have…
3. UA Winrock Theatre 6
I really enjoy going to this theater when I visit Albuquerque it's the last of the old time theaters I miss the Coronado theater as well. I hope th…
4. Regal Four Hills 10 - CLOSED
Like the theaters they offer rewards and the popcorn is good, theater is usually clean. No stadium seating at Central
5. Regal Four Hills 10 - CLOSED
13120 Central Ave SE # AAlbuquerque, NM 87123
From Business: 6 - 10 Screens
6. Southwest Film Center
UNM Student Union BuildingAlbuquerque, NM 87131
From Business: Screen Count: 1
7. Guild Cinema
3405 Central Ave NEAlbuquerque, NM 87106
From Business: Screen Count: 1
8. North - CLOSED
9201 Pan American Fwy NEAlbuquerque, NM 87113
9. Sunshine Theater
This place sucks period. Just be ready to be imprisoned when you enter this venue.
10. Lockheed Martin Dynatheater
1801 Mountain Rd NWAlbuquerque, NM 87104
From Business: Lockheed Martin Dynatheater is a movie hall that offers options to view a variety of films. It features several movie shows for adults, senior citizens and children…
11. DynaTheatre
1801 Mountain Rd NWAlbuquerque, NM 87104
From Business: Screen Count: 1
12. Closet Cinema
1807 Gabaldon Rd NWAlbuquerque, NM 87104
13. Albuquerque Theatre Guild - CLOSED
2700 Vista Grande Dr NW # 8Albuquerque, NM 87120
14. Cinnafilm Inc
610 Gold Ave SW # 110Albuquerque, NM 87102
15. Lodestar Astronomy Center - CLOSED
1801 Mountain Rd NWAlbuquerque, NM 87104
16. Icon Cinema
13120 Central Ave SEAlbuquerque, NM 87123
From Business: Screen Count: 10
17. Century 14 Downtown Albuquerque - Cinemark
Shows great independent and foreign films with the best film presentation in New Mexico.
18. North Fourth Theater
4904 4th St NWAlbuquerque, NM 87107
19. Cinnafilm
600 Central Ave SEAlbuquerque, NM 87102
20. Cinemark Movies 8
Always has at least one movie every one wants to see. Good prices. Usually very clean.
21. Adobe Theater
Ticketing system is poor and they don't return calls. Productions are fair but keep a sense of humor.
22. Basement Films - CLOSED
614 Iron Ave SEAlbuquerque, NM 87102
23. Cinemark Century Rio 24 Plex
My favorite theater. I see all of the movies that I am most excited to release there. Probably the best in Abq! Great concession area. Feels like yo…
24. Cinemark Movies West
Excellent prices. Friendly Staff. Constantly trying to keep facilities clean. Good food. Great location.
25. Icon Cinemas
13120 Central Ave SEAlbuquerque, NM 87123
26. Landmark Social Room
6303 Indian School Rd NEAlbuquerque, NM 87110
27. Merritt Home Theater Services
8901 Boe Ln NEAlbuquerque, NM 87113
28. Dynatheater Showtimes - The New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science
1801 Mountain Rd NWAlbuquerque, NM 87104
From Business: Visitors explore the origins and geological history of the American Southwest through vivid displays including dinosaur models, ice-age cave replicas, a naturalist …
29. Kimo Theatre
423 Central Ave NWAlbuquerque, NM 87102
From Business: Screen Count: 1
30. Premiere Cinema 14 - Rio Rancho
This is a nice theater. It's clean and the staff is friendly.
I really enjoy going to this theater when I visit Albuquerque it's the last of the old time theaters I miss the Coronado theater as well. I hope this one sticks around for more years to come the others are too crowded and noisy. I feel welcomed and at home every time I vis...moreit this theater the prices are good and the people are always friendly.view less
My favorite theater. I see all of the movies that I am most excited to release there. Probably the best in Abq! Great concession area. Feels like you pay a little more but very worth it. Also with the right movies D-box seats are just epic.


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Fallacy of the red herring: Ignoring a criticism of an argument by changing attention to another subject.
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Most Liked Positive Review
Great for accessing small deeply recessed screws
These screwdrivers, with long, small diameter shafts, are really useful for getting to screws that are deeply recessed at the bottom of small diameter "tunnels" - such as in small electronic devices.
Most Liked Negative Review
HF is great, but these are not
I am a big fan of Harbor freight, but these are not some of the good stuff that they sell, and although I already wrote a review I thought I would wright another with...Read complete review
I am a big fan of Harbor freight, but these are not some of the good stuff that they sell, and although I already wrote a review I thought I would wright another with more info. Anyway, I got these to open a food blender and the heads striped out almost instantly and they were useless. And although they have a lifetime warranty, it is not worth even taking them in because the replacement will be the same item.Harbor freight is really good for sockets and ratchets and even gear wrenches, but this is not so good.And I have a 5 star review on the 7 piece SAE and 7 piece Metric ratcheting wrench sets, so go check it out.
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screw drivers
By safety sam
from streetsboro ohio
About Me Casual Do-It-Yourselfer
Comments about Pittsburgh 6 Pc 3 In., 5 In., 8 In. Screwdriver Set:
Just what I needed. .very helpful employees
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
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Comment on this review
By Jack
from Ladson, SC
About Me Avid Do-It-Yourselfer
See all my reviews
Works for what I need them for.
Slim screwdriver set
By Billf
from Farmington, NY
This set was really cheap and has a nice selection of Phillips and flathead screwdrivers. The quality seems good enough for the number of times I'll probably use them, but for under $3, it really doesn't matter.
great set
By Jason
from Undisclosed
Great set for those hard to reach places with small screws!
By Mr. Science
from Malvern, PA
Just what I needed
By Bob
from Wittmann, AZ
Just what I was looking for, and the price was right...
By TONY B
from FLOURTOWNPA
About Me Professional
(2 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
Small shanks
By Ted
Keep in mind that these are #1 size screwdrivers. They work fine on small screws like the ones found on battery compartments and small electronics. However, they are useless for larger screws.
Got it free and its an Intereting set,
By Sam
from Jacksonville
Smaller skinnier than I expected, but it was free great for extra back up. Made in ɐuıɥɔ but they feel a bit strong not too flimsy.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
By strider
They are just extra in my tool box, seems fine to me for light duty use
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text:
Ford profits soar on F-150 sales, Europe reboundThu, 28, Apr 2016
Ford today posted the highest quarterly pretax profit in its 113-year history and its best-ever results in North America, driven by higher sales of the redesigned F-150 and a retooled lineup of SUVs.
Visteon reports drop in Q1 net income but gross margin risesThu, 28, Apr 2016
Visteon, the former Ford parts unit that supplies various automotive electronics, on Thursday reported net income of $19 million on revenue of $802 million.
Continental raises margin target after Q1 profit gainFri, 29, Apr 2016
Continental raised its profit margin target for this year after stronger demand for tires and industrial components pushed first-quarter profit and sales higher.
BorgWarner Q1 adjusted earnings rise 5%Thu, 28, Apr 2016
Turbocharger and emissions systems supplier BorgWarner said today its first-quarter adjusted earnings rose on higher sales, even as one-time costs dragged down its net income.
Denso's fiscal-year net falls 5.8%; Aisin Seiki's climbs 14%Thu, 28, Apr 2016
Denso's net income fell 5.8 percent in the fiscal year which ended March 31, even as revenue rose 5 percent, the parts supplier said. Separately, Aisin Seiki said its net rose 14 percent as revenue rose 9.4 percent.
VW CEO eyes solid 2016 growth despite crisisThu, 28, Apr 2016
VW Group has a chance to post solid growth in its operating business this year even as it grapples with its emissions-cheating scandal and a strategic repositioning, CEO Matthias Mueller said. Cost reductions at Europe's largest automaker are "in full swing" at individual brands and across the group, he added.
Group 1 CEO says automakers need to cut productionWed, 27, Apr 2016
The head of one of the biggest U.S. dealership groups said major automakers must cut production in order for dealers to keep healthy profit margins.
Superior Industries more than triples Q1 net incomeWed, 27, Apr 2016
Aluminum-wheel supplier Superior Industries more than tripled its first-quarter net income, driven by a 25 percent gain in wheel shipments.
Icahn's Federal-Mogul returns to profitability in Q1Wed, 27, Apr 2016
Carl Icahn-controlled Federal-Mogul today reported a $35 million profit in the first quarter as sales in its aftermarket parts division rose 7.5 percent.
Lear net income surges 69% in Q1Wed, 27, Apr 2016
Seating and electronics supplier Lear reported today a 69 percent increase in first-quarter net income, driven by rising sales and demand for its parts.
Asbury Q1 net down 14%; will open used-car stores despite slow salesTue, 26, Apr 2016
Asbury Automotive's first-quarter net income dropped 14 percent to $31 million, pressured by softer new- and used-vehicle sales, even as revenue edged up 0.6 percent to $1.55 billion, the company said today.
Sonic Q1 net rises 4.7% on parts and service, F&I; revenue flatTue, 26, Apr 2016
Sonic Automotive reported net income rose 4.7 percent to $14.6 million in the first quarter from a year earlier. Despite the narrow gain, the auto retailer reported a decline in gross profits on new and used vehicles amid weaker new-vehicle sales.


text:
Tom Cruise (born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV; July 3, 1962) is an American actor and filmmaker. Cruise has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won three Golden Globe Awards. He started his career at age 19 in the 1981 film Endless Love. After portraying supporting roles in Taps (1981) and The Outsiders (1983), his first leading role was in the romantic comedy Risky Business, released in August 1983. Cruise became a full-fledged movie star after starring as Pete "Maverick" Mitchell in the action drama Top Gun (1986). Since 1996, he has been well known for his role as secret agent Ethan Hunt in the Mission: Impossible film series, whose most recent film, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation, was released in 2015.
Asia Nalani Vernimo (born February 11, 1990), better known by her stage name Asia Cruise, is an American R&B singer. In 2008, she became the first artist of Asian descent to be signed to Hitz Committee/Jive Records.
HIDDEN ERROR: Usage of "spouse" is not recognized
Walton Edwin Cruise (May 6, 1890 – January 6, 1975), born in Childersburg, Alabama, was an outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals (1914, 1916–1919) and Boston Braves (1919–1924).
Jack Cruise (15 August 1915 – 4 May 1979) was a famous Irish comedian & actor who performed in and wrote many shows in the Royal and Olympia theatres in Dublin.
Carter Cruise (born April 24, 1991) is the stage name of an American pornographic actress, DJ, and model.
Thomas Daniel Cruise or Tom Cruise (born 9 March 1991) is an English professional footballer who, until recently, played for Torquay United. He is a product of Arsenal Academy who came to prominence during 2008–09 FA Youth Cup. He can play as a central defender, left back or left midfielder.
Melanie Cruise (born January 7 1986) is an American professional wrestler best known for her appearances in SHIMMER and POWW Entertainment. She currently performs for several Northern United States-based independent promotions and was the first Resistance Pro Wrestling Women's champion. She also competes as a member of the all-female promotion Shimmer Women Athletes.
Jorge Cruise (born on March 6, 1971 in Mexico City, Mexico) is the author of the five book diet series on The New York Times bestseller list: The Belly Fat Cure (2010), Body at Home (2009), The 12-Second Sequence (2009), The 3-Hour Diet (2006), and 8 Minutes in the Morning (2002).[1]


text:
American Eagle Energy Announces $18 MM Financing Agreement
LITTLETON, Colo., Jan. 2, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- American Eagle Energy Corporation (OTCQX: AMZG) closed a credit agreement with Macquarie Bank Ltd on December 28, 2012 and has received $16,000,000 of the $18,000,000 total. The remaining $2,000,000 is expected to be received within 30 days following the closing of two pending acquisitions. American Eagle intends to use the funds to support further developmental drilling in its Spyglass Project in North Dakota, for the pending property acquisitions and for general corporate purposes. All of the funds are to be repaid through the sale of approximately 212,000 barrels of oil over the five-year period from January 2013 to December 2017, with a final balloon payment of $2,000,000 due December 31, 2017. The monthly volumes are less than 25% of current net production and the cost of the financing and the repayment structure are based upon an equivalent annual interest rate of LIBOR + 650 basis points, which is approximately 7.2%.Brad Colby, American Eagle's President, stated, "This funding transaction provides an important source of capital that allows American Eagle to continue its aggressive development pace in Spyglass which we expect will significantly expand our production and reserve base. We are pleased to have closed our 2012 fiscal year with this important financing and believe we are well positioned to continue growing our company in 2013." About American Eagle Energy Corporation: American Eagle Energy Corporation is engaged in the exploration and production of petroleum and natural gas in North America. Currently, American is focused primarily on exploiting unconventional resource plays within the Bakken and Three Forks formations. Prior to December 1, 2011, the Company operated under the name Eternal Energy Corp. The Company changed its name to American Eagle Energy Corporation in December 2011 upon the completion of its acquisition of American Eagle Energy Inc., another oil and gas company engaged in a similar business with which the Company shared certain properties and prospects. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a "safe harbor" for forward-looking statements. Certain information included in this press release contains statements that are forward-looking, such as statements relating to the future anticipated direction of the industry, plans for future expansion, various business development activities, planned capital expenditures, future funding sources, anticipated sales growth, potential contracts, and/or aspects of litigation. Such forward-looking information involves important risks and uncertainties that could significantly affect anticipated results in the future, and, accordingly, such results may differ from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by, or on behalf of American Eagle Energy Corporation.
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Monday, 2 May 2016
Recently, the sports brand PUMA released a preliminary version of their "unprecedented" environmental profit and loss statement which reveals no profits but a loss of 94.4m Euros. Complete Cradle To Gate Approach Where this figure comes from? Most likely from the desire to provide managers with one monetary figure on environmental impacts rather than several ecological ones. Together with their ...
Thanks for your comment Chris. The idea of this new standard work ISO 14008 is exactly to ...ByMartina Prox, April 21, 2016
There's many good blogs out there. The question is what kind data/topics you're looking fo ...ByMartina Prox, April 20, 2016
A former boss and mentor of mine used to say that "Money is the only common currency", mea ...ByChris Lynn, April 20, 2016
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Jan 21, 2013
I'm going to be an esthetician too!
Jan 21, 2013
That is great though at least you will be going and that's all that matters!!=) Im suppose to start in march but I have to have surgery on my finger the 4th of feb. so hopefully my finger will be all better by then if not I'll start in april but im hoping for march.
Jan 26, 2013
ahttp://www i hope your surgery goes well! im sure it will :) if not, its only a months difference!
Jan 13, 2013
You're welcome!
Hello my name is corina. I have a passion for makeup. I think makeup is art. I strongly believe in the saying "MAKEUP IS NOT ABOUT MAKING YOU LOOK PLASTIC,IT'S ABOUT ENHANCING YOUR NATURAL BEAUTY"♥ I will be going to school for an aesthetician soon♥ to further my education in skin and makeup♥=) I'am new to Beautylish. I think this site is amazing♥ If you follow me I will return the love and follow you as well♥=)Thank you and hope all you lovelies have a blessed day=) Muahssss♥♥♥
|Eye Color:
|March 15


text:
I would like to compile the php pecl extension ev http://pecl.php.net/package/ev for PHP 5.5+ into a dll-file on Win 8.1 64-Bit.
I have already downloaded the ev source-code and already installed Visual Studio Express(!) 2012. What do i have to do next? How can i compile the source-code?
There is no file->new->project from existing code in Visual Studio Express(!).
I have also already tried to install the pecl exptension with the pecl command. But this doesn´t work:
C:\xampp\php>pecl install ev No releases available for package "pecl.php.net/ev" install failed


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Moon Living Abroad in India
By Margot Bigg
First Edition, March 2011
Pages: 328
Price: $19.99 USD
Price: $9.99 USD
India expert Margot Bigg has made the move to India herself, and in Moon Living Abroad in India, she uses her know-how to provide insight and firsthand advice on navigating the language and culture of this complex country. Bigg outlines all the information you need in a smart, organized, and straightforward manner, making planning the move abroad manageable.
Moon Living Abroad in India is packed with essential information and must-have details on setting up daily life, including obtaining visas, arranging finances, gaining employment, choosing schools, and finding health care. With color and black and white photos, illustrations, and maps to help you find your bearings, Moon Living Abroad in India makes the transition process easy for tourists, business people, adventurers, students, teachers, professionals, families, couples, and retirees looking to relocate.
What's inside Moon Living Abroad in India
Here's what author Margot Bigg loves about India:
- On an average day, you are likely to cross paths with a variety of fauna, including dogs, monkeys, cows, and sometimes even elephants.
- Dance, music, art, literature — India has it all. India's traditional arts are complex, ancient, and mesmerizing.
- No matter where you are in India, a different culture, language, and landscape is never more than a few hours' drive away.
- India's time zone is abbreviated to IST, or Indian Standard Time; however, IST has become short for "Indian Stretchable Time" because the attitude toward time management is much more flexible than in the West.
- Although supermarkets are increasingly commonplace, you can still buy fresh milk and yogurt from the neighborhood dairy stands and fresh fruits and vegetables from the roaming produce carts.
- People are quick to welcome you into their homes, feed you, and make sure that you are safe and happy in their country.
- With summer comes India's mango season, where you can sample dozens of varieties of the country's favorite fruit.
- Masala chai, a concoction of tea, spices, milk, and a lot of sugar, is comforting, delicious, and available on every street corner.
- When it rains, water is collected in large cisterns to be used later. This widespread practice is not only cost-effective, it's ecofriendly.
- The traditional dress of women across India, the sari is beautiful, elegant, and figure-flattering.
- There's a wallah, or tradesperson, for everything. From having a sign hand-painted to blowing up balloons, you're pretty much guaranteed there is someone who specializes in the service in question.
Excerpted from the First Edition of Moon Living Abroad in India.
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text:
20 Miles
32 Km
26 mins
17 Miles
27 Km
32 mins
0.93 Gallons
Fuel Needs
0.91 Pounds CO2 fp per miles
Distance from Coffeeville, MS to Grenada, MS is 20Miles or 32 Km. You can get this distance about 26 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane, you can get this distance about 32 mins .
A car with an average MPG will needs 0.93 gallons of gas to get the route between these points.
The estimated cost of gas to get between Coffeeville, MS and Grenada, MS is $2.11.
During the route, an average car will release 18.22 pounds of CO2 to the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint is 0.91 pounds of CO2 per mile.
* Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG.
* Average US gas price used for calculation is 2.27 per gallon.
* Coordinates of Coffeeville, MS is 33.9768268, -89.6757955 and coordinates of Grenada, MS is 33.7690772, -89.8084357
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Accountant (CLIENT OPENING)
Rehmann 8 reviews - Melvindale, MI
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About this company
Put People First. There it is. Number one on our list of five core values. Rehmann's living commitment and vision is: Be THE Firm of Choice...


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Top planner adds weight to view that CPI will exceed 3pc target
Related topics
Mainland inflation will rise faster than the government's 3 per cent target this year amid growing concerns the economy is overheating, a senior official with the country's top planning agency has warned.
The remarks, published in the People's Daily yesterday, mark yet another official forecast that the consumer price index will accelerate faster than the government's comfort zone, strengthening the case for further interest rate rises.
The newspaper quoted an official in charge of the price department at the National Development and Reform Commission as saying the CPI in the first half will rise 3 per cent from a year ago. For the full year, the official predicted inflation would top 3 per cent, without stating a figure.
The government is targeting inflation this year to stay below 3 per cent. In the first five months of the year, the CPI rose 2.9 per cent from a year earlier, up from the 1.5 per cent for the whole of last year.
There is increasing concern that the inflation rate will exceed targets as runaway growth fuels higher prices, particularly for food.
The State Information Centre has forecast a 3.3 per cent rise while the research bureau of the People's Bank of China predicts consumer inflation at 3.2 per cent.
Many forecasters revised their predictions following the release of strong economic data for May. Economists said they expected the government to introduce further tightening measures in an attempt to rein in costs.
Qu Hongbin, chief China economist with HSBC, said the central bank needed to raise interest rates to keep real deposit rates in positive territory. The central bank has lifted borrowing costs twice this year.
Morgan Stanley raised its inflation forecast to 2.9 per cent from 2.5 per cent while Goldman Sachs said it expected annualised inflation to top 4 per cent in the third quarter.
'We expect tighter monetary policy in the coming months given heightened inflation risks and negative real interest rates,' said Hong Liang, chief China economist with Goldman Sachs. Ms Liang expects the central bank to increase lending and deposit rates twice before the end of the year, by 27 basis points each time.
The National Bureau of Statistics is scheduled to release key economic data for the first half next week.
The commission official said growth was being driven by increasing domestic costs, rising grain prices in international markets and price rises in eggs, meat, poultry, milk and edible oils.
Premier Wen Jiabao recently warned about the danger of rising food prices, saying they could spark unrest and urged officials 'not to lower their guard' on the issue.
A spike in pork and egg prices helped push the consumer price index up 3.4 per cent year on year in May, the highest inflation rate in 27 months. Food prices, which make up a third of the CPI, rose 8.3 per cent year on year in May.
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News cameras caught images of the presidential hopeful, guarded by security officials, hopping a barrier and walking toward a back entrance of the hotel for his speech.23:37 29.04.16 | 0 comments
It used to the gvir from the Shtelt rode roughshod over the the "less forturnate" Jews that lived there. So now it's the Ba'alaustas of the Shtelt that imagiine they can tell the "less fortunate" Jews what to do. First, come on Aliyah, become one of us. Even Rabbi Anat, like many other Israelis understand you cannot rush in and make demands and expect all of them to be fulfilled. You talk and figure out a way of living together in one community. These dissenters aren't even part of our community, that is, the Israeli Jewish community. There are other sectors in the Israeli Jewish body politic, somewhat more Halachic that pull that shtick on the streets and the in the synagogues. They disturb the peace, and . . . most Israelis disapprove of their behavior. If these women, outsiders, imagine they can pull shtick, they have something else comin',


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NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Too often I see aspiring traders trying to make money by "guessing" how the market will react on events. Today's Federal Reserve announcement and Chairman Ben Bernanke's press conference is a prime example.People are positioned long or short based on their views of what they "think" is going to happen today. As we all know, markets can become irrational, and even when the anticipated announcement is released, the markets do not react the way we "think" they should.
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There's an interesting (if wordy) article on MSNBC that is aptly called How The Government Spends Your Taxes.
Many of you have already filed your tax returns, meticulously tallying up the often astounding amount that you have sent off to Uncle Sam. Just what are you getting in return? Here's a breakdown of where the roughly 4.1 trillion dollars collected in 2007 went (according to the Commerce Department's Bureau of Economic Analysis).
"Income Security" (22%)
This includes Social Security (11.5%), along with other social services like welfare (4.6%), disability payments (3.5%) and unemployment insurance (.7%).
Health care (20.3%)
This includes Medicaid and Medicare.
Security & Defense (almost 20%)
This includes national defense (13.2%), along with spending on "public order and safety" (6.5%), which includs police (2.7%), prisons (1.8%), courts (1.2%) and fighting fires (.8%).
Education (15.8%)
Most of this went to pay for elementary and secondary schools (11.7%). Much of the rest helped pay for college (2.8%). About .2% went to pay for public libraries.
"General Public Service" (14%),
This is the cost of running the government itself, including state and local governments. The largest portion of this went to paying interest on money borrowed (9%). Salaries and expenses for the executive and legislative branches (2%) and the cost of collecting taxes (1%).
Misc (8%)
Highways (2.5%), agriculture (.8%), air transport (.4%), air and water quality (.7%), the space program (.3%), community service (1.0%), and recreation and culture (.7%).
These figures don't altogether surprise me much, though one thing that did jump out is that the government's debt payments total less than 10% of its budget. That's much less than I would have thought, considering all the media hype about our "looming deficit." 10% seems pretty manageable, although of course in real dollars that is still a tremendous amount of money that could be going towards our education system and other beneficial programs.
Also, national defense only came in at 13%?? After all the talk of money wasted in Iraq? That's a pleasant surprise for me as well (though I suppose a lot of that could have been put on Uncle Sam's credit card, otherwise known as the "trillion dollar deficit").
What do you think? So any categories strike you as woefully underfunded – or overfunded?
More from Meg at The World of Wealth


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $7.68 (35% off)
Posted by 5120190742438192464 on Mar 22, 2016
As other Reviva Labs products, it is no miracle product, but I like the way it leaves my skin.
Light Skin Peel
Posted by 4763476268702826776 on Dec 13, 2015
I was extremely happy to find the Reviva Light Skin Peel offered on your web site. I moved from the city where I had purchased it before and was unable to find it where I now reside. I very much like this product. It leaves my skin extremely soft and feels as though it definitely sloughs off the dead skin cells along with dirt and debris. I foresee me ordering this product many more times. As an extra bonus, the delivery time was very fast - I had the product in just a couple of days!
Good peeling mask
Posted by 5700239533969413545 on Oct 17, 2015
Easy to use. Spread over pat dry and cleaned face. Not too clean layer so you can rub off easier when its dry. Skin feels smoother. Price is good.
Exfoliates well
Posted by HonestReviewsHere on Apr 17, 2014
I don't understand why this product doesn't currently have five stars because it does make a noticeable difference for me. It's a little harsh to scrub this off with your dry hands but is what I was looking for. My face comes out of the house glowing and smooth twice a week. Because of Reviva Labs, I get compliments on my skin all the time.
fast acting
Posted by Reviewer2641231 on Jan 21, 2014
I like the product, not to harsh on the skin, dries fast and makes the skin fell refreshed. the only problem is it doesn't peel off very well.
Reviva Light Skin Peel
Posted by Reviewer2481071 on Jul 25, 2013
This is an amazing product! I have used this skin peel for years. It is the only exfoliant that I have found that actually WORKS! It really does remove dead skin cells and leaves your skin looking great. Wonderful product and would not be without it.
well.. wont reorder
Posted by Reviewer1993846 on Apr 17, 2013
well its acrub for sensitive skin...dont like u have to wait when its dry to rub your face..je préfère le scrub avec des grains plutot que cette pate a appliquer et attendre que ca sèche, ensuite frotter.. pas génial
Not much effect
Posted by lotuspocus on Jun 13, 2012
A friend recommended this, so I bought one to try. Alas, didn't notice any visible skin improvement after a few applications.
my favorite peel!
Posted by Reviewer1710000 on Apr 04, 2012
I order this peel in each parcel. It makes my skin lighter and softer and really revitalize.
very good
Posted by Reviewer2540445 on Jan 26, 2012
I'm on my 3rd bottle and I have learned something --- Before you put it you should wash your face with a soap and don't put anything after that. Just pat dry (with a towel or tissue) and apply this product evenly(not to thinly). Wait until it's completely dry and you'll be able to peel it off quite easily. It feels a little bit oily so you may want to wash your face again. Well, I do...then normal procedure follows. The result is great.
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Lebanon's cowboys, and entrepreneurial spur
Beirut is not the place you'd expect to see a rodeo show. But anything can happen in the Wild West, says Katherine Azmeh.
April 21, 2010 5:51 by Katherine Azmeh
I know, I know: Beirut is widely regarded as the entertainment capital of the Middle East. But even so, I was surprised when a friend invited me to the city's first Wild West Festival last year. I am an American from Texas, so you'll forgive me if I had a hard time envisioning Lebanon's capital as the right venue for country music bands, rodeo cowboys, and barbeque.
But as it turns out, the event was right at home in the city. Indeed, Beirut is a contemporary wild west, a place where loopholes will be exploited and locals delight in that look of bewilderment on the face of newcomers.
Learning this terrain involves a leap of faith: Just because things are not spelled out, does not imply there are not clear rules of engagement. Enclaves of self-rule persist – for better and for worse, and lapses and judgment will cost you dearly. Rule number one upon arrival: learn the unspoken rules of the game.
In celebration of Lebanon's Wild West spirit, Kipp offers you this collection of personal anecdotes from locals and foreigners. Each one illustrates the yin and yang of living here: learning to be at peace with the irrational, while recognizing the underlying entrepreneurial spirit of it all.
The moonlighting real estate agent
In the west, realtors are not hard to find. Their signs mar the landscaping of otherwise lovely front lawns, their business cards are offered at parties, and they take up all the tables at Starbucks. In some markets real estate brokers are licensed professionals, dressed in suits, sitting with clients in trendy restaurants – house plans littering the table, laptops open, mortgage calculators whirring.
As a foreign journalist in Lebanon, I was keen to get a handle on the country's property market, and had naively made my own attempts at contacting a realtor. After all, those guys generally have their fingers on the pulse of the sector – hot neighborhoods, price per square meter, where the deals are. After a few failed attempts, I met my friend Elie (at Starbucks, of course), hoping he could enlighten me on the elusive nature of the property broker in Lebanon.
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1 Comment
I loved the article, it's sad but so true…


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414 Miles
666 Km
6 hours 6 mins
280 Miles
450 Km
1 hours 5 mins
19.17 Gallons
Fuel Needs
0.91 Pounds CO2 fp per miles
Distance from Phoenix, AZ to T Or C, NM is 414Miles or 666 Km. You can get this distance about 6 hours 6 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane, you can get this distance about 1 hours 5 mins .
A car with an average MPG will needs 19.17 gallons of gas to get the route between these points.
The estimated cost of gas to get between Phoenix, AZ and T Or C, NM is $43.52.
During the route, an average car will release 375.58 pounds of CO2 to the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint is 0.91 pounds of CO2 per mile.
* Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG.
* Average US gas price used for calculation is 2.27 per gallon.
* Coordinates of Phoenix, AZ is 33.44823, -112.07406000000003 and coordinates of T Or C, NM is 33.12905, -107.25587999999999
All Rights Reserved. © 2010 - 2016 About Feedback


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Coach behaves poorly
Published: Tuesday, January 16, 2007 at 9:06 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, January 16, 2007 at 12:00 a.m.
Editor: People are always talking about the poor sportsmanship that some high school athletes show. After the display I saw of a high school coach pushing his athlete and yelling because the student didn't know where to wait, it's no wonder the kids act the way they do. And what was worse is the referee did not do a thing about it. If the adults can't act properly, how do you ever think the kids will learn? Coaches should be punished for this behavior.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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We have developed an imaging system for terahertz radiation based on two-dimensional electro-optic sampling using a high-speed CMOS camera operated in a differential mode synchronized to the pump laser. Suppression of background noise and a bipolar responsivity to THz field amplitude are observed. The system performance is discussed in comparison with the conventional system using a CCD camera.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest professional association for the advancement of technology.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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The Bonderam Festival is celebrated in Goa in the memory of the protests that were made by the local villagers against the unjust and unreasonable system they adopted to settle land disputes and ownership issues of land. There is a history behind the Bonderam Festival. There were often some disputes and fights between the villagers on the Divar Island over the ownership of lands. Thus the Portuguese put up flags to mark the lines due to which the villagers were unable to capture the lands of the nearby villages. Thus they protested against this system.
Divar Island, the charming and quiet island in Goa comes alive with the festive spirit during the Bonderam Festival. There is a carnival ambience that is created with the melody of the music reaching even the mainland of Old Goa. Flocks of people come to take part in the carnival and rejoice in the celebrations of the Festival of Bonderam in Goa.There is a float for each section of the villages, that are decorated in colors and colorfully clad youngsters who take part in the parade, presenting a pretty picture. People engage in mock fights as a parody of the past, which is remembered with a "fotash' fight that is a toy weapon of bamboo stems, while berries are used as missiles to knock down the aberrant flags.
The Bonderam Festival or the feast of Bonderam is celebrated on the fourth Saturday of August each year. The venue for celebrating the Bonderam Festival is at Divar Island, which is 12 kilometers from Panjim, the capital of Goa. Book Your Tour


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This item is currently
HN-SPC1325 Safco
Safco Onyx Mesh Desktop Tub File - Letter Size - PinkItem # HN-SPC1325
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- Bright pink mesh desktop tub file
- Integrated handle for easy transport
- Collapses for easy storage
- Label holders for customization
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Safco Onyx Mesh Desktop Tub File - Letter Size - Pink
About Safco ProductsSafco products were specifically developed to meet the changing needs of the business world, offering real design without great expense. Each product is designed to fit the needs of individuals and the way they work, by enhancing comfort and meeting the modern needs of organization in the workplace. These products encourage work-area efficiency and ultimately, work-life efficiency: from schools and universities, to hospitals and clinics, from small offices and busines


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Janavieve Newman, 100, passed away Monday, June 11, 2012 at her residence.
She was born April 17, 1912 in Mooreland, Ind. to the late George and Mary Gay (Schifflet) Davis.
A homemaker, she graduated from Mooreland High School and was a lifelong resident of Mooreland. She was an active member of White Branch Church of the Brethren, where she was in the Ladies Aid and was a Sunday school teacher.
Survivors include her children, Les (wife, Carolyn) Newman of Linton, IN, David (wife, Debbie) Newman of Greencastle, IN, Howard (wife, Vera) Newman of Scottsdale, AZ and Janet Freese (husband, Walt, deceased) of St. Louis, MO; ten grandchildren, Jeff Freese of St. Louis, MO, Jennifer (husband, Michael) Gavosto of St. Louis, MO, Bill (wife, May) Newman of Tuscon, AZ, Brenda Luster (husband, Caleb deceased) of DesMoines, IO, Terri (husband, John) Heitel of Phoenix, AZ, David Lee (wife, Tammy) Newman of Nashville, TN, Julie (husband, Derrick) Attaway of Greencastle, IN, Deanne (husband, Todd) Wideman of Kokomo, IN, Sheryl Newman of Norcross, GA and Jana Johnson of Linton, IN; eighteen great grandchildren, Jon-Michael Gavosto, Jaime Gavosto, James Newman, Christopher Newman, Steven Luster, Curtis Luster, Hailey Heitel, Ashleigh Heitel, Ryan Newman, Kristy Newman Kase, Ashley Attaway, Jessica Attaway, Nicholas Attaway, Katherine Wideman Burke, Alyssa Wideman, Zachery Johnson, Miranda Johnson and Reagan Johnson; one great-great grandchild, Adalyn Attaway-Orr; nieces and nephews.
In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her husband, Kem Newman in 1974; son, George Newman; granddaughter, Connie Newman; grandson, Gary Wayne Newman; six brothers and sisters, Madge Chamberlain, Lynn Davis, Roy Davis, Lewis Davis, Geneva Williams and Ray Davis.
Friends may call from 4-8 p.m. Friday, June 15, 2012 at Hinsey-Brown Funeral Service, 3406 S. Memorial Drive, in New Castle.
Service will be at 10:30 a.m. Saturday, June 16, 2012 with open calling beginning at 9:30 a.m. at White Branch Church of the Brethren with Pastor Brian Makie officiating. Burial will follow in Brick Cemetery.
Memorial contributions may be given at the White Branch Church of the Brethren, 2044 N. Co. Rd. 900 E., Hagerstown, IN 47346, with envelopes available at the funeral home.
You may express your condolences or share a memory of Janavieve at www.hinsey-brown.com.


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Choptank River Fishing Pier
Route 50
Cambridge, MD 21613
Popular with both anglers and strollers, this is the original bridge across the Choptank built during the Depression.
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at 20:51, 05-03-2016.
Cambridge Area Attractions
Meredith House & Nield Museum
Nathan of Dorchester
Stanley Institue
Dorchester Heritage Museum
Cambridge Lady Tours
Richardson Maritime Museum
Underground Railroad: Harriet Tubman Museum
Annie Oakley House
Spocott Windmill
Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge


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Quick! Look Prayerful!
Jim Wallis and crew are hoping to get arrested as they pray in front of the Cannon House Office Building for no budget cuts. Specifically, they're protesting the cut of $50 billion over five years that would slow the rate of increase in Medicare and other mandatory spending. Such cuts, they say, are "unbiblical."
With this newfound love for the Biblical, especially the grey areas of cuts from government spending (missed that part), surely they'll be steadfast in opposing the clear Biblical violations. I guess that means we'll see them at the March for Life next month? Heck, they won't even have to get arrested.
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taiguy,I am not ivan_starmypost.And "the plagiarizing jackass" is clearly bananarug4... see his cut-and-paste of my post last night as proof positive.I don't blame you for being pee'd off... your investment is clearly tanking and a recognized loser. If you had followed my advice and leadership, you could have made approx. $24 per share by purchasing Walmart and dumping Walgreens when I did, last Fall. That's a lotta money in a difficult year in the market. That's a lotta money in a surging market!But you just stick with your "ride down to $20." Have a nice trip. Because it is sure costing you a ton of $$$ to remain loyal at any cost!Tata,Yank
BM is giving investment advice. LOL!http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?t=6m&s=WAG&l=on&z=m&q=l&c=rad%2C+dscm%2Camr%2C+hd
BM says: "I, for one, admit to losing a LOT of money." and now is handing out financial advice. BM, I'm retiring in my mid-40s. You are still plugging away at 57. Any questions? LOL!
He waits for the mailman so he can get his monthly check from Uncle Sam and spends all of his waking moments on his computer bashing and spewing hate! He owns CVS for ONE DAY (allegedly) and it already goes down a bundle, just like the other losers that Taiguy was thoughtful enough to include for us. LOL!http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?t=6m&s=WAG&l=on&z=m&q=l&c=rad%2C+dscm%2Camr%2C+hdWhat a house of LOSERS! He better consult normandope and his doodoo website! LOL!
taiguy is lucky and can afford to retire.His wife's Walmart investment pays enough dividend to pay off their rusty trailer and cover the cost of his methadone.Once he's off parole, he hopes to get a job at Burger King where he can utilize his skilled training by servicing the restrooms and sweeping the parking lot.Tata,Yank


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Chicago, once again hosting this year's National Sports Collectors Convention, remains a hobby hotbed with collectors chasing cards and memorabilia old and new.
Paul Konerko
Chicago Sports Memorabilia Always PercolatingJune 29, 2011 By
White Sox Offer Game Used Caps for CharityMarch 18, 2011 By
The Chicago White Sox took the caps off their heads, signed them and offered them to an Arizona charity.
Sox Auction Special CapsMarch 30, 2010 By
The White Sox were all green on St. Patty's day and they're hoping to raise some green through some one-of-a-kind caps.


text:
AP CHLG-Champions League Headlines At 11:30 p.m.
Updated: February 12, 2013, 12:32 AM ETAssociated Press
Valencia need to keep Ibrahimovic quiet
Madrid's Ronaldo ready to face Man Utd
Celtic eye another big win in Europe
David Beckham opts for PSG move
Mourinho targets Champions League
Man Utd to face Madrid in Champs League
Malaga handed European ban
Chelsea eliminated despite 6-1 victory
Messi hurt as Benfica hold Barcelona
Cluj beat second-string Man Utd 1-0
Read full story
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 5, 2000
|Filing date
|May 27, 1998
|Priority date
|Jul 8, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Louis-Marie Achard, Claude Blais, David Hirsch Danovitch, Jean-Francois Garneau, Michel Robert
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (4), Classifications (26), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to methods of manufacturing metal segments where such segments are of homogeneous composition. More particularly, the invention relates to the manufacture of solder columns for use in providing electrical connections for the packaging and assembly of components in the semiconductor and integrated circuit electronic industry.
Solder connections have been used extensively in circuit board assemblies and electronic card devices to provide electrical interconnections, to bond components together, and to mount components on substrates for carrying integrated circuit devices. With the trend in electronics packaging and circuitry assemblies to higher functionality and complexity, there is a significant increase in the required number of interconnections. While development continues to miniaturize interconnection size and pitch, the rate of increase in package complexity often occurs at such a rapid rate that package miniaturization cannot keep pace and therefore some package sizes must actually be increased. However, where device package sizes are decreased, the number of input/output leads typically increases, the size of individual interconnections and the spacing between adjacent contacts must be reduced, resulting in potential difficulties in positioning and securing the devices on mounting pads on the surface of circuit boards, circuit cards and the like.
Several alternative known arrangements exist for connecting the substrate/carrier, for example for chip devices, to a printed circuit board (PCB). One such alternative is a pin grid array attachment where the actual connecting elements are typically pins of rigid metallic material, for example copper or Kovar. Here, placement to the PCB is effected by insetting the pins into receiving thru-holes in the PCB. Another more recently developed arrangement is ball grid array (BGA) attachment where the connecting elements are typically balls of solder material. This arrangement has gained considerable acceptance in the industry due to the fact that placement onto the PCB is effected by metallurgically joining the balls to surface pads on the PCB. This provides design flexibility and cost reductions to the PCB in that (1) the thru-holes are no longer required for substrate connection and (2) this placement technique is compatible with Surface Mount Technology (SMT) processes used for placement of other components on the card.
The use of this BGA attachment arrangement requires that attention be paid to relative coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of the substrate versus the PCB, in that differences in rates of thermal expansion can disturb the metallurgical joint during normal operation and use of the substrate-PCB assembly. In the case of a ceramic substrate, the difference in CTE can be significant. The larger the ceramic substrate, the more critical this CTE difference becomes to the integrity of BGA metallurgical joints.
The provision of solder column connections is a new emerging technology to meet the needs of the electronic packaging industry resulting from the aforementioned potential need for larger ceramic substrates combined with the desire to exploit the surface-mountable advantages of a solder connect technology such as BGA. Replacing the surface mountable solder balls with solder columns increases the aspect ratio of each solder connection and consequently reduces the impact of CTE mismatch on the integrity of the solder connections. It is this ceramic column grid array (CCGA) technology to which the preferred embodiment of the subject invention, which will be subsequently described, is particularly related.
Other documents that may be referred to in order to obtain a better understanding of CCGA technology include:
Master, R. et al, "Ceramic Column Grid Array for Flip Chip Applications", Proceedings-Electronic Components and Technology Conference 1995, IEEE, Piscataway, N.J., USA, 95CH35820, pp 925-929.
Tummala, R. & Rymaszewski, "Microelectronics Packaging Handbook", Van Nostrand, 1989.
Many disparate technologies presently exist and are known which relate to some aspects of the subject matter of the present invention. These include the manufacture of powdered metals, the production of a spray of atomized metal droplets, injection molding for forming solder contacts, the use of powdered metal in the molding of electrical contacts and conductive devices, as will now be more particularly referred to in exemplary prior art documents.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,346,677, entitled "Manufacture of Powdered Lead", issued Oct. 10, 1967 and assigned to St. Joseph Lead Company, New York, describes the manufacture of powdered lead by atomizing a stream of molten lead via a jet of compressed air. The patent indicates that it is desirable to have lead oxide distributed throughout the mass of powder. The resulting stream of molten particles of lead is subjected to heat and thus substantially all of the lead oxide is present as a coating of extremely fine particles on coarser particles of lead which have not been completely converted into lead oxide.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,814, issued to International Business Machines Corporation on Apr. 10, 1990 and entitled "Process of Fabricating a Circuit Package", describes a process which includes the step of filling an array of pin holes in a pin mold with solder in which the array of pin holes is in registration with an array of conductive pads on one side of a chip carrier. The mold is heated and an array of pins is thus bonded to the array of conductive pads. The free end of the array of pins is bonded to a circuit board.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,018, entitled "Control Process for the Production of a Spray of Atomized Metal Droplets", issued to General Electric Company on Dec. 7, 1993. This patent describes creating molten metal droplets by atomizing a stream of liquid metal to form a spray of molten metal particles. A variety of mechanisms are described for varying the characteristics of the metal spray. The spray is ultimately used in the coating of articles.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,143, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Injection Molding Solder and Applications Thereof", issued to International Business Machines Corporation on Sep. 14, 1993. This invention could be used in the creation of solder mounds on electrical devices to form contacts thereon in which molten solder is injected under pressure. Various shapes and sizes of contact pads can be formed including what are referred to as C4 connections.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,684, issued to National Semiconductor Corporation on May 21, 1996 and is entitled "Method of Making a Molded Lead Frame". The subject matter relates to integrated circuit packaging and in particular, provides for a lead frame made from molding electrically conductive material, such as powdered copper metal, into a desired lead frame shape. This is an alternative process of making lead frames to stamping and etching processes that are presently prevalent in the making of lead frames.
None of these references provide solutions to the problems addressed by the subject invention. In particular, the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides for the manufacture of high lead content solder column segments of consistent composition and eliminating the segregation of the lead and tin components of the solder at the source. The invention further provides for eliminating the costs and risks associated with sorting and identifying column segments of inappropriate solder composition, and in the worst case, disassembling electrical components or packages which have already been mounted on circuit boards.
It is one object of the invention to manufacture metal segments where each segment is of essentially the identical homogeneous composition.
It is another object of the invention to provide significant improvements to the electronic packaging technology which makes use of solder column connections.
It is a further object of the invention to provide homogeneous solder segments for use as solder column connections and particularly for use in ceramic column grid array (CCGA) microelectronic applications.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing individual segments of metal composition having more than one component in which the components are of a desired proportion in the composition. The method comprises the steps of providing a molten source of said metal composition, forming particles of said metal composition from said molten source such that each particle comprises said components in essentially the desired proportion and forming said solid particles into segments such that all regions of each segment effectively consist of metal of the desired proportion of components, thereby resulting in segments of homogeneous composition.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is a provided a method of fabricating a plurality of column connections of homogeneous segments to an array of pads on a circuit board in which each segment consists of a composition of metal having more than one component in which the components are of a desired proportion. The method comprises the steps of providing a molten source of said metal composition; forming solid particles of said metal composition from said molten source such that each particle comprises said components in the desired proportion; forming said columns by adding said solid particles to a mold having an array of cavities to form said columns such that the array of cavities is in substantial registration with the array of pads on said circuit board; and heating said mold to melt the solid particles in the cavities and to attach each column to a respective pad on the circuit board.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a typical lead/tin (Pb/Sn) alloy phase diagram;
FIG. 2 is an image of a typical cast lead/tin alloy ingot;
FIG. 3 is a pictorial drawing of a typical lead/tin wire segment;
FIG. 4 is an image of various electrical connections between a substrate and a circuit card;
FIG. 5 is a pictorial representation of various processes which could be incorporated in the subject invention.
The common practice for manufacturing high Pb solder wire (e.g. about 90% by weight of Pb and about 10% by weight of Sn) consists of casting molten solder of the desired composition into ingots of dimensions suitable for subsequent wire drawing. In connecting components, including CCGA components, to a PCB using SMT processes, the solder typically used to effect the metallurgical connection of the lead, ball or column is eutectic Pb/Sn (37/63) solder. A solder column of high Pb content has a higher melting point than the eutectic solder and therefore will not melt and collapse when the eutectic solder is heated to its molten state for effecting the metallurgical connection. It is important that the solder column does not collapse in order that it maintain its intended aspect ratio and thus serve its intended purpose of minimizing the impact of CTE mismatch on solder connection integrity. Additionally, the higher Pb content solder has inherently higher fatigue properties than eutectic Pb--Sn solder.
Inherent in this common process is the undesirable segregation of the individual component elements of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) during the solidification of the molten solder into its ingot form. This segregation will be described with reference to FIG. 1, which is a typical Pb/Sn alloy phase diagram as appears in "Solders and Soldering", Howard J Manko, 2nd Edition, page 56, FIG. 3.8, McGraw-Hill, 1979. In referring to FIG. 1, it can be seen that as a high Pb percentage alloy in liquidus state is cooled, it enters what is referred to as a "pasty range", with 90/10 Pb/Sn, for example, this range occurs between 590� F. and 495� F. In this range the natural tendency is to begin solidification by means of forming a lead solid solution (shown at the right portion of the diagram in FIG. 1). At any given temperature within the pasty range of a given alloy composition, this lead solid solution has a higher Pb content than the original liquid alloy. It follows that the unsolidified liquid at the same temperature contains a lower Pb content than the given alloy. This progression continues until the temperature of full solid solution is obtained. The final region of the ingot to solidify will consequently tend, depending upon exact ingot dimensions and cooling conditions, to contain a higher amount of Sn than the proportion of tin in the original bulk melt composition. This phenomenon is known as "segregation". The region of this segregation within the ingot will also vary depending upon dimensions and cooling. The phenomena results in an ingot which has non-uniform distribution of lead and tin.
FIG. 2 shows a typical cast Pb/Sn alloy ingot 20 illustrating the results of segregation, as described, and showing shrinkage (due to the lower volume of the alloy in its solid state compared to its liquid state) and heat distribution, where the hotter center will solidify last and thus tend to contain the highest Sn content. The outer regions 21 of ingot 20 solidify first and have a higher percentage content of Pb while the inner regions 22 will solidify later and have a higher percentage of Sn, when compared with the composition of the original melt. Thus, the ingot is not of uniform composition. Shrinkage is depicted in ingot 20 by means of the cone-like cavity 23 such that the location of the apex of the cavity points to the region of last solidification, thus illustrating a typical solidification of the molten composition into ingot form.
Once ingot 20 is drawn into wire, the region of higher Sn content 22 will manifest itself as a wire segment somewhere within the total wire length in a spool drawn from the aforementioned ingot 20 with higher Sn content. This is exemplified in FIG. 3 which shows a spool of wire 30, drawn from ingot 20 with an individual wire 31 shown pulled off of spool 30. The wire is not of uniform-composition as shown by shading 32 which is a region or segment in wire 31 of high Sn content.
The presence of such higher Sn content wire segments in the high Pb solder wire may be acceptable in many traditional soldering applications. However, in ceramic column grid array (CCGA) microelectronic applications, for example, this phenomenon can be catastrophic. The solder wire, 31 in FIG. 3 for example, which is typically 0.020" in diameter, is severed into small segments of, for example, 0.140" in length, each serving, for example, as an electrical interconnection between pads or contacts on a substrate and a system card. It is not uncommon to have 1000 such column segments on an individual ceramic substrate and the requirement trend is to have this number increased. In order to maintain the aspect ratio of each column segment (aspect ratio refers to the height to diameter ratio of the column segment where ratios of 4 to 6 are common but ratios certainly vary outside of this range), and thus alleviate the effects of thermal fatigue resulting from different coefficients of thermal expansion and mismatch between a substrate and a card, the attachment of the substrate to the card by means of the column segments must be effected at a temperature below the melting point of the high Pb alloy of the column segment. This is accomplished by utilizing a lower melting eutectic solder in the contact pads on the card such that, when reflowed above its melting temperature, the eutectic solder will effectively join the high Pb solder segments to the card.
FIG. 4 illustrates the connecting of a substrate 41 which could carry numerous integrated circuit devices or chips packaged on the top surface thereof, by well known techniques, to a circuit card 42. As is well known, the devices mounted on the top of substrate 41 are interconnected by means of conducting vias within the substrate to contact points 43, 44 and 45 on the underside of substrate 41. Of course it is understood that this drawing is simply an example to illustrate aspects of the invention, and in practice, many more contacts than shown would be involved. Respective contact points on the substrate 41 (43, 44 and 45) and on the card 42 (46, 47 and 48) are interconnected with solder columns 49, 50 and 51. Portion (a) of FIG. 4 shows the effective and desirable connection by a high Pb solder column 49 to the eutectic solder contact pad 46 on card 42.
As has been described above, in view of the non-uniformity of the wire composition, some presently available wire segments will have higher percentage of Sn in the column segments and thus a lower melting point than does the desired Pb/Sn column (typically 90%/10%) segments. The presence of such segments has been observed in production, and are detected as defects in substrate-to-card attachments, where the substrate, containing one or more silicon chips (typically several) is expensive. Further, since the substrate with chips mounted thereon is often the end-product which is provided to customers who subsequently perform the card attach operation, the segment defects can be detrimental to the reputation of the manufacturer of the column containing substrate. In contrast to the normal and acceptable column attach as shown at (a) in FIG. 4, defects with presently available non-homogeneous columns manifest themselves as two main categories:
1. With lower melting points, the higher percentage of Sn column segments 50 tend to "neck down" into an hourglass shape as shown at (b) in FIG. 4. Since mechanical stress wilt be concentrated in the column at the region of reduced diameter, this resulting shape has a lower thermal fatigue resistance than the desirable standard column 49 as shown and described with respect to, (a) in FIG. 4.
2. The higher percentage Sn column segments 51 tend to "wick up" the eutectic solder from the column-board interface, creating poor or missing contact fillets 48 to which the solder column 51 is intended to be connected as shown at (c) in FIG. 4, resulting in a potentially defective electrical connection to card 42.
Solder wire having Sn composition content ranging all the way up to eutectic (63% by weight of Sn) has been observed, with the aforementioned defects beginning to occur in columns of Sn content equal or greater than about 30% by weight of Sn. Thus, a non-eutectic solder composition having Sn in the range of about 10% to 30% by weight is considered to be the preferred composition for practicing the invention. Given the large number of column segments required per substrate, a low level of defects (5 parts per million, for example), within the column segment population can cause as high as a 1% defective substrate situation, which is unacceptable.
The solution to the above described problems as has been described with reference to (b) and (c) of FIG. 4, incorporates the combination of known powder metallurgy principles with the requirements of homogeneous high Pb content solder. Reference to such known powder metallurgy principles are found in the following references:
Hirschhorn, J, "Introduction to Powder Metallurgy", American Powder Metallurgy Institute, 1969.
Jones, W., "Fundamental Properties of Powder Metallurgy", Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, London, 1960.
One method for creating powder metal alloys for the present application involves the melting of the solder alloy of lead and tin in the desired composition, then passing the molten material through an atomizer such that said molten material solidifies as fine particles or powder. This is illustrated in FIG. 5 where a molten source 51 of the high lead content solder of desired composition is passed as molten droplets 52 by the nozzle of atomizer 53 where the droplets 52 are solidified in particles 54. Providing a source of the required molten solder and forming particles by use of atomizing techniques are well known to those skilled in these respective technologies.
This particular known general method of powder metal production is extended to high Pb solder material, where the formed particles 54 of Pb/Sn material are of sufficiently small dimension compared to the dimension of a column segment, such that any segregation as previously described within individual particles 54 caused by cooling will not cause a resulting column segment to vary in Sn content from one part or segment of the column to another. Such particle dimensions appropriate for column segments of interest here (for example, column segments of about 0.4-0.6 mm diameter and 1.9-3.6 mm height) would typically fall in the range of -325+500 US mesh, or about 20-40 microns diameter.
It has been found to be beneficial to practice current powder metallurgy methods for reasons of physical attributes of the resulting fine grain microstructure and small particle size. The subject invention effectively extends this technology to solder segment segregation elimination with surprisingly beneficial results. In other words, any segregation of the Pb and Sn components which may occur will only do so at the particle or microscopic level. This does not affect the overall distribution of the components in any resultant segment of wire made from those particles. In this sense each resulting segment of solder wire or column is considered to have a homogeneous composition, and each column segment has essentially the same composition as all other column segments.
With each and every particle of solder 54 having the desirable proportion or composition of the Pb and Sn, then it follows that a larger mass of the powder would also have the desirable proportion of Pb and Sn. Thus, a mass of powder 54 would be homogenous in that the composition would be of a uniform nature throughout. Once this is appreciated, the problem of segregation of components of the solder in column segments as previously described, no longer exists. Once the principle is realized that a mass of the powder is homogeneous, the powder 54 can then be processed to make the required columns of solder. This can be done in a variety of ways.
With reference again to FIG. 5, in one embodiment illustrated at (a), the Pb/Sn alloy powder 54 is pressed at an elevated temperature (but below the melting point of said alloy) to form an ingot 55 of suitable dimension. Temperatures and pressures used will depend upon the specific equipment set and process used by the powder metal ingot manufacturer. This ingot can then be subsequently drawn into wire and cut or severed into appropriate segments by well known procedures. The pressure and temperature involved necessary to form ingot 55 and to subsequently draw the ingot into wire are well known to those skilled in these technologies.
An alternative to forming an actual ingot is to compress and heat the powder as an in-situ operation for wire drawing. In this particular embodiment, the process for ingot manufacture previously described would occur in the presence of a wire drawing extrusion die such that the temperature and pressure applied serves the dual purpose of forming the ingot and forcing the ingot through the extrusion die.
A further alternative is to compress and heat the powder 54 in molds in order to form the actual powder metal alloy column segments 56 without any intermediate steps as shown at (b) in FIG. 5. In this particular embodiment, the powder is placed in a mold of suitable material containing blind (ie, open at one end only) columnar holes. The mold filled with powder is subsequently heated (for example, but not limited to, 75� to 100� C.) while pistons in an arrangement corresponding to the arrangement of columnar holes are inserted into said columnar holes with sufficient pressure to compress the powder and form the column segments 56. This embodiment has the further advantage of eliminating the need for wire drawing and cutting as required for the embodiment in (a) of FIG. 5.
Yet a further embodiment is to form solder columns onto a substrate directly from the alloy metal powder 54. In this embodiment, the powder particle size needs to be controlled so that the powder density is consistent at volumes approaching that of a solder column in (c) of FIG. 5. A mold 57 of suitable material, containing columnar cavities 58 similar to that used for solid solder column segments, is placed over the pre-fluxed substrate 59, with columnar cavities aligned over substrate pads similar to that practiced with solid solder column segments as described for FIG. 4. The cavities of the mold would subsequently be filled with the solder alloy powder 54. The height of the cavities 58 would be greater than that used for solid solder segments in order to account for the lower density, albeit consistent composition, of the powder compared to solder in solid form. The mold-substrate-powder assembly is then passed through a solder reflow cycle (much as practiced with solid solder segments), allowing the powder 54 in cavities 58 to melt and then solidify as attachments to the substrate 59 of the solder column of consistent size, given the consistent density of the powder. This embodiment has the additional advantages over the previously described embodiments of not only eliminating the need for wire drawing and cutting, but also eliminating the need for compressing/heating/forming of the powder into ingots.
As is apparent, these described inventive processes are practical alternatives to current methods of forming solder columns with the accompanying problems as previously described. These processes provide distinct advantages in that the elimination of solder segregation is done at the source of the problem, thereby eliminating the costs of disassembling and refabricating components that have already been connected. In addition, the risks and costs of sorting and attempting to identify solder columns having regions or segments having a higher than desirable tin content are eliminated.
Although it is apparent that specific preferred embodiments of methods of manufacturing solder wire segments or solder columns of homogenous composition and the attachment of the resulting columns to a substrate or card has been described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many alternatives to the described embodiments may be used without digressing from the spirit of the disclosed invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 25, 1965
|Oct 10, 1967
|St Joseph Lead Co
|Manufacture of powdered lead
|Apr 14, 1967
|Mar 28, 1972
|Int Nickel Co
|Composite metal articles
|Oct 6, 1969
|May 30, 1972
|Siemens Ag
|Method of joining a body of semiconductor material to a contact or support member
|Aug 14, 1972
|Dec 3, 1974
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Void metal composite material and method
|Aug 20, 1976
|Aug 23, 1977
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Method for casting metal alloys
|Jan 7, 1980
|Jan 11, 1983
|Aluminum Company Of America
|Method of producing a high temperature metal powder component
|Mar 31, 1983
|Jul 9, 1985
|At&T Technologies, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for applying stripes of solder to articles
|May 4, 1989
|Apr 10, 1990
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Process of fabricating a circuit package
|Apr 16, 1992
|Sep 14, 1993
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Apparatus and method for injection molding solder and applications thereof
|Sep 2, 1992
|Dec 7, 1993
|General Electric Company
|Controlled process for the production of a spray of atomized metal droplets
|Dec 6, 1993
|Jun 13, 1995
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Method to produce hot-worked gamma titanium aluminide articles
|May 10, 1995
|May 21, 1996
|National Semiconductor Corporation
|Method of making a molded lead frame
|Nov 21, 1995
|Feb 17, 1998
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Apparatus and method for forming mold for metallic material
|Nov 21, 1995
|Feb 17, 1998
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Mold transfer apparatus and method
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 18, 2000
|Sep 17, 2002
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Method of making ball grid array columns
|Aug 29, 2003
|Oct 14, 2008
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for supporting a circuit component having solder column interconnects using an external support
|Jan 16, 2003
|Aug 28, 2003
|Ho-Ming Tong
|Bonding structure for bonding substrates by metal studs
|Aug 29, 2003
|Feb 26, 2004
|Deeney Jeffrey L.
|Method and apparatus for supporting a circuit component having solder column interconnects using an external support
|U.S. Classification
|228/254, 29/843, 228/253
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 27, 1998
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ARCHARD, LOUIS-MARIE;BLAIS, CLAUDE;DANOVITCH, DAVID HIRSCH;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009217/0461
Effective date: 19980521
|Mar 24, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 7, 2004
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 2, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20040905


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Apr 28
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- T-Rats win in 11 innings 9:37am Apr 24
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Geico 400
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text:
GLENDALE, Ariz. -- Just back in my seat up in the press box from a visit down to the field.
Not much to report. It was business as usual for the Oklahoma Sooners, who come into this game really healthy and missing only freshman reserve running back Roy Finch and defensive tackle Adrian Taylor, both out with major foot injuries.
The BCS bowl losing streak has been a major motivator during the week, but we'll see if that translates into a high-quality performance in this one. Oklahoma sets its bar pretty high with the way it plays at home, and you can bet if this game was in Norman, nobody would give the Huskies a chance.
But this game is in Arizona, and we all know about Oklahoma's struggles in BCS bowl games. The Huskies have a chance to win this, and that will be the first thing that's brought up if they do.
Ted Miller is here with me, and we'll both be chatting here throughout the game.


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Soon, we will be coming home as a family of four. We have prayed for this moment for a long time, and are so excited that it is fast approaching. For those of you who followed along with Hudson's adoption, it will probably come as no surprise to you what I am about to share. Just like with bringing Hudson … Read more →
If you know anything of our story, (or if you don't, you can check out the condensed version HERE, HERE & HERE) you know that we have experienced firsthand the amazing faithfulness of God. And yet, with this new adoption, I find myself wandering again. Fretting. Fighting frantically for control and order in the midst of the uncertainties and chaos that … Read more →
"Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world." – James 1:27 Recently, I was meditating on this very familiar and often quoted verse. In the adoption world, there are a handful of scriptures that are sprinkled generously all throughout … Read more →
We had planned, prepared, prayed, studied, and labored our way to bringing a two and a half year old into our family as our son. Those of you who have been there know that no amount of preparation is enough for the way your life is about to be turned upside down. I found myself in a foggy, unfamiliar world. … Read more →
I feel like I should introduce myself again. It's been that long. The summer happened. It was crazy. And full. And all things hoooot. (And it may have included listening to the Frozen soundtrack a few too many times. IN SUMMMMMMMEEEERRR!) I'm still reeling from it all, but starting to find my footing again. Obviously, it became the summer of … Read more →


text: AdChoices Terms of Use Privacy Policy Hide GALLERIES Linda Evangelista Linda Evangelista Pictures 2/5 Linda Evangelista AskMen Editors April 3, 2007 Share Tweet 0 Shares As one of the most popular supermodels out there with appearances on many runways and a couple of George Michael videos, Linda has become a staple of the modeling industry. Continue reading Linda Evangelista's profile. Next Slide gallery Comments Share your opinion Your name Post a comment More Like This Celeb Galleries Misa Campo Read More Around the Web Special Features Mother's Day Gift Guide These Mother's Day Gifts Will Win You 'Best Son Ever' Status Read More