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Sickness Absence in the Private Sector of Greece: Comparing Shipyard Industry and National Insurance Data
Alexopoulos, Evangelos C.
Merekoulias, Georgios
Tanagra, Dimitra
Konstantinou, Eleni C.
Mikelatou, Efi
Jelastopulu, Eleni
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Approximately 3% of employees are absent from work due to illness daily in Europe, while in some countries sickness absence exceeds 20 days per year. Based on a limited body of reliable studies, Greek employees in the private sector seem to be absent far less frequently (<5 days/year) compared to most of the industrialized world. The aim of this study was to estimate the levels of sickness absence in the private sector in Greece, using shipyard and national insurance data. Detailed data on absenteeism of employees in a large shipyard company during the period 1999–2006 were utilized. National data on compensated days due to sickness absence concerning all employees (around 2 million) insured by the Social Insurance Institute (IKA, the largest insurance scheme in Greece) were retrieved from the Institute's annual statistical reports for the period 1987–2006. Sick-leave days per employee and sick-leave rate (%) were calculated, among other indicators. In the shipyard cohort, the employment time loss due to sick leave was 1%. The mean number of sick-leave days per employee in shipyards ranged between 4.6 and 8.7 and sick-leave rate (sickness absenteeism rate) varied among 2% and 3.7%. The corresponding indicators for IKA were estimated between 5 and 6.3 sick-leave days per insured employee (median 5.8), and 2.14–2.72% (median 2.49%), respectively. Short sick-leave spells (<4 days) may account at least for the 25% of the total number of sick-leave days, currently not recorded in national statistics. The level of sickness absence in the private sector in Greece was found to be higher than the suggested by previous reports and international comparative studies, but still remains one of the lowest in the industrialized world. In the 20-years national data, the results also showed a 7-year wave in sickness absence indexes (a decrease during the period 1991–1997 and an increase in 1998–2004) combined with a small yet significant decline as a general trend. These observations deserve detailed monitoring and could only partly be attributed to the compensation and unemployment rates in Greece so other possible reasons should be explored.
sickness absence; sick leave; occupational health; social insurance; employment; compensation; shipyard; industry; Greece
Related Articles
Attitudes towards sickness absence and sickness presenteeism in health and care sectors in Norway and Denmark: a qualitative study
Krane, Line
Larsen, Eva Ladekjær
Nielsen, Claus Vinther
Stapelfeldt, Christina Malmose
Johnsen, Roar
Risør, Mette Bech
BMC Public Health
In the health and care sector, sickness absence and sickness presenteeism are frequent phenomena and constitute a field in need of exploration. Attitudes towards sickness absence involve also attitudes towards sickness presenteeism, i.e. going to work while sick, confirmed by previous studies. Sickness behavior, reflecting attitudes on work absence, could differ between countries and influence absence rates. But little is known about attitudes towards sickness absence and sickness presenteeism in the health and care sectors in Norway and Denmark. The aim of the present paper is therefore to explore attitudes towards sickness absence and sickness presenteeism among nursing home employees in both countries.
Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide, the main attention of which was attitudes towards sickness absence and sickness presenteeism. FGDs were conducted in two nursing homes in Norway and two in Denmark, with different geographic locations: one in a rural area and one in an urban area in each country. FGDs were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using framework analysis to identify major themes and explanatory patterns.
Four major significant themes were identified from the FGDs: a) sickness absence and sickness presenteeism, b) acceptable causes of sickness absence, c) job identity, and d) organization of work and physical aspects of the workplace. Our analyses showed that social commitment and loyalty to residents and colleagues was important for sickness absence and sickness presenteeism, as were perceived acceptable and non-acceptable reasons for sickness absence. Organization of work and physical aspects of the workplace were also found to have an influence on attitudes towards sickness absence.
The general interpretation of the findings was that attitudes towards sickness absence and sickness presenteeism among nursing home employees were embedded in situational patterns of moral relationships and were connected to a specific job identity. These patterns were constituted by the perception of colleagues, the social commitment to residents, and they influence on what was deemed as acceptable and non-acceptable reasons for sickness absence. In other words, attitudes towards sickness absence and sickness presenteeism were socially and morally determined at personal levels by an overall concept of work, independent of country.
Sickness absence; Sickness presenteeism; Attitudes; Moral aspects; Concept of work; Focus group discussions
Related Articles
Individual Variations in Sickness Absence
Taylor, P. J.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
Records of personal sickness absence, including all spells of one day's duration or more, have been kept at this refinery for more than 20 years. The distributions of sickness spells and also calendar days of absence have been analysed for single years and also for periods of up to 20 years' continuous service for the 1,350 hourly paid male employees. It is shown that both these measures of sickness absence are distributed among the men in an unequal fashion (negative binomial) rather than at random (Poisson) and thus resemble the distribution of industrial accidents first described almost 50 years ago. This pattern of distribution is not related to occupation or to length of service. Analysis of the distribution of lateness and absenteeism for reasons other than sickness or holidays shows that these also follow this pattern. It is postulated that this could be a principle applicable to all forms of industrial absenteeism as well as to accidents.
The personal records of 187 men with continuous service from 1946 to 1965 have been studied to investigate the trends in their sickness absence over this 20-year period. In contrast to the well-recognized pattern that in any one period of time young men have more spells of absence than their older fellows, this secular study shows that sickness spells have not decreased with age. This apparent paradox is explicable by the rising national trend in sickness absence and by a high labour turnover in young men with frequent sickness spells.
Related Articles
Sickness absence and early retirement on health grounds in the construction industry in Ireland
Brenner, H.
Ahern, W.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
OBJECTIVE—To establish a detailed pattern of the nature and extent of illnesses and injuries among construction workers in Ireland which cause temporary absence from work, and to identify diseases and disabilities which lead to premature retirement from the industry on health grounds. METHODS—The population base for the study consisted of construction workers who were members of the Construction Federation operatives pension and sick pay scheme. Records of sickness absence since 1981, stored on computer disks, and records of early retirement on health grounds since 1972, stored on microfiche film, were examined. Pertinent data were extracted and transferred to a database; after cleaning and the exclusion of unvalidated data, records of 28 792 absences and 3098 records of early retirement were available for analysis. Data were analysed with Access 97 and Epi Info. RESULTS—Over the period of the study the mean annual absences were 7.8/100 workers. Three quarters of absences were among younger workers; however, the rate of absence increased with age, as did the mean duration of absence. Injury was the most frequent reason for absence, followed by infectious disease, then musculoskeletal disorders. The mean annual rate of early retirement on health grounds was 5.3/1000 workers. The median age at retirement was 58 years. Cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disorders each accounted for nearly one third of the conditions leading to permanent disability on the grounds of which early retirement was granted. During the period of the study, over 677 000 working days were lost due to sickness absence, and over 24 000 potential years of working lives were lost due to early retirement on health grounds. CONCLUSIONS—The study has shown patterns of sickness absence and early retirement on health grounds in the Irish construction industry which will contribute to the further development of health promotion strategies for construction workers. Keywords: construction industry; sickness absence; early retirement
Related Articles
Some characteristics of repeated sickness absence
Ferguson, David
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
Ferguson, D. (1972).Brit. J. industr. Med.,29, 420-431. Some characteristics of repeated sickness absence. Several studies have shown that frequency of absence attributed to sickness is not distributed randomly but tends to follow the negative binomial distribution, and this has been taken to support the concept of `proneness' to such absence. Thus, the distribution of sickness absence resembles that of minor injury at work demonstrated over 50 years ago. Because the investigation of proneness to absence does not appear to have been reported by others in Australia, the opportunity was taken, during a wider study of health among telegraphists in a large communications undertaking, to analyse some characteristics of repeated sickness absence.
The records of medically certified and uncertified sickness absence of all 769 telegraphists continuously employed in all State capitals over a two-and-a-half-year period were compared with those of 411 clerks and 415 mechanics and, in Sydney, 380 mail sorters and 80 of their supervisors. All telegraphists in Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, and all mail sorters in Sydney, who were available and willing were later medically examined. From their absence pattern repeaters (employees who had had eight or more certified absences in two and a half years) were separated into three types based on a presumptive origin in chance, recurrent disease and symptomatic non-specific disorder.
The observed distribution of individual frequency of certified absence over the full two-and-a-half-year period of study followed that expected from the univariate negative binomial, using maximum likelihood estimators, rather than the poisson distribution, in three of the four occupational groups in Sydney. Limited correlational and bivariate analysis supported the interpretation of proneness ascribed to the univariate fit. In the two groups studied, frequency of uncertified absence could not be fitted by the negative binomial, although the numbers of such absences in individuals in successive years were relatively highly correlated.
All types of repeater were commoner in Sydney than in the other capital city offices, which differed little from each other. Repeaters were more common among those whose absence was attributed to neurosis, alimentary and upper respiratory tract disorder, and injury. Out of more than 90 health, personal, social, and industrial attributes determined at examination, only two (ethanol habit and adverse attitude to pay) showed any statistically significant association when telegraphist repeaters in Sydney were compared with employees who were rarely absent. Though repeating tended to be associated with chronic or recurrent ill health revealed at examination, one quarter of repeaters had little such ill health and one quarter of rarely absent employees had much.
It was concluded that, in the population studied, the fitting of the negative binomial to frequency of certified sickness absence could, in the circumstances of the study, reasonably be given an interpretation of proneness. In that population also repeating varies geographically and occupationally, and is poorly associated with disease and other attributes uncovered at examination, with the exception of the ethanol habit. Repeaters are more often neurotic than employees who are rarely absent but also are more often stable double jobbers.
The repeater should be identified for what help may be given him, if needed, otherwise it would seem more profitable to attack those features in work design and organization which influence motivation to come to work. Social factors which predispose to repeated absence are less amenable to modification.
Related Articles
Validation of sick leave measures: self-reported sick leave and sickness benefit data from a Danish national register compared to multiple workplace-registered sick leave spells in a Danish municipality
Stapelfeldt, Christina Malmose
Jensen, Chris
Andersen, Niels Trolle
Fleten, Nils
Nielsen, Claus Vinther
BMC Public Health
Previous validation studies of sick leave measures have focused on self-reports. Register-based sick leave data are considered to be valid; however methodological problems may be associated with such data. A Danish national register on sickness benefit (DREAM) has been widely used in sick leave research. On the basis of sick leave records from 3,554 and 2,311 eldercare workers in 14 different workplaces, the aim of this study was to: 1) validate registered sickness benefit data from DREAM against workplace-registered sick leave spells of at least 15 days; 2) validate self-reported sick leave days during one year against workplace-registered sick leave.
Agreement between workplace-registered sick leave and DREAM-registered sickness benefit was reported as sensitivities, specificities and positive predictive values. A receiver-operating characteristic curve and a Bland-Altman plot were used to study the concordance with sick leave duration of the first spell. By means of an analysis of agreement between self-reported and workplace-registered sick leave sensitivity and specificity was calculated. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (95% CI) were used.
The probability that registered DREAM data on sickness benefit agrees with workplace-registered sick leave of at least 15 days was 96.7% (95% CI: 95.6-97.6). Specificity was close to 100% (95% CI: 98.3-100). The registered DREAM data on sickness benefit overestimated the duration of sick leave spells by an average of 1.4 (SD: 3.9) weeks. Separate analysis on pregnancy-related sick leave revealed a maximum sensitivity of 20% (95% CI: 4.3-48.1).
The sensitivity of self-reporting at least one or at least 56 sick leave day/s was 94.5 (95% CI: 93.4 – 95.5) % and 58.5 (95% CI: 51.1 – 65.6) % respectively. The corresponding specificities were 85.3 (95% CI: 81.4 – 88.6) % and 98.9 (95% CI: 98.3 – 99.3) %.
The DREAM register offered valid measures of sick leave spells of at least 15 days among eldercare employees. Pregnancy-related sick leave should be excluded in studies planning to use DREAM data on sickness benefit. Self-reported sick leave became more imprecise when number of absence days increased, but the sensitivity and specificity were acceptable for lengths not exceeding one week.
Agreement; Eldercare sector; Public transfer payment; Register data; Self-report; Sensitivity; Sick leave; Specificity; Validation; Workplace record
Related Articles
Short-term absence from industry: II Temporal variation and inter-association with other recorded factors
Froggatt, P.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
Froggatt, P. (1970).Brit. J. industr. Med.,27, 211-224. Short-term absence from industry. II. Temporal variation and inter-association with other recorded factors. This paper (a) extends the previous analysis (Froggatt, 1970b) of short-term absence from work among groups of male and female industrial personnel and clerks in government service, and (b) studies other recorded variables, particularly lateness, long-term sickness absence, and passes from work both `medical' and `works'.
Multiple regression shows one-day absences to be generally associated with two-day absences, lateness, and medical passes but independent of works passes and long-term sickness absence; and two-day absences to be generally associated with one-day absences and long-term sickness absence but not with lateness or passes from work. Higher order correlations show lateness and works passes, medical passes and works passes, and lateness and age to be (weakly) associated, the last negatively.
Irrespective of season, one-day absences were consistently most prevalent on Monday and least so on Friday, with a subsidiary peak for the male groups on Wednesday; two-day absences - as measured by the day each absence starts - were consistently most prevalent on Monday and least so on Thursday (Friday was omitted) and during the summer months. Medical passes were generally independent of the day of the week and the period of the year; lateness was greatest on Friday and during the winter, though the increase was slight; but works passes were relatively prevalent on Friday.
Correlation and regression show the association between numbers of one-day absences taken in two periods of time (each one year) to be marked (r = 0·5 to 0·7), unaffected by transforming to normal functions, and explicable on a linear hypothesis, but the value of r to increase as the periods of time increase and to decrease as the interval between the periods of time lengthens. Similar analyses for two-day absences show r = 0·25 to 0·55, acceptance of a linear hypothesis, and a suggestion that the value of r may increase as the periods of time increase and as the interval between them shortens. More limited examination shows corresponding values of r (for contiguous years) to be of the order 0·25 for medical passes, 0·60 for works passes, but > 0·80 for lateness.
Values of r between each of these factors in turn for all possible pairs of days of the week are reasonably consistent and show r of the order 0·35 for one-day absences, 0·25 for medical passes, 0·40 for works passes, and 0·80 for lateness (values for two-day absences are irregular and in the range 0 to 0·4). The consistency of lateness experience over days and years is very marked, the correlations being among the highest recorded for any event involving human behaviour.
The importance and application of the findings are briefly discussed; detailed consideration is reserved for the third and last paper.
Related Articles
Sickness Absence in the Three Principal Ethnic Divisions of Singapore
Collins, C. P.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
Records of sickness for all industrial employees of H. M. Dockyard, Singapore were analysed over a calendar year, 1955-56, with a view to producing a standard rate for sickness absence in the three main ethnic divisions of this area, with particular reference to age.
Other factors, such as form of grade of employment and residence, were considered in order to test their effect, if any, upon sickness absence. The principal diagnostic groups were separated to give a general picture of the trends of sickness.
The reactions of Chinese, Indians, and Malays to disease or to any of the associated factors were found to be totally dissimilar, and the possibility of this being due to chance is so slight as to be negligible.
Comparisons are subsequently made with the one rather scanty record of another organization in South East Asia, and with detailed modern analyses of sickness absence in England. Again it is found that absence rates for inceptions per 1,000 workers and days lost per worker differ entirely both as regards the total and individual disease groups and also in the effect of age. It is evident that the ethnic grouping of the population concerned must be taken into consideration in studies of sickness absence.
Related Articles
Low back pain and widespread pain predict sickness absence among industrial workers
Morken, Tone
Riise, Trond
Moen, Bente
Hauge, Signe HV
Holien, Solrun
Langedrag, Anne
Pedersen, Svein
Saue, Inger Lise L
Seljebø, Guri M
Thoppil, Varughese
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the aluminium industry is high, and there is a considerable work-related fraction. More knowledge about the predictors of sickness absence from MSD in this industry will be valuable in determining strategies for prevention. The aim of this study was to analyse the relative impact of body parts, psychosocial and individual factors as predictors for short- and long-term sickness absence from MSD among industrial workers.
A follow-up study was conducted among all the workers at eight aluminium plants in Norway. A questionnaire was completed by 5654 workers at baseline in 1998. A total of 3320 of these participated in the follow-up study in 2000. Cox regression analysis was applied to investigate the relative impact of MSD in various parts of the body and of psychosocial and individual factors reported in 1998 on short-term and long-term sickness absence from MSD reported in 2000.
MSD accounted for 45% of all working days lost the year prior to follow-up in 2000. Blue-collar workers had significantly higher risk than white-collar workers for both short- and long-term sickness absence from MSD (long-term sickness absence: RR = 3.04, 95% CI 2.08–4.45). Widespread and low back pain in 1998 significantly predicted both short- and long-term sickness absence in 2000. In addition, shoulder pain predicted long-term sickness absence. Low social support predicted short-term sickness absence (RR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.11–1.49).
Reducing sickness absence from MSD among industrial workers requires focusing on the working conditions of blue-collar workers and risk factors for low back pain and widespread pain. Increasing social support in the work environment may have effects in reducing short-term sickness absence from MSD.
sickness absence; musculoskeletal disorders; low back pain; widespread pain; blue-collar workers; social support
Related Articles
Personal Factors Associated with Sickness Absence: A Study of 194 Men with Contrasting Sickness Absence Experience in a Refinery Population1
Taylor, P. J.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
Men with different patterns of sickness absence behaviour have been identified from a refinery population by simple epidemiological techniques. A detailed clinical study is described of four groups: 56 men with five or more sickness spells in 1964 and a matched control of 56 men; 35 men who had 60 or more days of sickness absence in 1964; and finally 47 men who had not had one day off sick for at least eight years.
Whereas the men who were frequently sick tended to be younger and mostly on day work, those with long periods of sickness were reasonably representative of the whole population, and the men without any sickness absence were older and mostly on shift work. An analysis of records both before and since 1964 showed that the groups had maintained a consistent pattern of sickness absence, but when individuals were considered their behaviour was less consistent. Nevertheless there appeared to be states of sickness absence `liability' and also `resistance' which persisted for a variable length of time from a year or two up to many years.
The pre-employment medical examination proved in retrospect to have been of little predictive value. Absenteeism, lateness, and also occupational injuries were all strongly associated with sickness spells, although the level of overtime was not. Previous episodes of neurotic illness, peptic ulceration, and loss of work due to back pain were also associated with frequent sickness spells, so also were frequent colds and troublesome constipation. An unexpected finding from the physical examination was that over one quarter of those who were never sick had some organic disease.
Although neither the social nor economic circumstances differed between the groups, the attitude of the men towards themselves and their work proved to be of major importance. A memory of an unhappy childhood was more common in both groups with a lot of sickness absence, whilst dislike of the job or frustrated ambition was common in men with frequent spells. Those who were never sick denied all such problems as they denied illness. Personality testing revealed that extroversion was more marked in the frequently sick group, neuroticism in the long sick, and introversion in the never sick.
The validity and significance of the results are discussed and suggestions are made for further investigation.
Related Articles
Sickness absence in the Whitehall II study, London: the role of social support and material problems.
Rael, E G
Stansfeld, S A
Shipley, M
Head, J
Feeney, A
Marmot, M
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
STUDY OBJECTIVE--To investigate the role of social supports, social networks, and chronic stressors: (i) as predictors of sickness absence; and (ii) as potential explanations for the socioeconomic gradient in sickness absence. DESIGN--A prospective cohort study (Whitehall II study) with sociodemographic factors, health and social support measured at baseline, and spells of sickness absence measured prospectively. SETTING--Twenty London based non-industrial departments of the British civil service. PARTICIPANTS--Participants were civil servants (n = 10,308), aged 35-55 years at baseline, of whom 67% (6895) were men and 33% (3413) were women. The overall response rate for Whitehall II was 73% (74% for men and 71% for women). The analysis is based on 41% of the sample who had data on reasons for sickness absence and were administered all social support questions. Only 4.3% of participants did not complete all necessary questions and were excluded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--High levels of confiding/emotional support from the "closest person" predicted higher levels of both short and long spells of sickness absence. After adjusting for baseline physical and psychological health the effects were increased, suggesting that high levels of confiding/emotional support may encourage illness behaviour rather than generate illness. Social network measures showed a consistent but less striking pattern. Increased levels of negative aspects of social support resulted in higher rates of sickness absence. Material problems strongly predicted sickness absence, but the effect was diminished once adjustment for the covariables was made, suggesting that health status may be functioning as an intervening variable between chronic stressors and sickness absence. In addition, social support may buffer the effects of chronic stressors. Social support did not contribute to explaining the gradient in sickness absence by employment grade beyond that explained by the baseline covariables. CONCLUSIONS--Sickness absence from work is a complex phenomenon, combining illness and coping behaviours. High levels of confiding/emotional support, although not entirely consistent across samples, may either encourage people to stay at home when they are ill or may be accompanied by more social obligations at home prolonging sickness absence. Negative aspects of close relationships may jeopardize health and hence increase sickness absence.
Related Articles
Risk factors for sickness absence due to low back pain and prognostic factors for return to work in a cohort of shipyard workers
Alexopoulos, Evangelos C.
Konstantinou, Eleni C.
Bakoyannis, Giorgos
Tanagra, Dimitra
Burdorf, Alex
European Spine Journal
The purpose of this study was to determine risk factors for the occurrence of sickness absence due to low back pain (LBP) and to evaluate prognostic factors for return to work. A longitudinal study with 1-year follow-up was conducted among 853 shipyard workers. The cohort was drawn around January 2004 among employees in the shipyard industry. Baseline information was obtained by questionnaire on physical and psychosocial work load, need for recovery, perceived general health, musculoskeletal complaints, sickness absence, and health care use during the past year. During the 1-year follow-up for each subject medical certifications were retrieved for information on the frequency and duration of spells of sickness absence and associated diagnoses. Cox regression analyses were conducted on occurrence and on duration of sickness absence with hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) as measure of association. During the 1-year follow-up period, 14% of the population was on sick leave at least once with LBP while recurrence reached 41%. The main risk factors for sickness absence were previous absence due to a health problem other than LBP (HR 3.07; 95%CI 1.66–5.68) or previous sickness absence due to LBP (HR 6.52; 95%CI 3.16–13.46). Care seeking for LBP and lower educational level also hold significant influences (HR 2.41; 95%CI 1.45–4.01 and HR 2.46; 95%CI 1.19–5.07, respectively). Living with others, night shift and supervising duties were associated with less absenteeism due to LBP. Workers with a history of herniated disc had a significantly decreased rate of returning to work, whereas those who suffered from hand-wrist complaints and LBP returned to work faster. Prior sick leave due to LBP partly captured the effects of work-related physical and psychosocial factors on occurrence of sick leave. Our study showed that individual and job characteristics (living alone, night shift, lower education, sick leave, or care seeking during the last 12 months) influenced the decision to take sick leave due to LBP. An increased awareness of those frequently on sick leave and additional management after return to work may have a beneficial effect on the sickness absence pattern.
Low back pain; Sick leave; Prognosis; Recurrence; Return to work
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Fatigue as a predictor of sickness absence: results from the Maastricht cohort study on fatigue at work
Janssen, N
Kant, I.
Swaen, G
Janssen, P
Schroer, C
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
2003;60(Suppl 1):i71-i76.
Objectives: To investigate whether there is a relationship between fatigue and sickness absence. Two additional hypotheses were based on the theoretical distinction between involuntary, health related absence and voluntary, attitudinal absence. In the literature, the former term is usually used to describe long term sickness absence, the latter relates to short term sickness absence. In line with this, the first additional hypothesis was that higher fatigue would correspond with a higher risk of long term, primarily health related absence. The second additional hypothesis was that higher fatigue would correspond with a higher risk of short term, primarily motivational absence.
Methods: A multidimensional fatigue measure, as well as potential sociodemographic and work related confounders were assessed in the baseline questionnaire of the Maastricht cohort study on fatigue at work. Sickness absence was objectively assessed on the basis of organisational absence records and measured over the six months immediately following the baseline questionnaire. In the first, general hypothesis the effect of fatigue on time-to-onset of first sickness absence spell during follow up was investigated. For this purpose, a survival analysis was performed. The effect of fatigue on long term sickness absence was tested by a logistic regression analysis. The effect of fatigue on short term sickness absence was investigated by performing a survival analysis with time-to-onset of first short absence spell as an outcome.
Results: It was found that higher fatigue decreased the time-to-onset of the first sickness absence spell. Additional analyses showed that fatigue was related to long term as well as to short term sickness absence. The effect of fatigue on the first mentioned outcome was stronger than the effect on the latter outcome. Potential confounders only weakened the effect of fatigue on long term absence.
Conclusions: Fatigue was associated with short term but particularly with long term sickness absence. The relation between fatigue and future sickness absence holds when controlling for work related and sociodemographic confounders. Fatigue as measured with the Checklist Individual Strength can be used as a screening instrument to assess the likelihood of sickness absence in the short term.
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Patterns of Sickness Absence in a Railway Population
Gordon, Cecil
Emerson, A. R.
Pugh, Derek S.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
This investigation was carried out in order to obtain morbidity statistics in a large industrial population with special reference to the effects of ageing.
The population chosen, the "railway research population," consisted of a sample of Scottish railwaymen, drawn from five of the eight areas in the Scottish Region of British Railways. Only certain occupational grades were studied.
Information was obtained over a period of one year by means of a detailed monthly return of (a) sickness absence data and (b) job changes. Indices of sickness absence were defined. The sickness absence experience of the railway research population was compared with that of other populations. It is a healthier group than the total insured population but differs in some respects from that of London Transport.
The nature of sickness absence within the railway research population was then studied. It was shown in all but one measure used that sickness tends to increase with age, the most important factor being the increase of long episodes. Examination of the frequency distribution of the duration of sickness episodes revealed that sickness absence tends to be taken in terms of weeks off rather than days off.
Analysis of the daily variation in sickness absence showed that the total absence rate increased from Monday to Friday. There was a well defined tendency for sickness to start on Mondays, and in longer episodes an additional tendency to start on Fridays. This was interpreted in terms of morale, both positive and negative.
Marked differences of the same order of magnitude as those due to age were noted in the sickness experience of the various grades, related to both conditions of work and responsibility.
The reasons for job changes were analysed and the grades to which men were transferred were identified. The choice of suitable grades for older workers was discussed.
It was concluded that working conditions might be important factors in the type of sickness absence experienced and that comparisons with other populations might be helpful in this context. More detailed work was also called for on the psychological as well as physical aspects of the work situation for both the individual and the grade.
Related Articles
Structured Early Consultation with the Occupational Physician Reduces Sickness Absence Among Office Workers at High Risk for Long-Term Sickness Absence: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Kant, IJmert
Jansen, Nicole W. H.
van Amelsvoort, Ludovic G. P. M.
van Leusden, Rudy
Berkouwer, Ate
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation
Objective To examine the efficacy of structured early consultation among employees at high risk for future long-term sickness absence, in the prevention and/or reduction of sickness absence. The focus of the experiment was the timing of the intervention, that is, treatment before sickness absence actually occurs. Methods In the current prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT), employees at high risk for long-term sickness absence were selected based on responses to a 34-item screening questionnaire including demographic, workplace, health and psychosocial factors associated with long-term sickness absence (>28 days). A total of 299 subjects at risk for future long-term sickness absence were randomized in an experimental group (n = 147) or in a control group (n = 152). Subjects in the experimental group received a structured early consult with their occupational physician (OP), in some cases followed by targeted intervention. The control group received care as usual. Sickness absence was assessed objectively through record linkage with the company registers on sickness absence over a 1 year follow-up period. Results Modified intention-to-treat analysis revealed substantial and statistically significant differences (p = 0.007) in total sickness absence duration over 1 year follow-up between the experimental (mean 18.98; SD 29.50) and control group (mean 31.13; SD 55.47). Per-protocol analysis additionally showed that the proportion of long-term sickness absence spells (>28 days) over 1 year follow-up was significantly (p = 0.048) lower in the experimental (9.1%) versus control group (18.3%). Conclusions Structured early consultation with the OP among employees at high risk for future long-term sickness absence is successful in reducing total sickness absence.
Epidemiology; Occupational health intervention; Prevention; Sick leave
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Socioeconomic status and duration and pattern of sickness absence. A 1-year follow-up study of 2331 hospital employees
Kristensen, Trine R
Jensen, Signe M
Kreiner, Svend
Mikkelsen, Sigurd
BMC Public Health
Sickness absence increases with lower socioeconomic status. However, it is not well known how this relation depends on specific aspects of sickness absence or the degree to which socioeconomic differences in sickness absence may be explained by other factors.
The purpose of the study was to examine differences in sickness absence among occupational groups in a large general hospital; how they depend on combinations of frequency and duration of sickness absence spells; and if they could be explained by self-reported general health, personal factors and work factors.
The design is a 1-year prospective cohort study of 2331 hospital employees. Baseline information include job title, work unit, perceived general health, work factors and personal factors recorded from hospital administrative files or by questionnaire (response rate 84%). Sickness absence during follow-up was divided into short (1-3 days), medium (4-14 days) and long (>14 days) spells, and into no absence, "normal" absence (1-3 absences of certain durations) and "abnormal" absence (any other absence than "normal"). Socioeconomic status was assessed by job titles grouped in six occupational groups by level of education (from doctors to cleaners/porters). Effects of occupational group on sickness absence were adjusted for significant effects of age, gender, general health, personal factors and work factors. We used Poisson or logistic regression analysis to estimate the effects of model covariates (rate ratios (RR) or odds ratios (OR)) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI).
With a few exceptions sickness absence increased with decreasing socioeconomic status. However, the social gradient was quite different for different types of sickness absence. The gradient was strong for medium spells and "abnormal" absence, and weak for all spells, short spells, long spells and "normal" absence. For cleaners compared to doctors the adjusted risk estimates increased 4.2 (95% CI 2.8-6.2) and 7.4 (95% CI 3.3-16) times for medium spells and "abnormal" absence, respectively, while the similar changes varied from 0.79 to 2.8 for the other absence outcomes. General health explained some of the social gradient. Work factors and personal factors did not.
The social gradient in sickness absence was different for absences of different duration and patterns. It was strongest for absences of medium length and "abnormal" absence. The social gradient was not explained by other factors.
Related Articles
Low back pain predict sickness absence among power plant workers
Murtezani, Ardiana
Hundozi, Hajrije
Orovcanec, Nikola
Berisha, Merita
Meka, Vjollca
Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Low back pain (LBP) remains the predominant occupational health problem in most industrialized countries and low-income countries. Both work characteristics and individual factors have been identified as risk factors. More knowledge about the predictors of sickness absence from LBP in the industry will be valuable in determining strategies for prevention.
The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether individual, work-related physical risk factors were involved in the occurrence of LBP sickness absence.
A follow-up study was conducted among 489 workers, aged 18–65 years, at Kosovo Energetic Corporation in Kosovo. This cross-sectional study used a self-administered questionnaire to collect data on individual and work-related risk factors and the occurrence of LBP sickness absence. Logistic regression models were used to determine associations between risk factors and the occurrence of sickness absence due to LBP.
Individual factors did not influence sickness absence, whereas work-related physical factors showed strong associations with sickness absence. The main risk factors for sickness absence due to LBP among production workers were extreme trunk flexion (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.05–2.78) as well as very extreme trunk flexion (OR = 6.04, 95% CI = 1.12–32.49) and exposure to whole-body vibration (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.04–2.95).
Reducing sickness absence from LBP among power plant workers requires focusing on the working conditions of blue-collar workers and risk factors for LBP. Increasing social support in the work environment may have effects in reducing sickness absence from LBP.
Low back pain; occupational; physical risk factors; sick leave
Related Articles
Self-reported treatment, workplace-oriented rehabilitation, change of occupation and subsequent sickness absence and disability pension among employees long-term sick-listed for psychiatric disorders: a prospective cohort study
Bryngelson, Anna
Mittendorfer-Rutz, Ellenor
Jensen, Irene
Lundberg, Ulrika
Åsberg, Marie
Nygren, Åke
BMJ Open
To examine whether self-reported treatments, workplace-oriented rehabilitation and change of occupation were associated with subsequent sickness absence and disability pension among long-term sick-listed for psychiatric disorders.
A prospective cohort study.
Setting and participants
5200 employees (80% from the Swedish municipalities and county councils and 20% manual workers from the Swedish industry) were randomly selected who in 1999 in the register of AFA Insurance had a new spell of long-term sickness absence due to a psychiatric disorder. Of these, 99 were excluded (duplicates and deaths, persons living abroad, with protected personal information), and 5101 received a questionnaire in 2001. 3053 individuals responded (60%). After the exclusion of employees with no sick leave in 1999 according to the Swedish social insurance agency, aged 62 years and older, with disability pension 1999–2001, no self-reported treatment, and with missing information on the covariates, our final study group was 2324 individuals. Logistic regression analyses were performed.
Outcome measures
Sickness absence (>90 days) and disability pension (>0 day).
45% had sickness absence and 18% a new disability pension in 2002. Drug treatment and physiotherapy, respectively, were associated with increased odds of sickness absence (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.90; OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.69), and disability pension (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.41; OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.40 to 2.18). Workplace-oriented rehabilitation and change of occupation, respectively, reduced the odds of sickness absence (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.83; OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.45).
We found a pattern of poorer outcome of drug treatment and physiotherapy compared with other treatments (psychotherapy, workplace-oriented rehabilitation and complementary or alternative medicine) in terms of increased odds of sickness absence and disability pension. Workplace-oriented rehabilitation and/or change of occupation were associated with reduced odds of sick leave. Studies with a randomised controlled trial design are needed to examine the effect on sick leave of a workplace-oriented intervention.
Rehabilitation Medicine; Public Health
Related Articles
Studies on influenza vaccine in industry
Smith, J. W. G.
Pollard, R.
Postgraduate Medical Journal
Large scale studies of influenza vaccination in industry have recently been started. The studies are of two types:
(a) Vaccination was offered to a factory and a record maintained of sickness absence of all employees, both the vaccinated volunteers and the non-volunteers. In five different factories, the average acceptance rate was 42%.
An analysis of the volunteers in one factory indicated that acceptance of vaccination was highest in middle-aged married women and low in younger and older men.
(b) In the Post Office telecommunications branch vaccination was offered to 26,317 employees in eighty-eight units in different parts of the country; 42% of these accepted vaccination. Ninety-eight other units, employing 25,202 employees, are acting as unvaccinated controls. Sickness absence is being recorded in both groups of units.
In both these groups of studies it is aimed to compare the absence experience of the immunized and non-immunized groups for a prolonged period, both when influenza is and is not occurring.
Preliminary findings are presented of the absence figures for January and February 1972, during which time a mild outbreak of influenza occurred, with only a small effect on sickness absence. Vaccinated persons in factories had lower absence rates than the non-vaccinated persons, and telecommunications units in which vaccination was offered experienced lower absence rates with less respiratory absence.
The significance of these findings is discussed.
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Prognostic factors for respiratory sickness absence and return to work among blue collar workers and office personnel
Alexopoulos, E
Burdorf, A
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
OBJECTIVES—To analyze factors that determine the occurrence of sickness absence due to respiratory disorders and the time it takes to return to work. METHODS—A longitudinal study with 2 year follow up was conducted among 326 male blue collar and white collar workers. The survey started with an interview on respiratory complaints and spirometry. Sixty six (21%) workers were lost to follow up. Complete data on sickness absence among 251 workers during the follow up were collected from absence records and self reports. Regression analysis based on a proportional hazards model was applied to identify risk factors for the occurrence and duration of sickness absence due to respiratory disorders. RESULTS—During the follow up 35% workers attributed at least one period of sickness absence to respiratory complaints, which accounted for 14.2% of all days lost. A history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) did not predict sickness absence for COPD; the same was true for chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD). Complaints about asthma contributed significantly to absence due to asthma (relative risk (RR) 3.96; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.99 to 7.90). Job title was a significant predictor of sickness absence due to respiratory complaints. Decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC, <80% of the reference value) was also a significant predictor of absence due to asthma (RR 4.03; 95% CI 1.41 to 11.54) and of respiratory absence (RR 2.49; 95% CI 1.07 to 5.79). Absence with respiratory complaints was not associated with age, height, body mass index, or smoking. Duration of employment was a weak almost significant predictor against respiratory absenteeism (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.91 to 0.97). Return to work after respiratory absence was worse for blue collar workers than office personnel (RR 5.74; 95% CI 1.90 to 17.4 for welders, and RR 6.43; 95% CI 2.08 to 19.85 for metal workers). CONCLUSIONS—Asthmatic complaints in the 12 months before the study were associated with sickness absence for these complaints during the follow up. An abnormal level of FVC also influenced respiratory absenteeism. Blue collar workers had more often and more prolonged absences due to respiratory disorders than white collar workers. Workers with absence due to respiratory complaints were at higher risk of subsequent sickness absence in the next year. Keywords: respiratory complaints; sickness absence; return to work
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Reliability of a questionnaire on sickness absence with specific attention to absence due to back pain and respiratory complaints.
Burdorf, A
Post, W
Bruggeling, T
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the performance of a questionnaire on sickness absence due to back pain and respiratory disorders with the view of using sickness absence as a measure of morbidity. METHODS--A cross sectional survey was conducted among 511 male workers aged 20-65, drawn from the personnel register of an animal feed mill. The response was 404 (79%) participants. Data on sickness absence in the six months before the survey were collected by a self administered questionnaire and by sickness absence records. Correlation between both methods was examined for prevalence, duration, and frequency of overall sickness absence, back pain absence, and absence due to respiratory complaints. RESULTS--The questions about the prevalence of sickness absence from all causes, back pain, and respiratory complaints showed a high specificity of 91%, 97%, and 98%, respectively. The sensitivities of these questions were 79%, 88%, and 13%, respectively. The survey found a moderate agreement between the questionnaire and the medical register for duration and frequency of overall sickness absence with kappa values of 0.54 and 0.50. A good agreement was found for back pain absence with kappa values of 0.65 and 0.61. Respiratory absence showed a poor agreement of 0.16 and 0.13. CONCLUSION--In epidemiological studies questionnaires might be considered a valuable source of information on overall sickness absence or absence due to back pain which lasted for at least two weeks in the past six months. Whether a questionnaire survey is a reliable source of data on sickness absence due to respiratory complaints remains to be seen.
Related Articles
Sickness absence in hospital physicians: 2 year follow up study on determinants
Kivimaki, M
Sutinen, R
Elovainio, M
Vahtera, J
Rasanen, K
Toyry, S
Ferrie, J
Firth-Cozens, J
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
OBJECTIVES—To identify determinants of sickness absence in hospital physicians. METHODS—The Poisson regression analyses of short (1-3 days) and long (>3 days) recorded spells of sickness absence relating to potential determinants of sickness absence were based on a 2 year follow up period and cohorts of 447 (251 male and 196 female) physicians and 466 controls (female head nurses and ward sisters). RESULTS—There were no differences in health outcomes, self rated health status, prevalence of chronic illness, and being a case on the general health questionnaire (GHQ), between the groups but physicians took one third to a half the sick leave of controls. All the health outcomes were strongly associated with sickness absence in both groups. Of work related factors, teamwork had the greatest effect on sickness absence in physicians but not in the controls. Physicians working in poorly functioning teams were at 1.8 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3 to 3.0) times greater risk of taking long spells than physicians working in well functioning teams. Risks related to overload, heavy on call responsibility, poor job control, social circumstances outside the workplace, and health behaviours were smaller. CONCLUSION—This is the first study of hospital physicians to show the association between recorded sickness absence and factors across various areas of life. In this occupational group, sickness absence is strongly associated with health problems, and the threshold for taking sick leave is high. Poor teamwork seems to contribute to the sickness absenteeism of hospital physicians even more than traditional psychosocial risks—such as overload and low job control. These findings may have implications for training and health promotion in hospitals. Keywords: health care personnel; occupational health; psychosocial factors
Related Articles
Analysis of sickness absence among employees of four NHS trusts
Ritchie, K. A.
Macdonald, E. B.
Gilmour, W. H.
Murray, K. J.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
OBJECTIVES: To determine the value of using routinely collected sickness absence data as part of a health needs assessment of healthcare workers. METHOD: Sickness absence records of almost 12900 NHS staff for one calendar year were analysed. Three measures of absence, the absence rate, the absence frequency rate, and the mean duration of absence, were assessed for the population and comparisons made between men and women, full and part time and different occupational groups of staff. Also, the main causes of sickness absence were found. RESULTS: Almost 60% of the study population had no spells of sickness absence in the year of study and almost 20% had only one spell of sickness absence. Female staff were more likely to have experienced sickness absence than male staff. Although absence due to conditions related to pregnancy were included in the analysis, the incidence of these was not sufficient to account for the higher rates of absence among female staff. In general, full time staff had greater rates of sickness absence than part time staff. 71% of all absences were of < 1 week duration. The main known causes of sickness absence were respiratory disorders, digestive disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The transition from units managed directly from the health board to trusts with individual responsibility for personnel issues at the time of data collection resulted in variations in the quality of data available for analysis. This together with the use of "dump" codes has influenced the quality of the analysis. However, such data should be available for analysis to tailor occupational health care to the needs of the population.
Related Articles
Prognostic factors for musculoskeletal sickness absence and return to work among welders and metal workers
Burdorf, A.
Naaktgeboren, B.
Post, W.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
OBJECTIVES: To analyse factors that determine the occurrence of sickness absence due to musculoskeletal problems and the time it takes to return to work. METHODS: A longitudinal study with two year follow up was conducted among 283 male welders and metal workers. The survey started with a standardised interview on the occurrence of musculoskeletal complaints. 61 (22%) workers were lost to follow up. Data on sickness absence among 222 workers during the follow up were collected from absence records and self reports. Regression analysis based on proportional hazards models was applied to identify risk factors for the occurrence and duration of sickness absence due to various musculoskeletal complaints. RESULTS: During the follow up 51% of the workers attributed at least one period of sickness absence to musculoskeletal complaints which accounted for 44% of all work days lost. A history of back pain was not associated with sickness absence for back pain, partly because subjects with back pain were more likely to be lost to follow up. Neck or shoulder pain and pain of the upper extremities contributed significantly to neck or shoulder absence (relative risk (RR) 3.35; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.73 to 6.47) and to upper extremities absence (RR 2.29; 95% CI 1.17 to 4.46), respectively. Company and job title were also significant predictors for sickness absence due to these musculoskeletal complaints. Absence with musculoskeletal complaints was not associated with age, height, body mass index, smoking, and duration of employment. Return to work after neck or shoulder absence was worse among metal workers than welders (RR 2.12; 95% CI 1.08 to 4.17). Return to work after lower extremities absence was strongly influenced by visiting a physician (RR 11.31; 95% CI 2.94 to 43.46) and by musculoskeletal comorbidity (RR 2.81; 95% CI 1.18 to 6.73). CONCLUSIONS: Complaints of the neck or shoulder and upper extremities in the 12 months before the study were associated with sickness absence for these complaints during the follow up. Workers with absence due to pain from back, neck or shoulder, upper extremities, or lower extremities were at higher risk of subsequent sickness absence in the next year.
Related Articles
Relations between respiratory symptoms and sickness among workers in the animal feed industry.
Post, W K
Burdorf, A
Bruggeling, T G
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
OBJECTIVE--The survey aimed at studying the associations between prevalent respiratory symptoms in an occupational population and sickness absence due to respiratory disorders. METHODS--A cross sectional survey among male workers in an animal feed mill was conducted. A total of 303 production workers and 102 office clerks completed a questionnaire on respiratory complaints, smoking habits, and occupational history. The questionnaire was used to identify workers with respiratory symptoms in the past 12 months. During this period all spells of sickness absence were recorded. Causes of sickness were classified in broad categories encompassing respiratory symptoms, influenza, musculoskeletal disorders, and others. RESULTS--Logistic regression analysis showed that workers with respiratory complaints experienced a higher sickness absence than those without respiratory complaints. Adjusted for age and smoking the odds ratio (OR) for sickness prevalence was 1.9 among office clerks and 2.6 among blue collar workers. Smoking increased the risk on sickness absence with ORs of 2.4 and 1.6, respectively. When restricting the analysis to sickness due to respiratory complaints, subjects with respiratory complaints had significantly higher risks for absence prevalence and absence rate than those without respiratory complaints. There were no differences in sickness absence between workers with asthma like complaints and those with chronic bronchitis like complaints. CONCLUSION--The clear associations between respiratory complaints and prevalence and rate of respiratory sickness absence indicate that workers with respiratory complaints are at risk of temporary disability and, thus, may experience a reduced ability to cope with routine activities at work.
Related Articles
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Imagine coming home and finding a chewed up bottle of your medication with no pills left in it or a houseplant that has clearly been used as a chew toy, or a bottle of cleaning solution that spilled when it was knocked off the counter. How do you determine if this is just a small inconvenience for you, a life-threatening emergency for your dog, or something in between? The new Pet Poison Help app by Pet Poison Helpline can be a great first step. You can use it to reference the specific substance and find out how toxic it is, the symptoms your dog is likely to experience, and what to do. It may suggest that you induce vomiting, encourage eating or drinking, or that you take your dog to an emergency clinic immediately.
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Karen B. London, PhD, is a Bark columnist and a Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist specializing in the evaluation and treatment of serious behavior problems in the domestic dog.
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Reviewed By Sthibalyz T (NEWARK, NJ) Reviewed for a 2009 Audi A4 —8/25/2015 8:22 PM
The brightness is actually impressive but the color of the light comes out to be a bit more yellow than actually white.
Reviewed By Karen K (Las Vegas, NV) Reviewed for a 2008 Toyota FJ Cruiser —4/28/2016 9:36 AM
I replace these on my 2008 FJ cruiser and I am not really happy with them. The original OEM Sylvania lights I believe have better range of light. Also seem to be more distinct in lighting. Would order OEM next time. The price is cheaper... But then again...,there's a reason why.
Reviewed By Loc T (OLATHE, KS) Reviewed for a 2007 Honda Odyssey —4/28/2016 6:21 AM
The light bulbs are made from Japan, it is just so much brighter than my previous light bulbs. It is very good investment. I am getting the PIAA Xtreme White Bulbs for my Fog Lights today.


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Murder Mystery Dinner Show has great food and first-class live theater entertainment. You will be treated to a delicious dinner with soup, entrée, and dessert. As always at the Murder Mystery Dinner Show, there will be a murder and you're in charge of solving the crime! The winner will receive a prize package! Shows alternate nightly and are subject to change.
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We go every time we are in Pigeon Forge. The talent is fantastic! The dinner & dessert is great! If you want to participate in the show, it's always a possibility. Definite must see!
This place is something we've been talking about trying for years, but haven't gotten to do it until this year. It was solid, a little pricey for what you get. The food is okay, the show is what your money is worth. The actors really care about putting on a show and it shines through. If you want a good show, come here for that only.
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We never miss a visit here. We have seen every show to date. The group of actors are amazing, and cloud friendly. The food is amazing. Great location, very easy to get out of.
Pigeon Forge, Tennessee
We have enjoyed two different Murder Mystery dinner shows in Pigeon Forge and have enjoyed them immensely. You will laugh and have a great experience while enjoying lots of good food. The puzzles are challenging, the acting is spontaneous, the audience participation makes it a memorable event. I recommend it!
my sister and i went to 3 shows while we were here and this was over all the best,best food,funniest,and we loved it,i will come back again,you have the best food, and the best everything,a must see for everyone.
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Use some
common sense
I have been reading the paper and talking to people about the way our school board handled the hiring of our new school superintendent and no one is very happy.
We spent $30,000 to pay someone to look for someone to fill the job, when we had a good person here in the system that had experience and doing a good job.
So my question is why did we spend all this money looking when we had a good assistant superintendent that should have gotten the job?
Bedford has always thought they did something big if they could hire someone out of state or county. You don't need someone with four or five degrees; experience and common sense is better any time. But we don't use it anymore and you can see the mess our country is in.
I hope we don't spend another $30,000 to find an assistant superintendent.
If we need to look, try running an ad in the paper. I believe this will work and be much cheaper.
So let's wake up school board and use some common sense and quit wasting my money.
Harold Williams
Bedford County
A phone call
It started with a phone call.
A wonderful man named "Bob" called my house and introduced himself to me. He had read the story of our home intrusion in the Bedford Bulletin and had seen the coverage on the news. As an Army Veteran, he understood the horrible feelings that my husband was feeling from the theft of his USMC Challenge Coins. Secretly we plotted to surprise my husband to help with the pain.
With the help from Manuel Quinones - WSET 13 Reporter, and "Bob", we ambushed Chad at the Lynchburg Marine Corps League. Not only did these wonderful men and women donate their own personal Challenge Coins, but they even asked friends and fellow Military Members to help. Also presented to Chad was a handmade walking stick from a wonderful man who inscribed Chad's tours of Iraq on it.
The Marine Corps League also invited Chad to join their organization. By the end of the night my husband was actually smiling, laughing and talking with his fellow veterans. Quite a few were older, but the same camaraderie was there. Things that they couldn't tell their wives or families that someone who had 'been there' only understood.
I sat back and watched as USMC, Army, Navy and Air Force laughed and joked about good times and bad and about those that made a difference in their lives. Pictures of families and loved ones were shared and a great time was had by all. The complete awe of typical strangers that took it upon themselves to help one of their own is amazing.
Words cannot fully express the happiness, joy and wonderment that I feel for these people from Manuel to "Bob" to the Marine Corps League in Lynchburg and Brian Damewood who covered the story that night and who presented Chad with a coin from a military member who is stationed in Iraq and to Investigator Mayhew from the Bedford County Sheriff's Office who has tirelessly looked for our belongings. There are several others who worked behind the scenes who were very instrumental in making this happen and I am very pleased to know they are around – they do however wish to remain anonymous. My deepest heartfelt thanks to all of you and what you have done to help my husband during this time. There is no way that I can ever repay you for all that you have done for Chad and to help him cope with all of this. "Bob" will always have a special place in our family – and I promise one of these days I will quit saying "Thank you."
Although the Bedford County Sheriff's Office has not located our stolen personal belongings, this is by no means their fault, what these veterans have given Chad takes away the sting. We have come to accept the fact that our belongings have been either discarded or destroyed, which is terribly heart wrenching because of the personal memories not financial meaning these items had. But those person(s) have to live with themselves for the rest of their lives and we have the love and friendship of others to get by with.
These men and women are just a few of the members of our Military Members that are around the area. They have wonderful stories to share and even more wisdom to impart. Tell a veteran 'Thank you' or just ask how they are doing – believe me it is worth it!
Charlotte E B Krantz
Bedford County
No right to be morally wrong
Two of Rick Howell's recent "Liberal Agenda" columns, and some subsequent email correspondence with him, have proven sufficient to conclude that Howell's perspective on abortion is so ideologically driven, decidedly biased, shockingly ignorant, it's therefore unworthy of our attention.
In his 03/25/09 column, applauding the hopes of reopening the taxpayer's treasuries for embryonic stem cell research and elective abortion, Howell strategically used the rhetorically sanitized terms "fetus" and "embryo" in reference to the preborn. Conversely, in his 04/09/09 article regarding Lori Berenson, the American "journalist" being held in a Peruvian prison, Howell referred to her preborn as both a "child" and a "baby."
Assuming the latter to be an unguarded moment, I emailed Howell and asked him the reasons for his arbitrary use of the terms. In response, he offered several points trying to vindicate his terminological carelessness and pro-abortion perspective.
Howell began by insisting that Berenson is not having a "fetus" but a "baby," since her pregnancy is "at a place where no one would consider abortion." This comment is perplexing, especially coming from someone supposedly so savoir-faire on the issue.
Pretending he's right, though, how then do we account for the reality of late-term abortions? Numbers of clinics nationwide specialize in abortions through to the delivery date. Howell is either deceived or deluded.
Furthermore, Howell has an obvious mental vacancy regarding the entailments of the Roe v. Wade decision. This decision, he conjectured, "allows for abortion only in the first trimester of pregnancy"!
Fact: Elective abortion is legal for any reason at any time during a pregnancy, precisely because of the Roe decision.
Dilation and Evacuation, Saline, Prostaglandin, and Hysterotomy are abortive techniques designed for the dismemberment, burning to death, and/or crushing of preborns from 13 weeks to full term—those who are too developed for the first trimester methods of dismemberment by suction or uterine scraping.
Secondly, as do most abortion-rights ideologues, Howell twice alleged that popular opinion concerning abortion was on his side, saying, "That's where most people in the country are, and I think we're right." This, however, is contrary to fact.
National polls conducted by Gallop, The Boston Globe, and The Los Angeles Time reveal that 77 percent of Americans believe that abortion takes an innocent human life; 61 percent think it's immoral; 57 percent believe it's murder, and 78 percent would keep abortion legal in only those circumstances which comprise about 3 percent of actual cases.
Howell, therefore, fights truth and reality to maintain his perspective.
Finally, he arbitrarily posited the baby's viability as definitive in deciding who is and who is not a person. "In my view, a fetus that can't live outside the womb is certainly not a person as we know people."
Howell, therefore, believes that the value, worth, and meaningfulness of a human life are contingent upon one's physiological development and/or social dependency. We must conclude thereby that newborns are somehow less valuable than toddlers, toddlers than adolescents, and adolescents than adults.
Similarly, because of her other-dependency, a baby in an incubator can't be as valuable as one in her mother's arms. For Howell, then, personhood is relative to self-sufficiency.
How many of your loved ones would be legally killable in a Howellian society?
Also significant is that the point of viability has dropped from 30 to 20 weeks in the last 30 years, due to advancements in obstetric technologies. Today we can better aid those with insufficiently developed lungs, who are unable to process oxygen in their new environment. Nevertheless, the baby has been taking in oxygen in the womb; birth merely changes how that happens. Hence, Howell says that the moral justification for killing babies swings on their type of respiration.
Frankly, though, who cares what Howell's capricious criterion is? The only objective, scientifically proven point at which a new human individual/person comes into existence is conception.
A full disclosure of Rick Howell's radical abortion-rights perspective demonstrates that his writing about abortion is not the use, but the abuse of his free speech rights. His understanding of the issue is contemptibly uninformed; and his boisterous, self-described expertise makes his gross ignorance culpable.
It is one thing for Howell to wallow in his self-deluded perspective, it is quite another when he seeks to use his freedom of speech to persuade others in the rightness of doing moral wrong.
In the time you took to read this letter, in America alone, 16 babies died in the refuge of their mother's womb. Howell simply doesn't have the right to be this wrong about such a grave issue, and therefore does not deserve our attention.
Kevin Stevenson
Big Island
Globalization, economy and the Middle Class
With Barack Obama's election into office has come a new air of globalization- shaking hands with foreign administrators and invoking warmth in foreign statesmen. Working under an illusion of peace, he wants very much that all nations cooperate rather than fall apart during this global economic epidemic. And yet what Obama fails to see, or wants not to see, is that globalizing the economy and the government will do nothing but dismember America.
And why do I say this? Well, simply put, America is not a superpower. It is not a world leader. And it is very well not a joined country. Economic turmoil fills the streets and unemployment continues to rise each day. And as Geoffrey Garrrett tells in an article in Foreign Affairs, "While globalization has benefited many, it has squeezed the middle class, both within societies and in the international system." And without the very substance of America, the middle class, America will surely fall to the giants of globalization. And yet how is the middle class being 'squeezed.' By looking at three very important points you can plainly see how such is so.
First, outsourcing overseas has caused major problems within the middle class. Rather than using their own soil to manufacture cars and textiles, American businessmen thrive under the thumb of 'cheap labor in foreign countries'. Thea Lee, Policy Director of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization, wrote for the Congressional Quarterly in March of this year telling that, "We won't be able to rebuild our real economy and the middle class if we can't figure out how to use trade, tax, currency and national investment policies to reward efficient production at home — not send it offshore." And she is very right in what she says. Without a sturdy economy in America how can we even begin to send products overseas to be produced. And yet as long as such businesses are making profit, why should it matter? Well, it does matter because with a strong middle class where is America?
Second, unruly optimism causes further problems within the country. Gabor Steingart says in an issue of the German-based magazine, Spiegel, "Nowhere in the world can you find such a high concentration of optimism and daring." And with such optimism, America continues to do business in its own currency while filling people with hollow hopes. And yet America is wrong again. They use the dollar as a sign of power as they pay off countries like China, and yet if a country very much wanted to they could completely destroy the dollar that America uses. Though it seems that the dollar is a dollar, in foreign affairs another country could completely take control of the United States by using this very same powerful enigma of the dollar against the country. And delving further into America's hallucinatory optimism, it is very plain to see that the government masks the bad and exploits the good, within it's own framework. It works to ensure that all Americans stay far from paranoia, blinding the country and hiding the fact that it may well be falling apart.
And last, America is not a joined country. Gabor Steingart, again, says "The United States is radically global. Its very origins -- in the rebellious citizens from every country in the world who assembled on the territory that is now the United States -- mark its people as true children of the world." And with such an idea at hand, it is hard to bring the country together. Being children of the world means that there are no children of America, but rather a band of diverse individuals who mirror the global unsteadiness. As the nation tries to come together so does the world. And yet without a sense of nationalism with the sovereign of the United States, we truly are powerless. No one really defines themselves as "American" in our society, but rather the ancestors they descended from. And yet if we could all come together and disregard (to an extent) the fight over civil rights and equality then maybe America would have a chance in the inevitable globalization of the world.
And though it is globalization is inevitable, there are certain steps that America should take before going heads over heels for such ideology. We need to truly find power and nationalism within our own borders and not forget that the middle class is what holds the meat of the nation together. If we can first 'globalize' our own borders then maybe we will be able to globalize the world.
Key Levi
Farmers market
I am pleased to let everyone know that after a month long of hard campaign for a location of our market ... I have stumbled on a winner!
The American National Bank, feels the pain of everyone during this economic hardship, has step to the plate by generously donating a beautiful and large open field for the community market site this year. Without this sponsor, the market would not be in existence. Their far sight and unselfish deed is deeply appreciated by all vendors and customers who frequent the market.
Our new market site is south of the Resurrection Catholic church on 122. We will be open every Saturday from May to October from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.
Having said that I have another "bridge" to cross and I am again doing what I am doing best "begging."
The success of our Community market depends on every one of us both in Bedford and Franklin County. Many of the "would be vendors" are waiting on the sideline for more customers and the "would be" customers are also waiting on the sideline for more vendors.
With this unproductive and unrealistic attitude our market will withered and die and all of us will not reap a benefits of a vibrant-productive farmers market. I am begging everyone to shop and to sell at our market. The more you come to shop with us, the more vendors will participate and thus make it a great market and help stimulate the economy in our town.
I am proud to announced that in our 2nd year of the market we have attracted many great vendors and here are the sample: Peaches, apples and vegetables from Gross and Skinnell orchards, local honey, organic vegetables, free range chicken and eggs from Our father farm, herbs and goat milk products, Artisan breads and bakery, local plants,, flowering baskets, quality wood crafts and authentic Thai food. In September we will have fresh shrimp from a shrimp farm in Penhook, and when the summer time arrives, I am certain that we will have even more fruits, vegetables and plants to offer to customers at an affordable price.
The beauty of all of this is that all of our quality fruits, vegetables and farm products travel less than 50 miles to our market and when you shop with us you put the money back into our community and not to Chile, Mexico or other country.
I am begging everyone to do the right thing and help your community by shopping with us.
Mantana Heim
Yet to see it all
In this generation man has yet to see it all.
We cannot have a lasting peace in the Middle East by pretending God is out of the game. The need for God to prove his existence to the scientists today will demand a logical and forceful change in understanding all religions.
Most Muslims will be shocked to know of the double personality in their religion and most Christians will know the truth after Israel has completed taking over the other half of Jerusalem for 42 years. In June 2009, Muslims and Jews can tell the Christians that the theory of 42 months in the Bible is not the same for them.
In June 2009, President Obama will meet with some leaders of the Middle East who should be responsible for proving peace for Israel. Is it a man or is it just another man....?
Ralph Rasoul
Blue Ridge
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Fast paced, dynamic shooting!
Physically and mentally challenging!
Test your shooting and problem solving skills!
Socialize with diverse peoples with a common interest!
Our divisions recognize stock pistols to hi tech custom guns!
Competitions present unique and diverse challenges.
Members can compete in IPSC Sanctioned matches worldwide!
Some email services, Gmail in particular, were having difficulty receiving lost password emails. We have made some adjustments and it should now be easier to reset your passwords if you have lost yours.
Last Updated on Tuesday, 22 March 2016 20:12
Quick update on renewals and new memberships. There will be a short delay in creating new cards. If the printing problem continues more than a couple more weeks, I will update the membership records, which will generate the renewal confirmation email, and create the new cards in bulk as soon as the problem is corrected. Since the first matches of the year are at least 2 months away, I don't anticipate anyone panicing in the near future. If you do panic, don't email, go see your family doctor...
Happy new year!
I have now picked up ALL membership renewals which qualify for the early bird price. They will be updated in the membership database by Dec 18, 2015. As you may know, when your membership is updated to a new year, you will get an email from IPSCBC. If you sent in your renewal very near the deadline, and do NOT receive an automated renewal notification by Dec 18th , then there is a good chance you missed out on the early bird fee. If this is the case, please be on the lookout for an email requesting the extra fee, or if you wish to be proactive, send in the additional $10.
Thank you very much. Happy holidays to you all.
Hello Everyone:
Just 2 points to remember about your 2016 membership renewals:
1- To received the "Early-Bird" renewal fee, your renewal must be RECEIVED by Dec 15, 2015
2- To be eligible for the "Early-Bird" renewal fee, you MUST have been a member in 2015. If you were NOT a 2015 member, you are NOT eligible for the "Early-Bird" renewal rate.
Last Updated on Tuesday, 26 January 2016 23:33
Whether you are sporting the latest high tech race gear or stock, out of the box production, you can compete with others of similar gear.
Our competitions test accuracy and speed with high powered handguns. Running and gunning under the pressure of the clock is one of the great thrills in this sport!
Matches are the aggregate totals of points from several stages. The key to success is consistency! IPSCBC has produced more National Champions than any other province!


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I`ve got started in 1981 with my first license EZ6HDX (160 m AM, 10 watts only) when I was 16. Hardly experimented with different low suspended LW`s and short verticals, but it wasn`t successful for DX stations, cause I think of too low power.Three years later I`ve got new one license RA6HDX which allowed to operate on 10 m. Then after 5 years paused my RA6HDX was closed and I`ve got UW6HFZ . Two years later when USSR broke up prefix changed to RW6HFZ. In 1996 I`ve got a new one first class licensed RZ6FL. In 2013 on april I`ve got four symboled R7FL and using it now.
Right now, I`m using IC 756 proIII with homemade PA on metaloceramic tube GU-74B about 500 watts.
Antenna for low bands 160, 80, 40 m is horisontal LW about 80 m long and 30 m above the ground, between two 9-floor buildings direction to Pacific. Here is center of the city and noise level is very high. It`s really a problem indeed to catch any weak station in these conditions.
For 15-17-20-30-40 m I`m using 5-band vertical with traps by DL2KQ located on the roof my 9-floor house, which is also very noisy, especially on 7 mc in the night, when lamps and other electronics are on in the streets.
I like chasing DX and looking forward to DXCC award using LOTW. So I will be very pleased to receive your LOTW confirmation as fast as possible. I suppose, it`s not good to make QSO and wait confirmation for half or even one year. Is it too difficult to click mouse button to upload your QSO`s which are waiting by anyone and impotant for them? Up to me I upload after 10-20 QSO passed or after ending of contests.
7165590 Last modified: 2016-03-14 18:21:02, 4869 bytes
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Book Totals: 74 qso's 52 confirmed Get a free logbook at QRZ.COM


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Fenty Heading to Olympics
Mayor Adrian M. Fenty will be Beijing-bound next month, LL has learned.
Fenty will not be attending the Games of the XXIX Olympiad in an official capacity, mind you, but as a personal trip with his family, says his spokesperson, Carrie Brooks.
Fenty himself couldn't be reached for details, as he was vacationing last week, but Brooks says her boss will be there for a week toward the beginning of the games, which kick off Aug. 8. As for which events he'll be attending, Brooks says Fenty's sporting tastes run toward the triathlon events he knows so well: "[H]e definitely wants to check out the swimming and track and field events," she writes in an e-mail.
This won't be Fenty's first international jaunt. Last summer, he traveled with family to Jamaica, where his wife, Michelle Cross Fenty, has roots. He still, however, has a ways to go if he wants to match Tony Williams' travel sked.


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1 Review
Oh, My Goodness! This may very well be the BEST Fruit Smoothie I have ever tasted!! I made this with frozen strawberries & blueberries, and fresh raspberries & blackberries. I used vanilla yogurt and the rest exactly as directed by the recipe. It is so fresh tasting! My tastebuds are singing!! Britt, it is no wonder everyone is begging you for this!! Thank you, Thank you, thank you for sharing it with me!!


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For the return of the Get Ready For series, what could be more logical than discovering Sébastien Chaigneau's playground, the Glières Massif.
Before being recognized by nature lovers this massif was the stage for the resistance in Haute Savoie.
This film renders homage to the beauty and freedom that this massif radiates.


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Jackyl is an American rock lineup formed in 1990. Their style of music has been described as hard rock, heavy metal and Southern metal.
The lineup is probably best-known for its song The Lumberjack, which features a chainsaw solo by lead vocalist Jesse James Dupree. For the recording, Dupree would rev the chainsaw's engine or use the chain brake to slow the engine down to keep the beat. He also performs this stunt live and the number typically climaxes with Dupree slicing up a wooden stool onstage, smashing it, and throwing the sliced pieces out to the crowd. He once had been asked, "How the hell can you play a chainsaw?", to which he responded, "How the hell can you not play a chainsaw?"


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R.T. Rybak congratulates Margaret Anderson Kelliher (Video)
Minneapolis Mayor R.T. Rybak tells the Democratic Farm Labor Party "it's time to come together to support Margaret Anderson Kelliher for governor."
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Mercury Computer Systems To Deliver Integrated ATCA®-based Signal Processing Subsystem To Support Satellite Telecommunications System
www.mc.com), a trusted provider of commercially developed application-ready ISR and EW subsystems for defense prime contractors, confirmed that it had been previously awarded a contract from a leading telecommunications provider to deliver an integrated signal processing subsystem based on the ATCA ® standard. The high performance subsystem, a ground-based gateway, will enable vital terrestrial-satellite communications for a next-generation mobile satellite system to be used for national security, civilian and humanitarian efforts. "Mercury has forged a very close relationship with this company, working on a range of satellite-based telecommunications systems and similar programs over a long period of time. Our solutions are known for their maturity, reliability and performance, and our team has earned a reputation for our commitment to supporting the performance goals and ultimate success," said Didier Thibaud, senior vice president and general manager of Mercury Computer Systems' Advanced Computing Solutions business unit.Mercury's expertise in designing and integrating high performance signal processing subsystems based on the ATCA and RapidIO ® standards was a critical asset in winning this design. Mercury will deliver an ATCA-based platform that implements hundreds of digital signal processors (DSPs), interconnected by the RapidIO switch fabric, to deliver high bandwidth, low latency, deterministic performance. Using proven technology, Mercury's subsystem provides massive processing power and manufacturing readiness, reduces costs and shortens development cycles. Because it is based on open standards, the solution can be easily upgraded over time. For more information on Mercury's market-leading sensor processing solutions, visit www.mc.com, or contact Mercury at (866) 627-6951 or email@example.com. Mercury Computer Systems, Inc. – Where Challenges Drive Innovation ® Mercury Computer Systems ( www.mc.com, NASDAQ: MRCY) is a best-of-breed provider of open, commercially developed, application-ready, multi-INT subsystems for defense prime contractors. With more than 30 years of experience in embedded computing, superior domain expertise in radar, EW, EO/IR, C4I and sonar applications, and more than 300 successful program deployments including Aegis, Global Hawk and Predator, Mercury's Services and Systems Integration (SSI) team leads the industry in partnering with customers to design and integrate system-level solutions that minimize program risk, maximize application portability and accelerate customers' time to market. Mercury is based in Chelmsford, Massachusetts, and serves customers worldwide through a broad network of direct sales offices, subsidiaries and distributors.
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New answers tagged gamecube
While not official, Nintendon't is WiiU homebrew that will allow for the playing of Gamecube ISO's, so you could use your Wii to rip your own discs and play them on the WiiU. This homebrew even supports the gamecube adapter.
Top 50 recent answers are included