text:
Although it is currently home to the excellent journal International Labor and Working-Class History, other signs suggest that labour history occupies a rather marginal position at this institution.
What does ILWCH stand for?
ILWCH stands for International Labor and Working-Class History (publication of The New School for Social Research; New York City)
This definition appears somewhat frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
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We have 1 other meaning of ILWCH in our Acronym Attic
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- Internationale Ludwig Wittgenstein Gesellschaft eV (German: International Ludwig Wittgenstein Society; est. 1994)
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Samples in periodicals archive:
This critique of whiteness studies was most forcefully articulated in Eric Arnesen, "Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination," International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (Fall 2001): 3-32.
Tony Judt, "Minerva's Owl and Other Birds of Prey," International Labor and Working-Class History, no.


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October 10th, 2004 (11:27 AM).
█▓▒═─┤SkinnyG reen├─═ ▒▓█
Join Date: Aug 2004
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Age: 27
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Posts: 909
I know. I'm trying to sum up the difference between this club, and another one called the "Shiny Lovers Club". You cant have two clubs for the same purpose, and there are differences between these two.
I said pokedex, because we are hunting for as many shinys as possible... Filling up a shiny "pokedex".
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In 2006, Yogendra's love for code made him take the tough decision to drop out of college. He didn't connect with things taught at school, and always had the drive to build something. He along with his backbencher friends at college, Sachit Singhi and Rupal Surana (who didn't dropout), believed that the fragmented 'stay' market […]
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By Joseph McGrath
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Archived Story
Generals focusing on execution as Wadley loomsPublished 10:38am Tuesday, August 26, 2014
In Horseshoe Bend's final dress rehearsal before their season opener versus Wadley, coach Jason Franklin came away displeased.
During a varsity/junior varsity jamboree against Beulah last Thursday, the Generals' offense was brought to a sputter thanks to muggy conditions.
While the varsity team was able to win its half 3-0, Franklin said he came away from the team's "test run" with some doubts
"We didn't move the ball like I expected. I felt like we lacked enthusiasm, and now I'm starting to question our team's conditioning," Franklin said. "We struggled in the heat, and I'm wondering if we're in good enough shape to do what we're trying to do. We were not where we needed to be; our guys were pretty gassed by the end of the first half."
In addition, Franklin said, execution wasn't as sharp offensively. Defensively, however, was a different story.
"We didn't block well, we weren't as explosive as I wanted us to be, and we couldn't sustain drives," he said. "Defensively, I thought we played pretty decent for it to be early in the season. We missed a few tackles and had some alignment miscues, but we got off the field on third down. We're a little further along on that side of the ball. … we've got a lot of things to shore up before Thursday night."
Waiting for the Generals on that day will be the 1A Wadley Bulldogs, who took down Central-Coosa 28-6 in jamboree action last Thursday.
With HBHS set to run the Wiing-T offense in 2014, the Generals have seen a lot of the run in preparation for the season.
As the Bulldogs employ a power run scheme, Franklin said the hope is that the Generals' experience against a run-oriented attack will help them when Wadley arrives in New Site.
"I hope so," Franklin said when asked if the Generals would be ready for the challenge. "We've looked at it, and we know they are an I-formation, downhill team. We covered a bit of the things they like to do, and we still are. Alignment-wise, we have to be sure to be where we need to be. And with every team, you have to be prepared for the little wrinkles they throw at you."
There are also some personnel questions for the Generals entering their 2014 opener. The status of key defenders Antwan Hardnett (arm) and Jackson Sexton (strained MCL) is currently unknown.
Franklin said the team should know more about the condition of their top defensive back today.
"It's up in the air with Antwan," Franklin said. "The cast is off, but he hasn't been fully released for contact, so we've had him in some simulated practices. He's seeing the doctor tomorrow so we're hoping he'll be given the clear to go. If he's not clear this week, he definitely will be next week. With Jackson, we just have to work him back as we can until he's ready to go."
Ultimately, Franklin said that scheme and possible injuries aside, the Generals will have to be mentally tough in order to better their chances of victory.
"We're going to have to strap the pads on, come out with a good attitude and enthusiasm, throw our bodies around and not let a little heat shut us down," Franklin said. "Whether it's 120 degrees or 8- degrees, we have to go out and do our jobs."
HBHS and Wadley kick off at 7 p.m. Thursday at Battle Stadium in New Site.


text:
- CALL THE MIDWIFE V, Part 5
Sunday, May 1 at 8:00 p.m.
Learn why professionals like the Turners are reassessing their lifestyles as they fight for respiratory health for patients.Read more
- MASTERPIECE MYSTERY!: Grantchester II, Part 6
Sunday, May 1 at 9:00 p.m.
Sidney seeks oblivion. His friend Sam seeks forgiveness. A dead girl's parents seek revenge. Amanda seeks Sidney. Leonard finally takes a stand.Read more
- MASTERPIECE: MR. SELFRIDGE IV, Part 6
Sunday, May 1 at 10:00 p.m.
A former employee is laid to rest. Kitty and Frank reach an understanding. Grove confronts Tilly. Jimmy thinks he's a hunted man, even as he makes the deal of his life.Read more
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The Roadshow winds up its visit to Detroit, Michigan.Read more
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The Gay Head Lighthouse, a historic landmark perched high on the cliffs of Martha's Vineyard, is soon to become the next victim of the persistent erosion of the island's cliffs. Join engineers as they race to rescue this national treasure.Read more


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Research Article
An emerging view of scientific collaboration: Scientists' perspectives on collaboration and factors that impact collaboration
Article first published online: 21 MAY 2003
DOI: 10.1002/asi.10291
Copyright © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Volume 54, Issue 10, pages 952–965, August 2003
Additional Information
How to Cite
Hara, N., Solomon, P., Kim, S.-L. and Sonnenwald, D. H. (2003), An emerging view of scientific collaboration: Scientists' perspectives on collaboration and factors that impact collaboration. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci., 54: 952–965. doi: 10.1002/asi.10291
Publication History
- Issue published online: 25 JUN 2003
- Article first published online: 21 MAY 2003
- Manuscript Accepted: 19 FEB 2003
- Manuscript Revised: 13 SEP 2002
- Manuscript Received: 25 JAN 2002
Funded by
- National Science Foundation. Grant Number: CHE-9876674
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|Miriam Lord, The Best of Miriam Lord
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Housing is hot issue in election that is officially kicking off
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By August Brown, Los Angeles Times: Entertainment
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Open-label, multicenter study of imatinib (400mg/die p.o.)in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Patients will be treated for up to 12 months. Data regarding its best clinical use in terms of tumor response, survival, tolerability and safety profile will be prospectively collected.
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment
Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Novartis Investigative Site
Published on BioPortfolio: 2014-07-23T21:13:55-0400
Trial of Imatinib For Previously Treated Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
The objective of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes following resumption of dosing (re-challenge) with Imatinib plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive ca...
Safety And Effectiveness Of Daily Dosing With Sunitinib Or Imatinib In Patients With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
A phase IIIb study of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors who have had progressive disease while on 400 mg imatinib. Patients will be randomly assigned to either sunitinib 37.5 ...
A Trial of Paclitaxel in Patients With Metastatic or Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) After Failure to Imatinib and Sunitinib
With discovery of KIT mutations and the advent of KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (GlivecTM, Novartis), there has been substantial improvement in overall survival in patients with a...
Imatinib Mesylate and Sunitinib in Treating Patients With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
RATIONALE: Imatinib mesylate and sunitinib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. PURPOSE: This phase I trial is studying the side effe...
Study of Dose Escalation Versus no Dose Escalation of Imatinib in Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) Patients
The purpose of this study is to determine if escalating the dose of imatinib to keep the drug blood level at ≥ 1100 ng/ml leads to better outcomes for patients.
Feasibility and Timing of Cytoreduction Surgery in Advanced (Metastatic or Recurrent) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors During the Era of Imatinib.
The prognosis of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) was dramatically improved in the era of imatinib. Cytoreduction surgery was advocated as an additional treatment for advanced GISTs, e...
Relationship between imatinib trough concentration and outcomes in the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours in a real-life setting.
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Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
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Tumors or cancer of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, from the MOUTH to the ANAL CANAL.
Krukenberg Tumor
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 31, 2005
|Filing date
|Dec 11, 2001
|Priority date
|Dec 15, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gaston Baudat, Fatiha Anouar
|Original Assignee
|Mars Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (13), Classifications (24), Legal Events (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to currency validators and methods for adapting and operating currency validators. In this specification, the terms currency and currency items are intended to include coins, tokens and the like, banknotes and bills, other value sheets such as cheques, vouchers, bonds, and includes both genuine items and counterfeits, such as slugs and washers.
There are many known methods for determining the denomination of a currency item and distinguishing between genuine and fake currency items. Commonly, a currency item is sensed by one or more sensors, such as electromagnetic or optical sensors, to produce signals representative of certain characteristics of the currency item, such as coin thickness, coin material, or the pattern on a banknote. Those measured signals are then compared with stored reference data representative of known currency items, and, depending on the outcome of the comparison, the measured currency item is classified, for example, as a genuine currency item of a particular denomination, a known fake, or simply as unknown.
For example, it is known to store reference data for known currency items in the form of sets of "windows", which consist of upper and lower limits. If each of the measured signals for a particular item falls within each of the corresponding windows for a particular denomination, it is classified as belonging to that particular denomination. This approach can be viewed generally as using boundaries in the space having axes corresponding to the measured characteristics, known as acceptance boundaries, which are linear (or the equivalent in higher dimensions). Various developments of that approach are known, such as described in GB 2 238 152A.
Usually, distributions of populations of particular denominations of currency items are non-linear, in which case, linear acceptance boundaries may not be sufficiently accurate to distinguish between different denominations. Another known method stores reference data which describe elliptical boundaries corresponding to specific denominations of currency items. Similarly to the approach mentioned above, measured currency items are classified according to whether or not the measured characteristics fall within or outside those elliptical boundaries. Such a method is described in, for example, GB 2 254 949A.
In many cases, the boundaries between different denominations of currency items are complicated and cannot be reflected sufficiently accurately by linear or elliptical boundaries. Known techniques for finding non-linear acceptance boundaries can result in less than ideal results for currency validators. Clearly, it is particularly important to be able to classify and validate items of currency accurately, for example, in a vending machine, where there is potential loss of revenue. In such cases, it is known to use neural networks to perform currency classification, as described, for example, in EP 0 671 040A.
The present invention provides a method of deriving a function for use in connection with a currency validator, or document sensor, the method comprising deriving a plurality of measurements from at least one sensor and a plurality of items, and forming a set of data from the measurements, the elements of the data set corresponding to points in a first space, selecting a kernel function corresponding to a mapping of the first space to a second space, the method comprising selecting a subset of the data set where the subset is such that the image of the subset under the mapping in the second space is representative of the image of the data set under the mapping in the second space.
The invention also provides a method of deriving a function for use in connection with a currency validator or document sensor, the method comprising deriving a plurality of measurements from at least one sensor and a plurality of items, and forming a set of data from the measurements, the elements of the data set corresponding to points in a first space, and determining a set of values corresponding to the measured values and representing a function of the measured values, selecting a kernel function corresponding to a mapping of the first space to a second space, the method comprising deriving an expression representing the function of the measured values in terms of the kernel function.
Preferably, the invention is used to derive a classifying function. Alternatively, the invention may be used to derive a "signature" function, representing characteristics and behaviour of a particular validator, with respect to a reference. A signature function may itself be used in the context of a classifying function.
Other aspects of the invention are as set out in the accompanying independent claims.
In general terms, a first aspect of the invention relates to a method of approximating a function using a set of data and corresponding values representing the function, the method comprising choosing a kernel function corresponding to a mapping of the first space containing the measurements to a second space, and deriving an expression representing an approximation of the function in terms of the kernel function. The invention is particularly useful when the function to be approximated is a non-linear function. Thus, in general terms, the first aspect of the inventin can be viewed as a method of performing non-linear regression on data in a first space by considering the image of the data in a second space and performing a simpler regression, preferably linear regression, in the second space.
Preferably, the data is obtained from an item sensor, such as a currency sensor. Preferably, the methods of the invention are used to derive a function for use in manufacturing, adapting or operating a device such as a currency validator. For example, such a function may be a classifying function, or a function representing a signature of a validator or group of validators. Various other functions arise in the context of currency and currency validators, and the invention can be used to derive approximations of those functions and to use them, for example, in currency validators.
Also, in general terms, a second aspect of the invention the invention relates to a method of analysing a set of data using a kernel function corresponding to a mapping of a first space comprising the data set to a second space, the method comprising selecting a subset of the data set where the subset is such that the image of the subset under the mapping in the second space is representative of the image of the data set under the mapping in the second space, and analysing the data using said subset.
Preferred features of the invention expressed above are as set out in the dependent claims.
As a result of the invention, better, more accurate results, especially in classification, can be obtained, compared with the prior art approaches.
Embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings of which:
According to a preferred embodiment, the present invention uses kernel functions to analyse data derived from currency items and currency sensors to derive classification functions, or acceptance boundaries, for validators. More particularly, the data is measured data derived from currency items, such as coins and banknotes, the data being representative of characteristics of currency items, such as coin thickness, material, weight, width or the pattern on a banknote.
We shall begin with a generalised description of the theory underlying the invention, with reference to relatively simple data distributions, for clarity and ease of understanding. The invention will then be described in more detail in relation to embodiments relating to classification and validation of currency items.
A first aspect of the invention relates to the use of kernel functions to derive an approximation of a function between sets of variables. This aspect of the invention can be extended to use of kernel functions to derive classification functions and methods of performing classification, especially for currency items.
A second aspect of the invention relates to the use of kernel functions to select a subset from a set of data, the subset being representative of the data set, in the context of the kernel function approach. More particularly, the subset is representative of the data set in the image space of a mapping φ corresponding to a kernel function k. The second aspect of the invention enables data analysis using kernel functions to be performed using less data, which reduces the complexity of the analysis and thus, for example, reduces computing effort and consequently costs when deriving classification functions for currency validators. The second aspect of the invention can be used in connection with any data analysis approach using a kernel function, such as kernel Generalised Discriminant Analysis, as described in our co-pending application, WO 00/33262, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, or kernel Principal Component Analysis (see "Non-linear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problem" by Scholkopf, Smola and Muller, Neural Computation 10, 1299-1319 (1998)). The second aspect of the invention is described in detail here in association with the first aspect of the invention.
In the following, underlining is used to indicate vector quantities, and the term vector is generally intended to include scalar quantities (ie a vector of 1 dimension).
First, we shall describe the selection of a representative subset of a set of vectors, reflecting the second aspect of the invention mentioned above.
Let X be a set of vectors, of size M.
X={x 1 ,x 2 , . . . , x M}
Suppose that we map any vector from the input space X to a Hilbert space F through a nonlinear mapping function φ:
x →φ( x )
Let S be a subset of X of size L
S={x s,1 ,x s,2 , . . . , x s,L}
We assume that there is a subset S which can approximate, or reconstruct, the image of the elements of X in F. In other words, S acts like a base expressing X in F space.
({circumflex over (φ)}(x i) is the approximation of φ(x i) using the image of S in F.)
To simplify let us use the following notation:
φ i=φ( x i)
φ s,i=φ( x s,i)
then equation (1) can be written as:
{circumflex over (φ)} i=ΦS �α t ∀i (2)
ΦS=|φ s,1, φ s,2, . . . , φ s,L|
a matrix formed from the image of S in F.
α i=[αi1, αi2, . . . , αiL]t
a vector which expresses φ i using the image of S in F.
We wish to find values for α i that minimize the relative differences δi between the image of the ith element of X, φ i and its reconstruction using the S set, {circumflex over (φ)} i.
d i=φ i−{circumflex over (φ)} i
Minimization of the δi leads to:
a i=(ΦS tΦS)−1ΦS t φ i (4)
(ΦS tΦS)−1 exists if the elements of the image of S in F are linearly independent. In other words, the rank of ΦS is L.
Using the equations (3) & (4) we can write:
Where βi is the angle between the vectors φ i and {circumflex over (φ)} i, this implies we have minimized |βi| too.
Introducing now the kernel notation:
k( x p ,x q)=φ p t�φ q
then equation (5) can be expressed as
which is a L�L square matrix of the dot products of the image of S in F.
Ks,t =[k( x s,j ,x i)]j=1 , . . . , L t
which is a vector of the dot products between the images of S and x i in F.
As is known, and expressed above, the kernel function k expresses the dot product in F in terms of X.
Minimizing δi can be performed by maximizing:
Ji can be considered as a local fitness function estimating the quality of the reconstruction for the element x i.
A suitable set S is constructed using a heuristic approach. In one example, this is done using a global fitness function JS which represents how closely the image of S represents all of the image of X in F. An example of a global fitness function is:
In more detail, an example of how S is constructed is as follows.
Firstly, the element of X which gives the best global fitness result is selected. In other words, the element is chosen which has the largest global fitness value JS using equation (8) in this example. Alternatively, a first element can be chosen at random, or by inspection, to form the first element of S, xs,1.
Next, another element of X is chosen and made a temporary member of S, and the value of JS is calculated on that basis for all the other elements of X. Then the temporary member of S is replaced by another member of X and JS is calculated again. Those steps are repeated for all the remaining elements of X. The element of X for which the global fitness function is a maximum is chosen as the permanent second member of S.
The steps set out in the previous paragraph are repeated to find subsequent members of S, each time looking for the highest value of the fitness function. The procedure is stopped when the fitness function exceeds a predetermined value. Alternatively, the procedure stops when S has a predetermined number of elements, or when S is a complete basis for the image of X in F. It is necessary to check the rank of the KS,S matrix to make sure it is possible to invert it.
Other more complex heuristics can also be used. Also, alternative fitness functions can be used. For example, the global fitness function can use the mean, the median or the minimum of the local fitness function, or other strategies. Alternatively, the fitness functions, global and local, can, for example, be based on an "error", using equation (6), in which case, optimization of S is indicated by a reduction in the global error. In each case, however, a kernel expression, such as in equation (7) is used.
In this way, a subset S of X can be found where the image of all elements of X in F under a mapping φ can be expressed approximately as linear combinations of the images of elements of S in F.
The set S can be used to reduce the computation involved in various kernel function approaches for data analysis, such as kernel PCA and kernel GDA. We shall describe next how S is used in connection with a method of approximating a function using a kernel function approach, which we call kernel regression.
Let X and S be sets of vectors as defined above. Let us suppose that f(x), xεX, is a function of the elements of X, and f(x) is a scalar value. Then let y be a vector which expressed the expected or observed values of f(x) for X. In other words, the ith component of y is f(x i), for 1≦i≦M.
We assume that in F, the function f can be expressed approximately as a linear relationship. In other words, we assume there is approximately a linear relationship between f(x) and φ(x).
Experience has shown that it is reasonable to assume a linear relationship between the image of X in F and f(x), xεX, for a suitable choice of kernel, particularly as F may be an infinite space.
Assuming that linear relationship, then y can be estimated using a classical linear regression approach. Thus:
ŷ=Φ t X �u (9)
ΦX=[φ 1,φ 2, . . . , φ M]
is a matrix of the image of X in F and
u is a vector which describes the linear relationship between X and ŷ.
Generally speaking, a linear regression is of the form yi=a�x i=b, where a and b are constants estimated through the sample data set using, for example, the least mean square scheme (LMS). However, it is well-known to reduce such an equation to the form yi=a′i�x′i by adding a constant component (bias) to the x i vector, so that x i becomes x′i, where x′i=(x1i, . . . XNi, C)T and a becomes a′=(a1, a2 . . . aN, aN+1), where b=aN+1C.
As S is a good approximation of X in F, we can continue with S.
u=Φ S�α (9a)
Where α is a vector of L parameters that we are going to optimize in order to get the best fitting.
Combining 9 and 9a gives us:
ŷ =(Φt X�ΦS)� α (10)
Let us introduce again the kernel notation for the equation (10) and rewrite it:
ŷ=K X,S�α (11)
a M�L matrix, formed from the cross-dot
products between X and S.
in accordance with a classical "least squares" approach for linear regression gives us:
α=K X,S + �y (12)
KX,S +=(KX,S t�KX,S)−1�KX,S t (12a)
is the pseudo-inverse, assuming (KX,S t�KX,S) can be inverted, which again implies that the rank of ΦS must be L.
Using equation (10), for a new vector z, its value ŷz can be calculated as follows:
where αi is the ith element of the vector α calculated in accordance with equation (12).
A similar approach can be applied where f(x) is a vector. Let Y be a matrix of the expected values, each column being a individual y k vector, where the ith component of the kth vector is the kth component of f(x i)
Y=|y 1 , y 2 , . . . y N|,
a M�N matrix, where each column is one individual k k vector, and M is the dimension of f(x).
A=[α 1, α 1, . . . α N]
a L�N matrix, each column is one individual α k vector.
The optimal linear solution for A comes using the pseudo-inverse too:
Rearranging equation (13) we get for every ŷk,z:
for a new vector z.
Thus, equations (13) and (15) show how to derive approximate values of f(z) for new values of z not in the original "learning" data sample set.
The following examples illustrate the kernel regression approach and the selection of a data subset described above. In the first example, both x and y=f(x) are scalar values. To illustrate the approach, we use a known function f(x)=sin(x)/x. In the example, Gaussian noise is added so that y=f(x)=sinc(2πx)+N(0,0.05).
The data set X consists of samples of x distributed along the x axis, as shown in FIG. 2.
First, the subset S of X is selected.
This is done using a Gaussian kernel
with σ=0.2, a fitness function JS as set out in equation (8) and a heuristic approach as set out above.
As a result, a set S={2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 30} is found, where the number refers to the position of the corresponding sample in the X set, assuming that the elements in X are numbered in order of increasing value from the first sample (most negative) to the last sample (most positive). Here S has 15 elements (L=15) and JS is 0.91. While it is interesting to compare how the elements of S relate to the overall shape of f(x), note that f(x) is not used to determine S, and S consists of a set of 1-dimensional x values.
Next, we use the kernel regression approach described above, assuming that there is a linear regression between f(x) and the image of X in a space F under a mapping φ reflected by the Gaussian kernel we have chosen and used for the selection of S.
Firstly, we determine KX,S, using equation (11a) and the X and S sets, and then calculate K+ X,s (see equation 12a). Next α, representing the linear regression, is calculated using the measured values of f(x) for each of the elements of X, to determine y, and K+ X,s according to equation (12). Now, equation (13) can be used to determine the value of the approximation of f(x) for values of x, including new values. Note that equation (13) runs over xiεS, which reduces the amount of computation required compared with xiεX.
600 values of x evenly distributed along the x axis are selected and the corresponding values of ŷ are calculated using equation (13). These points are plotted and joined to give a continuous function approximation, as shown in
The next example applies the kernel repression technique for classification.
Clusters Description
200 samples
The two normal distributions are independent
x1 * x1 + N(0, 0.1)
200 samples
The two normal distributions are independent
200 samples
The two normal distributions are independent
The X set has a total of 75 samples taken at random, 25 from each cluster (an eighth of the whole database).
The first step was to center and scale the X's data (means=0, and the standard deviations=1).
Selection of the S set was performed with a Gaussian kernel having a σ of 1. The equation (8) fitness function was used, and the selection stopped as soon as JS reached 0.99.
This resulted in a set S={4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 1, 23, 25, 27, 31, 34, 42, 49, 52, 66, 68}, having 19 elements, where the number refers to the position of the element in X set. The elements of S are shown in FIG. 6.
The final FVS JS was 0.992.
It should be noted that the S set captures the "shape" of each cluster. In contrast with the previous example, the "shape" of the data in the S set is meaningful at least because the elements of X and S are 2-D. Note also that S contains 11 elements for the cluster #1, and only 8 from clusters #2 & #3.
For the purposes of classification according to the clusters apparent by inspection, we define a vector function on X and S as follows:
In this example, 1≦K≦3, and we obtain three vectors y 1, y 2 and y 3, each having 75 elements, the ith element of each y k being as defined above.
Using the same kernel as for the selection of S, and equations (14) and (15), we obtain estimates for
each having 75 elements, the ith element of each y k being as defined above.
Using the same kernel as for the selection of S, and equations (14) and (15), we obtain estimates for
which can be viewed essentially as classification functions. In other words, if yk(z) is sufficiently "close to" (as may be separately defined) 1 for a given z=(x1, x2), then z belongs to cluster K, otherwise it does not.
Supposing we define the classification function using a threshold of 0.5. In other words, for z=(x1, x2), let zεcluster k if ŷk,z≦0.5. This corresponds to defining decision boundaries for the clusters in (x1, x2) space.
We next describe an alternative approach, where instead of building S before performing the regression, the regression error is used to build S.
This approach can use a similar heuristic approach as previously described, but using the regression error as the fitness function.
The equation (16) expresses this error ∥d k∥2 for a given y k vector. Equation (17) gives an example of a suitable fitness function εs.
d k =y k −ŷ k
d k =y k −K X,S�(K X,S t �K X,S)−1 �K X,S t �y k
∥d k∥2 =y k t�(I−K X,S�(KX,S t �K X,S)−1 �K X,S t)t�(I−k X,s�(K X,S t �K X.s)31 1 �K X,S t)� y k
∥d k∥2 =∥y k∥2 −y k t�(K X,S�(K X,S t �K X,S)−1 �K X,S t)�y k (16)
Here εs is an "error" fitness function, and we are therefore looking to minimise it.
In a third example, we use the alternative approach on the data of the first example.
S={1, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28}, where the number refers to the position of the element in the X set, with a regression error of 0.00169 using the same Gaussian kernel (σ=0.2) as in the first example.
Similarly, in a fourth example, we perform the alternative approach using the classification case of the second example with exactly the same 3 clusters. According to the equation (17) the heuristic was stopped as soon as the regression error reached 0.001 (same Gaussian kernel with σ=1).
This gives us S={1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 18, 23, 33, 36, 48, 52, 60, 73}, so L=15.
S is shown in FIG. 10.
This is also similar to the results of the second example.
It is very hard to find any differences between the
In the above examples, a Gaussian kernel is used. However, many other kernels can be used, such as the polynomial kernel k(x, y)=[(x�y)+c]d where d is a natural number and c is a scalar, often +1. When d is 1 and c is 0 then we are back to a classic linear regression.
An other interesting kernel is the sigmoid, as is used for back propagation neural networks:
where α is classically equal to +1.0 but can take other values.
Another kernel is the hyperbolic tangent, k(x, y)=tanh[(x�y)+θ]
In each case x and y may be vector or scalar quantities using again the bias technique, θ can be omitted.
There are many other kernel functions, satisfying Mercer's Theorem (see WO 00/33262), that represent dot products in F and can be used in the invention.
The spline kernel, where x and y are scalars, is another interesting example:
As a fifth example, a sigmoid kernel
was used on the cluster data of the second example, using the second approach. The resolution leads to S={1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 18, 21, 23, 71}, L=10, for a regression error of 0.0033.
It can be seen from
As a sixth example a 3rd order polynomial kernel k(x, y)=(xt�y)d (d=3, C=0), was used on the cluster data. For this problem it is the least complex kernel which can still achieve the task with no classification error at all.
This gives us S={1, 6, 8, 9, 17, 21, 23, 33, 72}, L=9, for an regression error of 0.006.
The previous examples show good performances in generalization, which means they deal well with new vectors that were not in the original data set X.
To achieve this goal it is necessary to choose carefully the kernel, its parameter(s) (like σ), and the error level.
The choice of an appropriate kernel can be done by experimentation and trial and error, testing to see which give the best results for the data under analysis. Alternatively, the choice can be made using experience and inspection of the distribution of the data.
For example, for data having a polynomial-type distribution, a polynomial kernel can give good results. It is also necessary to choose carefully various parameters, such as σ in the Gaussian kernel, and the predetermined level for the fitness function. Again, experimentation, experience and the shape of the data are guides.
It is possible using kernels like Gaussian to find that all the X vectors are almost linearly independent in F (at least numerically).
When S=X the regression gives then a exact solution for all the learning samples, which means:
As a matter of fact as soon as the rank of KS,S reaches M we have obviously KS,S=KX,X and:
But no error with the learning examples means often less good capabilities in generalization. We have started to learn the noise, which leads to overfitting. This is a classical problem; the solution comes from a tradeoff between learning error rate and the test error rate.
In the examples given above, the classification tasks have been done by multiple regression using binary functions (as our 3 clusters example above), which uses equations 14 & 15. An alternate possibility is to evaluate the clusters individually. In such an approach we have as many single regression as clusters (N). We assume for a given cluster that all the others just belong to a common one. Therefore we have a two classes classification problem. This dichotomic scheme could be especially helpful when using Gaussian kernels. For each cluster Ci we compute a classification function (using single regression) between it and the others, but we select S only from Ci. Even if the optimization has been done with all data, the solution is described with those from Ci.
Which means the Ci classification function does not share any data from other clusters, when for instance the back-propagation neural network uses the same set of weights to achieve all the classification functions. Therefore it is not possible to separate the weights by cluster and all of them are needed even for processing just one individual classification. On the other hand the KR allows how much data are considered for a subset of clusters to be minimised, because all that is needed for every individual classification function is known.
Using Gaussian kernels we have seen that results are very similar with this approach to those with the multiple regression. It should be noted that to work well we need to deal with RBF-like functions as the kernel.
According to the preferred embodiments of the invention, the general principles of the approaches described above are applied to currency items and currency validators. In other words, the approaches are applied to data that is derived from sensors for deriving measurements representative of characteristics of currency items. Referring to the second example, the axes of
An embodiment of the invention relates to a coin validator, as shown in block diagram form in FIG. 17.
The measuring system 1 measures features of an inserted coin 3. The measured features are assembled into a feature vector having n elements, where each element corresponds to a measured feature by the processing system 4. In the present example, the sensor system measures values representative of the material, thickness and diameter of an inserted coin, using known techniques (see, for example, GB 2 254 949 A) and those values are the three elements of the corresponding feature vector. Briefly, each sensor comprises one or more coils in a self-oscillating circuit. In the case of the diameter and thickness sensors, a change in the inductance of each coil caused by the proximity of an inserted coin causes the frequency of the oscillator to alter, whereby a digital representation of the respective property of the coin can be derived. In the case of the conductivity sensor, a change in the Q of the coil caused by the proximity of an inserted coin causes the voltage across the coil to alter, whereby a digital output representative of conductivity of the coin may be derived. Although the structure, positioning and orientation of each coil, and the frequency of the voltage applied thereto, are so arranged that the coil provides an output predominantly dependent upon a particular one of the properties of conductivity, diameter and thickness, it will be appreciated that each measurement will be affected to some extent by other coin properties.
Of course, many different features representative of items of currency can be measured and used as the elements of the feature vectors, using various sensors such as optical sensors, magnetic sensors and other types of sensors, as are well known in the art. For example, in the case of a banknote, the measured features can include, for example, the width of the note, the length of the note, and the intensity of reflected or transmitted light for the whole or part of the note. As an example, a measuring system can be arranged to scan a banknote along N lines using optical sensors. Each scan line contains L individual areas, which are scanned in succession. In each area, there are measurements of M different features. More specifically, for each area, measurements are made of the reflectance intensities of red, green and infra-red radiation. The total number of measurements for a banknote is therefore L�M�N. These measurements form the components of a feature vector for the respective specimen, so that the feature vector has L�M�N components. Alternatively, the measurements can be processed in a different way to obtain a feature vector representative of the measured specimen. For example, local feature vectors for each measured area can be formed made up of the M measurements for that area, so that each local feature vector has M components. The local feature vectors can then be summed over the area of the banknote to obtain an M dimensional feature vector representative of the entire specimen.
The feature vector is then input to the classifier 6. The classifier 6 determines whether the sample belongs to any one of predetermined classes, using the feature vector and predetermined classification criteria including a separating function. If the sample is identified as belonging to an acceptable denomination, then it is accepted and the corresponding value is credited. If the sample is identified as belonging to a known counterfeit group, it is rejected.
In this example, the system is for classifying two denominations of coins and one known counterfeit.
The derivation of the separating function will be described below.
The population distribution of the denominations are analysed as discussed below.
Initially, samples of each of the denominations of interest and each of the known counterfeit are measured and corresponding feature vectors are formed. The samples may be formed using the sensor system of the validator of interest, but in this embodiment, the samples are derived from a plurality of corresponding sensor systems, to take account of variations and manufacturing tolerances, in sensors systems in different validators as sold and installed in the field. The feature vectors from the samples, when plotted, for example, on a n-dimensional scatter graph, (where n is the number of measured features) fall roughly into clusters. These measured samples are then analysed and used to derive a separating function. In this example, 50 samples for each denomination and 50 samples of the counterfeit, are used and measured over 10 samples of sensor systems. The resulting cluster data is analysed and used to derive a classifying function, using the approach as described above in relation to example 2. The classifying function is then stored in a memory of the processing system 4 of a particular validator.
Classification for coins of an unknown denomination is then performed as follows. A coin is inserted into the validator. The inserted coin is sensed, and measurements representative of the material, thickness and diameter are obtained. The processing system then performs the following steps. A feature vector, z, is derived from the measured values. The values of yk,z are then calculated, using equation (15), and compared with a determined threshold value, here, 0.5. If ŷk,z<0.5, then the coin is deemed to belong to cluster K and is accepted or rejected accordingly.
According to this approach, the validator needs to store very little data (eg the data required in equation (15), that is S, K and αk,i and the threshold) to perform the classification task to a high degree of accuracy. This reduces costs and computing effort and increases the speed of classification.
The analysis of the sample values for the initial data analysis and the derivation of the separating function can be done, for example, using a microprocessor. Similarly, the classifier 6 may be a microprocessor.
The methods of the embodiment described above are equally applicable to a banknote or other currency item or indeed to classification of other sorts of items that are sensed by an item sensor to produce measured values.
In the embodiment described above, a classification function for a currency validator is derived in accordance with the invention. The invention can also be used to deriving other useful functions, especially for use with currency validators. For example, the invention can be applied to derive a "signature" for a validator or group of validators. The signature data of a validator represent the characteristics of a validator or group of validators. The signature of a validator can be viewed, for example, as indicating the measurements that are to be expected from a given validator when it tests an item compared with the measurements obtained in a known validator for the item. For example, a particular validator may, because of the set up of the device, always give measurements that are twice the size of the corresponding measurements obtained from a known validator, and that is known as the signature. The present invention can be used to obtain a function representing the signature of a particular validator by analysing data obtained from measuring a plurality of currency items in the validator and comparing them with reference data, for example, obtained by measuring a plurality of currency items in another predetermined validator or group of validators which is or are used as a reference for determining the signatures of validators. The signature can be used when building the validator in the factory, or hen adapting it in the field, for example, to introduce a new coin into the acceptable coin set. The signature may be stored in the coin validator.
In the described embodiment, samples of the denominations of interest are used to derive the classifying function. Other items can also be used, such as tokens or washers.
In the examples given above, a linear regression is performed on F. It is also possible to perform other, non-linear, regressions, such as using quadratics, for example. Such techniques are more complicated than performing a linear regression, but may still be simpler than a regression based on X.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 13, 1986
|Mar 29, 1988
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Cash handling machine for handling mixtures of notes and coins introduced together
|Mar 4, 1992
|Oct 11, 1994
|Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.
|Coin sorting device
|May 1, 1996
|May 26, 1998
|The Regents Of The University Of Calif.
|Detection of counterfeit currency
|Feb 23, 1998
|Oct 3, 2000
|Automatic currency processing system
|May 15, 2000
|Oct 2, 2001
|Christopher W. Lorton
|System for reading data glyphs
|Apr 7, 1999
|Jun 17, 2003
|Digimarc Corporation
|Methods of producing security documents having digitally encoded data and documents employing same
|Dec 1, 1999
|Jul 8, 2003
|Gaston Baudat
|Classification method and apparatus
|Jun 17, 1998
|Dec 30, 1998
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Method and apparatus for improving the efficiency of support vector machines
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Baudat, G. et al., "Generalized Discriminant Analysis Using a Kernel Approach", Oct. 2000, pp. 2385-2404.
|Burges, Chris J.C., "Simplified Support Vector Decision Rules", Jul. 3, 1996, pp. 71-77.
|Burges, Christopher J.C., "A Tutorial on Support Vector Machines for Pattern Recognition", Jun. 1998, pp. 121-167.
|Campbell, C., "Radial Basis Function Networks: Design and Applications", Chapter 7, An Introduction to Kernel Methods, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2000, pp. 155-192.
|Mackay, David J.C., "Introduction To Gaussian Processes", May 18, 1998, pp. 1-32.
|Scholkopf et al., "Input space versus feature space in kernel-based methods," IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 10(5):1000-1017, Sep. 1999.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 18, 2003
|Jan 19, 2010
|Mei, Inc.
|Currency validator
|Mar 16, 2010
|Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty. Limited
|Bill acceptor for a gaming machine
|Mar 23, 2010
|Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research
|Fake currency detector using visual and reflective spectral response
|Jun 24, 2003
|May 11, 2010
|Mei, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for processing signals in testing currency items
|Jan 8, 2013
|Aristocrat Technologies Australia Pty Ltd.
|Bill acceptor for a gaming machine
|Jun 2, 2008
|Jul 15, 2014
|Kba-Notasys Sa
|Authentication of security documents, in particular of banknotes
|Jun 5, 2012
|May 19, 2015
|Outerwall Inc.
|Optical coin discrimination systems and methods for use with consumer-operated kiosks and the like
|Dec 12, 2001
|Jun 12, 2003
|James Rist
|Bill acceptor for a gaming machine
|Jun 24, 2003
|May 11, 2006
|Fatiha Anouar
|Method and apparatus for processing signals in testing currency items
|Nov 4, 2005
|Jun 1, 2006
|Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research
|Fake currency detector using visual and reflective spectral response
|Jun 18, 2003
|Nov 16, 2006
|Gaston Baudat
|Currency validator
|Jun 2, 2008
|Aug 5, 2010
|Kba-Giori S.A.
|Authentication of Security Documents, in Particular of Banknotes
|Jun 16, 2011
|James Rist
|Bill acceptor for a gaming machine
|U.S. Classification
|194/328, 382/136, 382/137, 382/135, 382/225, 194/302
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 11, 2001
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text: Home Joseph teaching class Agility Obedience Conformation Puppy Class Play Group Graduation Joseph's Obedience Training School was founded in 1995 by Joseph Mendonca. Clientele come from all over Cape Cod and the South Shore to train here at Joseph's. We are a full service training center, teaching positive motivation reinforcement. The classes we offer include Puppy Kindergarten, Basic Obedience, Level 2 & 3 Obedience, Open & Utility, Rally-O, Conformation, Agility, Nose Work® and Canine Good Citizen. ♦Check out our special Agility events♦ ♥ Read about our instructors ♥ View our class schedule ♥ Find information about the additional services we offer ♥ Check out our NEW Nose Work® classes! Congratulations to Lori Daigle and her Papillon Pink!!!!!! Winners of the Master's Agility Championship at Westminster 8″ Class. We are so proud of both of them! ∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴ View Lori and Pink's Championship run at the link below ⇓ https://www.dropbox.com/s/o5ltcm9invi1q45/Video%20Feb%2015%2C%202%2007%2039%20PM.mov?dl=0 ∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴∴


text:
Can Long-Term Cohabiting and Marital Unions be Incentivized?
In this study, we ask whether economic factors that can be directly manipulated by public policy have important effects on the probability that women experience long-lasting unions. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate a fivestage sequential choice model for women's transitions between single with no prior unions, cohabiting, first-married, re-single (divorced or separated), and remarried. We control for expected income tax burdens, AFDC or TANF benefits, Medicaid expenditures, and parameters of state divorce laws, along with an array of demographic, family background, and market factors. We simulate women's sequences of transitions from age 18 to 48, and use the simulated outcomes to predict the probability that a woman with given characteristics (a) forms a first union by age 24 and maintains the union for at least 12 years, and (b) forms a second union by age 36 and maintains it for at least 12 years. While nonpolicy factors such as race and schooling prove to have important effects on the predicted probabilities of long-term unions, the policy factors have small and/or imprecisely estimated effects; in short, we fail to identify policy mechanisms that could potentially be used to incentivize long-term unions.
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|37 pages
|Date of creation:
|Mar 2012
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| Postal: 410 Arps Hall 1945 North High Street Columbus, Ohio 43210-1172
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Spiros Bougheas & Yannis Georgellis, 1999.
"The effect of divorce costs on marriage formation and dissolution,"
Journal of Population Economics,
Springer, vol. 12(3), pages 489-498.
- Spiros Bougheas & Yannis Georgellis, . "The Effect of Divorce Costs on Marriage Formation and Dissolution," Economics and Finance Discussion Papers 97-05, Economics and Finance Section, School of Social Sciences, Brunel University.
- James J. Heckman & John Eric Humphries & Sergio Urzua & Gregory Veramendi, 2010. "The effects of educational choices on labor market, health, and social outcomes," Working Papers 2011-002, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group.
- Marianne P. Bitler & Jonah B. Gelbach & Hilary W. Hoynes & Madeline Zavodny, 2004.
"The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce,"
Working Papers
110, RAND Corporation Publications Department.
- Marianne Bitler & Jonah Gelbach & Hilary Hoynes & Madeline Zavodny, 2004. "The impact of welfare reform on marriage and divorce," Demography, Springer, vol. 41(2), pages 213-236, May.
- Marianne Bitler & Jonah B. Gelbach & Hilary W. Hoynes & Madeline Zavodny, 2002. "The impact of welfare reform on marriage and divorce," FRB Atlanta Working Paper 2002-9, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.
- A. S. Yelowitz, .
"Will Extending Medicaid to Two-Parent Families Encourage Marriage?,"
Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Papers
1118-97, University of Wisconsin Institute for Research on Poverty.
- Aaron S. Yelowitz, 1998. "Will Extending Medicaid to Two-Parent Families Encourage Marriage?," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 33(4), pages 833-865.
- Stéphane Mechoulan, 2006.
"Divorce Laws and the Structure of the American Family,"
The Journal of Legal Studies,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 35(1), pages 143-174, 01.
- Stéphane Mechoulan, 2006. "Divorce Laws and the Structure of the American Family," Working Papers tecipa-245, University of Toronto, Department of Economics.
- Saul D. Hoffman & Greg J. Duncan, 1995. "The Effect of Incomes, Wages, and AFDC Benefits on Marital Disruption," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 30(1), pages 19-41.
- Audrey Light & Yoshiaki Omori, 2013.
"Determinants of Long-Term Unions: Who Survives the "Seven Year Itch"?,"
Population Research and Policy Review,
Springer, vol. 32(6), pages 851-891, December.
- Audrey Light & Yoshiaki Omori, 2012. "Determinants of Long-Term Unions: Who Survives the "Seven Year Itch"?," Working Papers 12-02, Ohio State University, Department of Economics.
- Robert Kaestner & Neeraj Kaushal, 2001.
"Immigrant and Native Responses to Welfare Reform,"
NBER Working Papers
8541, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Robert Kaestner & Neeraj Kaushal, 2005. "Immigrant and native responses to welfare reform," Journal of Population Economics, Springer, vol. 18(1), pages 69-92, 07.
- Leslie S. Stratton, 2002. "Examining the Wage Differential for Married and Cohabiting Men," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 40(2), pages 199-212, April.
- Peters, H Elizabeth, 1986. "Marriage and Divorce: Informational Constraints and Private Contracting," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(3), pages 437-54, June.
- Daniel Lichter & Zhenchao Qian & Leanna Mellott, 2006. "Marriage or dissolution? Union transitions among poor cohabiting women," Demography, Springer, vol. 43(2), pages 223-240, May.
- Robert Moffitt & Robert Reville & Anne Winkler, 1998. "Beyond single mothers: Cohabitation and marriage in the AFDC program," Demography, Springer, vol. 35(3), pages 259-278, August.
- Cornwell, Christopher & Rupert, Peter, 1997. "Unobservable Individual Effects, Marriage and the Earnings of Young Men," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 35(2), pages 285-94, April.
- Audrey Light & Yoshiaki Omori, 2009. "Economic Incentives and Family Formation," Working Papers 09-08, Ohio State University, Department of Economics.
- Hector Chade & Gustavo Ventura, .
"Income Taxation and Marital Decisions,"
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2133479, Department of Economics, W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University.
- Hector Chade & Gustavo Ventura, 2005. "Income Taxation and Marital Decisions," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 8(3), pages 565-599, Juky.
- Hector Chade & Gustavo Ventura, 2001. "Income Taxation and Marital Decisions," Working Papers 35, Universidad de San Andres, Departamento de Economia, revised Jun 2001.
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text:
ST Racing Concepts Aluminum Steering Bellcrank System (Silver) (4)
This is an optional ST Racing Concepts CNC Machined Aluminum Steering Bellcrank System, and is intended for use with the Team Associated SC10 4x4. This system will greatly increase the durability and take out any flex in the plastic bellcrank system, providing a more precise steering feel.
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Ideally located on the edge of Keswick town centre, this ground floor accommodation was converted from what was the old Storms Farm Dairy, known locally as the 'lemonade factory'. En suite bedrooms ar...More about Brocklehurst B&B
This impressive Victorian hotel is set amid attractive gardens close to the town centre. Eight superior bedrooms are available in the Station Wing, which is accessed through a conservatory. The attrac...More about Keswick Country House Hotel
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text:
Carlson: Like champions do, Kevin Durant delivered in crunchtime
Even after he had embraced everyone on the Thunder payroll, congratulated anyone in Grizzlies blue, soaked in the series-clinching celebration and conducted a postgame television interview, Kevin Durant still had one more thing to do before he left the court Sunday afternoon.
He made a beeline to his family and friends sitting courtside at the Oklahoma City Arena and hugged each and every one of them.
This was a day to celebrate.
Thunder 105, Grizzlies 90.
On an afternoon when Oklahoma City had lots of stars as it punched its playoff ticket to the Western Conference Finals, Durant notched the best performance of his already storied career. He scored 39 points. He fueled the Thunder. What's more, he did so less than 48 hours after a clunker of a game.
"Durant ... showed the heart of a champion," Grizzlies coach Lionel Hollins said.
This was a defining moment for Durant.
This was the kind of game that will be highlighted in the early years of his career when he's some day inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame.
What Durant did Sunday in a high-stakes, winner-take-all Game 7 is impressive on its own, but against the backdrop of his Game 6 no-show, it is even more remarkable. Last we saw Durant, he looked nothing like the league's two-time scoring champ, chucking up ugly shots and getting even uglier results.
"I guess I can say it now — he stunk last game," Thunder coach Scott Brooks said.
Um, even if he wasn't saying that after Friday night's game, the rest of the basketball world was. Durant had as many missed shots as points scored. Eleven was the tally on both.
Worse, he hit just one basket in the final 44 minutes of the game.
"That wasn't me at all Game 6," Durant said Sunday. "I was so upset with myself that I kind of let my guys down by not playing my game.
"I wasn't aggressive at all."
No kidding.
Durant just kept firing from 3-point range. While some of them were out of necessity — the Thunder was down late and needed points — a vast majority were the result of Durant not being able to get any better looks. He wasn't catching the ball on his spot. He wasn't creating separation. He wasn't getting to the rim.
Durant knew that had to change.
"Come in aggressive," he told himself Sunday. "Start the game off aggressive."
His reward for doing that?
A 2-of-9 start.
That first-quarter performance could've done in Durant, but he kept battling. He came off a screen midway through the second quarter, caught the ball in the lane and made a little jumper.
The next possession, he hit a 3-pointer on a Russell Westbrook assist.
Durant hit all four of the shots he took in the second quarter and hit 11 of 16 shots the last three quarters of the game. He got shots in rhythm. He got looks where he wanted them.
No doubt, Durant got some help from his enforcers — Kendrick Perkins and Nick Collison. Those big guys are the ones who most often set high screens for Durant, and Sunday, they were at their best.
"We were body-on-body screens (Sunday)," Brooks said, "and that enables Kevin."
Hollins said: "They made some adjustments. They ran a little different set that didn't allow us to help as much as we had been. They ran the pick-and-roll that they run with him a little bit differently."
But in the end, it's up to Durant to knock down the shots that he takes. And in the pressure cooker that is Game 7, that's no easy task.
Durant stepped up and performed on the NBA's biggest stage.
"There's so many things that I'm proud of Kevin for, but the main thing is he works every day — every day — to be a great player," Brooks said. "He doesn't take any of it for granted, so I knew he would come back and have a fantastic game."
It was more than fantastic.
It was defining.


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All Season Motel
16 guest rooms conveniently located at the corner of Route 71 & 47.
Barley Fork
We are all super excited to tend, cook and serve you while you are here, so come on down, check in, like us on Facebook and give us your feedback. Open 5 pm - 11 pm Tue/Wed, 5 pm - midnight Thurs/Fri/Sat and 5 pm - 11 pm Sundays.
Blackberry Oaks Golf Course
This 18-hole course is par 72.
Blackstone Bar & Grille
BlackStone Bar & Grill has an inviting char-house atmosphere accented by a colorful bar, featuring a wide selection of sandwiches, steaks, seafood, and chicken prepared fresh on the grill. We also offer a "home kitchen" menu boasting a variety of "platter-style" recipes passed down through our chefs' families homemade dishes, common when families had more time to spend in the kitchen. BlackStone's diverse selection of appetizers and entrees provides a complete dining experience... whether it be for a romantic dinner for two, or a fun "night out" for the entire family.
Farnsworth House
Master architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe created the ultimate minimalist masterpiece, the Farnsworth House, in pastoral Plano in 1951. The stellar structure of floor-to-ceiling glass seemingly "floats" above the rambling Fox River.
Geneva Kayak Center
Geneva Kayak Center is a paddlesport school and adventure travel company that's proud to be recognized as a ACA Pro School and offer both whitewater and sea kayak instruction. Their goal is to promote the sport of kayaking through safety and education. In addition to local offerings, they offer spectacular Adventure Paddling Trips for beginner to advanced paddlers, to amazing locations. Whether you want to enjoy an afternoon on the river or are preparing for a two-week expedition, Geneva Kayak Center believes the sport of kayaking should be fun, and enjoyed by all.
Gramma's Family Restaurant & Pancake House
Breakfast and brunch seven days a week!
Hampton Inn Yorkville
Relax in one of Hampton's 77 guest rooms. Stay in a single-room or whirlpool suite. Located near Raging Waves Waterpark, Marge Cline Whitewater Course, Silver Springs State Park, Whitetail Ridge Golf Course. Rooms feature a 37" flat screen TV, microwave and refrigerator and Clean and Fresh Bedding™. Other features include indoor pool and whirlpool, fitness room, business center, On the House™ hot breakfast, meeting space and free wired and wireless Internet.
Heritage Hall & Chapel on the Green
Dating back to 1855, the chapel is Kendall County's oldest church building and is adorned with stained glass windows and a restored 1899 pipe organ.
Hide-A-Way Lakes Camping & Recreational Park
Open all year. Nestled on 150 acres are wooded and secluded campsites with Morgan Creek meandering throughout, surrounded by several lakes. There are more than 5,000 feet of frontage on the beautiful Fox River with primitive camping, trailer rentals, yearly sites and full hook-ups for rigs of all sizes.
Kendall County Flea Market
Held June 10, July 8, Aug. 12, Sept. 9 and Oct. 14.
Kendall County Historical Society's Heritage Hall & Chapel on the Green
Dating back to 1855, the chapel is Kendall County's oldest church building, adorned with stained glass windows and a restored 1899 pipe organ. The adjacent hall houses local artifacts, including photographs and clothing.
Lakeview Grille
Open since 2009, Lakeview Grille offers the finest cuts of steak and prime rib. Their restaurant menu items not only include steaks but fresh salads, delicious entrees, and decadent desserts. To complement guests' dining experiences, the beer and wine list is extensive. Additional menus available for kids, banquets, or showers. Specials include Tuesday Night Rib Night - Wine Down Wednesdays - Prime Rib Special Thursday night and all day Sunday.
Legends Sports Bar & Grill
Sports bar and casual restaurant, Legends combines the best of both into a special kind of neighborhood gathering place. Where friends and family can meet to grab a bite, watch the game, or just enjoy a beer together in a lively atmosphere.
Lyon Farm & Village
Features 15 historic buildings that trace the history of Kendall County plus an 1819 Chicago Burlington & Quincy caboose, a fully-stocked general store, an 1840s schoolhouse, town hall, a working blacksmith shop, the Plano Train Depot, (c. 1850s) and Yorkville Firehouse (c. 1888).
Maciano's Pizza & Pasteria
Using only the freshest ingredients, Maciano's serves delicious homemade pizza and Italian entrees. They are Casual, Contemporary, Italian with Old-World Craft. Carry out, catering or delivery available.
Marge Cline Whitewater Course
The Marge Cline Whitewater course is located in Yorkville at Bicentennial Riverfront Park on the Fox River, just 60 miles southwest of Chicago. The paddling community is all a dither about this course. Whether you're a novice or an avid canoeist or kayaker, you're sure to have a great experience.
Millhurst Ale House
Millhurst Ale House offers a variety of premium steak and seafood, as well as classic comforts, pastas, burgers, pizza, salads and more! 27 Micro Craft Beers and Full Bomber Selection. Check out their menu on BeerMenu.com! Millhurst Ale House has Private and Semi-private dining rooms for your special event.
Plano Synergy Outlet Store
Plano Synergy is a wholesale distributor, whose foundation is built on a dream and a passion for the outdoors. As a newly created family of high performance outdoor brands, Plano Synergy embodies over 150 combined years of industry experience, values and product quality all thanks to each one of its founders. As devout fishermen and passionate hunters, each Plano Synergy brand sought out to create the finest products for their fellow outdoorsman; dedicating themselves to producing top quality tools of the trade to outdoorsmen of all experience and ability levels. Thriving on new challenges, new goals and bold endeavors to become the latest and greatest in the field, the makers of Plano Synergy products are determined to remove all limitations on the water, and on the field-because this isn't simply a hobby…it's a way of life. Our brands include Ameristep, Avian-X, Barnett Crossbows, BloodSport, Caboodles, Creative Options, Evolved, Flextone, Frabill, GroundEFX, Halo Optics, Plano Molding, Wildgame Innovations and Zink Calls with hundreds of products made in the United States. With this desire and strive for excellence instilled in the minds of the innovators behind our products, the possibilities for our future are endless. The people who work at Plano Synergy often come and stay awhile, and the same goes for the people that use our products. As a fellow outdoorsman, we feel you will be happy with our products and may go confidently knowing that your outdoor experiences go beyond the what you bring home at the end of the day, but the experience you get out of it.
Raging Waves Waterpark
Aussie-themed Raging Waves is Illinois' largest outdoor waterpark! Sitting on more than 40 acres, this family-friendly waterpark features 19 water slides, a separate kiddie pool area, wave pool, lazy river, 24 private cabanas, a giant sandbox and more. Open Memorial Day to Labor Day.
Rebecca's Unique Glass
Unusual treasures and gifts, custom glass flower arrangements and framed art.
Roadhouse Country Restaurant, Bar & Grill
The Roadhouse was Runner Up in the Culinary Champions competition for Best Soup for their delicious, like-none-other "Grandmas Homemade Chicken 'n Dumplings!" This award-winning pub specializes in country hospitality, food, fun and friends. The are experts in country-style comfort food. Check out the latest events and entertainment happening on their website.
Rowdy's was first runner up as Culinary Champion for Best BBQ with their delicious Hog Wings! A fun local pub with a small town feel. An open kitchen allows customers to watch their food being prepared or their burger being "designed." They have over 50 brews to choose from as well as daily specials and live entertainment. Check their Facebook page for updates.
Salsa Verde Mexican Restaurant & Taqueria
Salsa Verde is delicious, authentic, home-made Mexican dishes from authentic Mexican recipes. Their service is friendly in an inviting and vibrant environment. Fresh ingredients make them among the best Mexican restaurants in the area!


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Bhutan's King Marries in Colourful Ceremony
The King of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, has married his 21-year-old fiancé in a ceremony today in the city of Punakha. The wedding ceremony began at 8:20am, local time, when the King exited the Royal Palace en route to the 500-year-old Punakha Dzong, the nation's second oldest monastery. He was followed a short time later by his bride, Jetsun Pema, who was at the end of an elaborate procession … Continue reading