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Rob F¡ke
The PIan 9 wIndow system, 8l, Is a modest-sIzed program oI noveI
desIgn. Ìt provIdes textuaI Ì]O and bItmap graphIc servIces to both IocaI
and remote cIIent programs by oIIerIng a muItIpIexed IIIe servIce to those
cIIents. Ìt serves tradItIonaI UNÌX IIIes IIke /de\/11y as weII as more
unusuaI ones that provIde access to the mouse and the raw screen. 8It·
map graphIcs operatIons are provIded by servIng a IIIe caIIed
/de\/Ia1IJ1 that Interprets cIIent messages to perIorm raster opera·
tIons. The IIIe servIce that 8l oIIers Its cIIents Is IdentIcaI to that It uses
Ior Its own ImpIementatIon, so It Is IundamentaIIy no more than a muItI·
pIexer. ThIs archItecture has some rewardIng symmetrIes and can be
ImpIemented compactIy.
Ìn 1989 Ì constructed a toy wIndow system Irom onIy a Iew hundred IInes oI source
code usIng a custom Ianguage and an unusuaI archItecture InvoIvIng concurrent pro·
cesses [PIke89]. AIthough that system was rudImentary at best, It demonstrated that
wIndow systems are not InherentIy compIIcated. The IoIIowIng year, Ior the new PIan 9
dIstrIbuted system [PIke92], Ì appIIed some oI the Iessons Irom that toy project to wrIte,
In C, a productIon-quaIIty wIndow system caIIed 8l. 8l provIdes, on bIack-and-whIte,
grey-scaIe, or coIor dIspIays, the servIces requIred oI a modern wIndow system, IncIud·
Ing programmabIIIty and support Ior remote graphIcs. The entIre system, IncIudIng the
deIauIt program that runs In the wIndow ߞ the equIvaIent oI x1eim [Far89] wIth ߢcut·
tIng and pastIngߣ between wIndows ߞ Is weII under 90 kIIobytes oI text on a MotoroIa
68020 processor, about haII the sIze oI the operatIng system kerneI that supports It and
a tenth the sIze oI the X server [Sche86] w¡IhouI x1eim.
What makes 8l so compactZ Much oI the savIng comes Irom overaII sImpIIcIty: 8l
has IIttIe graphIcaI IancIness, a concIse programmIng InterIace, and a sImpIe, IIxed user
InterIace. 8l aIso makes some decIsIons by IIat ߞ three-button mouse, overIappIng
wIndows, buIIt-In termInaI program and wIndow manager, etc. ߞ rather than tryIng to
appeaI to aII tastes. AIthough compact, 8l Is not ascetIc. Ìt provIdes the IundamentaIs
and enough extras to make them comIortabIe to use. The most Important contrIbutor
to Its smaII sIze, though, Is Its overaII desIgn as a IIIe server. ThIs structure may be
appIIcabIe to wIndow systems on tradItIonaI UNÌX-IIke operatIng systems.
The smaII sIze oI 8l does not reIIect reduced IunctIonaIIty: 8l provIdes servIce
roughIy equIvaIent to the X wIndow system. 8lߣs cIIents may oI course be as compIex
as they choose, aIthough the tendency to mImIc 8lߣs desIgn and the cIean programmIng
InterIace means they are not nearIy as bIoated as X appIIcatIons.
OrIgInaIIy appeared, In a sIIghtIy dIIIerent Iorm, In Froc. oj Ihe 5unner 1991 U5£NIX Conj., pp.
2S7-26S, NashvIIIe. Note that S½ has been repIaced by iaO (see r¡o(1)).
· 2 ·
User's Model
8l turns the sIngIe screen, mouse, and keyboard oI the termInaI (In PIan 9 termI·
noIogy) or workstatIon (In commercIaI termInoIogy) Into an array oI Independent vIrtuaI
termInaIs that may be textuaI termInaIs supportIng a sheII and the usuaI suIte oI tooIs or
graphIcaI appIIcatIons usIng the IuII power oI the bItmap screen and mouse. Text Is
represented In UTF, an encodIng oI the UnIcode Standard [PIke93]. The entIre program·
mIng InterIace Is provIded through readIng and wrItIng IIIes In /de\.
PrImarIIy Ior reasons oI hIstory and IamIIIarIty, the generaI modeI and appearance
oI 8l are sImIIar to those oI mux [PIke88]. The rIght button has a short menu Ior con·
troIIIng wIndow creatIon, destructIon, and pIacement. When a wIndow Is created, It runs
the deIauIt sheII, ic [DuII90], wIth standard Input and output dIrected to the wIndow
and accessIbIe through the IIIe /de\/cOnS (ߢconsoIeߣ), anaIogous to the /de\/11y
oI UNÌX. The name change represents a break wIth the past: PIan 9 does not provIde a
TeIetype-styIe modeI oI termInaIs. 8l provIdes the onIy way most users ever access
PIan 9.
CraphIcaI appIIcatIons, IIke ordInary programs, may be run by typIng theIr names
to the sheII runnIng In a wIndow. ThIs runs the appIIcatIon In the same wIndow; to run
the appIIcatIon In a new wIndow one may use an externaI program, wandOw, descrIbed
beIow. For graphIcaI appIIcatIons, the vIrtuaI termInaI modeI Is extended somewhat to
aIIow programs to perIorm graphIcaI operatIons, access the mouse, and perIorm reIated
IunctIons by readIng and wrItIng IIIes wIth suggestIve names such as /de\/mOuSe and
/de\/wandOw muItIpIexed per-wIndow much IIke /de\/cOnS. The ImpIementatIon
and semantIcs oI these IIIes, descrIbed beIow, Is centraI to the structure oI 8l.
The deIauIt program that runs In a wIndow Is IamIIIar to users oI 8IIt termInaIs
[PIke83]. Ìt Is very sImIIar to that oI mux [PIke88], provIdIng mouse-based edItIng oI
Input and output text, the abIIIty to scroII back to see earIIer output, and so on. Ìt aIso
has a new Ieature, toggIed by typIng ESC, that enabIes the user to controI when typed
characters may be read by the sheII or appIIcatIon, Instead oI (Ior exampIe) aIter each
newIIne. ThIs Ieature makes the wIndow program dIrectIy useIuI Ior many text-edItIng
tasks such as composIng maII messages beIore sendIng them.
Plan 9 and 8Z
PIan 9 Is a dIstrIbuted system that provIdes support Ior UNÌX-IIke appIIcatIons In an
envIronment buIIt Irom dIstInct CPU servers, IIIe servers, and termInaIs connected by a
varIety oI networks [PIke90]. The termInaIs are comparabIe to modest workstatIons
that, once connected to a IIIe server over a medIum-bandwIdth network such as Ether·
net, are seII-suIIIcIent computers runnIng a IuII operatIng system. UnIIke workstatIons,
however, theIr roIe Is just to provIde an aIIordabIe muItIpIexed user InterIace to the rest
oI the system: they run the wIndow system and support sImpIe InteractIve tasks such as
text edItIng. Thus they IIe somewhere between workstatIons and X termInaIs In desIgn,
cost, perIormance, and IunctIon. (The termInaIs can be used Ior generaI computIng, but
In practIce PIan 9 users do theIr computIng on the CPU servers.) The PIan 9 termInaI
soItware, IncIudIng 8l, was deveIoped on a 68020-based machIne caIIed a Cnot and
has been ported to the NeXTstatIon, the MÌPS Magnum 3000, SCÌ ÌndIgos, and Sun
SPARCstatIonsߞaII smaII workstatIons that we use as termInaIsߞas weII as PCs.
Heavy computatIons such as compIIatIon, text processIng, or scIentIIIc caIcuIatIon
are done on the CPU servers, whIch are connected to the IIIe servers by hIgh-bandwIdth
networks. For InteractIve work, these computatIons can access the termInaI that Instan·
tIated them. The termInaI and CPU server beIng used by a partIcuIar user are connected
to the same IIIe server, aIthough over dIIIerent networks; PIan 9 provIdes a vIew oI the
IIIe server that Is Independent oI IocatIon In the network.
The components oI PIan 9 are connected by a common protocoI based on the
· 3 ·
sharIng oI IIIes. AII resources In the network are ImpIemented as IIIe servers; programs
that wIsh to access them connect to them over the network and communIcate usIng
ordInary IIIe operatIons. An unusuaI aspect oI PIan 9 Is that the nnne spnce oI a
process, the set oI IIIes that can be accessed by name (Ior exampIe by an Open system
caII) Is not gIobaI to aII processes on a machIne; dIstInct processes may have dIstInct
name spaces. The system provIdes methods by whIch processes may change theIr name
spaces, such as the abIIIty to nounI a servIce upon an exIstIng dIrectory, makIng the
IIIes oI the servIce vIsIbIe In the dIrectory. (ThIs Is a dIIIerent operatIon Irom Its UNÌX
namesake.) MuItIpIe servIces may be mounted upon the same dIrectory, aIIowIng the
IIIes Irom muItIpIe servIces to be accessed In the same dIrectory. OptIons to the mOun1
system caII controI the order oI searchIng Ior IIIes In such a un¡on d¡recIory.
The most obvIous exampIe oI a network resource Is a IIIe server, where permanent
IIIes resIde. There are a number oI unusuaI servIces, however, whose desIgn In a dIIIer·
ent envIronment wouId IIkeIy not be IIIe-based. Many are descrIbed eIsewhere [PIke92];
some exampIes are the representatIon oI processes Ior debuggIng, much IIke KIIIIanߣs
process IIIes Ior the 8th edItIon [KIII84], and the ImpIementatIon oI the name]vaIue
paIrs oI the UNÌX exec envIronment as IIIes. User processes may aIso ImpIement a IIIe
servIce and make It avaIIabIe to cIIents In the network, much IIke the ߢmounted streamsߣ
In the 9th EdItIon [Pres90]. A typIcaI exampIe Is a program that Interprets an
externaIIy-deIIned IIIe system such as that on a CD-ROM or a standard UNÌX system and
makes the contents avaIIabIe to PIan 9 programs. ThIs desIgn Is used by aII dIstrIbuted
appIIcatIons In PIan 9, IncIudIng 8l.
8l serves a set oI IIIes In the conventIonaI dIrectory /de\ wIth names IIke cOnS,
mOuSe, and Scieen. CIIents oI 8l communIcate wIth the wIndow system by readIng
and wrItIng these IIIes. For exampIe, a cIIent program, such as a sheII, can prInt text by
wrItIng Its standard output, whIch Is automatIcaIIy connected to /de\/cOnS, or It may
open and wrIte that IIIe expIIcItIy. UnIIke IIIes served by a tradItIonaI IIIe server, how·
ever, the Instance oI /de\/cOnS served In each wIndow by 8l Is a dIstInct IIIe; the
per-process name spaces oI PIan 9 aIIow 8l to provIde a unIque /de\/cOnS to each
cIIent. ThIs mechanIsm Is best IIIustrated by the creatIon oI a new 8l cIIent.
When 8l starts, It creates a IuII-dupIex pIpe to be the communIcatIon medIum Ior
the messages that ImpIement the IIIe servIce It wIII provIde. One end wIII be shared by
aII the cIIents; the other end Is heId by 8l to accept requests Ior Ì]O. When a user
makes a new wIndow usIng the mouse, 8l aIIocates the wIndow data structures and
Iorks a chIId process. The chIIdߣs name space, InItIaIIy shared wIth the parent, Is then
dupIIcated so that changes the chIId makes to Its name space wIII not aIIect the parent.
The chIId then attaches Its end oI the communIcatIon pIpe, c1d, to the dIrectory /de\
by doIng a mOun1 system caII:
mOun1{c1d, '/de\', NI£IΧR£, Iu1¸
ThIs caII attaches the servIce assocIated wIth the IIIe descrIptor c1d ߞ the cIIent end oI
the pIpe ߞ to the begInnIng oI /de\ so that the IIIes In the new servIce take prIorIty
over exIstIng IIIes In the dIrectory. ThIs makes the new IIIes cOnS, mOuSe, and so on,
avaIIabIe In /de\ In a way that hIdes any IIIes wIth the same names aIready In pIace.
The argument Iu1 Is a character strIng (nuII In thIs case), descrIbed beIow.
The cIIent process then cIoses IIIe descrIptors 0, 1, and 2 and opens /de\/cOnS
repeatedIy to connect the standard Input, output, and error IIIes to the wIndowߣs
/de\/cOnS. Ìt then does an exec system caII to begIn executIng the sheII In the wIn·
dow. ThIs entIre sequence, compIete wIth error handIIng, Is 33 IInes oI C.
The vIew oI these events Irom 8lߣs end oI the pIpe Is a sequence oI IIIe protocoI
messages Irom the new cIIent generated by the IntervenIng operatIng system In
response to the mOun1 and Open system caIIs executed by the cIIent. The message
generated by the mOun1 InIorms 8l that a new cIIent has attached to the IIIe servIce It
· 4 ·
provIdes; 8lߣs response Is a unIque IdentIIIer kept by the operatIng system and passed
In aII messages generated by Ì]O on the IIIes derIved Irom that mOun1. ThIs IdentIIIer
Is used by 8l to dIstInguIsh the varIous cIIents so each sees a unIque /de\/cOnS;
most servers do not need to make thIs dIstInctIon.
A process unreIated to 8l may create wIndows by a varIant oI thIs mechanIsm.
When 8l begIns, It uses a PIan 9 servIce to ߢpostߣ the cIIent end oI the communIcatIon
pIpe In a pubIIc pIace. A process may open that pIpe and mOun1 It to attach to the wIn·
dow system, much In the way an X cIIent may connect to a UNÌX domaIn socket to the
server bound to the IIIe system. The IInaI argument to mOun1 Is passed through unIn·
terpreted by the operatIng system. Ìt provIdes a way Ior the cIIent and server to
exchange InIormatIon at the tIme oI the mOun1. 8l Interprets It as the dImensIons oI
the wIndow to be created Ior the new cIIent. (Ìn the case above, the wIndow has been
created by the tIme the mount occurs, and Iu1 carrIes no InIormatIon.) When the
mOun1 returns, the process can open the IIIes oI the new wIndow and begIn Ì]O to use
8ecause 8lߣs InterIace Is based on IIIes, standard system utIIItIes can be used to
controI Its servIces. For exampIe, Its method oI creatIng wIndows externaIIy Is packaged
In a 16-IIne sheII scrIpt, caIIed wandOw, the core oI whIch Is just a mOun1 operatIon
that preIIxes 8lߣs dIrectory to /de\ and runs a command passed on the argument IIne:
mOun1 -I S`S½Sei\` /de\
S* < /de\/cOnS > /de\/cOnS >j2¸ /de\/cOnS &
The wandOw program Is typIcaIIy empIoyed by users to create theIr InItIaI workIng envI·
ronment when they boot the system, aIthough It has more generaI possIbIIItIes.
Other basIc Ieatures oI the system IaII out naturaIIy Irom the IIIe-based modeI.
When the user deIetes a wIndow, 8l sends the equIvaIent oI a UNÌX sIgnaI to the pro·
cess group ߞ the cIIents ߞ In the wIndow, removes the wIndow Irom the screen, and
poIsons the IncomIng connectIons to the IIIes that drIve It. ÌI a cIIent Ignores the sIgnaI
and contInues to wrIte to the wIndow, It wIII get Ì]O errors. ÌI, on the other hand, aII the
processes In a wIndow exIt spontaneousIy, they wIII automatIcaIIy cIose aII connectIons
to the wIndow. 8l counts reIerences to the wIndowߣs IIIes; when none are IeIt, It shuts
down the wIndow and removes It Irom the screen. As a dIIIerent exampIe, when the
user hIts the DEL key to generate an Interrupt, 8l wrItes a message to a specIaI IIIe, pro·
vIded by PIan 9ߣs process controI InterIace, that Interrupts aII the processes In the wIn·
dow. Ìn aII these exampIes, the ImpIementatIon works seamIessIy across a network.
There are two vaIuabIe sIde eIIects oI ImpIementIng a wIndow system by muItIpIex·
Ing /de\/cOnS and other such IIIes. FIrst, the probIem oI gIvIng a meanIngIuI Inter·
pretatIon to the IIIe /de\/cOnS (/de\/11y) In each wIndow Is soIved automatIcaIIy.
To provIde /de\/cOnS Is the IundamentaI job oI the wIndow system, rather than just
an awkward burden; other systems must oIten make specIaI and otherwIse IrreIevant
arrangements Ior /de\/11y to behave as expected In a wIndow. Second, any program
that can access the server, IncIudIng a process on a remote machIne, can access the IIIes
usIng standard read and wrIte system caIIs to communIcate wIth the wIndow system,
and standard open and cIose caIIs to connect to It. AgaIn, no specIaI arrangements need
to be made Ior remote processes to use aII the graphIcs IacIIItIes oI 8l.
Craphical input
OI course 8l oIIers more than ASCÌÌ Ì]O to Its cIIents. The state oI the mouse may
be dIscovered by readIng the IIIe /de\/mOuSe, whIch returns a ten-byte message
encodIng the state oI the buttons and the posItIon oI the cursor. ÌI the mouse has not
moved sInce the Iast read oI /de\/mOuSe, or II the wIndow assocIated wIth the
Instance oI /de\/mOuSe Is not the ߢInput Iocusߣ, the read bIocks.
The Iormat oI the message Is:
1 byte oI button state
4 bytes oI x, Iow byte IIrst
4 bytes oI y, Iow byte IIrst
As In aII shared data structures In PIan 9, the order oI every byte In the message Is
deIIned so aII cIIents can execute the same code to unpack the message Into a IocaI data
For keyboard Input, cIIents can read /de\/cOnS or, II they need character-at-a-
tIme Input, /de\/icOnS (ߢraw consoIeߣ). There Is no expIIcIt event mechanIsm to heIp
cIIents that need to read Irom muItIpIe sources. Ìnstead, a smaII (36S IIne) externaI sup·
port IIbrary can be used. Ìt attaches a process to the varIous bIockIng Input sources ߞ
mouse, keyboard, and perhaps a thIrd user-provIded IIIe descrIptor ߞ and IunneIs theIr
Input Into a sIngIe pIpe Irom whIch may be read the varIous types oI events In the tradI·
tIonaI styIe. ThIs package Is a compromIse. As dIscussed In a prevIous paper [PIke89] Ì
preIer to Iree appIIcatIons Irom event-based programmIng. UnIortunateIy, though, Ì see
no easy way to achIeve thIs In sIngIe-threaded C programs, and am unwIIIIng to requIre
aII programmers to master concurrent programmIng. Ìt shouId be noted, though, that
even thIs compromIse resuIts In a smaII and easIIy understood InterIace. An exampIe
program that uses It Is gIven near the end oI the paper.
Craphical output
The IIIe /de\/Scieen may be read by any cIIent to recover the contents oI the
entIre screen, such as Ior prIntIng (see FIgure 1). SImIIarIy, /de\/wandOw hoIds the
contents oI the current wIndow. These are read-onIy IIIes.
To perIorm graphIcs operatIons In theIr wIndows, cIIent programs access
/de\/Ia1IJ1. Ìt ImpIements a protocoI that encodes bItmap graphIcs operatIons.
Most oI the messages In the protocoI (there are 23 messages In aII, about haII to man·
age the muItI-IeveI Ionts necessary Ior eIIIcIent handIIng oI UnIcode characters) are
transmIssIons (vIa a wrIte) Irom the cIIent to the wIndow system to perIorm a graphIcaI
operatIon such as a Ia1IJ1 [PLR8S] or character-drawIng operatIon; a Iew IncIude
return InIormatIon (recovered vIa a read) to the cIIent. As wIth /de\/mOuSe, the
/de\/Ia1IJ1 protocoI Is In a deIIned byte order. Here, Ior exampIe, Is the Iayout oI
the Ia1IJ1 message:
2 bytes oI destInatIon Id
2x4 bytes oI destInatIon poInt
2 bytes oI source Id
4x4 bytes oI source rectangIe
2 bytes oI booIean IunctIon code
The message Is trIvIaIIy constructed Irom the Ia1IJ1 subroutIne In the IIbrary,
deIIned as
\Oad Ia1IJ1{Ia1map *dS1, IOan1 dp,
Ia1map *Sic, Rec1an_Je Si, IcOde c¸.
The ߢIdߣ IIeIds In the message IndIcate another property oI 8l: the cIIents do not
store the actuaI data Ior any oI theIr bItmaps IocaIIy. Ìnstead, the protocoI provIdes a
message to aIIocate a bItmap, to be stored In the server, and returns to the cIIent an
Integer IdentIIIer, much IIke a UNÌX IIIe descrIptor, to be used In operatIons on that bIt·
map. 8Itmap number 0 Is conventIonaIIy the cIIentߣs wIndow, anaIogous to standard
Input Ior IIIe Ì]O. Ìn Iact, no bItmap graphIcs operatIons are executed In the cIIent at aII;
they are aII perIormed on Its behaII by the server. AgaIn, usIng the standard remote IIIe
· 6 ·
FIgure 1. A representatIve 8l screen, runnIng on a NeXTstatIon under PIan 9 (wIth
no NeXT soItware). Ìn the upper rIght, a program announces the arrIvaI oI maII. Ìn
the top and IeIt are a broswer Ior astronomIcaI databases and an Image oI a gaIaxy
produced by the browser. Ìn the Iower IeIt there Is a screen edItor, Sam [PIke87],
edItIng ]apanese text encoded In UTF, and In the Iower rIght an 8l runnIng recur·
sIveIy and, InsIde that InstantIatIon, a prevIewer Ior 1iO11 output. Underneath
the Iaces Is a smaII wIndow runnIng the command that prInts the screen by passIng
/de\/Scieen to the bItmap prIntIng utIIIty.
operatIons In PIan 9, thIs permIts remote machInes havIng no graphIcs capabIIIty, such
as the CPU server, to run graphIcs appIIcatIons. AnaIogous Ieatures oI the orIgInaI
Andrew wIndow system [Cos86] and oI X [Sche86] requIre more compIex mechanIsms.
Nor does 8l ItseII operate dIrectIy on bItmaps. Ìnstead, It caIIs another server to
do Its graphIcs operatIons Ior It, usIng an IdentIcaI protocoI. The operatIng system Ior
the PIan 9 termInaIs contaIns an InternaI server that ImpIements that protocoI, exactIy as
does 8l, but Ior a sIngIe cIIent. That server stores the actuaI bytes Ior the bItmaps and
ImpIements the IundamentaI bItmap graphIcs operatIons. Thus the envIronment In
whIch 8l runs has exactIy the structure It provIdes Ior Its cIIents; 8l reproduces the
envIronment Ior Its cIIents, muItIpIexIng the InterIace to keep the cIIents separate.
ThIs Idea oI muItIpIexIng by sImuIatIon Is appIIcabIe to more than wIndow systems,
oI course, and has some sIde eIIects. SInce 8l sImuIates Its own envIronment Ior Its
cIIents, It may run In one oI Its own wIndows (see FIgure 1). A useIuI and common
appIIcatIon oI thIs technIque Is to connect a wIndow to a remote machIne, such as a CPU
server, and run the wIndow system there so that each subwIndow Is automatIcaIIy on the
remote machIne. Ìt Is aIso a handy way to debug a new versIon oI the wIndow system or
to create an envIronment wIth, Ior exampIe, a dIIIerent deIauIt Iont.
· 7 ·
To provIde graphIcs to Its cIIents, 8l mostIy just muItIpIexes and passes through
to Its own server the cIIentsߣ requests, occasIonaIIy rearrangIng the messages to maIn·
taIn the IIctIon that the cIIents have unIque screens (wIndows). To manage the overIap·
pIng wIndows It uses the Iayers modeI, whIch Is handIed by a separate IIbrary [PIke83a].
Thus It has IIttIe work to do and Is a IaIrIy sImpIe program; It Is domInated by a coupIe
oI swItch statements to Interpret the bItmap and IIIe server protocoIs. The buIIt-In wIn·
dow program and Its assocIated menus and text-management support are responsIbIe
Ior most oI the code.
The operatIng systemߣs server Is aIso compact: the versIon Ior the 68020 proces·
sor, excIudIng the ImpIementatIon oI a haII dozen bItmap graphIcs operatIons, Is 229S
IInes oI C (agaIn, about haII deaIIng wIth Ionts); the graphIcs operatIons are another
2214 IInes.
8l Is structured as a set oI communIcatIng coroutInes, much as dIscussed In a
1989 paper [PIke89]. One coroutIne manages the mouse, another the keyboard, and
another Is InstantIated to manage the state oI each wIndow and assocIated cIIent. When
no coroutIne wIshes to run, 8l reads the next IIIe Ì]O request Irom Its cIIents, whIch
arrIve serIaIIy on the IuII-dupIex communIcatIon pIpe. Thus 8l Is entIreIy synchronous.
The program source Is smaII and compIIes In about 10 seconds In our PIan 9 envI·
ronment. There are ten source IIIes and one make1aJe totaIIng S100 IInes. ThIs
IncIudes the source Ior the wIndow management process, the cut-and-paste termInaI
program, the wIndow]IIIe server ItseII, and a smaII coroutIne IIbrary (piOc.c). Ìt does
not IncIude the Iayer IIbrary (another 1031 IInes) or the IIbrary to handIe the cuttIng and
pastIng oI text dIspIayed In a wIndow (960 IInes), or the generaI graphIcs support IIbrary
that manages aII the non-drawIng aspects oI graphIcs ߞ arIthmetIc on poInts and rect·
angIes, memory management, error handIIng, cIIppIng, ߞ pIus Ionts, events, and non-
prImItIve drawIng operatIons such as cIrcIes and eIIIpses (a IInaI 30S1 IInes). Not aII the
pIeces oI these IIbrarIes are used by 8l ItseII; a Iarge part oI the graphIcs IIbrary In par·
tIcuIar Is used onIy by cIIents. Thus It Is somewhat unIaIr to 8l just to sum these num·
bers, IncIudIng the 4S09 IInes oI support In the kerneI, and arrIve at a totaI ImpIementa·
tIon sIze oI 146S1 IInes oI source to ImpIement aII oI 8l Irom the Iowest IeveIs to the
hIghest. 8ut that number gIves a IaIr measure oI the compIexIty oI the overaII system.
The ImpIementatIon Is aIso eIIIcIent. 8lߣs perIormance Is competItIve to X wIn·
dowsߣ. Compared usIng Dunwoodyߣs and LIntonߣs _Iench benchmarks on the 68020,
dIstrIbuted wIth the ߢߢX Test SuIteߣߣ, cIrcIes and arcs are drawn about haII as Iast In 8l
as In X11 reIease 4 compIIed wIth _cc Ior equIvaIent hardware, probabIy because they
are currentIy ImpIemented In a user IIbrary by caIIs to the pOan1 prImItIve. LIne draw·
Ing speed Is about equaI between the two systems. UnIcode text Is drawn about the
same speed by 8l as ASCÌÌ text by X, and the Ia1IJ1 test Is runs Iour tImes Iaster Ior
8l. These numbers vary enough to cautIon agaInst drawIng sweepIng concIusIons, but
they suggest that 8lߣs archItecture does not penaIIze Its perIormance. FInaIIy, 8l boots
In under a second and creates a new wIndow apparentIy InstantaneousIy.
An example
Here Is a compIete program that runs under 8l. Ìt prInts the strIng
'heJJO wOiJd' wherever the IeIt mouse button Is depressed, and exIts when the
rIght mouse button Is depressed. Ìt aIso prInts the strIng In the center oI Its wIndow,
and maIntaIns that strIng when the wIndow Is resIzed.
· 8 ·
=ancJude <u.h>
=ancJude <JaIc.h>
=ancJude <JaI_.h>
eieShaped{Rec1an_Je i¸
IOan1 p,
Scieen.i = i,
Ia1IJ1{&Scieen, Scieen.i.man, &Scieen, i, ZeiO¸, /* cJeai */
p.x = Scieen.i.man.x + Dx{Scieen.i¸/2,
p.y = Scieen.i.man.y + Dy{Scieen.i¸/2,
p = SuI{p, da\{S1iSaze{1On1, 'heJJO wOiJd'¸, 2¸¸,
S1ian_{&Scieen, p, 1On1, 'heJJO wOiJd', S¸,
NOuSe m,
Iana1{U, U, U¸, /* ana1aaJaze _iaphacS JaIiaiy */
eana1{£mOuSe¸, /* ana1aaJaze e\en1 JaIiaiy */
m = emOuSe{¸,
a1{m.Iu11OnS & RJCHJI¸
a1{m.Iu11OnS & I£IJI¸(
S1ian_{&Scieen, m.xy, 1On1, 'heJJO wOiJd', S¸,
/* waa1 1Oi ieJeaSe O1 Iu11On */
dO, whaJe{emOuSe{¸.Iu11OnS & I£IJI¸,
The compIete Ioaded bInary Is a IIttIe over 26K bytes on a 68020. ThIs program shouId
be compared to the sImIIar ones In the exceIIent paper by RosenthaI [Rose88]. (The cur·
rent program does more: It aIso empIoys the mouse.) The cIumsIest part Is
eieShaped, a IunctIon wIth a known name that Is caIIed Irom the event IIbrary when·
ever the wIndow Is reshaped or moved, as Is dIscovered IneIegantIy but adequateIy by a
specIaI case oI a mouse message. (SImpIe so-caIIed expose events are not events at aII
In 8l; the Iayer IIbrary takes care oI them transparentIy.) The Iesson oI thIs program,
wIth deIerence to RosenthaI, Is that II the wIndow system Is cIeanIy desIgned a tooIkIt
shouId be unnecessary Ior sImpIe tasks.
As oI 1992, 8l Is In reguIar daIIy use by aImost aII the 60 peopIe In our research
center. Some oI those peopIe use It to access PIan 9 ItseII; others use It as a Iront end
to remote UNÌX systems, much as one wouId use an X termInaI.
Some thIngs about 8l may change. Ìt wouId be nIce II Its capabIIItIes were more
easIIy accessIbIe Irom the sheII. A companIon to thIs paper [PIke91] proposes one way
to do thIs, but that does not IncIude any graphIcs IunctIonaIIty. Perhaps a textuaI ver·
sIon oI the /de\/Ia1IJ1 IIIe Is a way to proceed; that wouId aIIow, Ior exampIe, awk
programs to draw graphs dIrectIy.
Can thIs styIe oI wIndow system be buIIt on other operatIng systemsZ A major part
oI the desIgn oI 8l depends on Its structure as a IIIe server. Ìn prIncIpIe thIs couId be
· 9 ·
done Ior any system that supports user processes that serve IIIes, such as any system
runnIng NFS or AFS [Sun89, Kaza87]. One requIrement, however, Is 8lߣs need to
respond to Its cIIentsߣ requests out oI order: II one cIIent reads /de\/cOnS In a wIn·
dow wIth no characters to be read, other cIIents shouId be abIe to perIorm Ì]O In theIr
wIndows, or even the same wIndow. Another constraInt Is that the 8l IIIes are IIke
devIces, and must not be cached by the cIIent. NFS cannot honor these requIrements;
AFS may be abIe to. OI course, other Interprocess communIcatIon mechanIsms such as
sockets couId be used as a basIs Ior a wIndow system. One may even argue that Xߣs
modeI IIts Into thIs overaII scheme. Ìt may prove easy and worthwhIIe to wrIte a smaII
8l-IIke system Ior commercIaI UNÌX systems to demonstrate that Its merIts can be won
In systems other than PIan 9.
Ìn concIusIon, 8l uses an unusuaI archItecture In concert wIth the IIIe-orIented
Interprocess communIcatIon oI PIan 9 to provIde network-based InteractIve graphIcs to
cIIent programs. Ìt demonstrates that even productIon-quaIIty wIndow systems are not
InherentIy Iarge or compIIcated and may be sImpIe to use and to program.
HeIpIuI comments on earIy draIts oI thIs paper were made by Doug 8Iewett, Stu
FeIdman, ChrIs Fraser, 8rIan KernIghan, DennIs RItchIe, and PhII WInterbottom. 8lߣs
support Ior coIor was added by Howard TrIckey. Many oI the Ideas IeadIng to 8l were
trIed out In earIIer, sometImes Iess successIuI, programs. Ì wouId IIke to thank those
users who suIIered through some oI my prevIous 7l wIndow systems.
[DuII90] Tom DuII, ߢߢRc - A SheII Ior PIan 9 and UNÌX systemsߣߣ, Proc. oI the Summer
1990 UKUUC ConI., London, ]uIy, 1990, pp. 21-33, reprInted, In a dIIIerent Iorm, In thIs
[Far89] Far too many peopIe, XTERM(1), Massachusetts ÌnstItute oI TechnoIogy, 1989.
[Cos86] ]ames CosIIng and DavId RosenthaI, ߢߢA wIndow manager Ior bItmapped dIs·
pIays and UNÌXߣߣ, In MethodoIogy oI WIndow Management, edIted by F.R.A. Hopgood et
aI., SprInger, 1986.
[Kaza87] MIke Kazar, ߢߢSynchronIzatIon and CachIng Issues In the Andrew FIIe Systemߣߣ,
Tech. Rept. CMU-ÌTC-0S8, ÌnIormatIon TechnoIogy Center, CarnegIe MeIIon UnIversIty,
]une, 1987.
[KIII84] Tom KIIIIan, ߢߢProcesses as FIIesߣߣ, USENÌX Summer ConI. Proc., SaIt Lake CIty
]une, 1984.
[PIke83] Rob PIke, ߢߢThe 8IIt: A MuItIpIexed CraphIcs TermInaIߣߣ, 8eII Labs Tech. ]., V63,
#8, part 2, pp. 1607-1631.
[PIke83a] Rob PIke, ߢߢCraphIcs In OverIappIng 8Itmap Layersߣߣ, Trans. on Craph., VoI 2,
#2, 13S-160, reprInted In Proc. SÌCCRAPH ߣ83, pp. 331-3S6.
[PIke87] Rob PIke, ߢߢThe Text EdItor Samߣߣ, SoItw. - Prac. and Exp., Nov 1987, VoI 17
#11, pp. 813-84S, reprInted In thIs voIume.
[PIke88] Rob PIke, ߢߢWIndow Systems ShouId 8e Transparentߣߣ, Comp. Sys., Summer
1988, VoI 1 #3, pp. 279-296.
[PIke89] Rob PIke, ߢߢA Concurrent WIndow Systemߣߣ, Comp. Sys., SprIng 1989, VoI 2 #2,
pp. 133-1S3.
[PIke91] Rob PIke, ߢߢA MInImaIIst CIobaI User ÌnterIaceߣߣ, USENÌX Summer ConI. Proc.,
NashvIIIe, ]une, 1991.
· 10 ·
[PIke92] Rob PIke, Dave Presotto, Ken Thompson, Howard TrIckey, and PhII WInterbot·
tom, OperatIng Systems RevIew VoI 27, #2, Apr 1993, pp. 72-76 (reprInted Irom Pro·
ceedIngs oI the Sth ACM SÌCOPS European Workshop, Mont SaInt-MIcheI, 1992, Paper n"
34, and reprInted In thIs voIume).
[PIke94] Rob PIke and Ken Thompson, ߢߢHeIIo WorId or KcAqµcpc xóoµc or
ߣߣ, USENÌX WInter ConI. Proc., San DIego, ]an, 1993, reprInted In thIs voIume.
[PLR8S] Rob PIke, 8art LocanthI and ]ohn ReIser, ߢߢHardware]SoItware TradeoIIs Ior 8It·
map CraphIcs on the 8IItߣߣ, SoItw. - Prac. and Exp., Feb 198S, VoI 1S #2, pp. 131-1S2.
[Pres90] DavId L. Presotto and DennIs M. RItchIe, ߢߢÌnterprocess CommunIcatIon In the
NInth EdItIon UnIx Systemߣߣ, SoItw. - Prac. and Exp., ]une 1990, VoI 20 #S1, pp. S1]3-
[Rose88] DavId RosenthaI, ߢߢA SImpIe X11 CIIent Program -or- How hard can It reaIIy be
to wrIte ߢߢHeIIo, WorIdߣߣZߣߣ, USENÌX WInter ConI. Proc., DaIIas, ]an, 1988, pp. 229-242.
[Sche86] Robert W. ScheIIIer and ]Im Cettys, ߢߢThe X WIndow Systemߣߣ, ACM Trans. on
Craph., VoI S #2, pp. 79-109.
[Sun89] Sun MIcrosystems, NFS: Network IIIe system protocoI specIIIcatIon, RFC 1094,
Network ÌnIormatIon Center, SRÌ ÌnternatIonaI, March, 1989.
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?


text:
Activity Feed
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Jul. 24, 2013
Rating: 0
Need Check Points, after completed a level. Great Game :D 5/5!
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Dec. 28, 2012
Hard badge hard to get but i got it :D Took a while, great game though.
CycloManiacs 2
Dec. 27, 2012
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No need to post 3 comments in a row saying that it lags, next time try to use one.
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Dec. 16, 2012
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Knightmare Tower
Dec. 15, 2012
Guys *MOST IMPORTANT* Upgrade Your SWORD Till You Reached The Limit On Upgrading It. Later In The Game It's IMPORTANT*
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Medicines Company And Alnylam Advance Development Candidate For ALN-PCSsc, A Subcutaneously Administered RNAi Therapeutic Targeting PCSK9 Under Investigation For The Treatment Of Hypercholesterolemia
The Medicines Company (Nasdaq: MDCO) a leading acute/intensive hospital care company, and Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: ALNY), a leading RNAi therapeutics company, announced today that their strategic alliance has yielded a lead Development Candidate that is a subcutaneously administered RNAi therapeutic (ALN-PCSsc) targeting PCSK9 for the potential treatment of hypercholesterolemia. New data from non-human primate studies were presented at the Oligonucleotide Therapeutics Society (OTS) meeting, and show that ALN-PCSsc leads to an up to a 90% PCSK9 knockdown and an up to 68% lowering of LDL cholesterol in the absence of statins. PCSK9 is a protein that regulates low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor levels on hepatocytes.The ALN-PCSsc lead Development Candidate utilizes Alnylam's GalNAc-siRNA conjugate delivery technology that enables subcutaneous dose administration. Pre-clinical durability data support the potential for every-two-weeks dosing, with possible every-four-weeks dosing. Additional details of the subcutaneously administered development candidate, and the data, will be presented by John Maraganore, PhD, Chief Executive Officer of Alnylam at The Medicines Company's Investor & Analyst Day in New York (webcast 8:30ET to noon at www.themedicinescompany.com). Dr. Maraganore said, "We have rapidly advanced the ALN-PCS collaboration to reach our first goal, which was to designate our Development Candidate by the end of this year. We anticipate submitting an investigative new drug application for ALN-PCSsc with the US Food and Drug Administration in late 2014. This is an important program within our 'Alnylam 5x15' product development and commercialization strategy focused on RNAi therapeutics directed toward genetically validated targets." "These new data with subcutaneous delivery support our belief that the unique mechanism of action for ALN-PCS holds great promise for a differentiated and potentially best-in-class strategy for PCSK9 antagonism," said Clive Meanwell, MD, PhD, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Medicines Company. "Subcutaneous dosing holds the potential for administration of a therapeutic in patients less frequently and less invasively than intravenous dosing."
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text:
This Property is Off-Market
40 acre Northern AZ Ranch Foreclosure StealSt. Johns , AZ 85936 | Apache County, AZ
|Listing Status:
|Off Market
|Listing Type:
|40.27 acres
|Property Type(s):
|Last Updated:
|Sale Options:
|Seller financing
|Cropland Acres:
|Contact seller
|Property ID:
DescriptionRanch 298 – 40.27 acres - Located in the southern reaches of Elk Valley Ranch, this land is heavily wooded with mature stands of Pinon Pine and Rocky Mountain Juniper. The acreage includes the ownership of three small meadows one of which lies below well treed ridgeline within the property's northern portion. There are two exceptional cabin sites atop the ridge which look out across the woods and meadows of the adjoining 640 acres of State Trust Land below. Another 480 acres of State Trust Land borders this property on its entire western boundary with its scenic tree covered hills, meadows, and arroyos. Accenting the property is a ridge, which at 7,000' above sea level runs on a north south line through the center of the land. The property was surveyed in a square shape measuring approx. a quarter of a mile along each of its lengths. The land is level and usable throughout. $22,900 - $2,290 down payment - $222 per month p.i. Call 1.800.966.6690 for area information and to schedule an inspection appointment.
Information Provided By
This Property is Off-Market. Last modified on 1/19/2015
First United Realty
First United Realty


text:
This house is near Jennas house.
Don't wake up the ferals- they chase you with a hatchet and fork!
Don't forget to put the rubbish out...
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text:
In the weeks that led to this review, I figured out whether Melabic actually works. At DietSpotlight we dug deep, investigating this product's side effects, ingredients, overall customer service and clinical research. We also scrutinized plenty of user comments and customer responses that are posted all over the internet. At last, we summed up all of the facts and feedback we discovered in order to give you the bottom line.
What You Need To Know
Melabic is a supplement that is touted as the "sugar stabilizer." This product is mainly marketed at people with health conditions such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Melabic is claimed to reduce triglyceride levels, lower blood sugar and insulin levels, reduce blood pressure, boost energy levels and lower cholesterol levels. Furthermore, this supplement is supposed to reduce your risk of heart disease. In order to use Melabic, you need to take one tablet three times daily with meals. The ingredients in this product are; Banaba Leaf, Gymnema Powder, Biotin, Chromium, Bitter Melon, Zinc, Fenugreek, Alpha Lipoic Acid and Cinnamon.
Melabic has been available since 2014 and it can be purchased directly from the website for $30. This product contains some natural ingredients and there are some positive user comments posted on the main website, but read on…
Lack of Research – Concerning?
"There is simply not enough clinical research presented to support Melabic as an effective blood sugar stabilizer supplement. We highly recommend that you speak with a licensed physician before taking this product for type 2 diabetes," says our Research Editor.
One person commented, "It's just another herbal scam. It's not the first. Others have come and gone over the years, all with the same or similar compilation of herbal/mineral ingredients that were supposed to cure diabetes and didn't."
"Do not buy this item. It does not lower blood sugar levels. The amount of tablets are 3 to the necessary strength. It is very expensive as well," said another customer.
Scroll below for one of the best products we've seen over the last year.
Another Concern – User Complaints
We found several customer complaints posted on the web for Melabic. According to one user, "This doesn't work, I really think that all of the positive reviews you see online are fake. My sugar went through the roof trying to replace my Metmorphin pills with this stuff, please people be careful and don't believe in the reviews."
Another person said, "Did not work for me at all!"
Our intense research has proven that if there is a particular facet of a diet supplement or workout program that is especially difficult or concerning (lack of real research, too many user complaints, steep price) the likelihood of success for the long term is minimal. Therefore if Melabic does cause a lot of user complaints, this could be problematic.
Any Real Science?
For us at DietSpotlight, we like to see actual clinical evidence that supports the diet product we are examining. Sadly, we could not locate any real science to back up the claims regarding Melabic. Therefore we cannot really comment on how effective this product actually is.
The Bottom Line: Does Melabic Work?
Now the moment you've been waiting for: our bottom line on Melabic. Well, we likethat Melabic contains some natural ingredients and we did see some positive comments about it online. Then again, we have some reservations about Melabic because it's not actually supported by solid science. Also, we're concerned about this product's lack of research and the user complaints we found posted on the web.
If you'd like to shed more pounds of fat, then we encourage you to go with a diet product that contains clinically proven ingredients, sells at an affordable price and is backed by all sorts of positive user reviews.
Among the best products we've seen in 2016 is one called Leptigen. Its formula is a combination of four potent ingredients, which have been shown in published scientific studies to help speed up fat loss and ignite metabolism. You should also know that we can't find any discussion of harmful adverse effects and customer feedback online shows people are seeing significant results.
The makers of Leptigen are so certain of their product they're offering a Special Trial Offer, which is a good sign.


text:
ClassicsOnline Home » BYRON, D.: String Quartet No. 2, "Four Thoughts on Marvin Gaye" / HALLE, J.: Spheres / WOLFE, J.: Early that Summer (Heavy) (Ethel)
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text: WWE Live World Tour Friday 4 - Monday 7 November 2016, Butlins Minehead Book Now Previous Next Calling all Wrestling Fans WWE Live will be back in 2016 for another action packed wrestling weekend family break at Butlins Minehead, where our indoor Skyline Pavilion will be transformed into a 5,000 seated arena as we welcome some of the biggest WWE Superstars and Divas! Line-up to be announced Don't miss out on this amazing event where you can see your favourite stars go toe to toe. The 2015 event saw some of the world's biggest WWE Superstars including: Roman Reigns King Barrett Bray Wyatt Neville Alberto del Rio Ryback The USOs The Wyatt Family Book the best accommodation to get the best view in the house! For the WWE Live event, if you book one of our ever popular new Lakeside Chalets you will guarantee yourself some of the best seats in the house, for the main event so you won't miss a single bit of the breathtaking action! Check out our handy seating plan to get a sneak peak of where you could be sitting based on the accommodation you book. Click the image below to see the seating plan based on your accommodation All included all part of the price! Tickets to see a star-studded WWE line up Accommodation for all 3 nights Live evening entertainment Unlimited use of Splash Waterworld Sports sessions Beautiful seaside location Book the 2016 WWE event here Tweet Email Accommodation Where To Stay Dining Options Where To Dine 2015 Special offers See our exclusive online offers


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text:
Broccoli Salad With Mandarin Oranges and Cashews
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 8 hrs
A colorful and attractive salad with just the right combination of flavors--we especially love the tanginess from the cider vinegar. Fantastic! I sometimes replace the cashews with roasted sunflower seeds, and the mandarin oranges with raisins--it's great either way! Best made a day ahead of serving.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 medium head fresh broccoli, washed and trimmed (do not use frozen)
- 1⁄2 cup red onion, finely chopped
- 1⁄2 lb bacon, cooked and crumbled
- 1 cup roasted cashews (or roasted sunflower seeds)
- 1⁄2 cup canned mandarin orange segments, chopped and drained (or raisins)
- 1 1⁄4 cups grated mozzarella cheese (optional)
- 3 tablespoons cider vinegar
- 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
- 3⁄4 cup good quality mayonnaise (such as Hellman's or Best Foods)
- 1⁄3 cup sugar
- 1⁄4 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄2 teaspoon fresh ground black pepper
- Chop the broccoli into bite-sized florets.
- Mix together broccoli, red onion, bacon, cashews, mandarin oranges, and mozzarella (if using) in a large bowl.
- In a separate bowl combine vinegar, sugar, oil, and mayo. Whisk in the salt and pepper.
- Pour over broccoli mixture and toss to coat.
- Best if made a day ahead.
Most Helpful
The mandarin oranges add such an appealing color to this wonderful broccoli salad. I made as written and tasted, then let sit the recommend 24 hours. Wow what a flavor difference those 24 hours made. I did not use the optional mozzarella for fear it would be distracting. As a matter of personal taste will increase the red onion to 3/4 cup next time, thanks for the post.
This salad is outstanding! Crispy and sweet with a deliciously tangy dressing! Even though I blanched the broccoli for a minute, it had a nice crunch and stood up well to the dressing. I used fresh Florida mandarin oranges and blanched, roasted almonds instead of the cashews. This will be a regular in my house! Made and reviewed for the farm hoe-down event.
The salad has a tasty and tangy dressing, lots of crunch, and colorful presentation. It would be perfect for spring potluck functions. I used small clementines instead of canned mandarins and stirred in the bacon and cheese right before serving. A salad I'll be making again. thank you for sharing the recipe!


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JASONVILLE - Sheral Ann Houser, 42, of Fairbanks, Ind., died at 3:43 a.m. Wednesday, Dec. 24, at Sullivan County Community Hospital in Sullivan.
Born Nov. 6, 1961, in Sullivan County, she was the daughter of Gerald L. Forbes and Barbara (Mayes) Myers. She was a homemaker.
Survivors include her father and step-mother, Gerald and Dorothy Forbes of Jasonville, and her mother, Barbara Myers of Sullivan; a son, Justin Houser of Shelburn; a sister, Pamela Falls of Rosedale; a brother, Joe Falconbury of Sullivan; three step-sisters, Janice Hinton of Jasonville, Kim McKinley of Bloomfield and Dorcas Akers of Hammond; two step-brothers, Tim Miller of Shelburn and Lester Hinton of Jasonville; her grandmother, Janey Mayes of Sullivan; several aunts and uncles.
She was preceded in death by a brother and a sister.
Services will be 1 p.m. Tuesday, Dec. 30, at the McClanahan-Lee Funeral Home in Jasonville with Rev. Harold Thomas officiating. Burial will be in Friendly Grove Cemetery in Lewis.
Visitation will be 11 a.m. until time of the service on Tuesday.


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Bradley Bruce Cunningham, 53, Clayton, passed away Sept. 10, 2012 at his home.
He was born on Jan. 2, 1959 in Indianapolis.
Bradley was a 1977 graduate of Cascade High School where he played football as No. 44.
He was a longtime trucker, farmer and 4-H volunteer.
He is survived by his son, Cayce Aaron Cunningham; parents Pete and Imogene Rogers; siblings Timothy and Karla Quillen, Buster and Billy Cunningham, Deena Kay Johnson and Nancy Sutphin; nieces Heather McGhee, Shea Hill and Kasey Russell; a great-niece and three great-nephews.
Help celebrate Bradley's life on Saturday, Oct. 6 at the Hazelwood Christian Church from 11 a.m. until 7 p.m.
In lieu of flowers, please make donations to the Stilesville Church Church food pantry.
Arrangements were entrusted to Bousley-Hays Funeral Home, Coatesville.


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Fountain Beach Resort
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We are located directly on "the World's Most Famous Beach". We offer 80 studios, and suites. All of the Suites come with private bedrooms and in-suite Whirlpool spa tubs. Each Suite has a full size living room with sofa sleepers, an additional guest bathroom and a Resort kitchen. The studios all have resort kitchens with two double beds, one queen bed or one king bed and standard bathroom with shower tub. Enjoy Free Wi-Fi internet service in our Spacious and Beautiful Lobby. We are located just 2 blocks from the Boardwalk and Main Street pier where you can find shops, restaurants and the 'Ocean Walk 10' Movie Theatres. We are just 3 blocks from the Ocean Center. If you are in town for a convention, This is where you need to be.
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Hooker Furniture Chatham 1 Drawer NightstandItem # HN-HOOK1846
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- Strong design just right for bedside or chairside
- Crafted of select hardwoods and cherry veneers
- Clear finish with slim, dark metal pulls
- 1 drawer, spacious top, and detailed lower shelf
- Dimensions: 26L x 18W x 28H in.
Full Description
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Hooker Furniture
Spacious and sturdy, the Chatham 1 Drawer Nightstand makes perfect bedside companion. This nightstand has bold horizontal molding and handsome architectural style. It's crafted of select hardwoods and cherry veneers in a clear protective finish and features slim, dark metal drawer pulls that blend in beautifully. One drawer for all nighttime essentials plus a spacious top and detailed lower shelf complete the look.Not available for sale in, or delivery to, the state of California.About H


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Wild Mushroom & Sage Pizzettas
From EatingWell: May/June 1992
The pungent herb sage is quite versatile, pairing well with pork, chicken, citrus and here with wild mushrooms on this earthy-flavored pizza. Dried sage will do, but is not as aromatic as fresh. Try this pizza as a light main course or cut into wedges and serve as an appetizer.
Makes: Eight 6-inch pizzas
Active Time:
Total Time:
Nutrition Profile
Diabetes appropriate | Low calorie | Low cholesterol | Low saturated fat | Low sodium | Heart healthy | Healthy weight |View Our Nutrition Guidelines »
- 1 1/2 teaspoons extra-virgin olive oil
- 8 cups sliced wild and/or cultivated mushrooms, such as chanterelles, cepes, shiitake, oyster, button (about 1 1/2 pounds)
- 2 cups sliced onions
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- Freshly ground pepper to taste
- 1 pound whole-wheat pizza dough (see Tip), thawed if frozen
- Cornmeal for dusting
- 1 cup shredded part-skim mozzarella cheese (4 ounces)
- 4 teaspoons chopped fresh sage or 1 teaspoon dried, rubbed
- Heat oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add mushrooms and onions and sauté until tender, 3 to 5 minutes. Season with salt and pepper. Let cool.
- Place a pizza stone or an inverted baking sheet on the lowest rack of the oven; preheat to 500°F or the highest oven setting. Divide dough into 8 pieces. Using your fists, stretch one piece into a 6-inch round. Alternatively, with a rolling pin, roll out on a lightly floured surface. (Keep remaining dough covered with a towel or plastic wrap.) Place on a cornmeal-dusted pizza peel or an inverted baking sheet, using enough cornmeal so that the dough slides easily. Stretch or roll a second piece of dough and place beside the first.
- Sprinkle 2 tablespoons mozzarella over each round. Arrange 1/3 cup of the mushroom-onion mixture evenly over the cheese. Sprinkle with 1/2 teaspoon fresh sage (or 1/8 teaspoon dried).
- Carefully slide the pizzas onto the heated pizza stone or baking sheet. Bake until the bottoms are crisp and browned, 10 to 14 minutes. Repeat with the remaining dough and toppings.
Tips & Notes
- Tip: Look for whole-wheat pizza-dough balls at your supermarket. Check the ingredient list to make sure the dough doesn't contain any hydrogenated oils.
Per serving: 170 calories; 2 g fat (0 g sat, 1 g mono); 0 mg cholesterol; 28 g carbohydrates; 8 g protein; 2 g fiber; 242 mg sodium; 282 mg potassium.
Carbohydrate Servings: 2
Exchanges: 1 1/2 starch, 1 vegetable, 1 medium-fat meat
More From EatingWell
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Recipe Categories
- Style/Theme
- Entertaining, casual
- Gourmet
- Vegetarian
- Ease of Preparation
- Easy
- Type of Dish
- Appetizer
- Main dish, vegetarian
- Pizza
- Total Time
- 1 hour or less
- Servings
- 8 or more
- Main Ingredient
- Vegetarian, other
- Ethnic/Regional
- Italian
- Health & Diet Considerations
- Diabetes appropriate
- Low calorie
- Low cholesterol
- Low saturated fat
- Low sodium
- Heart healthy
- Healthy weight
- Meal/Course
- Appetizers
- Lunch
- Dinner
- Publication
- May/June 1992


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With Zak being cared for, Debbie and Lisa attempt to find out more from Cain about what happened up on the moors. When Cain is evasive, Debbie thinks he's hiding something. As Cain leaves, Debbie is angry and confused until Lisa is forced to confess that it was Zak who attacked Cain before Christmas. Debbie finds it hard to take in as Lisa attempts to explain Zak's reasons.
Later at the hospital, the family hear that Zak could be a danger to himself and he has been sectioned under the Mental Health Act. Devastated and refusing to believe this is the answer, Lisa makes it clear to the family that she wants them to keep it quiet from the villagers. Back at home, Debbie tells Cain that she knows it was Zak who attacked him. Debbie suggests that Cain is the reason for Zak's condition, and he's left to wonder whether this is true.
Meanwhile, Gabby is nervous about spending time with Ashley. When Ashley takes the kids to the café, Arthur spills a drink and Gabby rushes to mop it up, frightened that their father will see and shout at them. Ashley is devastated to see fear in his daughter's face. Later, Laurel tries to reassure Ashley, saying that Gabby just needs time.
Elsewhere, Jimmy is pleased that Nicola is making an effort with Elliot, while Holly and David are thrilled to arrange a date - but Rachel is put out.


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3 accommodations in Ronciglione
Rio Vicano Residence HotelVia Cassia Cimina, Ronciglione | Condofrom $33
Great Wolf Lodge10401 Cabela Drive, Kansas City | 3 star resortfrom $97
- Glad I wasn't paying for it
- Will be back in December!
- We will be back over winter break!
Relais Sans Soucis & SpaVia dei Noccioleti 18, Ronciglione | Hotelfrom $122
*Prices above are provided by partners for one room, double occupancy and do not include all taxes and fees. Please see our partners for full details.


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Ocean View Suite Kauai FarmstayUnited StatesHawaiiKilauea
About this listing
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
The Space
Quiet and peaceful eco-retreat on Kauai's North Shore. This large one bedroom Ocean View Suite includes a kitchen and full bath and is perched on the entire upper floor with expansive ocean and mountain views. Enjoy stunning sunrises and sunsets from the balcony with diverse bird life and warm tropical ocean breezes.
We're nestled on a lush organic farm in a quiet, private Kauai country neighborhood. We offer fresh fruits and veggies with your stay. Wander through our avocado, citrus and exotic fruit orchards, nap in the airy rooms, or watch a romantic sunset from the suite's private balcony. High speed internet, TV, DVD, comfortably appointed. Non-smoking, no pets please.
We are 4 miles from Kilauea. Close to stunning beaches with hiking, snorkeling, kayaking, surfing, adventure tours and much more just minutes away. Nearby is the Kilauea National Wildlife Refuge and the shops and restaurants of Kapaa, Princeville and Hanalei.
Please join us for a peaceful, healthful retreat. Aloha!
• Check-in time is 3PM.
From Mar 1 - May 31, 2016 the minimum stay is 2 nights.


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disk scrubbingRefers to a software utility used to completely wipe-out hard disk drives. This type of utility can usually overwrite single files, unused space on a disk, or a whole disk drive, using a series of algorithms to make it highly unlikely that anyone could ever retrieve the original data from the disk.
Also see "Are Deleted Files Completely Erased?" in the "Did You Know . . . ?" section of Webopedia.
Stay up to date on the latest developments in Internet terminology with a free weekly newsletter from Webopedia. Join to subscribe now.
Webopedia's student apps roundup will help you to better organize your class schedule and stay on top of assignments and homework. Read More »20 Ways to Shorten a URL
If you need to shorten a long URL try this list of 20 free online redirection services. Read More »Top 10 Tech Terms of 2015
The most popular Webopedia definitions of 2015. Read More »
This Webopedia study guide describes the different parts of a computer system and their relations. Read More »Network Fundamentals Study Guide
Networking fundamentals teaches the building blocks of modern network design. Learn different types of networks, concepts, architecture and... Read More »The Five Generations of Computers
Learn about each of the five generations of computers and major technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use today. Read More »


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"Food security will deteriorate further unless leading countries can collectively mobilize to stabilize population, restrict the use of grain to produce automotive fuel, stabilize climate, stabilize water tables and aquifers, protect cropland, and conserve soils." — Lester Brown, World Facing Huge New Challenge on Food Front
Interview with Lester Brown on Alternative Fuel, CNTV
February 21, 2012
Lester Brown sits down for an interview with CNTV to discuss alternative fuel. Posted February 15, 2012.


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Taking the back roads today. They are a bit soft in places. Thanks for placing a cache here. Maybe I'll come back this summer and hike some of this trail.
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Learning Objective of
the articles:
Direct Labor price variance
is also termed as direct
labor rate variance. This variance measures any deviation from standard in the average hourly rate
paid to
direct labor workers. In other words, direct labor rate variance is the
difference between the amount of actual hours worked at actual rate and actual
hours worked at standard rate.
Following formula is used to calculate direct
labor rate variance or direct labor price variance:
[Labor rate variance = (Actual
hours worked × Actual rate) − (Actual hours worked × Standard rate)]
Suppose that 2,000 units have been produced during the period and 5,400
direct labor hours have been worked at a rate of $13.75 per direct labor
hour. Standard rate per direct labor hour is $14.00.
Calculate labor rate variance.
Calculation of direct labor rate variance.
Labor rate variance = (Actual hours worked × Actual
rate) − (Actual hours worked × Standard rate)
= (5,400 × $13.75) − (5,400 × $14.00 )
= 74,250 − 75,600
Labor rate variance = $(1,350) Favorable
Calculation shows a favorable labor rate variance
because actual rate paid to workers is less than standard rate. When the actual
rate is more than the standard rate an unfavorable labor rate variance results.
Rates paid to the workers are usually predictable.
Nevertheless, rate variances can arise through the way labor is used. Skill
workers with high hourly rates of pay may be given duties that require little
skill and call for low hourly rates of pay. This will result in an unfavorable
labor rate variance, since the actual hourly rate of pay will exceed the
standard rate specified for the particular task. In contrast, a favorable rate
variance would result when workers who are paid at a rate lower than specified
in the standard are assigned to the task. However, the low pay rate workers may
not be as efficient. Finally, overtime work at premium rates can be reason
of an unfavorable labor price variance if the overtime premium is charged to the labor account.
Since rate
variances generally arise as a result of how labor is used, production
supervisors bear responsibility for seeing that labor price variances are
kept under control.
Exercise 1: Labor Variance Analysis
The processing of a product requires a standard of 0.8 direct labor hours
per unit for Operation 4-802 at a standard wage rate of $6.75 per hour. The
2,000 units actually required 1,580 direct labor hours at a cost of $6.90
per hour.
Required: Calculate labor rate variance or
Labor price variance.
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By The Associated PressSAGGING SPIRITS: The National Federation of Independent Business, which lobbies on behalf of small businesses, says a survey of its members showed they grew more pessimistic in November after the election and Superstorm Sandy.
News Summary: Small Biz Optimism Dives In November
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text:
I've been cd for about a little over a month now using BG 3.0 diapers and I'm washing every other day. I've noticed recently that my little girl is getting diaper rash regularly. Now I thought that you get less diaper rash with a cd then a disposable. I'm changing her every couple of hours or if I notice she is wet or dirty. When I used disposables I would always put Vaseline on her butt to protect it and have stopped doing that now with the cd. Could it be something wrong with the way I'm washing? My wash routine is this (I have an he fl washer)....
- Rinse cold water no spin
- Wash cold water hit buttons for heavy soil, pre-wash use 1 1/2 teaspoons All Free and Clear
- Wash hot water hit buttons for heavy soil, stain cycle, extra rinse and spin, use 1 1/2 teaspoons All Free and Clear
- Rinse cold water w/spin


text:
- Table View
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Introduction to Fire in Californiaby David Carle
Carle covers the basics of fire ecology; looks at the effects of fire on wildlife, soil, water, and air; discusses firefighting organizations and land management agencies; explains current policies; and explores many other topics.
Introduction to Water in Californiaby David Carle
This thoroughly engaging, concise book tells the story of California's most precious resource, tracing the journey of water in the state from the atmosphere to the snowpack to our faucets and foods. Along the way, we learn much about California itself as the book describes its rivers, lakes, wetlands, dams, and aqueducts and discusses the role of water in agriculture, the environment, and politics. Essential reading in a state facing the future with an overextended water supply, this fascinating book shows that, for all Californians, every drop counts. New to this updated edition: * Additional maps, figures, and photos * Expanded coverage of potential impacts to precipitation, snowpack, and water supply from climate change * Updated information about the struggle for water management and potential solutions * New content about sustainable groundwater use and regulation, desalination, water recycling, stormwater capture, and current proposals for water storage and diversion *Additional table summarizing water sources for 360 California cities and towns
Introduction to Water in Californiaby David Carle
This book is a natural history guide, but one that recognizes the overwhelming role of humanity in the story of California water. The focus here is on a contemporary understanding of the natural waterscape and watersheds of the state and of the extended watersheds that people created by redirecting water across the West. The goal is to help Californians better appreciate the water that emerges from their taps, what it takes to move it there, and what changes occur in environments along the way.
Traveling the 38th Parallel: A Water Line around the Worldby David Carle Janet Carle
Between extremes of climate farther north and south, the 38th North parallel line marks a temperate, middle latitude where human societies have thrived since the beginning of civilization. It divides North and South Korea, passes through Athens and San Francisco, and bisects Mono Lake in the eastern Sierra Nevada, where authors David and Janet Carle make their home. Former park rangers, the authors set out on an around-the-world journey in search of water-related environmental and cultural intersections along the 38th parallel. This book is a chronicle of their adventures as they meet people confronting challenges in water supply, pollution, wetlands loss, and habitat protection. At the heart of the narrative are the riveting stories of the passionate individuals--scientists, educators, and local activists--who are struggling to preserve some of the world's most amazing, yet threatened, landscapes. Traveling largely outside of cities, away from well-beaten tourist tracks, the authors cross Japan, Korea, China, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Greece, Sicily, Spain, Portugal, the Azores Islands, and the United States--from Chesapeake Bay to San Francisco Bay. The stories they gather provide stark contrasts as well as reaffirming similarities across diverse cultures. Generously illustrated with maps and photos, Traveling the 38th Parallel documents devastating environmental losses but also inspiring gains made through the efforts of dedicated individuals working against the odds to protect these fragile places.
Select your format based upon: 1) how you want to read your book, and 2) compatibility with your reading tool. To learn more about using Bookshare with your device, visit the Help Center.
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"DOORWAY TO CUMBERLAND ISLAND" Top 5 Page for this destination Saint Marys by mtncorg
Saint Marys Travel Guide: 40 reviews and 131 photos
This is an interesting destination in its own right, but the main reason you will end up here is to take the boat to Cumberland Island - unless you are in the Navy and being stationed and the neighboring King Bay Naval Base. St Marys is situated on the north bank of the St Marys River and is Georgia's last bastion on its southeastern boundary with the Sunshine State - Florida - to the south. The town sprawls towards I-95 to the west, but it is the old core along the river that is the most interesting area to see.
- Pros:Wonderful historical core
- Cons:Forgettable western fringes
- In a nutshell:Introduction to Coastal Georgia
Reviews (3)
This two-story hotel is located just across from the National Park dock for the Cumberland Island boat. The hotel was... more travel advice
The quiet of the river in the early morning fogs is quintessential of the torpid South. Birds wake from the night... more travel advice
This is the main reason for most to come to St Marys, to take the passenger ferry over to Cumberland Island. Best to get... more travel advice
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text: Quick View save 21% Dead Ice: An Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter Novel by Laurell K. Hamilton June 9, 2015 | Hardcover $33.95 list price $26.63 online In stock online Anita Blake has the highest kill count of any vampire executioner in the country. She's a U.S. Marshal who can raise zombies with the best of them. But ever since she and master vampire Jean-Claude went public with their engagement, all she is to anyone and everyone is Jean-Claude's… See Details was


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Glisson system = the base of liver surgery, includes biliary system, arterial system, and venous system 1st hilum: pinch hepatic artery at hilar to stop liver hemorrhage/ bleeding 2nd hilum: consists of left, middle, & right hepatic vein. If they are ruptured, massive bleeding will result 3rd Hilum: between IVC (Inferior vena cava) & liver
Couinaud's segmental anatomy of the liver: Liver is divided into 8 segments based on the hepatic venous distribution Segment I :located right in front of IVC. We need to separate liver before we can perform resection. Also, it is the most difficult to resect this segment because it receives both blood supply from hepatic artery and portal vein , and located posteriorly. Segment VI ,VII :are also located posteriorly
Hepatic Trauma: Penetrating trauma: bullets, knives, etc Blunt trauma: fall from height, crash Clinical manifestations: hypovolemic shock: Cyanosis,Cold clammy skinThready pulse,Fast heart rate, Low Blood Pressure Lab findings: anemia (fast blood loss) leukocytosis >15000×109/L Imaging scan: Ultrasonic: intra-abdominal fluid CT scan: most accurate technique
Treatment: non-operative Patients with stable minor injuries may be managed expectantly. Alcohol 4. including: contained subcapsular intrahepatic hematoma unilabor fracture no injuries to other organs stable minor injuries : Haemodynamically stable following resuscitation No persistent or increasing abdominal pain or tenderness No other peritoneal injuries that require laparotomy <4 units of blood transfusion required Indications for laparotomy: Stab or gunshot wounds that have penetrated the abdomen Signs of peritonitis Unexplained shock----uncontrolled shock after resus Uncontrolled haemorrhage Clinical deterioration during observation How to stop bleeding: Pringle's maneuver: Remove dead or devitalised liver tissue Ligate or repair damaged blood vessels and bile ducts Primary Liver Cancer: Hepatocellular carcinoma (80%) Intrahepatic Chlangiocarcinoma (15%) Mixed form (5%) Hepatocellular carcinoma: Commonest malignant tumour worldwide 80 % occur with cirrhotic livers Established viral infection – 10 years to develop chronic hepatitis – 20 years to develop cirrhosis – 30 years to develop carcinoma Risk Factors: most important risk factor is cirrhosis from any cause: 1. Hepatitis B (integrates in DNA) 2. Aflatoxin . Hepatitis C 3.
venous): Early arterial perfusion (fast come).tumor appears to be lighter than normal Early venous excretion (fast go Angiography: "Ball in Hand" shape PET : shows high metabolic rate of cancer Diagnosis: In common situation. seen in > 70% of patients AFP negtive account for 30% of HCC patients . HCC Has no special symptoms Lab findings: ↑Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) > 400 ng/ml . the diagnosis of HCC is determined by two parts: Liver mass detected by imaging technique Serum AFP > 400ng/ml last weapon you should use for diagnosis : BIOPSY Treatment: Arterial Chemoembolization <2 cm tumors: -Inject chemotherapy selectively in hepatic artery (doxorubicin) -Then inject an embolic agent (gelatin foam particles) -Only in patients with early cirrhosis -No role for systemic chemotherapy Radiofrequency Ablation <2 cm tumors Alcohol Injection-alcohol draws H2O out from tumor <2 cm tumors Partial hepatectomy >2 cm tumors . artery. thus AFP negative can not be used to exclude HCC Other liver function disorder is decided by the level of cirrhosis CA199 ↑ in cholangiocarcinoma Imaging: 3 phagic CT scan (common.
Liver resection: A fit patient with a healthy liver will regenerate a 75 % resection within three months Segmental anatomy with each of the eight segments supplied by its own branch of the hepatic artery. pancreases. and melanoma Mild cholestatic picture (ALP. Metastatic cancer originated from stomach.used to assess success of liver transplantation Tumors 5 cm or < in diameter in patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma No more than 3 tumor nodules Each has 3 cm or < in diameter in patients with multiple tumors Metastatic Neoplasms: most common site for blood born metastases Common primaries : colon. LDH) with preserved liver function Imaging or FNA (fine needle aspiration) Treatment depends on the primary cancer In some cases resection or chemoembolization is possible If the primary cancer can't be resected. lung. portal vein and bile ducts Mortality lower than 5 % Benign Tumors and Cysts: Cysts Hemangioma *** Focal nodular hyperplasia Adenoma . stomach. then metastatic/ secondary cancer will be left untouched Colorectal liver metastasis: 8-10 % of patients undergoing curative resection of colorectal tumours have isolated liver metastasis suitable for liver resection 5-year survival after resection 30 % Metastatic cancer originated from colon. is inoperable and prognosis is poor . breast.Transplantation (Milan criteria for HCC).prognosis is good. can be treated by resection.
do not communicate with the biliary tree. hepatic resection . large. similar to simple cysts Generally asymptomatic.Polycysts also considered as congenital malformations Thin walled Contain clear fluid Contain no septa or debris Surrounded by normal liver tissue asymptomatic Present in 1 % of population Treatment: Thick walled cysts and those containing septa. other cysts will enlarge Polycystic liver disease: Incidence 3 % Polycysts are commonly seen in patients with polycystic kidney disease. 50% of cases. Liver transplantation only used with progressive disease after fenestration or resection with liver or renal dysfunction . and do not have septations. numerous cysts may cause abdominal pain and distention Treatment : reserved for severe symptoms related to large cysts and complications Treatment is by percutaneous aspiration. Histologically.Liver Cysts: Characteristics of simple cysts: Simple cysts of the liver contain serous fluid. fenestration. Histologically. or orthotopic liver transplantation.. Deroofing one of cyst in polycysts. a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that have no atypia . line these cysts. nodules or echogenic fluid may be cystic tumours Only symptomatic or > 10cm cysts need treatment most popular treatment is laparoscopic cyst fenestration (Deroofing) Deroofing can only be done on simple cysts. the cysts are singular. Simple cysts are generally regarded as congenital malformations.
not suitable for resection Liver cell adenoma: Predominantly in women of childbearing age associated with steroid hormone use such as oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) female-to-male ratio is approximately 11:1 usually singular. but multiple lesions have been reported in 12% to 30% of cases cases with multiple adenomas are not associated with OCP use and don't have as dramatic a female preponderance.Haemangiomas***: Incidence 3 % Malignant transformation and spontaneous rupture are rare Diagnosis by contrast enhanced CT Resection is indicated only for large symptomatic tumours Large & outside the liver resection is needed Imaging: 3 phagic CT scan: Early arterial perfusion (fast come) Late venous excretion (slow go) Symptoms and Treatment: Most are asymptomatic Only symptomatic or >8-10cm need operative treatment – partial hepatectomy In liver parenchyma. Labs: AFP =Normal CT: usually demonstrates a well-circumscribed heterogenous mass that shows early enhancement during the arterial phase Treatment: Risk of malignant transformation 10 % Liver resection necessary .
cholangiocarcinoma. diverticulitis. metronidazole .Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH): 2nd most common benign tumor of the liver and predominantly discovered in young women Usually small (<5 cm) nodular mass arising in a normal liver that involves the right and left liver equally.Labs and Treatment: AFP is normal Characterized by central fibrous scar with radiating septa Usually asymptomatic Not premalignant does not require treatment unless symptomatic Sometimes diagnosis difficult to establish – histology should be determined after surgical resection Hepatic Liver Abcess: Pyogenic liver abscess: Clinical Features : Right upper quadrant pain and tenderness Nocturnal fevers and sweats Anorexia and weight Raised right hemidiaphram in chest radiograph Raised white cell count with mild anaemia Origins and causes of pyogenic liver abscess: Biliary tract – Gall stones. Antibiotics – Penicillin . Crohn's disease Hepatic artery .endocarditis Direct extension of: Gallbladder empyema Trauma Treatment: When the diagnosis of pyogenic hepatic abscess is suspected. aminoglycoside (or cephalosporin). broad-spectrum IV antibiotics are started immediately to control ongoing bacteremia and its associated complications. strictures Portal vein – Appendicitis. Symptoms .
eight hourly for seven days to eliminate intestinal amoebae Surgery: Surgical drainage is required only if the abscess has ruptured causing amoebic peritonitis.avoidance of general anesthesia and laparotomy Drainage requirements for liver abscesses :– Open surgery Failed percutaneous drainage Very large or multilocular abscesses Associated intra-abdominal infection requiring surgery such as bile duct stones Amoebic liver abscess Epidemiology: 10 % of the world's population chronically infected 3rd commonest parasitic cause of death Symptoms of amoebic liver abscess: Pain Enlarged liver with maximal tenderness over abscess Intermittent fever with night sweats Weight loss Nausea Vomiting Cough Dyspnoea Diagnosis: Serological tests Stool may contain protozoal cysts Abscess usually solitary – right lobe in 80% of cases Abscess contains sterile pus and reddish-brown liquefied necrotic liver tissue Treatment: 95 % resolve with metronidazole alone (800 mg three times a day for five days) After the abscess – diloxanide furate 500 mg.Drainage requirements for liver abscesses: No multiple small abscesses that respond to antibiotics Percutaneous aspiration – abscesses <6cm Percutaneous catheter drainage – abscesses >6cm advantages are simplicity of treatment . .
5% sodium hypochlorite Surgery . cysts are carefully shelled out by peeling endocyst off the host ectocyst layer along its cleavage plane Treatment II: Bile leakages are sutured cavity is drained and filled with omentum Liver resection seldom necessary Albendazole is given for two weeks postoperatively . cholangitis Diagnosis: Ultrasonography. Aspiration of cysts and replacement by a scolicidal agent such as 0. computed tomography Serological tests CT shows hydatid cyst: daughter cysts containing hydatid are visible within main cyst Treatment I: Surgery – 1.2. anaphylactic shock.Hydatid disease: Presentation: Liver enlargement Right upper quadrant pain Rupture of the cyst into the peritoneal cavity –urticaria. eosinophilia Erosion into bile duct – jaundice.
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That seems to have been pulled. In that case you'll need 10.8.3 or later.
i have iphoto 11 on my mac book pro. I have a cannon sx50hs which I have been using for a few months. Iphoto import jpegs no trouble but I want to import Raw photo images but iphoto refuses stating photographes not compatable. any suggestions
Note the search box...
To access the Raws on that camera you'll need iPhoto 11 or Aperture 3 and Digital Camera RAW Compatibility Update 4.01
I have iphoto 11 9.1.5 do you have a link for the others. just seen i have to buy aperture 79$ think again.
No you don't have to buy Aperture. You don't have to buy anything. Just update your iPhoto - the current version is 9.4.3 so you're quite a way behind - and then install the Camera Raw updates.
where do i find the camera raw updates got 9.4.3
Note the search box...
sorry to be a pain, not sure what you mean by note the search box, i can find lots of updates for various canons but not the sx50hs, do i need to update from 10.7.5 thanks for your help so far.
That seems to have been pulled. In that case you'll need 10.8.3 or later.
during the night i downloaded 10.8.3 just updating everything i will let you know
OK 10.8.3 with a couple of updates worked now can import Raw into iphoto thanks for your help
Ok I can get RAW pictures into Iphoto but I can move the picture into Photoshop elements keep getting the pop up could not complete because of program error
1. Have you set Elements as an external editor?
http://barbarabrundage.com/2011/10/05/adobe-hide-and-seek-setting-pse-10-as-exte rnal-editor/
2. What program error?
I get so far with trying to set elements as external editor and a pop up appears blue box pse Could not complete your request because of a program error. I have Adobe Elements 9.
Sorry I have no idea what
and a pop up appears blue box pse
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Glenn Hubbard: why do we need Social Security?
Boom, Bust, or What? Larry Summers and Glenn Hubbard Square Off on Our Economic Future. Planet Money's Adam Davidson profiles Glenn Hubbard (chair of the Council of Economic Advisors under George W. Bush, and advisor to Romney) and Lawrence Summers (Treasury Secretary under Clinton, and director of the National Economic Council under Obama). After talking to them one-on-one for several months, he gets them together in the same room.
Hubbard suggested turning Social Security and Medicare into smaller programs that help "the least well off among us." With smaller social-insurance programs, the government can prevent tax increases and shrink the debt burden. That, he said, would lead to broad economic growth.[more inside]
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