text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 20, 1978
|Filing date
|Sep 20, 1974
|Priority date
|Jun 4, 1973
|Publication number
|Donald L. Thomsen, Ferdinand J. Herpers, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Tennant Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (25), Classifications (15)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation application of Ser. No. 366,429, filed June 4, 1973, now abandoned, which application Ser. No. 366,429 was a Divisional of Ser. No. 188,760, filed Oct. 13, 1971, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,753,777.
A method of scrubbing surfaces such as floors and pavements with a scrubbing machine wherein the same cleaning solution is recycled and reused after filtering out solid material from the recovered cleaning solution.
Experiments have been conducted with a hydrocyclone to try to clarify dirty scrub water for possible use in scrubbing machines; however, due to the fineness and low densities of the colloidal particles in the dirty scrub water, only a small fraction of the weight of the suspended particles are successively removed. As a result of the remaining particles of dirt the scrub water that outflows from the hydrocyclone is still too dirty for reuse.
In the prior art, filters, including reverse osmosis systems, have been tried in order to clarify water for recycling in a scrubbing machine. However, due to the small size of the dirt particles and large number of them in the dirty scrub water, the filters plug quickly and thus require frequent cleaning or changing. The filters must be extremely fine to remove the small particles and thus plug quickly, and require considerable power to operate. Centrifuges have also been tried for clarifying dirty scrub water for reuse in scrubbing machines, but the high cost of centrifuges and associated equipment together with high power requirements make centrifuges impractical in a scrubbing machine
The present day scrubbing process most frequently used involves providing at least two solution tanks on a scrubbing machine, one being a clean solution tank that contains clean water and detergent for scrubbing and a second being a dirty solution tank into which the recovered dirty scrub water is returned. When all the clean solution has been used for scrubbing, the machine is returned to a suitable refilling point where the dirty solution tank is emptied and the clean solution tank is filled, and thence the machine is returned to the point where the scrubbing operation is recommenced. The dirty water is usually dumped down the drain causing further problems for waste treatment facilities and causing pollution problems. It has been estimated that up to 30 to 50% of the machine use time with this type of operation is in the clean solution preparation, the emptying of the dirty solution tank and transport time back and forth from the work area to the fill and empty point. On scrubbers now in use only one half of the existing tank capacity is useful for containing cleaning solution because the other one half must be used to hold recovered dirty scrub water.
In scrubbing surfaces the fine particles of dirt become uniformly dispersed in the scrubbing solution on the surface and when the dirty water is picked up (usually with a squeegee,) the thin film of water that is left on the surface after squeegeeing also carries these fine dirt particles and when the residual water dries, a film of dirt is left on the surface, even with the most efficient squeeging system.
Frequently, it is necessary to go over the scrubbed surface a second time with clean rinse water in the clean solution tank in order to remove a part of the dirty film left on the surface after the first scrubbing operation.
In order to overcome problems such as the above, including minimizing the frequency of having to replenish the clean solution supply, reducing dumping and travel time as well as overcoming other problems, this invention has been made.
A process for wet scrubbing surfaces that includes adding a flocculating agent, with or without the addition of a detergent to the clean solution dispensed on the surface to be cleaned, agitating the cleaning solution dispensed on the surface to loosen dirt thereon and removing the dirty solution from the surface. In a scrubbing machine the process includes separating the formed flocs out of the cleaning solution removed from the surface, returning the separated solution directly to the surface or to a clean solution tank provided on the machine so the cleaning solution can be reused, if desired.
An object of the invention is to make the small dirt particles in scrub water to floc together into large enough flocs or agglomerates so that the flocs can be easily separated from the scrub water without the severe plugging previously encountered.
An object is to present a machine that can utilize scrubbing solution containing flocculation agents and recover solution containing the flocs and separate out the flocs so the recovered, clarified solution can be reused for additional scrubbing.
An object is to form large flocs on the surface before the solution is picked up. The large flocs are suspended and a film of clarified solution is left on the surface behind the pick up means.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of one machine for carrying out the process of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of a second machine for carrying out the process of this invention; and
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of a mobile scrubbing machine using a double brush scrubber and a form of separator for flocs which deposits clarified solution back on the surface for reuse.
Broadly this invention is directed to using polyelectrolytes in a scrubbing that is utilized in scrubbing a surface such as floors, pavements, walls, and the like to provide flocculation of the soilage right on the surface, and removing the flocculation dirty solution from the surface. In floor or surface scrubbing machines steps of filtering out the flocs and recycling the filtered solution to effectively use the solution more than once is included. In most scrubbing operations the polyelectrolyte is to be used in combination with a compatible detergent or soap. The normal small particles are made to floc together to form large flocs which can withstand mechanical action and which can be separated from the solution without constantly plugging filters or screens.
The inclusion of polyelectrolytes in the solvent (usually water) in the cleaning solution tank of a scrubbing machine, which solution is applied to the surface to be cleaned, together with agitation of the solution on the surface, results in the immediate formation of flocs on the surface. The flocs, because of air entrainment or other reasons tend to remain suspended or to float so that a film of clarified solution is left on the surface after the solution is removed to actually clean rinse the surface. The flocs may be readily separated out of the recovered solution. The clarified filtered solution is reused during the scrubbing operation. In the "Condensed Chemical Dictionary", 7th ed, 1966, published by Reinhold Publishing Company polyelectrolytes are defined as follows: "High molecular weight electrolytes of either natural origin (proteins, polysaccharides) or of a synthetic nature . . . They may be either weak or strong electrolytes. Since the polyelectrolytes in solution do not disassociate to give a uniform distribution of positive and negative ions, as do simple electrolytes, the ions of one sign are bound to the polymer chain. Thus for instance, the positive charges may be in the polymer chain, and only negative ions will be free to diffuse through the solvent".
The actual mechanics of flocculation with the aid of a high molecular weight polyelectrolyte is not fully understood. There have been papers written describing various theories, but the actual mode of action is not well understood, and descriptions are usually written in generalities. There are two basic actions that seem to be the starting points for most theories. When the polyelectrolyte is highly ionic in nature, it may work by charge neutralization on the charged particles in suspension, permitting them to agglomerate. Polyelectrolytes of very high molecular weight also may become physically adsorbed on two or more particles per molecule, which is called bridging. The neutralization of electrical charges on the adsorbed polyelectrolyte molecules then may cause it to coil and to become enmeshed with agglomerates of other molecules with similar particle holding characteristics.
With the wetting and emulsifying power of a detergent the following theory of flocculation with the aid of high molecular weight polyelectrolytes for use in scrubbers is offered as one plausible mode of action. The system that is to be described is one of a solution composed of water, high molecular weight polyelectrolyte and a compatible detergent. The detergent releases the particles from the soiled surface by emulsifying and wetting them. At this point on present scrubbing machines, the puddle on the surface has fine dirt particles dispersed throughout so that as the squeegee passes, it leaves a film of this dirt containing solution which dries and leaves a small portion of the dirt particles on the surface. With a high molecular weight polyelectrolyte in solution the dirt detergent micelles and colloids in the solution agglomerate and large flocs are formed. These flocs are then light enough to suspend in the solution or even float. The suspension or floatation does require agitation to be most effective. This suspension or floatation may be due to surface tension, air inclusions or other reasons, but in any event the flocs do not settle out rapidly so the area between the agitation means and the subsequently operable solution pickup means is rinsed with essentially clean solution. Also, in a machine, as the squeegee passes over the puddle, these large suspended or floating agglomerates are easily picked up with the cleaning solution. Because the solution left on the surface by the squeegee is of clarified water, when the film dries there are few, if any dirt particles left. A light penetrating process for comparing surface cleanliness illustrates the benefit of the film of clarified water on the surface and is described in detail subsequently in this specification.
It has been noted that some combinations of polyelectrolytes and detergents did not work until a metal salt flocculating aid, for example ferric chloride (Fe Cl3), was added to the solution. Immediately large tough flocs were formed that were easily removed leaving a well clarified scrub water. One explanation of this phenomena may be that the metallic salt ionically alters surface electrical charges to permit more effective action by the polyelectrolyte. In some examples the flocculating aid permits a reduction of the polyelectrolyte used, resulting in greater economy for similar results.
Water soluble synthetic polyelectrolytes usable in this invention comprise polymers having molecular weights of at least 5,000 including for example, polyacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamide with copolymerizable monomers such as acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, diacetone acrylamide and other N-substituted acrylamides, sulfonated polystyrene, polyethyleneimine, polymers of diallyl quaternary ammonium monomers, polyacrylic acid and its salts, polyamines, and polyethylene oxide. Since the water soluble synthetic polyelectrolytes disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,345,841 and 3,492,224 may be used as well as others, a more detailed listing is not believed necessary.
Water soluble natural polyelectrolytes usable in this invention include guar gums (polysaccharides), starch derivatives and modified starches, carageen moss, sodium alginate and other natural polyelectrolytes well known in the art.
Usually it is desirable (although not necessary) to incorporate a detergent or soap in the cleaning solution. The type of detergents that are usable include for example an alkyl sulfate, an alkyl sulfonate, an alkyl-aryl sulfonate, sulfonated amide (all anionic); a fatty acid-polyethylene condensate, a phenol-polyethylene glycol condensate, an alcohol-polyethylene glycol condensate, a mercaptan-polyethylene glycol condensate (all nonionic); and quaternary ammonium and tertiary amines obtained after condensing ethylene oxide with fatty acids (all cationic). The chemical nature of detergents is vast, and the above list is for illustrative purposes to indicate the wide range of utility and not for limitation.
All detergents do not work well with all polyelectrolytes. However, generally a cationic polyelectrolyte works well with either a nonionic or anionic detergent, a nonionic polyelectrolyte works with a cationic or nonionic detergent and an anionic polyelectrolyte works with a cationic or nonionic detergent. With ampholytic detergents the pH of the scrubbing solution is the major factor in choice of polyelectrolyte. In addition to the compatability of the detergent and polyelectrolyte, other conditions influencing the selection of the particular detergent and polyelectrolyte to be used together include pH of the solution, the type and amount of soilage on the surface to be cleaned and concentrations of the detergent and polyelectrolyte.
A simple test to determine whether or not a given polyelectrolyte is suitable, or combination of polyelectrolyte and detergent or soap is suitable, for carrying out the invention comprises placing known quantities of each ingredient including water containing soil in different order in a glass container, covering the container, manually shaking vigorously for a few seconds, letting the container set a few seconds, and then visually observing to see if flocs are formed and if clarification of water results. For example, dirt, polyelectrolyte and detergent in known amounts can be added to 100 ml of water in the container; or in place of dirt and water, dirty scrub water from the area to be cleaned can be used.
If no detergent or soap is used, and the polyelectrolyte does clarify the water, or form flocs, it is suitable. If a particular polyelectrolyte in combination with a particular detergent did flocculate dirt from a dirty solution, then the particular combination of detergent and polyelectrolyte tested is considered suitable. If a particular combination of polyelectrolyte and detergent in dirty water resulted in most of the detergent coming out of solution with the flocs (usually apparent as a slime) or if the detergent comes out of solution without flocculating the soilage, then the detergent-polyelectrolyte combination is considered unsuitable. However, as previously indicated, for example, some combinations that are not suitable may become so with addition of a flocculant aid such as ferric chloride, incorporated in the solution.
The pH of a solution makes quite a difference in the effectiveness of a given polyelectrolyte and a range of pH is generally suggested by the manufacturer of the polyelectrolyte. Thus it is desirable but not necessary that the cleaning solution include a suitable buffering agent so that the filtered dirty scrub water maintains a fairly small range in pH value. The actual pH and pH range most suitable varies from one combination of detergent and polyelectrolyte to another.
Although the desirable concentration of polyelectrolyte in a cleaning solution for carrying the process of this invention varies from one polyelectrolyte to another and the concentration of and type of detergent or soap, if any, in the solution, and the concentration of and type of flocculating aid, if any, the useful limit range of polyelectrolyte is about 0.0002 to 5%, (by weight) of the solution with the usual desired range being 0.001% to 2%; while the desirable amount of detergent in solution, if used, usually will be in the range of about 0.5% to 15% (by weight) of the solution. Generally, if a given detergent is compatible with a particular polyelectrolyte, it is compatible at any reasonable and useful concentration of either the detergent or the polyelectrolyte.
It has further been found that the surface cleaning results from the use of a particular polyelectrolyte or a particular combination of a polyelectrolyte and detergent (or soap) may be enhanced with the addition of small amounts of metal flocculent aids. Examples are ferric chloride, alum and ferrous sulfate. These metal flocculant aids are generally polyvalent and are well known and used in water and sewage treatment plants to effect improved solids precipitation.
One diagrammatic illustration of a machine suitable for carrying out this invention for scrubbing surfaces is shown in FIG. 1 wherein a mobile scrubbing machine, generally designated 10, includes power source, such as an engine 10A or an electric drive motor mounted on a frame represented by the outline box 10B. The engine is used to power the components of the machine and also to propel the machine, if desired. Also an operators seat and steering controls may be provided. A power driven scrub brush 11 is rotatably mounted on the machine frame and driven from engine 10A. A solution tank 12, is mounted on the frame and a source of vacuum such as a motor driven vacuum pump or suction blower 13 is fluidly connected to the top of tank 12 by a line 14 to apply a vacuum to the tank. A squeegee 15 (or other suitable recovery apparatus) is mounted on the rear part of the frame and engages a surface 25 for collecting dirty scrubbing solution from the surface. A line 16 is connected to tank 12 and extends adjacent to or is connected to the squeegee for returning the dirty scrubbing solution collected by the squeegee to tank 12 under vacuum. A pump 18 and a strainer or filter screen 19 are connected in series in a line 20 that is connected between the bottom of tank 12 and discharge line 21. The line 21 is connected to a solution distributor line or nozzles 22 that discharge clean scrubbing solution onto the surface 25 to be cleaned, forwardly of the brush 11 in the normal forward direction of motion of the machine indicated by arrow 26. A control valve 23 is provided in line 21 to control discharge of clean solution onto surface 25.
When the solution is recycled several times between changes of cleaning solution in tank 12, the strainer must have capacity to permit several recycling operations. The strainer may be, for example, a loose woven cloth or throw away paper insert or a wire screen (for example 80 mesh wire screen) to separate out the large floc from the dirty solution. The screen 19 may be located in any number of desired locations, for example, right in tank 12, in line 16, at the squeegee 15 or as shown on the inlet of pump 18.
The drives for the machine are only illustrated schematically but could be belt, chain or hydraulic drives with remote motors. Scrubbing machines of the general type are well known in the art, but because of the essence of this invention, the formation of large flocs allows the use of a relatively open strainer in the circulation line permitting reuse of the clarified solution. The flocs can be separated out easily without plugging the strainer because the openings can be quite large, and the floc will readily fall off the screen after they are separated from the cleaning solution. A vertically oriented screen, for example could be vibrated and the large flocs collected in a bottom tray or compartment.
The brush illustrated for agitation is shown as a rotary brush extending across the machine but the agitation means could be disc type brushes, or reciprocating brush sections. The agitation also could be done with spray nozzles to agitate the solution carrying the polyelectrolyte with soilage on the surface to get proper flocculation. The term "agitation means" is therefore to be broadly construed.
With reference to FIG. 2, there is shown a scrubbing machine, generally designated 30, which instead of using only one tank has a clean solution tank 17 and a recovery tank 31. Dirty scrubbing solution collected by squeegee 15 is returned through line 16 to tank 31 while a vacuum from source 13 is applied through line 14 to tank 31. A pump 18 and strainer 19 are connected in series in a line 20 that extends between the recovery tank 31 and the clean solution tank 17. A line 21 connects the clean solution tank 17 to a solution distributor line 22 which has nozzles or openings to deposit solution on the surface.
Although the strainer 19 has been shown outside of the tanks, it may be physically located for example in either of tanks 31 or 17 or in line 16 or on squeege 15 as long as it is of a construction that material separated out of the solution passed therethrough is retained within a fixed space and the flocs separated out are not allowed to flow with the solution being discharged from the tank for application to the surface being cleaned. Thus, for example, in the first form of the invention line 16 may extend into tank 12 and a filter may be mounted on the discharge end of the line or in squeegee assembly 15 to retain the flocs within the interior of the filter.
A valve 32 in line 20 can be closed off and the unit used as an ordinary two tank scrubbing machine. One tank for clean solution and one for recovery of dirty scrubbing solution. The valve 32 is open for illustration of this invention.
A scrubbing machine showing agitation brushes, a solution tank, vacuum blower and the general arrangement for squeegees is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,197,798.
In carrying out the process of this invention, which is schematically illustrated in the drawings in connection with the machines, the cleaning solution tank 12 or 17 is filled with a cleaning solution, which by way of illustration will be considered to include a detergent and a compatible polyelectrolyte. Thereafter the machine 10 or 30 is moved to the area to be cleaned, the valve 23 is opened to apply the cleaning solution on the surface or on the brushes. The brushes, or other suitable agitation means, loosens the dirt and soilage on the surface; the detergent aiding in loosening and emulsifying the soilage. The polyelectrolyte in the solution together with the agitation causes the dirt to form strong large flocs which suspend or float in the solution on the surface between the brush and the squeegee 15. This stratifies the puddle on the surface into a suspension of flocs and a layer of clear solution on top of the surface being cleaned. The vacuum applied to the tank 12 or 31 results in the solution and flocs adjacent the squeegee to flow through line 16 to the tank 12 or 31. Because the film of solution on the surface is substantially clear and free of dirt, only a thin film of clarified cleaning solution remains on the surface behind the squeegee. The above mentioned agitation (brush) helps to clean the surface, aids in the flocculation process and may introduce air into the flocs. Solution can be removed easily from the floor or surface by various means, for example with the vacuum and rubber squeegee leaving a clean surface.
As the cleaning solution with suspended flocs flows through the strainer 19, regardless of its position and toward the discharge line 21, the flocs are separated out of the solution. If there is a screen or filter on either end of line 16, most of the flocs would be retained in this screen.
FIG. 3 illustrates the use of a double brush scrubbing unit for agitation and to illustrate another way scrubbing solution can be recirculated and reused in a machine for carrying out the process. A frame 40 rotatably mounts a pair of brushes 41 and 42 which extend transversely to the direction of movement of the unit shown by arrow 43. The frame can be mounted on wheels or supported by a power vehicle. A double brush scrubber of this type is disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 72,275 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,488, Filed Sept. 15, 1970. The brushes 41 and 42 may be rotated by power source 44 in a desired direction as indicated by the arrows on the brushes. The brushes may be rotated in opposite or same direction as desired. A solution tank 45 is provided as is a vacuum source 46 which applies a vacuum to tank 45 and draws solution from a squeegee 47 through a line 48 and a strainer or filter 49 in line 48 into the tank 45. The solution is pumped with pump 50 through a valve 51 in a line 52 to a solution distributor line 53. The solution is applied to the surface 54 and as the unit is moved in the direction of arrow 43 the brushes 41 and 42 agitate the solution, and actually pick up the solution on the surface and carry it up against a deflector 55 mounted on the frame. The deflector directs the major portion of the solution over brush 41. A screen trap trough 56 is mounted adjacent the brush 41 in the path of material carried by the brush and has a screen 57 dividing the trough so that solution flows onto the screen 57 and the flocs are held on the top of the screen while the liquid, which is clarified as it passes through the screen, is returned to the surface 54 for reuse directly without going back through tank 45 and distributor 53.
The squeegee 47 is used to collect the solution which remains on the surface after passage of the double brush unit.
The distributor line 53 is used to add sufficient solution to the surface to make up for the used solution picked up by the squeegee. The material which is picked up by the squeegee is strained through strainer or filter 49 and the clarified solution is recycled and reused.
The flocs again are large and either float or are suspended sufficiently so that the flocs are all picked up and a clear film or solution is all that is left on the surface after the squeegee has passed. Therefore the squeegee acts as a floc-solution separator to leave a clarified solution film on the surface without small dirt particles in the film.
As a result of providing the polyelectrolyte, the solution passed through the filter or strainer is clarified, but still contains detergent and polyelectrolyte. Thus the solution may be recycled a number of times, the number in part depending on the amount of solution left on the surface behind the squeegee. When the solution is all used the machine is returned to the filling point, the collected flocs carrying the dirt particles from the surface scrubbed being disposed of in a suitable refuse container rather than being discharged into the sewer system, and the clean solution tank is refilled with the solution containing flocculating agent and if desired soap or detergent.
Any suitable type of pump may be used for pumping the cleaning solution from the tank to be applied to the brush or surface; for example it may be electrically, mechanically or hydraulically powered, and it may be self priming. The pump is used to overcome the vacuum head in the tank. However, other pickup and recirculation systems can be used. For example, instead of using a vacuum to move the material from the squeegee to the tanks 12, 31, or 45, a suitable pump may be connected in the return line 16 or 48 and the liquid may feed from the tank (12, 31, or 45) to the surface by only gravity flow. The strainer trough of FIG. 3 is gravity flow for filtering and recycling of solution.
In place of a brush for furnishing agitation, the cleaning solution from the tank may be directed under high pressure by discharge nozzles, preferably discharging downwardly and forwardly in the normal direction of forward movement of the machine.
The manner of obtaining a cleaning solution containing a polyelectrolyte flocculating agent and a compatible detergent or soap can be varied. For example, a number of polyelectrolytes can be added in a concentrated form to a powdered detergent, next dried, then regranulated and thereafter mixed with water to form the cleaning solution. If the polyelectrolyte is of a type that it does not go into solution relatively rapidly, then desirably a concentrated aqueous solution is made ahead of time, and thereafter the concentrated solution and detergent are mixed with water to form the cleaning solution.
Also, dispensers may be provided to discharge metered amounts of the detergent and/or polyelectrolyte respectively into a cleaning solution already in the tank. Further it is possible to place a slowly dissolvable cake of detergent and/or polyelectrolyte in the tank to maintain the desired concentration of detergent and/or polyelectrolyte in the cleaning solution over a longer length of time.
It has been found that the polyelectrolytes that are effective in the process of this invention are those which are capable of increasing the agglomeration of the colloidal particles, as well as other entrained solids, in the scrubbing solution on the surface being cleaned to a size that can be easily removed from the solution to leave a clarified water having most of the soilage particles removed therefrom. The flocs formed must be strong enough so they will not mechanically be redispersed before separation, they must be large enough to be easily separated and they must be effective enough to clarify the cleaning solution for reuse. For satisfactory operations, the polyelectrolyte used is of a type so that the polyelectrolyte remaining in solution after the removal of the agglomerates (flocs) is virtually unchanged from that in the initial solution whereby it will effectively remove solids during each subsequent cycle.
As indicated various polyelectrolytes are compatible with cationic detergents. Since cationic detergents are greatly used as disinfectants, the process of this invention can be used in scrubbing operations where disinfectant detergents are required.
In examples 1-27 of Table II, the concentrations used are 1% detergent, 0.01% flocculent and 1% each type of dirt except scrub water with solids of 0.5% by weight of the solution. For each example the listed ingredients were mixed as indicated in the above described test and the mixture allowed to set. Then the size of flocs was estimated and a visual observation of the clarity of the liquid was made. With reference to Tennant #670 and Tennant #622 which are a liquid nonionic, slightly alkaline detergent based on polyethanol and alkylolamide condensates and an anionic powdered detergent of medium alkalinity based on alkyl aryl sulfonate and sodium lauryl sulphate types of detergents respectively made and sold by Tennant Company, while Catanac-SN is a liquid cationic detergent based on stearamide ammonium nitrate detergent sold by American Cyanamid.
The flocculents of various examples are listed by tradename of the companies as follows and have a chemical base as indicated in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________POLY-ELECTROLYTEFLOCCULENTS CHEMICAL BASE PROPRIETOR______________________________________Jaguar 22A Modified Guar Gum Stein, Hall and Co.Coagulant 2 Polyelectrolyte Calgon CorporationCoagulant 18 Polyelectrolyte " BentoniteCoagulant 226 Polyelectrolyte "Coagulant 235 Polyelectrolyte "Cat-floc Polyelectrolyte "Magnifloc 560 Polyelectrolyte American Cyanamid CompanyMagnifloc 570 Polyelectrolyte "Magnifloc 836A Polyelectrolyte "Magnifloc 820A Polyacrylamide "Magnifloc 837 Polyacrylamide "Magnifloc 837A Polyacrylamide "Magnifloc 865A Polyacrylamide "Magnifloc 900N Polyacrylamide "Magnifloc 901N Polyacrylamide "Magnifloc 905N Polyacrylamide " Dow ChemicalPurfloc A-23 Polyelectrolyte CompanyPurfloc C-31 Polyamine "Purfloc N-11 Polyacrylamide "Purfloc N-12 Polyacrylamide "Purfloc N-17 Polyacrylamide "Separan C-41 Polyelectrolyte "Gendriv 162 Modified Guar Gum (General MillsGendriv 158 Modified Guar Gum (Chemicals, Inc.XG458-S Modified Guar Gum "Sanfax Duplix Proprietary Sludge Oxford Chemical Treatment Product Company______________________________________
In the following tables, the Magnifloc products are proprietary products of American Cyanamide Company, the Coagulant products of Calgon Corporation, the Purfloc and Separan products of Dow Chemical Company, and Gendriv products and XG 458-S of General Mills Chemicals, Inc. In the examples of each of Tables III-V, the dirt used was A.C. Fine at 1%, and the detergent at 1% and flocculent 0.01% by weight of the solution. As to the examples of Table III, no flocculent aid was added to the solution while for the example of Table IV, ferric chloride was added to the solution in an amount to be about 0.05% by weight of the solution, and for the examples of Table V, alum was added to the solution in an amount to be 5% by weight. A visual observation was made and the results graded as to the suitability of the combination for flocculating dirt, the relative sizes of flocs formed and the appearance of the liquid in the container after the flocs had formed.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________ FlocculentDetergent Trade Estimated Floc EstimatedName Charge Concentration Name Charge Dirt Size (inches) Clarity__________________________________________________________________________1 Tennant #622 Anionic 1% Coagulant 226 Cationic A.C. Fine 1/16 - 1/32 Translucent2 (Powder) Coagulant 226 Cationic Kaolin Clay 1/16 - 1/32 Translucent3 Coagulant 226 Cationic Scrub Water 1/16 - 1/32 Translucent4 Magnifloc 901N Nonionic A.C. Fine > 1/16 Clear5 Magnifloc 901N Nonionic Kaolin Clay 1/16 - 1/32 Translucent6 Magnifloc 901N Nonionic Scrub Water 1/16 - 1/32 Translucent7 Purifloc A-23 Anionic A.C. Fine Did not floc Opaque8 Purifloc A-23 Anionic Kaolin Clay Did not floc Opaque9 Purifloc A-23 Anionic Scrub Water Did not floc Opaque10 Tennant #670 Nonionic 1% Magnifloc 560 Cationic A.C. Fine > 1/16 Clear11 (Liquid) Magnifloc 560 Cationic Kaolin Clay > 1/16 Translucent12 Magnifloc 560 Cationic Scrub Water > 1/16 Clear13 Magnifloc 905N Nonionic A.C. Fine 1/16 - 1/32 Clear14 Magnifloc 905N Nonionic Kaolin Clay > 1/16 Clear15 Magnifloc 905N Nonionic Scrub Water > 1/16 Translucent16 Magnifloc 837 Anionic A.C. Fine Did not floc Opaque17 Magnifloc 837 Anionic Kaolin Clay Did not floc Opaque18 Magnifloc 837 Anionic Scrub Water Did not floc Opaque19 Catanac - SN Cationic 1% Magnifloc 570 Cationic A.C. Fine Did not floc Opaque20 (Liquid) Magnifloc 570 Cationic Kaolin Clay Did not floc Opaque21 Magnifloc 570 Cationic Scrub Water Did not floc Opaque22 Coagulant 2 Nonionic A.C. Fine < 1/16 Translucent23 Coagulant 2 Nonionic Kaolin Clay < 1/16 Translucent24 Coagulant 2 Nonionic Scrub Water < 1/16 Translucent25 Coagulant 235 Anionic A.C. Fine < 1/16 Clear26 Coagulant 235 Anionic Kaolin Clay < 1/16 Clear27 Coagulant 235 Anionic Scrub Water < 1/16 Clear__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________WITHOUT ADDITIVES - DIRT A.C. FINE Flocculent MolecularDetergent Charge (Trade Name) Charge Weight Chemical Base Remarks__________________________________________________________________________28 Tennant #670 Nonionic Gendriv 162 Cationic Guar Gum Excellent* Large/Clear29 XG 458-S Cationic Guar Gum Good-Excellent Med/Trans30 Tennant #622 Anionic Purifloc C-31 Cationic Polyamine Good Med/Trans31 Magnifloc 865A Anionic 4�106 Polyacrylamide Good-Excellent Large/Trans32 Catanac-SN Cationic Purifloc N-12 Nonionic Polyacrylamide Good-Excellent Large/Trans33 Purifloc A-23 Anionic Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent Large/Trans34 Magnifloc 820A Anionic 6�106 Polyacrylamide Excellent* Large/Clear35 Magnifloc 837A Anionic 15�106 Polyacrylamide Good-Excellent* Med/Clear__________________________________________________________________________ *Clear Effluent
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________WITH Fe Cl3 ADDITIVE - DIRT A.C. FINE Flocculent MolecularDetergent Charge (Trade Name) Charge Weight Chemical Base Remarks__________________________________________________________________________36 Tennant #670 Nonionic Purifloc N-17 Nonionic Polyacrylamide Good-Excellent Large/Trans37 Magnifloc 905N Nonionic 15�106 Polyelectrolyte Excellent* Large/Clear38 Magnifloc 900N Nonionic 4�106 Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent* Med/Clear39 Magnifloc 901N Nonionic 10�106 Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent Med/Trans40 Purifloc A23 Anionic Polyelectrolyte Excellent* Large/Clear41 Magnifloc 865A Anionic 4�106 Polyacrylamide Excellent* Large/Clear42 Magnifloc 836A Anionic 15�106 Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent Med/Trans43 Tennant #622 Anionic Coagulant 226 Cationic Polyelectrolyte Excellent* Large/Clear44 Purifloc N-17 Nonionic Polyacrylamide Excellent* Large/Clear45 Purifloc N-12 Nonionic Polyacrylamide Excellent* Large/Clear46 Magnifloc 905N Nonionic 15�106 Polyelectrolyte Excellent* Large/Clear47 Magnifloc 900N Nonionic 4�106 Polyelectrolyte Excellent* Large/Clear48 Coagulant 235 Anionic Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent Large/Trans49 Tennant #622 Anionic Magnifloc 865A Anionic 4�106 Polyacrylamide Good-Excellent* (Continued) Med/Clear50 Magnifloc 836A Anionic 15�106 Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent Med/Trans51 Catanac-AN Cationic Purifloc N-12 Nonionic Polyacrylamide Good-Excellent Large/Trans52 Magnifloc 905N Nonionic 15�106 Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent* Med/Clear53 Catanac-SN Cationic Magnifloc 900N Nonionic 4�106 Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent Med/Trans54 Coagulant 2 Nonionic Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent Large/Trans55 Purifloc N-11 Nonionic Polyacrylamide Good Med/Trans56 Magnifloc 837A Anionic 15�106 Polyacrylamide Good-Excellent* Med/Clear57 Magnifloc 820A Anionic 6�106 Polyacrylamide Excellent* Large/Clear__________________________________________________________________________ *Clear Effluent
TABLE V__________________________________________________________________________WITH ALUM ADDITIVE - DIRT A.C. FINE Flocculent MolecularDetergent Charge (Trade Name) Charge Weight Chemical Base Remarks__________________________________________________________________________58 Tennant #670 Nonionic Gendriv 158 Cationic Guar Gum Good Med/Trans59 Catanac-SN Cationic Purifloc N-17 Nonionic Polyacrylamide Good Med/Trans60 Coagulant 18 Nonionic Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent* Bentonite Med/Clear61 Magnifloc 570C Cationic Polyelectrolyte Good-Excellent* Med/Clear62 Magnifloc 835A Anionic 15�106 Polyacrylamide Good Large/Trans__________________________________________________________________________ *Clear Effluent
In the examples of Table VI (examples 63-69), tests of the nature described above were made, the concentration of the flocculent (and flocculent aid-Example 68) and the dirt (A.C. Fine) being given in the table. No detergent or soap was used for each of these examples and only Example 68 included a flocculent aid. Thus, in this invention, polyelectrolytes may be used without the inclusion of a detergent or soap in surface cleaning operations.
TABLE VI______________________________________ Floc SizeFlocculent A.C. Fine (inches) Clarity______________________________________63 *Separan C-41 (.1%) 3% >1/16 Clear64 *Magnifloc 560C (.01%) 5% >1/16 Clear65 **Magnifloc 905N (.01%) 5% >1/16 Clear66 ***Magnifloc 865A (.01%) 5% >1/16 Clear67 **Magnifloc 901N (.01%) 5% >1/16 Clear68 **Magnifloc 901N (.01%) 5% >1/16 Clear +Ferric Chloride (.05%) Amber69 Gendriv 162 (.02%) 5% >1/16 Clear______________________________________ *Cationic- **Nonionic- ***Anionic-
Experiments prepared by the test previously described demonstrate the effect of the use of flocculent aids to permit reduction of the concentration of polyelectrolyte for economic reasons, see Table VII. The "a" portion of each Example 70-73 was a control run of a polyelectrolyte while the "b" portion is a run of the same polyelectrolyte in reduced concentration with the indicated flocculent aid added. The concentrations of the "b" portion of each example resulted in essentially the same clarity of water and size and strength of flocs (ascertained visually) as the "a" of the same example. In each of Examples 70-73 the dirt was 3% A.C. Fine that was suspended in water. The concentrations are given in percent by weight.
TABLE VII______________________________________ FlocculentDetergent Flocculent Aid______________________________________70a 10%-Tennant #670 .02% Magnifloc 905N --70b " .01% " .12% FeCl371a " .02% Magnifloc 900N --71b " .01% " .12% FeCl372a " .10% Purfloc C-31 --72b " .05% " .12% FeCl373a 3% Tennant #622 .06% Cat-floc --73b " .03% " 1.0% NaCl______________________________________
Using the same test as previously described an ampholytic detergent was tested. The detergent was Deriphant 154 manufactured by General Mills Chemicals, Inc. Water containing a 1% concentration of detergent and 2% by weight of shop dirt was used. For example 74 addition of 0.02% of Cat-floc resulted in agglomeration of the particles and a clarified solution. For example 75 0.02% of Sanfax Duplix was added to the detergent-dirt solution and this resulted in formation of flocs with a clear remaining solution.
As an example of using soap, a test of nature above described was made wherein 3% Ivory Flakes and 0.2% Separan C-41 (a cationic high molecular weight polyelectrolyte product of Dow Chemical Co.) and dirty scrub water mixture was made. Flocs floated to the top while the remaining solution was very clean.
Another example of use of soap was a dirty scrub water solution which had 3% of Fels Naptha (bar soap) and 0.06% Sanfax Duplix (a flocculent aid sludge conditioner of Oxford Chemicals) and 0.06% Gendriv 162 added thereto. Flocs formed and floated but the resulting solution was a rather translucent off white.
With most soaps the pH range is near neutral and therefore a polyelectrolyte that works good in a neutral solution should be used for best results. Also, generally when using a soap, a higher concentration of a polyelectrolyte is required than when a synthetic detergent is used.
Using the same test as the prior examples, to dirty scrub water there was added 10% Tennant #670 detergent, 0.02% Gendriv 162 and 2% Sanfax Duplix. This provides a clarified solution having the flocs floating in the solution.
Examples 79, 80 and 81 of Table VIII are results obtained by using the process of the invention for scrubbing floors with a working model surface scrubbing machine designed and built according to the illustration in FIG. 1. The machine has a basket or filter 19 of 80 mesh stainless steel woven wire screen attached to the recovery tank 12, for separating and retaining the formed flocs from the recovered clarified scrubbing solution, and a 12 volt transfer pump 18, connecting the bottom of the recovery tank 12 to the solution distributor line 21.
A control valve 23 is located down stream of the pump to allow the operator to control the flow of the solution to the surface as well as a solution shut-off. Comparison of the cleanliness of the cleaned floor between a standard scrubbing procedure with a production model 42HD scrubber manufactured by the Tennant Company of Minneapolis, Minn., using a brush 11 for agitation with those of the invention with the working model scrubber were done using a device called "Mr. Dirtcheck" manufactured by Gardner Laboratory, Inc. of Bethesda, Md. The device consists of a handle used to secure a swatch of absorbant paper so that it may be rubbed on the surface under test, and a second piece of apparatus consisting of a light source and a light sensitive photoelectric cell with an appropriate meter and scale reading from 0 to 100. Light is passed through the swatch and onto the light sensitive photoelectric cell, the amount of light being registered on the meter. A reading of 0 indicates that no light is passing through the swatch. A reading of 100 shows that there are no dirt particles obstructing the light passage through the swatch. With a clean swatch in the holder the surface was rubbed six times per test with a down pressure of about 950 gms. The length of each stroke and test area were controlled with the use of a guide permitting a 10 inch movement over the exact same area.
A test surface was prepared by cleaning and rinsing until a Mr. Dirtcheck reading of 100 was obtained. Then an amount of soilage consisting of the following mixture was spread evenly with the aid of a push broom over the test floor.
40% A.C. Fine
40% Kaolin Clay
10% Water soluble cutting oil (Vantrol 545 Van Stranten Chemical Co.)
5% Karo Syrup (Dark)
5% Shop Grease (Molylith Grease American Oil Co.) and a measured quantity of water to make a paste like consistency.
For each portion of each example the area of floor scrubbed was 102 feet2, and the area scrubbed before having the dirt mixture thereon (clean floor) had a Mr. Dirtcheck reading of 100. In portion "a" of each example no flocculent product was used while in portion "b" the indicated flocculent was used. The column "Before" is after the dirt mixture was spread on the floor, the column "After" was the reading after the machine had scrubbed the floor, and the column "No Passes" indicates the number of times the machine was operated over the same surface using the same cleaning solution. For each portion of each example the volume of cleaning solution initially placed in the cleaning solution tank was 8 liters, the cleaning solution containing the detergent and flocculent water in the concentrations indicated under the columns "Detergent Product" and "Flocculent Product" respectively. The amount of dirt placed on the floor for each portion of each example prior to scrubbing is indicated under "Wt. Dirt Gms."
Visual observation of the scrubbing operation showed a significant difference between scrubbing with the process of the invention, and the conventional scrubbing procedure. The process of the invention showed large flocs (1/16 inch to 1/4 inch) suspended and surrounded by clean scrubbing solution whereas the conventional scrubbing operation showed a very dirty scrubbing solution before the squeegee which left a film of this dirty water on the floor and in the cracks and other surface imperfections.
Four Mr. Dirtcheck tests were made and averaged after the floor had dried both before and after scrubbing. Results show that there was obtained a cleaner floor using the process of the invention than by scrubbing the floor in the conventional manner. The tests show that the clarified water is essentially rinsing the floor between the agitation means and the pick up means of the modified scrubbing machine.
TABLE VIII__________________________________________________________________________DETER- WT. DIRT MR. DIRTCHECK NO. OFGENT FLOCCULENT APPLIED BEFORE AFTER (4 Tests) SOLN SCRUBBINGPRODUCT PRODUCT AREA (GMS) CLEANING AVE HIGH LOW VOLUME PASSES__________________________________________________________________________79a #670 (6.6%) None 102 ft2 77 24 64 70 54 8 liters 179b #670 (6.6%) Sanfax 2% 102 ft2 77 24 90.5 94 82 8 liters 1 Jaguar 22A.02%80a #670 (6.6%) None 102 ft2 77 30.5 68.0 88 58 8 Liters 180b #670 (6.6%) Sanfax 2% 102 ft2 77 30.5 95.5 98 92 8 Liters 1 Jaguar 22A.02%81a #670 (6.6%) None 102 ft2 77 30.5 94.0 96 92 8 Liters 281b #670 (6.6%) Sanfax 2% 102 ft2 77 30.5 97.3 98 96 8 Liters 2 Jaguar 22A.02%__________________________________________________________________________
Note that various detergents can be mixed together and various polyelectrolytes can be mixed for use in accordance with this invention as long as they are compatible.
As a result of this invention the same cleaning solution can be recycled a number of times (other than for the flocs filtered out). Accordingly a smaller machine may be used for scrubbing a given surface area to obtain a cleaner surface than if a polyelectrolyte were not used. If the same size machine were used, then a larger area can be scrubbed without recharging the cleaning solution tank.
Various runs were made using the simple test set forth prior to Table I and using a scrubbing machine under actual operating condition which confirmed that the sample dirt described was usable to determine whether or not a given polyelectrolyte was suitable, or combination of polyelectrolyte and detergent or soap was suitable.
The surfaces on which the process is used of course can be varied. While floors, pavements and walls have been primarily mentioned the process is readily adapted and used in cleaning all surfaces including exterior building and vehicle surfaces or the surfaces of storage tanks and drums.
The flocs do not have to be disposed of through sewer systems, but can be treated through solid waste treatment facilities, relieving the load on sewage treatment plants and reducing the contamination and pollution threat to waterways.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 18, 1941
|Aug 14, 1945
|Texas Co
|Method of treating pipe lines
|Feb 11, 1953
|Sep 3, 1957
|Detergent compositions for laundering
|Oct 16, 1961
|Apr 16, 1963
|Method of removing and preventing accumulation in cooling systems
|May 24, 1966
|Dec 23, 1969
|Sinclair Research Inc
|Laundry detergents containing ammonium salt of styrenemaleic anhydride copolymer and non-ionic,hydroxyl-containing surfactant
|Nov 2, 1966
|Jan 27, 1970
|Nalco Chemical Co
|Coagulation and settling of finely divided solids from aqueous suspensions thereof
|May 31, 1967
|Jun 2, 1970
|Hunnewell Soap Co
|Method of treating aqueous liquids and compositions
|May 24, 1968
|Jul 20, 1971
|Stauffer Chemical Co
|Detergent composition containing a synergistic combination of emc and gelatin as soil suspension agents
|Dec 23, 1969
|Apr 4, 1972
|Harold S Akrongold
|Washing polymers
|Feb 16, 1971
|Apr 11, 1972
|Calgon Corp
|Method for removing phosphate from waste water
|Aug 17, 1970
|Jul 25, 1972
|Monsanto Co
|Cleansing and soil preventive composition
|Jul 27, 1970
|Sep 5, 1972
|Gaf Corp
|Detergency compositions containing a synergistic mixture of pvp and pva
|Jan 14, 1971
|Mar 11, 1975
|Gaf Corp
|Polyelectrolytes as detergent builders
|Apr 10, 1972
|Apr 13, 1976
|Ibrahim Andrew Eldib
|Polyacrylates of selective viscosity as detergent builders
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 21, 1984
|Nov 12, 1985
|Gillespie Thomas W
|Concentrated composition for cleaning rugs and carpets
|Dec 17, 1984
|May 6, 1986
|Tennant Company
|Floor maintenance machine and method
|May 12, 1987
|Apr 11, 1989
|E And R Investments
|Composition for precipitating dirt and other contaminants from wash water and method of cleaning
|Apr 7, 1998
|Feb 15, 2000
|Spectrum Industrial Products, Inc.
|Powered floor scrubber and buffer
|Oct 20, 1999
|Mar 11, 2003
|Tennant Company
|Scrubber head anti-vibration mounting
|Sep 3, 2004
|Mar 21, 2006
|Johnsondiversey, Inc.
|Floor cleaning apparatus with control circuitry
|May 21, 2002
|May 30, 2006
|Tennant Company
|Cleaner cartridge
|Nov 10, 2005
|Apr 3, 2007
|Tennant Company
|Mobile floor cleaner data communication
|Jan 6, 2004
|Jul 10, 2007
|Johnsondiversey, Inc.
|Floor cleaning apparatus
|May 4, 2006
|Nov 11, 2008
|Tennant Company
|Floor sweeping and scrubbing machine
|May 5, 2006
|Feb 23, 2010
|Tennant Company
|Cleaning head for use in a floor cleaning machine
|Mar 8, 2006
|Oct 4, 2011
|Tennant Company
|Hard and soft floor cleaning tool and machine
|Oct 4, 2011
|Tennant Company
|Ultraviolet sanitation device
|Jan 13, 2006
|Nov 8, 2011
|Tennant Company
|Cleaning system utilizing purified water
|Oct 21, 2005
|Nov 19, 2013
|Tennant Company
|Floor cleaner scrub head having a movable disc scrub member
|Sep 2, 2003
|Mar 4, 2004
|Tennant Company
|Foamed cleaning liquid dispensing system
|Jul 14, 2003
|Mar 18, 2004
|Thomas Victor W.
|Floor cleaning apparatus
|Jan 6, 2004
|Jan 27, 2005
|Thomas Victor W.
|Floor cleaning apparatus
|Jul 30, 2004
|Feb 3, 2005
|Tennant Company
|Ultraviolet sanitation device
|Sep 3, 2004
|Feb 10, 2005
|Thomas Victor W.
|Floor cleaning apparatus with control circuitry
|Sep 3, 2004
|Feb 10, 2005
|Thomas Victor W.
|Floor cleaning apparatus with control circuitry
|May 4, 2006
|Dec 21, 2006
|Tennant Company
|Floor sweeping and scrubbing machine
|Oct 21, 2005
|Apr 26, 2007
|Tennant Company
|Floor cleaner scrub head having a movable disc scrub member
|Dec 11, 2006
|Aug 9, 2007
|Tennant Company
|Cleaning liquid dispensing in a mobile hard surface cleaner
|Jan 27, 2006
|Mar 12, 2009
|David K. Thatcher, Owner
|Powered carpet scrubbing and combing machine
|U.S. Classification
|510/405, 510/506, 510/476, 510/437, 510/470, 510/214, 510/508, 510/475, 510/434
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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and a wonderful Dec 21st 2012 focus for those at home wanting to connect via prayer and meditation on the Winter Solstice 2012
Blessings all thank you for choosing to be who you are in your Divine expression of a human BEING......., see you in prayer. Powerfully positive message
" Together we are called into sacred remembrance of the absolute miracle of our existence"
The Pachamama prophecy tells us that when the eagle flies with the condor there will be peace. When so many gather worldwide to celebrate a calendar originating with the Mayans, there is some evidence of the eagle and condor flying together. The earth is beloved by celestial spirits who treasure the miracle of life on our planet. Imagine our earth as cradled by Grace as we join together today. We affirm the Earth as the divine gift it is.
This winter solstice, hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions of brothers and sisters are gathering at sacred sites throughout the world and collectively crying out for a New Aeon of unity and love at the dawn of a planetary civilization. At this moment of oneness, know we are the light, we are conscious visible sunlight. All plants worship the sun and absorb the living light through chlorophyll, the green elixir of light and life. The light of consciousness illuminates our flesh.
Contemplate the light in your own heart, and strengthen that light by calling up the earth energies from the molten core. Grounded and supported by the Great Mother, bring this energy into your heart and watch it grow brighter. Link your minds with galactic center. Draw down the light of heaven into your heart and feel the line of light passing through the earth, then through your body, aligning with the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Allow your earthly and cosmic being to enfold within your own heart-light and expand an illumined egg around your auric body. Envision your heart, the seed of all creative actions, as sacred in the past and future. Nurture this seed within, gestating your gifts to the world, strengthened by the auric illuminated egg around you. Allow the egg of your light-body to empower the seeds of your future creations, connected with a grid of countless souls around the world, all called into unity. Let this winter solstice celebration empower all of our visions of peace. Celebrate, connected with people all over the world, this precious moment of a New Aeon.
Together we are called into sacred remembrance of the absolute miracle of our existence, into the astonishingly complex layers of the architecture of our being. Honoring our bodies as sacred vessels, there is ultimately One God Consciousness, One Infinite Self, One Transcendental Ground of Emptiness, One existence coextensive with Universal Creativity.
The Center for Disease Control
about a month ago.
There are no children in our home.
Is anyone else getting these calls?
And is it really the CDC calling.
The caller ID says
"NORCU -- Chicago"
Is this really the CDC
It's great to have a resource like G+
A few months ago, Thierry Jamin and his team think they have realized an extraordinary archaeological discovery in the Inca city discovered by Hiram Bingham in 1911. This discovery was made possible thanks to the testimony of a French engineer who lives in Barcelona-Spain, David Crespy. In 2010, while he was visiting the lost city, David Crespy noticed the presence of a strange "shelter" located in the heart of the city, at the bottom of one of the main buildings.
Because you can't tell the players without a pogrom!
"Illumicorp is a parody of sorts. I guess the best way to describe it is that I wanted to make a corporate training video for the 'Illuminati' that synthesized all of the conspiracy information floating around. If such a group did exist, how would they really function? My wager was they would act just like any other faceless mega-corporation. It was originally to be part of a larger project, but that never came about so I released Illumicorp as it's own standalone video."
Ok question: Which did you find more enjoyable sliding to the right (macro) or sliding to the left (micro)?
Click on the link above to access the interactive element.
We attach ourselves to our physical world intensely. We have hypnotized ourselves into believing that being busy all the time is purposeful and noble. The busier we are the more important we feel about ourselves. We forgot that the material world is only one part of our reality. We are multidimensional beings who also live in the invisible and spiritual dimensions. Just by watching our thoughts we know that there is a being who watches the thoughts. Just by watching the body perform its actions we know that there is a being who works the body. Our dream-time feels so real that it makes us wonder if we were in another place at another time.
Every religion talks about a day of rest, a Sabbath. Living in our minds we believe that it is a day to keep sacred. But what I notice from the many explanations from different scriptures is that 'a Sabbath' or 'a day of rest or sacredness', is actually a practice to move into a STATE OF MIND, or a state of being, a state of rest, renewal and conscious connection to the Divine. It is a spiritual practice to regain our birthright to inner peace.
By ignoring this practice, we have started to define ourselves and others by what we produce. We stress ourselves out with achievements and productions. The result is our hearts harden, and in a world of overwork our illness and pain becomes our 'sabbath'.
When we take time to anchor our Spiritual Energy, it balances our life and we find our way back. This is because we become our wholesome selves, we come into our power.
A sabbath can be a moment, a day, a week, or a month. It is a time of silence, a time of connecting with the silence within, a connection with our sacred Presence. It may be taking in a deep conscious breath anytime during the day, or it may be meditation or contemplation, or it may even be singing, dancing, laughing and celebrating with pure gratitude.
At the deepest level we are pure consciousness beyond form and content. This pure consciousness is the love that we are, the moment we connect to it, it embraces everything within and around us. Mysteriously our body feels embraced, healed, and comforted by this love, and every situation on the outside is also set right.
Let us choose to connect with our wholesome power, let us take time to laugh more, to play more, to celebrate life so that we move from the love of power to the power of love.
~Premlatha Rajkumar~
Thanks JS
"Become a 'possibilitarian'. No matter how dark things seem to be or actually are, raise your sights and see the possibilities - Always see them, for they are always there."
Thoughts are just what is. They appear.
They're innocent. They're not personal.
They're like the breeze or the leaves on the trees or the raindrops falling.
Thoughts arise like that, and we can make friends with them.
Would you argue with a raindrop?
The world is nothing but my perception of it.
I see only through myself. I hear only through the filter of my story.
Thanks for stopping by :-)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Quirky, funny, tragic, romantic, nostalgic. Singer-songwriter Eric Peter Schwartz is never quite sure how to describe his brand of folky, acoustic music. He sites "everything he's ever listened to from Woody Guthrie to Def Leppard" as his main influences.
His debut album TROUBADORK came out in October, 2013. His follow up, TROPOSPHERE materialized two months later. You can listen to them and get them here: http://epschwartz.bandcamp.com


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Cardio Notes: Depression Sign of Teen CV Risk
Children who are depressed have a greater chance of adopting behaviors as teens that are not heart-healthy. Also, a one-time-use Afib monitor device and phantom ICD shocks. more
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Parental Fear Deters HPV Vax for Teens
3/18/2013 |
Parents increasingly say they are worried about the safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and don't intend to vaccinate their teen daughters, researchers reported. more
Clinical Notes: C. Diff Control Falls Short
Although most hospitals have taken extra steps to reduce Clostridium difficile infections, many say they see no difference in infection rates. Also this week: a novel lung cancer drug wins "breakthrough" status. more
Higher X-Ray Risk in Radial PCI Affirmed
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AHA: In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Care Needs Resuscitation
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NYC to Appeal Soda Ban Ruling, Miss. Forbids Such Bans
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FDA Warns of Arrhythmias with Azithromycin
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PCI Minus Surgical Backup Gets More Support
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Early lysis, rapid cath lab transport, and revascularization as-needed was a winning strategy for heart attack patients presenting more than an hour after symptom onset, a proof-of-concept study found. more


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Notes to editors:As of March 31, 2013, BNY Mellon Corporate Trust serviced $12 trillion in outstanding debt from 61 locations in 20 countries. Its clients include governments and their agencies, multinational corporations, financial institutions and other entities that access the global debt capital markets. The corporate trust business utilizes its global footprint and expertise to deliver a full range of issuer and related investor services and to develop customized and market-driven solutions. Its range of core services includes debt trustee, paying agency, escrow and other fiduciary offerings.
BNY Mellon Appointed Delegate And Principal Paying Agent On Bank Asya Sukuk
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The Boise State football team has accepted an invitation to play in the Sheraton Hawai'i Bowl on Dec. 24 in Honolulu, Hawai'i, the Idaho Press-Tribune first reported.
Boise State confirmed the news in a release a short time later.
It's the Broncos first trip to the Hawai'i Bowl since a 41-38 loss to East Carolina in 2007. The Hawai'i Bowl kicks off at 6 p.m. MT on Christmas Eve from Aloha Stadium and is televised on ESPN.
The opponent has yet to be finalized but it's believed to be Pac-12 foe Oregon State.
"I would like to thank the officials at the Sheraton Hawai'i Bowl, ESPN and the Mountain West Conference for this opportunity to play in one of the top postseason settings in college football," Boise State athletic director Mark Coyle said in the release. "We are excited for their year's Bronco team, and especially for our senior class."
The Boise State men's basketball team is also scheduled to play in the Diamond Head Classic in Honolulu during the same time frame.
It will be the first time since the 2010 Fiesta Bowl that the Broncos will play in a bowl other than the Las Vegas Bowl. Boise State has played in the Las Vegas Bowl in each of the past three seasons.
Boise State (8-4, 6-2 MWC) is still searching for a head coach after the departure of Chris Petersen to Washington. Assistant head coach and linebackers coach Bob Gregory was named the interim coach and will lead them through the bowl game.
The Broncos lost both conference games by a combined four points, narrowly missing out on a chance to play Fresno State in the Mountain West Championship last night. The four losses are the most since 2005.
The New Mexico Bowl was also in play for Boise State before a series of deals, including a trade that allowed UNLV to go to the Heart of Dallas of Bowl, put them in position to head to Hawai'i.
Boise State, which has won four consecutive bowl games, will make Gregory and selected players available at 4 p.m. today to discuss the announcement.
The rest of the Mountain West bowl assignments are as follows:
Potato Bowl: San Diego State (vs. Buffalo)
New Mexico Bowl: Colorado State
Heart of Dallas Bowl: UNLV
Poinsettia Bowl: Utah State (vs. Northern Illinois)
Las Vegas Bowl: Fresno State
San Jose State, which beat Fresno State and potentially cost the Mountain West Conference millions of dollars by knocking them out of the BCS, was not selected for a bowl despite going 6-6.


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Triumvir Spring '08 Collection Preview
We give you a first look at two key pieces of the upcoming Triumvir Spring 2008 collection, which will be released in March – the Clansman Parka and "Used and Abused" t-shirts.
The Clansman Parka is a lightweight cotton twill hooded jacket that features a similar construction to that of a snowboarding jacket, intended for daily wear in spring.
The message behind the "Used and Abused" t-shirt is that, concepts and images have been flipped and re-appropriated over and over again to a point where creativity has been lost until it just becomes Used and Abused.
The inspiration behind this piece was taken from the artwork of Barbara Kruger, who is known for "her trademark black letters against a slash of red background…much of her text questions the viewer about feminism, classics, consumerism, and individual autonomy and desire."
Check out the Clansman Parka after the jump.


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Montblanc Legend Cologne
By Mont Blanc for Men
Montblanc Legend Cologne by Mont Blanc, The montblanc legend is a striking fragrance introduced by mont blanc in april 2011 . This fragrance raises a toast to those limited editioned strikingly different but very real and passionate men. Olivier pescheux has crafted this fresh fougere creation and stunningly infused notes that evoke strength and tenderness, tradition and modernity. The bottle opens with a dash of fresh aromatic tones of bergamot, lavender, pineapple leaf and exotic verbena ... Read More ... Read More (litsea cubeba). It epitomizes how it very well balances geranium, coumarin, apple, rose, and pomarosa molecule (notes of dried fruit). The base contains sandalwood, tonka and evernyl. The bottle is designed luxuriously and eau de toilette also. All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations.
- F Black
- F Free Time
- Faberge
- Face A Face
- Faconnable
- Faconnable Homme (new Packaging)
- Faconnable Stripe
- Factor
- Factor Turbo
- Fahrenheit
- Fahrenheit 0 Degree (zero)
- Fahrenheit 32
- Fahrenheit Absolute
- Fahrenheit Summer Fragrance
- Faith Hill & Tim Mcgraw
- Fan Di Fendi
- Fan Di Fendi Acqua
- Fan Di Fendi Assoluto
- Fancesco Smalto
- Fast Talk
- Fathom
- Fawakeh
- Fcuk
- Fcuk 3
- Fcuk Connect
- Fcuk Friction
- Fcuk Late Night
- Fcuk Pop Art
- Fcuk Pop Culture
- Fcuk Summer
- Feeling Man
- Feeling Man #4
- Feminite Du Bois
- Fendi
- Fendi Life Essence
- Fendi Theorema
- Feraud
- Ferrari
- Ferrari # 1
- Ferrari Black
- Ferrari Black Shine
- Ferrari Essence Oud
- Ferrari Extreme
- Ferrari Gold
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- Ferrari Passion
- Ferrari Racing
- Ferrari Red
- Ferrari Red Power
- Ferrari Red Power Ice
- Ferrari Scuderia
- Ferrari Scuderia Black
- Ferrari Scuderia Black Club
- Ferrari Scuderia Black Signature
- Ferrari Scuderia Extreme
- Ferrari Scuderia Light Essence
- Ferrari Scuderia Racing Red
- Ferrari Scuderia Red
- Ferrari Uomo
- Ferrari Vetiver Essence
- Ferrari Yellow
- Ferre
- Ferre (new)
- Ferre Acqua Azzurra
- Ferre Bluemusk
- Ferre Pontaccio 21
- Feuille Verte
- Fierce
- Fierce Confidence
- Fierce Icon
- Fight Club
- Fight Club Knockout
- Fight Club Marines
- Fight Club White
- Figuier Ardent
- Fille En Aiguilles
- Finding Nemo
- Fire
- Fire & Ice
- Fire + Ice Bogner
- Fire In The Chimney
- Five O'clock Au Gingembre
- Five Star Fragrance Co.
- Flash Point
- Fleur Du Male
- Fleur Du Male La Cologne
- Fleur Oriental
- Fleurs D'oranger
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- Fling In New York
- Floris
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- Floris Jf
- Floris Limes
- Floris No 89
- Floris Santal
- Floris Special No 127
- Fmj Acqua Green
- Fmj Acqua Ice
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- Force
- Forever Franck Olivier
- Fou D'absinthe
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- Fracas
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- Fragonard
- Fragrance Sport
- Fragrances of France
- Fragrantia Secrets
- Fraiche Badiane
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- Francesco Smalto
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- Fred Hayman
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- French Connection
- Fubu
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- Fuel For Life
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- Fujiyama
- Fujiyama Black Label
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- Fujiyama Homme Sport
- Fujiyama Private Number
- Full Choke
- Full Metal Jacket
- Full Metal Jacket
- Fumerie Turque
- Fun Water
- Funtastic Boy
3.4 oz Eau De Toilette Spray (Tester)
Item #497590
Testers are even more discounted than the fancy boxed versions and are great if you don't have a need for the fancy packaging... Read more Testers are 100% authentic, fresh and completely full just like the original fragrance, however they are meant for the counter in a department store. Testers often come in a plain white box but sometimes they do not have a cap or box.The savings on the packaging means you save even more!
In Stock & Ready to Ship!
$ 31.50Add To Cart
1.7 oz Eau De Toilette Spray
Item #490740
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$ 28.75Add To Cart
3.3 oz Eau De Toilette Spray (Special Edition)
Item #526545
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$ 37.99Add To Cart
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3.4 oz Eau De Toilette Spray
Item #497589
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$ 38.69Add To Cart
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5.1 oz Eau De Toilette Spray
Item #511021
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$ 47.99Add To Cart
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This product has 8 Out of Stock items |
0.15 oz Mini EDT
Item #497587
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Item #501723
1.7 oz Eau De Toilette Spray (unboxed)
Item #491371
3.4 oz Eau De Toilette Spray (Special Edition Blue Tester)
Item #499731
3.4 oz Eau De Toilette Spray (Special Edition -Blue unboxed)
Item #501619
3.4 oz Eau De Toilette Spray (Special Edition-Blue)
Item #500328
5.1 oz Eau De Toilette Spray (unboxed)
Item #518757
3.3 oz Deodorant Spray
Item #530994
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About Mont Blanc
History and background of Mont Blanc. Montblanc has been known for generations as a maker of sophisticated, high-quality writing instruments. In the past few years, the product range has been expanded to include exquisite writing accessories, luxury leather goods and belts, jewellery items, eyewear, perfume, cologne and watches. Read more about Mont Blanc
More Mont Blanc fragrancesfor Women: Presence , Individuelle , Femme De Mont Blanc , Montblanc Legend , Lady Emblem , more
for Men: Montblanc Legend Intense , Montblanc Emblem , Starwalker , Individuelle , Montblanc Emblem Intense , more
See all Mont Blanc products
Customer Comments
Thanks for offering me a chance to purchase my favorite cologne. It was good to do buisness with you guys. Great way to save time and money. Will do again.
D. Hawk (Eagle, ID)
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
- Great smell (117)
- Clean & fresh (82)
- Draws compliments (78)
- Great value (78)
- Long-lasting (65)
- Doesn't hold (29)
- Too weak (11)
- Overpowering (3)
- Pricey / poor value (3)
- Too expensive (3)
Best Uses
- Anytime (91)
- Daily use (68)
- Evening (38)
- Special occasions (35)
- Signature fragrance (28)
- Reviewer Profile:
- Classic style (73), Natural style (43), Adventurous style (22)
- Fragrance Type:
- Woody/earthy (51), Fresh/aquatic (43), Citrus/fruity (36), Oriental/spicy (28), Floral (19)
Most Liked Positive Review
shop without stress
I have used Fragrance X, for all my shopping for cologne,great products and pricing and a large varity, you don't have a sales person in your face trying to sell you a product...Read complete review
I have used Fragrance X, for all my shopping for cologne,great products and pricing and a large varity, you don't have a sales person in your face trying to sell you a product they need to do away with,I use Mont Blanc"legend",great smell not over powering but a classy smell and Fragrance X, finally someone knows how to do it right
Most Liked Negative Review
I was so absolutely dissapointed by this fragrance. I expected a clean and crisp scent. Instead I was bowled over by acid and pine sol. Not in a good pine sol way. Pay...Read complete review
I was so absolutely dissapointed by this fragrance. I expected a clean and crisp scent. Instead I was bowled over by acid and pine sol. Not in a good pine sol way. Pay attention to the "striking" description provided by the maker. They nailed it.
Reviewed by 156 customers
Displaying reviews 1-5
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- Draws Compliments
- Great Smell
- Manly
- Not Overpowering
- Not Overwhelming
- Sensual
- Sexy
- Strong
- Sometimes Overwhelming Is
Best Uses
- Anytime
- Bar
- Daily Use
- Evening Use
- Nights Out
- Signature Fragrance
- Special Occasions
- Work
Comments about Montblanc Legend By Mont Blanc:
This is a great cologne I get alot of compliments at work especially from the ladies. It's very manly and pretty subtle
I bought the big bottle so my friends always grab some before we go out and we get compliments there too. Two thumbs up. Also my signature because u wont get tired of it
- Fragrance Type:
- Oriental/Spicy, Powdery
Comments about Montblanc Legend By Mont Blanc:
This fragrance is just simply phenomenal!!
Nothing more.. Nothing less!!
- Fragrance Type:
- Citrus/Fruity, Floral, Fresh/Aquatic
Comments about Montblanc Legend By Mont Blanc:
big bottle, great smell, long lasting
- Draws Compliments
- Great Smell
- Great Value
- Long-Lasting
- Sexy
Best Uses
- Anytime
Comments about Montblanc Legend By Mont Blanc:
big bottle, great smell, long lasting.
- Fragrance Type:
- Citrus/Fruity, Fresh/Aquatic, Woody/Earthy
- Clean & Fresh
- Great Smell
- Long-Lasting
- Not Overpowering
- Sensual
Best Uses
- Anytime
- Daily Use
Comments about Montblanc Legend By Mont Blanc:
I use the product in the morning after shaving.
- Fragrance Type:
- Citrus/Fruity
Displaying reviews 1-5
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Note: Proceeds are the funds made available to Gavi for the period from donor contributions and commitments, either through cash payments made to Gavi, through the frontloading via the capital markets of a donor future commitment to IFFIm, or AMC funds released to Gavi via the World Bank. Future IFFIm proceeds from new pledges made at the Berlin pledging conference are indicative and are based on certain assumptions including future interest rates and foreign exchange rates generated from financial market data, and donor payment schedules. These assumptions may differ from conditions prevailing at the time of grant and legal agreement signing, which may result in different projected and realised IFFIm proceeds.
All 2000-2015 direct and Gavi Matching Fund contributions are recorded in US dollars at the actual exchange rates for the day of cash received. All 2016 direct and Gavi Matching Fund pledges are expressed in US dollars at 31 December 2015 exchange rates. All 2017-2035 direct and Gavi Matching Fund pledges are expressed in US dollars using the average of the annual FX forecasted rates as published by Bloomberg at the end of each calendar quarter (or as otherwise in line with its bi-annual long-term forecasting process). This methodology is consistent with that shared and agreed with donors in Berlin in January 2015 at Gavi's pledging meeting.
Click on Direct, IFFIm, AMC or Matching Fund in the above key to toggle their data on the graph, click again to show the data
Contributions comprise direct contributions already received by Gavi from donors, contributions made to IFFIm and the AMC donor contributions to the World Bank. All 2000-2015 direct, Matching Fund, and AMC contributions are recorded in US dollars at the actual exchange rates for the day of cash received. Direct Contribution and Matching Fund pledges for years 2016 and beyond are expressed in US dollar equivalents using the forecast rates from Bloomberg as at 31 December 2015 (for the year 2016: using the forecasted rate for Q4 2016; and for the years 2017 onwards: using an average of the available yearly forecast rates. Pledges for these years for which contributions have already been received are expressed in US dollar equivalents using the exchange rates on the dates of receipt. Non-US dollar pledges for these years that have been hedged to mitigate currency risk exposure are expressed in US dollar equivalents using the exchange rates stated in the hedge agreements.
All 2000-2015 IFFIm contributions are recorded in US dollars equivalents using the exchange rates at the time of signing the respective donor grant agreements. Unsigned non-US dollar IFFIm pledges are expressed in US dollar equivalents using an average of the available yearly forecast rates from Bloomberg. These contributions have not been reduced by a notional 3% provision to allow for any potential reduction arising from the High Level Financing Condition of the IFFIm Finance Framework Agreement.
Sweden is one of the original six donors to Gavi and has over the years since inception showed its commitment to Gavi by steadily increasing its political and financial support. Sweden is an active member of the Alliance and regularly provides input on key policy issues for Gavi. Sweden is represented on the Gavi Board in the Board Constituency also comprising Norway and The Netherlands.
Sweden contributes to the Vaccine Alliance both through direct funding and IFFIm. Since 2001, Sweden has committed USD 377.4 million in direct contributions and USD 35.6 million to IFFIm.
At the pledging conference in London in 2011, Sweden committed a minimum of SEK 250 million per year over the period 2011-2015, an amount that was rapidly and substantially increased in the subsequent years. In Berlin 2015, the Minister for International Development Cooperation announced an increase in Sweden's contribution to the Vaccine Alliance to a minimum of SEK 300 million per year for the period 2016-2020.
Contributions and pledges in total:
Sweden pledge announcement
Ethics hotline
Concerned about the misuse of Gavi resources? Report it now.
© Gavi 2016
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EB Games is an online destination featuring a huge selection of upcoming game titles or get a bargain from a massive list of pre-owned software for console & PC Games. Buy EB gift cards to save on video games and gaming equipment. EB gift cards are a perfect gift for gamers and college students.
As Raise is a marketplace, gift cards can sell out at any time. Email alerts will notify you when more become available.
For questions about redeeming gift cards, contact Raise Member Services at (888) 578-8422 or [email protected].
All trademarks not owned by Raise that appear on this site are the property of their respective owners. Raise is not the issuer of any of the gift cards or other closed-loop products on Raise and is not related to any merchant whose trademark and gift cards appear on Raise for sale. All gift cards sold on Raise are backed by our 100-Day Guarantee. View full Raise Terms & Conditions.
All trademarks not owned by Raise that appear on this site are the property of their respective owners.+ See More


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Daniel Buchler
Silk & Cotton V-Neck T-Shirt
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Chat with us or call 1.888.282.6060.
HideDetails & Care
Sharp stripes pattern a supersoft blend of silk and cotton shaping a lightweight T-shirt cut for comfort.
- Approx. length from shoulder: 28".
- Measurements taken from size Medium and may vary slightly by size.
- Silk/cotton; machine wash.
- By Daniel Buchler; imported.
- Men's Furnishings.
Silk & Cotton V-Neck T-Shirt
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Top Definition
v. (English) Committing to plans with friends and then ditching them at last minute to pursue other activities/events.
Greg riesed us so he could attend the concert with his lady.
by eugene runcus September 22, 2013
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