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Sabrina Tavernise
Recent and archived news articles by Sabrina Tavernise of The New York Times.
F.D.A. Imposes Rules for E-Cigarettes in a Landmark Move
New federal regulations, to take effect in 90 days, ban the sale of e-cigarettes to minors and require producers to disclose ingredients to regulators.
May 6, 2016, Friday
European Court of Justice Upholds Strict Rules on Tobacco
The body rejected industry challenges to uphold curbs that ban menthol, require new health warnings and set limits on e-cigarettes.
May 5, 2016, Thursday
Smokers Urged to Switch to E-Cigarettes by British Medical Group
The Royal College of Physicians summarized the growing body of science on e-cigarettes and found that their benefits far outweigh the potential harms.
April 28, 2016, Thursday
U.S. Suicide Rate Surges to a 30-Year High
Rates increased among almost all groups, a federal data analysis found, with women and middle-aged Americans hit particularly hard.
April 22, 2016, Friday
Fancy Juice Doesn't Cleanse the Body of Toxins
There is no scientific basis to support undergoing juice detoxification or colon cleanses, as trendy as they may be.
April 21, 2016, Thursday
White Americans Are Dying Younger as Drug and Alcohol Abuse Rises
In contrast, life expectancy for blacks rose to 75.6 years in 2014, continuing a trend, and the average life span for Hispanics jumped to 81.8.
April 20, 2016, Wednesday
Immigrants, the Poor and Minorities Gain Sharply Under Affordable Care Act
Hispanics — a demographic coveted by both political parties in this election year — accounted for nearly a third of the increase in adults with insurance, according to a New York Times analysis.
April 18, 2016, Monday
E-Cigarette Use by U.S. Teenagers Rose Last Year, Report Says
Federal data of youths found that though more have reported using the devices, it does not appear that they have acted as bridges to traditional cigarettes.
April 15, 2016, Friday
Why Can't We Get Rid of Mosquitoes Entirely?
Sabrina Tavernise, a science reporter for The Times who has written about efforts to fight the Zika virus, considers the question.
April 14, 2016, Thursday
In Miami, Facing Risk of Zika With Resolve but Limited Resources
Stopping the virus's spread, health experts say, requires vigorous control of the mosquitoes that carry it. But the quality of services varies wildly.
April 5, 2016, Tuesday
In the Fields Where Flight 17 Fell
Sabrina Tavernise recounts the night of the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 disaster in the grass and wheat fields near Grabovo, Ukraine. The beautiful field where it came to rest is quiet now.
In the Fields Where Flight 17 Fell
Sabrina Tavernise recounts the night of the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 disaster in the grass and wheat fields near Grabovo, Ukraine. The beautiful field where it came to rest is quiet now.
Childhood Obesity Rates Falling
The Times's Sabrina Tavernise discusses how childhood obesity rates have fallen in some American cities.
The War Logs
An archive of classified military documents offers an unvarnished view of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Turkey's Changing Society
Sabrina Tavernise reports on the migration of religious Turks from the country's heartland into its secular cities.
Audio & Photos: Night of Death for Lebanese
Sabrina Tavernise recounts a night of terror for villagers in Qana.
Audio & Photos: Hostilities in the Mideast
Reports from Steven Erlanger in northern Israel and Sabrina Tavernise in southern Lebanon.
Interactive Feature: Reports From Israel and Lebanon Interactive Feature
Steven Erlanger on life under fire in Haifa, Israel, and Sabrina Tavernise and Tyler Hicks on the bombardment of Tyre, Lebanon.
Interactive Feature: Reports From Israel and Lebanon
Steven Erlanger on life under fire in Haifa, Israel, and Sabrina Tavernise and Tyler Hicks on the bombardment of Tyre, Lebanon.
Interactive Feature: Amid the Rubble of Nabatiya Interactive Feature
Sabrina Tavernise on her visit to what remains of the southern Lebanon town of Nabatiya.
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- Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com -
Anne Arundel Medical Center in Annapolis Receives LEED Gold Rating
Posted By Matthew Bartlett On November 18, 2011 @ 4:10 pm In Architecture,Green Building,Reader Submitted Content | No Comments
Anne Arundel Medical Center [1]in Annapolis, Maryland recently received a gold LEED rating from the U.S. Green Building Council. The first LEED-certified hospital in Maryland, it features a green roof composed of 24,000 plants, water-conserving, high-efficiency toilets and sinks, and pavement that doubles as a rainwater filter. The building also used recycled steel in construction.
Article printed from Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com
URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/anne-arundel-medical-center-receives-leed-gold/
URLs in this post:
[1] Anne Arundel Medical Center : http://www.aahs.org/
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2011 Inhabitat Local - New York. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


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Cary, NCUSA
May 31, 2014
Yes, I agree
Yes, I agree.
Yes yes yes!!
I am retired from the federal government and relocated from the Washington, DC area four years ago. Lovin the Triangle
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3 colors
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Women's Hanky Panky 'New Attitude' Mesh & Lace
Sporty eyelet mesh and Hanky Panky's signature lace mix to create these modern boyshorts finished with scalloped trim along the waist and legs. Supima® cotton-lined gusset. 100% nylon with 80% nylon, 20% spandex contrast. Hand wash warm, line dry. By Hanky Panky; made in the USA. Lingerie. Learn More
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Women's Free People 'Sugar Sugar' Briefs, Size Medium
A mix of pretty prints, sheer floral lace and delicate picot trim enhance the romantic air of these low-rise briefs designed with a cute cheeky back. 88% polyester, 12% spandex. Hand wash cold, dry flat. By Free People; imported. Lingerie. Learn More
Women's Yummie by Heather Thomson 'Sam' Smoothing Boyshorts,
High-rise boyshorts in a light compression knit gently smooth the figure, creating a clean-lined silhouette beneath your clothes. 95.5% polyamide, 4.5% elastane. Machine wash cold, tumble dry low. By Yummie by Heather Thomson; imported. Lingerie. Helpful info: Shapewear Fit Guide Learn More
Plus Size Women's City Chic 'Fifi' Shorty Panties,
Bring a decidedly French feel to your underwear drawer with these delightful shorty panties patterned in slim stripes at the front and trimmed with scalloped lace. A contrast lining and a dainty bow enhance the flirty attitude. Ooh la la! 87% nylon, 13% elastane. Machine wash cold, line dry. By ... Learn More
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Women's TC Wonderful Edge Boyshorts, Size Small -
Comfortable microfiber offers full coverage in cute boyshorts designed with Wonderful Edge silicone gripper strips inside the no-line leg openings for a smooth finish that won't ride up. Lined gusset. Nylon/elastane. Machine wash warm, tumble dry low. By TC; imported. Lingerie. Learn More


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0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
Ugh! I'm SO frustrated! I'm at 11 days on Zoloft 75mg and still experiencing anxiety and panic attacks.
The biggest annoyance right now is how "upset" my digestive system is. Does it get worse as you go higher in dose? Will it go away? Should I increase to Zoloft 100mg?
I'm still taking 75mg. The anxiety has gotten better, but it's still there in certain situations. My digestive system is still "upset" and I'm starting to experience some similar side effects that I had while on Paxil 20mg, such as jaw clenching and just an overall feeling of not feeling well. I'm afraid if I increase to the Zoloft 100mg the side effects are going to be the same as Paxil 20mg. I felt "normal" on Zoloft 25mg and 50mg, and also on Paxil 10mg. But, my anxiety was out of control. My question is, can I go back to Zoloft 50mg and take another "daily" medication to treat the anxiety level from reaching a certain point? I have Xanax .25mg, but I don't want to be on that everyday!
Copyright © 2015 AnxietyZone.com | Latest Health News | Links To Our Friends | Legal/PrivacyCopying or redistribution of any of the content on this domain in any form is strictly prohibited.
SMF © 2015, Simple Machines


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reko's messages
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May 24, 2009 11:14am
what the game sucks so bad you cant even really control the soliders so whats the point of this game anyways?
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Dorinda Medley Just Had the Fiercest Night Out Judging a Drag Competition
May 5, 2016 • 2:41 PM ET
Forget the Met Gala. This weekend, Dorinda Medley broke out her best sparkly clothes to party the night away for a good cause. The Real Housewives of New York City mom was a judge at this year's DragOnNyc, an annual drag and costume event that...Read more
Are Nicki Minaj and Demi Lovato in a Feud Because of the Met Gala?
May 5, 2016 • 2:04 PM ET
This year's Met Gala isn't just making headlines for its crazy couture. Now that all the hubbub about the clothes has quieted down, Demi Lovato and Nicki Minaj are making news — and it all has to do with the below photo, which shows the "Anaconda"...Read more
Milania Giudice Has an Adorable Mother's Day Surprise for Teresa
May 5, 2016 • 1:38 PM ET
Mother's Day is just around the corner, but before you run to send a last minute card, take a moment to watch this adorable ode to Real Housewives of New Jersey mom Teresa Giudice courtesy of Milania Giudice. The Jersey kid couldn't wait until...Read more
The Kardashians Are in Cuba, Like Every Other Celebrity
May 5, 2016 • 12:51 PM ET
Havana is beyond en fuego this week . Read more
LeeAnne Locken Has an Acting Past Full of Drama (and Comedy, Too)
May 5, 2016 • 12:24 PM ET
There's no shortage of drama on The Real Housewives of Dallas, and that's something LeeAnne Locken has a lot of experience with — in the film and TV sense, that is. In between growing up on the carnival circuit and now dominating the Dallas...Read more
Marissa Hermer Gives Birth to a Baby Girl
May 5, 2016 • 11:40 AM ET
After a pregnancy filled with ups and downs, Marissa Hermer and her husband Matt Hermer welcomed their third child into the world on April 21 at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London, Hello! Online revealed Thursday. Marissa...Read more
Shep Rose Declares Craig Conover's Girlfriend "Off Limits"
May 5, 2016 • 11:30 AM ET
When the Conovers gather for a little family time, it seems that Shep Rose is always more than welcome to join them. So when Craig Conover, his girlfriend Naomie Olindo, and his parents got together for dinner this week, his Southern Charm pal was...Read more


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Difference between revisions of "Web designers"
From Joomla! Documentation
m (Reverted edits by Tuoiviettourist (Talk) to last version by Chris Davenport)
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* Find answers to questions about templates in the [[:Category:Template FAQ | Template FAQ]] category
* Find answers to questions about templates in the [[:Category:Template FAQ | Template FAQ]] category
* Modify the [[favicon]]
* Modify the [[favicon]]
* [[
* [[Using Class Suffixes]]
* [[
* [[Using Firebug With Your Joomla Website]]
==Joomla Security Guide==
==Joomla Security Guide==
Web designers should also be aware of security issues.
Web designers should also be aware of security issues.
{{Security Guide}}
{{Security Guide}}
Revision as of 11:34, 15 January 2011
<translate> As a Web designer you are concerned with the visual appearance and user functionality of a website.
For example, you will want to know how to alter the visual style of an article but will usually not be concerned about the article content or how that content is entered and maintained. Your primary focus is the visitor experience. You will be knowledgeable about HTML and CSS but might have only rudimentary programming experience and so could need extra support when dealing with Javascript and PHP.
Your knowledge of Joomla! itself may not be advanced as you may have to deal with a wide range of content management systems while working for a range of clients. You may be contracted to supply just a template or set of templates, or you may be asked to deliver a complete working website. You are likely to be increasingly concerned with issues of accessibility and will probably want to ensure that your designs pass various standard tests.</translate>
- Accessibility
- Beez - an accessible default template
- Creating clickable background images using CSS.
- The Joomla! 1.5 Template Tutorial is a work in progress. If you would like to help out with it, please take a look at the main project page and the Outline for Template Tutorials.
- Jim Yuzwalk has contributed a useful introduction to Joomla templates (download the example template from here).
- jdoc statements for templates
- Find answers to questions about templates in the Template FAQ category
- Modify the favicon
- Using Class Suffixes
- Using Firebug With Your Joomla Website
Joomla Security Guide
Web designers should also be aware of security issues. Template:Security Guide


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Operating ExpensesTotal operating expenses in the first quarter of 2013 were $20.8 million, compared to $17.6 million in the first quarter of 2012 and $22.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2012. Non-GAAP operating expenses, which exclude share-based compensation expenses, were $18.2 million, compared to $14.5 million in the first quarter of 2012 and $20.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2012.
AutoNavi Holdings Limited Reports First Quarter 2013 Results
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Behind freshman A.J. Nordman's 300 game – the first in school history – the Oregon Hawks bowling team won its third Northern Illinois Bowling Conference Tournament championship in 4 years on Saturday at the Cherry Bowl in Rockford.
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A waterproof version of the popular Terrain! The Ariat® Men's Terrain H2O Boot features waterproof, oiled, full-grain leather uppers. Light in weight, this boot boasts Ariat's ATS® technology for all-day comfort. Ride, walk and hike in this versatile boot!
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The Tredstep™ Spirit Lace-Front/Rear-Zip Paddock Boot features a TS3D insole for shock absorption and arch support. Styled to get you noticed, it also offers a super grip treaded outsole for stability and traction. Adjust tightness with the front lace, and enjoy easy on/off with the rear zipper.
The Freejump® Liberty XC EVO Shoe with front zipper has protective rubber around the sole to protect against wet soil. A suede collar, suede tongue with shaping bellows and centralized elastic FJstrapping™ make for a comfortable fit. Sewn all-terrain sole.
The Ovation® Ladies' Sport Rider II Zip Paddock Boot is sure to be your favorite for comfort and style. This traditional paddock boot in full-grain calf leather has a supple leather lining and cushioned insole. The front zip allows for easy on and off and rear spur rest provides stable spur support.
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Dublin® Ladies' Elevation Zip Paddock Boots in full-grain leather offer enhanced cushioning, moisture wicking and stability. These paddock boots have a full rubber outsole with slip-resistant tread and twin forefoot flex bars for flexion. Finished with a YKK® zipper and punched toe cap.
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With laces for just the right fit adjustment, this Dublin® Children's Foundation Lace Paddock Boot offers comfort and a classic look. This leather paddock boot features Dublin's branded insole, a steel shank for support and a grippy rubber outsole.


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Gregory Price Grieve is an associate professor and head of the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. He researches and teaches at the intersection of digital media, Buddhism and the study of critical media practices. The author of numerous monographs, edited volumes, journal articles and book chapters, Grieve's work investigates the role popular forms of religion play in what it means to be human in the digital age. The main body of his research concerns everyday religious practice, particularly Buddhist practices, but also Hindu, Christian, and neo-Pagan. Grieve has been influential in the field of religion and the study of critical media practices not only through his research and teaching but also through his various editorial roles for leading publications including as series editor for Routledge's "Studies in Religion and Digital Culture" and De Grunter's "Series on Digital Humanities and Religion." He has leadership positions in both the "Video Gaming and Religion Seminar" and "Religion, Media, and Culture" groups of the American Academy of Religion (AAR). He is also a founding member of the International Academy for the Study of Religion and Digital Games.
Buddhism, the Internet, and Digital Media: The Pixel in the Lotus explores Buddhist practice and teachings in an increasingly networked and digital era. Contributors consider the ways Buddhism plays a role and is present in digital media through a variety . . . (more)
Playing with Religion in Digital Games spotlights the growing influence religion has in digital gaming genres, as well as the increased attention given by religion and gaming scholars from around the world to these trends and their impact on popular conceptions of religion (more).
Final Projects: Modern Problems of Religious Belief: Religion in Video Games (HSS 206-01) — Student research teams approached the digital game Skyrim. The final project was a set of linked assignments — write a paper, make a video, create a website and give a 10-minute power point presentation. (more)
Radio Interview: Experiments with Religion in the Internet's Early Days (Interfaith Radio, With Heidi Campbell)


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Original Article
Angelman syndrome: Correlations between epilepsy phenotypes and genotypes
Article first published online: 8 OCT 2004
DOI: 10.1002/ana.410430412
Copyright © 1998 American Neurological Association
Annals of Neurology
Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 485–493, April 1998
Additional Information
How to Cite
Minassian, B. A., Delorey, T. M., Olsen, R. W., Philippart, M., Bronstein, Y., Zhang, Q., Guerrini, R., van Ness, P., Livet, M. O. and Delgado-Escueta, A. V. (1998), Angelman syndrome: Correlations between epilepsy phenotypes and genotypes. Ann Neurol., 43: 485–493. doi: 10.1002/ana.410430412
Publication History
- Issue published online: 8 OCT 2004
- Article first published online: 8 OCT 2004
- Manuscript Accepted: 11 NOV 1997
- Manuscript Revised: 10 NOV 1997
- Manuscript Received: 12 AUG 1997
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Dr. Matthew K. Hasford graduated from the Howard University College of Medicine in 1991. He works in Miami, FL and 1 other location and specializes in Urology. Dr. Hasford is affiliated with Hialeah Hospital, North Shore Medical Center and Palmetto General Hospital.
Medical School: Howard University College of Medicine; Graduated 1991
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.
1190 NW 95th St Ste 106
Miami, FL 33150
777 E 25th St Ste 418
Hialeah, FL 33013
12411 Biscayne Blvd
North Miami, FL 33181
12411 Biscayne Blvd
North Miami, FL 33181
1400 NW 12th Ave Ste 3
Miami, FL 33136


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Heat blow lead, rally back to beat Wizards at the buzzer
MIAMI -- Udonis Haslem's 10-footer in the lane with 0.3 seconds left capped a wild back-and-forth game and gave the Miami Heat a 106-104 victory over the Washington Wizards on Sunday night.
The Heat blew a 16-point first-half lead, then rallied from a 12-point second-half deficit to win their sixth straight overall and 12th straight at home -- plus get within one game of Washington in the Southeast Division.
Eddie Jones had 18 points and Gary Payton added a season-high 17 for the Heat, who had all eight players in their rotation score in double figures.
Gilbert Arenas scored 33 for the Wizards, including three free throws with 3.1 seconds left that tied the game. Antawn Jamison had a 26-point, 15-rebound effort for Washington, which lost at the buzzer for the second straight night when Haslem went to his right and scored the game-winner.
Washington, which was out of timeouts, never got a desperation shot off before the final horn.
Alonzo Mourning had 16 points and Shaquille O'Neal -- limited to 17 minutes by foul trouble -- had 12 points for the Heat, while Haslem had 11 points and 10 rebounds. Jason Williams and Antoine Walker each had 11 points and James Posey added 10 for Miami, which hadn't had eight players reach double figures since Feb. 14, 1991.
"You can't ask for more balance than that," Heat coach Pat Riley said.
Brendan Haywood had 12 points for the Wizards.
Miami went up 104-101 with 4.1 seconds left, when Williams hit the first of two free throws. He missed the second -- the Heat went 10-for-25 from the line -- and that gave Washington a chance.
The Wizards, naturally, went to Arenas, who was fouled by Payton in the right corner with 3.1 seconds left. Arenas hit all three, tying the game, but giving Miami more than enough time.
The Heat went to Haslem, and the Miami native came through to keep the Heat's resurgence going.
"We just wanted to get a look at it," Riley said. "And Udonis got a look at it. He made a Dwyane Wade shot ... just a great shot."
Washington misfired on earlier last-second opportunities. Caron Butler was called for setting an illegal screen on Payton with 4.9 seconds left -- taking the ball out of Arenas' hands.
With 38.6 seconds left, Arenas -- who was 12-for-12 at the line beforehand -- missed the first of two free throws and only brought Washington within 103-101.
Miami led 28-14 after the opening quarter, forcing Washington into 10 straight missed shots over a six-minute stretch -- and building that edge despite O'Neal being limited to only two minutes because of foul trouble.
Payton hit his first four shots, including a 3-pointer with 10:01 left in the half to stake Miami to a 33-18 lead. The margin hit 56-40 when Walker connected on a 3-pointer with 32 seconds left.
But Arenas jumped past Dorell Wright and hit a running 3-pointer at the horn, cutting Miami's lead to 13 at the break -- and breathing life into the Wizards, who lost on a buzzer-beating 3-pointer by the New York Knicks' Steve Francis on Saturday night.
That shot started what became a 40-12 run by Washington, which shot 72 percent in the third quarter while holding the Heat to a 30 percent clip in that period. Butler's dunk with 2:13 left in the third put the Wizards up 80-68, but Miami clawed its way back.
Game notes
The Wizards are 8-30 all-time in Miami. ... Payton's previous season-high was 16 at New Jersey in November.
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Murderer of Boston terrier shouldn't get slap on wrist
First of all, I have to give the Amarillo Globe-News credit for publishing the March 12 story, "Family talks about loss of beloved Boston terrier," on the front page where it needed to be.
As I read the article, I felt rage, nausea and sorrow all at the same time. No, this was not about war, car wrecks or robbery; this was the story about a Boston terrier that was murdered (yes, I said "murdered") for no reason with a 15-pound rock.
As a Boston terrier owner for many years, I can't imagine anything this small animal could have done to deserve such a terrible death.
But it doesn't make any difference what breed the dog was. What concerns me is the way some of our youth are destroying animals, property and even other human beings with no remorse.
Look at the antelope near Dalhart that were brutally slaughtered recently, for no apparent reason. And although the accused were convicted, look at their punishment. They had to make an apology for their actions, were fined and have to perform community service. That will definitely teach them a lesson!
I suppose the suspects who killed Candy will receive the same sort of slap on the wrist.
We need to initiate a campaign addressed to our state lawmakers to strengthen the animal-cruelty laws so that maybe these kinds of sick, senseless killings can be deterred.
I am not associated with any animal-rights group, but I urge everyone who feels the way I did after reading the March 12 story to start calling or writing his or her legislators. I will be.
Richard Boyer
Dog-killer deserves maximum penalty
I was appalled at the story appearing on the March 12 front page about Candy Cane, the little dog belonging to Joe and Dorothy Montgomery, who was cruelly bludgeoned to death with a large rock by a Tascosa High School student.
The story reported that the teen-ager kicked a hole in the Montgomery's fence because the little dog was barking, then attacked Candy Cane as she went through the hole into the alley.
Cruelty to animals is a Class A misdemeanor punishable by a maximum of two years in jail and a $4,000 fine. It is my strongest hope that this teen-ager receives the maximum penalty for his horrendous act of violence.
Psychological studies suggest that young people who commit violent acts toward animals often exhibit violent behavior toward humans as they reach adulthood.
In addition to wishing the maximum penalty for this youth, I also hope he is sentenced to anger management classes.
His behavior must be altered to an acceptable level. Otherwise, there is a strong probability that, in the future, his anger will be heinously vented toward another human being.
Paul Webber
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text: Me and buddy are headed out for a quick jaunt with camping and stuff. Here is the route 2,153 miles approx. this is willy from Carthage, MO And Myself Day one, the plan to meet in the Oklahoma panhandle, Lake Etling to stop for the night. this is me about to leave the house, Oh and I didn't turn on the GPS the whole time I was in the road. I think it will make it to the flea market soon. as promised Lake Etling for the night. Waiting on Willy to show up. My set up included a luxury lite cot and EXPED air mattress. like sleeping on a cloud. And he showes up just before dark. and down for the night. Next day we are in Mesa country headed for the Capulin Volcano national monument. Views from the top of the Volcano in Capulin, NM More one of me soaking up the cooler temps, notice the hoodie under the jacket. Not BMW approved. and Willy At this point we are going to red River, NM This is a detour to the mountains near Red River, NM I stopped for gas in Ft garland, NM Final destination South Fork, CO for the night. this was the only non nylon camping for the trip. good morning looking back at Wolf Creek pass thru the rain. Not much color yet. We made it to the 4 corners monument more 4 corners we left the mountains for the desolate canyons of UTAH Me, attempting the Peach Miles of this purdy canyons And we are stopping for the night in Blanding, UT. Notice the tent doesn't get set up with the same tight neatness as previously. woke up to get gas and this crew from Brazil showed up and one of the Bikes was blasting HWY to hell. They didn't speak english and had a pilot car in front and behind, they were headed for Las Vegas. My one shot of MOAB, UT to get gas. I was ready for the mountains again. Headed for Grand Junction. This was a long rest stop for me, A look around Cabelas in Grand Junction and lunch at Wendy's Now we are going to Gunnison, CO Blue Mesa FYI and finally stop for the night at Gold Creek rd east of Gunnison Since I drug the Fly rod all over the country it's time to try it out. here and here But it seems colorado fish don't like bass lures. time to pack up and go home packed It is 781 miles from here to Sand Springs Oklahoma, this is a solo nonstop run for the house. My buddy elected not to go with a little color on the way out. If you squint you can see the big horn sheep over Monarch this is the X's parets house I use to frequent in Texas creek, CO, I's for sale by the way, and the Arkansas river is with in pissen distance of the house. now I am outside of West Cliffee looking at the Sangre De Cristos This is my last pic before it was too dark and i lost interest anyway. This is wal Mart Gymon, OK now some random food shots that I didn't put in the original. Mud cat from Woodward, OK Pollo Al Carbon in Raton NM french toast in Salida, CO Thanks for looking and i made it home in 14 hours from gunnison.


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'Ghostbusters' Is Getting Re-Released For 30th Anniversary
The biggest problem with the concept of 'Ghostbusters 3' is the fact that 'Ghostbusters' still very much exists and is pretty much perfect. This fact will be reconfirmed when the original is re-released later this summer as part of the film's 30th anniversary celebration, which will also include a new Blu-ray release.
Weekend Box Office Report: 'Maleficent' Casts a Spell Over the Box Office
We're knee-deep in the summer movie season and the hits just keep on coming. Despite mixed buzz, 'Maleficent' opened very strong, not coming close to the massive numbers of the past few weekends, but certainly holding its own. However, the success of Disney's latest live action effort meant that the weekend's other big release, Seth MacFarlane's 'A Million Ways to Die in the West,' fared less well.
Weekend Box Office Report: 'X-Men: Days of Future Past' Rules the Box Office
The Memorial Day weekend brought with it the third Marvel superhero movie of 2014 and like 'Captain America: The Winter Soldier' and 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2,' 'X-Men: Days of Future Past' opened to over $90 million at the box office. Sure, people online keep on wondering if audiences are getting tired of comic book films, but the box office keeps on saying otherwise.
Weekend Box Office Report: 'Godzilla' is King of the Box Office
Everyone expected 'Godzilla' to take the number one spot at the box office this weekend, but few people saw it doing business that rivals 'Captain America: The Winter Soldier' and 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2.' 'Godzilla' didn't just win the box office this weekend, it conquered it, proving that after all of these years, the king of the monsters is still a massive draw.
'Harry Potter' Spinoff 'Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them' Arriving November 2016
The saga of Harry Potter may have come to a definitive end with 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 2,' but his mysterious wizarding world will live on! We already knew that original Potter Author J.K. Rowling would be making her screenwriting debut with upcoming spinoff film 'Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them,' but now we know when we'll be able to see the movie!
'Batman vs. Superman' Director Zack Snyder Teases the New Batmobile
This is serious business, so let's get down to brass tacks: 'Batman vs. Superman' director Zack Snyder took to Twitter to tease his film's take on the Batmobile, AKA, Batman's personal vehicle, AKA, one of the most famous vehicles in all of popular culture. Snyder shared the first image of the iconic automobile, mostly covered by a tarp, with a message suggesting that a full reveal could come as soon as tomorrow.
Weekend Box Office Report: 'Neighbors' Moves in Next Door to Spider-Man, Wreaks Havoc
It turns out that 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' didn't need the Sinister Six to bring it down. All that was required was Seth Rogen, Zac Efron and a very funny marketing campaign. 'Neighbors' not only opened at number one at the box office, it derailed its super-powered competition so dramatically that it may be difficult for it to fully recover.
'SNL' Profiles 'Dragon Babies' and its Truly Bizarre Lead Voice Actor
If you're an avid consumer of modern popular culture, you've watched your fair share of behind the scenes featurettes that offer a look at the making of a movie or TV show. In fact, this particular slice of modern marketing has become such a specific medium that it has opened itself up to parody ... which makes us wonder why 'SNL' doesn't take it on more often. Last night's episode featured a sketch that was structured like an HBO First Look, giving us a glimpse of a new movie called 'Dragon Babies' that looks hilariously awful before we meet the hugely inappropriate lead voice actor.
Weekend Box Office Report: 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2′ Swings Into First Place
As expected, 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' opened the summer movie season in style, overcoming mixed reviews to dominate the top 10 and cause every other film's weekend gross to tumble. Coming weeks will see if it can do the business of the other films in the franchise, but this is a strong start to what looks to be a jam-packed summer.
'SNL': Andrew Garfield Is Justin Timberlake on "Celebrity Family Feud"
Like so many 'SNL' scenes, the "Celebrity Family Feud" sketches are essentially an excuse to let a bunch of different cast members try out a variety of celebrity impersonations. But hey, we're not complaining, especially when they give guest host Andrew Garfield a chance to play a spot-on version of his 'The Social Network' co-star (and frequent 'SNL' host) Justin Timberlake.


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Social Prescribing Service (Pilot)
Aim of the Service
The aim of this new service is about linking people to activities in the community that promotes independence and wellbeing. It is about connecting people to non-medical sources of support.
Bassetlaw Clinical Commissioning Group has commissioned Bassetlaw Community and Voluntary Service (BCVS) to provide the Social Prescribing Service across Bassetlaw. The service is available to patients aged 65 and over who are socially isolated or frail and registered with a Bassetlaw GP.
How to Access the Service/What the Service Provides
Patients can be referred into the service via their GP or Community Nursing Service. The patient will then receive a visit from a Voluntary and Community Services (VCS) Advisor to discuss voluntary or community services that could improve the patient's health and wellbeing. The service is available for a maximum of 12 weeks. The Advisor can help patients to:-
- Access specific support groups
- Attend local community social groups
- Access benefits, debt and welfare rights advice
- Address isolation issues
- Access services for carer/s
- Create a plan of action
- Improve health and wellbeing and independence
- Access information and advice on a wide range of services
- Access other services eg. community transport
At the end of the 12 week intervention, the Advisor will arrange to meet the patient and discuss next steps to enable the patient to continue accessing the support they have received from the voluntary and community sector.
Contact Details
Julie Barnes, Social Prescribing Manager at BCVS. Telephone: 01909 476118 extension 30 or
BCVS Room Hire Cancellation Policy
25% of fee payable if cancelled with less than 1 months' notice
50% of fee payable if cancelled with less than 14 days' notice
75% of fee payable if cancelled with less than 7 days' notice
100% of fee payable if cancelled with less than 24 hours' notice
Our office water cooler from AquAid has helped to provide this well in Africa! A very proud moment for BCVS!
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text: 2010 Election Watch: Security of Your Electronic Voting MachineThis November voters will confront a dizzying array of systems that employ scanners, touchscreens, even audio recordings. Here's your guide to today's voting booth. Share Tweet Pin Text Share E-mail 1 Model 100 Precinct Scanner (Election Systems & Software) Pin Share What It Is: Optical scannerHow It Works: A voter pencils in candidate selections on a paper ballot, then feeds the ballot into the scanner, where light from a row of LEDs reflects off the pencil marks. Sensors determine the locations of the marks and correlate them to the candidates. Then the Model 100 records the vote. If a voter selects no candidates, or more than one candidate for a single race, the Model 100 alerts the voter, and allows him or her to submit the ballot or retrieve it and correct the mistake.Deployment: Nearly 30 million voters—more than half of all registered voters—will use the Model 100 in 747 jurisdictions in 30 states.Reported Glitches: Introduced in the late 1990s, the Model 100 has miscounted votes or otherwise malfunctioned in several elections at polling stations in Texas, California, Arkansas and elsewhere. Since voters fill out paper ballots, however, election officials can recount votes if a machine is defective.Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 2 eScan (Hart InterCivic) Pin Share What It Is: Optical scannerHow It Works: Like the Model 100, the eScan reads marks on a paper ballot and stores the votes on a memory card. It also alerts voters if they don't mark the ballot in a contest or accidentally vote twice for, say, county coroner, and allows them to resubmit the ballot. At some polling stations, a plastic shield guarantees privacy as voters feed ballots into the machine.Deployment: More than 6 million voters in 182 jurisdictions in eight states.Reported Glitches:Dozens of eScan machines malfunctioned during a 2006 election in Lancaster County, PA, and the scanners often have trouble reading creased ballots. 3 AccuVote-OS (Election Systems & Software) Pin Share What It Is: Optical scannerHow It Works: It functions in basically the same way as the Model 100 and the eScan. One special feature: A backup battery pack means the AccuVote-OS can tally votes even if the power goes out at the polling station.Deployment: Nearly 32 million voters in 23 states.Reported Glitches: Malfunctions in previous elections include ballot refusal, memory-card errors and miscounted votes.Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 4 AutoMARK (Election Systems & Software) Pin Share What It Is: System designed for impaired or disabled voters.How It Works: Voters insert a paper ballot in the machine and make candidate selections on a touchscreen with text that can be enlarged for easier reading. Alternately, voters can use headphones to hear a recorded list of candidates for each race and then make their selections on a keyboard or via a sip/puff device. Ballots are counted by hand or by optical scanner.Deployment: 1478 jurisdictions in 30 states.Reported Glitches: In 2007, members of the Oakland County Clerks Association in Oakland County, Michigan, asked that the AutoMARK machines be recalled, saying they had been working poorly since they were first purchased. In a 2006 election in LaSalle County, Illinois, the first votes cast with AutoMARK machines were mistallied, due to a technician's error. 5 AccuVote-TSX (Election Systems & Software) Pin Share What It Is: Direct-recording electronic (DRE) system.How It Works: Voters use a smart card or code to access an AccuVote-TSX terminal in the voting booth, then choose candidates presented on a touchscreen. The machine records votes on a memory card; some terminals also print a backup record.Deployment: More than 28 million voters in 466 jurisdictions in 19 states.Reported Glitches: In 2006, some AccuVote-TSX machines in Ohio's 1 million voter Cuyahoga County had paper jams and access failures, and generated vote printouts that didn't match the screen review. 6 iVotronic Pin Share What It Is: DRE systemHow It Works: Voters cast ballots via touchscreen. Like the AccuVote-TSX, the iVotronic gives voters a chance to review their ballot before submitting it; in some cases, the machines are programmed to print a paper record.Deployment: 26 million voters in 422 jurisdictions in 19 states.Reported Glitches: In previous elections, polling stations in several states reported that iVotronic machines registered votes for the wrong candidate.Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 7 eSlate (Hart InterCivic) Pin Share What It Is: DRE systemHow It Works: As with the iVotronic and the AccuVote-TSX, the eSlate is used to cast votes electronically, but it does not deploy a touchscreen. Instead, voters turn a dial to scroll through the candidates, and then press a large button to enter their choices. Since the dial and button are easy to use and can be paired to audio played over headphones, the eSlate system can be used by the blind, the elderly and other disabled voters.Deployment: More than 13 million voters in 320 jurisdictions in 12 states.Reported Glitches: In past elections, several poll workers had trouble operating the machines—in one instance, voters were presented with the wrong ballot. Next Gallery The New MacBook Air, Unboxed: Pictures Apple's brand new MacBook Air made its way to our office today.... Oct 21, 2010 Share Tweet Pin Text Share E-mail Share Tweet Pin Text Share E-mail Share Tweet Pin Text Share E-mail More FromNew Technology New Technology Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail Why Instagram Paid a 10-Year-Old Hacker $10,000 New Technology Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail Handcrafted Bamboo Death Star Is Beautifully Sinister Design Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail New Nintendo Vans Are the Perfect Shoes for Stomping on Mushrooms GIF Best New Gadgets Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail 5 Competitive Chainsaw Events That Will Make You Stop and Count Your Fingers Best New Gadgets Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail Teen Builds Museum of Macintosh Computers That Were Old Before He Was Born GIF New Technology Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail Inspecting Power Lines From a Helicopter Is One Shocking Job GIF New Technology Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail Dig the Serene View From a 170-Mph Train Cockpit GIF Design Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail Futuristic Ping Pong Table is Also Your Coach GIF New Technology Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail The U.S. Once Intentionally Nuked an Aircraft Carrier GIF Best New Gadgets Share Share Tweet Pin E-mail This Brilliant Vacuum Cleaner-Powered Device Is Like a Desktop Replicator New Technology Security technology cyber security tips government hackers computers cybersecurityTesla Wants to Pay Hackers a Full-Time Salary to Break Its CarsWhen Hackers Attack: Practicing Cybersecurity at HomeThe Movie That Accurately Predicted the Future of Technology The Monumental Challenge of Mapping the Human BrainThe Inspiration for Mind-Control Conspiracy Theories Faces Its DemiseInside NSA Red Team Secret Ops With Government's Top Hackers More From New Technology


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Jared Hughes (lat) is on track to be activated from the disabled list on Saturday.
Jon Moscot (shoulder) is expected to make his next start.
Joe Kelly (shoulder) threw a 35-pitch bullpen session on Friday.
Tommy Milone could have his next turn in the rotation skipped.
Jarrod Saltalamacchia is not in the Tigers' lineup on Friday.
Athletics transferred OF Sam Fuld from the 15-day disabled list to the 60-day disabled list.
Athletics optioned 1B/OF/C Matt McBride to Triple-A Nashville.
Athletics recalled RHP Andrew Triggs from Triple-A Nashville.


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Present addresses: School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
Managing fire mosaics for small mammal conservation: a landscape perspective
Article first published online: 14 MAR 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02124.x
© 2012 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2012 British Ecological Society
Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume 49, Issue 2, pages 412–421, April 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Kelly, L. T., Nimmo, D. G., Spence-Bailey, L. M., Taylor, R. S., Watson, S. J., Clarke, M. F. and Bennett, A. F. (2012), Managing fire mosaics for small mammal conservation: a landscape perspective. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49: 412–421. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02124.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 27 MAR 2012
- Article first published online: 14 MAR 2012
- Received 27 September 2011; accepted 8 February 2012 Handling Editor: Phil Stephens
- disturbance;
- habitat;
- landscape ecology;
- mallee;
- semi-arid;
- wildfire
- Top of page
- Summary
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Supporting Information
1. Fire is a major driver of ecosystem structure and function worldwide. It is also widely used as a management tool to achieve conservation goals. A common objective is the maintenance of 'fire mosaics' comprising spatially heterogeneous patches of differing fire history. However, it is unclear what properties of fire mosaics most enhance conservation efforts. Here we focus on the spatial and temporal properties of fire-prone landscapes that influence the distribution of small mammals.
2. We surveyed small mammals in 28 landscapes (each 12·6 km²) representing a range of fire histories in the Murray Mallee region (104 000 km²) of semi-arid Australia. Generalised linear mixed models were used to examine the influence of five landscape properties on the capture rate of individual species and the species richness of native small mammals. We investigated the influence of the proportional extent of fire age-classes, the diversity of fire age-classes, the extent of the dominant vegetation type, rainfall history and biogeographic context.
3. Three of four study species were associated with the spatial extent of fire age-classes. Older vegetation was found to provide important habitat for native small mammals. Overall, however, rainfall history and biogeographic context were dominant influences: for example, the species richness of native mammals was positively associated with above-average rainfall. There was little evidence that the diversity of fire age-classes influenced either the capture rate of individual species or species richness.
4. Synthesis and applications. In fire-prone environments, habitat availability can change markedly over short time-scales. Sufficient habitat at a suitable seral stage within the landscape is a key requirement for species conservation. In mallee ecosystems, the retention of older vegetation is recommended to create more desirable fire mosaics for native small mammals. In addition to such spatial properties of mosaics that are amenable to manipulation, an understanding of how ecological processes affect the biota (such as variation in rainfall-driven productivity) is also essential for informed conservation management.
- Top of page
- Summary
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Supporting Information
Wildfire is a major driver of ecosystem structure and function worldwide (Bond, Woodward & Midgley 2005; Bowman et al. 2009). It is also widely used to manage habitats to achieve conservation goals: notably in Africa (Parr & Chown 2003), Australia (Andersen et al. 2005) and North America (Noss et al. 2006). Fire management increasingly is focused on managing landscapes to maintain 'fire mosaics', comprising spatially heterogeneous patches of differing fire history (Brockett, Biggs & van Wilgen 2001; Bradstock et al. 2005). However, almost any fire regime will create a 'mosaic': what is lacking is a body of empirical data that distinguishes the characteristics of mosaics that will most enhance the conservation of fauna in particular ecosystems (Clarke 2008; Driscoll et al. 2010).
Several mechanisms have been proposed, which directly link the distribution and abundance of fauna with the properties of fire mosaics (Bradstock et al. 2005; Parr & Andersen 2006). First, animal species may depend on resources that vary temporally in response to time-since-fire (or fire history) (e.g. Fox 1982). Under this hypothesis, changes in the spatial extent of different fire age-classes will modify the total amount of these resources available in the landscape and thereby influence the distribution and abundance of species. Secondly, because different taxa exhibit different responses to fire history, it is argued that heterogeneous mosaics composed of patches of differing fire history will provide a range of resources that will enable the persistence of a species-rich biota in the landscape (e.g. Briani et al. 2004). This hypothesis has been encapsulated by the expression 'pyrodiversity begets biodiversity' (Parr & Andersen 2006). Thirdly, individual species may require resources present in multiple components of the landscape: for example, patches of recently burnt vegetation adjacent to older vegetation (e.g. Firth et al. 2010). The composition of a fire mosaic may determine whether or not such species can occur. Finally, during a fire event, unburnt patches in the landscape can provide refuges for animals. Following a fire, these patches can provide a source for recolonisation into disturbed areas (Bradstock et al. 2005).
Studies of small mammals have been influential in the development of fire ecology. Such studies have, for example, provided insights into post-fire succession in animal communities (Fox, Taylor & Thompson 2003), the influence of fire frequency on fauna (Pardon et al. 2003) and the interactions between fire, rainfall and other ecological processes (Letnic & Dickman 2005). However, the relative influence of different spatial properties of fire-prone landscapes on small mammals, and other faunal groups, is poorly known. This is because data are primarily collected at a site level and do not allow direct comparison and understanding of how the combinations of spatial features that make up the whole landscape – the extent, composition and configuration of elements – influence fauna. To date, a whole-of-landscape approach (where the unit of study is the landscape) has largely been restricted to studies of fragmented agricultural systems (Bennett, Radford & Haslem 2006; Mortelliti et al. 2011).
We conducted a broad-scale natural experiment in the Murray Mallee region of semi-arid southern Australia. 'Mallee' shrubland and woodland offers a model system for investigating fire mosaics. This eucalypt- and spinifex-dominated vegetation is highly flammable, landscape structure is strongly associated with fire history and large tracts of native vegetation occur in conservation reserves. We surveyed small mammals in 28 landscapes (each 12·56 km²) selected to represent a range of fire histories and therefore different fire mosaics. In particular, we examined five landscape properties: the proportional extent of fire age-classes, the diversity of fire age-classes, the extent of the dominant vegetation type, rainfall history and the biogeographic context of the landscape. We sought to establish the relative influence of each of these properties on the distribution of small mammals in the region.
Materials and methods
- Top of page
- Summary
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Supporting Information
Study Area
The Murray Mallee region (104 000 km2) encompasses an extensive system of reserves managed primarily for biodiversity conservation (Fig. 1). The landscape is of low elevation (≤100 m above sea level), with moderate topographic variation provided by undulating dune and swale systems. Large tracts of native vegetation are characterised by stands of 'tree mallee' (i.e. vegetation dominated by Eucalyptus spp. with a multistemmed growth form). Three types of mallee vegetation have been identified and mapped across the study region: Triodia Mallee, Heathy Mallee and Chenopod Mallee (Haslem et al. 2010).
Mallee vegetation is fire-prone: an area equivalent to 40% of tree mallee vegetation in the region was burnt between 1972 and 2007 (S.C. Avitabile, unpublished data). Lightning is the major source of ignition. Mallee eucalypts and the perennial hummock grass, Triodia scariosa N.T. Burbidge, are the primary sources of surface fuel (Bradstock & Cohn 2002). Wildfires exceeding 100 000 ha typically occur in the region every 10–20 years, although longer fire intervals are common for any given location (Clarke et al. 2010). Smaller fire events occur more frequently.
The climate of the region is semi-arid; mean annual rainfall ranges from 218 mm in the north to 329 mm in the south. Rainfall typically is non-seasonal, and the interannual variability is high. Mean daily maximum temperatures in summer range from 30–33 °C, and temperatures >40 °C are common. Winters are mild, with mean daily maximum temperatures ranging from 15–18 °C.
Fire History Mapping
Landsat imagery was used to map the fire history of the study region from 1972 to 2007. Imagery was acquired from Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) (1972–1988), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) (1989–2005). Fire events were digitised using composites of 15 satellite images at a resolution of 25 m² (TM and ETM+) to 50 m² (MSS) (envi version 4.2). Fire maps were then exported to ArcView 9.2 for data checking and the addition of attribute data. Fires initially were dated to the intervals of available satellite images (e.g. 1977–1980). We obtained the year of each fire by consulting spatial data prepared by land management agencies and by contacting local experts. All data were compiled in a geographic information system (GIS) to form a complete regional fire history map (spanning 35 years), which provided a basis for selecting study landscapes.
Landscape and Site Selection
Twenty-eight landscapes were selected for study, each a circular area 4 km in diameter (12·56 km2). Landscapes were selected to represent variation in two key properties: the proportional extent of vegetation aged >35 years post-fire and the diversity of post-fire ages present. Landscape selection was stratified to ensure spatial coverage of the Murray Mallee region, with 14 landscapes located in each of the southern and northern halves of the study area. The size of study landscapes represented a scale large enough to encompass a range of post-fire histories and a scale appropriate to the distribution and ecology of small mammal populations. Neighbouring landscapes were non-overlapping and separated by at least 2 km. In summary, study landscapes ranged from those largely covered by recently burnt vegetation, to those containing several post-fire age-classes, to those mainly composed of older vegetation.
Ten survey sites were established in each landscape. Site selection was stratified according to the proportional extent of post-fire age-classes of vegetation in the landscape (proportional extent of 0·02–0·10 = one site, 0·10–0·20 = two sites, 0·20–0·30 = three sites, etc.). Within each post-fire age-class, sites were located to represent the range of vegetation types and topographic positions (dune, swale, flat) present. Potential sites were first chosen using fire history and vegetation maps, and later checked for suitability in the field. Wherever logistically possible, sites were located in all four quadrants of the landscape (to ensure appropriate spatial coverage) and were typically >200 m apart (range 175–685 m).
Small Mammal Surveys
At each survey site, we established a line of pitfall traps comprising ten 20-L plastic buckets, spaced 5 m apart, connected by a continuous 300-mm-high flywire drift fence. Small mammal surveys were conducted at each of these 280 sites (i.e. 28 landscapes × 10 sites) four times starting in October–November 2006 (Spring), January–February 2007 (Summer), October–November 2007 (Spring) and January–February 2008 (Summer). Each survey period consisted of five consecutive nights of trapping and traps were checked daily. Elliott aluminium box traps (33 × 10 × 10 cm) were used to complement pitfall trapping in Spring, but not in Summer (to ensure the welfare of animals during high summer temperatures). In Spring surveys, five Elliott traps were placed adjacent to the pitfall line at each site. The species, mass, sex, age-class and reproductive status of each animal were recorded, and hair clipping was used to mark individuals to identify recaptures during each survey period. Nomenclature for mammals follows van Dyck & Strahan (2008).
A large wildfire modified three landscapes during Spring 2006. Because of changes to mosaic structure, the spring 2006 data from these three landscapes were excluded. The fire history of these landscapes was remapped, and small mammals were subsequently surveyed twice in Spring 2007. In total, we completed 56 000 pitfall trap nights and 14 000 Elliott trap nights. Prior to statistical analysis, data from the 10 sites established in each landscape were pooled. We also grouped data from small mammal surveys to represent two distinct time periods: Spring/Summer 2006/20007 and Spring/Summer 2007/2008. This grouping, based on the warm-season breeding period of several species, enabled an examination of the effects of rainfall on animal populations during the study.
Explanatory Variables
Study landscapes were characterised by variables representing five mosaic properties. The extent of post-fire age-classes was represented by three subgroups: (i) the extent of vegetation <10 years post-fire, (ii) the extent of vegetation 10–35 years post-fire and (iii) the extent of vegetation >35 years post-fire. The diversity of post-fire age-classes was represented by the Shannon–Wiener diversity index of the proportion of each individual fire year in the landscape. The proportional extent of Triodia Mallee was used to describe the vegetation types occurring in the landscapes: those mosaics with less Triodia Mallee typically contained increasing proportions of Chenopod Mallee. Variables relating to fire history and vegetation type were calculated in fragstats version 3.3 (McGarigal et al. 2002).
The recent rainfall history of each landscape was represented by the amount of rainfall (mm) summed over a 12-month period. Monthly rainfall data were obtained from the closest weather station (Australian Bureau of Meteorology, http://www.bom.gov.au/) to each landscape [n = 9, mean distance to closest station = 25 km (range 4–50 km)]. Summed rainfall totals were calculated for 12-month periods prior to small mammal surveys at four time-lags: 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Each time-lag was calculated as of November 2006 and November 2007 (the midpoint of the first survey during each grouped Spring/Summer trapping period).
Study landscapes were arrayed along a 200-km north-south axis (Fig. 1). Temperature increases and precipitation decreases from south to north (Pausas & Bradstock 2007). Northing of each landscape was included as an explanatory variable because it captured much of the biogeographic variation present in the study region. Summary data for each explanatory variable are shown in Table S1 in Supporting information.
Statistical Analyses
We used generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) to investigate small mammal responses to explanatory variables. GLMMs are a useful extension of generalised linear models and allow sources of correlation structure in the data to be modelled as random effects (Zuur et al. 2009). For models of individual species, the response variable was the capture rate of a species at a landscape, for each grouped survey period: Capture rate = total captures of individual animals/total trap nights. Recaptured animals were excluded from this calculation. For marsupials, which were not commonly recorded in Elliott box traps, capture rate was calculated from pitfall trap effort only. For rodents, which were captured in both pitfall traps and Elliott traps, capture rate was calculated using the combined trap effort of both survey techniques. For statistical analyses, capture rates were expressed as captures per 1000 trap nights and rounded to the nearest whole number. For the model of species richness, the response variable was the total number of native small mammal species captured in a landscape, for each grouped survey period.
Prior to fitting the regression models, we carried out graphical exploration of relationships between response and explanatory variables using scatter plots. This served two purposes: first, to identify the presence of nonlinear relationships and secondly, in the case of landscape variables with several correlated subgroups, to select (for each response variable) one subgroup from each set to include in regression models. Thus, for landscape variables relating to the extent of post-fire age-classes and rainfall history, only the subgroup with the strongest relationship with the response variable was included in further analyses. Selection of subgroups was also guided by our knowledge of the ecology of each study species. Landscape variables included in final models were not highly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficients < 0·5).
Generalised linear mixed models were implemented with a log-link function and Poisson distribution (Venables & Ripley 2002). Landscape variables were standardized by dividing by 2 standard deviations. This allowed effect sizes of variable coefficients to be compared (Gelman & Hill 2007). Explanatory variables were entered as linear fixed effects, as exploratory analyses identified no clear nonlinear relationships. Landscape was entered as a random effect (specifically, a random intercept) to account for possible temporal correlation of sites measured repeatedly (i.e. two grouped survey periods for each landscape, and therefore n = 56 for all regression analyses). GLMMs were fitted as full models to allow for the comparison of standardised variable coefficients. We interpreted landscape variables as having a significant influence on response variables where the standard errors of variable coefficients multiplied by two did not overlap zero. Model fit was assessed by Pearson's correlation of the observed vs. predicted values, providing an indication of how closely the two sets of values agree. Pearson residuals were tested for spatial autocorrelation using spline correlograms (Zuur et al. 2009). All statistical analysis was undertaken in the R statistical package version 2.13.1 (R Development Core Team 2010). GLMMs were fitted using the package mass version 7.3-14 (Venables & Ripley 2002). We used this package because it can correct for overdispersion (commonly detected in count data) in Poisson GLMMs. Spline correlograms were produced in the extension package ncf version 1.1-3 (Bjornstad 2009).
- Top of page
- Summary
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Supporting Information
Faunal surveys resulted in 1265 captures of seven mammal species. The small mammal assemblage was composed of two species of dasyurid marsupial, the mallee ningaui Ningaui yvonneae (554 captures) and common dunnart Sminthopsis murina (290 captures); two marsupial burramyids, the western pygmy possum Cercartetus concinnus (183 captures) and the little pygmy possum (18 captures); and three rodents, Bolam's mouse Pseudomys bolami (30 captures), Mitchell's hopping mouse Notomys mitchelli (11 captures) and the introduced house mouse Mus musculus (179 captures). The average species richness of native small mammals in a landscape, per grouped survey period, was 2·8 ± 1·0 SD (range 1–5).
Further details of small mammal captures are provided in Table S2 in Supporting information. We present statistical analyses of the four most commonly encountered species and the species richness of native small mammals. Spline correlograms provided no evidence of spatial autocorrelation in the residuals of the models presented (Fig. S1 in Supporting information).
Cercartetus concinnus
The capture rate of C. concinnus was associated with the fire and rainfall histories of the study landscapes. Rainfall had the strongest influence: captures of C. concinnus were positively associated with 12-month rainfall totals at a time-lag of 6-months (Table 1). For example, the highest capture rate of C. concinnus (54 captures per 1000 trap nights) occurred at a landscape that had experienced above-average rainfall 6 months prior to trapping (Fig. 2a). Cercartetus concinnus was also positively associated with the proportional extent of vegetation aged >35 years post-fire (Fig. 2b) and with landscapes located in northern areas of the study region (Table 1). The diversity of post-fire age-classes and the cover of vegetation types had no clear impact on the capture rate of C. concinnus (Table 1). A correlation between observed and model-predicted capture rates indicated good model fit (r = 0·93).
|Landscape variable
|Cercartetus concinnus
|Ningaui yvonneae
|Sminthopsis murina
|Mus musculus
|Species richness of native mammals
|Extent of post-fire age*
|1·08 ± 0·43b
|−0·66 ± 0·31a
|−0·90 ± 0·27b
|0·61 ± 0·25a
|−0·18 ± 0·10a
|Extent of vegetation type
|−0·84 ± 0·52
|0·22 ± 0·34
|0·09 ± 0·31
|0·61 ± 0·35
|0·06 ± 0·11
|Diversity of post-fire ages
|0·40 ± 0·50
|0·21 ± 0·33
|−0·05 ± 0·31
|−0·10 ± 0·33
|0·18 ± 0·10
|Biogeographic context
|1·70 ± 0·46
|1·26 ± 0·29
|−0·15 ± 0·28
|0·85 ± 0·28
|0·25 ± 0·09
|2·88 ± 0·34c
|0·42 ± 0·13d
|0·14 ± 0·23d
|1·84 ± 0·30c
|0·33 ± 0·09c
|Pearson correlation (r)
|0·93 (0·89–0·96)
|0·57 (0·36–0·72)
|0·11 (−0·15–0·37)
|0·78 (0·64–0·86)
|0·58 (0·38–0·73)
Ningaui yvonneae
Although widespread across the study region, biogeographic context had a substantial influence on capture rates of N. yvonneae (Table 1). Ningaui yvonneae were more common in northern, more arid, locations (Fig. 2c). Fire history was also a significant influence. Landscapes characterised by high proportional cover of recently burnt vegetation (<10 years) contained lower numbers of N. yvonneae (Fig. 2d). Finally, capture success of N. yvonneae was positively associated with rainfall totals (at a 9-month time-lag) (Table 1). There was a moderate correlation between observed and predicted capture rates (r = 0·57) for this species.
Sminthopsis murina
We identified no significant relationships between S. murina and landscape variables, and model predictions were not correlated with observed capture rates (r = 0·11). The species was widespread, occurring in all 28 study landscapes, and the capture rates were relatively high (Table S2). These results demonstrate that this species occurs in landscapes with a broad range of fire histories under a variety of environmental conditions.
Mus musculus
Regression modelling showed that capture rates of M. musculus were positively associated with the amount of recently burnt vegetation (<10 years) (Fig. 3a). Captures of these species also increased in landscapes with higher recent rainfall totals (at a 6-month time-lag) (Fig. 3b) and in more northern locations (Table 1). We found no clear patterns between capture rates of M. musculus and the diversity of post-fire age-classes or the extent of vegetation type (Table 1). A correlation between observed and predicted capture rates indicated good model fit (r = 0·78).
Species Richness
Rainfall was a substantial influence on the species richness of native small mammals (Table 1). Species richness was positively associated with 12-month rainfall totals (at a time-lag of 6 months) (Fig. 4a); higher richness occurred in landscapes where rainfall was above the long-term mean. Northing (biogeographic context) was also a positive influence (Fig. 4b). Regression modelling showed no evidence that the extent of older vegetation, the diversity of post-fire age-classes or the cover of Triodia Mallee were strong influences on the richness of native small mammals in these landscapes (Table 1). There was a moderate correlation between observed and predicted species richness (r = 0·58).
- Top of page
- Summary
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Supporting Information
We surveyed small mammals in 28 landscapes selected to represent a range of fire histories, and therefore different fire mosaic properties. This approach – whereby the response and predictor variables characterise whole landscapes – allows a direct comparison of the influence of mosaic properties on faunal distributions. To our knowledge, this is the first application of this approach to investigate the responses of mammals to fire mosaic properties. We identified the total extent of habitat, particularly that of a suitable seral stage, as a key spatial property of landscape mosaics in fire-prone environments. Specifically, we found that areas of older post-fire vegetation provide important habitat for native small mammals. However, for most study species, the influence of recent rainfall and the biogeographic context of the landscape were dominant influences on capture rates.
Influence of Landscape Properties
Fire history and vegetation type
A primary mechanism proposed to link the distribution and abundance of fauna with the properties of fire mosaics relates to the amount of suitable habitat in a landscape. Under this hypothesis, animal species depend on resources that vary temporally in response to fire regimes (e.g. Fox 1982; Briani et al. 2004). Changes in the spatial extent of different fire histories will modify the total amount of these resources available in the landscape and thereby influence the abundance and distribution of species.
The extent of recently burned vegetation (<10 years) negatively influenced the capture rate of N. yvonneae. This species does not occur at sites immediately after they are burned (Kelly et al. 2010). The distribution of N. yvonneae is closely associated with cover of the hummock grass, Triodia (Bos, Carthew & Lorimer 2002), used for shelter and foraging. Triodia hummocks are highly flammable and are consumed by fire, and then recover over subsequent decades (Haslem et al. 2011). The proportional extent of older vegetation (>35 years) positively influenced the capture rate of C. concinnus. This preference is consistent with the species' association with large trees and extensive cover of hummock grass (L.T. Kelly, unpublished data). The only species positively associated with recently burnt vegetation was the introduced M. musculus– a disturbance specialist.
The total amount of suitable habitat in a landscape may also be determined by the proportional extent of a particular vegetation type, irrespective of fire age. The lack of association of N. yvonneae with the proportional extent of Triodia Mallee in the study landscapes was surprising, given that the presence of hummock grass is a key determinant of its distribution (Bos, Carthew & Lorimer 2002). However, several landscapes dominated by Triodia Mallee were also those with large amounts of recently burnt vegetation. Although we captured too few N. mitchelli to undertake statistical analyses, this species showed a clear preference for landscapes dominated by Heathy Mallee. Six of 11 captures of N. mitchelli were from landscapes largely comprised of this relatively uncommon vegetation.
A second mechanism that potentially links the distribution and abundance of fauna with properties of fire mosaics relates to fire-induced habitat heterogeneity. Because different taxa exhibit different responses to fire history, heterogeneous mosaics composed of patches of differing fire history may provide a greater range of resources that facilitate a more species-rich biota than in homogeneous landscapes (Masters 1993; Briani et al. 2004). We found little evidence that 'pyrodiversity begets biodiversity' (Parr & Andersen 2006) at the scale of this study, despite deliberately selecting study landscapes with 1–6 post-fire age-classes to represent a broad range in pyrodiversity. This is consistent with our contemporaneous work on birds in these landscapes (Taylor et al. 2012). There was a trend for increasing species richness of native mammals with increasing diversity, but it failed to reach statistical significance (Table 1). The lack of such response may be because these species do not have markedly different requirements relating to fire history. Those species that do show a preference for particular seral stages typically favour longer unburnt areas (N. yvonneae and C. concinnus). Further, most species occur in a wide range of post-fire age-classes, albeit with differing probabilities of occurrence (Kelly et al. 2011); and for some, such as S. murina, there was little or no relationship between occurrence and post-fire vegetation age at trap sites (Kelly et al. 2011).
The diversity hypothesis also relates to individual species. Under this hypothesis, individual species may require complementary resources present in different components of the landscape: for example, patches of recently burnt vegetation adjacent to older vegetation (Firth et al. 2010). In the present study, this would be manifest by a significant influence of mosaic diversity (e.g. landscapes containing a mix of recently burnt and older vegetation) on capture rates of individual species. We found no evidence that the diversity of fire age-classes influenced individual species. This may be because the scale of heterogeneity sampled was not at the spatial scale of individual home ranges of these species. Rather, our focus was on larger-scale mosaics typical of the fire-induced heterogeneity that presently occurs in the region. Landscape complementation effects (at the scale of this study) are most likely to be observed for species with larger home ranges, such as the western grey kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus (Coulson 1993).
A fourth hypothesis relates to the presence of unburnt patches that provide refuges for animals. Following a fire, these patches can provide a source for recolonisation into disturbed areas (Bradstock et al. 2005). While we were unable to specifically test this hypothesis (landscape selection was focussed on other properties of fire mosaics), it seems likely that the presence of unburnt patches will benefit individual species. Immediately following a wildfire that affected three of our landscapes, there was a marked reduction in the occurrence of N. yvonneae and in the species richness of small mammals (Kelly et al. 2010). The Murray Mallee region experiences very large fires (>100 000 ha) within the region on a regular basis (c. 20 year intervals), and in the absence of unburnt refuges, recolonisation of burnt areas at this spatial scale may be slow.
Biogeographic context and rainfall
The geographic scale at which studies must be undertaken when 'whole landscapes' are the unit of study means that environmental gradients across a study region often influence the distribution of species or composition of assemblages (Bennett, Radford & Haslem 2006; Mortelliti et al. 2011). Here, the biogeographic context of the landscape was an important influence on three species. For example, N. yvonneae was more common in landscapes in the northern, more arid, part of the study area. Differing environmental histories or bioclimatic influences between the northern and southern landscapes may determine specific food and shelter resources. Biogeographic context also was an important influence on several less-common species. For example, P. bolami was restricted to the northern half of the region, while N. mitchelli was recorded only in the south.
The distribution and abundance of species are influenced not only by the spatial properties of landscapes, but by a range of processes that may be associated with, or independent of, particular spatial patterns. These include processes such as competition, predation and climatic variation (Meserve et al. 2003). In this study, spatial and temporal variation in rainfall influenced several species. Recent rainfall history was a particularly strong influence on C. concinnus with higher capture rates recorded 6 months after a year of high rainfall. Similarly, M. musculus, N. yvonneae and the species richness of native mammals were positively associated with rainfall totals. This association of small mammals with rainfall is likely to be driven by changes in primary productivity, and therefore the abundance of food resources (e.g. plants, seeds, invertebrates and pollen). This is consistent with other studies from the Australian arid zone, where rainfall-driven processes have a large influence on small mammal population dynamics (Southgate & Masters 1996; Letnic & Dickman 2010). We propose that higher capture rates of small mammals following high rainfall represent an increase in the abundance of regional populations, as well as a potential increase in the 'trappability' of individuals.
Synthesis and Applications
A primary management goal in many fire-prone environments is to protect, maintain and enhance biodiversity. Patch mosaic burning (i.e. introducing heterogeneity in burning patterns) is widely advocated to achieve such goals (Parr & Andersen 2006). This is the case in mallee ecosystems, where fire plays an important role in ecosystem function and is widely used as a management tool (Bradstock & Cohn 2002). This includes using fire to maintain a range of post-fire ages in the landscape to maintain vegetation communities and provide habitat for animals, and to create areas with reduced fuel loads to avoid large, reserve-scale fires (Sandell et al. 2006). In combination with 'natural' fire regimes, management practices will create a range of fire mosaics.
Management of fire mosaics for biodiversity conservation will need to consider both the characteristics of the ecosystem under consideration and the species that are a priority for regional conservation efforts. In this study, we identified the proportional extent of older vegetation as an important spatial property of landscape mosaics for native small mammals in mallee ecosystems. Older vegetation is heterogenous; it includes dense, patchy cover of spinifex, complex ground litter and larger trees, which provide high-quality habitat components for several small mammal species. Given that many important habitat attributes take decades to develop (Haslem et al. 2011), the retention of older mallee vegetation (e.g. >35 years) in the landscape should be encouraged.
Although we found little support for the 'pyrodiversity hypothesis', several important considerations remain. First, we focused here on the direct effects of fire mosaics on small mammals (i.e. how the present mosaic influences species distributions). Fire management will also need to consider the indirect effects of fire, such as the role of fuel reduction in protecting and retaining unburnt vegetation in the landscape. Secondly, at a regional scale, there clearly is a need for a range of fire age-classes to ensure an ongoing supply of successional stages. Thirdly, we modelled the responses of relatively common species. Several other species were relatively uncommon in the region (e.g. P. bolami and N. mitchelli), and further research is required to identify the influence of landscape-scale properties on these species. Finally, this study was undertaken in an ecosystem that has been modified over the last 150 years. One-third of the historical mammal assemblage is regionally extinct (Bennett, Lumsden & Menkhorst 1989), with declines greatest among small- to medium-sized mammals (e.g. bandicoots, bettongs and stick-nest rats). Any re-introductions of these species will need to consider their possible requirement for fine-scale heterogeneity. The present day mammal assemblage may represent the most resilient species.
Finally, this work highlights the importance of the spatial properties of fire mosaics, which are amenable to manipulation and management, and other ecological processes that also determine habitat quality, in this case, spatial and temporal variation in rainfall-driven productivity. Thus, while the management of fire regimes can be used as a tool to enhance biodiversity, it is critical to recognise that other ecological processes interact with fire-generated spatial patterns to determine the distribution of species and composition of assemblages. Future studies of fire mosaics will benefit from considering the interactions with spatial patterns of other processes, particularly those such as predation and grazing by herbivores that managers can influence.
- Top of page
- Summary
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Supporting Information
Funding and support were provided by Land and Water Australia, Department for Environment and Heritage (SA), Parks Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment (Vic.), Mallee Catchment Management Authority, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW), Lower Murray–Darling Catchment Management Authority, Natural Heritage Trust, Birds Australia, Australian Wildlife Conservancy, and the Murray Mallee Partnership. We are grateful to the Doyle and Barnes families for access to Petro and Lethero Stations, respectively. Thanks to Sarah Avitabile, Lauren Brown, Kate Callister, Angie Haslem and Sally Kenny; and the many volunteers who assisted with fieldwork. Three anonymous referees made useful comments on the manuscript.
- Top of page
- Summary
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Supporting Information
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Supporting Information
- Top of page
- Summary
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Supporting Information
Figure S1. Spline correlograms (of the Pearson residuals) from generalized linear mixed models for individual species of small mammal and the richness of native small mammals. GLMMs were fitted as full models. The maximum lag distance shown is 300 km. Note: the 95% pointwise bootstrap confidence intervals do not overlap zero and there is no evidence of strong spatial autocorrelation.
Table S1. Descriptive statistics of the explanatory variables used to characterise study landscapes.
Table S2. Descriptive statistics of small mammal captures in study landscapes in the Murray Mallee region. *Introduced species.
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The Toronto Maple Leafs should feel pressure to lock up their captain, according to Glenn Healy and Elliotte Friedman.
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Using Retrospective feedback to inform product decisions
I was invited to give a presentation at South West Product last week about using data to help drive product decisions. With my current investigation into using agile processes in an agency environment I started thinking about how you could use traditional agile process elements to help drive the product in ways I hadn't previously considered. The following article is a write-up of the talk that I gave at the event.