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Let the Northern Lights Erase Your Nameby Vendela Vida
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On the day of her father's funeral, twenty-eight-year-old Clarissa Iverton discovers that he wasn't her biological father after all. Her mother disappeared fourteen years earlier, and her fiancé has just revealed a life-changing secret to her. Alone and adrift, Clarissa travels to mystical Lapland, where she believes she'll meet her real father. There,… See more details below
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On the day of her father's funeral, twenty-eight-year-old Clarissa Iverton discovers that he wasn't her biological father after all. Her mother disappeared fourteen years earlier, and her fiancé has just revealed a life-changing secret to her. Alone and adrift, Clarissa travels to mystical Lapland, where she believes she'll meet her real father. There, at a hotel made of ice, Clarissa is confronted with the truth about her mother's history, and must make a decision about how—and where—to live the rest of her life.
Editorial Reviews
Far, far north, sitting above the Arctic Circle, Lapland is a world made of ice; a place both foreign and perilous that unexpectedly lures New Yorker Clarissa Iverton from what had finally become a comfortable life. At 14, her mother disappeared. Now 28, and just days after the death of her father, Clarissa discovers that he wasn't her father after all, and the only clues to her true heritage are a world away. Abandoning her fiancé, she flies to Helsinki, seeking to uncover the secrets her mother kept for so long. While piecing together the fragments of her mother's mysterious past, Clarissa is led to the Sami, Lapland's native "reindeer people," who dwell in a stark and frozen landscape, under the northern lights. It is there that she must summon the courage to confront an unbearable truth, and the violent act that ties her to this ancient people.
Vida's second novel is the riveting story of an unthinkable quest. Her indomitable heroine, Clarissa Iverton, slowly and painfully (but not without a sense of humor) peels away years of old lies in order to embrace a history she could never have imagined. Sharply focused and beautifully told, Let the Northern Lights Erase Your Name is an ambitious and accomplished work of fiction that resonates with the themes of truth and forgiveness. (Spring 2007 Selection)
The New York Times
Product Details
- 9780060828387
- Publisher:
- HarperCollins Publishers
- Publication date:
- 01/02/2008
- Series:
- P.S. Series
- Edition description:
- Reprint
- Pages:
- 256
- Sales rank:
- 378,957
- Product dimensions:
- 7.98(w) x 5.28(h) x 0.60(d)
Read an Excerpt
It was three in the afternoon when my plane landed at the Helsinki airport, but outside my window, dusk was already settling in like a bruise. I retrieved my suitcase, its handle cold, and stumbled to the tourist information desk, where a woman with good teeth and bad English helped me find a hotel near the train station. My plan was to take the first train north, to Lapland, after a night of sleep. She directed me toward the hotel's free shuttle bus waiting outside. Its doors opened just as I was preparing to knock.
I said yes, in part, out of relief that the call wasn't from Pankaj, my fiancé. My fiancé still? I was no longer sure. Recently, everything around me felt familiar yet amiss, like the first time you ride in the back seat of your own car. Dad had died a week before I left for Lapland. He was sixty-eight, his death unexpected. A heart attack. Pankaj had answered the phone. I was in bed, paying bills, in the Morningside Heights apartment Pankaj and I had shared for nearly five years. He came into the bedroom, tentatively, and kneeled on the floor beside me. He did not pray. "Your father," he said. "Your father." We left that night for Rhinebeck, where I had grown up. Where Dad had grown up. Where my mother had lived for fifteen years before she disappeared. 3.
I had hired the new Hungarian florist in town to do the flower arrangement. A mistake. A ruby banner hung diagonally, like a beauty contestant's sash, across a garish bouquet near the casket. In large silver lettering: "Be Loved." The funeral was the first day I envied my brother's ignorance. Since birth Jeremy has never spoken, so it was unclear whether he understood Dad had died. My family would never acknowledge that Jeremy was retarded; my mother used to say he was slow. She vanished when I was fourteen, Jeremy six. In the hollow months that followed her disappearance I convinced myself our family was being punished for our silent shame about Jeremy. I said the forbidden word over and over -- retarded-retardedretarded -- as though I could undo what was fact: I could un-retard him, I could bring my mother home. While I wiped my tears with my hair -- I had forgotten tissues -- Jeremy picked at the laces of his dress-up shoes. I bent over, pulled the laces out, and slipped them into my purse. Jeremy was accustomed to velcro. A family friend held a reception. Unthawed strawberries, kosher wine though Dad wasn't Jewish, a woman I had never met sobbing in the corner. Friends and strangers hugged me so tight their chests pushed against mine, alluding to sex, and then vanished. As soon as the last guest had left, the hostess began vacuuming. "All those footprints in the carpet," she said. "They make me tense." I offered to help clean up. She accepted. Pankaj and I dropped off Jeremy at the Home for Retarded Adults. The main hallway was lined with display cases of women's hats and men's ties. I didn't know why. As I stood below a beret, reporting to the nurse when and what Jeremy had last eaten, Pankaj handed Jeremy a paper bag filled with small plastic bags. The size that wouldn't fit over his head. Jeremy has a thing for plastic bags. "That was sweet," I said, as we walked to the car. My words didn't match the intensity of my gratitude. From the start, Pankaj had looked out for Jeremy. We drove back to Dad's house, where we had been staying since we got the phone call. We had left a few lights on and as we approached the front door I half-imagined it had been a hoax. Dad was alive and waiting to surprise us. I unlocked the door. "Hello," I called out. Pankaj started a fire in the living room. I stared at his large lips and his grey-black eyes, the color of papaya seeds. They were framed by long eyelashes, the kind that old ladies on trains made a fuss over. Pankaj could bat them like a flirtatious girl and somehow look virile, handsome, strong. But tonight his eyes were tunnel-dark, his eyelashes fey. He was moving slowly, the way you would around a predator you didn't want to enrage. I escaped to my father's study. The study had been my mother's. She claimed to be working on her dissertation on the environmental battles of indigenous peoples. It was her research that initially took her to Lapland in her late twenties. While there, she'd gotten sidetracked-that was her word, her explanation. She would sequester herself in the study for a few hours every afternoon, ostensibly writing, but there was a silent understanding in our house that her dissertation would never be finished. I sat down in Dad's leather chair and opened the drawers of his desk, her desk. I found his address book. Inside, under our last name, Iverton, there were no entries. This was odd: Dad had written me once a month since I'd moved out. Scribbled in miniature handwriting, his letters had described landscaping projects he was working on, or summarized, in too much detail, a film he had recently seen. I found myself in the "ABC" section, under "Clar." My mother had named me Clarissa, but Dad never called me by my full name. Penned into the book were four addresses for me: one P.O. box in college, one address in Lexington, Kentucky, two in Manhattan. He had entered my new address each time I'd moved and never crossed out the old one. I tired to imagine me living in each of these apartments, carrying on four different lives at once. In my Kentucky life, would my father be dead? I didn't recognize the majority of names. I assumed these were the owners of homes he had helped landscape. Why hadn't more of his clients shown up for the funeral? The service had been small. I sorted through the drawers -- old bills, letters postmarked in the early nineties, sea glass, owner's manuals to appliances we no longer owned. In the bottom drawer I found a large manila envelope that appeared not to have been opened more than once or twice. "Clarissa's" was written on the outside. She had been gone for fourteen years, but I immediately recognized my mother's handwriting. Her "S"s were exuberant, forward-leaning "8"s. I shook the contents out onto the desk: grade-school report cards, notes from teachers commenting on my shyness in class. I didn't recall this about myself, and was surprised and strangely embarrassed -- we like to remember our childhoods a certain way. I sorted through watercolors -- "age 7" in one corner -- a note to the tooth fairy, a photo of me in front of the Washington Monument, wearing a dress patterned with keys. Beneath a dried leaf, splitting at its stem, I found my birth certificate. I had never seen it before. I read it and read it again. I turned it over. With my forearm, I swept everything else on the desk into a far corner. Papers and a desk calendar dropped to the floor. I moved the certificate to the center of the desk and I read it again. 4.
Pankaj found me sitting on the shower floor, still wearing my bra and black stockings. He stood, blurry, on the other side of the clear door. The birth certificate was in his hand. "Do you want to talk?" he said. I shook my head. I was emptying the bottles of Dad's dandruff shampoo, like tar, down the drain. Pankaj carefully placed the birth certificate inside the cover of a book about Vargas girls; it had been sitting above the toilet since he had given it to Dad the previous Christmas. Inside, I knew the inscription read: "To Richard, my future father-in-law. With admiration, Pankaj." Pankaj took off his clothes, opened the shower door, and sat next to me on the tiled floor. "The water's colder when you're sitting," he said, and reached up to adjust the temperature. He picked up the blue bar of soap, Dad's soap, and rubbed it under my armpits. He took my Dad's other, non-dandruff shampoo and washed my hair. We sat in the shower so long the water turned tepid. Pankaj stood up, stepped out, and held a towel open for me. I crawled out of the shower and Pankaj bent over and rolled off my stockings and unhooked my bra. He wrapped me in the towel and picked me up. I couldn't raise my arms around his neck or help in any way. He carried me into my childhood bedroom, which had not changed: twin beds, a Sears stereo, and a hundred tiny holes in the wall where I'd thumbtacked my album covers. Pankaj put a blanket over me, tucking it in like he was making a bed. Then he left the room. I stared at a photo of my father on the bookshelf. His arms like a game-show host, displaying a washer and dryer he bought when I was fifteen. Laundry had been my mother's job, one that we both resisted taking on when she was gone. He had believed the new machines would make her absence less obvious. It had been my favorite picture of my father, but now it seemed to belong to some other teenager. Pankaj returned. "He should have told me," I said to his silhouette. "He was protecting you. He --" "He was a liar." Pankaj was holding a bowl and a spoon. "Applesauce," he said. "It's all that was in the fridge." "Didn't anyone bring anything over?" I asked. "Isn't that what people do?" "Sorry," he said. "Sorry?" I said. "What are you sorry about?" You're the only one who doesn't have anything to apologize for." He didn't answer, and, at the time, I took this as a sign of modesty. We both twisted into the same twin bed. A few hours later I learned why he was sorry. "Are you awake?" he said. I nodded and then said yes. "I knew." "You knew what?" "I knew about Richard. That he wasn't your real dad." In the dark, I tried to see Pankaj's mouth. "How long have you known?" I said. I spoke slowly. I didn't want any room for misinterpretation. "A long time." "Like days?" "Longer. Since we were --" "Engaged?" I said. "Teenagers." "What?" He said nothing. "How?" "Your mom told me." "What? Why?" "Well, let me think about what happened." Pankaj was stalling, preparing a lie. "Don't make me wait." "Your mom told my mom." "Fifteen years ago?" "About that time." "Fifteen years! Almost half my life. More than half my life." Pankaj exhaled. "So everybody knows? Dad knew? My mom? You, Gita? Gita! Your fucking mom knows who my real fucking father is and I don't? What the fuck is this? Does the fucking florist who can't even fucking spell know?" "No." "Really, Pankaj. Was this posted at the train station?" "I didn't want to know. I wish I didn't." "Fuck you," I said. "And tonight was the right time to tell me?" "I'm sorry," he said. "I guess I felt deceitful, with you in the shower like that. I thought it would make things easier if I told you I knew. Later, you would never forgive me." I switched on the bedside lamp. I stood up, stared at the bookshelf, pulled at the spine of my first-year Russian textbook and threw it to the floor. The carpet absorbed its thud. I had wanted thunder. "On all the days," I said, and threw down another book, this one a dictionary, unabridged. "Stop saying that," Pankaj yelled, "and stop with the books." "You and Dad are the same. When you don't tell someone something like that, you are fucking with their life." "I understand how you must feel," he said. He was sitting up in bed. He was wearing one of Dad's old sweatshirts. "Take that off," I said. "I'm sorry. I didn't pack well." He removed the sweatshirt, folded it neatly, and placed it on the bedside table. "First of all, you do not understand how I feel. So take that back." "You're right. I don't know, but I can imagine…" "Imagine! You can't imagine anything. Has every person you know been betraying you for fifteen years?" "Not everyone knows --" "Shut up. Has every one close to you -- your father, your fiancée, your who-the-fuck-knows been lying to you? Answer me." "No," he said. He stood to comfort me. "Stay away," I said. I pulled an old doll off the shelf and held it between us. He stared at the doll, as though addressing her. "I know you're angry with me right now." "You're a genius, really. Not only at philosophy, but at emotions. You know that I'm angry with you. Wow." "What can I do for you?" he said. "I think you need some sleep. Everything will be better in the morning." He looked scared. "Really? Will Dad not be dead in the morning? Will my fiancé not be a liar? Will it turn out tomorrow morning that not everyone betrayed me? Ah! Morning!" "Please stop saying that word," Pankaj said. "Morning?" "Stop saying betrayed. You make it sound like --" "Like what? Like I was betrayed?" "Please go to sleep. Everything will be better tomorrow. I promise." "You promise?" I said. I was now holding the doll to my chest. It was an ugly doll. I didn't know where it had come from or why I had kept it. "I suppose I should be happy now that I know, right? Dad was a cuckold. And I have a fucking father in fucking Finland." "He wasn't a cuckold," Pankaj said. "You were born before your mom met Richard." I sat down on the floor. "Where does the word cuckold come from, anyway?" Pankaj said. "I don't know but I think you're right. This is a good time for an etymological discussion. While we're at it, why don't we figure out where asshole comes from? Where get out of my room comes from." "I was trying to change the subject," he said. His voice cracked like a boy's. "Listen, I'm going to go downstairs for a little bit. I'll be there if you need anything." He headed toward the door. His chest looked hairier than usual, his legs skinnier. "Is there anything else you have to tell me?" I said. "Any other surprises? If so, tell me now. I'm serious. I should know everything and get it over with." "No," he said. "No what?" "No more surprises," Pankaj said. "I'm sorry." "Please leave," I said. "Do you care if I come back here to sleep, to check in on you? I don't want to sleep in your dad's room." He gestured toward the sweatshirt. "I don't care what you do. Just leave. And don't sleep in my dad's bed. Or whoever the fuck he is." Pankaj closed the door. I went to bed and took the ugly doll with me.
What People are saying about this
Meet the Author
Vendela Vida is the author of And Now You Can Go and Let the Northern Lights Erase Your Name, both of which were New York Times Notable Books of the Year. She received the 2007 Kate Chopin Writing Award and is a founding coeditor of The Believer magazine and the editor of The Believer Book of Writers Talking to Writers. She lives in the San Francisco Bay Area with her husband and children.
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I first learned of this book through Barnes & Noble's Discover Great New Writers program. They rarely disappoint me, so I felt confident when I purchased Let the Lights. Immediately I was drawn into the story, and it was evident I had chosen wisely. Clarissa is a complex women who reacts to a crisis in her life by embarking on what would become a journey of self-discovery and enlightenment. What she will do with those newly gained insights is left for the lucky readers to learn for themselves. One last thing: there is an educational component not to be overlooked here: We are given an intimate glimpse into the lives of the indigenous peoples living in the far reaches of Lapland. And what incredible lives those people experience. Please do not miss Vida's exquisitely beautiful tale.
This book is a glimpse not only into the mind, but into the soul of a woman of many tragedies. I couldn't put it down once I started. It opens yours eyes to the struggles of the indigenous people of Lapland which is not so different from the lives of America's natives. The parallels don't stop there everyone can relate to this book!
I read this book in one sitting during a flight from Minnesota to Virginia. I was easily drawn into the twisting and turning story of Clarissa's struggle to discover her true identity. Her character is very human and believable, and I appreciated the way Vida conveyed the rawness of Clarissa's emotions and her reactions to the various revelations she continued to experience throughout her journey. The cold wintry darkness of Lapland is the perfect setting for this wonderful story about finding the light within.
I really enjoyed this book. The mother daughter issues were complex and interesting. The father daughter issues were also complex and full of searching. I liked the setting as character in this novel. I look forward to more books by Vida.
I have to have intelligent people with a flaw or two and this one had excellent character development, fascinating plot, drawing me into the book so I hated to put it down.
I enjoyed reading this unique book. It took me all the way to Finland. The author had excellent reading recommendations.
She walked in and sat down under a tree.


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oh i love my latin friends. that being said, let us go straight to this strong woman wishes. well, actually just one thing. i have been on flickr for more than a year, have been meeting such lovely friends… talented photographers… and yet, people keep surprising me and making my day with the most simple of gestures. carmen has this effect on me. she is powerful, intense, creative, feminine, sensitive, a friend, kind heart… a huge heart. me encanta que seré capaz de verla en un mes. me encanta que ella haya escrito una historia para los deseos para 2011.
friend #6: carmen hache from {hache photography}
"la fotografía me permite robarle al mundo pedacitos con los que recompongo mi mundo interior, me permite crear e inventar, mostrarme, aprender y enseñar… me lo da todo. soy autodidacta, inquieta, curiosa. no paro hasta dar con lo que busco. colecciono sonrisas y desde hace poco, abrazos. disfruto de la soledad porque la tengo controlada."
{hache photography}
carmen's wishes fro 2011 are…
"dear new year… i have to write you a letter with my wishes. please let me sit down close to you so that we can talk about. i wish you to let me feel like a child. i think it was easier when we were younger and we spent our time without thinking… we only {lived our lives}… i wish to walk barefoot and jumping into the puddles. i want to have more time for me. i have a lot of books to read, films to watch, projects to do and i need more time. i wish to have time to spent with my friends. they are my life. you know… i wish to hug everyone i love. i wish to travel again. perhaps i'll start with lisbon… i don't know. but i want to travel more. and i wish to go to africa because i have a lot of smiles to pick there… please new year… i hope you don't forget me. i have a lot of things to do and a lot of things to live."
what more can i say after this beautiful letter? please new year, can you bring some of my friends to lisbon, so that i can meet them, hug them and smile with them? thank you.


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Prince's Sister Tyka Nelson Storms Out of Family Meeting. Why?
- 10:57 AM, Apr 29
Los Angeles Premiere of New Year's Eve
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Aug 19, 2008
|Filing date
|Apr 18, 2004
|Priority date
|Apr 18, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Pol Nisenblat, Amir Mordehay Broshi, Ofir Efrati
|Original Assignee
|Elspec Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (2), Classifications (27), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/IL2004/000332, International Filing Date Apr. 18, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to the field of power quality monitoring and particularly to storage for later reference of power quality data.
In order to provide high quality electric power service, it is desired to monitor the quality of the electric signals at different locations along an electrical power network. Particularly it is desired to know the waveform of the current and voltage at various network locations at the time at which a specific event occurred (e.g., a blackout) in order to understand the cause of the event.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,847 to Van Doom et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a power meter for reading and displaying electrical power waveforms and calculating parameters of the waveforms. These parameters may include, for example, current, voltage, power, phase relationship between waveforms of a multi-phase signal, power factor, frequency, kilo watt hour (KWH), kilo Volt Amper reactive energy (KVAR), KVARH, KVA and KVAH.
In some cases, however, on-line display of the waveforms and/or deduced parameters is not sufficient. U.S. Pat. No. 6,675,071 to Griffin, Jr. et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, states that it would be desired to implement a power quality device that captures all the voltage waveform data at all times, but that such device is impracticable due to the large amounts of data involved. At a sampling rate of 32 samples per cycle, 1920 samples are collected per second. For three-phase meters that measure both voltage and current waveforms, the data is 6-8 times as much. The U.S. Pat. No. 6,675,071 patent suggests detecting variations in the waveforms and capturing data relating to the times of the detected variations.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,671,654 to Forth et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes an electronic device for measuring power parameters from a power distribution system. As in the '071 patent, data is stored only when an event occurs (e.g., an abrupt change in the current or voltage).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,639,518 to Curtis, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a circuit monitor which monitors one or more metered values in an electrical circuit. The monitor includes a system for selecting alarm set-points.
Some monitoring systems store only the root mean square (RMS) and/or power of the electrical signals. This data, however, is not always sufficient to determine the exact nature of problems.
An aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to an apparatus for continuously storing the waveform of one or more power signals, regardless of whether an event of interest was identified. The apparatus optionally includes memory sufficient to store the waveform, under normal power conditions, over a long period of time, of at least a month, two months or even a year. Storing the waveform over such a long period allows looking back to events to determine different parameters than were considered important at the time of an event and/or allows looking back to events that at the time they occurred were not considered important or were not identified at all.
In some embodiments of the invention, the data of the continuously stored signals are compressed using a compression method that optionally takes into account the nature of the electrical power signals. Optionally, the compression method is performed in real time, as the signals are acquired, such that compression decisions are performed before all the compressed data was received. The compression for any specific segment of the data is optionally performed based on a small segment of the data. In some embodiments of the invention, the amount of uncompressed data viewed by a processor performing the compression in generating any piece of compressed data, is relatively small, for example less than a minute, a second, or even a tenth of a second of the uncompressed data. Optionally, the amount of memory available for use and/or actually used for compression by the compression processor is less than 100 Kbytes or even 10 Kbytes.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the processing power and/or development resources that were heretofore spent on identifying events are directed towards compressing and storing the large amounts of data involved in storing the waveform data.
The storage of the waveform is optionally performed with a high accuracy of at least 64, 128, 256 or even 512 samples per electrical cycle time (generally 1/50 or 1/60 second).
An aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to using a lossy compression method in compressing monitored power signals. Using a lossy compression method for power signals allows achieving a high compression ratio, which allows storing large volumes of data, with a relatively low quality reduction. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, instead of accurately storing a limited number of parameters, the entire electrical power waveform is stored with a slight loss of accuracy. Optionally, accurate values of one or more highly useful parameters are stored along with the waveform, in case more accurate information is also required. The lossy compression optionally involves loss of up to about 1-2% of the accuracy, preferably about 0.1%, while achieving a compression ratio of 1:500, 1:1000 or greater.
The lossy compression is optionally performed in real time. The real time compression may require, in some cases, a compression unit with relatively high processing power requirements.
An aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to real-time compression of monitored power signals. The real time compression is performed on the fly, without requiring the compression unit to have a large internal memory. Alternatively or additionally, the real time compression is performed on each sample within less than a second or even half a second of when it was acquired.
An aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to compression of electrical power signals by decomposing the signals into a plurality of components (e.g., frequency components) and compressing each of the components separately over a relatively long time span. In some embodiments of the invention, the compression fits the values of each of the components over time into a model which can be represented using a small amount of data. For example, components having same values are optionally represented together by stating values and time spans in which the values appear. The compression of the values of each component are optionally compressed without relating to the values of any of the other components. Optionally, the power signal in each cycle is decomposed into its components and the values of the components are compressed over a plurality of cycles together.
Optionally, the compression comprises a lossy compression which ignores small errors in fitting the values of the components the models. In some embodiments of the invention, the lossy compression ignores errors smaller than the measurement accuracy of the apparatus.
In some embodiments of the invention, the plurality of components comprise frequency components (i.e., harmonics). The frequency components are optionally generated by applying a transform, such as a Fourier transform (e.g., DFT, FFT), a cosine transform (DCT) or a Z transform, to the time domain samples. Alternatively or additionally, the frequency components are generated using an array of filters, digital or analog, corresponding to the different frequencies. Further alternatively or additionally, the frequency components are generated using time pattern recognition. Alternatively to frequency components, the components comprises time components, for example time fragments of the cycle of the power signal.
Optionally, the electrical power signal is represented by storing, for each harmonic, average values and respective numbers of consecutive cycles in which the harmonic has a value close to the average value. Although performing a Fourier transform is relatively processing intensive, the compression ratio achieved, and hence the ability to store power signals of long time periods, is considered advantageous.
In some embodiments of the invention, the length of the cycle of the power signal is continuously monitored (i.e., how close it is to the nominal 50 or 60 Hz), so that the Fourier transform is accurately performed on the signals of a cycle without skewing out of the cycle. In some embodiments of the invention, the rate of sampling of the power signals is adjusted according to the cycle length, so that each cycle has substantially the same number of samples, regardless of its length. Optionally, each cycle has a predetermined number of samples which is suitable for fast Fourier transformation (e.g., 256 samples).
By accurately following the cycles of the power signals, the harmonic values generally have the same or very similar values over long spans of signals. Thus, if only changes are stored, the compression achieves for normal electrical signals very high compression ratios (e.g., 1:10,000), which allow storage of large amounts of data.
In some embodiments of the invention, the values of harmonics which have very low values (i.e., close to zero) are not stored. Generally, many harmonics of cycles of electrical power signals have substantially zero values and therefore do not require storage space, especially when the monitored power lines are functioning satisfactorily.
An aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to storing the waveform of an electrical signal over a long period of at least a week or even a month by storing the spectral components of the signal. Optionally, the spectral components are compressed.
There is therefore provided in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a method of compressing values of a waveform of a monitored electrical power signal, comprising acquiring data representing periods of the waveform, decomposing the waveform of the power signal into a plurality of components, over a plurality of periods of the waveform and compressing the values of at least some of the components over a plurality of periods, separately.
Optionally, decomposing the waveform of the power signal into components comprises decomposing the waveform of the power signal into frequency components. Optionally, compressing the values of at least some of the components comprises fitting time segments of the components into a model and recording coefficients of the fitting. Optionally, the model comprises a constant function over time. Optionally, the recorded coefficients for the constant function over time comprise a single value and a length. Optionally, the model comprises a monotonous function over time. Optionally, acquiring data representing periods of the waveform comprises acquiring samples of the power signal and dividing the samples into groups corresponding to cycles of the power signal. Optionally, decomposing the waveform comprises transforming the samples of each group, into harmonic component values.
Optionally, compressing at least some of the components separately comprises storing for each harmonic, pairs of an average value and a number of cycles in which the value is close to the average value. Optionally, the number of cycles in which the value is close to the average value is determined by determining a minimum and maximum of a train of harmonic values and determining when the distance between the minimum and maximum is greater than a predetermined distance. Optionally, the predetermined distance is a configured percentage of the average recent value of the harmonic. Optionally, the predetermined distance is a configured percentage of a configured expected value of the harmonic.
Optionally, acquiring the samples comprises acquiring an analog signal and sampling the signals. Optionally, dividing the samples into groups comprises repetitively determining a main power frequency of the signal and accordingly determining cycles of the power signal.
Optionally, sampling the signals comprises sampling at a rate determined responsive to the main power frequency. Optionally, repetitively determining the main power frequency comprises determining from the acquired samples. Alternatively or additionally, repetitively determining the main power frequency comprises determining from an analog signal from which the acquired samples are generated. Optionally, transforming the samples of each group comprises transforming using a fast Fourier transform.
Optionally, the method includes applying a lossless compression method to the compressed harmonic values. Optionally, the method includes storing at least some of the compressed components in a file structure representing a plurality of power signals. Optionally, the method includes storing the compressed components in a file structure representing the power signal continuously over more than a month. Optionally, the method includes transmitting the compressed components over a communication link. Optionally, compressing at least some of the components comprises compressing each of the components separately. Optionally, compressing at least some of the components comprises compressing in real time and/or using a lossy compression. Optionally, compressing at least some of the components separately comprises compressing separately over at least three periods of the waveform. Optionally, the power signal comprises a current signal or a voltage signal. Optionally, acquiring data representing periods of the waveforms comprises acquiring data representing cycles of the waveform.
Optionally, acquiring data representing periods of the waveforms comprises acquiring data representing periods shorter or longer than the cycles of the waveform.
Optionally, decomposing the waveform into a plurality of components comprises decomposing into components which co-extend in time.
There is further provided in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a method of compressing values of a monitored electrical power signal, comprising acquiring samples of the power signal, dividing the samples into groups corresponding to cycles of the power signal, transforming the samples of each group into harmonic component values and storing a representation of the harmonic component values on a non-volatile storage medium, continuously over at least a week.
Optionally, storing the representation comprises storing a compressed representation of the harmonic component values. Optionally, storing the compressed representation comprises storing a compression based on compressing together values of each harmonic component over a plurality of cycles.
There is further provided in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a device for monitoring electrical power signals, comprising a power line interface for measuring power line signals, a non-volatile storage medium; and a processor adapted to store a representation of waveform information of measured power line signals on the storage medium continuously, regardless of whether a special event was identified.
Optionally, the power line signals comprise at least one current signal and/or at least one voltage signal. Optionally, the processor is adapted to store the representation continuously over at least a week. Optionally, the device is not adapted to identify special events. Optionally, the storage medium has a capacity smaller than 1 Gbyte. Alternatively, the storage medium has a capacity greater than 1 Gbyte. Optionally, the processor is adapted to compress the measured power signals with at least a predetermined minimal compression ratio.
Optionally, the processor is adapted to adjust the loss level of the compression in order to achieve the predetermined minimal compression ratio. Optionally, the processor is adapted to compress the measured power signals in real time. Optionally, the processor is adapted to compress the measured power signals with a lossy compression method. Optionally, the interface is adapted to provide samples of the power signals at a rate of at least 8 samples per cycle of the power signals.
There is further provided in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a method of compressing values of a monitored electrical power signal, comprising acquiring samples of the power signal and compressing the samples of the power signal using a lossy compression method. Optionally, compressing the samples comprises compressing in real time. Optionally, acquiring the samples comprises acquiring at a rate of at least 50 samples per cycle of the power signal.
Particular exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the following description of embodiments in conjunction with the figures, wherein identical structures, elements or parts which appear in more than one figure are generally labeled with a same or similar number in all the figures in which they appear, in which:
Compression unit 100 optionally includes an analog sensor 110 which senses the monitored signals, an A/D converter 114 which converts the sensed analog signals into digital samples, and a compressor 112, which performs the compression. In some embodiments of the invention, compression unit 110 further comprises a processor 118 which determines one or more parameters of the raw sensed data, such as one or more of power, phase relationship between waveforms of a multi-phase signal, power factor, main power frequency, kilo watts per hour (KWH), KVAR, KVARH, KVA, total harmonic distortion (THD), root mean square (RMS) current, RMS voltage and KVAH. At least some of these parameters are optionally computed for each phase. Alternatively or additionally, the monitored parameters include sag, swell and/or flickering parameters and/or data used in determining these parameters. In some cases, the ratio between values for various phases is calculated. The parameters calculated by processor 118 may be compressed by compressor 112 and/or may be used for generating alerts, as is known in the art. The parameters calculated by processor 118 are optionally parameters which have a high usefulness and/or parameters which are relatively affected by small inaccuracies in the waveforms. These parameters are optionally stored in addition to the waveform itself, in order to avoid the inaccuracies due to the lossy compression applied to the waveforms.
Compressor 112 optionally performs the compression in real time, such that signals are compressed within less than a second or even a tenth of a second from when they were acquired. The compressed data from compressor 112 is optionally stored on a storage unit 120 of any type known in the art, such as a disk drive, a compact flash memory or any other non volatile memory. In some embodiments of the invention, storage unit 120 is relatively large so that it can store data accumulated over months or even more than a year. Optionally, storage unit 120 is relatively large, i.e., greater than 1 Gbyte, 10 Gbyte or even 40 Gbyte. Alternatively or additionally, the compression of compressor 112 is very high, such that a relatively small storage unit 120, even smaller than 1 Gbyte is sufficient.
In some embodiments of the invention, compressor 112 includes a cache memory which stores data temporarily until it is stored on storage unit 120. Alternatively or additionally, the cache memory stores the data required for the compression. The cache memory optionally has a size smaller than 10 Mbytes, 1 Mbyte or even smaller than 100 Kbytes.
Alternatively or additionally to storing the compressed signals, the compressed signals are transferred to a transmitter 124 for transmission to a remote unit. The signals are compressed before their transmission in order to allow transmission at a reasonable bandwidth. The transmission may be performed using any communication link known in the art, including on the monitored power lines, wireless links, cable and/or telephone lines. At the remote unit, the transmitted signals may be stored, displayed and/or analyzed. In some embodiments of the invention, the compressed signals stored in storage unit 120 are accessible from a control station 126, which may be used to display and/or analyze the compressed signals. As described hereinbelow, the signals are optionally stored in a manner which allows fast retrieval of signals of a specific date and/or type. Control unit 126 is optionally also used to configure operation attributes of compression unit 100.
Analog sensor 110 may be of any type known in the art, including those described in above mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,847. Compressor 112 optionally has sufficient processing power in order to perform a Fourier transform (e.g., FFT) on each of the monitored signals, for each cycle of the power signal.
A/D converter 114 optionally operates at a rate sufficient to cover a desired number of harmonics of the sensed signals. In some embodiments of the invention, A/D converter 114 operates at a predetermined sufficiently high rate. Alternatively, the sampling rate of A/D converter 114 is adjusted according to the main power frequency of the measured signals. Optionally, a different sampling rate may be used for different lines and/or for different signals (e.g., current, voltage) on the same line. Alternatively, the same sampling rate is used for all the signals sampled by analog sensor 110.
A/D converter 114 may have substantially any suitable sampling word size, for example 16 bits. The sampling word size is optionally selected according to the accuracy of the measurement apparatus.
The samples of each cycle of the sensed signals are transformed (212) into the frequency domain (i.e., into harmonic vectors formed of real and imaginary values), optionally using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). Alternatively or additionally, the values of one or more parameters of the sensed signals are determined (214). For each parameter and harmonic, compressor 112 determines (216) time (or sample) extents during which its value does not change substantially, keeping track of values and respective equal value extent lengths. An exemplary embodiment of determining (216) the time extents is described hereinbelow, with reference to
Referring in more detail to calculating (206) the corresponding sampling rate of the frequency, in some embodiments of the invention, the sampling rate is based on the number of harmonics to be used in the compression. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, 128 harmonics are used, although more harmonics may be used in order to achieve a more accurate compression and/or in order to catch high frequencies and/or transient events. For example, a sampling rate of 1 MHz corresponding to about 20,000 harmonics, in a 50 HZ main power frequency, may be used in order to catch fast transients on the monitored electrical signals. As the high harmonics generally have zero values, the size of the compressed signals is not substantially affected by the use of such a large number of harmonics. Alternatively, fewer harmonics (e.g., 32) may be used when high accuracy is not needed, in order to reduce the processing power required from compressor 112 in performing Fourier transforms. The sampling rate used is optionally equal to twice the main power frequency times the number of harmonics, such that for each cycle of the monitored signals there is a sufficient number of samples for constructing the desired number of harmonics. For example, in order to achieve 128 harmonics, for a power line operating at a 50 Hz frequency, a sampling rate of 12.8 KHz is used, while for a 60 Hz frequency, a sampling rate of 15.36 KHz is used.
Referring in more detail to determining whether (208) the calculated sampling rate is substantially different from the current sampling rate, in some embodiments of the invention, the values are considered substantially different based on the effect the difference has on compression. Optionally, when the difference has a high chance of causing the values of consecutive FFT cycles to be different even though the cycles of the monitored electrical signals are substantially the same, the sampling rate of A/D converter 114 is changed (210).
Alternatively to determining the main power frequency based on the sampled values, the main power frequency is determined from the analog signals using methods known in the art. Optionally, when compression unit 100 operates on a plurality of power lines the sampling rate is determined based on the average main frequency of the lines or based on the main frequency of one of the lines used as a representative power line, as the frequencies of the related power lines are generally the same. Alternatively or additionally, for example when the different power lines are not related, different sampling rates are used for the different power lines.
Alternatively to adjusting the sampling rate according to changes in the main frequency, a sampling rate higher than required is used, and the main frequency is used to group the samples into cycles. Optionally, in accordance with this alternative, a digital Fourier transform (DFT) or any other transform, such as a Z transform or DCT transform, is used instead of an FFT. Alternatively, the samples are re-sampled into a number of samples required for the FFT.
In some embodiments of the invention, if synchronization with the signal from which the main power frequency is determined is lost, the last determined main power frequency is used in determining the cycle length (for other monitored signals), until the synchronization is restored.
Alternatively to using the FFT transform, any other method may be used to convert the values of each cycle into harmonics. These alternative methods may include for example other transforms, such as the DCT transform or the Z transform. Alternatively or additionally, filter arrays and/or time pattern recognition are used to convert the values of each cycle into harmonics. Referring in more detail to determining (216) time extents in which the values do not change substantially, in some embodiments of the invention, when the values change slightly in accordance with a predetermined pattern, this is stated in the compressed format. This allows more accurate reconstruction of the signals and/or use of higher tolerance values.
Alternatively or additionally to determining (216) time extents during which the value of the harmonic does not change substantially, compressor 112 may attempt to fit the measured values into a predetermined function or pattern, for example into a monotonous increasing or decreasing line and/or into a polynomial of a low order. Further alternatively or additionally, compressor 112 selects from a predetermined set of functions, a function which achieves a best fit of the values into the function. The results of the compression include an indication of the selected function and the coefficients used.
At start up (300), when a new signal record is begun (as described below with reference to
If new<min then min=new
After a plurality of rounds of running the method of
It is noted, that the equality of values is especially true for some of the harmonics, such that even if for some harmonics the savings using the compression method of the present invention is relatively low, the savings in some of the harmonics is very large.
In some embodiments of the invention, instead of storing the harmonic values themselves, the ratio between two harmonics, which are known to be related, are stored. In some cases, such ratio is more stable than the values themselves. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the ratio between high harmonics and the fundamental harmonic is used. Alternatively or additionally, compression unit 100 selects in real time whether to store the harmonic values themselves or the ratios, according to which option currently provides more stable values.
In some embodiments of the invention, the tolerance value is set as a percentage of the nominal value of the harmonic. Alternatively, the tolerance value is set as a percentage of the fundamental harmonic or of the total signal. The tolerance is optionally configured according to a desired tradeoff between accuracy and compression ratio. In the configuration, the inaccuracy of the measurement of the signals is optionally taken into account, such that the tolerance percentage is not smaller than the inaccuracy in the signal measurement. It is noted that in cases in which the inaccuracy is relatively high (e.g., 0.1% of the measured values) the tolerance value may be set to the inherent inaccuracy of the measurement apparatus, such that information is not lost due to the lossy compression. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a tolerance of between 0.1-1% of the nominal value, is used. Alternatively to using a pre-configured tolerance value, the tolerance value is adjusted over time according to parameters of the compression. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the tolerance value is adjusted according to the compression ratio achieved. Optionally, each time a data record 414 (
Optionally, the same tolerance is used for all the signals compressed. Alternatively, different tolerance values are used for different harmonics and/or parameters, for example according to the importance of each of the harmonics and/or parameters. The nominal value is optionally a configured predetermined expected value of the harmonic. Alternatively, the nominal value is an average value which is determined based on the value of the harmonic over recent cycles.
In some embodiments of the invention, for harmonics having complex values, the method of
Each file 404 optionally includes a header 410, an info record 412, which identifies the data types carried by the file, and data block records 414 which include compressed data. In some embodiments of the invention, each data block record 414 comprises a header 420 and signal fields 422 (marked 422A, 422B, 422C, etc.), each signal field 422 corresponding to a single signal monitored by compression unit 100. For signals relating to a single value parameter, such as illustrated by signal field 422B. Signal field 422B comprises a length field 430 and an array 432 of pairs of average values (avg,
Signal fields 422 that refer to waveform signals represented by their harmonics, are represented in
Optionally, when the values of a harmonic change in substantially every cycle over a relatively long period (e.g., above 10 cycles), a different format of storage is used, for example storing the measured values alone and/or storing the differences between consecutive values. Optionally, a special indication is used to signal the use of the different format.
The order of the harmonics within signal fields 422D is selected, in some embodiments of the invention, arbitrarily, for example from the fundamental harmonic sequentially up to the highest harmonic (e.g., 127). Alternatively, a harmonic order is selected which is expected to achieve a better lossless compression of the file, e.g., using the LZW compression. Optionally, the harmonic order is selected according to the lossless compression method used on files 404 and the expected similarity of the harmonics. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the odd harmonics are stored separately from the even harmonics. Alternatively or additionally, the harmonics are stored in a descending order.
In some embodiments of the invention, substantially all data records 414 include data of the same signals. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the signals stored in records 414 include a current waveform signal and a voltage waveform signal, which are represented by long signal fields 422D. In addition, the signals stored by records 414 optionally include root mean square (RMS) voltage and RMS current. Alternatively, different data records 414 relate to different sets of signals.
Header 420 of data record 414 optionally indicates the beginning time and/or ending time of the data to which the record 414 relates. In some embodiments of the invention, the time indication uses an internal time scheme of compression unit 100 in header 420. As described below, info record 412 of each file optionally states a regional time (i.e., a standard time) and a corresponding internal time, to be used for conversion of the internal time to the standard (regional) time. The use of the internal time within headers 420 allows using a shorter time field and/or eliminates the possibility of a time contradiction due to erroneous human setting of the regional time during the acquiring the data of a single file. The regional time allows comparison of the compressed data to data of other compression units 100 and/or to other events. The regional time is optionally stated in each file 404, so that clock skew of the internal time does not cause a large drift of the time indicated for the acquired data.
Data records 414 of a file 404 optionally each relate to signals of a unique time period, such that all the signals of a specific time period are included in a single data record 414. The data records 414 of a single file 404 are optionally ordered sequentially according to the time period to which they relate. Optionally, different data records 414 relate to time periods of different lengths. In some embodiments of the invention, data records 414 are limited to relating to data of a time period of up to a predetermined length, for example 2-10 minutes, e.g., 5 minutes. In some embodiments of the invention, the predetermined maximal time period is selected so as to limit the extent of the change in the main power frequency over time, as the arrays 432 use the number of cycles as a type of time indication.
Alternatively or additionally, data block records 414 have up to a maximal size, for example between about 0.5-2 Mbytes. Further alternatively or additionally, data records 414 are limited by the size of the original uncompressed data, such that it is simple to manipulate the data of a single record 414 on a single processor. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, data records 414 are limited to relating to up to between 2-20 Mbytes of data.
Files 404 are optionally limited to being not greater than a size which is practically managed by computation (e.g., decompression) and storage units, such as up to 20-40 Mbytes. Alternatively or additionally, files 404 are limited in the time span to which they relate (e.g., no more than a day or a week) and/or in the number of data records 414 they include. In some embodiments of the invention, files 404 are not limited in the time span to which they relate and/or in the number of records they include.
In some embodiments of the invention, when configuration parameters of compression unit 100 change and/or any other information in info record 412 changes, the current file 404 is closed and a new file 404 is opened. Thus, the data in header 410 and info record 412 of a single file 404 relates to the entire file without changes. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the fields of info record 412 includes room to state different configuration values for different data records 414 and/or different signals 422.
File header 410 optionally identifies the session 402 to which the file 404 belongs and the position of the file 404 within the session. In some embodiments of the invention, file header 410 further states a type and version, as is known in the art. Alternatively or additionally, file header 410 states a regional time at which the data of the file begins and/or ends. Further alternatively or additionally, file header 410 states an internal clock point at which the data of the file begins and/or ends. In some embodiments of the invention, header 410 includes a string field which may be used by a user to identify the file.
Info record 412 optionally includes all configuration information required in order to understand the contents of the file 404, such that each file 404 is a stand alone unit. Alternatively, some information which generally does not change is included only in a first file 404 of each session 402. Optionally, when a change occurs during a session, the changed information is included in the file 404 in which the change occurred or in all files 404 that have values different from indicated in the first file of their session 402.
Info record 412 optionally includes an indication of whether the data in the file is encrypted and/or compressed and/or the type of encryption and/or compression used. Optionally, info record 412 also includes a product type indication, relating for example to the type of the equipment used, network topology information and/or the number of signals and/or types for which data is stored. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, info record 412 includes various general character strings which state user understandable information on the data, such as operator and company name. Info record 412 optionally also indicates the beginning time and/or ending time of the time period to which the file 404 relates. Optionally, info record 412 indicates events at which the correspondence between the internal time and the regional time was updated, by a user or automatically.
In some embodiments of the invention, for each signal for which data is collected, info record 412 indicates the type of the signal (e.g., one of a wave represented by a plurality of harmonics, a real parameter, a complex parameter, a transient parameter) and a unique identifier of the signal, which is optionally at least partially human decipherable. Optionally, for each signal, info record 412 also indicates attributes used for the signal in the method of
Info record 412 may optionally also include information on special events which are not properly represented by the compressed information stored in data records 414. For example, in some embodiments of the invention, compression unit 100 includes an interface suitable for identifying fast transient events of high frequencies. Optionally, data on such fast transient events is stored in info record 412 together with an indication of the time at which the event occurred. In some embodiments of the invention, info record 412 includes debugging information.
It is noted that the data stated herein as being included in info record 412 may be included instead, in part or entirely, in header 410 and/or in other records of file 404. For example, info record 412 may be split into a plurality of records that relate to different information.
In an exemplary example, eight signals (4 current and 4 voltage) are monitored by sampling at a rate of 12.6 KHz. Each sample optionally requires 2 bytes, such that the samples acquired each second require 204.8 Kbytes and over six months require about 6400 Giga Bytes. Using the above compression method, a compression ratio of about 1:1000 was achieved, and using an additional general purpose compression (LZW) a total compression ratio of about 1:10000 was achieved.
In the above described embodiments, compression unit 100 includes both analog sensor 110 and compressor 112 but does not include storage unit 120 which is a separate unit from compression unit 100. In other embodiments of the invention, analog sensor 110 and optionally A/D converter 114 are included in a separate unit from compressor 112, for example when the sensing is performed by a standard alarm monitoring unit. The alarm monitoring unit is altered to provide all data it senses to compressor 112, rather than only data sensed when an alarm event is identified. Alternatively or additionally, storage unit 120 is included within compression unit 100.
Compression unit 100 is not limited for use with any specific power wires and/or network topologies. Specifically, compression unit 100 may be used with any poly-phase or single phase power network. The measurement may also be applied to ground lines, may include fewer than all the power lines of a network and/or may relate to any combination of current and voltage measurements. In addition, compression unit 100 may be used with balanced or unbalanced networks, and substantially any network topologies, including delta/star or other hybrid networks, as well as other electrical points. Compression unit 100 may be used with substantially any voltage levels including low voltages, medium level voltages, high voltages and ultra-high voltages.
Although in the above description the compression is performed on parameters or harmonics of a single cycle of the main power frequency, the same compression method may be used on parameters determined less often or more often. In some embodiments of the invention, the transform is performed each time on a plurality of cycles together and the harmonics are compared for each plurality of cycles. Alternatively, the transform is performed on samples representing less than a power line cycle, for example half a cycle or a sixth of a cycle. These embodiments are used, for example in a power network which is known to have a repetitive interference with a frequency different from the power line cycle. In some embodiments of the invention, the frequency of the transform is predetermined. Alternatively, the frequency of the transform is adjusted according to the measured signals.
Alternatively or additionally, values of one or more of the parameters such as sag, swell and/or flickering is determined once every few cycles and the compression is performed accordingly. Further alternatively or additionally, the data of one or more waveforms may be stored twice, in high and low resolutions. The high resolution copy is optionally stored in each cycle with a relatively high compression tolerance, while the low resolution copy is stored only once every few cycles, with a much lower compression tolerance.
Alternatively to storing values of harmonics or parameters, compression unit 100 may store waveform patterns. Optionally, each time the waveform pattern changes substantially (e.g., more than 5-10%), the new pattern is stored.
It will be appreciated that the above described methods may be varied in many ways. It should also be appreciated that the above described description of methods and apparatus are to be interpreted as including apparatus for carrying out the methods and methods of using the apparatus.
The present invention has been described using non-limiting detailed descriptions of embodiments thereof that are provided by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, processor 118 is not necessarily included in compression unit 100. The functions of processor 118 may not be performed by unit 100 or may be performed by other elements of compression unit 100, such as compressor 112. It should be understood that features and/or steps described with respect to one embodiment may be used with other embodiments and that not all embodiments of the invention have all of the features and/or steps shown in a particular figure or described with respect to one of the embodiments. Variations of embodiments described will occur to persons of the art.
It is noted that some of the above described embodiments may describe the best mode contemplated by the inventors and therefore may include structure, acts or details of structures and acts that may not be essential to the invention and which are described as examples. Structure and acts described herein are replaceable by equivalents which perform the same function, even if the structure or acts are different, as known in the art. Therefore, the scope of the invention is limited only by the elements and limitations as used in the claims. When used in the following claims, the terms "comprise", "include", "have" and their conjugates mean "including but not limited to".
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 30, 1994
|Apr 7, 1998
|Cd Power Measurement Limited
|Power meter for determining parameters of muliphase power lines
|Feb 19, 1997
|Nov 17, 1998
|Medtronic, Inc.
|System and method of data compression and non-linear sampling for implantable and battery-powered devices
|Mar 14, 2000
|Oct 29, 2002
|Tektronix, Inc.
|Apparatus for use in a logic analyzer for compressing digital data for waveform viewing
|Jul 21, 1999
|Dec 10, 2002
|William M. Wiese, Jr.
|System and method for processing data from and for multiple channels
|Jul 19, 2000
|Jul 29, 2003
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for data compression of heart signals
|Aug 9, 1999
|Sep 2, 2003
|Power Measurement Ltd.
|Revenue meter with power quality features
|Oct 22, 2002
|Oct 28, 2003
|Square D Company
|Automated alarm setpoint learning in an electrical meter
|Nov 28, 2000
|Dec 30, 2003
|Power Measurement Ltd.
|Apparatus and method for measuring and reporting the reliability of a power distribution system
|Jan 8, 1999
|Jan 6, 2004
|Siemens Transmission & Distribution. Llc
|Power quality utility metering system having waveform capture
|Feb 13, 2004
|Jul 4, 2006
|Samplify Systems Llc
|Enhanced test and measurement instruments using compression and decompression
|Galli et al., "Exploring the power of wavelet analysis", Oct. 1996, IEEE, IEEE Computer Applications in Power, vol. 9, issue 4, pp. 37-41.
|International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/IL04/00332 mailed Mar. 1, 2005, 1 page.
|Ribeiro et al., "An enhanced data compression method for applications in power quality analysis", Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 2001, IEEE, The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2001. IECON '01, vol. 1, pp. 676-681.
|Ribeiro et al., "An improved method for signal processing and compression in power quality evaluation", Apr. 2004, IEEE, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, issue 2, pp. 464-471.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 5, 2010
|Oct 27, 2015
|City University Of Hong Kong
|Power quality meter and method of waveform anaylsis and compression
|Nov 5, 2010
|May 12, 2011
|City University Of Hong Kong
|Power quality meter and method of waveform anaylsis and compression
|U.S. Classification
|702/66, 702/80, 702/75, 702/70, 702/74
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 10, 2006
Owner name: ELSPEC LTD., ISRAEL
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:NISENBLAT, POL;BROSHI, AMIR MORDEHAY;EFRATI, OFIR;REEL/FRAME:018082/0393
Effective date: 20051213
|Jan 18, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 3, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Option traders are looking for Tiffany to rebound from its sharp selloff earlier in March.
More than 5,000 May 87.50 calls traded in a strong buying pattern yesterday with premiums ranging from $1.55 to $2, according to optionMONSTER's Heat Seeker tracking system. Volume was far above the strike's previous open interest of 451 contracts, indicating that new positions were established.
These long calls lock in the price where the stock can be purchased through mid-May no matter how far it might climb. They could be sold earlier at a profit if premiums rise with a rally before then, but the contracts will expire worthless if shares remain below $87.50. (See our Education section)
TIF gained 1.29 percent yesterday to close at $86.15. The iconic jeweler hit an all-time high of $94.88 on March 6 but pulled back after its last earnings report two weeks ago, and the stock is trying to hold support at the $85 level reached at the end of last week.
Total option volume in the name topped 7,200 contracts yesterday, more than double its daily average for the last month. Overall calls outnumbered puts by a bullish 11-to-1 ratio.
(A version of this post appeared on InsideOptions Pro yesterday.)
More From optionMONSTER
- Energy bulls come out in full force
- Bulls bet Informatica rally has legs
- Richie Bros. Auctioneers gets a bid
- Finance
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Bypass the box office line at many theaters with guaranteed tickets. If something comes up, you can return or exchange up to two hours before showtime through Fandango.
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Cruelly but accurately described by one film historian as "that female mountain of flesh," actress/singer Jody Gilbert was one of moviedom's busiest "large" ladies. The major difference between Gilbert and other "sizeable" character actresses is that she could give back as good as she got in the insult department. As the surly waitress in Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941), Gilbert was more than a match for her troublesome customer W. C. Fields. She went on to trade quips with Shemp Howard in Olsen and Johnson's Hellzapoppin' (1941) and to aggressively pursue the hapless Lou Costello in Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942). On television, Gilbert was seen as J. Carroll Naish's plump would-be sweetheart Rosa in Life with Luigi (1952), a role she'd previously essayed on radio. One of Gilbert's last screen appearances was the belligerent railroad passenger whom holdup man Paul Newman imitates in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969). Jody Gilbert died at the age of 63 as the result of injuries sustained in an auto accident. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi


text:
Populated Place in Botetourt County, Virginia, USA.
Latitude: 37.57222 : Longitude: -79.66667 : Elevation: 1240 ft
Local Links
Blogs and Websites Near Greyledge, Virginia - GeoURL
Maps and Photos
Greyledge Map - Multimap
Greyledge Street Map and Satellite Photo - Google Maps
Greyledge Aerial Photo and Topo Map - Terraserver
Greyledge Map - MSN
Environmental Hazards, Flood Area Maps, Boundaries - EPA
Greyledge Area Map - MapQuest
Weather and Climate
Greyledge VA Weather Forecast - National Weather Service
Weather Forecast near Greyledge - Multimap
The weather forecast links don't work for all places yet.
Some random places: Bevwood (subdivision) Anomaly Number Four Mine RR Tank Gepford Ire Run
2016 May 02 - 05:56:07 - © Copyright 2000-2015 Placenames.com - 1.233mS
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I recently upgraded to iTunes 7 after installing Snow Leopard. Now I am unable to burn discs from my iTunes library. Help?
iTunes 7? My computer is 10 years old and I use iTunes 7.5
I take it you mean iTunes 10.7.
You don't provide any information for us to help you. Exact wording of error messages would be a good start. If no error messages then a detailed description of what is or isn't happening would help.
Retrieving data ...


text:
Recently Watched
Most Popular Review
Merchant Kim Man Deok was an entertaining historical drama. The actors did their part justice and Lee Mi Yeon was the right person to bring this character to life. The episodes did not drag but one would have expected to see a little more of Man Deok in the merchant business. The drama itself focuses on her beginning and primarily her struggles in establishing her trading company. Still a very enjoyable drama and highly recommended.
Delightful Girl Choon Hyang was a fun drama. The typical clichés that one will find are not absence but the chemistry is present. Agreeing from other viewers, there should have been more romance between the 2 main characters. The storyline spanning 10 years was well executed and make the story flow. The historical aspect of the drama was silly and could have been lessen especially at the very end. Overall, Delightful Girl was delightful to watch.


text:
Husband jealous of breastfeeding
Comments (9)
If he is helping do everything else baby needs thats still the majority of the day :) have him be in charge of the nightime ritual reading to the baby, bathing the baby etc. It will help change his mind. It seems super weird to be jealous of feeding the baby. He can still do everything else.
Happily married since 2009
Adoring my sons born 7/10 and 9/12
My husband admited to feeling left out with our baby. This is the first time Ive been successful at breastfeeding so it isn't like our older children where he could participate more. BUT he totally is supportive of breastfeeding and his feeling of being left out didn't last very long. It is easier for him now that the baby isn't such a baby and is walking and playing. He also is big on feeding regular foods to him since he can't breastfeed.
Mom to A1(10) A2(8) A3 (4) and A4(1)
My husband wanted to do bath, so he did all the nightly ritual including feeding with a pumped bottle of BM. It was a good way for them to bond and I took the time to walk the dog, pick up the house and relax. It worked well for us.
Mom to Isaac (February 2012)
well, question:
He feels left out like he doesnt do much with the BABY?
or he feels jealous of the baby & wants more time with YOU?
If its the first one, then let him know that this is a bit normal and until about 4-5 months babies just eat, poop, sleep. Once he starts playing more & spending less of his awake time on your boob daddy will really come in handy.
In our house Daddy gives baths, does all the bedtime routine up until nursing. He changes diapers. Plays with baby while I am cooking/cleaning, or just because. We all hang together and cuddle or play.
I can't imagine him trying to convince you to stop nursing because he wants to help more with the baby though. So I suspect he wants you & your breasts to be "his" again....? Weird, yes. But I hear it all the time. My husband sometimes jokes, seriously just joking, when my lo gets all rabid hungry baby and freaks over my boobs that the boobs are "all Lo's" now, kind of like "when does dad get boob time..." But it is really just kind of making fun of the situation.
If he wants you to stop nursing so he has more mommy/booby time. Tell him that he needs to pull his head out of his pants and be a dad. We co sleep, meaning LO & I sleep in a queen pushed up to a twin taht DH sleeps in, I nurse like constantly & all night. There is little intimate time left for DH & I, and by the time there is free time I just want to NOT be touched. But, ya know what. This year, month, week, years are for Lo. That is the sacrifice of being a parent. Tell him to pull his shit together.
If it is that he feels "left out" of parenting & care taking for LO, give him daddy only duties. Here daddy always gives baths, always. I haven't given one in months. It's LO & Dh's time.
I help him feel more part of everything by asking him to bathe baby as much as possible, handing baby to him after nursing first thing in the morning when she is happy and alert, actively asking him to read to her, play with her or sing to her, etc.
I also always say to the baby within his hearing things like, "Do you want to go play with daddy now?" "Thank you daddy for a nice bath!" And "You love daddy, right? Give daddy a hug!"


text:
I received a beautiful charm bracelet from Avesthal, and some lovely coasters from Bec99 a few days ago - but have been too busy to upload pics - sorry guys, here they are at last!
We are going to see Wicked next weekend as a treat for our first wedding anniversary - and I plan to wear this there!
The coasters will be so useful - we were only saying a couple of weeks ago I needed to get one for my bedside table - as I have glasses full of ice to suck in bed - and condensation from them makes everything else on the table wet - so these are perfect (and I love the design of them too!)
thank you both muchly


text:
twitter talk
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Wild magic : the immortals
Author: Pierce, Tamora.
The mage Numair, the knight Alanna, and Queen Thayet enlist thirteen-year-old Daine's help to battle the dreadful immortal creatures that have recently begun to attack the kingdom of Tortall.
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|English for Beginners Practical English Travel English Telephone English Banking English Accounting English Dictionary
|Audio English.org » Dictionary » A » Aristotelean ... Armeria
|Pronunciation (US):
Dictionary entry overview: What does Armageddon mean?
• ARMAGEDDON (noun)
The noun ARMAGEDDON has 2 senses:
1. (New Testament) the scene of the final battle between the kings of the Earth at the end of the world
2. any catastrophically destructive battle
Familiarity information: ARMAGEDDON used as a noun is rare.
Dictionary entry details
|Sense 1
|Armageddon [BACK TO TOP]
(New Testament) the scene of the final battle between the kings of the Earth at the end of the world
Classified under:
Nouns denoting spatial position
Instance hypernyms:
battlefield; battleground; field; field of battle; field of honor (a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought)
Domain category:
New Testament (the collection of books of the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other epistles, and Revelation; composed soon after Christ's death; the second half of the Christian Bible)
|Sense 2
|Armageddon [BACK TO TOP]
Any catastrophically destructive battle
Classified under:
Nouns denoting acts or actions
Context example:
they called the first World War an Armageddon
Hypernyms ("Armageddon" is a kind of...):
battle; conflict; engagement; fight (a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war)
|Learn English with... Proverbs of the week
|ARMAGEDDON: related words searches


text:
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, Kelowna–Lake Country Liberal candidate Kris Stewart hosted an open forum on healthcare today at the Rotary Centre for the Arts. The forum was a free, non-partisan event featuring a panel of local doctors and public policy experts discussing healthcare in Canada and responding to questions from participants. The session was moderated by thoracic surgeon, Dr Michael Humer, who noted at the start of the forum that, "The Canada Health Act reflects a lot of the values we have as Canadians." Dr Humer was joined by his colleagues Dr Marjorie Docherty, a family physician who works with the physician licensing authority in BC, and Dr Kong Khoo, a medical oncologist and cancer care advocate. Dr Docherty provided poignant insights into the limits of the current system, and the suffering endured by patients as they wait to undergo necessary tests or care. She also noted that, "We have a mentality that everything should be free, but it's not free. It costs us all a lot. And we should each be accountable for the decisions we make that influence our health." When challenged by an audience member about the role of prevention, Dr Khoo said that the medical community can only do so much. "Prevention is about more than just what we do, it's about the determinants of health. Prevention is about clean water, clean air, reducing poverty, exercise, nutrition, education—those things are outside the medical system and happen at a societal level." Also on the panel were two UBC Okanagan professors: government policy expert Dr Barrie McCullough and public finance economist Dr Ross Hickey. One heartbreaking case raised by an audience member, the grandfather of Jessica Bondar, provoked an interesting policy discussion. Miss Bondar died at the age of 19 while awaiting a heart transplant. While Dr McCullough highlighted the challenge of respecting Charter rights in trying to expand the pool of organ donors, Dr Hickey suggested adding incentives to get people to "make the right decision": "If you were to give $30 to Canada Blood Services, you get a tax receipt. If you give a pint of blood, you get nothing." The discussion also considered whether other health professionals can provide the services traditionally provided by physicians. Dr Humer conceded, "as physicians, we have not been as collaborative as we might be," though he added that his thoracic surgery practice group employs a nurse practitioner. Stewart was pleased with the event's outcome. "We began an important conversation in the lead-up to negotiating the Health Care Accord in 2014, about where our priorities as a society lead us in healthcare. That's work that we need to do now. Waiting three years will be too late."
Kelowna—Lake Country Federal Liberal Association
Stewart holds a nursing degree and an MBA, has worked in the private and public sectors, and practiced in the US, Canadian arctic, and remote BC communities. This background of diverse practice settings and patient populations gives her a unique perspective on healthcare. ### Please direct your inquiries to:
Islam Mohamed, Campaign Manager and spokesperson for Ms Kris Stewart email@example.com 250.868.1847
Kelowna—Lake Country Federal Liberal Association
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text:
Activity Feed
Register or sign in to start receiving activity updates from around Kongregate!
Complete Initialization for 10 kreds
Congratulations! You've completed your Kongregate account!
Keep exploring Kongregate with more badges and games!
Hide the progress bar forever?
Jun. 03, 2015
Rating: 0
Please take your audiences advice, UG
Save Your Mom --DEMO--
Jun. 25, 2013
Rating: 3
If you are uploading demos you really shouldn't use kongregate, I would use something like fastswf to share the demo and release the final version on kongregate.
This is boring
Jun. 18, 2013
You didn't make this... you just configured some objects in an already made game engine. Also whats with the webpage?
I made this with sploder and want it removed
Jun. 12, 2013
Rating: 2
Moving area very linear, please add uneven terrain that you can jump on, and walls and stuff!
Dec. 13, 2012
Arrgh this game is pretty hard IMO. I love games that are a good challenge. The difficulty is just right. The difficulty of aiming makes this game never boring.
Procedural terrain gen and terrain deformation
Oct. 25, 2012
Rating: -1
my balls dropped while playing this.
Sep. 12, 2012
my first thoughyt was give me money huehuehue
Nuclear Plant
Aug. 31, 2012
tip:rush the laser. AOE damage is your best friend.
Relic Of War
cursor lag.
Red Planet
May. 16, 2012
You move 1.414 times faster moving in a diagnol direction, however the creeps follow a constant velocity movement algorithm. Fix that pl0x :) 4/5
Sky Island
Apr. 01, 2012
Rating: -21
Not original, but fun. 3/5.
Awaken: Front Line
Feb. 25, 2012
Rating: 5
5/5 all the way, bro!!!
Thank you :)
Dec. 07, 2011
Theorectically you have infinite speed and the AI has limited.
Paper World
Oct. 26, 2011
Rating: -2
heheh improve your programming skills please.
Idle Chat - Troll Box
Sep. 30, 2011
holy fuk this guys is a stupid gay ass.
Angry Fishy
Sep. 12, 2011
Unlike most noobs, this person actually spent a lot time into the game, giving 5/5.
Game Development Room (GDR)
Rating: 7
let's see the intro code, UG
http://pastebin.com/kbKcNgac << On Pastebin so its never deleted.
It uses TweenLite for 2 tweens, fade in and fade out (or just replace with your own prefered Tween engine).
Aug. 27, 2011
Rating: 1
Also one pic is from a hentai (the one with th sleeping girl and the little animal)
is the icon simca
Red Planet v0.5
Aug. 21, 2011
Too laggy to play on my computer :(
Sorry to hear that :(
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Skip to Main Content
IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
eBooks, and eLearning courses.
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The paper addresses the problem of automatically distributing reactive systems. We first show that the use of synchronous languages allows a natural parallel description of such systems, regardless of any distribution problems. Then, a desired distribution can be easily specified, and achieved with the algorithm presented here. This distribution technique provides distributed programs with the same safety, test, and debug facilities as ordinary sequential programs. Finally, the implementation of such distributed programs only requires a very simple communication protocol ("first in first out" queues), thereby reducing the need for large distributed real time executives
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest professional association for the advancement of technology.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


text:
Ultra Repair Liquid Recovery contains a blend of skin-saving ingredients, including red algae, honey proteins and oat extract, in a concentrated water base. For maximum results, it should be applied immediately to the skin after cleansing. Not only will regular use deliver intense hydration deep into the skin, it will visibly reduce dry patches, redness and signs of stress and environmental damage, leaving the complexion looking smoother, less blotchy and more youthful. Use twice daily to prevent 'bad skin' days.
We're sorry, there are currently no reviews for this product. Your input is important so please consider writing a review for any products you have had a chance to try. This will help others make an informed decision prior to purchasing.
Sprinkle a few drops into the palms of the hand and pat gently into all areas of the face. Apply each morning and night after cleansing.
This product can only be shipped to the following countries: China, United States
There are no DOT restrictions on the delivery of this item – you may elect to have this item sent through any of our delivery methods.


text:
The Andy Milonakis Show is an American sketch comedy television show starring Andy Milonakis, which aired on MTV2, the first season having aired on MTV. The program premiered on June 26, 2005 and ended with its three-season run when it was cancelled on May 1, 2007. Wikipedia
Andy: I had sadness for breakfast.
|20 points
|13 points
|1 point


text:
twitter talk
book suggestions
Art & Max
Author: Wiesner, David.
Max wants to be an artist like Arthur, but his first attempt at using a paintbrush sends the two friends on a whirlwind trip through various media, with unexpected consequences.
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