text:
xrate file format
The Participle, with an Article before it, and the Preposition of after it, becomes a Substantive, expressing the action itself which the Verb signifies: as, "These are the Rules of Grammar, by the observing of which you may avoid mistakes." -- Bishop Robert Lowth, A Short Introduction to English Grammar, 1775.This document describes the grammar file format for the xrate phylo-grammar alignment analysis package. Please see the xrate software page for more info on the program itself (and e.g. here for more info on phylo-grammars).
Example xrate grammar filesThe
dart/grammars subdirectory includes many example grammars for DNA, protein and RNA sequences.
Here are a few examples of working xrate grammar files.
The techniques illustrated here can be mixed and matched.
Some of the grammars use xrate macros, which is like a tiny lisp-like dialect for specifying repetitively-structured grammars.
Point substitution modelsGrammars that implement point substitution models have two (almost trivial) rules:
S -> X S where
S is a nonterminal and
X is an alignment column,
S -> End.
The emitted alignment column is generated on some phylogeny (which can be specified in the input Stockholm format alignment file, or will otherwise be estimated from that alignment)
using some substitution rate matrix (which is specified as part of the grammar).
The symbol
X is called a pseudoterminal in xrate format jargon.
These grammar files, then, effectively just illustrate the file format for the substitution rate matrix
& the notational principle of tying rate matrices to grammars using pseudoterminals:
Feature predictors
Lineage-specific evolutionary grammars
Site-specific models
Grammars that use the Scheme interpreter
Overall structure of grammar filesThe XrateFormat for specifying evolutionary context-free grammars uses LispSExpressions and consists of several parts:
Grammar file syntaxThe complete syntax of xrate's S-expression-based format (as checked by xrate's built-in syntax validator) can be printed by specifying the command-line option
-log SEXPR_SYNTAX when xrate is run.
(This output is, of course, the grammar of the grammar...)
AlphabetsAlphabet declarations must contain
Example: DNA
(alphabet (name DNA) (token (a c g t)) (complement (t g c a)))
Example: proteins
(alphabet (name Protein) (token (a r n d c q e g h i l k m f p s t w y v)))
Example: DNA with IUPAC degeneracies
(alphabet (name DNA) (token (a c g t)) (complement (t g c a)) (extend (to u) (from t)) (extend (to r) (from a) (from g)) (extend (to y) (from c) (from t)) (extend (to m) (from a) (from c)) (extend (to k) (from g) (from t)) (extend (to s) (from c) (from g)) (extend (to w) (from a) (from t)) (extend (to h) (from a) (from c) (from t)) (extend (to b) (from c) (from g) (from t)) (extend (to v) (from a) (from c) (from g)) (extend (to d) (from a) (from g) (from t)) (extend (to n) (from a) (from c) (from g) (from t)) (extend (to x) (from a) (from c) (from g) (from t)) (wildcard *))
Gap charactersIf the alphabet includes characters that would normally be interpreted as gaps (i.e.
. or
then the
--gapchar command-line option should be used to direct xrate not to interpret those characters as gaps,
but to use an alternative symbol (or symbols).
This is useful if gaps are being modeled as a "fifth nucleotide", "twenty-first amino acid" etc.
The(grammar (name Kimura2) ;; rest of grammar goes here )
name tag is used to specify a name for the grammar.
The name must be a single S-expression atom (i.e. a string containing no whitespace or parentheses).
The(grammar (meta (brief-description This is the Kimura two-parameter model (Kimura, 1980) .) (graphviz-layout-style neato) (readme-url http://biowiki.org/XrateFormat) ;; other meta information goes here ) ;; rest of grammar goes here )
meta tag is used to pass information about the grammar to xrate helper applications, such as xREI.
All information inside a
meta tag is preserved, but otherwise ignored, by xrate.
It's up to helper applications to define their own keywords for structuring information inside
meta blocks
(e.g. the example above uses
brief-description, but this is not a keyword that is recognized by xrate itself; only xREI).
Parametric grammarsA very common tag is
This is present at the start of parametric grammars; i.e., grammars whose substitution rates and rule probabilities can be expressed as algebraically structured functions of a parameter set.
Update directivesIf a grammar is not designated "parametric", it follows that its de facto parametric structure is just that specified by the structure of the xrate-format file: namely, sets of rule probabilities and rate parameters for the various substitution models. This is syntactically simpler, but less expressive. In this simpler case, grammars can include several tags indicating how the grammar should be "trained".
const-pgroup or
ParametersAn xrate grammar file specifies many rates (for substitution events) and probabilities (for Markov chain equilibria, length distributions & transformation rules). These rates and probabilities can be declared "parametric". Instead of being treated as free variables, specified as numerical constants, that are independently updated during EM updates (as is the default behavior), "parametric" rates (or probabilities) are specified as algebraic functions on a set of parameters associated with the grammar. This allows model designers to richly constrain the parameter space of models, so as to avoid overtraining and similar sparse data problems. There are two kinds of parameters: rate parameters, and probability parameters. They can be enclosed in a block named
params, in which case they will be updated during EM, or a block named
const, in which case they will not be updated (i.e. they will be treated as constants).
params and
const blocks can be used to specify either rate or probability parameters.
The parameter type is automatically inferred by looking at the sub-block containing the parameter name-value assignments.
If there's only a single parameter in this group, then it's assumed to be a rate parameter; otherwise, it's a probability.
This is somewhat sloppy, and a more rigorous parameter typing can be enforced
by using the
pgroup or
const-pgroup keywords (for co-normalized groups of probability parameters)
or the
rate or
const-rate keywords (for rate parameters).
Parameters declared in
pgroup or
rate blocks will be updated during EM,
whereas parameters declared in
const-pgroup or
const-rate blocks will be held constant.
Note that it is YOUR responsibility to ensure that the parameters in
pgroup or
const-pgroup blocks
are properly co-normalized. While xrate will normalize parameters in a
pgroup or
after each round of EM, it will NOT check that they are normalized on input.
So, if you supply un-normalized parameters and don't do any EM, your final "likelihood" score may not, in fact, be probabilistically kosher.
Conversely, if you supply super-normalized parameters and you do try some EM, the "likelihood" may decrease (since the parameters will go from being super-normalized to being normalized), which may stop EM prematurely.
Despite these issues, tolerance of un-normalized parameters is a feature, not a bug:
it allows you to use e.g. odds-ratios (instead of probabilities) as parameters in a
pgroup, if you're sufficiently fluent in probabilistic voudun to brave such an attempt.
Bottom line: Be Careful.
There are almost no restrictions on parameter names.
A parameter name cannot contain characters that are reserved for the S-expression format (i.e. whitespace, parentheses or semicolons),
nor can it be exactly the same as an arithmetic function or macro (
&int, etc).
It's suggested that you avoid names beginning with an ampersand
&, as these may be used for new macros in future.
Other than this, you pretty much have a free hand:
you can call a parameter by a name like
$#*+/-1^-!!~&% if you wish,
though it's probably not advisable.
Rate parametersRate parameters are considered free to vary independently of all other parameters (they must remain nonnegative, but that's the only constraint). They appear as a name-value pair, enclosed by single or double brackets (both are valid).
Example: Kimura's two parameters
This could also be valid written with single brackets around each rate parameter:;; The parameters for Kimura's transition-transversion model. (rate ((alpha 4)) ;; transition rate ((beta 1))) ;; transversion rate
The(rate (alpha 4) ;; transition rate (beta 1)) ;; transversion rate
params keyword could be used in place of the
rate keyword (but it's more cryptic, so avoid it).
Probability parametersProbability parameters satisfy the following constraints: (i) they are nonnegative; (ii) all probability parameters in a mutually exclusive set must sum to 1. The syntax for declaring and assigning values to probability parameters is similar to that for rate parameters: each parameter-value is a pair enclosed by parentheses. Sets of mutually exclusive parameters are declared together as a list, enclosed by parentheses.
Example: HKY85's six parametersThis example includes both probability parameters (the base frequencies) and rate parameters (the transition and transversion rates). The base frequencies are a mutually exclusive set.
This could be written (more cryptically) as a single;; Parameters for the HKY85 model (pgroup ((piA .25) (piC .25) (piG .25) (piT .25))) ;; base frequencies (rate ((alpha 1)) ;; transition rate ((beta 1))) ;; transversion rate
params block:
Note that, in a;; Parameters for the HKY85 model (params ((piA .25) (piC .25) (piG .25) (piT .25)) ;; base frequencies ((alpha 1)) ;; transition rate ((beta 1))) ;; transversion rate
params block, parameter lists containing only one parameter are treated as rates, not probabilities. So, for example, in a construct such as this:
(params ((alpha 1))) ;; transition rate
alpha is a rate parameter, not a probability parameter. Although it
is enclosed in double parentheses, which would otherwise technically
make it a list containing one probability parameter, that interpretation
is not particularly useful: for a single parameter to "sum to one", it would always have to equal one.
alpha is parsed as a rate.
This confusion between rates and probabilities in
params blocks is easy to avoid: just use the
rate and
pgroup keywords instead.
Functions and dimensional constraintsFunctions are composed of probability parameters and the binary operators for multiplication, division and addition (
/ and
The operators and operands must be separated by whitespace.
The caret operator (
^) denotes exponentiation and can be used to raise a function to a constant power.
Both the function being exponentiated, and the entire expression (function and exponent), must be enclosed by parentheses,
like so:
((a / b) ^ 0.5)
To guarantee convergence of the EM algorithm,
functions are also required to satisfy dimensional constraints that depend on whether they occur in a rate or probability context,
as follows.
Probability parameters should be considered dimensionless,
and rate parameters have dimensions of (i.e. "per unit time").
Dimensional analysis should be used to ensure
that rate functions and probability functions composed of such parameters
have the according dimensionality.
(Numerical constants can be interpreted "sloppily", i.e. their dimensions can be changed to fit.)
For example, if p and q are probabilities and R is a rate,
p * R,
q * R and
(p + q) * R / 3 are all valid rate functions (but not probability functions);
p * q and
p * (q + p) are all valid probability functions (but not rate functions);
0.5 is both a valid rate function and a valid probability function.
Dimensional constraints are not strictly enforced by xrate,
but the EM algorithm may not converge if dimensionally incorrect functions are used.
Furthermore, the EM algorithm is not guaranteed to converge if the exponentiation operator is used.
Probability parameters and unobserved mutationsIt's important to note that probability parameters are not just dimensionless multipliers in xrate; they must really correspond to probabilities of events. Any rate expression that uses probability parameters must do so in such a way that the probabilities correspond to legitimate, actual divisions of the event space. Furthermore, every mutually-exclusive event must be specified. Sometimes this means including "unobserved" mutations in order to complete the mutually exclusive set. A good way to think about events whose rate is given by expressions that combine rate and probability parameters is that an event occurs with a certain rate (specified using the rate parameter); there is then a probabilistic decision about what the type of event is (determined by the probability parameters). Some of the outcomes of this decision may be such that the event is unobserved (or "rejected"). In order to correctly count such occurrences, it's necessary to tell xrate that they exist, even though the unobserved events do not result in changes. The Felsenstein 1981 model may be a useful illustrative example here. In one formulation of this model, "replacement" events occur at a constant rate . In a replacement event, a nucleotide X is replaced by another nucleotide Y, which is chosen with probability . In other words, once a replacement event is determined to have occurred at a nucleotide (X), there is a probabilistic decision as to which nucleotide (Y) will replace it. There is, consequently, a probability of that X and Y are the same nucleotide, in which case the replacement is unobserved. Thus, the effective substitution rate from X is , while the rate of unobserved replacements is . In order for xrate to accurately estimate probability parameters that are used in rate expressions, it seems to be necessary to include the unobserved substitutions. This can be done by specifying them as mutations-to-self. In the above example, the three observed mutations from state
a are
while the fourth unobserved mutation from state(mutate (from (a)) (to (c)) (rate piC * R)) (mutate (from (a)) (to (g)) (rate piG * R)) (mutate (from (a)) (to (t)) (rate piT * R))
a is
This fourth mutation, even though it does not affect the likelihood, does affect the EM counts that are computed for(mutate (from (a)) (to (a)) (rate piA * R))
and therefore seems to be needed for EM training to work correctly
(particularly in the limit of sparse training data).
Examples of this sort of thing can be found in the
parametric Jukes-Cantor,
grammars distributed with xrate.
The const operator: flagging a parameter as temporarily constantWhen a parameter name is preceded by the
const operator in an expression, then that particular instance of the parameter
is considered to be a constant for the purposes of estimating expected summary statistics and subsequent EM training.
Evaluation of the function proceeds as normal, but the derivative of this expression (with respect to this parameter only) is regarded to be zero.
For example, consider the following two functions.
The first function evaluates to x+3, and its derivative w.r.t. x is 1:
The second function still evaluates to x+3, but xrate thinks its derivative w.r.t. x is zero:(x + 3)
Pray (to your preferred deities, patron saints, Unix daemons or cyberspace loa) that you never need to use this construct. Using it correctly requires a pretty good knowledge of the way that the EM algorithm functions. This (clearly) is rather dark magic and is not recommended for the casual practicioner. Examples can be found in DartGrammar:sn.eg, where the((const x) + 3)
~k parameter is never observed directly, but is confounded with parameters that are.
Expected countsAfter training, the grammar file contains an
expected-counts block.
The counts in this block indicate the expected counts for each probability and rate parameter,
and the expected wait times for each rate parameter.
For example, training the HKY85 model on a short alignment (Rfam:RF00155) yields the following counts:
The interpretation of this block is that the event whose probability is given by(expected-counts (piA 36.0195) (piC 29.0076) (piG 37.0184) (piT 35.0149) (alpha 1.01919 1.67501) (beta 2.03806 3.3364)) ;; end observed-counts
piA occurred an expected 36.0195 times
piC an expected 29.0076 times, etc.)
while the event whose rate is given by
alpha occurred an expected 1.01919 times in an expected total available time of 1.67501.
PseudocountsParameter-specific pseudocounts for training can be specified in the file. These have the same format as the
observed-counts block, but the tag is
These counts are added to the expected counts obtained at the E-step of EM, and the totals are used in the M-step.
This is equivalent to specifying a Dirichlet prior for probability parameters,
or a gamma prior for rate parameters.
An example, for HKY85:
(pseudocounts (piA 36.0195) (piC 29.0076) (piG 37.0184) (piT 35.0149) (alpha 1.01919 1.67501) (beta 2.03806 3.3364))
Markov chainsA
chain block declares a Markov chain with rate matrix
and initial probability distribution
where the states are -mer words over the grammar's terminal alphabet
(plus an optional hidden "label").
The declaration contains several parts:
Example: uni-cyclerThis first example is the irreversible "unidirectional cycler":
See here for an illustration of this chain's topology.(chain ; declare a Markov chain (update-policy irrev) ; EM update policy (terminal (RX)) ; abstract state label (initial (state (a)) (prob 1)) ; initial distribution (mutate (from (a)) (to (c)) (rate 1)) (mutate (from (c)) (to (g)) (rate 1)) (mutate (from (g)) (to (t)) (rate 1)) (mutate (from (t)) (to (a)) (rate 1)))
Example: REV + binary hidden classThis example is a reversible RNA chain with a hidden class variable that can take two states, labeled
1 and
See here for an illustration of this chain's topology.(chain (update-policy rev) (terminal (NUC)) (hidden-class (row CLASS) (label (1 2))) ;; initial probability distribution (initial (state (a 1)) (prob 0.0238705)) (initial (state (c 1)) (prob 0.136706)) (initial (state (g 1)) (prob 0.0136832)) (initial (state (u 1)) (prob 0.204652)) (initial (state (a 2)) (prob 0.305866)) (initial (state (c 2)) (prob 0.0413438)) (initial (state (g 2)) (prob 0.170151)) (initial (state (u 2)) (prob 0.103727)) ;; mutation rates (mutate (from (a 1)) (to (c 1)) (rate 0.157809)) (mutate (from (a 1)) (to (g 1)) (rate 0.310445)) (mutate (from (a 1)) (to (u 1)) (rate 0.542682)) (mutate (from (a 1)) (to (a 2)) (rate 0.0196586)) (mutate (from (c 1)) (to (a 1)) (rate 0.0275553)) (mutate (from (c 1)) (to (g 1)) (rate 0.0153761)) (mutate (from (c 1)) (to (u 1)) (rate 0.107003)) (mutate (from (c 1)) (to (c 2)) (rate 0.000126849)) (mutate (from (g 1)) (to (a 1)) (rate 0.541573)) (mutate (from (g 1)) (to (c 1)) (rate 0.153619)) (mutate (from (g 1)) (to (u 1)) (rate 0.803682)) (mutate (from (g 1)) (to (g 2)) (rate 0.0200437)) (mutate (from (u 1)) (to (a 1)) (rate 0.063298)) (mutate (from (u 1)) (to (c 1)) (rate 0.0714773)) (mutate (from (u 1)) (to (g 1)) (rate 0.0537349)) (mutate (from (u 1)) (to (u 2)) (rate 0.0036554)) (mutate (from (a 2)) (to (a 1)) (rate 0.0015342)) (mutate (from (a 2)) (to (c 2)) (rate 0.0411113)) (mutate (from (a 2)) (to (g 2)) (rate 0.0812237)) (mutate (from (a 2)) (to (u 2)) (rate 0.165302)) (mutate (from (c 2)) (to (c 1)) (rate 0.000419434)) (mutate (from (c 2)) (to (a 2)) (rate 0.304146)) (mutate (from (c 2)) (to (g 2)) (rate 0.141506)) (mutate (from (c 2)) (to (u 2)) (rate 0.969275)) (mutate (from (g 2)) (to (g 1)) (rate 0.00161188)) (mutate (from (g 2)) (to (a 2)) (rate 0.146009)) (mutate (from (g 2)) (to (c 2)) (rate 0.0343834)) (mutate (from (g 2)) (to (u 2)) (rate 0.0920692)) (mutate (from (u 2)) (to (u 1)) (rate 0.00721206)) (mutate (from (u 2)) (to (a 2)) (rate 0.487438)) (mutate (from (u 2)) (to (c 2)) (rate 0.386336)) (mutate (from (u 2)) (to (g 2)) (rate 0.151028))) ;; end chain NUC
Hybrid chainsA
hybrid-chain block describes a mutation process that varies across the phylogenetic tree.
Any one of several component chains may be used on each branch of the tree.
The "#=GS" tag in the Stockholm format alignment, which is used to specify by-sequence annotation,
selects the component chain that will be used on a particular branch.
Each component chain must have the same number of pseudoterminals as the hybrid chain.
These pseudoterminals must appear in the same order that they do in the original declaration of the component chain.
The same is true of hidden classes (if there are any):
component chains must have the same number of hidden classes, and the same hidden class labels, in the same order,
as the hybrid chain.
(If the hybrid chain has no hidden classes, then the component chains are not allowed to either.)
These rules are just a long-winded way of saying that the state space for the component chains
must exactly match the state space for the hybrid chain.
A further requirement is that each component chain must have the "parametric" update policy.
The component-chain selection works as follows.
Every hybrid chain has a
row tag and every component chain has a
label tag.
Suppose that the row tag for the hybrid-chain is R and the label tag for a particular component-chain (C) is L.
If the alignment includes the line "#=GS S R L", then the branch from S's parent to S will use chain C.
The component chain that appears first in the hybrid-chain block is assumed to be the default for unlabeled branches.
Note that this syntax can also be used to select the component chain for internal branches of the tree.
Internal nodes can be named (in NewickFormat) and given "#=GS" labels
even though they may not have sequence data in the alignment.
If the alignment includes the line "#=GS N R L", then the branch from N's parent to N will use chain C.
Calculation of column likelihoods requires not just a mutation rate matrix but also a set of initial probabilities.
Suppose node N is the root node.
If the alignment includes the line "#=GS N R L", then the initial probability distribution will be taken from chain C.
(A similiar rule applies if N is not the root node, but its parent node is specified as being gapped.
This is however a rather unusual situation, since alignment rows for internal nodes are not usually specified.)
Implicit annotations for hybrid chainsHybrid chains are sufficiently flexible to allow any lineage-specific parameterization. Typically, however, only a few parameterizations are of interest. Several
#=GS tags are implicitly defined to facilitate working with such common parameterizations.
These implicit tags can be useful in conjunction with iteration macros.
Using a different chain for just one branchFor every pair of tree nodes, one of the following two lines is implicitly defined:
#=GS NODE1 =NODE2 1 (if NODE1 and NODE2 are identical) #=GS NODE1 =NODE2 0 (if NODE1 and NODE2 are not identical)Here NODE1 and NODE2 are named tree nodes, as defined in the
#=GF NH field of the Stockholm alignment.
Using a different chain for a subtree rooted at a particular nodeFor every pair of tree nodes, one of the following two lines is implicitly defined:
#=GS NODE1 :NODE2 1 (if NODE1 is descended from NODE2) #=GS NODE1 :NODE2 0 (if NODE1 is not descended from NODE2)Here NODE1 and NODE2 are named tree nodes, as defined in the
#=GF NH field of the Stockholm alignment.
Using a different chain for every branchFor every tree node, the following line is implicitly defined:
#=GS NODE ? NODEHere NODE is a named tree node, as defined in the
#=GF NH field of the Stockholm alignment.
Example: hybrid gene/pseudogene modelSuppose that
(COD1 COD2 COD3) is defined elsewhere as a codon substitution model
(i.e. three nucleotides evolving together as a single codon unit)
(NULL1 NULL2 NULL3) is a triplet null model
(three nucleotides evolving independently).
The following hybrid chain block describes a model that switches between these two component models
according to
#=GS ... HLABEL ... lines in the input alignment:
(hybrid-chain (terminal (HYB1 HYB2 HYB3)) (row HLABEL) (components ;; submodel COD1... selected by "#=GS SeqName HLABEL GENE" ;; this first model is also assumed to be the default for unlabeled nodes ((label GENE) (terminal (COD1 COD2 COD3))) ;; submodel NULL1... selected by "#=GS SeqName HLABEL PSEUDOGENE" ((label PSEUDOGENE) (terminal (NULL1 NULL2 NULL3)))))
Production rulesGrammar nonterminal symbols in xrate are classified into certain classes, or state types. These include emit, null and bifurcation nonterminals. The type of a given nonterminal depends on the form of the production rules that can be applied to that nonterminal. The start nonterminal can be any of these three state types, and is chosen as follows. If there are any
nonterminal blocks in the grammar, then the start nonterminal is the first nonterminal that is declared in such a block.
Otherwise, the start nonterminal is the first nonterminal that appears on the left-hand side of a production rule.
Production rules contain the following elements:
(transform (from (F DY)) (to (F* DX DY)) (prob 1) (annotate (column DX) (row EMIT_ANNOT) (label D)))
(parametric) tag,
then the
prob expressions of production rules will be interpreted as functions of
the grammar parameters, rather than independent variables.
Emit nonterminalsEmit nonterminals, with their associated emit rules, describe the way in which columns of alphabet symbols (co-evolving according to an underlying phylogenetic tree) are generated by the grammar. An emit nonterminal
X is always paired with a corresponding null nonterminal
whose identifier is formed by appending an asterisk to the name of the emit nonterminal,
There can be only one production rule having
X on the left-hand side.
This rule must have a single nonterminal,
X*, on the right-hand side,
together with one or more emitted pseudoterminals.
The list of pseudoterminals on the RHS must exactly match the pseudoterminal list of
a declared Markov chain (though the order of the pseudoterminals can be permuted).
A convenient shorthand allows pseudoterminals to be complemented, so that chains can be re-used for both forward and reverse strands.
If a pseudoterminal is prefixed by the tilde symbol (
and the alphabet has the
complement property (i.e. DNA or RNA; see above description of alphabets),
then the emitted alphabet symbol is the complement of the pseudoterminal's actual state.
As mentioned above, the RHS pseudoterminal list must exactly match the pseudoterminal list of a chain.
Additionally, some of these pseudoterminals may also appear on the left-hand side
(in the same order and complementarity that they appear on the RHS).
If a pseudoterminal appears on both the LHS and RHS, this indicates that it is
not emitted, but rather contextual.
This is used to approximate a context-dependent substitution model
following the approach of Siepel and Haussler (Siepel A, Haussler D. Phylogenetic estimation of context-dependent substitution rates by maximum likelihood. Mol Biol Evol. 2004 Mar;21(3):468-88. Epub 2003 Dec 5.).
See the CpG dinucleotide aversion example below for an illustration of this syntax.
The rule probability for an emit rule is always taken to be 1.
Alignment annotationsAn emit rule can be accompanied by zero or more annotations. Loosely, each annotation corresponds to a "hidden label" for one or more of the columns. An unannotated alignment can be annotated by running
xrate in "annotate" mode
(either using the Viterbi algorithm, for HMMs, or Cocke-Younger-Kasami for SCFGs).
Each annotation also has a row label, corresponding to the label of the
#=GC line
in the annotated StockholmFormat alignment.
By default, any "unannotated" columns will be annotated with a period.
The annotation can also be used for supervised training of the grammar,
by pre-annotating a StockholmFormat alignment (or database of alignments)
and running
xrate on this file in "training" mode
(using Forward-Backward for HMMs, or Inside-Outside for SCFGs).
In this case, periods will be treated as wildcards (i.e. missing data).
GapsVarious tags can be used to control the gap behavior of emit rules.
Minimum & maximum subsequence lengthThe
minlen and
maxlen keywords can be used within emit rules to constrain the minimum/maximum length of subsequences that can be generated by this particular nonterminal.
These keywords can alternately be placed in nonterminal modifier blocks.
Prefix, suffix, infixThe
infix keyword is used within emit rules to indicate that the
maxlen for a particular nonterminal should automatically be set to the maximum infix-subsequence length specified at the command line.
prefix and
suffix keywords can be used within emit rules to indicate to xrate that a particular nonterminal is used to generate prefix or suffix strings (e.g. flanking regions).
The only effect of these keywords is to suppress warnings that usually occur if the
maxlen or
minlen properties are set to larger than the maximum infix-subsequence length.
(These warnings do not apply to prefix or suffix sequences, which are not subject to the maximum infix-subseq-length constraint.)
These keywords can alternately be placed in nonterminal modifier blocks.
Example: codon emit nonterminal, forward strandEmit three nucleotides (
C1 C2 C3), using a 64-state Markov chain over trinucleotides,
from nonterminal
(transform (from (CODON)) (to (C1 C2 C3 CODON*)))
Example: codon emit nonterminal, reverse strandA similar codon emission to the previous example, but reverse-complemented
(transform (from (REVCOMP)) (to (~C3 ~C2 ~C1 REVCOMP*)))
Example: RNA basepairAn RNA basepair, emitted from nonterminal
BASEPAIR, using a Markov chain with pseudoterminals
LEFT_BASE and
RIGHT_BASE, which are respectively annotated "<" and ">" on the "#=GC SS ..." line in the output alignment. The
(minlen 5) clause ensures that the two paired bases must be separated by at least 3 nucleotides.
(transform (from (BASEPAIR)) (to (LEFT_BASE BASEPAIR* RIGHT_BASE)) (annotate (column LEFT_BASE) (row SS) (label <)) (annotate (column RIGHT_BASE) (row SS) (label >)) (minlen 5))
Example: RNA basepair with probabilistic annotationAn RNA basepair, emitted from nonterminal
BASEPAIR, using a Markov chain with pseudoterminals
LEFT_BASE and
RIGHT_BASE, which are respectively annotated on the "#=GC SS ..." line in the output alignment as "<" and ">" (with probability .9) or "_" (with probability .1). Such probabilistic annotation allows for cases where the basepair has been omitted in a training alignment. It also allows additional types of information (e.g. transcriptomics data) to be supplied to the model.
(transform (from (BASEPAIR)) (to (LEFT_BASE BASEPAIR* RIGHT_BASE)) (annotate (row SS) (emit (label (< >)) (prob .9)) (emit (label (_ _)) (prob .1))))
Example: CpG dinucleotide aversionEmit a single nucleotide (
DY), given a previous nucleotide of "context" (
using a 16-state Markov chain over dinucleotides (pseudoterminal labels
DX and
annotating the emitted column (
DY) with character "D" in the row labeled
EMIT_ANNOT (NB in a StockholmFormat alignment, this annotation row will be labeled
(transform (from (DX F)) (to (DX DY F*)) (annotate (column DY) (row EMIT_ANNOT) (label D)))
Null nonterminalsProduction rules describing transformations from null nonterminals have a single nonterminal on the LHS, and either a single nonterminal or an empty list on the RHS. (An empty list is equivalent to a transition to the "end" nonterminal.) Null rules have no pseudoterminals or annotations.
Example: null-to-end transitionTransition from
S to end nonterminal, probability 0.5
(transform (from (S)) (to ()) (prob 0.5))
Example: emit-to-null transitionTransition from nonterminal
(presumed to be a null nonterminal paired to a corresponding emit nonterminal
to nonterminal
S, probability 1
(transform (from (REVCOMP*)) (to (S)))
Bifurcation nonterminalsProduction rules describing transformations from bifurcation nonterminals have a single nonterminal on the LHS, and two nonterminals on the RHS. Bifurcation rules have no pseudoterminals or annotations. Only one bifurcation rule is allowed for each bifurcation nonterminal. The rule probability for a bifurcation rule is thus always taken to be 1.
Example: bifurcationBifurcating transformation from nonterminal
S into nonterminals
S and
(transform (from (S)) (to (S T)))
Nonterminal modifiers and properties
Nonterminal declarations
The(nonterminal (name START)) (nonterminal (name INTERGENIC) (minlen 1) (sum-from)) (nonterminal (name FWD_PFOLD_S) (infix)) (nonterminal (name FWD_PFOLD_F) (minlen 2)) ...
sum-from and
gff keywords can be collected together in a
nonterminal block that declares the nonterminal symbol along with any modifiers.
(This is the preferred way to use these modifiers, and currently the only way of specifying
minlen or
maxlen constraints on nonterminals that do not have associated emissions.)
The indel model declaration can also be located in this block, if desired.
Note that the first
nonterminal block, if any such blocks are present, is used to decide the start nonterminal for the grammar.
(If no such blocks are present, the start nonterminal is the nonterminal appearing on the left-hand side of the first transformation rule in the grammar.)
See above for a description of
suffix &
sum-from modifier is used to denote "sum nonterminals" (aka "sum states").
These are nonterminals for which, during the CYK matrix fill algorithm, all outgoing transition probabilities are summed rather than maxed.
This is crucial for certain constructs (like using several identical states to approximate an arbitrary length distribution over some feature).
It's also useful for annotation, e.g. genefinding.
As a general principle, you want your model to be as detailed and accurate as possible,
so you might want to model the fine structure of a feature (e.g. secondary structure of a noncoding RNA gene).
However, you don't care about the details of this submodel when calling the annotation;
in fact, you want to sum those details out, and simply report an overall probability for this region being "an ncRNA"
(as opposed to "an ncRNA with this particular structure").
sum-from modifier allows you to do this.
The following example tells the CYK algorithm to sum, rather than max, over all outgoing transitions from nonterminal
Note that the(sum-from S)
sum-from modifier can also appear inside a
nonterminal declaration block, in which case the name of the nonterminal is implicit.
gff modifier is used to signal that a particular GFF format annotation should be output whenever a given nonterminal is used in the maximum-likelihood (CYK) parse tree.
This provides a way to generate GFF directly from xrate.
For example:
The nonterminals in this example refer to the ncRnaDualStrand grammar. The only mandatory argument is(gff (nonterminal FWD_RNA_GENE) (strand +) (type ncRNA)) (gff (nonterminal REV_RNA_GENE) (strand -) (type ncRNA))
nonterminal which specifies the nonterminal that generates this GFF annotation.
The GFF fields
strand &
frame can also (optionally) be specified.
In the output, the GFF
score field contains the base2-log of either
the posterior probability that the parse tree contained the given GFF feature (if the Inside-Outside algorithm was executed),
or the CYK traceback probability for the feature (if Inside-Outside was not executed).
The GFF
type field defaults to the name of the nonterminal, but may be overridden (as in the above example).
The GFF
source field defaults to the grammar name, but may be overridden.
If the Stockholm alignment input to xrate contains a
#=GF ID <foo> line, then the reference sequence (column 1) in xrate's GFF annotation will be
Otherwise, the reference sequence will be the number of the alignment in the input set (i.e.
Alignment2, ...).
Posterior probabilities, indicating confidence levels for the annotation, are added to the GFF
group field
if the appropriate command-line option was specified.
The GFF
group field is as specified in the
gff block, with two exceptions.
As per the GFF3 specification,
a unique
ID is assigned to every feature.
If the
group field of the
gff block contains
ID or
Parent tags,
then these are substituted for the corresponding autogenerated IDs in the GFF output.
For convenience, you can use S-expression nesting to specify tag-value pairs and multiple-value tuples in the group field,
as an optional alternative to the usual GFF3 convention of using equals signs, semicolons and commas (i.e.
For example, this....
...is exactly equivalent to this...(nonterminal (name S) (gff (group ID=this Parent=this)) (gff (type blah2) (group (ID that1) (Parent that2))) (gff (source blah3) (group (ID this3) (Parent (this3 this that1)))))
(nonterminal (name S) (gff (group "ID=this;Parent=this")) (gff (type blah2) (group "ID=that1;Parent=that2")) (gff (source blah3) (group "ID=this3;Parent=this3,this,that1")))
AnnotationVarious forms of annotation can be produced using several grammar directives.
Stockholm #=GC linesSee alignment annotation. Stockholm
#=GC lines are the only form of annotation that can also be used to constrain the training algorithms (i.e. to do partially or completely supervised training).
GFF outputSee the gff tag.
Wiggle tracks
The(wiggle (name Track1) (nonterminal S)) (wiggle (name Track2) (terminal X)) (wiggle (name Track3) (nonterminal CODON) (terminal POS1)) (wiggle (name Track4) (component (nonterminal S) (weight 1)) (component (terminal X) (weight 2)) (component (nonterminal CODON) (terminal POS1) (weight 3)))
wiggle field directs
xrate to generate a wiggle format track with one data point per alignment column,
using a weighted sum of posterior probabilities that the given alignment column was generated using a particular nonterminal/terminal combination.
The above construct would generate four wiggle tracks:
#=GF ID <foo> line, then the
name field of the wiggle track will be
Otherwise, the
name field will be the number of the alignment in the input set (i.e.
Alignment2, ...).
Other grammar fields
In some circumstances, it is desirable to constrain the set of subsequence coordinates that are visited during dynamic programming. For example, when using a secondary structure grammar (such as pfold.eg) for the purpose of ancestral reconstruction on a large alignment, one typically does not want the algorithm to iterate over (or allocate memory for) all L^2 subsequences. The(fold-string-tag SS_cons)
fold-string-tag can be used to direct xrate to interpret a particular
#=GC line as a secondary structure,
and restrict the dynamic programming matrix (and iteration) to subsequences consistent with that structure.
The xrate macro preprocessorSeveral kinds of macro are automatically expanded by xrate before any training or alignment annotation takes place. Macro expansion is a one-off, irreversible event: if the grammar file is saved after macro substitution has taken place, the original macros will not be recoverable. Preprocessing and parsing take place in the following order:
Including files
The(&include ~/dart/grammars/hky85.eg)
&include directive includes another file (just like
#include in C).
Shell globbing is performed on the filename, so you can use shorthands like tildes and wildcards, as in the above example.
Printing warnings
Prints the atoms following(&warn Generating column COLUMN ...)
&warn to standard error.
Useful to monitor progress during generation of large grammars, e.g. this column-specific model (from whence the example is taken):
Simple substitutionsThe
&define macro is used to indicate that one expression should be substituted for another.
For example,
evaluates to(&define X yellow) curious X (mellow X)
Currently, only atomic expressions may be substituted in; so, for example,curious yellow (mellow yellow)
(&define X (bright yellow)) is not a legal usage,
(bright yellow), unlike
yellow, is a list rather than an atom.
Note also that the binding is static. You cannot use
&define to create a dynamic function that evaluates to different values at different times.
If this is the sort of thing you need to do, you will be better off using Scheme (perhaps with the experimental Scheme language extensions to xrate).
List operationsThe following operators fold a list into a single element during macro preprocessing.
&cat function (or the shorthand
.) concatenates a list of atoms into a single atom.
For example,
both evaluate to(&. X Y Z) (&cat X Y Z)
&sum function (or the shorthand
+) takes the sum of a list of integer values.
For example,
both evaluate to(&+ 1 10 -5) (&sum 1 10 -5)
&mul function (or the shorthand
*) takes the product of a list of floating-point values.
For example,
both evaluate to(&* 2 3 5) (&mul 2 3 5)
Binary operations
Both evaluate to the floating-point division(&/ X Y) (&div X Y)
Both evaluate to the integer modulus operation(&% A B) (&mod A B)
X mod Y.
Both evaluate to the integer subtraction(&- X Y) (&sub X Y)
IterationsThe following macros generate a list of elements from a template during preprocessing.
Inserts one copy of EXPR for every element of LIST. Any occurrences of VAR within EXPR will be replaced by the corresponding element of LIST. For example,(&foreach VAR (LIST) EXPR)
evaluates to(&foreach VAR (1 2 3) (VAR + 1))
(1 + 1) (1 + 2) (1 + 3)
EXPR can include more than one item, e.g.
evaluates to(&foreach VAR (1 2 3) VAR *)
1 * 2 * 3 *
foreach, but the list is specified as an integer range.
This can be useful for specifying arrays of states, c.f. Profile HMMs.
For example,(&foreach VAR (MINVAL MAXVAL) EXPR)
evaluates to(&foreach-integer VAR (1 3) VAR *)
1 * 2 * 3 *
foreach, but the list is taken to be the set of alphabet tokens.
(&foreach-token VAR EXPR)
foreach-node, foreach-branch, foreach-leaf, foreach-ancestorAs
foreach, but the list is taken to be [some subset of] the node names in the tree.
(NB this macro is data-dependent, and it only works if the input alignment database contains exactly one alignment;
"the tree" refers to the tree specified in the
#=GF NH field of this alignment.)
The various forms allow iteration over all named nodes (&==&foreach-node==), all named nodes except the root (&==&foreach-branch==), all named leaf nodes (&==&foreach-leaf==) or all named internal nodes (&==&foreach-ancestor==).(&foreach-node VAR EXPR)
Logic operationsYou can do some basic logic in the macro language. For more elaborate computations, use the built-in scheme interpreter.
If the two S-expressions,(&= SEXPR1 SEXPR2) (&eq SEXPR1 SEXPR2) (&!= SEXPR1 SEXPR2) (&neq SEXPR1 SEXPR2)
SEXPR1 and
SEXPR2, are equal/inequal, evaluate to
1; otherwise, evaluate to
Arithmetic comparisons
Arithmetic comparisons between numerical expressions, returning(&> EXPR1 EXPR2) (> EXPR1 EXPR2) (&< EXPR1 EXPR2) (< EXPR1 EXPR2) (&>= EXPR1 EXPR2) (&geq EXPR1 EXPR2) (&<= EXPR1 EXPR2) (&leq EXPR1 EXPR2)
1 for true and
0 for false.
Conditional operator
If the integer value of(&? TEST_EXPR TRUE_EXPR FALSE_EXPR) (&if TEST_EXPR TRUE_EXPR FALSE_EXPR)
TEST_EXPR is nonzero, evaluates to
TRUE_EXPR; otherwise, evaluates to
Boolean operations
These do what you'd expect.<code> (&and X Y) (&or X Y) (&not X) </code>
&and and
&or don't just have to be binary; they can be list operators too, e.g.
<code> (&and X Y Z) (&or A B C D E) </code>
Miscellaneous functions
ASCII character manipulation
(&chr INT) (&ord CHAR)
&ord evaluates to the ASCII value of character
&chr evaluates to the character whose ASCII value is given by
Numerical functions
<code> (&int EXPR) </code>
&int evaluates to the integer value of
Special constantsSome special constants are auto-substituted during macro expansion.
&TOKENSEvaluates to the number of tokens in the terminal alphabet.
&NODES, &BRANCHES, &LEAVES, &ANCESTORSEach of these evaluates to the number of tree nodes of a particular class. The respective classes are
foreach-node, etc.,
these macros only work if the input alignment database contains exactly one alignment.
&COLUMNSEvaluates to the number of columns in the alignment. This macro only works if the input alignment database contains exactly one alignment.
Arbitrary Scheme expressionsAt some point, the xrate macros may become too limiting for you, at which point you may decide you need to write an actual program to generate your grammar (hey, it happens). If you compiled xrate on a system with the Guile library present, you can evaluate arbitrary Scheme expressions inside a grammar file.
&scheme macro evaluates a Scheme expression and interpolates the result.
It is approximately equivalent to the
unquote-splicing expression in a Scheme
quasiquote environment.
For example, the following code will be transformed to
(blakes 7) by the Scheme evaluation phase of the macro preprocessor, before your grammar is parsed by the xrate phylogrammar interpreter:
Evaluation of Scheme expressions is performed after expansion of all other macros. The order of evaluation is a depth-first recursive traversal of the S-expression tree. If you want to evaluate a Scheme expression and discard the return value (i.e. to change the Scheme environment without adding anything to the grammar), you can use(blakes (&scheme (define x 3) (define (y a) (+ a 5))) (&scheme (y 2)))
&scheme-discard in place of
This is rarely necessary, as the most common way to change the Scheme environment is with a
define (as in the above example),
which returns an unspecified return value that is automatically discarded anyway.
Within the Scheme expression, the input alignment is bound to the Scheme symbol
alignment, and the Scheme primitives provided by xrate are all available.
These keywords and their behavior are currently documented here:
For example, the following code is equivalent to the
&COLUMNS macro:
(&scheme (stockholm-column-count alignment))
Macro debuggingTo dump the macro-expanded, grammar to a file after post-processing, use the
-x option to xrate.
(Note: this will not include any constructs that were not parsed correctly. See below for more on this.)
In combination with the
--noannotate option, which disables annotation (and hence prevents any dynamic programming from taking place),
this can be useful to test correct usage of macros.
For example:
Note that thecd dart xrate src/handel/t/short.stk -g grammars/ancestral_gc.eg -x expanded.eg --noannotate > /dev/null cat expanded.eg
-x option dumps the grammar after parsing it.
If your macros generated any invalid syntax (i.e. text that was not recognized by xrate's grammar parser), this will not appear in the grammar file dumped by the
-x option.
If you want to debug all macro expansions (including any invalid syntax), use the logging option
-log ECFG_MACROS to dump out the grammar file after macro expansion, but prior to parsing.
r193 - 2015-08-08 - 01:47:32 - IanHolmes
|Biowiki content is in the public domain.
Comments on this site? XrateFormat">Send feedback


text:
Grid Swivel
Grid: Superior ergonomics and cool mesh style. Also available in matching task, stool, and guest configurations for users up to 300lbs.
Available options: High and Mid back models. Square or rounded back. Many arm styles available. See "pricing" for all options. Brochure Pricing
- High or Mid back models
- Available with square or rounded back
- High density 3.2lb open cell foam seat for GR201
- High density, 3.2lb molded foam seat for GR200 and GS200
- Composite nylon frame with black mesh (standard)
- Eight mesh options
- Two Mechanism choices
- Eight Arm choices
- Wrap upholstery
- Black nylon base standard
- Available in a variety of fabrics, vinyls, and leathers
- Lifetime warranty for single shift applications, and users up to 300lbs.
High Back:
Seat: 20.5″ W x 18.5″ D
Seat ht: 16.5″ – 21″
Back: 19″ W x 24″ H
COM Yardage: 1.00
High Squre Back:
Seat: 20.5″ W x 18.5″ D
Seat ht: 16.5″ – 21″
Back: 19″ W x 24″ H
COM Yardage: 1.00
Mid Back
Seat: 19.5″ W X 19.5″ D
Seat ht: 16.5″ – 21″
Back 19″ W X 18.5″ H
COM Yardage: 1.00

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Christmas In The Park will conduct fundraisers in the upcoming weeks.
The first fundraiser will be "A Night At the Manor," which will again be at the "Poor Farm Market" at 3546 E County Road 100 S in Center Point.
The haunted event will run from 8 p.m.-11 p.m., on Oct. 16, 17, 23, 24, 30 and 31. Tickets are $8 per person.
The second fundraiser will be a silent/live Christmas Auction, scheduled to take place Nov. 7, at the V.F.W. Post 1127, located on South Depot Street.
The silent auction is from 4 p.m.-9 p.m. Dinner will start at 4:30 p.m. and features pork loin, cheesy potatoes, green beans and baked beans. Desserts will also be available. The live auction begins at 6:30 p.m. V.F.W.'s live band, Midwest Play Boys, will perform from 8 p.m.-12 a.m.
Tickets are $8 per person.
Recently, the committee purchased a Santa House, which is now set on the north side of the swimming pool at Forest Park.
The organization is currently int he process of having the inside of the house finished with heat, electricity, insulation and flooring.
In addition, some outside work still needs to be completed.
Christmas In The Park hopes to have the Santa House ready for the upcoming Christmas season.


text:
Spanish PM Wants to Nix the NapRevellers sleep on a bench after the second running of the bulls during the San Fermin festival in Pamplona July 8, 2012. REUTERS/Susana Vera REUTERS Spaniards were quick to point out on social forums that the "ecologically adapted model" of the ... NBCNews.com, 3 weeks ago
Spanish Prime Minister to cut traditional siesta and shorten working day to align country with EU counterparts - Sott.net, 4 weeks ago
Dance icon sets a challenge - Japan Times, 1 month ago
Schoolchildren design poster for Spain's 2016 San Fermin Festival
Organizers on Tuesday unveiled the official poster for the 2016 San Fermin festival in the northern Spanish city of Pamplona, with the art work designed by schoolchildren. Children, parents and teachers from the Buztintxuri public school joined ...EFE, 2 weeks ago Celebrate San Fermin In Pamplona With First Festival Travel BBM, 2 weeks ago
Song Premiere: San Fermin & Sam Amidon, 'Shiver'
Tourmates Sam Amidon and San Fermin collaborated on "Shiver," based around lyrics taken from the poem "Against Winter" by Charles Simic. Courtesy of the artist hide caption toggle caption Courtesy of the artist At first, it's an unlikely ...NPR, 1 month ago
Report: College prep for all mandate may block some students from graduating
FERMIN LEAL/EDSOURCE TODAY San Diego Unified School District's mandate that every high school student complete the sequence of college preparation courses required for admission for California's public universities could prevent scores of ...EdSource Today, 6 days ago Report: More students earning community college transfer degrees, but few moving on to CSU EdSource Today, 1 month ago
Texas Digest: Video shows school officer body-slamming girl
SAN ANTONIO Video shows school officer body-slamming girl Officials in San Antonio are investigating video that apparently shows a school district police officer body-slamming a middle school student to the ground. Leslie Price, a spokeswoman for ...Austin American Statesman, 3 weeks ago
San Jose State to promise admission to qualified East Side Union graduates
San Jose State University will guarantee admission to students who graduate from the East Side Union High School District in San Jose and meet the university's minimum admissions requirements under a new partnership that will be announced Friday. ...EdSource Today, 5 days ago
Khan Academy, College Board create an SAT practice program, but impact unclear
FERMIN LEAL/EDSOURCE TODAY Angel Reyes and Camila Teagie-Alarcorn, both juniors at Millikan High in Long Beach, practice for the SAT using the free Khan Academy program. Ten students, most of them 11 th -graders striving to become the first in ...EdSource Today, 1 week ago
Twenty-one individuals indicted for violating RICO Act in Puerto Rico
SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico -- A 17 count federal indictment was unsealed on Thursday in the District of Puerto Rico charging 21 defendants with racketeering, conspiracy to commit bank robbery, burglary and larceny, interference with commerce by robbery, ...Caribbean News Now!, 2 weeks ago 21 Individuals Indicted for Violating the Rico Act in Puerto Rico United States Department of Justice, 2 weeks ago
Bill aims to increase college readiness among state's low-income students
FERMIN LEAL/EDSOURCE TODAY State Senator Kevin de León's Senate Bill 1050 would provide grants to schools in low-income communities to improve the rate of college-ready students. High schools that increase access to college preparation ...EdSource Today, 3 weeks ago LAO proposes full-day preschool for all low-income working families EdSource Today, 1 month ago
Fermin Muguruza come to Colombia, Chile, Uruguay and Argentina in May with the show Guerra
03/21/2016 Poster for "Guerra" Guerra, is an interactive musical show created by Albert Pla, Fermin Muguruza, and Raul Refree that can be seen this May in Bogota, Santiago, Montevideo and Buenos Aires. It will be a fastLatin American tour ...Euskalkultura.com, 1 month ago
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text:
The mother is American Pitbull Gotti and she only has her papers and the father American Pitbull Gotti.
We have two male's(one is solid blue and one is Blue and white). We have four female's(one brindle, one fawn, one blue and white, and one black and white).
They are dewormed! Call or text!
Apr 28 -
Atlanta :
Commerce - Dogs & puppies
Ready now, utd shots and wormings.. Can or text anytime .. 450 for whites 550 for blue
Apr 24 -
Washington DC :
Washington - Dogs & puppies
I have 6 puppies that will be available in 5 weeks. 5 females and 1 male. He is the blue one in the pics. When you get your puppy it will have had it's first shots and will be de-wormed. I'm asking $500 for the females and $400 for the male. Serious inquiries only please. Pictures of the parents are available upon request. Thank you for viewing my ad.
Apr 14 -
Washington DC :
Washington - Dogs & puppies
American Pitbull Terrier puppies born on April the 16th 2016 to
parents raised inside and registered.Please no fighters and cash only. Father is UKC REGISTERED PURPLE RIBBONS CHAMPIONS
Born April 16th four females and two male's American Pitbull Terrier puppies to inside registered parents.Asking price is $1000 with a $300 dollar nonrefundable security deposit will secure ...
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Puppies are ready to go home now
New litter of puppies born 02/23 /16
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Call Philip at 804-433-7183 or 617-905-7038.
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Blue nose pitbull puppy for sale last female she is 8 weeks razoredge gotti
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6 pitbull puppies for sale 5 girls and 1 boy the boy is black the dad is a rednose and mom is a blue brindle
This ad was posted with the eBay Classifieds mobile app.
Mar 16 -
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text:
Index of content:
Volume 111, Issue 4, April 2002
Acoustic and dynamic mechanical properties of a polyurethane rubber111(2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1459465View Description Hide Description
Acoustical and dynamic mechanical measurements were carried out on a commercial polyurethane rubber, DeSoto PR1547. The sound speed and attenuation were measured over the range from 12.5 to 75 kHz and 3.9 to 33.6 °C. Shear modulus was measured from to 2 Hz and −36 to 34 °C. The peak heights of the shear loss tangent varied with temperature, demonstrating thermorheological complexity. At higher temperatures, time–temperature superpositioning could be applied, with the shift factors following the Williams–Landel–Ferry equation. From the combined acoustical and mechanical measurements, values for the dynamic bulk modulus were determined. Moreover, superposition of the bulk modulus data was achieved using the shift factors determined from the dynamic mechanical shear measurements. Finally, this work illustrates the capability and the working rules of acoustical measurements in a small tank.
High power ultrasound standard111(2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1459464View Description Hide Description
A sensitive radiation force balance for laboratory measurement of ultrasonic power is presented. The principle of the system is based on measuring the ultrasonic radiation force exerted on a conical float suspended in water. Technical details of the implementation of the economically attractive system are described. The operation of the system is automated with the aid of the IEEE-488 bus and a desktop computer. Design aspects that affect measurement uncertainty are investigated. A theoretical model for the measurement of ultrasonic power with a conical reflector target is discussed. The expanded uncertainty (95% confidence level) of the above radiation force conical float system is estimated to be between 5% to 10%.


text:
List all words ending with chickenshit
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text:
Ames, Iowa 50024
Tue-Fri 11:00am-2:00pm, Tue-Sun 5:00pm-9:00pm, Sun 11:00am-2:00pmmore-less
- Outdoor seating
No reviews yet. Write the first review!
- Link to this page from your site. Entry info.
- Return to Ames Vegetarian Restaurants & Health Food Store Listings
- Has Indian Delights closed, shut down, moved, or changed? Please use the Update Form.


text:
The Show-Me State Games is gearing up for the Inaugural 5-on-5 Junior High Hoopfest to be held April 4-6, 2003.
The tournament will take place on the University of Missouri-Columbia campus at the Student Recreation Center and various other locations around Columbia, and will include both recreational and competitive divisions.
The tournament is open to both boys and girls' teams in the 7th, 8th and 9th grades.
Medals will be awarded to the top teams in each age group.
A roster of up to 12 players can enter the tournament for a team fee of $150, which will give the team a four-game guarantee.
Entry forms can be obtained by calling the Show-Me State Games office at (573) 882-2101. Teams may also enter online at www.smsg.org.
Entries must be postmarked by March 14, 2003, to be included in the tournament.


text: Share It MainStoriesAn Inclusive Team Singapore! An Inclusive Team Singapore! Karyn Tan | Nov 19, 2013 | Asia Pacific: Singapore In a powerful show of inclusion in sports for all abilities, Special Olympics Singapore was part of 500 Team Singapore athletes at a combined flag presentation ceremony to kick off their sports journey for the Special Olympics 2013 Asia Pacific Games. Special Olympics Singapore will be fielding a contingent of 19 athletes to compete in five sports, led by Chef De Mission (CDM) Ms Linda Prebhash. 17-year-old athlete Kimiki Sin was the flag bearer for Special Olympics Singapore. Kimiki hails from a family of bowlers, and this is her first taste of international competition. Mr. Lawrence Wong, Singapore's Acting Minister for Culture, Community and Youth, said: "Whether you are headed for the Special Olympics Asia Pacific Games, SEA Games or ASEAN Para Games, all of you have in your own ways, inspired and motivated Singaporeans to live better through sports – through values like a winning spirit; an appreciation for teamwork; and a commitment to purpose." About Me:Communications Manager for Asia Pacific Region. Read More Stories Jamaican Floorball Team Members Surprise Their Guest CoachVictor L. BrownThe head coach of a pro floorball team got a new point of view of the Jamaica Maroons floorball team.Special Olympics Virginia Athlete Marks a Milestone for Congressional FellowshipChristy WeirBreaking Records, Breaking Barriers in IndiaKate McKennaSpecial Olympics Nepal Marks Earthquake AnniversaryKate McKennaYoung Athletes training brings smiles and happiness to participants in TurkeyAtil BerkRespect, Honor and Cheers on a Unified Day in IsraelJudy Ziv Our Biggest Barrier is Social AttitudeRonak Lakhani"My life so far has been very challenging with many ups and downs," said Haseeb Abbasi of Pakistan. He was standing on the TedX stage in Lahore.Finding Your Place In The WorldMarta NewhartNothing's Stopping MeRose Marie GarrettSurrounded By HateVirginiaSpecial Olympics Athlete Honored With First-Ever Pegasus Award Kate McKennaDo You Have A Story to Share?Share Your Story More Stories


text:
The second half of the 2015 Sprint Cup season is here, and the New Hampshire 301 could go a long way in determining what Sprint Cup fans see over the next 18 races. Here's a look at the NASCAR odds for Sunday's New Hampshire 301. (more…) ...//more
NASCAR Prop Bets
|Like ALT
[caption id="attachment_684672" align="aligncenter" width="520"] Courtesy: Pocono Raceway[/caption] It's that time of year. Vacation season around the office. Worker productivity plummets, reasons for an iced coffee run skyrocket, and people look for an excuse to get away. Sprint Cup teams have the weekend to themselves with no race on tap. That still doesn't prevent some NASCAR prop best to consider while relaxing under the hot summer sun. (more…) ...//more
NASCAR Odds: Food City 500
|Like ALT
Kyle Busch at whatever the number. For years, racing at Bristol and predicting a winner was as easy as taking Kyle Busch and whatever odds were associated with his name. Next to Kevin Harvick and Phoenix, there isn't a track more perfectly aligned with a driver than Kyle Busch at Bristol. While it's great to see Busch meeting the media and beginning his recovery from that nasty accident at Daytona, he will not compete in Sunday's Food City 500. As a result, the odds at Bristol Motor Sp ...//more
Fire & Ice: Harvick, Johnson's NASCAR Rivalry
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At the head of NASCAR's class for 2015 are a pair of 39-year old Californians and Sprint Cup champions- Kevin Harvick and Jimmie Johnson. Go beyond that, you find that beyond their common successes and common backgrounds, this budding NASCAR rivalry is a study in contrast. Jimmie Johnson is California cool. While the "vanilla" label is inaccurate, the six-time champion is cut from a similar cloth as such composed types as Terry Labonte and Matt Kenseth. He rarely loses his cool, ...//more
NASCAR Odds: Duck Commander 500
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Which is better: A dynasty or parity? It is an age old question in sports, one NASCAR continues to deal with to this day. Judging by the odds for Saturday night's Duck Commander 500, the sport is in the midst of a dynasty, whether the sport is ready for it or not. (more…) ...//more


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MSNBC viewers were treated to two hours of Hardball Wednesday night following Donald Trump being anointed the presumptive GOP presidential nominee and while previewing the believed match-up of Trump and Hillary Clinton, host Chris Matthews and a guest mocked Hillary Clinton scandals as "garbage" and conservatives invoking the 2012 terror attack in Benghazi as deranged.
Latest Posts
Amanda Marcotte: Cruz's Endorsement of Spanking Exposes Conservatives' 'Enthusiasm For Beating Children'By Tom Johnson | | May 4, 2016 | 8:37 PM EDT
Not long before Ted Cruz left the presidential race, he inadvertently performed what Salon's Marcotte suggests was a public service by clarifying that right-wingers are entitled authoritarians who readily inflict pain on kids.
Last weekend at an Indiana campaign rally, a boy in the audience yelled "You suck!" at Cruz, to which Cruz replied, "In my household, when a child behaves that way they get a spanking." Marcotte asserted in a Tuesday piece that the incident "was one of those moments when the cowardice of the conservative movement was laid bare," and that "enthusiasm for beating children" may be the best indication of "the toxicity of conservative ideology."
By Randy Hall | | May 4, 2016 | 7:28 PM EDT
Just minutes after the Cable News Network aired an interview with Hillary Clinton conducted by anchor Anderson Cooper, Dana Bash -- the channel's chief political correspondent -- angrily responded to the claim by the front-runner for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination that no one in the media had asked GOP nominee Donald Trump "the tough questions."
"I was jumping out of my skin" when Clinton said that on Wednesday afternoon, Bash responded before stating that Cooper "was maybe too much of a gentleman to start sparring with her."
By Kyle Drennen | | May 4, 2016 | 5:19 PM EDT
Appearing on Wednesday's CBS This Morning, Washington Post associate editor Bob Woodward declared that the defeat of Ted Cruz in the Republican primary revealed that "Conservatism in America, in the Republican Party, is in a crisis. It just does not sell." He argued that Cruz lost because "his ideas have not taken hold and they were totally overwhelmed by the Trump campaign."
By Curtis Houck | | May 4, 2016 | 4:49 PM EDT
Hillary Clinton gave her first interview following Donald Trump being anointed as the presumptive 2016 Republican presidential nominee Wednesday afternoon and in the midst of a classic softball, scandal-free interview by CNN's Anderson Cooper, Clinton demanded her liberal media friends "make the tough decisions" and "get serious" in attacking Trump.
By Matthew Balan | | May 4, 2016 | 3:53 PM EDT
On Wednesday, CNN's New Day touted Donald Trump becoming the apparent Republican presidential nominee, but quickly spotlighted many of the most controversial components of his campaign. David Gregory trumpeted the "incredible accomplishment for Donald Trump," but soon added that the billionaire is "an incredibly divisive figure — huge negatives, toxic policy proposals." The Daily Beast's Jackie Kucinich later asserted, "I don't think Donald Trump ditches the ridiculous. I don't think it's in him to cast aside conspiracy theories, because...it plays well to the people that like him."
By Daniel Garza | | May 4, 2016 | 3:43 PM EDT
An opinion piece labeled as 'news' written by none other than Fusion's News Director, Kevin Roose, has pronounced the Republican Party dead. Betraying his own glaring partisan/ideological prejudices, Roose ascribes the "terminal decline" of the GOP to the "2009 formation of the Tea Party" before going on to attack Donald Trump as "the illness that led to the Party's demise." The problem with Roose's fanciful take on the state of the GOP, which is dripping with venom against not only Trump, but also several of the rest of the 2016 Republican presidential contenders, is that the facts tell a different story.
By Clay Waters | | May 4, 2016 | 3:26 PM EDT
Strange new respect for law enforcement in Wednesday's New York Times: Campbell Robertson and Timothy Williams teamed for a story from Mississippi, "States Widening Gun Rights Lose Longtime Ally: Police." This is the same newspaper whose reporters are waiting impatiently for convictions of the Baltimore police officers indicted (and possibly railroaded) in the death of Freddie Grey. The same paper that has made police shootings of black suspects, like the Tamir Rice case in Cleveland, a subject of intense coverage. Yet now the Times is rushing to defend the credibility of law enforcement, enshrining them with moral authority the paper never credited them with previously, now that they're a potential ally in favor of limiting gun rights.
By Tim Graham | | May 4, 2016 | 1:40 PM EDT
In a LevinTV video made publicly available, conservative author and talk-radio host Mark Levin slammed Fox News for allowing Donald Trump to spread the bizarre National Enquirer smear of Ted Cruz's father Rafael, suggesting that he was "caught on camera" standing next to John F. Kennedy's assassin Lee Harvey Oswald in New Orleans in 1963. Borrowing a turn of phrase from Sarah Palin, the Enquirer said Cruz's vather was "palling around with the man who murdered America's 35th president!"
By Scott Whitlock | | May 4, 2016 | 1:14 PM EDT
Hillary Clinton on Tuesday night went down to defeat in Indiana. This is her 18th primary or caucus loss to Bernie Sanders. The former Secretary of State has won an unimpressive 23 times against the aging socialist. Yet, ABC and CBS largely glossed over Clinton's string of losses and insisted the important part is that she'll win the nomination.
By Scott Whitlock | | May 4, 2016 | 11:38 AM EDT
Good Morning America's Matthew Dowd on Wednesday offered a weird analogy for the status of Donald Trump: He's like a Greek god from Mount Olympus. The network analyst blurted, "It's almost as if this is out of Greek mythology, right?"
By Kyle Drennen | | May 4, 2016 | 11:08 AM EDT
During an interview with Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on Wednesday's CBS This Morning, co-host Charlie Rose gleefully held up a copy of the Daily News and read the mock obituary on the cover of the left-wing tabloid: "...it says, 'Republican Party 1854-2016; Dearly beloved, we're gathered here today to mourn the GOP. A once great political party killed by epidemic of Trump.'"
By Tom Blumer | | May 4, 2016 | 8:30 AM EDT
The establishment press seemingly never misses an opportunity to smear a conservative's or businessperson's reputation upon their death. For those who need reminders, see how the Associated Press went after Tony Snow in 2008 and how the New York Times treated Cracker Barrel founder Danny Evins in 2012. Today, the AP took matters a step further, using the occasion of a soldier's death to smear his late grandfather.
Charles Keating IV is the Navy SEAL who died in Iraq on Tuesday. His grandfather was the late Charles Keating Jr. Given the elder Keating's historical prominence, the wire service would have been remiss if it had failed to note the family lineage. But in both its early breaking story, and in a later more detailed writeup, the AP treated what Charles Keating did decades ago as more important than a soldier who died yesterday.
By Tim Graham | | May 4, 2016 | 8:21 AM EDT
Leon Wolf at RedState notes that CNN is touting that it has beaten Fox News in the primetime ratings in the key age demographic of 25 to 54 in five of the last eight months. In all-day ratings in that demographic, CNN used to have less than half of Fox's overall viewership, but they now are behind Fox News by nine percent.
Wolf says Trump-boosting is eating into Fox's numbers:
By Edgard Portela | | May 4, 2016 | 7:45 AM EDT
A federal appeals court ruling upholding Sheriff Joe Arpaio's authority to enforce Arizona state law that makes it a felony for unauthorized immigrants to use stolen identities to obtain work has been bitterly denounced by the hosts of Telemundo's morning show, Un Nuevo Día.


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- Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com -
Vase & Leuchte: A Living Green Table Lamp by Miriam Aust
Posted By Nadja Kutz On June 24, 2011 @ 7:42 pm In carousel showcase,Design,Gallery,Gardening and Plants,Green Interiors,Green Lighting,Green Products,Innovation | No Comments
Miriam Aust's "Vase & Leuchte" [1] (Vase and Lamp) neatly combines the concept of a vase and a table lamp [2]. The design is a translucent glass vase which contains water, aquatic plants, and a waterproof light bulb. Reminiscent of an aquarium, the lighted vase creates an atmosphere of freshness and lush marine life. Vase & Leuchte was recently on display at Berlin's 2011 Designmai exhibition [3], which was set in the hangars of former Tempelhof airport [4].
Miriam Aust works together with designer Hanna Krüger at Wird-Etwas [5]. Their motto is "Something emerges from something" – in german: "Aus etwas wird etwas". The designers write: "Everything new that we create as acting people in a certain social context refers to exisiting materials, objects, and ideas of this world….The emerging is always reference to the existing."
In reference to their motto, the emerging plants inside each lamp are warmed a bit by the lamp's light and at the same time comfortingly disperse it. The light also highlights the plants' appearance and their fragile form, which could be a form of commentary on the endangered state of the world's oceans.
By the way, the "Aus etwas wird etwas" motto emerged from designer Bruno Munari's italian sentence: "Da cosa nasce cosa" (not to be confused with "Da cosa nasce cosa nostra"….)
+ Wird-Etwas [5]
Article printed from Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com
URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/vase-leucht-a-living-green-table-lamp-by-miriam-aust/
URLs in this post:
[1] "Vase & Leuchte": http://http//www.wird-etwas.de/miriam-aust/galerie/produkt/vase-leuchte.html
[2] table lamp: http://inhabitat.com/maglight-transforms-magazines-into-a-stained-glass-like-table-lamp/
[3] Berlin's 2011 Designmai exhibition: http://http//dmy-berlin.com/
[4] Tempelhof airport: http://inhabitat.com/berlins-tempelhof-airport-will-be-resurrected-into-one-of-europes-largest-urban-gardens/
[5] Wird-Etwas: http://www.wird-etwas.de/
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2011 Inhabitat Local - New York. All rights reserved.


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Minky Heavy Duty Wash Pad Sponge Scourer, Pack of 2
Minky Heavy Duty Wash Pad Sponge Scourer, Pack of 2
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of the dilution. Sounds strange, but this is a very good thing. I am also in Novavax, (nvax) and it followed this exact pattern. In late Sept, they were doing well, and then they had a dilution, similar to this. Within about a week, it started a spiral from 2.88 PS, to 6.70 as we speak. The important thing to remember is, when these "offerings " are made, it is because there is someone they want vested in your company. In nvax case Blackrock and Soros.. I am willing to bet you would be delighted to find that it is some powerhouse going into play. Better to own 1% of Walmart, than 50% of Enron. This will be a nice ride for all longs..GL
I think you are spot on. I will buy more if it dips further. I own a ton now but I know we have along term winner here at least a 4 bagger from the two's.And when ut hits it will move fast. I love the volume here.
Congrats and welcome! Should be pretty easy to identify the true longs from the riffraff. Good luck with your Ino investment too!
It takes time bjvhottie! Trust over time and not what they first post! We all know this from past experiences on here! In time ryantigard will know who to trust and we will know more about him I'm sure if he stays LONG enough! INO I TRUST! Welcome to the best message board on the yahoo finance pages ryantigard!
Sentiment: Strong Buy
Welcome aboard I will re post the info post for you
Awesome! Thanks much!
Your insight is appreciated. I expect we will see similar results as the big boys get named.
Thanks so much!


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A man who pleaded guilty in the accidental shooting death of a teenage girl was sentenced to five years in prison.
Lathan Barnett, 25, of Sheldon, was sentenced Tuesday in O'Brien County District Court. He pleaded guilty in July to involuntary manslaughter in the Oct. 8 death of Shelley Gonnerman, 17, of Sheldon.
Barnett accidentally fired a sawed-off shotgun in a Sheldon apartment, in northwest Iowa, striking Gonnerman in the face.
Barnett also was ordered to pay $150,000 in restitution to Gonnerman's estate.
A federal weapons charge is pending against Barnett.
Shane Meyer, 22, Sheldon, a former Storm Laker, was sentenced to 87 months in prison on federal firearms charges for stealing guns, including the one that shot Gonnerman, from his parents.


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Driver gets time served for crash that killed UF student from Marion
Published: Monday, June 14, 2010 at 6:16 p.m.
Last Modified: Monday, June 14, 2010 at 6:51 p.m.
A judge sentenced a Gainesville woman Monday to 90 days jail time for reckless driving in a 2008 crash that killed a University of Florida student from Marion County.
Statement by the VanWagner family
We as Michael VanWagner's family would like to thank God for the 22 years that He blessed us with such a unique young man in our lies.
The court's decision here today has been just what God wanted it to be and we are accepting of it.
We would also like to thank the GRU gentlemen that aided at the scene as well as GPD and students of UF. In addition the Shands staff and in particular Michael Johnson. Michael would have been proud at the way things were done for him.
Mr. Geoffrey Fleck's extraordinary efforts to hold Moncia Toliver accountable for her actions on Dec. 2, 2008, has been nothing short of outstanding and our thanks to him and Susan Jones for supporting the truth and may God bless them for all their efforts.
Thank you.
Circuit Judge Peter Sieg rejected an argument by the case's prosecutor that Monica R. Toliver, 42, should be sentenced on the charge with felony sanctions. Under that interpretation, she would have faced five years in prison instead of time served in connection with the death of Michael VanWagner, 22.
In April, a jury acquitted Toliver on all charges except reckless driving. She had testified she thought she was hitting the car's brake, not the accelerator, when her vehicle crashed into a scooter ridden by VanWagner on Dec. 2, 2008. Before striking the scooter, Toliver's vehicle struck a Gainesville Regional Utilities truck from behind and then swerved onto a sidewalk and back onto the street without stopping before the fatal crash at University Avenue and Northwest 17th Street. Toliver had been leaving work at the Baby Gator Child Development and Research Center when the crash occurred, her attorney said.
Based on case law and the jury's findings, Sieg said he could only sentence Toliver according to what the jurors in the case had considered at trial. That did not include the felony interpretation of reckless driving.
"I can't make that finding," Sieg told attorneys, Toliver and VanWagner's family.
Toliver already has served more than 200 days in jail since she was first arrested in the case, so the sentence is considered served.
Toliver left the courtroom without having spoken during the hearing. Thomas Edwards, her attorney, said the defense had been surprised by the prosecution's argument for felony sanctions. Toliver's sentencing was delayed June 2 when Sieg first learned the state's position on the case.
Edwards' also refuted comments made at the earlier hearing that his client was not remorseful.
"She's forever scarred, just like this family is scarred," he said, referring to VanWagner's relatives.
The student's family sat quietly during the brief hearing.
VanWagner's relatives provided a statement after the hearing that thanked Assistant State Attorney Geoffrey Fleck, Shands staff who treated the student and others.
"The court's decision here today has been just what God wanted it to be, and we are accepting of it," the statement read. "Mr. Geoffrey Fleck's extraordinary efforts to hold Monica Toliver accountable for her actions on Dec. 2, 2008, has been nothing short of outstanding."
Sieg also spoke to the family about VanWagner.
"If what you gave me last time was to show me what an incredible person he was, you did that," the judge said, referring to their statements and letters about the student at the previous hearing.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Nina 'Kandiss' Gladiator Sandal (Walker, Toddler, Little Kid & Big Kid)
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Nina 'Aliz' Mary Jane Flat (Toddler, Little Kid & Big Kid)
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When superstars get traded
Updated: January 2, 2001, 4:19 PM ETBy David Schoenfield | ESPN.com
Ken Griffey Jr. isn't the first superstar player to be traded, that's for sure. But certainly, it is an uncommon practice in all sports. Below is a list in descending order of 14 other superstar players traded in the primes of their careers and what happened to the teams involved (not including cash deals, such as those involving Babe Ruth or Julius Erving, or players traded who became stars, such as Sammy Sosa and Nolan Ryan).
Mike Piazza (May 15, 1998)
The trade: Los Angeles Dodgers ...
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A RPG Game that starts when you were asked to deliver a message to the Divines. Please report all bugs, glitches, exploits, and suggestions. Thank you.
A Demo is coming VERY soon, doing last bug fixing :)The Demo is free, the full game is starting at $10.
The demo includes
Thats about it, Sorry but thats all that is in it, it took me 6 months and im almost done with main game :D please be patient.
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No full download, no info, no demo... No bugs, no glitches. (Release date June 1 2013, comment on June 4 2014)


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twitter talk
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Before midnight : a retelling of Cinderella
Author: Dokey, Cameron.
A retelling of the tale about a girl whose father remarries and the effects that her stepmother has on the family.
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Align Repair Towel (75x48cm)
This is the Align Repair towel. Use this under your heli while you're assembling or repairing it. Helps to keep your work surface clean and catch small parts that are dropped.
- Dimensions: 75x48cm (30x19in)
This product was added to our catalog on November 19, 2007.
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Welcome Message
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Kline Statement: Markup of H.R. 4843, the Improving Safe Care for the Prevention of Infant Abuse and Neglect Act
Apr 28, 2016 -
Today, the committee will take an important step in preventing the abuse and neglect of infants born with opioid addiction. As we all know, an opioid epidemic has swept across the country. This epidemic is destroying communities; it is destroying families; it is destroying lives; and perhaps most tr...
Barletta Statement: Markup of H.R. 4843, Improving Safe Care for the Prevention of Infant Abuse and Neglect Act
Apr 28, 2016 -
Substance abuse is a problem that afflicts millions of Americans, and it is something that I consistently hear about when I am back home in Pennsylvania. While its damaging effects are felt across our society, the most tragic cases are those involving newborns. Children who are exposed to illegal su...
Roe Statement: Hearing on "The Persuader Rule: The Administration's Latest Attack on Employer Free Speech and Employee Free Choice"
Apr 27, 2016 -
We are here today to examine a new rule finalized by the Department of Labor and its impact on America's workers and employers. I'd like to start by saying that we are now in the seventh year of the economic recovery—the slowest recovery in our nation's history. Although we've made progress over the...
Kline Statement on Markup of H.J. Res. 88
Apr 21, 2016 -
Today, the committee will consider H. J. Res. 88, a resolution to block a harmful new regulation that will restrict access to affordable retirement advice. I would like to begin by thanking our colleague, Dr. Roe, for his leadership on this very important issue. Since 2011, he has served as the chai...
Roe Statement on Markup of H.J. Res. 88
Apr 21, 2016 -
This resolution is our way of honoring a commitment we made more than five years ago. Since the Department of Labor issued their first proposal to expand the definition of "fiduciary" in 2010, we have raised concerns about their approach. Not the intent behind the rule – the approach. We agree that ...
Walberg Statement: Hearing on "Reviewing Recent Changes to OSHA's Silica Standards"
Apr 19, 2016 -
We're here today because we all agree that hardworking men and women should be able to earn a paycheck without risking a serious injury or being exposed to a deadly disease. And every family deserves the peace of mind that their loved ones are safe on the job. We also agree that federal policies pla...
Roe Statement: Hearing on "Innovations in Health Care: Exploring Free-Market Solutions for a Healthy Workforce"
Apr 14, 2016 -
This hearing furthers the goals of the Task Force on Health Care Reform, which was established to develop a plan to replace ObamaCare's one-size-fits-all approach with free-market, patient-centered solutions. We've already held a number of meetings to take input from members, policy experts, and sta...
Kline Statement on March Jobs Report
Apr 1, 2016 -
House Education and the Workforce Committee Chairman John Kline (R-MN) issued the following statement after the Department of Labor released unemployment data for March 2016: It's encouraging that hiring is improving and more Americans are back to work, but we still have a long way to go. Millions o...
Walberg Statement: Hearing on "The 21st Century Workforce: How Current Rules and Regulations Affect Innovation and Flexibility in Michigan's Workplaces"
Mar 29, 2016 -
It's good to have the opportunity to learn more about how policies and proposals coming out of Washington are affecting workers and employers both in Michigan and across the country. Discussions like this one are important because they inform the work we do as lawmakers. They help us—as your represe...
Bishop Statement: Hearing on "The 21st Century Workforce: How Current Rules and Regulations Affect Innovation and Flexibility in Michigan's Workplaces"
Mar 29, 2016 -
These discussions really are valuable to us. They help us deliver meaningful solutions to the many challenges facing Americans right now, including those facing our workers and job creators. In fact, when it comes to updating rules and regulations related to workforce protections and wage and hour s...


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PTI - PIG - Pig killing disease in Mizoram identifiedPIG - Pig killing disease in Mizoram identified Contributed by NAMPA / PTI. Aizawl, May 2 (PTI) The disease that left more than a thousand pigs in the Mizoram-Myanmar border Champhai district has been identified as Porcine Reproductive and ... Namibia Press Agency, 10 hours ago
Pig killing disease in Mizoram identified - The Assam Tribune, 5 hours ago
Phetamine tablets seized in Mizoram
In a joint operation, Mizoram Excise and Narcotics department officials and the BSF personnel on Saturday seized 15,000 Methamphetamine tablets in Lunglei town, a department spokesperson said. Three persons Lalmuanpuia (38), Lalchhuanpuia (28) and ...The Hindu, 1 day ago 15,000 Methamphetamine tablets seized in Lunglei Business Standard, 2 days ago Heroin seized in Aizawl, 3 held The Echo Of India, 1 week ago PTI - HEROIN - Heroin seized in Aizawl, three arrested Namibia Press Agency, 1 week ago
More from: Zee News, Zee News...and 3 other sources
71.17 pc pass Mizoram HSLC exam
AIZAWL, April 28 - Mizoram Board of Secondary Education (MBSE) today declared results of High School Leaving Certificate Examination, 2016. The overall pass percentage is 71.17 per cent.Out of total 18,091 enrolled, 17,462 students appeared in the ...The Assam Tribune, 4 days ago MBSE HSLC 10th Class 2016 results declared online @ www.mbse.edu.in The Statesman, 4 days ago Mizoram HSLC Board Results 2016: MBSE HSLC Class 10 exam Results (mbse.edu.in) to be declared today Zee News, 4 days ago Mizoram MBSE HSLC Result 2016 Declared @mbse.edu.in Indian Express, 4 days ago
"Mizoram quota students will have to work for state govt."
Students admitted to post graduate courses in medical colleges of the country on Mizoram State quota would have to sign an agreement for two years of mandatory employment with the state government after completion of their studies, an official statement said ...The Hindu, 3 days ago 2-yr mandatory service for Mizoram medicos The Assam Tribune, 4 days ago PTI - DOCTORS - Mizoram quota students to agree to work for state govt Namibia Press Agency, 4 days ago Mizoram quota students will have to work for state govt. The Hindu, 3 days ago
Check mbse.edu.in to get Mizoram Board (MBSE) HSLC Result 2016, results declared shortly
New Delhi: The Mizoram Board of School Education has declared the Mizoram Board HSLC 2016 results today. All the students who have appeared for the examination can check the results on Mizoram Board's official website http://mbse.edu.in/ The ...ABP Live, 4 days ago MBSE 10th Results 2016 @ mbse.edu.in Mizoram Board HSC Result Jagran Post, 4 days ago
Mizoram HSLC (10th) Board Result declared today: Check your results @mbse.edu.inIndian Express, 4 days ago Mizoram HSLC (10th) Result declared today @mbse.edu.in Jagran Post, 4 days ago
PTI - PEACE - Peace Day to be celebrated in Mizoram on June 30 every year.
PEACE - Peace Day to be celebrated in Mizoram on June 30 every year. Contributed by NAMPA / PTI. Aizawl, Apr 29 (PTI) Meeting of Mizoram's major non-governmental organizations and political parties today decided to celebrate the 'Remna Ni' or ...Namibia Press Agency, 3 days ago Peace Day to be celebrated in Mizoram on June 30 every year The Echo Of India, 3 days ago PTI - PEACE - Pol parties agree to celebrate Peace Day in Mizoram on June 30 Namibia Press Agency, 1 week ago Mizo parties agree to celebrate Peace Day The Assam Tribune, 1 week ago
4 AR jawans grilled in Mizoram robbery case
Aizawl: Four persons were arrested on Thursday and as many Assam Rifles personnel questioned by a special investigation team (SIT) of Mizoram Police, investigating an alleged gold robbery on the Aizawl-Lunglei Highway in December last. Among those ...Times of India, 3 days ago
Relegated Reds seek to deflate Blues' spirit in Mizoram
Two years is a long time to wait, but Indian football aficionados will be rubbing their hands with glee as the Federation Cup, one of the subcontinent's and Asia's most prestigious tournaments returns in a refreshed format. April 30 will see the ...The Echo Of India, 3 days ago
Greasy pig disease in Mizoram
AIZAWL, April 29 - Experts in the College of Veterinary Sciences at Selesih, near Aizawl, who examined the samples of pigs suffering from an unknown disease at a village identified the disease as Greasy Pig Disease or Exudative Epidermitis.Three pigs in this ...The Assam Tribune, 3 days ago PTI - DISEASE - Pigs at Mizoram village suffering from Greasy Pig Disease Namibia Press Agency, 4 days ago Pigs at Mizoram Village Suffering from Greasy Pig Disease New Indian Express, 4 days ago
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Staff Writer
ALTON -- An Alton teen-ager, Bryan Joiner, 17, received minor injuries and was charged with failure to drive on the right half of the highway after an accident at 9:10 p.m. Dec. 29, 2003, on P Highway, five miles west of Alton.
Trooper J.D. Wheeler of the Missouri State Highway Patrol said Joiner lost control of the 1999 Mercury he was driving, crossed the center line and struck another vehicle, a 1989 Pontiac driven by Chad Carey, 28, also of Alton.
Carey was not injured in the accident.


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We stayed here over the xmas and New Year,Were invited to the new years party and ate the great food provided by Mama Kaen,.we were treated like part of the family. What a great place,with a great welcome,has to be the best place we stayed on our trip to thailand Rented a motocycle for 150thb a day and we were... More
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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $0.00 (0% off)
Chocolate Raspberry
Posted by 4950137916699237694 on Mar 09, 2015
These are delicious! They are now a staple meal bar in my house. The chocolate and chewy flavor is fantastic.
Not my favourite Raw Revolution bar
Posted by 5708047633897475183 on Feb 11, 2015
I normally buy the smaller sized Chocolate Crave bar which I love. I wanted to try this as I love raspberry but it's not a particularly strong raspberry flavour. I find the larger size a bit too big to eat in one go too. I think it's nice but not my favourite so only 4 stars :)
So far so good
Posted by 5013325882786734298 on Dec 04, 2014
Absolutely delicious. I prefer the chocolate coconut version of these bars but this flavor was also lovely. Im in love with this brand. I can't eat a whole bar though. I prefer to order the 100 calorie mini bars. For a raw bar, it tastes unreal.
Posted by nora55 on Nov 22, 2014
the raspberry is so yummy and these are really satisfying bars.
Posted by jessmorganz on Sep 02, 2014
yum! Totally loved these. am going around sharing them with everyone, because how awesome is that ingredients list! What it doesn't include is almost as impressive as what it does include. Definitely a firm favourite.
Raw bars
Posted by Reviewer1717081 on Aug 28, 2014
Great for school lunches. Not much raspberry flavour, but still tasty.
Raw Bars
Posted by 4934870671377208034 on Aug 27, 2014
Okay, not great
Posted by 5346998093848616371 on Aug 16, 2014
I got to say I was expecting more of a raspberry flavour in these bars. That being said, they are still quite nice and make a good snack.
Posted by 5738469812632827560 on Dec 15, 2013
One of the yummiest raw bars. Nice flavours.......chocolate & raspberry..... Mmmm.
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1 person found the following review helpful
Love these bars, my favourite!
Posted by 5244365070915127369 on Nov 18, 2013
Delicious, healthy snacks when you don't have time to make anything yourself.