text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 30, 1986
|Filing date
|Sep 12, 1985
|Priority date
|Mar 28, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David N. Roark
|Original Assignee
|Ethyl Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (25), Non-Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (16), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of prior co-pending application Ser. No. 716,938, filed Mar. 28, 1985.
This invention relates to methods for breaking oil-in-water emulsions by use of new, highly effective demulsifying agents.
As is well-known, oil-in-water emulsions are systems in which the dispersed, discontinuous, or internal phase is an organic liquid broken up in the form of globules, and the continuous or external phase is an aqueous medium. The organic liquid is of course quite insoluble in the aqueous phase, and in many cases is an oleagenous liquid.
Oftentimes it is necessary or desirable to break such emulsions. While mechanical devices are sometimes useful for this purpose, it is usually more desirable to use a demulsifying agent. Heretofore various materials have been proposed for this use, and some of the more cost-effective materials have achieved commercial success.
In accordance with this invention new, highly effective demulsifying agents for use in breaking oil-in-water emulsions have been discovered. These demulsifying agents are the water-soluble polymers of monoallylamine. Experiments have shown that this invention makes it possible to break oil-in-water emulsions with a much smaller quantity of a demulsifier of this invention than the required amount of a commercially available demulsifier which is reportedly the most widely used industrial demusifying agent. Moreover not only was less demulsifier needed, but phase separation of oil and water was better, and the water phase was much clearer than the emulsions treated with the commercially available demulsifying agent.
Accordingly, in one of its embodiments this invention provides a process of demulsifying an oil-in-water emulsion which comprises admixing with the emulsion a water-soluble polymer of monoallylamine--e.g., a water-soluble poly(monoallylamine) or a water-soluble salt thereof, or both--so that formation of and separation between an oil phase and an aqueous phase occur. By treating an oil-in-water emulsion with a water-soluble polymer of monoallylamine, such as water-soluble poly(monoallylamine) or a water-soluble salt thereof, the emulsion can be broken within the aqueous medium itself in a relatively short period of time. Thereupon it is an easy matter to physically separate a distinct organic phase and a distinct aqueous phase, for example by centrifugation, or by settling followed by decantation.
It will be noted that the polymer of monoallylamine used as the demulsifying agent may be in the form of a free base (i.e., the pendant --CH2 NH2 groups are not neutralized with an acid) or it may be in the form of a partially or completely neutralized polymer (i.e., some or all of the pendant --CH2 NH2 groups are neutralized with an acid and thus are in salt form). Such salts are also referred to in the chemical arts as poly(monoallylammonium) salts.
Accordingly, a preferred group of polymers of monoallylamine used pursuant to this invention may be depicted by the general formula: ##STR1## where m is a number from zero to 100,000 or more and n is a number from zero to 100,000 or more, the sum of m plus n being in the range of about 10 to about 100,000 or more. In the formula, Acid represents an organic or inorganic acid complexed with the amino group in the form of a salt. When n is zero or is very small relative to m, the polymer may be deemed for all practical purposes a water-soluble poly(monoallylamine). On the other hand when m is zero or is very small relative to n, the polymer may be deemed for all practical purposes a water-soluble salt of poly(monoallylamine). There is of course no hard and fast dividing line between the two since the transition from one end of the scale to the other is a continuum.
Other preferred polymers of monoallylamine used pursuant to this invention are polymers as above depicted that have been chemically modified during their manufacture by copolymerization with small quantities of suitable polymerizable comonomers containing two or more double bonds in the molecule (e.g., triallylamine hydrochloride and the like) or by crosslinking or bridging with small quantities of a crosslinking agent having two or more groups reactable with the amino group (e.g., epichlorohydrin, ethylene dichloride, and the like). These chemically modified monoallylamine polymers have essentially the same properties and characteristics as the unmodified polymers depicted above except of course those related to molecular weight.
These and other embodiments of the invention will be still further apparent from the ensuing description and appended claims.
As noted above, the polymers of monoallylamine used in the practice of this invention (whether modified or unmodified) are water soluble in the sense that no visible settling of a precipitate occurs from a solution of the polymer in water at 25� C. within one hour after the solution is formed. To the naked eye the polymers appear to dissolve in the water and form a true solution, although it is possible that stable colloidal suspensions or microgels may actually be formed at least in some cases. Irrespective of the physico-chemical mechanism or other niceties that may possibly be involved when the polymer is mixed with water, the important point is that the polymer does not settle out and for all practical purposes it behaves as if it is in solution.
Any water-soluble polymer of monoallylamine, i.e., poly(monoallylamine) or water-soluble poly(monoallylammonium) salt, whether a homopolymer or a copolymer or a crosslinked homopolymer or copolymer, that breaks an oil-in-water emulsion when introduced therein can be used in the practice of this invention. This includes the homopolymer of monoallylamine and such polymeric salts as poly(monoallylammonium chloride) (also referred to as polyallylamine hydrochloride), poly(monoallylammonium bromide), poly(monoallylammonium bisulfate), poly(monoallylammonium sulfate), poly(monoallylammonium nitrate), poly(monoallylammonium dihydrogen phosphate), poly(monoallylammonium hydrogen phosphate), poly(monoallylammonium phosphate), poly(monoallylammonium formate), poly(monoallylammonium acetate), poly(monoallylammonium propionate), poly(monoallylammonium p-toluenesulfonate), and the like. In the case of some salts such as the sulfate and phosphate salts of polymers of monoallylamine it is desirable to employ polymers in which only a small proportion of the primary amino groups have been neutralized by sulfuric acid or the phosphoric acid inasmuch as the water solubility of the sulfate and phosphate polymers decreases with increasing sulfate or phosphate content. In fact, completely neutralized poly(monoallylamine) sulfate (poly(monoallylammonium sulfate)) and completely neutralized poly(monoallylamine) phosphate (poly(monoallylammonium phosphate)) tend to be essentially water insoluble. The preferred polymeric salts are the poly(monoallylammonium chlorides).
Water-soluble polymers of monoallylamine falling within a relatively wide range of molecular weights are suitable. For example, use may be made of water-soluble polymers in salt form (e.g., unmodified poly(monoallylammonium hydrochloride) having a weight average molecular weight (as determined by the equilibrium sedimentation method--see B. Vollmert, Polymer Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, New York, Copyright 1973, pp 361-369)--ranging upwards from about 1,000, and preferably ranging upwards from about 5,000. Water-soluble modified (e.g., suitably crosslinked) polymers in salt form with weight average molecular weights ranging up to about 500,000 or more are preferred, those falling in the range of about 10,000 to about 200,000 being particularly preferred. The weight average molecular weight (same test method) of the free (i.e., unneutralized) uncrosslinked poly(monoallylamines) ranges upwards from about 600, and preferably upwards from about 3,000. Water-soluble modified (e.g., suitably cross-linked) polymers in free (i.e., non-salt) form with weight average molecular weights ranging up to about 300,000 or more are preferred. Water-soluble polymers of monoallylamine having weight average molecular weights falling outside of the foregoing molecular weight ranges may also be used, provided of course that their suitability and efficacy are established, for example by performing a few tests.
Methods for the synthesis of water-soluble polymers of monoallylamine (homopolymers and copolymers, both free bases and salts thereof, and crosslinked or bridged polymers thereof) have been reported in the literature. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,504,640 granted Mar. 12, 1985; 4,528,347 granted July 9, 1985, European patent application Nos. 95,233 published Nov. 30, 1983, 131,306, published Jan. 16, 1985, and S. Harada & S. Hasegawa, Macromolecular Chem., Rapid Communications, 5, 27-31 (1984), all such disclosures being incorporated herein by reference. One currently recommended procedure involves hydrochlorination of allylamine followed by radical polymerization of the resulting allylamine hydrochloride. To convert the hydrochloride salt to the free polyallylamine (e.g., from which other water soluble salts can readily be produced) either of two different procedures is usually employed. One involves treatment of the polyallylamine hydrochloride solution with an alkali base such as sodium hydroxide to form an aqueous solution of the sodium chloride salt which is then subjected to dialysis and lyophilization. The other procedure utilizes a strong basic ion exchange resin for converting the polyallylamine hydrochloride solution into the polyallylamine solution which is then subjected to lyophilization to produce the free polymer. Various molecular weight grades of polyallylamine and of polyallylamine hydrochloride are presently available from Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
In preparing the crosslinked polymers of monoallylamine, use may be made of a variety of crosslinking agents. For example use may be made of alpha,beta-epoxy-gamma-haloalkanes, e.g., 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane, 3-bromo-1,2-epoxypropane, and 3-iodo-1,2-epoxypropane; and their higher homologs such as 3-chloro-1,2-epoxybutane, 3-bromo-1,2-epoxybutane, 3-iodo-1,2-epoxybutane, 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypentane, 3-chloro-1,2-epoxyhexane, 3-chloro1,2-epoxyheptane, and the like. Likewise, dihaloalkanes may be employed for this purpose, a few typical examples being 1,2-dihaloethanes such as 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride), 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide), and 1-bromo-2-chloroethane; and their higher homologs such as 1,3-dichloropropane, 1,3-dibromopropane, 1,3-dichlorobutane, 1,4-dichlorobutane, 1,3-dibromobutane, 1,4-dibromobutane, 1,5-dichloropentane, 1,7-dichloro-4,4-dimethylheptane, and the like. Other crosslinking agents, such as dicarboxyl acid chlorides, mono or dialdehydes, and the like, known to those skilled in the art for crosslinking other polymeric materials, may also be used in effecting this crosslinking.
When producing crosslinked polymers of monoallylamine the amount of the crosslinking agent employed should be controlled so as to avoid the formation of water-insoluble crosslinked products. Ordinarily the proportions used will fall in the range of about 50 to about 8,000 parts by weight of cross-linking agent per million parts by weight of the monoallylamine homopolymer or copolymer being subjected to crosslinking. Departures from this range are feasible, and may be found useful. Preferably, from about 250 to about 8,000 ppm of crosslinking agent is employed with poly(monoallylamine) having a weight average molecular weight in the range of about 5,000 to about 100,000, and from about 50 to about 250 ppm of crosslinking agent is employed with poly(monoallylamine) having a weight average molecular weight in the range of about 100,000 to about 350,000. In other words, it is desirable that the relative proportion of crosslinking agent to poly(monoallylamine) be inversely proportional to the weight average molecular weight of the poly(monoallylamine) being crosslinked.
The poly(monoallylamine) subjected to the crosslinking process may be preformed or it may be generated or formed in situ. Preferably the poly(monoallylamine) is formed by neutralizing or partially neutralizing a poly(monoallylammonium) salt such as:
poly(monoallylammonium chloride)--also referred to as polyallylamine hydrochloride
poly(monoallylammonium bromide)
poly(monoallylammonium bisulfate)
poly(monoallylammonium sulfate)
poly(monoallylammonium nitrate)
poly(monoallylammonium dihydrogen phosphate)
poly(monoallylammonium hydrogen phosphate) and
poly(monoallylammonium phosphate).
It is particularly desirable to form the poly(monoallylamine) in situ by rendering an aqueous medium containing one or more of these acid salts neutral or alkaline in pH by the addition of a suitably strong base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or the like. The preferred polymers for this use are the poly(monoallylammonium chlorides).
Among the polymerizable comonomers that may be used in forming water-soluble monoallylamine copolymers are diallylamine hydrochloride, triallylamine hydrochloride, and the like. The copolymers should contain at least 95% by weight and preferably at least 98% by weight of monoallylamine with the balance being one or more such comonomers.
In practicing this invention the water-soluble polymer of monoallylamine is admixed in the aqueous emulsion preferably with agitation. Heating may be applied but is generally not necessary as the coalescence normally proceeds quite rapidly at ambient temperatures. Thus the temperature of the aqueous emulsion being treated will normally fall in the range of about 0� to about 70� C.
The amount of the water-soluble polymer of monoallylamine introduced into the aqueous emulsion being treated will of course be governed to some extent by the amount of organic material emulsified therein. Thus the demulsifier of this invention is added to the emulsion in an amount at least sufficient to break that particular emulsion. In most cases, this will fall within the range of from about 50 to about 2,500 parts per million parts by weight of emulsion being treated, although variations from this range are feasible and entirely permissible, since the amount to be used can readily be determined in any given instance by means of a few simple tests, and thus any amount may be utilized to suit the needs of the particular occasion. Ordinarily it is preferable to introduce an emulsion-breaking quantity of the water-soluble polymer of monoallylamine as a freshly prepared preformed water solution as this facilitates mixing and insures rapid dispersal of the demulsifying agent throughout the emulsion being treated.
The pH of the system under treatment pursuant to this invention may vary within relatively wide limits. For best results, the pH of the system should fall in the range of about 5 to about 10. In instances where free poly(monoallylamine) or an aqueous solution thereof is introduced into an aqueous system that contains free acid (e.g., aqueous HCl) the corresponding poly(monoallylammonium) salt may be formed in situ in the aqueous system being treated and thus reduce the acidity of the system.
In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the process of this invention, tests were conducted using a standard oil-in-water emulsion prepared by slowly adding 2.0 weight percent of a commercial SAE 10W30 motor oil to intensively agitated water containing 0.5 weight percent of an ethoxylated mixture of dodecyl and tetradecyl alcohols (average of three ethylene oxide units per molecule) as emulsifying agent. Samples of the resulting stable emulsion were placed in 500 mL beakers and while stirring these samples at 80-100 rpm measured quantities of freshly prepared aqueous solutions containing known quantities of polyallylamine hydrochloride produced by Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd. and having a weight average molecular weight of either 10,000 or 150,000 were introduced into the series of samples by means of a pipet. For comparative purposes another series of samples was prepared in the same manner using known quantities of a commercially-available demulsifying agent instead of the demulsifier of this invention. Stirring of all samples was continued at 80-100 rpm for two minutes after the addition of the polyallylamine hydrochloride. Thereupon the speed of stirring was reduced to 30 rpm and continued at this rate for fifteen minutes and then stopped. After allowing all of the samples to stand in the quiescent state for fifteen minutes, visual observations of each sample were made and recorded, and samples of the aqueous phases which had separated were withdrawn and analyzed for percentage of light transmittance by means of a spectrophotometer.
The results of these tests are summarized in Tables I through III. In these tables the demulsifiers are identified as follows:
A=Poly(monoallylammonium chloride), 150,000 Mw
B=Poly(monoallylammonium chloride), 10,000 Mw
C=Commercially-available demulsifying agent; reportedly the most widely used industrial demulsifier.
In the tests reported in Table I the pH of the emulsions was 6.0; in the tests of the other tables it was 6.5.
TABLE I______________________________________Use of a Demulsifier of This Invention Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3______________________________________Demulsifier A A AConcentration 100 200 300of Demulsifier, ppmClarity -- Cloudy Cloudy% Light Transmittance -- 22 15Phase Separation Slight Good GoodHeight of Floating -- 1/4 1/2Oil Floc, inch______________________________________
TABLE II______________________________________Comparative Effectiveness of a Demulsifier ofThis Invention versus a Commercial Demulsifier Comparative Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 1 Ex. 2______________________________________Demulsifier A A A C CConcentration 150 200 250 1,100 1,200of Demulsifier,ppmClarity Almost Slightly Slightly -- Poor Clear Cloudy Cloudy% Light 71 78 75 -- 37TransmittancePhase Separation Good Good Good None GoodHeight of 1/2 3/8 5/8 -- 1/2Floating Oil Floc,inch______________________________________
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Comparative Effectiveness of a Demulsifier ofThis Invention versus a Commercial Demulsifier Comparative Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex. 9 Ex. 10 Ex. 3 Ex. 4__________________________________________________________________________Demulsifier B B B B C CConcentration 100 150 200 250 1,200 1,250of Demulsifier, ppmClarity None Good Good Good Poor Poor% Light Transmittance -- 65 69 71 11 5Phase Separation -- Good Good Good Poor PoorHeight of Floating -- 1/2 3/8 3/8 1/2 1/2Oil Floc, inch__________________________________________________________________________
The data in Tables I-III indicate that with the emulsion used in these experiments the minimum optimum effectiveness level for the two demulsifiers of this invention was about 200 ppm whereas 1,200 ppm of the commercial demulsifier were required to break the emulsion, and even with this amount the results with the commercial material were less favorable.
A number of crosslinked water-soluble polymers of monoallylamine were produced as described in Examples 11-16.
A 33 weight percent solution of polyallylamine hydrochloride (Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd.) with a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 was prepared in a beaker using demineralized water. Using sodium hydroxide pellets, the pH of the solution was adjusted to 8.5. Then, 3,500 ppm of epichlorohydrin based on the weight of the original poly(monoallylammonium chloride) was added to the solution and the beaker was immersed in a preheated oil bath. Crosslinking was carried out at 75� C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was then cooled to 25� C. The resulting crosslinked product had an initial Brookfield Viscosity of 275 cps and subsequently became considerably more viscous.
The procedure of Example 11 was repeated in the same way with the exception that the proportion of the epichlorohydrin used was 5,000 ppm based on the weight of the initial monoallylamine polymer. The crosslinked product was a non-Newtonian fluid.
Utilizing the same procedure as in Example 11, polyallylamine hydrochloride (Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd.) having a weight average molecular weight of 150,000 was crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in the amount of 150 ppm based on the weight of the original polyallylamine hydrochloride. The crosslinked product was a non-Newtonian fluid.
A 30 weight percent solution of polyallylamine hydrochloride (Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd.) with a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 was prepared in a beaker using demineralized water. The solution was 50% neutralized by adding sodium hydroxide pellets (22 wt %) which increased the pH to 9.1. After the NaOH dissolved, the solution was transferred to a round bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser, and 8,000 ppm of ethylene dichloride based on the weight of the original monoallylamine polymer was added to the solution. The mixture was heated with stirring to 80� to 90� C. and held at this temperature for 30 to 60 minutes. The resulting solution was then cooled to 25� C. The crosslinked product exhibited an initial Brookfield Viscosity of 160 cps.
The procedure of Example 14 was repeated in the same way with the exception that the proportion of the ethylene dichloride used was 10,000 ppm based on the weight of the original poly(monoallylammonium chloride). The crosslinked product gave an initial Brookfield Viscosity of 414 cps.
Utilizing the same procedure as in Example 14, polyallylamine hydrochloride (Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd.) having a weight average molecular weight of 150,000 was crosslinked with ethylene dichloride in the amount of 50 ppm based on the weight of the original monoallylamine polymer.
Samples of the above-referred-to standard oil-in-water emulsion were treated with the respective crosslinked poly(monoallylamines) of Examples 11, 12 and 13 at a concentration of 200 ppm using the procedure described above. For comparative purposes two additional samples were prepared and tested in the same manner using known quantities (200 ppm and 1,200 ppm) of a commercially-available demulsifying agent instead of a demulsifier of this invention. A control sample containing no demulsifier was also subjected to the test. The results of these tests are summarized in Table IV.
TABLE IV______________________________________Demulsification Tests % Light Phase Float- Conc. Trans- Sepa- ingDemulsifier ppm Clarity mittance ration cm______________________________________Ex. 11 200 Cloudy 3 Good 0.5Ex. 12 200 Sl. Cloudy 16 Good 0.6Ex. 13 200 Cloudy 8 Good 0.4Commercial 200 Milky 0 Very --* PoorCommercial 1200 Poor 5 Good 1.8None -- Milky 0 Very --* Poor______________________________________ *Only a few drops of oil separated no definite layer was formed
In another group of tests, the above procedure was applied to the crosslinked products of Examples 14, 15, and 16, to a sample of polyallylamine hydrochloride ("PAA-HCl") as received from Nitto Boseki Co. Ltd., (weight average molecular weight, 150,000), and to a commercially-available demulsifier. The concentrations used and results obtained are summarized in Table V.
TABLE V______________________________________Demulsification Tests Conc. % Light Phase FloatingDemulsifier ppm Transmittance Separation cm______________________________________Ex. 14 650 12 Good 2.0Ex. 15 850 12 Good 1.6Ex. 16 950 29 Good 1.2PAA-HCl 200 12 Good 1.0Commercial 1200 9 Poor 2.0______________________________________
As will now be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, the demulsifiers of this invention may be employed for the treatment of a wide variety of oil-in-water emulsions including emulsions encountered in oil field operations or in industrial operations of various and sundry types, such as petroleum production and refining, mining, paper sizing operations, metal machining operations, and manufacture of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, home care products, and the like.
In the practice of this invention use may be made of mixtures of different water-soluble polymers of monoallylamine of the type referred to hereinabove. Similarly, one or more such polymers of monoallylamine may be used in combination with previously known demulsifying agents, provided of course that each previously known demulsifying agent so used is chemically compatible with and does not impair the effectiveness of the demulsifier(s) of this invention with which it is used.
This invention is susceptible to considerable variation in its practice within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 22, 1986
|Oct 6, 1987
|Ethyl Corporation
|Fluid loss control in well cement slurries
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|Nov 17, 1987
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Monomers and oligomers containing a plurality of vinylbenzyl ether groups, method for their preparation and cured products therefrom
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|Petrolite Corporation
|Resolution of emulsions formed in the production of pharmaceuticals
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|Afton Chemical Corporation
|Additives for lubricants and fuels
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|Genzyme Corporation
|Low salt forms of polyallylamine
|Jan 12, 2010
|Afton Chemical Corporation
|Lubricant and fuel additives derived from treated amines
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|Jan 4, 2011
|Afton Chemical Corporation
|Additives for lubricants and fuels
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|Geltex Pharmaceutical, Inc.
|Low salt forms of polyallylamine
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|Esche Carl K.Jr.
|Lubricant and fuel additives derived from treated amines
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|Loper John T.
|Novel additives for lubricants and fuels
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|Method for preparing dendrimer antiphase demulsifier
|Apr 10, 2002
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|Genzyme Corporation
|Low salt forms of polyallylamine
|Apr 19, 2013
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|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Incorporation of lactones into crosslinked-modified polyols for demulsification
|U.S. Classification
|210/708, 516/180, 210/735
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 10, 1986
Owner name: ETHYL CORPORATION RICHMOND, VA. A CORP. OF VA.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ROARK, DAVID N.;REEL/FRAME:004557/0869
Effective date: 19850909
Owner name: ETHYL CORPORATION,VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ROARK, DAVID N.;REEL/FRAME:004557/0869
Effective date: 19850909
|Mar 19, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 10, 1994
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 2, 1994
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 13, 1994
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19941005


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A term coined by energy drink expert Jeff Dorenbush, who invented the discipline of energyology, or the study of energy drinks.
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1. Motivation
This post looks at the consequences of ETF rebalancing. These funds follow pre-announced rules that involve discrete thresholds. The well-known SPDR tracks the S&P 500, but there are over 1400 different ETFs tracking a wide variety of different underlying indexes. When any of these underlying indexes change, the corresponding ETFs have to change their holdings. These thresholding rules mean that, in an extreme example, if Verisk Analytics gets larger and moves from being the st largest stock to being the th largest stock (actually happened), then the ETFs tracking the S&P 500 are going to suddenly have to build large positions in Verisk over a relatively short period of time. See here for more examples.
When there are many different ETFs tracking many different thresholds, these rebalancing rules can interact with one another and amplify small initial demand shocks. For example, when Verisk increases in size and gets bought by ETFs tracking the S&P 500, it will be slightly more correlated with the market (Barberis, Shleifer, and Wurgler, 2005). As a result, ETFs like SPHB that track large-cap high-beta stocks might have to buy Verisk as well, which in turn can have further consequences down the line. This is what journalists have in mind when they worry about ETFs "turning the market close into a buying or selling frenzy." To model this phenomenon, I use an approach based on branching processes à la Nirei (2006).
The idea that traders might herd (Devenow and Welch, 1996) or amplify shocks (Veldkamp, 2006) is not new. But, these rebalancing rules can also transmit shocks to completely unrelated corners of the market. This idea is new. Rebalancing involves buying one stock and selling another. It sounds obvious, but it matters that we're looking at "rebalancing" rules and not just "purchasing" rules. For instance, when Verisk got added to the S&P 500, it replaced Joy Global, a mining-tools manufacturing company. So, all of the ETFs tracking the S&P 500 had to sell their positions in Joy Global, pushing Joy's price down and making it more likely that ETFs that need to hold a position in mining companies choose one of Joy's competitors like ABB Limited. And, this additional demand for ABB can cause subsequent rebalancing, which is the result of an initial change in the value of Verisk, a totally unrelated stock.
No trader would ever be able to guess that the reason another Swiss company like Novartis is realizing selling pressure is that Verisk was Joy Global in the S&P 500, which caused ETFs tracking the S&P 500 to sell Joy, which caused other industrial ETFs to replace Joy with ABB Limited, which caused still other ETFs tracking the largest stocks in each European country to replace their positions in Novartis with a position in ABB. So, even though each ETF's rebalancing rules are completely predictable, their aggregate behavior generates noise. By analogy, the population of France at any given instant is a definite fact. It is not random. No one is timing births by coin flips, dice rolls, radioactive decay, etc… But, as John Maynard Keynes pointed out, whether this number is even or odd at each instant is effectively random. Were or people born in Paris during the time it took you to finish counting the population of Nice?
2. Market Structure
Suppose there's a single stock that can be held by different ETFs, and each fund's demand for the stock, , is the sum of different components:
When writing down models of the ETF market, people usually only think about the first component, . This is just the intrinsic demand that an ETF would have for the stock if it were the only fund in the market, like the SPDR was in the early 1990s. If there are no large-cap high-beta ETFs, then having the SPDR purchase additional shares of Verisk wouldn't have any knock-on effects in the example above. Think about shocks to each fund's as shocks to whether or not the stock is included in the fund's benchmark index.
The second component, , captures how an ETF's demand is affected by the decisions of other ETFs. This is the effect of S&P 500-tracking ETFs on the holdings of ETFs that track a large-cap high-beta index. Because buying by one ETF leads to additional buying by other ETFs, is increasing in ETF demand:
Because each ETF's demand only has a subtle effect on other ETFs' demand, we have that:
where is Landau notation. So, when there are more ETFs that might hold a stock, each ETF's decisions have a smaller effect on the decisions of its peers. In the theoretical analysis below, I'm going to study the function , which satisfies this property.
Finally, the third component, , reflects the fact that ETFs use thresholding rules. Even if Verisk has a market capitalization that is smaller than the th largest stock, Verisk won't be held by the SPDR, which tracks the S&P 500. The moment Verisk becomes the th largest stock, the SPDR is going to have to buy a large block of shares. This threshold-adjustment component is defined using modular arithmetic,
where and is the remainder that's left over after dividing by . So, if shares and an ETF would have bought shares, then and its resulting demand is shares. A fund is always demanding some multiple of shares. Think about as the size of a typical ETF's adjustment once a stock is added to its benchmark.
3. Equilibrium Concept
What does it mean for this market to be in equilibrium, and how does the market transition between equilibria? Via Tarski's fixed-point theorem, we know that for any choice of , if
- both and are bounded, and
- there are scalars and ,
then there exists a solution, , to Equation (1) for all funds. This solution is the equilibrium associated with . Here, and denote the upper and lower bounds on —i.e., ; and, and denote the upper and lower bounds on . To make things concrete, note that, if , then .
At the start of each trading day, the market is in an equilibrium at associated with the intrinsic demand . We can normalize this value to . Then, over the course of the day, the stock's characteristics change. It gets added to some ETFs' benchmarks. I model this as a shock to each ETF's intrinsic demand,
where is positive with mean and distributed i.i.d. across funds. This shock is divided through by so that its impact is the same magnitude as the feedback effect from one ETF's demand to another. Given this shock, how will ETFs' demand evolve over the course of the final to minutes of trading?
To answer this question, we need to define how ETFs update their demand. I follow the approach used in Cooper (1994) where ETFs adjust their positions by applying the best response function iteratively. In the first round, ETFs adjust their holdings by if they realize a sufficiently large shock to their intrinsic demand:
Then, in each subsequent period, ETFs adjust their holdings by if the demand pressure from other ETFs is sufficiently large:
This process continues until no more changes are required at . Initially, the shock is exogenous, ; then, in all later rounds the shock comes from other ETFs, . Importantly, ETFs in this model don't proactively adjust their positions to account for future changes in demand that they see coming down the line in future iterations. After all, ETFs are constrained to mimic their benchmarks.
4. Cascade Length
It is now possible to show that small initial shocks to each ETF's demand can lead to long rebalancing cascades. Let denote the number of ETFs that buy additional shares of the target stock in period :
Similarly, let denote the total number of ETF position changes from time to time :
So, when , then a small initial shock will cause a large number of ETFs to change their positions later on. This is what I mean by the length of a rebalancing cascade.
In order to characterize the distribution of analytically, I need to make a couple of functional form assumptions. First, I assume that the interaction of ETF-demand schedules is governed by the rule:
with parameter . As gets larger and larger, each ETF's demand has a larger and larger effect on other ETFs' demand schedules. Finally, suppose that the distribution of ETF intrinsic demands,
is uniformly distributed on the interval from to .
Using results from Harris (1963) it's possible to show that, as the number of funds gets large, , the sequence of adjustments converges to a Poisson-distributed Galton-Watson process. The probability-density function for the total cascade length is given by:
The figure above plots this function when and .
A Galton-Watson process, , is stochastic process that starts out with formula and then evolves according to the rule
where is a set of i.i.d. Poisson-distributed random variables. To illustrate by example, the figure below displays a single realization from a Galton-Watson process. In this example, there are total ETFs that rebalance their holdings in response to an initial demand shock. In this example, the rebalancing cascade lasts rounds. There are ETFs that rebalance in the second round, and the rebalancing demand from the third of these ETFs causes two more ETFs to adjust their positions, .
Given the probability-density function described above, it's easy to show that the mean and variance of the number of ETFs that rebalance is:
So, even when each individual ETF realizes a shock to its intrinsic demand over the course of the trading day that is quite small on average, , the stock can still realize large demand shocks when each ETF's demand has a large spillover effect, , and when they don't have to make very granular position changes, . This is the amplification result I mentioned above. The figures below verifies these calculations using simulations with ETFS. In particular, the left panel shows that the initial shock of only leads to more than one rebalancing cascade on average when .
5. Cascade Width
But, ETF-rebalancing cascades don't just amplify initial shocks, they also transmit these shocks to completely unrelated corners of the market. To see how, take a look at the figure below which shows the initial round of rebalancing from the example above. In most models, researchers focus on the fact that when ETF buys stock , this can trigger more ETFs to buy stock . But, for every stock purchased by an ETF there is also a stock sold, and this sale can also cause its own rebalancing cascade. For instance, in the figure below, ETF sells stock , which in turn causes ETF to sell more shares of stock and replace these shares with stock . In principle this sale-triggered rebalancing cascade could continue on for many more rounds. Let denote the collection of stocks, like , that are bought in the first round following an initial sale. This set of stocks is interesting because they realize excess demand for completely idiosyncratic reasons. Stock just happened to be in an ETF that also held which got sold by when stock realized a positive demand shock. The set contains stocks like ABB Limited and Novartis from the examples above.
It's possible to quantify the size of this first-generation of stocks that realize demand shocks, which I refer to as for "width" in contrast to for "length":
What sorts of factors are going to affect ? First, we need to think about the probability that ETF 's sale of stock is going to cause another ETF to rebalance. Stock is going to realize a demand shock of size , so the number of subsequent ETFs that rebalance due to this shock is governed by a Poisson distribution with parameter . Then, we need to think about how much overlap there is in the ETF market. If all ETFs are tracking the exact same index, then all of the stocks that they sell each round are going to be the same and . By contrast, if all of the ETFs that hold stock have no other stocks in common, then every stock they sell will be different and . Let be the probability that ETFs will sell the same stock when they buy . It is easy to show that:
Thus, when cascades are long, there are roughly as many unrelated stock realizing rebalancing cascades as there are demand shocks to stock .


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It is all depending on how you measure it.On conventional PE basis, SCVL is selling at 15 vs. Shoo at 15 and DSW at 19.6.But SCVL has a inventory policy to keep any sizes available giving any shoes in the store. Their policy is to never, never let customers walk away without being able to find the right size. So, they kept inventory 1.6 times larger than the sales vs. DSW only at 0.7 times of sales. So, keep in mind, their inventory are all current, nothing obsoleting. And, they are ready to convert back to cash.So, with this in mind, if you measure this from EV basis (=current asset - total debt), SCVL is only selling at 8.5 times EV/E in comparison with DSW at 16 times.Least three analysts uppered target price to $28 to open the room for upward move with a beat earning. On the other hand, Stern Agee stick with the conventional PE method and call it reaching its target price $23. Therefore downgraded.I would argue Sterne for not counting the true value at its inventory - which is next akin to cash.
sterne agee also downgraded skechers a while ago at 11 now its 22, i think they also downgraged aeo alittle while ago then they can out and beat earnings also. i like goinmg againt them its been working great


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November 25th, 2009, 04:21 AM
I'm trying to use an old Python program that calls for the "utl" module, and yes that's "utl" not "util". I've poked around on the Internet but can't seem to find what package or where the utl module is supposed to come from. Does anyone else have any ideas?


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audiobulb hi rolling crunch sound
A short recording of a hand saw being used on wood.
A hand saw being used to cut wood long recording of different tempos(ish)
For the sonokids project
dramatic noisy guitar bits
All of these were recorded on a Zoom H2. Some external work being done on my building a few years ...
dead duck
Hit Melody hiphop realised wit HIT sample ;)
slamming door, recorded at Palacio de Carlos V, Granada, Spain. Shure WL183 pair into Olympus LS10 recorder
Someone is ready at Wonderland Pier in Ocean City recorded with DS-40 and edited and Wavoaur.
Slamming big wooden door in very large room. Rec by zoom H2
These are the sounds recorded by cooking utensils such as pots, pans .... They are made of metal and wood ...
This 48KHz/24bit stereo sample pack contains 70 loops (68Mb) of improvised percussion instruments at 130BPM. Sources were placed on the ...
Me scratching with my finger over the grate of a heating device Wave, 44.1kHz, 24bit, stereo Recording Device: Zoom H2n ...
This sample is part of the #idRadio project, made with sounds of #Elsodelescultures. Taken from the following sample: http://freesound.org/people/sonsdebarcelona/sounds/187846/


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Excellence in Nonfiction for Young Adults
About the Excellence in Nonfiction for Young Adults
An award for the best nonfiction book published for young adults (ages 12-18) during a November 1 – October 31 publishing year.
|Steve Jobs: The Man Who Thought Different
|Steve Jobs
|2013 - Finalist
|Moonbird: A Year on the Wind with the Great Survivor B95
|2013 - Finalist
|Bomb: The Race to Build—and Steal—the World's Most Dangerous Weapon
|2013 - Winner
|Titanic: Voices from the Disaster
|Titanic: Voices from the Disaster
|2013 - Finalist
|We've Got a Job: The 1963 Birmingham Children's March
|We've Got a Job
|2013 - Finalist
|Budhos, Marina
|Sugar Changed the World: A Story of Magic, Spice, Slavery, Freedom and Science
|2012 - Finalist
|Aronson, Marc
|Sugar Changed the World: A Story of Magic, Spice, Slavery, Freedom and Science
|2012 - Finalist
|Blumenthal, Karen
|Bootleg: Murder, Moonshine, and the Lawless Years of Prohibition
|2012 - Finalist
|Rubin, Susan Goldman
|Music Was It: Young Leonard Bernstein
|2012 - Finalist
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|The Notorious Benedict Arnold: A True Story of Adventure, Heroism & Treachery
|2012 - Winner
|Macy, Sue
|Wheels of Change: How Women Rode the Bicycle to Freedom (With a Few Flat Tires Along the Way)
|2012 - Finalist
|Rubalcaba, Jull
|Every Bone Tells a Story: Hominin Discoveries, Deductions, and Debates
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|Angel, Ann
|Janis Joplin: Rise Up Singing
|2011 - Winner
|Bowers, Rick
|Spies of Mississippi: The True Story of the Spy Network that Tried to Destroy the Civil Rights Movement
|2011 - Finalist
|Bartoletti, Susan Campbell
|They Called Themselves the K.K.K.: The Birth of an American Terrorist Group
|2011 - Finalist
|Janeczko, Paul
|The Dark Game: True Spy Stories
|2011 - Finalist
|Robertshaw, Peter
|Every Bone Tells a Story: Hominin Discoveries, Deductions, and Debates
|2011 - Finalist
|Hoose, Phillip
|Claudette Colvin: Twice toward Justice
|2010 - Finalist
|Fleming, Candace
|The Great and Only Barnum: The Tremendous and Stupendous Life of the Showman P. T. Barnum
|2010 - Finalist
|Helligman, Deborah
|Charles and Emma: The Darwins' Leap of Faith
|2010 - Winner
|Stone, Tanya Lee
|Almost Astronauts: 13 Women Who Dared to Dream
|2010 - Finalist
|Walker, Sally M.
|Written in Bone: Buried Lives of Jamestown and Colonial Maryland
|2010 - Finalist


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text: 'Tilly' Vintage Glass Earrings by EVY Designs £25$48.16€32.18$38.31 4 customer reviews(4) In stock free gift wrap £18.50$35.63€23.81$28.35 delivery to United States Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available quantity by EVY Designs Location: West Yorkshire, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller 'Erin' Vintage Glass Earrings by EVY Designs £21$40.45€27.03$32.18 Flora Vintage Glass Earrings by EVY Designs £19$36.60€24.45$29.11 Millie Vintage Style Glass Earrings by EVY Designs £21$40.45€27.03$32.18 'Orchid' Flower Earrings by EVY Designs £29$55.86€37.32$44.44 'Ring A Roses' Necklace by EVY Designs £24.50$47.19€31.53$37.54 'Ring A Roses' Bracelet by EVY Designs £26.50$51.04€34.11$40.61 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS CUSTOMER REVIEWS DELIVERY RETURNS Made in Britain free gift wrap ask seller a question save for later Tilly earrings are sweet little vintage glass jewel earrings in rose pink vintage glass and green opal. The glass stones sit in vintage brass settings and hang simply from a shepards crook earwire...perfect for the coming season. The earrings hang from gold vermeil earwires(16k gold over sterling silver). These earrings make the most wonderful presents for bridesmaids or flowergirls, or a sweet little treat for yourself. Our timeless and elegant products accentuate your outfit and enhance your look. EVY Designs Ltd pieces make fabulous gifts for loved ones or a delightful treat for you! Presented in EVY Designs signature gift packaging perfect for gifts! Designs and images are solely the property of EVY Designs Ltd© and cannot be used or reproduced without permission. made from: Glass Gold vermeil earwires dimensions: The earrings measure approx 3.5cm from the top of the earwire. product code: 167616 4 customer reviews Sun 22 Dec 2013 Great quality, beautiful product and speedy delivery Thu 21 Nov 2013 No comment supplied. Fri 10 May 2013 Beautiful earrings they were a gift for a friend and she loved them. Fri 16 Nov 2012 delicate and very pretty see all customer reviews hide some customer reviews read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor This product is dispatched to you by EVY Designs. Free mainland UK delivery orders are sent via Royal Mail standard services, whilst we make every effort to ensure orders are dispatched in a timely fashion, on rare occasions delivery may be delayed due to factors outside of our control. Please note that 'on or before' delivery dates provided for this option are estimated and not guaranteed. Royal Mail Special Delivery(for which there is an additional charge) requires a signature upon delivery. If deliveries cannot be signed for, they are taken back to the depot and need to be picked up in person from the Post Office, or you can arrange for your parcel to be redelivered by contacting the Post Office. International orders. Please note that you are responsible for any duties or taxes incurred at your point of entry to your destination. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item by price Standard Delivery Thursday 5 May £2.75$5.29€3.53$4.21 Tracked Next Day 1pm Delivery Tuesday 3 May £9.70$18.68€12.48$14.86 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.29€3.53$4.21 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.29€3.53$4.21 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.29€3.53$4.21 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$22.15€14.80$17.62 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$22.15€14.80$17.62 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £18.50$35.63€23.81$28.35 Asia & Australasia 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £19.50$37.56€25.10$29.88 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. EVY Designs's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


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We expose slave masters and people smugglers in suburban Britain.
Is there more to life than money?
03 Apr 2014 02:46 GMT | Politics, Europe, Russia, Ukraine
Ukraine's ousted president has admitted he was "wrong" in inviting Russian troops into Crimea and vowed to try to persuade Russia to return the coveted Black Sea peninsula.
Viktor Yanukovich made the comments on Wednesday in his first media interview since he was forced to leave power after three months of protests against corruption and his decision to seek closer ties to Russia instead of the European Union.
Defensive and at times teary-eyed, Yanukovich told the Associated Press news agency and Russia's state NTV television that he still hoped to negotiate with Russian President Vladimir Putin to get the annexed region back.
Live Box 2014219141227163276
"I was wrong," he said. "I acted on my emotions."
"Crimea is a tragedy, a major tragedy," the 63-year-old Yanukovich, who has been living in Russia since fleeing Ukraine, said, insisting that Moscow's takeover of Crimea would not have happened if he had stayed in power.
Yanukovich denied the allegations of corruption, saying he built his palatial residence outside of Kiev, the Ukrainian capital, with his own money.
Sniper deaths
He also denied responsibility for the sniper deaths of about 80 protesters in Kiev in February, for which he has been charged by Ukraine's interim government.
As the world has watched the tumultuous events in Ukraine, Yanukovich has been keeping a low profile, even as he has insisted he is still the country's true leader.
While Putin has been openly dismissive of Yanukovich, the Russian president has also described him as the legitimate leader and his ouster as illegal.
Yanukovich's statement about Crimea appeared to represent an attempt to shore up at least some support in his homeland, where even his supporters have deserted him.
Russia annexed Crimea last month following a hastily called referendum held two weeks after Russian troops took control of the region. Ukraine and the West have rejected the vote and the annexation as illegal.
While Russia can hardly be expected to roll back its annexation, Yanukovich's statement could widen Putin's options in the talks on settling the Ukrainian crisis by creating an impression that Moscow could be open for discussions on Crimea's status in the future.
Talks with Putin
Yanukovich has now lost the Ukrainian presidency twice in the past decade. In 2004, his presidential win was thrown out after the Orange Revolution protests caused the fraudulent election to be annulled.
Yanukovich said he has spoken with Putin twice by phone and once in person since he arrived in Russia - describing their talks as "difficult" - and hopes to have more meetings with the Russian leader to negotiate Crimea's return to Ukraine.
"We must search for ways ... so that Crimea may have the maximum degree of independence possible ... but be part of Ukraine," he said.
Yanukovich said the Crimean referendum in March - a vote in which residents overwhelmingly voted to join Russia - was a response to threats posed by radical nationalists in Ukraine.
Putin said last month that Yanukovich had asked Russia to send its troops to Ukraine to protect its people - a request seen as treason by many Ukrainians. Asked about the move, Yanukovich said he had made a mistake.
Source: AP
A look at the life and career of Ukraine's ousted president.
Politics, Europe, US & Canada, Russia, Ukraine
Some analysts say the crisis in Ukraine has become a symbol of the alliance's need to return to its roots.
Politics, Europe, Russia
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Some say they extort money, but franeleros insist they are just trying to make a living in Mexico's informal economy.
Will a plastic bag levy be enough to fix Indonesia's rubbish problem?
For ethnic Hausa, the traditional form of boxing known as dambe is more than a sport - it is part of their identity.
Nigeria, Sport
Rape is Malawi's most reported crime. Ujamaa initiative is helping schoolkids defend themselves against perpetrators.
Malawi, Africa, Women
Government agrees to cessation of fighting near Damascus and Latakia but no sign of let-up in bombardment of Aleppo.
Syria's Civil War, Middle East, War & Conflict
Government moves tens of thousands of refugees to Athens outskirts as the summer tourist season begins to warm up.
Humanitarian crises, Refugees, Greece, Europe
A Pakistani cotton farmer travels to Dubai to make his fortune but soon discovers he wants more from life than money.
Pakistan, Immigration, Dubai
The South African opposition leader says the EFF would fight if the ANC responded violently to peaceful protests.
Julius Malema, South Africa, ANC
As the Doha oil summit fails to reach a deal to freeze production, we examine the state of the global oil industry.
Business & Economy, Oil Price, Saudi Arabia
We explore how the work of medieval chemists has impacted the evolution of modern chemistry.
Science & Technology, Middle East, Islam


text:
- Bears Are Bad News
- Courtroom Episode: Though the hunting trip takes up the bulk of the episode.
- Department of Redundancy Department:Judge: You face charges of attempt to commit mayhem.
Curly: You mean murder!
Larry: Yeah! He tried to kill us, too!
- Hard Head: When Moe hits Curly over the head with an axe, all it does is bend and warp the end.
- Horrible Camping Trip
- How We Got Here
- Leave the Camera Running: As the bear eats their food.
- Literal-Minded: Larry thinks a sign reading "Fine For Hunting" means it must be a fine spot to hunt on.
- Plank Gag: Moe accidentally hits a police officer with an axe this way at the trial.
- Shot in the Ass: Happens to Moe, after he hides under a bear rug and Curly mistakes him for the bear.
- Stock Animal Diet: The bear finishes off a whole jar of honey with his exceptionally long tongue.
- Vacation Episode


text:
The Big Oops
How Rick Perry killed what was left of his campaign at the Republican presidential debate in Michigan.
ROCHESTER, Mich.—Dearly beloved, we are gathered here today to mourn Rick Perry's presidential campaign. Born in a South Carolina hotel ballroom on Aug. 13, it died on the campus of Oakland University on Nov. 9, with CNBC's debate moderators unable to avert their eyes. The cause of death: self-inflicted injury, brought on by amnesia.
The Perry campaign had always been sickly. But for a little while no one wanted to diagnose it. A Politico front-pager about whether Perry was "dumb"? Cheap "name-calling," according to Fox News. The candidate calling Social Security a "Ponzi scheme?" If you didn't like that, you had a problem with straight talk and honesty and, probably, cojones. Reporters dutifully filed stories about Perry's donor-friendly contracting, about the bogusness of his "Texas miracle." The campaign pretended that the media didn't exist.
It couldn't last, because eventually, voters had to hear from Rick Perry. No amount of expectations-lowering guff—and Perry had exhausted the North American supply of it—could have saved him from what happened when he tried to name three abolishable Cabinet departments. He was repeating something he says at every major campaign stop, and yet he couldn't remember it.
"It is three agencies of government when I get there that are gone," he said. "Commerce, Education, and the—What's the third one there? Let's see." After Ron Paul and moderator John Harwood failed to bail him out, he simply said, "Oops." After the debate was over, Perry himself entered the media spin room for the first time. The rule about spin rooms: Front-runners don't bother with them. In a panic, you forget rules like that.
"I tell you what," said Perry to the gawking mob. "I named two more agencies of government than what the, uh, uh, current administration has talked about getting rid of." He juiced this with a new, hideous talking point: "I may have forgotten Energy, but I haven't forgotten my conservative principles."
Reporters wouldn't leave him alone, asking him again and again how he felt.
"I stepped in it, man!" said Perry. "Yeah, it was embarrassing! Of course it was!"
A few steps away, Mitt Romney's spokesman Eric Fehrnstrom was looking for ways to shiv Perry without noticeable traces of blood. He found one.
"There's nothing I could say that could darken the night Rick Perry had."
True. All of those hours of fundraising, all of those one-engine flights to rural Iowa, all of that delicate flag placement at big speeches, and the fate of presidential campaigns comes down to stuff like this. Tim Pawlenty never recovered after he debuted the buzzword "Obamneycare," then faced Mitt Romney in a debate and declined to use it. Perry was already perceived as a how'd-he-get-this-far bantamweight. He'll never be perceived as anything else.
In a moment of pure media frenzy like this, in the hours before the Perry meltdown clip is repeated more times on cable news than footage of a cat playing a keyboard, we can forget that there's a whole presidential campaign out there. Twenty-four hours ago, the press was distracted by the tribulations and incoherence of another man who won't be president: Herman Cain. His problems ended (temporarily, pending the next accuser's press conference) only 15 minutes into the CNBC debate. Maria Bartiromo tried to ask Cain about his unending sexual harassment scandal. The crowd of Republicans, diehards who'd had to work for their seats, booed her for her audacity.


text:
IMDb > James 'One' Shade (Character)
Top Linksmain detailsbiographyby votesphoto galleryquotes
Filmographiesby yearby typeby ratingsby votesby TV seriesby genreby keyword
Did You Know?photo galleryquotes
James 'One' Shade (Character)
from Resident Evil: Retribution (2012)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
Alternate Names:
FilmographyEdit Credits
There may be more credits available for this character. To edit the credits displayed or to add more credits to this character's filmography, click the Edit Credits link.
- Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) Played by Colin Salmon
... aka "Resident Evil V: Retribution" - Japan (English title) (literal English title)
- Resident Evil (2002) Played by Colin Salmon (as One)
... aka "Biohazard" - Japan (English title) (literal English title)
Additional Details
Plot Keywords:
Fun Stuff
From Resident Evil (2002)
Alice: I'm not sure I want to remember what went on down here.
James "One" Shade: I don't blame you.
See more »
Alice: I'm not sure I want to remember what went on down here.
James "One" Shade: I don't blame you.
See more »
You may correct errors and omissions on this page directly. Clicking the 'Update' button will take you through a step-by-step process.


text:
After all that about the devaluation of money he never explained Capital Gains Tax.
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text:
A crisp and clean budget choice in a quiet lane
Off Jl Sosrowijayan Gang I T: (0274) 513 829
The owners of Losmen Lucy keep the fan-cooled rooms fresh and clean, so for a cheap place to rest one's head near the heart of Yogyakarta, this is a great choice.
The 12 rooms have ensuite Indonesian-style bathrooms, with a mandi and toilet. Each room has a tv, but if you want to use it, it costs an extra Rp 25,000 a night. The so-called 'double' room at Losman Lucy actually has enough space for three people, with a double bed and a single bed in the room. On Sundays, there's batik-making demonstrations and classes just next door.
Last updated on 20th October, 2010.


text:
How do I deal with people who think I can't be plus-size and have a healthy pregnancy?
I get lots of unsolicited 'health advice' from friends, family, even strangers. Some of it is really hurtful and sometimes makes me feel I'm being selfish for having a baby while I'm overweight. I know my pregnancy is fine so far, but how can I deal with people who don't think someone like me can have a healthy pregnancy?
Posted: 01/15/2007 by a BabyCenter Member
Mom Answers
Sort by: best answers | most recent answers
41 - 50 of 124 answers
There is such a stereotype about being overweight. That you are automatically unhealthy, miserable and depressed. Having come from a mostly overweight family, i know this for certain. I went into my pg with about 50lbs on me. My doctor said because I already have the weight there is no need to gain more. You tell those people coming to u, just that. Not everyone who is skinny is healthy. Smile and walk away, rubbing your bump. You are about to have a child, don't let those skinny heifers ruin that or make you feel bad at all. If you are healthy, then just say thank you...or nothing.posted 07/14/2012 by footandfitzmomma
I'm not a plus sized person but i have a couple friends that are and truthfully i wish we had a like button on this site cuz i would like" almost every comment in this page! Ppl have the right to be who they want to be so judgmental ppl can go f off!posted 01/04/2014 by Baylee91
Just tell them that you are working closely with your doctor, and he is very pleased with where both you and the baby are.posted 12/24/2011 by a BabyCenter Member
im a plus size girl also n when i was told by a nurse way before i even got pregnant that it would be so hard for me to even get pregnant n be pregnant i got pregant im 5months i was upset when i told my mom all she could do was just mention my wieght and i know she wants whats best for me but she is also plus size so it made me mad but i found that durning my first 5 month i was loosing wieght i now just started gaining wieght and everything is going great with my pregnancy baby is healthy im healthy n that s all that matter so just ignore people and there rude comment as long as you and ur baby r healthy thats all that matterposted 06/08/2012 by nightferra
As a plus size mommy-to-be myself I understand the feeling! i was 5'7 and 290lbs before my pregnancy... and once I shared the exciting news to everyone (I had been told I couldn't conceive, so this was a 'miracle') no one jumped with joy but were more concerned about the health issues. I am now 33 weeks pregnant and 323lbs... and while it is very uncomfortable being this heavy and packing on the pregnancy pounds, I am healthy! I never want to go through another pregnancy this heavy again, mostly because of the discomfort and the fact that maternity clothes are hard to come by... but also because just being overweight when pregnant increases my child's risk of getting diabetes at some time in life (whether I have it or not) and as mommies we want our kids to have the best start in life.posted 05/22/2012 by raegigg13s
I am a super-sized Mom to be (Size 26-28) and I have had a textbook pregnancy! I have had no complications, no issues with blood pressure, swelling, or gestational diabetes. A lot of information is out there that can scare the crap out of you like "your chances are twice as high..." blah blah. If a potential risk of something happening is 1 in 1200 than that makes what, 2 in 1200? In a fat phobic society people draw on the assumption that large people are unhealthy people and that is not always the case. There are plenty of thin women who experience great difficulty in their pregnancies. The best advice I have is to find a size friendly OB/GYN, keep yourself as healthy as possible and enjoy every moment of your pregnancy as this is a time to be relished and treasured. Ignore the naysayers...we all know what they say about opinons!posted 06/02/2009 by Leigh1971
larger ladys can have a very healthy pregnancy.and a very healthy child. i did but i may have been larger but i still ate right for my child as well as exercised.just because your large a lot of people asume you dont eat healthy thats not true a lot of times some times it is inherited.or thyroid some thing alot of people can not controll.as for any body chubby or skiny can have terrible eating and exercise habits and health problems acure in both so remember your doing the best you can and its not nice to assume anaything abought some won.unless you truely know that person and you know they have health problems you can nicely mention it but not press if you worry and love them.posted 09/19/2007 by ladybug0159
I'm plus-sized and on baby #7. I'm not a small girl, nor am I "Obeast" as my kids call it, indicating how stupid label has become. I'm not unhealthy by any stretch of the imagination. In fact, I'm HEALTHIER because at a lower weight my blood pressure can get dangerously low (like 74/13 low). Being "bigger" has saved my life and allowed me to live like a normal person, naturally, without horrible BP meds that are bad for babies! I eat healthy everyday too. My kids: tall, thin, crazy kids that complain if they have to eat anything that isn't made fresh. When they were born they were super healthy, happy babies too. If your Dr. says all is fine, then simply relate that to the people who feel have to put in their 10 cents in. Who do you think knows better anyway?posted 02/19/2012 by RedMuse
I am "morbidly obese," with a BMI of 48. I was told right away the moment my Dr. confirmed my pregnancy it was high risk, and that I or the baby could get X, Y, and Z conditions. I HAD been trying to lose weight prior to finding out I was pregnant, but for health purposes, not for appearance. And now, of course, I've been told "Now is not the time to try to lose weight. We want you to gain 15lbs." I am happy to say that 20 weeks in, my babIES are doing very well. They are very active, well proportioned, developing perfectly naturally, and all tests have come back negative for any developmental issues. Yes, nutrition and fitness are very important during pregnancy...but that's whether you're a size 2 or a size 32. As someone said before me, skinny does not equal healthy, and fat does not equal knocking on death's door.posted 04/30/2012 by IveBeenThwarted
When I was pregnant with my son... Early on people telling the doctor going to put me on bed rest bc I was big.... While they were wrong!!!! I had a very healthy pregnancy... Only problem I ran into was when I was 36 week... My blood pressure had got pretty high and that was the first time throught the whole pregnancy. I had my son at 36 1/2 weeks and he was still 7.5 lbs and 21 1/2 inch long. Everyone is different... Big or small...posted 05/01/2012 by Luv2bem85
Answer this question


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We had a special guest at our workshop last week. Mikko, a long-time customer from Finland, came to visit the elves!
Mikko's RunAmocs on one of his colder running days in Finland: -25°C (-13°F)
Several years ago, Mikko went on a search to find natural, minimalist shoes for himself and his family... [click title to read more]


text:
I received this from a trade about two years ago. As you can see in the first picture, the flowers started out greenish yellow, then pink. All four pictues are of the same plant.
Calalily Deep South Coastal, TX(Zone 10a) Apr 09, 2002
Tim, looks like either Frosty Pink or Insignis Pink.
Brugie Chariton, IA(Zone 5b) Apr 09, 2002
My guess is Frosty Pink since Insignis Pink is supposed to be pink from top to bottom. Pretty pictures Tim.
pebble Bodrum, Turkey(Zone 10a) Apr 09, 2002
Nice pictures Tim..
As you can see, the pink stops at the flared area. Picture #3, bottom left, is of the leaves, is it helpful ?
Eclipse Norwalk, IA(Zone 5b) Apr 09, 2002
Hyb. Frosty Pink. :-)


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Maredith "Chris" Newell, the daughter of Henry and Marion (Ludwig) Christie was born June 14, 1942, in Battle Creek. Her childhood years were spent in Battle Creek where she attended School and graduated from Battle Creek High School.
After graduation, Chris attended college in Indiana for three years. Following her schooling, she moved to Cherokee, where she worked as a bookkeeper for Friedrichsen Grain.
On Aug. 11, 1973, Chris was united in marriage to Dale Newell in Cherokee County. They started their own trucking business where she served as the bookkeeper and helped Dale with trucking.
In her free time, Chris liked to play games on the computer, volunteer as a teacher's aid for the Marcus-Meriden-Cleghorn School System, and spend time at family reunions, but most of all, Chris enjoyed being around her family and helping those in need.
She was preceded in death by her parents.
She is survived by her husband, Dale Newell of Meriden; one daughter, Tammy Trout of North Little Rock, Ark.; son Tim (Phyllis) Ricklefs and their son, C.J. of Marcus; one brother, Richard (Sharon) Christie of Des Moines; one step-daughter, Marlo Cassiday of Kingsley; nephew, Brandon Newell; as well as other nieces; nephews; other relatives; and friends.


text:
Easy Salmon Cakes
From EatingWell: Winter 2004, EatingWell Serves Two, The Essential EatingWell Cookbook (2004)
If you are trying to boost your intake of omega-3s, try this simple favorite. It is a great way to use convenient canned (or leftover) salmon. The tangy dill sauce provides a tart balance.
Makes: 4 servings
Active Time:
Total Time:
Nutrition Profile
Diabetes appropriate | Low calorie | Low saturated fat | Heart healthy | Healthy weight | High calcium | High fiber |View Our Nutrition Guidelines »
- 3 teaspoons extra-virgin olive oil, divided
- 1 small onion, finely chopped
- 1 stalk celery, finely diced
- 2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley
- 15 ounces canned salmon, drained, or 1 1/2 cups cooked salmon
- 1 large egg, lightly beaten
- 1 1/2 teaspoons Dijon mustard
- 1 3/4 cups fresh whole-wheat breadcrumbs, (see Tip)
- 1/2 teaspoon freshly ground pepper
- Creamy Dill Sauce, (recipe follows)
- 1 lemon, cut into wedges
This recipe calls for:
- Preheat oven to 450°F. Coat a baking sheet with cooking spray.
- Heat 1 1/2 teaspoons oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium-high heat. Add onion and celery; cook, stirring, until softened, about 3 minutes. Stir in parsley; remove from the heat.
- Place salmon in a medium bowl. Flake apart with a fork; remove any bones and skin. Add egg and mustard; mix well. Add the onion mixture, breadcrumbs and pepper; mix well. Shape the mixture into 8 patties, about 2 1/2 inches wide.
- Heat remaining 1 1/2 teaspoons oil in the pan over medium heat. Add 4 patties and cook until the undersides are golden, 2 to 3 minutes. Using a wide spatula, turn them over onto the prepared baking sheet. Repeat with the remaining patties.
- Bake the salmon cakes until golden on top and heated through, 15 to 20 minutes. Meanwhile, prepare Creamy Dill Sauce. Serve salmon cakes with sauce and lemon wedges.
Tips & Notes
- Make Ahead Tip: Prepare through Step 3. Cover and refrigerate for up to 8 hours.
- Tip: To make fresh breadcrumbs: Trim crusts from firm sandwich bread. Tear the bread into pieces and process in a food processor until coarse crumbs form. One slice makes about 1/3 cup.
- Easy cleanup: Recipes that require cooking spray can leave behind a sticky residue that can be hard to clean. To save time and keep your baking sheet looking fresh, line it with a layer of foil before you apply the cooking spray.
Per serving: 324 calories; 10 g fat (1 g sat, 3 g mono); 129 mg cholesterol; 21 g carbohydrates; 31 g protein; 7 g fiber; 585 mg sodium; 97 mg potassium.
Nutrition Bonus: 27% dv fiber, 171 mg calcium (15% dv).
Carbohydrate Servings: 1
Exchanges: 1 1/2 starch, 1/2 vegetable, 3 1/2 lean protein, 1 fat
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Recipe Categories
- Health & Diet Considerations
- Healthy weight
- High calcium
- High fiber
- Diabetes appropriate
- Low calorie
- Low saturated fat
- Heart healthy
- Meal/Course
- Dinner
- Style/Theme
- Entertaining, casual
- Entertaining, formal
- Type of Dish
- Main dish, fish/seafood
- Ethnic/Regional
- American
- Mediterranean
- Ease of Preparation
- Easy
- Total Time
- 45 minutes or less
- Servings
- 4
- Main Ingredient
- Fish


text:
Crimson Tide drop tight contest to LSU at home
Alabama's 10 three pointers aren't enough to beat the Tigers
Sponsored by:
Alabama's 10 three pointers aren't enough to beat the Tigers
Alabama fans head down to Tuscaloosa on a very cold Saturday to celebrate this year's National Championship.
The Alabama Crimson Tide are set to celebrate the school's 16th National Championship in front of Bryant-Denny Stadium. You can watch the fu…
Panthers' basketball teams are now a combined 9-1 in conference play
The UAB men's basketball team hopes to strike gold Thursday night when they host Rice for their annual Gold Rush game at Bartow Arena.
Tide defensive duo join three other teammates in the game
The Bulldogs will face VMI and UNC-Greensboro in a 48-hour window this week
Alabama looks to extend their streak to four straight over the Tigers Tuesday night
The Crimson Tide beat the Tigers in a meet to benefit local organizations
Derrick Henry and A'Shawn Robinson declared for the NFL draft at a Friday press conference.
In a move that surprises few, Alabama running rack, and Heisman Trophy winner Derrick Henry appears to be heading off to greener pastures.
For the third time in Head Coach Avery Johnson's first season, the Alabama Crimson Tide Men's Basketball team upset a Top 25 team.
As soon as the Tide won the CFP National Championship, the building lit up the New York City skyline — with crimson and white.
Nick Saban and the Alabama Crimson Tide officially received their College Football Playoff trophy Tuesday morning.
University of Alabama players discuss the Alabama Crimson Tide's 16th National Championship win.


text:
Collections by Maxim
Maxim Lamps and Lighting Fixtures range from ornate and elegant to simple and modern. No matter what style, it will be easy to find something to suit it. Both indoor and outdoor lights are available. From wall sconces and vanity lighting to elaborate chandeliers and pendant lights, this brand offers perfect options for lighting any home.
Maxim Lighting - 24209BCPC - Comet 21 Light Pendant$3,800.00
Maxim Lighting - 13507WSOI - Allentown 20 Light Chandelier$1,538.00
Maxim Lighting - Richmond 15 Light ChandelierPrice From: $1,650.00 - $2,100.00
Maxim Lighting - 89915OI - Basic Max 52 Inch Outdoor Ceiling Fan$198.00
Maxim Lighting - Augusta 15 Light ChandelierPrice From: $2,098.00 - $2,678.00
Maxim Lighting - Basic-Max 52 Inch Ceiling Fan$124.00


text:
|Old school small New. England cities with a working class, european vibe (23 replies)
|Want to relocate but house prices are killer. (22 replies)
|Places to avoid in Fitchburg (49 replies)
|Living in MA between Worcester, MA and Hartford, CT (20 replies)
|Southbridge YMCA (0 replies)
|South central Mass. (6 replies)
Latest news about races in Southbridge, MA collected exclusively by city-data.com from local newspapers, TV, and radio stations
Races in Southbridge, MA (2000)
Races in Massachusetts (2013)
Races in Massachusetts (2000)
Household income for White non-Hispanic householders
Household income for Black householders
Household income for Asian householders
Household income for Some other race householders
Household income for Two or more races householders
Household income for Hispanic or Latino race householders
679 residents are foreign born (1.6% Asia, 1.5% Europe, 1.1% North America, 1.0% Latin America).
|This city:
Zip codes: 01550.
Discuss Southbridge, Massachusetts (MA) on our hugely popular Massachusetts forum.
City-data.com does not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of any information on this site. Use at your own risk.
Some parts © 2016 Advameg, Inc.


text:
10 Steps to Pick the Right Doctor
Whether you need a primary care doctor or a specialist, these 10 steps will ensure you find the right doctor for you. View Slideshow
Dr. Brucker's Experience
- Pediatrics
Board Certifications
- Pediatrics
Procedures Dr. Brucker Performs
Dr. Brucker does not have any procedures listed. If you are Dr. Brucker and would like to add procedures you perform, please update your free profile.
Conditions Dr. Brucker Treats
Dr. Brucker does not have any conditions listed. If you are Dr. Brucker and would like to add conditions you treat, please update your free profile.
Background Check for Dr. Brucker
0 Malpractice Claims
- No malpractice history found for Colorado.
- No sanctions history found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
0 Board Actions
- No board actions found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
Awards & Recognitions
Education & Training
Medical School
- Baylor University
- Graduated in 1997
Residency Hospital
- University Of Colorado Hospital Authority
- Complete in 2000
Undergraduate Schools
- University Of Texas At Austin
- Graduated in 1997
Languages Spoken by Dr. Brucker & Staff
- English


text:
Accepting Guests
- 23% response rate
- Last login about 21 hours ago
Join Couchsurfing to see Philippe R.'s full profile. It's free!
About Me
Learning about other cultures and traditions. Travel to explore the world
Just a simple guy who hates racism and wants to make friends with people from all over the world.
Not everyone will appreciate what you do for them. You have to figure out who's worth your kindness and who's just taking advantage.
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
I have enjoyed people who interacts with you in many ways. That's how you learn about their countries, traditions, hobbies etc and share ideas and common interests.
I have also come across people whom I believe are different from what their profiles say on CS, and i am seriously thinking of stop hosting the French!!
It can be interesting sometimes but life is full of surprises so its always good to expect the unexpected at times.
Travelling, Cooking, Movies, Sports, Camping, Dancing.
Countries I've Visited
Australia, Belgium, Cook Islands, England, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, Germany, Italy, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Spain, Thailand
Countries I've Lived In
Belgium, New Zealand, Vanuatu


text:
theBRIGADE wants to show off your pictures from service
Submit your Photos here
Let's get in some Firepower Randomness (28 HQ Photos)
By: Rick
In: Friday Firepower, High-Res, Random
Category: Friday Firepower, High-Res, Random
#7 that's a great picture of San Diego from I'm assuming the Carl Vinson
Bad to the BONE.
When a shotgun wedding just won't do…
#25 Rahhhh
#9 #25 Aren't you two just lovely! Thanks for sharing!
Cool, i like the one with the baseball bat.
I'm with Nicky J. on that.
#1 A heavy, a scout, an engy, and some other guy.
What's an engy?
I'm all about the Yellow KCCO, been there twice and had a great time in Mobile both times.
#4 nice bod, face is meh, and seeing as to how she has her finger on the trigger and a lose grip on the gun, obviously has no brains.


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I have a certain problem with IE8 (and only IE), when I focus an input field which has text in it the cursor moves to the beginning of that field. I'm trying to set the cursor at the end. I've googled around and found the following solution:
function setSelectionRange(input, selectionStart, selectionEnd) {
input = document.getElementsByTagName("input")[0];
if (input.createTextRange) {
var range = input.createTextRange();
range.moveEnd('character', selectionEnd);
range.moveStart('character', selectionStart);
"Input" here is simply an input field which is in a class (
var inputElement = this.input;). The problem is that both "setSelectionRange" and "createTextRange". Am I doing something wrong? Is createTextRange defined only for TextArea?
@Edit: well it appears I was using something like "two objects" a js input and a jquery input, after changing input to document.getElementsByTagName("input")[0]; I am able to go to "createTextRange" branch but it still doesn't change the position of the cursor.
@Edit2: I changed the code a bit, now I'm getting the input from the document and it enters the if branch. But then the browser shows me:
Unexpected call to method or property access.
On this line
var range = input.createTextRange();
@Edit3: To answer James' question. I have a class and in that class, the whole thing is associated with a jsp which has an input. In this class I set a focus handler for the field which is associated with the input form the jsp
inputElement.focus(onInputFocus) then I have something like this:
function onInputFocus() {
isFocused = true;
if (currentData.selectedEntityCode) {
inputElement.attr('title', currentData.selectedEntityCode);
} else {
var input = document.getElementsByTagName("input")[0];
input.value = input.value;
The whole class is obviously much larger and this is not my code but I'm guessing this is the last thing that's being executed.


text:
What does TUMAV stand for?
TUMAV stands for Tactical Unmanned Multirole Air Vehicle
This definition appears very rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Military and Government
- Abbreviation Database Surfer
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- Trade Union Movement (various locations)
- Transports Urbains Mendois (French: Mendois Urban Transport; Mende, France)
- Transports Urbains Montluçonnais (French: Montluçon Urban Transport; Montluçon, France)
- Truck Utility Medium
- Tveit Union Musikkorps (Kristiansand, Norway)
- Target Under Missile Attack
- Thumb Up My Ass
- Tumacacori National Historic Park (US National Park Service)
- Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality
- Towards User Modelling and Adaptive Systems for All (elearning)
- The Unsinkable Molly Brown (movie)
- Tulane University Marching Band (New Orleans, LA)
- Tabernacle United Methodist Church (Poquoson, VA)
- Tawas United Methodist Church (Tawas City, Michigan)
- Temecula United Methodist Church (California; est. 1987)
- Trailwood United Methodist Church (Grand Prairie, TX)
- Trinity United Methodist Church (various locations)
- Turnagain United Methodist Church (Anchorage, AK)
- Texas Undergraduate Moot Court Association
- Texas United Methodist College Association (Abilene, TX)


text: Patterns and Sequence Stick Kids Workbook, Grade K (Stick Kids Workbooks) Price: $1.55 Blockhead: The Life of Fibonacci Price: $10.03 Short Story Sequencing Price: $3.50 What's Next, Nina? (Math Matters (Kane Press Paperback)) Price: $2.94 Growing Patterns: Fibonacci Numbers in Nature Price: $8.99 Wild Fibonacci: Nature's Secret Code Revealed Price: $47.48 Horrible Harry Cracks the Code Price: $1.00 Rabbit's Pajama Party (MathStart 1) Price: $15.10 Beep Beep, Vroom Vroom! (MathStart 1) Price: $124.62 One...Two...Three...Sassafras! (MathStart 1) Price: $41.26 Caring Capitalism: A New Middle Class Base for the Welfare State Price: $57.00


text:
- News
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- Health
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- Technology
Gabriola Island residents should not have veto power over a possible bridge to Vancouver Island, a Nanaimo man says.
The B.C. Ministry of Transportation is asking people to reconsider bridges between small island communities and mainland Vancouver Island, during its series of consultation meetings this winter. The idea is one of several to cut $26 million from minor ferry routes.
It is not the first time the bridge idea has resurfaced as a cost saving measure. In 2008, then B.C. Ferries CEO David Hahn called for a poll to investigate the willingness of Gabriola residents to see a toll bridge built to Nanaimo, a move he said could be cheaper than a ferry over the long term. Sixty-five per cent of people who participated in that survey said they weren't interested in doing further research into the idea and the idea seemed quashed, according to those opposed to the idea.
Stan Reist, a Nanaimo resident, however, is pleased the idea has come up again for discussion and doesn't want Gabriola Islanders to have control over the decision to investigate a bridge if it could be a cost-saving measure for B.C. taxpayers.
"Are we going to let Gabriola Island, a town of something like 6,000 people, decide what happens to our transportation system?" Reist said. "This affects all taxpayers... if the link proves to be cheaper than a ferry then we need to go with it."
Dyan Dunsmoor-Farley, vice-chairwoman of the Gabriola Ferry Advisory Committee, argues that Gabriola will be most affected by a new bridge and so should have the strongest voice.
"We all pay into the B.C. transportation system," she said. "But we don't get to say yes or no to a highway that cuts through a community . . . because we are not the ones affected by it daily."
Howard Houle, regional district director for Gabriola, believes if the government did indicate that bridges should replace ferries on minor routes then likely no one would get a say. Government would just build it.
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text:
0 Votes
Always seems to happen long before retirement. When you work with Computers at the Hardware Level it's already happened.
Working as a Help Desk Tech just means that you never had any Sanity to begin with.
What happens after retirement isn't a loss of something you have already lost it's just a far more noticeable deterioration of the existing complaint.
Or so I've been told by Medical Professionals. :0