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Music Therapy Moves Out of the Basement
In 1995, Berklee's brand-new Music Therapy Department was a closet that had been converted into an office in the basement of the building at 22 The Fenway. Today the department makes its home at 7 Haviland Street, in the newly refurbished space that was formerly Fenway Health. Half of the first floor has been transformed into a classroom, Resource Center, Music Therapy Institute, and offices for music therapy faculty and staff. Here, students hone their talents to help people of all ages become healthier, more whole, better able to fulfill their goals, and on their way to living life more fully and creatively.
In its first year, I was the sole member of the department. Today, there are 10 faculty and two staff members. The community outreach and research efforts of the department have expanded so significantly that the Music Therapy Institute was established to manage the many contracts, policies, and procedures that are required for field-work sites, independent contractors like field supervisors, research projects, and grants. The institute currently oversees two generous grants from the CVS Caremark Charitable Trust and the Grousbeck Family Foundation. The Arthur Flagler Fultz Research Award also sponsored research that resulted in a recent Journal of Music Therapy article coauthored by me, field supervisor Joan Butterfield-Whitcomb, and students Mayu Kawata and Brett Collins.
Today our department is preparing nearly 100 students and interns to become music therapists. In the course of their training, our students work in different clinical settings. They gain the necessary skills and competencies to deliver music therapy services to children in special-education classrooms, older adults, individuals with psychiatric conditions, and medical patients. They also work with adolescents referred by the Department of Youth Services or with elders in their research practicum. Nearly 40 highly qualified music therapists supervise these students, a dozen of whom are Berklee graduates. The clinical settings are some of the finest educational and health-care settings in the world, including Harvard Medical School training sites and highly respected community agencies.
Upon completion of their coursework, students intern in approved clinical training facilities around the country and in Europe. Berklee students are highly sought after in these internships, and are often hired as permanent staff members after their internships. Our graduates are working in hospitals, schools, community centers, senior/nursing facilities, private practice, and other settings.
The music therapy profession is becoming more prevalent and credible as nontraditional treatments such as massage and acupuncture have entered mainstream medicine. This openness to alternative therapeutic approaches has spawned the new field of integrative medicine, and music therapy is benefitting from increased attention to this specialty and the now-recognized connection between mind and body. Berklee's music therapy program is leading the way in research and publications expounding on the impact of music on the mind, body, and soul.
New initiatives focus on innovations through technology. A course in assistive music technology for visually impaired musicians, which was developed by Professor Chi Gook Kim, enables Berklee students with visual challenges to complete the curriculum and participate in recording, writing, transcribing, and performing music through a variety of applications.
Recognizing Berklee's visionary work in technology, Visiting Professor Dr. Wendy Magee received funding in 2009 from the U.K.-based Leverhulme Trust to study the implementation of music-therapy technologies in health care and special-education settings. Her groundbreaking research at Berklee culminated in a music therapy technology symposium in 2010. The following year, Professor Richard Boulanger spearheaded an effort with faculty-student teams in Berklee's Electronic Production and Design and Music Therapy departments to create new technology solutions to meet the needs of children with special needs and to answer research questions of the Music Therapy faculty. As a result, a new specialty in electronic designs for the field of music therapy is coming into its own. In November, Berklee faculty and students will offer a continuing education institute at the American Music Therapy Association annual conference to train clinicians in these new applications.
Music therapy has worked its way out of the basement and into a highly visible and respected place in the local community and around the world. Berklee has provided the resources to support the growth of this fulfilling career, and our gifted faculty and students are building new ways to define and practice their craft. Their work helps people who otherwise might not have access to music therapy services. Slowly-one person at a time-we are making the world more healthy and musical.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Three men forced their way into singer Chris Brown's Tarzana home early Wednesday, ordered a family member into a closet at gunpoint and made off with cash and electronics, police said.
The men, disguised with ski masks and at least one armed with a gun, went into the home in the 19600 block of Citrus Ridge Drive about 2 a.m. and pulled the gun on a female relative who was home alone, said LAPD Officer Liliana Preciado.
Chris Brown is from Tappahannock, Va.
The woman, identified by KTLA as Brown's aunt, heard a commotion outside the home and...
Gomez was presented with this badge at his retirement ceremony Friday.


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Freshwater ecosystems in the Arctic
This is Section 8.2 of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
Lead Authors: Frederick J.Wrona,Terry D. Prowse, James D. Reist; Contributing Authors: Richard Beamish, John J. Gibson, John Hobbie, Erik Jeppesen, Jackie King, Guenter Koeck, Atte Korhola, Lucie Lévesque, Robie Macdonald, Michael Power,Vladimir Skvortsov,Warwick Vincent; Consulting Authors: Robert Clark, Brian Dempson, David Lean, Hannu Lehtonen, Sofia Perin, Richard Pienitz, Milla Rautio, John Smol, Ross Tallman, Alexander Zhulidov
General features of the Arctic relevant to freshwater ecosystems (8.2.1)
The nature and severity of climate and weather have a strong influence on the hydrology and ecology of arctic freshwater ecosystems[6]. Arctic climate has several prominent features that show extensive variation along strong latitudinal gradients. These include extreme seasonality and severity in temperature extremes (i.e., long, cold winters and relatively short, warm summers, both of which persist long enough to limit biota because of physiological thresholds); high intra- and inter-annual variability in temperature and precipitation; and strong seasonally driven latitudinal gradients in incident solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiation levels, to name a few. Extended low temperatures result in extensive ice cover for long periods of the year, significantly affecting physical, chemical, and biological processes in aquatic ecosystems. Extreme seasonality and low levels of incident radiation also have profound effects on aquatic ecosystems: much of this radiation may be reflected owing to the high albedo of ice and snow, especially during the critical early portions of the spring and summer. In addition, the thermal energy of a substantive portion of this incoming energy is used to melt ice, rendering it unavailable to biota. The timing of radiation is also important for some high latitude aquatic systems that receive a majority of their annual total prior to the melting of their ice cover. Low levels of precipitation generally occur throughout the Arctic and most of this falls as snow, resulting in limited and highly episodic local runoff.
The ecological consequences of these environmental extremes are profound. For instance, overall annual productivity of freshwater systems generally tends to be low because of low levels of nutrient inputs, low temperatures, prolonged periods of ice presence compared to temperate aquatic ecosystems, and short growing seasons[7]. In most cases, this results in slower growth and some longer-lived organisms. Seasonal variations in arctic aquatic processes are relatively high, resulting in various adaptations in the organisms that thrive there. In animals, such adaptations include high rates of food consumption when it is available, rapid conversion of food to lipids for energy storage, and later metabolism of stored lipids for over-winter maintenance, growth, and reproduction[8]. Additionally, some groups (e.g., fish) exhibit highly migratory behavior to optimize life-history functions, resulting in movements among different habitats triggered by environmental cues (e.g., dramatic temperature decreases) that usually coincide with transitions between particular seasons[9]. Migratory organisms such as waterfowl occupy a variety of habitats both seasonally and over their lifetime[10]. Hence, aquatic biota display a wide range of adaptation strategies to cope with the severe environmental conditions to which they are exposed[11]. A critical question is whether future changes in key climatic variables will occur at a rate and magnitude for which current freshwater species have sufficient phenotypic or genetic plasticity to adapt and survive.
Freshwater inputs into arctic aquatic ecosystems (8.2.2)
The source, timing, and magnitude of freshwater inputs to arctic freshwater ecosystems has important implications for the physical, chemical and biological properties, as well as the structure, function, and distribution of river, lake, pond, and wetland ecosystems in the Arctic.
Rainfall is a substantial freshwater source for ecosystems at more southerly latitudes, occurring for the most part during the extended summer season. Further north, snowfall dominates the annual freshwater budget. High latitude polar deserts receive low levels of precipitation and as such have a pronounced moisture deficit. Maritime locations generally receive greater quantities of snow and rain than continental regions.
The most important input of freshwater into aquatic ecosystems is often snowfall. It accumulates over autumn, winter, and spring, and partly determines the magnitude and severity of the spring freshet. Snowpack duration, away from the moderating influences of coastal climates, has been documented to range from ~180 days to more than 260 days[12]. In the spring, elevated levels of solar radiation often result in rapid snowmelt. Consequently, this rapid melt of the snowpack translates into spring runoff that can comprise a majority of the total annual flow, and be of very short-term duration – as little as only two to three weeks[13]. In addition, at higher latitudes, infiltration of this spring flush of water is constrained by the permafrost. Thus, spring meltwater may flow over land and enter rivers, or accumulate in the many muskegs, ponds, and lakes characteristic of low-lying tundra areas[14]. Meltwater can also have major impacts on the quality of water entering lakes and rivers. When highly acidic, it can produce "acid shock" in receiving waters. However, because the incoming meltwater is usually warmer than the lake water, it tends to pass through the lake with little mixing. The potential acidic spring pulse is therefore transient without any marked biological consequences, as documented by paleolimnological investigations[15].
During the summer, sources of water include not only rain, but also late or perennial snow patches, glaciers, thawing permafrost, and groundwater discharges[16] . As temperatures rise in response to climate change, these sources of water are likely to become more pronounced contributors to the annual water budgets of freshwater ecosystems, at least until their ice-based water reserves are depleted.
Groundwater can also have an important influence on the annual water budgets of arctic surface-water ecosystems. Permafrost greatly influences the levels and distribution of groundwater within the Arctic. Groundwater movement through aquifers is restricted by permafrost year-round, and by the frozen active layer for up to ten months of the year[17]. Three general types of groundwater systems occur in the Arctic: suprapermafrost, intra-permafrost, and sub-permafrost. Suprapermafrost groundwater lies above the permafrost table in the active layer during summer, and year-round under lakes and rivers that do not totally freeze to the bottom. Intra-permafrost water resides in unfrozen sections within the permafrost, such as tunnels called "taliks", which are located under alluvial flood plains and under drained or shallow lakes and swamps. Sub-permafrost water is located beneath the permafrost table. The thickness of the permafrost determines the availability of sub-permafrost water to freshwater ecosystems, acting as a relatively impermeable upper barrier.These three types of groundwater systems, which may be located in bedrock or in unconsolidated deposits, may interconnect with each other or with surface water[18] as outflows via springs, base flow in streams, and icings. Icings (also known as aufeis or naleds) are comprised of groundwater that freezes when it reaches the streambed during winter. Groundwater interactions with surface-water systems greatly influence water quality characteristics such as cation, anion, nutrient, and dissolved organic matter concentrations, and even the fate and behavior of toxic pollutants.
Structure and function of arctic freshwater ecosystems (8.2.3)
Arctic freshwater ecosystems are quite varied with respect to their type, physical and chemical characteristics, and their associated biota. Thus, the impacts of climate change and increased UV radiation levels will be variable and highly specific to particular freshwater ecosystems, their biota, and processes. Additionally, in some areas that span a wide latitudinal range (e.g., the arctic regions of Canada and Russia), similar types of freshwater systems exhibit a wide range of characteristics driven in part by latitudinal differences in the environment. These, in turn, will also respond differently to global change. Furthermore, the nature of connections between the various regions of the Arctic and non-arctic areas of the globe differ. Consequently, regional differences between the same types of aquatic systems are likely to exist, despite these being at the same latitude. In addition, historical differences in their development during recent geological time and geomorphic processes that have affected different regions (e.g., extent of Pleistocene glaciations, age, and connectivity to southern areas), will contribute to regional, subregional, and local variability in ecosystem structure and function.
Two major categories of freshwater ecosystems can be defined as lotic (flowing water) and lentic (standing water), but large variation in size, characteristics, and location is exhibited within each. Thus, large differences in response to climate change can be expected. For the purposes of this assessment, lotic ecosystems include rivers, streams, deltas, and estuaries, where flow regimes are a dominant hydrologic feature shaping their ecology. Lentic ecosystems include lakes, ponds, and wetlands (including bogs and peatlands). Although some wetland types may not have standing surface water at all times, they are considered lentic ecosystems for the purposes of this chapter.
Although the Arctic generally contains a relatively low number of aquatic bird and mammal species as compared to more temperate ecozones, it is home to most of the world's geese and calidrid sandpipers[19]. Migratory birds, including geese, ducks, swans, and gulls, can be particularly abundant in arctic coastal and inland wetlands, lakes, and deltas[20]. Most taxonomic groups within the Arctic are generally not very diverse at the species level, although some taxonomic groups (e.g., arctic freshwater fish; see section 22.214.171.124) have high diversity at and below the species level (e.g., display a large number of ecological morphs). In addition, arctic freshwater systems generally exhibit strong longitudinal gradients in biodiversity, ranging from extremely low biodiversity in high-latitude, low-productivity systems to very diverse and highly productive coastal delta–estuarine habitats[21]. Very little is known about the biological and functional diversity of taxa such as bacteria/virus, phytoplankton, and zooplankton/macroinvertebrate communities that reside in arctic aquatic ecosystems, despite their undoubted importance as key components of freshwater food webs[22].
Rivers and streams, deltas, and estuaries (126.96.36.199)
Rivers and streams
Arctic rivers and streams are most densely distributed in lowlands, including those in Fennoscandia and the Interior Plain of Canada, often in association with lakes and wetlands. Lotic ecosystems include large northward flowing rivers such as the Mackenzie River in Canada (Fig. 8.2), high-gradient mountain rivers, and slowflowing tundra streams that may be ephemeral and flow only during short periods in the early spring. Flowing water systems represent a continuum, from the smallest to largest, and although subdividing them at times is arbitrary, river systems of different sizes do vary in terms of their hydrology, water quality, species composition, and direction and magnitude of response to changing climatic conditions. This is particularly relevant in the Arctic, where river catchments may be wholly within the Arctic or extend southward to more temperate locations.
In general, the large rivers of the Arctic have headwaters well south of the Arctic as defined in this chapter (Fig. 8.2; see section 6.8 for a review of major arctic rivers and their historical flow trends), and as such act as conduits of heat, water, nutrients, contaminants, sediment, and biota northward[23]. For such systems, not only will local effects of climate change be important, but basin-wide effects, especially those in the south, will also be critical in determining cumulative effects[24]. Five of the ten largest rivers in the world fall into this category: the Lena, Ob, and Yenisey Rivers in Russia, the Mackenzie River in Canada, and the Yukon River in Canada and Alaska. These rivers have substantive effects on the entire Arctic, including the freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean and the hydro-ecology of coastal deltas and related marine shelves. Various portions of these rivers are regulated[25], the most affected being the Yenisey River, which is also the largest of the group and the one projected to experience significant further impoundment (an increase of ~50%) over the next few decades[26]. For northern aquatic systems, the effects of impoundment on water quantity and quality are wide-ranging, and are expected to be exacerbated by the effects of climate change[27].
Numerous smaller, but still substantive, rivers also drain much of the Arctic and may arise from headwaters outside of the Arctic. These include the Severnaya Dvina and Pechora Rivers that drain much of the Russian European North, the Khatanga River of Siberia, the Kolyma River of eastern Siberia, and the Churchill and Nelson Rivers that drain much of central Canada and supply water to the Arctic Ocean via Hudson Bay. Although these rivers are much smaller than those in the first group, they are more numerous and in many cases are affected by a similar suite of anthropogenic factors, including agriculture, hydroelectric impoundment, industrialization, mining, and forestry, many of which occur outside of the Arctic and, as climate change progresses, may become more prominent both within and outside of the Arctic.
Still smaller types of lotic systems include medium to small rivers that arise wholly within the Arctic. Examples include the Thelon River in Canada, the Colville River in Alaska, the Anadyr River in Chukotka, many rivers throughout Siberia, and the Tana River of Scandinavia. In many cases, these rivers do not presently have the same degree of local anthropogenic impacts as the previous two types. Despite some level of anthropogenic impacts, many of these arctic rivers harbor some of the largest and most stable populations of important and widely distributed arctic freshwater species. For example, many of the most viable wild populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are extant in northern systems such as the Tana River of northern Norway, despite widespread declines in southern areas[28].
Most of the rivers noted above share an important characteristic: their main channels continue flowing throughout the winter, typically beneath ice cover, due to some type of continuous freshwater input from warm southern headwaters, lakes, and/or groundwater inflows. As such, they typically have higher levels of productivity and biodiversity than arctic rivers that do not flow during winter. This latter group consists of numerous rivers that are even smaller and found throughout the Arctic. Fed primarily by snowmelt, they exhibit high vernal flows dropping to low base flows during the summer, with perhaps small and ephemeral flow peaks during summer and autumn precipitation events prior to freeze-up. Glaciers also feed many of these smaller arctic rivers (e.g., in Alaska and Greenland), thus snowmelt feeds initial vernal flows, and glacial melt maintains flows at a relatively high level throughout the summer. Most of these small arctic rivers stop flowing at some point during the winter and freeze to the bottom throughout large reaches. Such is the case for many small rivers in Region 1, those to the east in Region 2, and the coastal rivers of Chukotka, northern Alaska, and northwestern Canada (Region 3). This hydrology has important implications for the biota present (e.g., habitat and productivity restrictions), and climate change will have important ramifications for such ecosystems (e.g., cascading effects of changes in productivity, migratory routes).
Although the division between rivers and streams is somewhat arbitrary, as a class, local streams are numerous and found throughout the Arctic in association with all types of landforms. Streams feed water and nutrients to lacustrine environments and act as the first-order outflows from many tundra lakes, thus providing connectivity between different aquatic environments and between terrestrial and aquatic systems.
The ecology of arctic rivers and streams is as diverse as are the systems themselves, and is driven in part by size, location, catchment characteristics, nutrient loads, and sources of water. Correspondingly, biotic food webs of arctic rivers (Fig. 8.3) vary with river size, geographic area, and catchment characteristics. For example, benthic algae and mosses, and benthic invertebrate fauna associated with fine sediments, are more common in smaller, slower-flowing rivers and streams, while fish populations are limited in small rivers that freeze over the winter[29]. Changes to river ecology, whether they are bottom-up (e.g., changes in nutrient loading from catchments will affect primary productivity) or top-down (e.g., predatory fish removal with habitat loss will affect lower-level species productivity and abundance), will affect not only river systems, but also receiving waters. Rivers fed primarily by glaciers are physically dynamic and nutrient-poor, and as such offer challenging environments for primary production and invertebrate communities[30]. Spring-fed streams with stable environments of clear water, year-round habitat, and higher winter temperatures exhibit greater diversity in primary producers, including mosses and diatoms, and lower trophic levels such as insects[31]. Tundra streams tend to be ephemeral and low in pH and nutrients, with correspondingly low productivity. Medium-sized rivers, especially those draining lakes, typically have moderate to high levels of productivity and associated diversity in invertebrate fauna, which in turn are affected by such things as suspended sediment loads. For example, clear-flowing rivers of the Canadian Shield have higher biodiversity at lower trophic levels (e.g., invertebrates) than very turbid rivers of the lowlands of Siberia and the Interior Plain of Canada[32]. In general, fish diversity in arctic rivers appears to be related primarily to the size of the river and its associated drainage basin; thus similarly sized rivers differing greatly in suspended sediment loads tend to have a similar overall diversity of fish species. However, the suite of species present differs between clear (e.g., preferred by chars) and sediment rich (e.g., preferred by whitefishes) rivers. Historical factors such as deglaciation events and timing also figure prominently in determining biodiversity at higher trophic levels in these systems[33].
Another ecological feature of arctic rivers, and one that is likely to be significantly affected by climate change, is that of anadromy or sea-run life histories of many of the fish species present (section 8.5). That is, most of the salmonid fishes found in the Arctic, and several species of other families, use marine environments extensively for summer feeding and, in some instances, for substantial portions of their life history (e.g., much of salmon life history occurs in marine waters). These fish, and to some extent waterfowl, provide a fundamental ecological linkage between freshwater systems, estuarine systems, and marine systems of the Arctic. For such organisms, the effects of changes in climate and UV radiation levels on each environment will be integrated throughout the life of the individual and hence be cumulative in nature.
Deltas and estuaries
Deltas are highly diverse ecosystems that lie at the interface between rivers and lakes or oceans, providing a variety of freshwater habitats that are highly seasonal in nature. The most notable deltas in the Arctic are those of the Lena River in Russia and the Mackenzie River in Canada, where easily eroded sedimentary landscapes contribute to heavy sediment loading in rivers and deltas. Habitats include extensive wetlands, which cover up to 100% of the Mackenzie Delta[34], and many ponds and lakes frequented by small mammals, fish, and waterfowl. Arctic deltas are ice-covered for the majority of the year, although flows continue in their major channels throughout the year. A critical hydrologic feature of these systems is the occurrence of ice jams and associated ice-jam floods, both of which are paramount in the maintenance of delta ecosystems[35]. Spring overland floods are critical to the recharge of delta lakes, such as those of the Yukon, Colville[36], Mackenzie[37], and Slave Rivers[38] in North America, and the Yenisey, Lena, Kolyma, and Indigirka Rivers in Siberia[39]. Flooding during spring breakup also provides sediments and nutrients to deltas[40], which in turn help sustain unique and highly productive habitats for plant and animal species, including fish, waterfowl, and small mammals such as muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)[41]. The drastic changes in delta hydrology with seasonal and interannual shifts in flow regimes, and the effect of wind-related disturbance on delta waters, have important implications for delta hydro-ecology. Hence, given the transient and sensitive nature of delta hydro-ecology, climate change is likely to have significant impacts in these areas of the Arctic.
River hydrology not only affects the hydro-ecology of deltas, but also that of estuaries. Examples of large deltas and associated estuaries include the Mackenzie River in Canada, and the Lena, Ob, and Yenisey Rivers in Russia. Arctic estuaries are distinct from those at more southerly latitudes in that their discharge is highly seasonal and ice cover is a key hydrologic variable influencing the ecology of the systems. Winter flows are typically between 5 and 10% of the annual average[42], and estuarine waters are often vertically stratified beneath the ice cover. This may promote the formation of frazil ice at the freshwater–saltwater boundary. Freshwaters that flow into estuaries during winter typically retain their chemical loads until stratification deteriorates with loss of ice cover. In estuaries that are less than 2 meters (m) deep, river discharges in late winter may be impeded by ice and diverted offshore through erosional channels or by tidal inflows[43]. High-magnitude freshwater discharges in spring carry heavy sediment loads and flow beneath the ice, gradually mixing with saltwater as breakup progresses in the estuary; these discharges dominate estuarine waters when landward fluxes of seawater are less pronounced.
Freshwater inflows from large arctic rivers carry sediment, nutrients, and biota to coastal areas, thereby contributing to the highly productive nature of estuaries and related marine shelves. Furthermore, this production is fostered by the complex nearshore dynamics associated with mixing of water masses differing in density, which in turn, increase the complexity of biological communities[44]. Hence, estuaries provide a significant food source for anadromous species compared to what is available to them from adjacent freshwater streams[45]. This productivity typically results in large populations of fish that are important to local fisheries (e.g., Arctic char – Salvelinus alpinus, Atlantic salmon) and integral to the food web supporting other arctic organisms such as waterfowl, shorebirds, and marine mammals. The fish populations are keystone components affecting energy transfer (Fig. 8.4). Many anadromous fishes in these systems (e.g., Arctic cisco – Coregonus autumnalis, Dolly Varden – Salvelinus malma, rainbow smelt – Osmerus mordax) overwinter in freshened coastal and estuarine waters that are often used for feeding and rearing during the summer. Fishes migrate upstream in freshwater systems to spawn, and in some cases to overwinter. Given the intimate interaction of anadromous fishes with freshwater and marine environments in these delta/estuary systems, climate-induced changes in freshwater and marine ice and hydrology will significantly affect the life histories of these fishes.
Shorebirds and seabirds that utilize freshwater and/or estuarine habitats, linking freshwater and marine environments, include the red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicaria), parasitic jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus), red knot (Calidris canutus), dunlin (C. alpina), long-tailed jaeger (S. longicaudus), northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), white-rumped sandpiper (C. fuscicollis), western sandpiper (C. mauri), rednecked stint (C. ruficollis), Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus), black-bellied plover (Pluvialis squatarola), semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus), and ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Another important feature of estuarine ecosystems is the potential for transfers (e.g., by waterfowl and anadromous fishes) of significant nutrient loads from marine to freshwater habitats[46]. Deltas and estuaries also have high rates of sedimentation and potentially significant rates of sediment suspension, and as such can be important sinks and sources of terrestrial organic carbon[47] and contaminants[48], and are thereby capable of producing both positive and negative impacts on the aquatic biota in these systems.
Lakes, ponds, and wetlands (22.214.171.124)
Lentic ecosystems of the Arctic are diverse and include an abundance of lakes of varying size, shallow tundra ponds that may contain water only seasonally, and wetlands such as peatlands that are notable stores and sources of carbon. These freshwater systems provide a rich diversity of habitats that are highly seasonal and/or ephemeral.
Lakes and ponds
Arctic lakes are typically prevalent on low-lying landscapes, such as coastal and interior plains (e.g., the Canadian Interior Plain and the Finnish Lowlands). There are many kettle (produced by the melting of buried glacial ice), moraine, and ice-scour lakes on the undulating terrain of postglacial arctic landscapes (e.g., the Canadian Shield, Fennoscandia, and the Kola Peninsula;[49]). Thermokarst lakes are also quite common in the Arctic (e.g., along the Alaskan coast and in Siberia), developing in depressions formed by thawing permafrost. Small ponds also dominate portions of the Arctic landscape (e.g., the low-lying terrain of Fennoscandia); typically less than 2 meters (m) deep, these freeze solid over the winter.
Local catchments are typically the primary source of water for arctic lakes[50]. Spring runoff originates from snow accumulation on lake ice, hillslope runoff[51], and lateral overflow from wetlands and streams[52]. Outlets of small lakes may be snow-dammed, and eventually release rapid and large flows downstream[53]. Arctic lakes also experience considerable evaporative water loss, sometimes resulting in the formation of athalassic (i.e., not of marine origin) saline systems. Water loss may also occur through seepage, which is common in lakes underlain by taliks in the discontinuous permafrost[54] zone.
The hydro-ecology of the many small arctic lakes is intimately linked with climatic conditions. The timing and speed of lake-ice melt depend on the rate of temperature increase in late spring and early summer, wind, and inflow of basin meltwater and terrestrial heat exchanges (e.g., groundwater inflow, geothermal input, heat loss to maintain any underlying talik)[55]. Some lakes in the high Arctic retain ice cover throughout the year, while some thermal stratification can occur in arctic lakes where breakup occurs more quickly. In northern Fennoscandia, for example, lakes >10 m deep are usually stratified during the summer and have well-developed thermoclines[56]. In contrast, many high-arctic lakes mix vertically, thereby reducing thermal stratification[57]. Similarly, small shallow lakes do not stratify because they warm quickly and are highly wind-mixed. Heat loss from arctic lakes tends to be rapid in late summer and early autumn and often results in complete mixing. Consequently, shallow lakes and ponds will freeze to the bottom over winter. The duration and thickness of lake-ice cover in larger lakes increases with latitude, reaching thicknesses of up to 2.5 m, and can even be perennial over some years in extreme northern arctic Canada and Greenland[58]. In addition to air temperature, the insulating effect of snow inversely affects ice thickness. Any shifts in the amounts and timing of snowfall will be important determinants of future ice conditions, which in turn will affect the physical and chemical dynamics of these systems.
The abundance and diversity of biota, productivity, and food web structure in arctic lakes varies regionally with environmental conditions and locally with the physical characteristics of individual lakes (Fig. 8.5). For example, lakes across the Russian European North vary from small, oligotrophic tundra systems (having moderate phytoplankton diversity, low primary productivity and biomass, and relatively high zoobenthos abundance) to larger taiga lakes (displaying greater species diversity and higher primary and secondary productivity and biomass). Mountain lakes of the region tend to have very low phytoplankton diversity, but substantial primary and secondary productivity and biomass, similar to that of taiga lakes. In general, the abundance and diversity of phytoplankton and invertebrates such as rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans increase with lake trophic status[59], which is often a function of latitudinal constraints on resources for productivity. For example, some Icelandic lakes have phytoplankton production levels of >100 g C/m2/yr[60], contrasting with extremely oligotrophic high-arctic lakes that have phytoplankton production levels of <10 g C/m2/yr. Although zooplankton are generally limited and at times absent in arctic lakes due to temperature and nutrient limitations, they may be quite abundant in shallow lakes where there is a lack of predators. For example, more than 30 Cladocera species have been documented in certain Finnish Lapland lakes, although generally most of them contain fewer than 10 species[61]. Benthic invertebrate species diversity and abundance also display high latitudinal and inter-lake variability and may be significant in shallow lakes and ponds[62]. For example, in lakes of the Svalbard region, chironomid larvae are often numerically dominant but display low diversity (~10 species;[63]), while more than 49 species have been identified in more southerly Norwegian lakes. Fish in arctic lakes are generally not very diverse, ranging from a few species (one to three) in lakes of Greenland[64], Iceland[65], the Faroe Islands, northwest Scandinavia, and the Kola Peninsula, up to several tens of species near the Pechora River in Russia. These fish may be anadromous or landlocked, depending on life histories and lake–river networks.
In general, tundra ponds tend to have very low annual primary productivity, dominated by macrophytes and benthic bacteria and algae[66]. The detrital food web is highly important in these systems and phytoplankton growth is limited by nutrients and light. Zooplankton are abundant because fish are mostly absent in these shallow systems; hence, algal turnover is rapid in response to heavy grazing by herbivorous zooplankton[67]. Pond vegetation typically includes horsetail (Equisetum spp.), water smartweed (Polygonum amphibium), duckweed (Lemna spp.), and pondweed (Potamogeton spp.)[68], and the resulting plant detritus tends to be mineralized rather than grazed upon. Figure 8.6 illustrates a typical tundra pond food web.
Ponds, as well as lakes and wetlands (discussed below), provide habitat that is critical to a wide variety of waterfowl, as well as small mammals. Typical waterfowl in the Arctic include the Canada goose (Branta canadensis), bean goose (Anser fabalis), snow goose (A. caerulescens), black brent (B. bernicla), eider (Somateria mollissima), oldsquaw duck (Clangula hyemalis), red-throated loon (Gavia stellata), yellow-billed loon (G. adamsii), Arctic loon (G. arctica), tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus), ringnecked duck (Aythya collaris), canvasback duck (A. valisineria), greater scaup (A. marila), and king eider (S. spectabilis). Some of the most severely endangered species in the world, including the once-abundant Eskimo curlew (Numenius borealis), the Steller's eider (Polysticta stelleri), and the spectacled eider (S. fischeri), are dependent on arctic freshwater systems[69]. These and other bird species have been affected by a combination of factors such as over-harvesting and changes in terrestrial habitat quality and quantity or some perturbation at sea related to climate variability and/or change[70]. Coastal and inland wetlands, deltas, and ponds are common feeding and breeding grounds for many species of waterfowl in the spring and summer months. Some more southerly or subarctic ponds, small lakes, and wetlands can also contain thriving populations of aquatic mammals such as muskrat and beaver (Castor canadensis).
Wetlands are among the most abundant and biologically productive aquatic ecosystems in the Arctic, and occur most commonly as marshes, bogs, fens, peatlands, and shallow open waters[71]. Approximately 3.5 million kilometers squared (km2) of boreal and subarctic peatlands exist in Russia, Canada, the United States, and Fennoscandia[72]. Arctic wetlands are densely distributed in association with river and coastal deltas (e.g., the Lena and Mackenzie Deltas), and low-lying landscapes (e.g., the Finnish and Siberian lowlands and substantive portions of the Canadian Interior Plain). Wetlands are generally less abundant in Region 4 (up to 50% in isolated areas).
Wetlands are a common feature in the Arctic due in large part to the prominence of permafrost and the low rates of evapotranspiration. Aside from precipitation and meltwater, wetlands may also be sustained by groundwater, as is the case for fens, which are more nutrient-rich, productive wetland systems than bogs, which are fed solely by precipitation. Arctic wetlands may have standing water in the ice-free season or, as in the case of peatlands, may have sporadic and patchy pools.The occurrence of these pools exhibits high seasonal and interannual variability resulting from heat and water fluxes, and high spatial variability resulting from peatland microtopography. As such, arctic wetlands often have a diverse mosaic of microhabitats with different water levels, flow characteristics, and biota. The biogeochemistry of arctic wetlands is also generally distinct from other arctic freshwater systems, with lower dissolved oxygen concentrations, more extreme reducing conditions in sediments, and more favorable conditions for biodegradation[73].
Arctic wetlands are highly productive and diverse systems, as they often are important transition zones between uplands and more permanent freshwater and marine water bodies. They are typically dominated by hydrophytic vegetation, with a few species of mosses and sedges, and in some instances terrestrial species such as lichens, shrubs, and trees (e.g., forested bogs in the mountains of Siberia). Insects such as midges (chironomids) and mosquitoes are among the most abundant fauna in arctic wetlands[74]. Peatland pools in arctic Finland, for example, host thriving populations of midges that are more abundant and have greater biomass in areas of standing water than in semiterrestrial sites, and are an important food source for many peatland bird species[75].
Aside from habitat provision, river-flow attenuation, and a number of other ecological functions, wetlands also store and potentially release a notable amount of carbon, with potential positive feedbacks to climate change (e.g., radiative forcing by methane – CH4 and carbon dioxide – CO2). It is estimated that northern peatlands store approximately 455 Pg of carbon[76], which is nearly one-third of the global carbon pool in terrestrial soils. As well, northern wetlands contribute between 5 and 10% of global CH4 emissions[77]. The role of arctic and subarctic wetlands as net sinks or sources of carbon (Fig. 8.7) is highly dependent on the seasonal water budget and levels; the brief and intense period of summer primary productivity (during which photosynthetic assimilation and respiration of CO2, and bacterial metabolism and CH4 generation, may be most active); soil type; active-layer depth; and extent of permafrost. Methane and CO2 production can occur beneath the snowpack and ice of arctic wetlands. Winter and particularly spring emissions can account for a significant proportion of the annual total efflux of these gases[78]. Arctic wetlands typically represent net sources of carbon during spring melt and as plants senesce in autumn, shifting to net carbon sinks as leaf-out and growth progress[79]. The future status of wetlands as carbon sinks or sources will therefore depend on changes in vegetation, temperature, and soil conditions. Similarly, carbon cycling in lakes, ponds, and rivers will be sensitive to direct (e.g., rising temperatures affecting rates of carbon processing) and indirect (e.g., changes in catchments affecting carbon loading) effects of climate change. Section 7.5 provides a more detailed treatment of carbon cycling and dynamics in Arctic terrestrial and aquatic landscapes.
Chapter 8: Freshwater Ecosystems and Fisheries
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Freshwater ecosystems in the Arctic
8.3. Historical changes in freshwater ecosystems
8.4. Climate change effects
8.4.1. Broad-scale effects on freshwater systems
8.4.2. Effects on hydro-ecology of contributing basins
8.4.3. Effects on general hydro-ecology
8.4.4. Changes in aquatic biota and ecosystem structure and function
8.5. Climate change effects on arctic fish, fisheries, and aquatic wildlife
8.5.1. Information required to project responses of arctic fish
8.5.2. Approaches to projecting climate change effects on arctic fish populations
8.5.3. Climate change effects on arctic freshwater fish populations
8.5.4. Effects of climate change on arctic anadromous fish
8.5.5. Impacts on arctic freshwater and anadromous fisheries
8.5.6. Impacts on aquatic birds and mammals
8.6. Ultraviolet radiation effects on freshwater ecosystems
8.7. Global change and contaminants
8.8. Key findings, science gaps, and recommendations
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–Rautio, M., 2001. Zooplankton assemblages related to environmental characteristics in treeline ponds in Finnish Lapland. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 33:289–298.
^Chapin, F.S. III and C. Körner, 1994. Arctic and alpine biodiversity: patterns, causes and ecosystem consequences. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9:45–47.
–Hansen, T., 1983. Bunnfaunastudier i et vassdrag pa Svalbard. Thesis, University of Oslo.
–Hobbie, J.E., 1984. Polar limnology. In: F.B. Taub (ed.). Lakes and Reservoirs. Ecosystems of the World, 23:63–104.
–Jørgensen, I. and J.A. Eie, 1993. The distribution of zooplankton, zoobenthos and fish in lakes and ponds of the Mossel peninsula, Svalbard. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Forskningsrapport 45. Trondheim, 25pp. (In Norewgian).
–Vadeboncoeur, Y., E. Jeppesen, M.J. Vander Zanden, H.-H. Schierup, K. Christoffersen and D.M. Lodge, 2003. From Greenland to green lakes: cultural eutrophication and the loss of benthic pathways in lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 48:1408–1418.
^Hirvenoja, M., 1967. Chironomidae and Culicidae (Dipt.) from Spitsbergen. Annales Entomologici Fennici, 33:52–61.
–Planas, D., 1994. The high north: present and perspectives. In: R. Margalef (ed.), Limnology Now: A Paradigm of Planetary Problems, pp. 315–351, Elsevier.
–Styczynski, B. and S. Rakusa-Susczczewski, 1963. Tendipedidae of selectedwater habitats of Hornsrund region (Spitsbergen). Polish Archives of Hydrobiology, 11:327–341.
- ^Riget, F., E. Jeppesen, F. Landkildehus, T.L. Lauridsen, P. Geertz-Hansen, K. Christoffersen and H. Sparholt, 2000. Landlocked arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) population structure and lake morphometry in Greenland – is there a connection? Polar Biology, 23:550–558.
- ^Sandlund, O.T., K. Gunnarsson, P.M. Jónasson, B. Jónsson, T. Lindem, K.P. Magnússon, H.J. Malmquist, H. Sigurjónsdóttir, S. Skúlason and S.S. Snorrason, 1992. The Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in Thingvallavatn. Oikos, 64:305–351.
- ^Hobbie, J.E., 1980. Limnology of Tundra Ponds: Barrow, Alaska. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, 514pp.
- ^Hobbie, J.E., 1980. Limnology of Tundra Ponds: Barrow, Alaska. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, 514pp.
- ^Zhadin, V.I. and S.V. Gerd, 1961. Fauna and Flora of the Rivers, Lakes and Reservoirs of the U.S.S.R. Moskva, 626pp. Smithsonian Institution and National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., Technical Translation No. 63-1116.Translated by Israel Program of Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel, 1963.
- ^Groombridge, B. and M.D. Jenkins, 2002. World Atlas of Biodiversity. Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University of California Press, 340pp.
^CAFF, 2001. Arctic Flora and Fauna: Status and Conservation. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Helsinki, 272 pp.
–Groombridge, B. and M.D. Jenkins, 2002. World Atlas of Biodiversity. Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University of California Press, 340pp.
^Mitsch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink, 1993. Wetlands.Van Nostrand Reinhold, 722pp.
–Moore, J.J., 1981. Mires. In: L.C. Bliss, O.W. Heal and J.J. Moore (eds.). Tundra Ecosystems: A Comparative Analysis, pp. 35–37. Cambridge University Press.
- ^Gorham, E., 1991. Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecological Applications, 1:182–195.
- ^Wetzel, R.G., 2001. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems.Third Edition. Academic Press, 1006pp.
- ^Marshall, S.A., A.T. Finnamore and D.C.A. Blades, 1999. Canadian peatlands: the terrestrial arthropod fauna. In: D.P. Batzer, R.B. Rader and S.A.Wissinger (eds.). Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of North America: Ecology and Management, pp. 383–400. John Wiley and Sons.
- ^Paasivirta, L.,T. Lahti and T. Perätie, 1988. Emergence, phenology and ecology of aquatic and semi-terrestrial Insects on a boreal raised bog in central Finland. Holarctic Ecology, 11:96–105.
- ^Gorham, E., 1991. Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecological Applications, 1:182–195.
- ^UNEP, 2003. Review of the interlinkages between biological diversity and climate change, and advice on the integration of biodiversity considerations into the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/9/11.
^e.g., West Siberia.
–Panikov, N.S. and S.N. Dedysh, 2000. Cold season CH4 and CO2 emission from boreal peat bogs (West Siberia): winter fluxes and thaw activation dynamics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14:1071–1080.
^e.g., Aurela, M., J.-P. Tuovinen and T. Laurila, 1998. Carbon dioxide exchange in a subarctic peatland ecosystem in northern Europe measured by the eddy covariance technique. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D10):11289–11301.
–Aurela, M.,T. Laurila and J.-P. Tuovinen, 2001. Seasonal CO2 balances of a subarctic mire. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(D2): 1623–1637.
–Joabsson, A. and T.R. Christensen, 2001. Methane emissions from wetlands and their relationship with vascular plants: an Arctic example. Global Change Biology, 7:919–932.
–Laurila, T., H. Soegaard, C.R. Lloyd, M. Aurela, J.-P.Tuovinen and C. Nordstroem, 2001. Seasonal variations of net CO2 exchange in European Arctic ecosystems. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 70:183–201.
–Nordstroem, C., H. Soegaard, T.R. Christensen, T. Friborg and B.U. Hansen, 2001. Seasonal carbon dioxide balance and respiration of a high-arctic fen ecosystem in NE-Greenland.Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 70:149–166.


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Financial Literacy Resources
This site is sponsored by the US Department of Education. Federal Student Aid is the largest provider of student financial aid in the nation. At the office of Federal Student Aid, our 1,200 employees help make college education possible for every dedicated mind by providing more than $150 billion in federal grants, loans, and work-study funds each year to more than 15 million students paying for college or career school. We are proud to sponsor millions of American minds pursuing their educational dreams.
MyMoney.gov is the U.S. government's website dedicated to teaching all Americans the basics about financial education. This site organizes financial education help from over 20 different Federal web sites in one place. Content is organized by where you are in life ("Life Events"), who you are ("My Resources"), and by specific hands-on tools ("Tools"). Popular Topics are also highlighted. This site provides summaries of resources available at other official government sites and allows you to open those pages in a new window ("Learn More").
The mission of CFPB is to make markets for consumer financial products and services work for Americans. This means ensuring that consumers get the information they need to make the financial decisions they believe are best for themselves and their families—that prices are clear up front, that risks are visible, and that nothing is buried in fine print. In a market that works, consumers should be able to make direct comparisons among products and no provider should be able to use unfair, deceptive, or abusive practices.
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and is dedicated to helping individuals save money, reduce debt, and build wealth. Check out , "Saving for
Emergencies," which is available to help you understand the importance of emergency savings.
Saving for Emergencies - America Saves Partner Resource Packet Volume 1 Issue 5
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Taking Charge: What to Do If Your Identity is Stolen
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There are many important things students should consider when planning for college. Check out Focusing On '13 Seniors a handout for this year's graduating seniors and their parents.
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5 Ways to Out-Kid Your Kidmarinka
A few months ago I had a revelation. It was profound. And deep. And multi-layered.
It was that my kids were having more fun than I was.
Sure, it could be because they don't have to pay the mortgage or deal with co-payments and endless school forms, but I suspect it's something else.
They're just better at having fun.
They skip when they walk. They make jokes all day long. They seek out laughter and fun.
So I decided to turn the tables on them and be a kid again. Sort of Freaky Friday without having to go to school again.
Click through for some fun ideas of how to out-kid your kid!
Make fun sound effects! 1 of 5
Kid in the bathroom? No problem! 2 of 5As we learned from our children, when someone is in the bathroom, shower or any other room that screams PRIVACY! , that is the best time to initiate a conversation! Stand by the door and alternate the following phrases. "What are you doing?" "I'm bored!" "Can I come in?" "I'm bored!" "I need you!" "I'm bored!"
Photo Credit: iStock Photo
Potty humor is always hysterical 3 of 5Do you need to go to the store to buy more shamPOO? Don't miss any and all opportunities to work some LOLs into your shopping list!
Photo Credit: iStockPhotoi
Ask existential questions 4 of 5Something along the lines of "hey, remember when you were in utero? How come it took you so long to come out? You were like six days late, which is very rude."
Photo Credit: Wiki
Read me a story! 5 of 5Look, you put in your time with Good Night Moon, so the kid really owes you one. Grab a copy of your favorite magazine and insist that he read those fairy tales over and over again.
Get it from Amazon $5.99 a month
Photo source: iStockPhoto
For more of Marinka, visit her personal blog Motherhood in NYC and The Mouthy Housewives, where she doles out advice as though it were candy. Mmm … candy. Also, follow her on Twitter, where she never refers to herself in the third person, but does have a potty mouth. Sorry!
More on Kid Scoop:
Are These Onesies Fun or Offensive?
6 Things Grandparents Do Better Than Parents


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Road warrior Bulldogs upset Grant 1-0, advance to Division II soccer semisBy: Matt Long, Sports Editor
Folsom High's soccer team is proving that anything can happen once a team makes the postseason.
The Bulldogs grabbed the final qualifying playoff spot in the Delta River League and entered the postseason with a 6-9-2 record.
The 11th-seeded Bulldogs have since caught lightning in a bottle, upsetting Vintage 1-0 on Tuesday and following it up with another tough 1-0 win on the road Thursday at Grant. With the two wins, Folsom advances to Wednesday's Division II semifinal, where the team heads 90 miles south to play second-seeded Turlock.
Pehzman Kavianikosarkhizi scored the goal against Vintage. It was only his second goal of the season, but it came at the biggest moment.
"I got the ball and just dribbled to the goal and shot it under the keeper's arm to the right and it went in," Kavianikosarkhizi said. "It was awesome; the best thing that's happened to me. It was the best feeling. I can't describe it."
Despite losing to the Pacers 2-0 in preseason, the Bulldogs were a confident group before Thursday's game. Kavianikosarkhizi said the team could win if they played their best.
Against the Pacers, Greg Patenaude stepped to the forefront, scoring five minutes into the game.
"Matt Morton crossed the ball to me and I was able to get my left foot on it and it beat the keeper in the air to the near post," Patenaude said. "We got an early goal against Vintage and it held up, and when I got this one I thought we were solid because our defense is strong. It was pretty nerve racking, though."
The common denominator in both of Folsom's playoff wins has been the play of keeper Craig Stafford. He was stellar in the win against Vintage, and he made all the plays he needed to against the Pacers and there were several plays to be made. While he made a couple saves in the first half, the Pacers turned it up a notch in the second half and kept Stafford plenty busy with the game on the line in the dwindling minutes.
"We all played a great game," Stafford said. "We had to have it and everyone battled. The defense played great. I was nervous, but I was trying to keep my cool."
How has Folsom turned a losing regular season into playoff gold? For starters, the team has improved greatly from the start of the season. Secondly, their better played has boosted their confidence. Now that they've made it into the postseason, the team's got its eye on the prize -- a section title -- which is a huge motivator and now the Bulldogs are only one win away from the championship game.
"We've done it with pure will," Patenaude said. "We've played our butts off and we just have this will to win and to fight to the end."
Folsom coach Ray Robitaille couldn't be prouder of his team.
"Tonight they did it with tenacity," Robitaille said. "They had a lack of quit. Both teams suffered against less than perfect circumstances, but they ignored it, stayed focused and played through it. They had a goal in mind and they stuck to it. They played so well as a team and did everything asked of them and the outcome is all theirs."


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Wednesday, October 31, 2007
Concussion for Coles
WR Laveranues Coles didn't practice today, and the Jets said he has a concussion. It's very likely that the Jets will hold him out of the game against Washington on Sunday, particularly with a bye week on deck. Coles has started 104 consecutive regular-season games and has appeared in 107 straight. The last time he was inactive was when he was a healthy scratch Dec. 3, 2000 against the Colts in his rookie season.
Coles was understandably subdued today in the locker room, and not only because of his injury. He's very close friends with Chad Pennington, and it hurts him on a personal level to see Chad demoted.
Coles was on his first tour of duty with the Jets when Pennington was promoted in 2002 and Vinny Testaverde was demoted. And quite frankly, the quotes back then from the two QBs involved sounded remarkably similar to what Pennington and Kellen Clemens said Monday.
Vinny: 'I'm not going to sit here and tell you I'm getting a raw deal because that will be the headline. Anybody in my position isn't happy about it. [But] understand that I don't want to be a distraction for this football team. I understand how the process works. When I was in Cleveland, I asked [Bill] Belichick, 'why are you making me the scapegoat in all of this?' His words were: 'I can't change the left guard and get a spark. I have to change the quarterback to get something going.' That's the reality of the situation.'
Chad: 'Talk is cheap, so after today, there's not going to be any more talking. ... I'm not focused on how pretty it looks, how many completions I have, how many touchdown passes I throw. It's about putting points on the board and helping the Jets get a second win.'
Pennington helped lead the Jets to the playoffs. It's too late for Clemens to do that, but maybe he can engineer a turnaround, too.


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We take a look at behind the scenes footage of this year's John Lewis Christmas ad campaign, 'The Journey, which as already amassed more than two million views on YouTube.
The footage includes an interview with John Lewis' marketing director Craig Inglis who explains the creative message for the campaign this year was about going the extra mile. Adam & Eve/DDB's executive creative director, Ben Priest also says two inanamate objects like snowmen are bound to capture people's imagination.
The ad launched on 9th November.Follow @SaraKimberley
This article was first published on


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Discussion Topics
Last Post
44 min to connecting flightApr 29, 20162I have a flight booked through delta from coming from Milwaukee with an estimated time of arrival at 15:56 and my connecting flight to Gulfport Ms departing at 14:40. Is this enough time to get to my next gate? The only bags I will have is my carry on.Bbb16Thu, Apr 28
Southwest to CancunApr 28, 20161I'm leaving from ATL to Cancun with a layover in Chicago on Southwest. Will check in be at the international terminal for Southwest or domestic? I have heard it could be either one.CJThu, Apr 28
Is 1 hour enough time to transfer?Apr 28, 20162I will be arriving from Minneapolis and need to get to Antigua. Is it possible to do in 60 minutes? Must I take a shuttle with my bag?deanmanThu, Apr 28You don't take a shuttle or have to do anything with your checked bags. You just take the Plane Train from your arrival concourse to concourse E or F where you depart. You have enough time.ZAPThu, Apr 28
Connecting Flight London HR - Atlanta - OrlandoMay 3, 20162We land at Atlanta on Virgin flight from London at 2.00pm. Will we have time to clear immigration and catch the 3.55 Delta flight to Orlando? I understand that our luggage will not go straight through and will need to be collected and transferred to new flight. All seems a bit tight.CasThu, Apr 28Yes, that is correct. You do have enough time if everything goes smoothly. Delta has hourly flights from Atlanta to Orlando if you miss your connection.ZAPThu, Apr 28Clearing ATL Immigration is a nightmare for non US transit passengers. I recently arrived ATL on Virgin from MAN with connection to ABQ. Stood in line for over 2 hours. Luckily I had a 4 hour transit but others in queue missed their connection to Orlando. Security completely unsympathetic to anyone asking for priority due to short connection times causing much stress and anxiety for all concerned. It may help if you have an Esta you have used before on a previous visit with the same passport otherwise you will be told to wait.nellybTue, May 3
Arriving on Delta from Denver, then going to Istanbul on Turkish AirliApr 27, 20162How long will it take me to get from wherever Delta domestic comes in to Turkish Airlines is? Thanks!bbbWed, Apr 27If your tickets are on two separate reservations and you have checked bags I recommend at least 3 hours between flights. You will have to claim your bags in the domestic terminal, then take your bags on the shuttle bus to the International terminal to re-check them with Turkish and then go through security.ZAPWed, Apr 27
SJO-ATL-CDGApr 27, 20161Hello, I will travel from San José (costa Rica) to Paris (France). I will arrive at Atlanta airport at 13:27pm (DL0902) and leave at 15:40 (DL0082). Few questions : - Will I have to pick up my checked bagages and to check them in a second time? - Will I have to pass through immigration and custom even if I don't enter the US and stay in international terminal(s)? - Are two hours long enough to do everything? - Is it already possible to know the arrival and departure terminals? Thanks a lotL.G.Wed, Apr 27
BOS-ATL-TPAApr 27, 201624/29 I have a connection to TPA from BOS. Arrive at 930, flight departs for TPA at 10:10. What are the chances we will be arriving in the same concourse as my connection? Hoping I don't cut it too close.NL1185Wed, Apr 27The chances of them being in the same concourse are maybe 25-50%. You can make it if the flight from Boston is on-time. Even if they aren't on the same concourse.ZAPWed, Apr 27
DUS-ATL-MIAApr 26, 20161I'm travelling from DUS / Germany, to MIA and have a connecting flight at ATL. I'll arrive at ATL at 14:36 Terminal I and my flight to MIA departs at 16:10 from terminal S. First flight is AF3614 operated by Delta, second flight is listed DL1860. Are the 94 minutes in between enough for immigration, picking up baggage, clearing customs and checking baggage again? Thanks for your help.PeterTue, Apr 26
Puerto Rico to Kansas via ATLApr 26, 20162Hi, I have a flight SJU-ATL-MCI (flying on Delta). I understand that baggage does not need to be rechecked for customs at ATL. However, I need to confirm if 1 hour is sufficient to move from arrival gate to the departure gate.E.L.O.M.Tue, Apr 26There is no customs when coming from Puerto Rico. Yes, all you have to do is go from your arrival gate to your departure gate. The Plane Train connects all concourses inside security. You have enough time.ZAPTue, Apr 26
Chicago ORD to Atlanta ATL to Lima LIMApr 27, 20162Flying from ORD, arriving Terminal S of ATL, then leaving for LIM from Terminal I. A) how do I go from Terminal S to Terminal I? B) do I need to collect my checked baggage from Terminal S and then carry it with me to clear the security and re-check the baggage in at Terminal I?JSSCMon, Apr 25You don't actually have to change terminals. you don't have to do anything with your baggage or go through security. All you have to do is take the plane train from your arrival concourse to concourse E or F where you will depart.ZAPTue, Apr 26
Chicago to Lima via AtlantaApr 25, 20160Flying from ORD, arriving Terminal S of ATL, then leaving for LIM from Terminal I. A) how do I go from Terminal S to Terminal I? B) do I need to collect my checked baggage from Terminal S and then carry it with me to clear the security and re-check the baggage in at Terminal S?JSSCMon, Apr 25
Connecting in AtlantaApr 23, 20161Hi I am flying from London heathrow to Atlanta on Virgin and I am connecting through to Nassau on delta. Do I have to collect my bags in Atlanta and re check them. I have 1hr 50 mins. Thanks for any help!***Sat, Apr 23
Flying from South Africa to Greensboro, via AtlantaApr 22, 20161I Am flying from South Africa to Greensboro, Via Atlanta with Delta Airlines. I am arriving at Atlanta 6:43 AM, and depart to Greensboro at 10:50 AM. I do not know ATL at all, first time visitor. 1. will I have enough time to connect between the flights. 2. will my baggage be carried over from the one Delta flight to the next delta flight, or do I need to collect and re check my baggage.***Fri, Apr 22
Flying from Manchester to Fort Myers via ATLApr 21, 20162Hi - will be travelling Manchester UK to Fort Myers via ATL in July. Outbound I have 90 mins at ATL but understand I will have to collect bags and then recheck. Return I have 60 mins at ATL but understand bags will automatically transfer. Question is, are both these times reasonable/acheivable?MgooThu, Apr 21On the way to Fort Myers it's barely adequate if everything goes perfectly. On the way back it's enough time.ZAPThu, Apr 21
Connection to an International FlightApr 21, 20161I am coming from San Antonio Texas and arriving at 2:16 and the international flight I am taking will leave at 3:05. Will that give me enough time to catch my flight?***Wed, Apr 20


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See All Contributors »
Who do you like better and why?
Letterman! Great sense of humor versus horrible sense of humor
Leno is a TOOL. Nuff said.
"If you can't hear me, it's because I'm in parentheses."
Both have bits I like. Generally I don't like Leno but his headlines are pretty funny. Letterman is doing a knock-off of that now too. Know your cuts of meat on Letterman is always great. I used to work in the meat room back in high school and college so I could usually get most of them.
Well, if more people liked Leno you could say he got it by a nose.....
Okay, that was bad. Letterman is much better. Haven't watched Leno since before I knew better.
Originally Posted by CyGal
Well, if more people liked Leno you could say he got it by a nose.....
Don't you mean, got it by a chin?
Originally Posted by ISUFan22
Don't you mean, got it by a chin?
That too.
OK, I'm that guy after 11 votes. Haven't stayed up late enough to watch either since my little girl was born last February. When I did, Leno was my man.
Exaggeration is a BILLION times worse than understating.
Dave all the way!!!!
the poll needs another category..."they both suck"
I do like Leno's headlines and it is almost scary when he goes out on the streets to show how dumb the average american (or californian) is....
I loved it when Dave went mano-a-mano with that curmudgeon Bill O'Reilly last year....
I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around the banks will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered.
Thomas Jefferson, 1802
Leno tells a joke and then seems to think that he needs to explain it.
If you need to explain the joke you have one of two problems.
Either the joke isn't funny or the guy telling it isn't.
Plus, Leno has to make an innuendo about everything. Most of the time, the aren't even funny.
I love Conan. It'll be interesting to see what happens when he takes over for Jay. I wonder if NBC will make him tone down some of his skits.
What ever happened to truth, justice and the American Way?
Between these two-Letterman.....but I'd take Conan over both.
Originally Posted by frontrangeclone
I do like Leno's headlines and it is almost scary when he goes out on the streets to show how dumb the average american (or californian) is....
I have to defend the Californian's on this one. They interview people on Hollywood Blvd. which is mostly made up of tourists. So, really most of them aren't Californians because anyone in their right minds that live in LA don't want to hang out on Hollywood Blvd. with the crazy people dressed up as superheroes.
I used to be Letterman but he seems to have gotten very bitter the last few years. Has more of an opinion. I don't like that from a light night interview guy. So I have been watching Leno for a while now. Ross the intern is a kill.
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Eldest female member of a tribe of Tusken Raiders.
"I killed them all... not just the men, but the women and children too. And the Grand Mother Puba!"
by jimmychimmychunga November 23, 2011
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Vermaelen back, Arteta still out for Liverpool
Arsene Wenger has provided the latest team news ahead of tomorrow night's game against Liverpool.
Captain Thomas Vermaelen returns to the squad having missed the trip to Brighton with an ankle knock, but Mikel Arteta and Francis Coquelin remain sidelined with calf and hamstring problems respectively.
The Spaniard is not far away though, having revealed on his Twitter account that he's almost ready to make his comeback having last played in the 2-2 FA Cup draw against Swansea.
We sit just 3 points ahead of the Mugsmashers in the league, and having won just one Premier League game in January we'll be looking to end the month with a bit of a flourish.
The visitors arrive on the back of a humiliating cup defeat to Oldham on Sunday and will, no doubt, be determined to put things right.
It's all set up for a tight encounter.
45 1
Mr. T.
29 1
"It's all set up for a tight encounter."………well it depends on which Arsenal will turn up for this game.
27 1
I hope that Ramsey plays like he has been playing since last two outings and we should be good. Suarez would be the biggest threat, and I think Koscielny should come in place of BFG provided TV5 is fit enough for the game.
7 18
I love Kos but Mertesacker is the only one of the trio who can bring calmness to the defense.
Kos's quick but mentality still quite not there yet. In games played with mad pace, he tends to make some huge mistakes. This is because he himself is too eager to prove something and losing composure at vital moments.
With Mertesacker and Vermaelen, I'm happy for us to have Kos as back up. AW should throw him in games against lesser opponents, may be as a subs, fitness permitting.
For the fear of Mertesacker being tortured by Suarez, it's about defending as a team. Suarez is the kind of player you can't defend by one-to-one marking. Someone has to cover Mert's back.
18 1
Suarez will absolutely terrorize Per. For this game he should sit it out – he's not got the pace for their forwards.
He's a mater of cutting out passes, but if he has to catch up to a forward he's useless. Also – has anyone else noticed just how bad he is on the ball? Half the time he'll pass back to the keeper (no matter how close the opposition is) and the other half he takes 5 minutes to line up a short pass.
6 3
*maSter of cutting out passes
0 0
You had me up until 'Koscielny should come in place of BFG'.
11 1
The same logic was used for the home games against Chelsea and Man City, with disastrous Koscielny consequences. Per + Kos/Verm always for me, and Vermaelen being captain dictates that he must start when available.
1 0
3 points.. Thats all we need from this match.. And maybe a kick up on the goal difference..
P.S HFB owes us a hat trick
17 0
Saw injury news article coupled with a picture of Cazorla. Panicked for both Arsenal and my fantasy team. Has he had any crocking's yet? I think no
13 0
Arteta's calk injury sounds nasty!
11 0
"…news ahead of tomorrow night's game against Liverpool tomorrow night."
Good to have the captain back. Hopefully he's spent some of that recovery time analysing Liverpool's attack patterns and comes out with some tactful responses. Suarez can be a slippery bugger, it would be good to have mental awareness of how he will move around. Everyone has a mindset, I'm sure his can be mostly figured out and shut down.
19 0
I somehow think our slow HFG should be charged with marking saurez around the 18 yard box.. Might be wrong but his reading of a game and players movements is ideal for nullifying a threat like that racist goalkeeper saurez.. My mugsmasher friend ordered a saurez memrobelia shoe and got a glove instead.. Classic
9 2
Saurez memrobelia, I like. Tyrannosaurez Rex!
1 1
Handling players based on their mindset?
Arsene is that you?
4 0
Vermaelen I feel is slowly getting his old self back. The shaolin old-self, just in time to knock suarez's half hanging tooth off…..finish the job vermaelen
41 1
3 point is all we need in tomorrow's game, wishing d team all d best #COYG, let d kops walk alone
3 4
Get well soon Arteta we miss u on the pitch!
3 1
Actually. we haven't. the team have looked more dynamic the last couple of games without him
0 0
Good lucky
3 0
Boy I am am looking forward to this game. If they come and play we could be in for a thriller…4-3???
This should be a real test and with Suarez up front we need to concentrate for the 90
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[…] Read More Here: Vermaelen back, Arteta still out for Liverpool […]
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Arsenal Vs "worse version of Arsenal" Lverpool
10 2
Could see
Ramsey, Ox as default subs on 70th minute regardless of score etc……
I do tend to think that Szcz, Mert, Diaby and to slightly lesser extent Sagna owe us a better performance than in recent games, I know it might be bit harsh on Diaby but he should be proving to us that Wenger has been right about not buying CM for last 3-4years, I gave Sagna bit of lee-way cos he has no protection whatsoever when Walcott ahead of him.
Would be nice to see Rosicky get a chance on the hour or earlier if need be, he's still one of our better players at harrying the opposition and driving forwards.
Come on Arsenal!!
8 1
Not buying a CM for the last 3-4 years? Have you heard about a man called Mikel, and has a last name that begins with an A and ends with rteta?
3 3
Plus *technically* we bought Rambo and Coquelin 4 years ago.
I get what they're saying though, Wenger hasn't brought in anyone with that kind of power due to Diaby and Song being our 'power-men', if Diaby shows he can stay fit then we'll only need to buy one strong midfielder in the summer.
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I think Diaby's less "power man" and more "power ranger".
At the critical moment he transforms into an eight-legged fusion of man and stretcher.
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I wouldn't mind seeing Jack and Aaron starting, could be a future decent partnership. Mainly because I think Diaby just needs to gain some sharpness and fitness; and it would be good to give Aaron a cheeky little run of games.
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Hope Schezechy is practicing how to save penalties… Litterpool are bound to get one thanks to "El Diver" Suarez.
5 1
We'll be ready for those divers-goalkeeper and swansea-impersonators cunts!
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arshavin should start this one, and hopefully rekindle some fond memories.
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'hat-trick + 1' from our little Russian! i'll never forget that…
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[…] 来源:【Arseblog News】 […]
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[…] regard to team news, Thomas Vermaelen is back but there's no return yet for Mikel Arteta or Francis Coquelin who remain sidelined through […]
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[…] regard to team news, Thomas Vermaelen is back but there's no return yet for Mikel Arteta or Francis Coquelin who remain sidelined through […]
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'Moonrise Kingdom' Poster: Wes Anderson's Latest Gets Expectedly Stylish, Precious Poster
Looking like something between a children's storybook illustration and a Bob Ross instructional, here's the hand-painted poster for Wes Anderson's newest, Moonrise Kingdom. Continue below for the full design, and be wowed by Anderson's well-pronounced bravado in having not used Futura this time.
'Moonrise Kingdom' Poster [IMPA]


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How should I transition my 12-month-old from formula to milk?
My daughter will be one in a week and I haven't even started transitioning her to real milk! :( I don't know how to go about it...the last time I tried, I mixed mostly formula with a little milk and continued from there, but she kept getting terrible constipation so I just gave up. :(
Posted: 05/10/2010 by Crimson_Lilies
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Could she be lactose intolerant? You can try just giving her a couple oz of milk in a bottle or sippy cup just to see what she does, if she drinks it, and not too much because if she is allergic or lactose intolerant. If she still has problems digesting it than talk to your pediatrician and figure out what the problem is. Sounds odd if she is formula fed for her not to agree with cows milk, since most formula's are based off of cows milk. Don't get me wrong, I like a glass of cows milk, and it is healthy, although not as healthy as breast milk or formula for babies, but you have to think our human bodies aren't really meant to drink cows milk at all, calf's are!!! Same for any kind of mass produced milk, but hey, we do it and so do I!posted 05/10/2010 by a BabyCenter Member
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