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For the most current version of this Note, see Background Notes A-Z.
Area: 513,115 sq. km. (198,114 sq. mi.); equivalent to the size of France, or slightly smaller than Texas.
Cities: Capital--Bangkok (population 9,668,854); Nakhon Ratchasima (pop. 437,386 for Muang district and 2,565,685 for the whole province), Chiang Mai (pop. 247,672 for Muang district and 1,595,855 for the whole province).
Terrain: Densely populated central plain; northeastern plateau; mountain range in the west; southern isthmus joins the land mass with Malaysia.
Climate: Tropical monsoon.
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Thai.
Population (2009 est.): 67.0 million. (Data based on the Thailand National Statistic Office and the National Economic and Social Development Board.)
Labor force (2009 est.): 38.4 million.
Annual population growth rate (2009 est.): 0.5%.
Ethnic groups: Thai 89%, other 11%.
Religions: Buddhist 93%-94%, Muslim 5%-6%, Christian 1%, Hindu, Brahmin, other.
Languages: Thai (official language); English is the second language of the elite; Malay and regional languages and dialects.
Education: Years compulsory--9. Literacy--94.9% male, 90.5% female.
Health (2008 est.): Infant mortality rate--18.23/1,000. Life expectancy--70.51 years male, 75.27 years female.
Type: Constitutional monarchy.
Constitution: Thailand adopted its current constitution following an August 19, 2007 referendum.
Independence: Never colonized; traditional founding date 1238.
Branches: Executive--King (chief of state), Prime Minister (head of government). Legislative--bicameral, with a fully-elected House of Representatives and a partially-elected Senate. Judicial--composed of the Constitutional Tribunal, the Courts of Justice, and the Administrative Courts.
Administrative subdivisions: 77 provinces, including Bangkok municipality, subdivided into 877 districts, 7,255 tambon administration, and 74,944 villages.
Political parties: Multi-party system; Communist Party is prohibited.
Suffrage: Universal and compulsory at 18 years of age.
GDP (2010 prelim.): $317 billion. (Data based on the National Economic and Social Development Board)
Annual GDP growth rate (2010 prelim.): 7.8%.
Inflation rates (2010): 3.3% (headline) and 0.9% (excluding energy and food prices).
Per capita income (2010 prelim.): $4,716.
Unemployment rate (2010 prelim.): 1.0% of total labor force.
Natural resources: Tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite.
Agriculture (12% of GDP): Products--rice, tapioca, rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans.
Industry: Types--tourism, textiles, garments, agricultural processing, cement, integrated circuits, jewelry, electronics, petrochemical, and auto assembly.
Trade (2010 preliminary): Merchandise exports--$188.8 billion. Products--automatic data processing machines and parts, automobiles and parts, precious stones and jewelry, refined fuels, rubber, electronic integrated circuits, polymers of ethylene and propylene, rice, iron and steel and their products, rubber products, chemical products. Major markets--ASEAN, EU, China, U.S., Japan, and Hong Kong. Merchandise imports--$175.5 billion. Products--crude oil, machinery and parts, electrical machinery and parts, chemicals, iron and steel and their products, electrical circuits panels, computers and parts, other metal ores and metal waste scrap, ships and boats and floating structure, jewelry including silver and gold. Major suppliers--Japan, ASEAN, China, the Middle East, EU, and U.S.
Thailand (previously Siam) has always been a multi-ethnic, multi-confessional society. More than 85% speak a variant of Thai and share a common culture, though there is a strong sense of regional identity and pride in many areas of Thailand. Roughly one-third of the population is in central Thailand, including Bangkok; one-third in the northeast, with significant Lao and Khmer heritage; 20% in the north; and 15% in the south. Ethnic Malay Muslims comprise a majority in the three southernmost provinces.
Central Thai is the language taught in schools and used in government. Lao, as well as "Isaan dialect", is spoken widely in northeastern Thailand; "Gam Muang" or northern dialect is spoken in the north; and a southern Thai dialect in the mid-south. Several other Tai dialects are spoken among smaller groups, such as the Shan (Tai Yai), Lue, and Phutai.
Up to 12% of Thai are of significant Chinese heritage, but the Sino-Thai community is the best integrated in Southeast Asia. Other groups include the Khmer in border provinces with Cambodia; the Mon, who are substantially assimilated with the Thai; and the Vietnamese. Smaller mountain-dwelling tribes, such as the Hmong, Mein, and the Karen, number about 788,024.
The population is mostly rural, concentrated in the rice-growing areas of the central, northeastern, and northern regions. However, as Thailand continues to industrialize, its urban population--31.6% of total population, principally in the Bangkok area--is growing.
Thailand's highly successful government-sponsored family planning program has resulted in a dramatic decline in population growth from 3.1% in 1960 to less than 1% today. Life expectancy also has risen, a positive reflection of Thailand's public health efforts. Thailand's model intervention programs in the 1990s also averted what could have been a major AIDS epidemic. Even so, today, approximately 1.4% of the adult population lives with HIV/AIDS.
The constitution mandates at least 12 years of free education; however, only 9 years are compulsory. In early 2009, the Abhisit administration put into effect a program to provide 15 years of free education (3 years in preschool and grades 1-12). Education accounts for approximately 18.0% of total government expenditures.
Theravada Buddhism is the major religion of Thailand, practiced by about 90% of its people. The government permits religious diversity, and other major religions are represented, with Muslim communities scattered throughout Thailand, and in larger numbers in the southern region. Spirit worship/animism and Hindu-Brahmic rituals are widely practiced.
Southeast Asia has been inhabited for more than half a million years. Archaeological studies suggest that by 4000 BC, communities in what is now Thailand had emerged as centers of early bronze metallurgy. This development, along with the cultivation of wet rice, provided the impetus for social and political organization. Research suggests that these innovations may actually have been transmitted from there to the rest of Asia, including to China.
The Thai are related linguistically to Tai groups originating in southern China. Migrations from southern China to Southeast Asia may have occurred in the 6th and 7th centuries. Malay, Mon, and Khmer civilizations flourished in the region prior to the arrival of the ethnic Tai.
The Thai traditionally date the founding of their nation to the 13th century, though kingdoms of Thai peoples existed in the north and in the south before then. According to tradition, in 1238, Thai chieftains overthrew their Khmer overlords at Sukhothai and established a Thai kingdom. After its decline, a new Thai kingdom emerged in 1350 on the Chao Praya River at Ayutthaya. At the same time, there was the equally important Tai kingdom of Lanna, centered in Chiang Mai, which for centuries rivaled Sukhothai and Ayutthaya, and still defines northern Thai identity; a southern kingdom centered in Nakhon Si Thammarat in the south also pre-dated Sukhothai.
The first ruler of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, King Rama Thibodi, made two important contributions to Thai history: the establishment and promotion of Theravada Buddhism as the official religion--to differentiate his kingdom from the neighboring Hindu kingdom of Angkor--and the compilation of the Dharmashastra, a legal code based on Hindu sources and traditional Thai custom. The Dharmashastra remained a tool of Thai law until late in the 19th century. Beginning with the Portuguese in the 16th century, Ayutthaya had some contact with the West, but until the 1800s, its relations with neighboring kingdoms and principalities, as well as with China, were of primary importance.
After more than 400 years of power, in 1767, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya was brought down by invading Burmese armies and its capital burned. After a single-reign capital established at Thonburi by Taksin, a new capital city was founded in 1782, across the Chao Phraya at the site of present-day Bangkok, by the founder of the current Chakri dynasty. The first Chakri king was crowned Rama I. Rama I's heirs became increasingly concerned with the threat of European colonialism after British victories in neighboring Burma in 1826.
The first Thai recognition of Western power in the region was the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United Kingdom in 1826. In 1833, the United States began diplomatic exchanges with Siam, as Thailand was called until 1938. However, it was during the later reigns of Rama IV (or King Mongkut, 1851-68), and his son Rama V (King Chulalongkorn (1868-1910), that Thailand established firm rapprochement with Western powers. The Thais believe it was the diplomatic skills of these monarchs, combined with the modernizing reforms of the governments, that made Siam the only country in South and Southeast Asia to avoid European colonization.
In 1932, a bloodless coup transformed Thailand from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy. King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) initially accepted this change but later surrendered the kingship to his 10-year-old nephew. Upon his abdication, King Prajadhipok said that the obligation of a ruler was to reign for the good of the whole people, not for a select few.
Although nominally a democracy with a constitutional monarchy after 1932, Thailand was ruled by a series of military governments interspersed with brief periods of democracy. Following the 1932 revolution that imposed constitutional limits on the monarchy, Thai politics was dominated for a half-century by the military and bureaucratic elite. Changes of government were effected primarily by means of a long series of mostly bloodless coups. Thailand was occupied by the Japanese during the Second World War until Japan's defeat in 1945.
Beginning with a brief experiment in democracy during the mid-1970s (the so-called "October generation" between 1973-76), civilian democratic political institutions slowly gained greater authority, culminating in 1988 when Chatichai Choonhaven--leader of the Thai Nation Party--assumed office as the country's first democratically elected Prime Minister in more than a decade. In 1991, yet another bloodless coup ended his term. After a year-long largely civilian interim government and inconclusive elections, former army commander Suchinda Kraprayoon was appointed Prime Minister. The military violently suppressed demonstrations in May 1992, with at least 50 protesters killed. Reaction to the violence, including a televised meeting with King Bhumibol, forced Suchinda to resign, leading to new elections in September 1992.
Political parties that had opposed the military in May 1992 won by a narrow majority, and Democrat Party leader Chuan Leekpai served as Prime Minister until May 1995. The Thai Nation Party won the largest number of parliamentary seats in subsequent elections, with party leader Banharn Silpa-Archa serving as Prime Minister for little more than a year. New Aspiration Party leader Chavalit Youngchaiyudh formed a coalition government after November 1996 elections. The onset of the Asian financial crisis caused a loss of confidence in the Chavalit government, led to a new constitution, and returned Chuan Leekpai to power in November 1997.
In January 2001, telecommunications billionaire Thaksin Shinawatra and his new Thai Rak Thai (TRT) party won a decisive plurality victory on a populist platform of economic growth and development. Thaksin's premiership was marked by a confident foreign policy, implementation of his populist policies, and accusations of anti-democratic actions, including undermining independent bodies, limiting freedom of the press, and a 2003 war on drugs which led to 1,300 unsolved murders. In February 2005, Thaksin was re-elected by an overwhelming majority, sweeping 377 out of 500 parliamentary seats for Thailand's first-ever single-party outright electoral victory. Soon after Prime Minister Thaksin's second term began, allegations of corruption emerged against his government. Peaceful anti-government mass demonstrations grew, and hundreds of thousands marched in the streets to demand Thaksin's resignation. Prime Minister Thaksin dissolved the parliament in February 2006 and called snap elections in April. The main opposition parties boycotted the polls, and the judiciary subsequently annulled the elections.
Before new elections could be held, in September 2006 a group of top military officers overthrew the caretaker Thaksin administration in a non-violent coup d'etat, repealed the 1997 constitution, and dissolved both houses of parliament. The coup leaders promulgated an interim constitution and appointed Surayud Chulanont as interim Prime Minister. In a national referendum in August 2007, a majority of Thai voters approved a new constitution drafted by an assembly appointed by the coup leaders. The interim government held multi-party elections under provisions of the new constitution in December 2007, and the pro-Thaksin People's Power Party (PPP) won a plurality of 233 of the 480 seats in the lower house of parliament. PPP leader Samak Sundaravej formed a coalition government and formally took office as Prime Minister in February 2008.
Samak was forced from office in September 2008 by a Constitutional Court ruling that he had violated the constitution's conflict of interest provisions by hosting a televised cooking show. His successor, Somchai Wongsawat, PPP leader and brother-in-law of former Prime Minister Thaksin, also was forced from office by the Constitutional Court when it dissolved the PPP and two other coalition parties on December 2, 2008 for election law violations in the December 2007 elections. A split among ex-PPP members of parliament paved the way for parliament's election of Democrat Party leader Abhisit Vejjajiva as Prime Minister on December 15, 2008.
Efforts by the two PPP leaders to amend the 2007 constitution and provide amnesty to banned politicians, including ex-Prime Minister Thaksin, led to a renewal of street protests in mid-2008, some of which resulted in violence between security forces and protesters and between pro- and anti-government demonstrators. In 2008, anti-government "yellow-shirt" protesters occupied Government House from late August until early December; blockaded parliament in October; and occupied and forced the closure of Bangkok's airports for several days in late November through early December. "Red-shirt" protests against the Abhisit government commenced in early 2009, leading to the disruption of a major Asian summit in Pattaya and riots in Bangkok in April 2009.
The "red-shirts" continued to hold short demonstrations through 2009 and into 2010 and intensified their protests on March 12, 2010, 2 weeks after the Supreme Court ruled that the government seize $1.4 billion of Thaksin's assets. Demonstrators occupied an area near Democracy Monument and Government House; a few weeks later they established a second protest site in the heart of Bangkok's shopping district. The tense standoff between government security forces and protesters came to a head on April 10; 25 people were killed in street clashes, 5 of them security personnel. The protesters subsequently consolidated their presence around the Ratchaprasong intersection in central Bangkok, effectively shutting down the commercial heart of the city.
Government efforts to negotiate a settlement with "red-shirt" leaders ultimately failed, and on May 14 troops began to seal off the protest site. A week of street battles ensued, climaxing on May 19 when the "red-shirt" leaders surrendered to police and in the aftermath several buildings, including Thailand's largest shopping mall, were torched by elements of the "red-shirt" demonstrators. Protesters also set fire to government offices in several provinces. Ninety-two people were killed and over 1,800 injured during the 2-month protest. Roughly half of the "red-shirt" leaders were arrested or surrendered, with others fleeing abroad, presumed to be hiding in Cambodia. "Red-shirt" protests continued at regular intervals throughout the rest of 2010, though none approached the violence seen in the first half of the year.
Thailand's southern border provinces have long been host to an ethno-nationalist Malay Muslim separatist movement rallying around a regional "Patani" identity. Since 2004, separatists have conducted an increasingly violent insurgency in the provinces of Narathiwat, Yala, Pattani, and Songkhla against symbols and representatives of central government authority, as well as against civilians, both Buddhist and Muslim, which has resulted in thousands of deaths.
Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. From 1992 and until the 2006 coup, the country was considered a functioning democracy with constitutional changes of government. Generally free and fair multi-party elections held in December 2007 subsequently restored democratic governance 1 year after the coup. The King has little direct power under Thailand's constitutions but is a symbol of national identity and unity. King Bhumibol (Rama IX)--who has been on the throne since 1946--commands enormous popular respect and moral authority, which he has used on occasion to resolve political crises that have threatened national stability.
Under the 2007 constitution, the National Assembly consists of two chambers--the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is a non-partisan body with 150 members, 76 of whom are directly elected (one per province). The remaining 74 are appointed by a panel comprised of judges and senior independent officials from a list of candidates compiled by the Election Commission. The House has 480 members, 400 of whom are directly elected from constituent districts and the remainder drawn proportionally from party lists. Constitutional amendments that would change the number and manner of election of House members were under consideration as of January 2011, in anticipation of elections later in 2011.
Thailand's legal system blends principles of traditional Thai and Western laws. Under the constitution, the Constitutional Court is the highest court of appeals, though its jurisdiction is limited to clearly defined constitutional issues. Its members are nominated by a committee of judges, leaders in parliament, and senior independent officials, whose nominees are confirmed by the Senate and appointed by the King. The Courts of Justice have jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases and are organized in three tiers: Courts of First Instance, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court of Justice. Administrative courts have jurisdiction over suits between private parties and the government, and cases in which one government entity is suing another. In Thailand's southern border provinces, where Muslims constitute the majority of the population, Provincial Islamic Committees have limited jurisdiction over probate, family, marriage, and divorce cases.
Thailand's 77 provinces include the metropolis of greater Bangkok. Bangkok's governor is popularly elected, but those of the remaining provinces are career civil servants appointed by the Ministry of Interior.
Principal Government Officials
Chief of State--King Bhumibol Adulyadej
Prime Minister--Abhisit Vejjajiva
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Kasit Piromya
Ambassador to the U.S.--Kittiphong Na Ranong
Ambassador to the UN--Norachit Sinhaseni
Thailand maintains an embassy in the United States at 1024 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington DC 20007 (tel. 202-944-3600). Consulates are located in New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles.
The Thai economy is export-dependent, with exports of goods and services equivalent to nearly 70% of GDP in 2010. Thailand's recovery from the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis (which brought a double-digit drop in GDP) relied largely on external demand from the United States and other foreign markets. From 2001-2006, the administration of former Prime Minister Thaksin embraced a "dual track" economic policy that combined domestic stimulus programs with Thailand's traditional promotion of open markets and foreign investment. Real GDP growth strengthened sharply from 2.2% in 2001 to 7.1% in 2003 and 6.3% in 2004. In 2005-2007, economic expansion moderated, averaging 4.9% real GDP growth, due to domestic political uncertainty, rising violence in Thailand's three southernmost provinces, and repercussions from the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004. Thailand's economy in 2007 relied heavily on resilient export growth (at an 18.2% annual rate), particularly in the automobile, petrochemicals, and electronics sectors.
Political uncertainty and the global financial crisis in 2008 weakened Thailand's economic growth by reducing domestic and international demand for both its goods and services (including tourism). Due to minimum exposure to toxic assets, Thai banks experienced limited direct impact from the global financial crisis. Nonetheless, Thai economic growth slowed to 2.5% in 2008, with fourth-quarter growth dropping below zero. In 2009, the contraction continued. Over the first three quarters, GDP contracted by 5.0% year-on-year on average and hit bottom in the first quarter. To offset weak external demand and to shore up confidence, the Abhisit administration introduced two non-budgetary stimulus packages worth $43.4 billion focusing on key sectors such as mass transit and transportation, irrigation, education, public health, and energy. The Thai economy reversed to positive growth in the fourth quarter (5.9% year-on-year), improving the 2009 full-year average to minus 2.3% year-on-year.
In the first quarter of 2010, the Thai economy surged by 12.0% year-on-year, the highest quarterly growth since 1995. The uptick was mostly due to strong exports (up 32%) from continued global recovery; despite the March-May political protests in Bangkok, growth continued through the second and third quarter of the year. The Thai economy expanded by 9.3% (year-on-year) during the first three quarters of 2010, the second-strongest performance in Southeast Asia, second only to Singapore. The government estimated nearly 8% growth (year-on-year) for full-year 2010 and expects growth to continue into 2011, but at a lower rate (3%-5%). Growth in 2011 is expected to be driven by exports and also domestic demand. Political risk related to the anticipated 2011 general elections, continued appreciation of the baht, and the uncertainties of Thailand's major trading partners' economic recovery also could affect the economy. Inflation is expected to gradually climb from the 2010 level (3.3%) to between 3% and 5%, due in large part to higher world commodity prices.
The Royal Thai Government welcomes foreign investment, and investors who are willing to meet certain requirements can apply for special investment privileges through the Board of Investment. U.S. investors may qualify for additional privileges under the Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations. To attract additional foreign investment, the government of Prime Minister Abhisit has promised to look for ways to expand investment opportunities, focusing more on green technology/manufacturers.
The organized labor movement remains weak and divided in Thailand. Less than 2% of the total work force is unionized, although nearly 10% of industrial workers and more than 59% of state enterprise workers are unionized. In 2009, efforts to restructure the State Railway authority met resistance from the powerful railways union, including a short strike that halted trains nationwide, showing that organized labor still has potential political clout. As a result of the global financial crisis and business restructuring, employers hired large numbers of short-term contract workers. While employers claimed to have done this in order to maintain business flexibility for greater competitiveness during financially uncertain times, labor advocates viewed these actions as reducing job security and attempts to weaken the organized labor movement.
Roughly 40% of Thailand's labor force is employed in agriculture, although agriculture accounts for only 12% of GDP (data based on the Thai National Statistics Office.) Rice is the country's most important crop; Thailand is the largest exporter in the world rice market. Other agricultural commodities produced in significant amounts include fish and fishery products, tapioca, rubber, corn, and sugar. Exports of processed foods such as canned tuna, canned pineapples, and frozen shrimp are also significant.
Thailand's increasingly diversified manufacturing sector is the largest contributor to growth. Industries registering rapid increases in production have included computers and electronics, furniture, wood products, canned food, toys, plastic products, gems, and jewelry. High-technology products such as integrated circuits and parts, hard disc drives, electrical appliances, vehicles, and vehicle parts are now leading Thailand's growth in exports. With stronger exports and a rise in inflationary pressure, the Bank of Thailand started to tighten its monetary policy in mid-July 2010 after having followed a low interest rate policy since April 2009. Large surpluses in both the current and capital accounts contributed to the Thai baht's appreciation relative to the dollar throughout 2009 and 2010. Machinery and parts, vehicles, electronic integrated circuits, chemicals, crude oil and fuels, and iron and steel are among Thailand's principal imports.
Through 2010, the United States was Thailand's third-largest single-country export market after China and Japan, and the third-largest supplier after Japan and China. Thailand's traditional major markets have been the United States, Japan, Europe, and ASEAN member countries (Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam). Growing export markets include China, Hong Kong, Australia, the Middle East, South Africa, and India. Due to the global economic recovery, Thai exports in 2010 surged by 25.1% from 2009. Thailand is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Cairns Group of agricultural exporters.
Tourism contributes significantly to the Thai economy (approximately 6%). The tourism industry began to recover in the last quarter of 2009, but the protests in Bangkok in April and May 2010 drove away some foreign tourists. The heavy floods during October and November and the strong Thai baht had minimal impacts on the industry. Tourism from January to November was on average 12.7% higher than 2009 levels.
Bangkok and its environs are the most prosperous part of Thailand, and the seasonally barren northeast is the poorest. An overriding concern of successive Thai governments has been to reduce these regional income differentials, which have been exacerbated by rapid economic growth in and around Bangkok. The government has tried to stimulate provincial economic growth with programs such as the Eastern Seaboard project and various populist and crop price support policies.
Although the economy has demonstrated moderate positive growth in recent years, future performance depends on moving up on the value-added ladder away from low-wage industries where regional competition is growing. Key reforms are needed to open the financial sector; improve the foreign investment climate, including updating telecommunications capabilities; and stimulate domestic investment and consumption to balance reliance on exports. Logistics networks and electricity generation increasingly run the risk of bottlenecks and may pose a challenge to growth. Thailand's relative shortage of engineers and skilled technical personnel may limit its future technological creativity and productivity, even as the government is pushing for an increase in the proportion that creative industries contribute to GDP from 12% to 20% by 2015.
Thailand's foreign policy includes a close and longstanding security relationship with the United States. It also strongly supports ASEAN's efforts to promote economic development, social integration, and stability throughout the region. Relations with China are steadily increasing across the board. Thailand served as the chair of ASEAN from July 2008 to December 2009 and served as host to the ASEAN Summit (heads of government meeting) in February 2009, as well as the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, Post Ministerial Conference, and Regional Forum in July 2009. At the July 2009 meeting in Phuket, the United States acceded to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation with ASEAN.
Thailand participates fully in international and regional organizations. It has developed increasingly close ties with other ASEAN members--Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, and Vietnam--whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings. Regional cooperation is progressing in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters.
On the international stage, Thailand contributed troops and UN force commanders to the international peacekeeping effort in East Timor; in late 2010, it sent naval ships to the anti-piracy task force off the coast of Somalia and troops to the UN peacekeeping mission in Darfur. As part of its effort to increase international ties, Thailand has reached out to such regional organizations as the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Thailand has contributed troops to reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. In May 2010 Thailand was chosen to serve on the UN Human Rights Council for a 3-year term; in June 2010 Thailand was elected as chair of that body for 1 year.
On March 20, 1833, the United States and Thailand, then Siam, signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, the United States' first treaty with a country in Asia.
Since World War II, the United States and Thailand have significantly expanded diplomatic and commercial relations, as reflected in several bilateral treaties and by both countries' participation in UN multilateral activities and agreements. Thailand and the U.S. became treaty allies in 1954 (Manila Pact). The 1966 Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, the most recent iteration of the 1833 Treaty of Amity and Commerce, is the principal bilateral arrangement; the 1966 treaty facilitates U.S. and Thai companies' economic access to one another's markets. Other important agreements address civil uses of atomic energy, sales of agricultural commodities, investment guarantees, and military and economic assistance. In June 2004, the United States and Thailand initiated negotiations on a free trade agreement but these negotiations were suspended in September 2006 following the military-led coup against the government of then-Prime Minister Thaksin.
The United States and Thailand are among the signatories of the 1954 Manila Pact of the former Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). Article IV(1) of this treaty provides that, in the event of armed attack in the treaty area (which includes Thailand), each member would "act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes." Despite the dissolution of the SEATO in 1977, the Manila Pact remains in force and, together with the Thanat-Rusk communique of 1962, constitutes the basis of U.S. security commitments to Thailand. Thailand continues to be a key security ally in Asia, along with Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and South Korea. In December 2003, Thailand was designated a Major Non-NATO Ally.
Thailand's stability and growth are important to the maintenance of peace in the region. The Thai-U.S. Creative Partnership proposed during 2010 will build on existing public-private and intergovernmental relationships, seeking to emphasize innovative industry and to identify new opportunities for collaborative ingenuity between the two countries. In alignment with the Thai Government's Creative Economy policies, this formal partnership effort intends to spur increased productivity while re-emphasizing the beneficial aspects of American presence in Thailand. Economic assistance has been extended in various fields, including rural development, health, family planning, education, and science and technology. The formal U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) bilateral program, ended in 1995, was rejuvenated in 2010. There are also a number of targeted assistance programs which continue in areas of mutually defined importance, including: health and HIV/AIDS programming, civil society capacity-building, reconciliation efforts in southern Thailand, refugee assistance, and combating trafficking in persons. The U.S. Peace Corps in Thailand began operating in 1962 and has had over 5,000 volunteers since that time. Peace Corps currently has approximately 100 volunteers in country, focused on primary education, with an integrated program involving teacher training, health education, and environmental education. In late 2003, the Peace Corps also established an organizational development program aimed at promoting sustainable rural development in Thai communities. The United States and Thailand, through programs with USAID, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medial Sciences (AFRIMS), cooperate closely on a range of public health initiatives, including efforts to fight malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, HIV/AIDS, and avian/pandemic influenza.
Thailand has received U.S. military equipment, essential supplies, training, and assistance in the construction and improvement of facilities and installations for much of the period since 1950; since then more Thai have been trained under the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program than any other country. Over recent decades, U.S. security assistance included military training programs carried out in the United States and elsewhere. A small U.S. military advisory group in Thailand oversaw the delivery of equipment to the Thai Armed Forces and the training of Thai military personnel in its use and maintenance. As part of the mutual defense cooperation over the last 3 decades, Thailand and the United States have developed a vigorous joint military exercise program, which engages all the services of each nation and averages 40 joint exercises per year.
Thailand and the U.S. have longstanding cooperation in international law enforcement efforts. The large-scale production and shipment of opium and heroin shipments from Burma of previous years have largely been replaced by widespread smuggling of methamphetamine tablets, although heroin is still seized along the border. The United States and Thailand continue to work closely together and with the United Nations on a broad range of programs to halt illicit drug trafficking and other criminal activity, such as trafficking in persons. Thailand cooperates fully in efforts to return felons fleeing justice to the U.S. In addition to bilateral civil law enforcement and security capacity-building through the Transnational Crime Affairs Section and the Regional Security Office, the U.S. supports the International Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA) in Bangkok, which provides counter-narcotics and anti-crime capacity-building programs to law enforcement and judicial officials from a number of regional countries.
Trade and Investment
The United States is Thailand's third-largest single-country trading partner after Japan and China; from January to November 2010, merchandise imports from Thailand totaled $20.7 billion, and merchandise exports totaled $8.1 billion, according to the U.S. Commerce Department. Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, the U.S., and the European Union are Thailand's largest foreign investors. U.S. investment, concentrated in the petroleum and chemicals, finance, consumer products, computer components, and automobile production sectors, is estimated by the American Chamber of Commerce at over $35 billion.
Many U.S. businesses enjoy investment benefits through the U.S.-Thailand Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations (AER), originally signed in 1833. The 1966 iteration of the treaty allows U.S. citizens and businesses incorporated in the U.S., or in Thailand that are majority-owned by U.S. citizens, to engage in business on the same basis as Thai companies, exempting them from most of the restrictions on foreign investment imposed by the Foreign Business Act. Under the treaty, Thailand restricts American investment only in the fields of communications, transport, fiduciary functions, banking involving depository functions, the exploitation of land or other natural resources, and domestic trade in agricultural products. Notwithstanding their treaty rights, many Americans choose to form joint ventures with Thai partners, allowing the Thai side to hold the majority stake because of the advantages that come from familiarity with the Thai economy and local regulations. In recent decades, Thailand has been a major destination for foreign direct investment, and hundreds of U.S. companies have operated there successfully.
Principal U.S. Embassy Officials
Ambassador--Kristie A. Kenney
Deputy Chief of Mission--Judith B. Cefkin
Management Counselor--Gregory Stanford
Political Affairs Counselor--George Kent
Economic Affairs Counselor--Julie Chung
Public Affairs Counselor--Kenneth Foster
Consul General--Ronald Robinson
Commercial Counselor--Cynthia Griffin
Chiang Mai Consul General--Susan Stevenson
The U.S. Embassy in Thailand is located at 120/22 Wireless Road, Bangkok (tel. 66-2-205-4000). There is a Consulate General in Chiang Mai, 387 Wichayanond Road (tel. 66-53-107-700).
Short URL: http://m.state.gov/md180233.htm


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Letters to the editor for Oct. 4
Speaking in support of Goodwill
We all know that the CSRA needs qualified workers to make our economy stronger. October is National Disability Employment Awareness Month, and Goodwill encourages the public and private sectors to strengthen their workforce by hiring qualified people with disabilities.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, people with disabilities have an unemployment rate 60 percent higher than the unemployment rate for people without disabilities. It doesn't have to be this way.
Out of a payroll of nearly 800 employees, Goodwill Industries of Middle Georgia and the CSRA employs 331 people with disabilities, and we know firsthand the benefits of a diverse workforce, which includes people with disabilities.
As one example, our Goodwill Industries, working with Good Vocations in conjunction with the AbilityOne Program, has been training and placing individuals with disabilities into meaningful jobs at Robins Air Force Base for more than 28 years and at Fort Gordon for more than 15 years. Our employees clean over 5.5 million square feet daily and stock 1.3 million cases of groceries each year.
Another Goodwill initiative, The Job Connections, is a community resource center connecting job seekers with employers and providing placement assistance and other resources free of charge to the general public. Over the past year, our local Goodwill Job Connections placed 2,464 people into jobs and provided career development services to over 14,000 individuals. Providing education, skills training and placement services for individuals with barriers to employment is made possible through the generous support received from our local community. Visit www.goodwillworks.org for more information and to support Goodwill.
Goodwill is here to help job seekers find meaningful employment and to help businesses, government and nonprofit organizations in the CSRA hire the right workers to grow our economy. In honor of National Disability Employment Awareness Month, we encourage you to recruit and hire people with disabilities. It might be the best investment you make for your community.Patrick G. Blanchard
Past Chairman of the Board
Goodwill Industries of Middle Georgia and the CSRA


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gravel vacuum verses bottom feeder
hi i was wondering should i get bottom feeder or should i get the vacuum to clean the gravel its big problem didnt think it would be this messy guess i was wrong lol :shock:
Even if you have a bottom feeder, weekly gravel cleanings are needed. You may have less uneaten food, but there will still be plenty of fish poop to remove.
darn oscar poops alot
I think the answer depends on what your substrate is...if you have gravel, then you definitely need to vacuum. I have EcoComplete and live plants (mostly Anubias). I have seven cories which snuffle around looking for uneaten food. Whatever poop is not picked up by the filters just becomes part of the substrate....I've not vacuumed even once since putting in the EcoComplete several years ago, and my water is unbelievably clean, fish seem happy, and live long, long lives.
Maintenance consists of changing water (20%) every week or two, and squeezing out the sponges at that time.....nothing more, ever.
Bearing in mind that this is a cichlid setup, so the idea of plants taking care of the waste is kind of nullified.
And yes, unless you have discovered the world's first poop-eating fish, you will have to vacuum.
carp eat poop but u got to catch them in detroit river lmao and what is a ecocomplete
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Materials Research
Print version ISSN 1516-1439
MARTINEZ STAGNARO, Susana Yamila; VOLZONE, Cristina and RUEDA, Mónica Luciana. Influence of thermal treatment on bentonite used as adsorbent for Cd, Pb, Zn retention from mono-solute and poly-solute aqueous solutions. Mat. Res. [online]. 2012, vol.15, n.4, pp.549-553. Epub July 10, 2012. ISSN 1516-1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392012005000074.
The retentions of Zn, Cd and Pb cations by one treated bentonite up to 750 °C were analyzed. The retentions were evaluated by using mono-and poly-solute aqueous solutions of such cations. The adsorptions were carried out in batch system at room temperature. The solid/liquid ratio was 2% wt.v-1. The solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal and chemical analyses. The Zn cation from mono- or polysolute-solutions was retained in higher amount than Cd and Pb cations in similar solution types by bentonite. The retentions were effective up to 450 °C calcined bentonite, after that, the retention capacity decreased in concordance with dehydroxylation of the structure of clay minerals.
Keywords : adsorption; thermal treatment; clay; heavy metals.


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(South Hadley, MA) — The Summit House at Skinner State Park could open again as soon as next week. The historic building with the wrap-around porch perched on top of the Holyoke Range has been closed for repairs since 2010. Part of the delay had to do with a composite lumber initially chosen for the deck that couldn't hold paint or withstand wet weather. The auto road to the Summit House will stay open until November 11th, but hikers and bikers can travel to the popular landmark at any time.
Photo of Summit House courtesy of Daily Hampshire Gazette


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A great example of combining citizen science with on-the-ground action.
Europe and Central Asia
Invasive Alien Species - Europe and Central Asia
After years of political dogfight there finally seems to be hope for the Western Scheldt estuary in the Netherlands, a partly enclosed coastal body of brackish water with multiple streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
Europe and Central Asia
Located at the bank of the River Meuse, at the frontier between Belgium and Holland, La Montagne-Saint-Pierre has provided the mining industry with raw materials for many years. The site nowadays testifies to the evolution of nature and landscapes subjected to intensive human influence. Over the centuries, extraordinary fauna and flora have developed here, thanks to the calcareous soils.
Europe and Central Asia
Nineteen grid operators and environmental NGOs signed the European Grid Declaration on Electricity Network Development and Nature Conservation in Europe on 10 November 2011 in Brussels, in an open signatory process.
Europe and Central Asia
This year "Natuurpunt Educatie", the education branch of Natuurpunt (BirdLife in Belgium), celebrates its 15th anniversary. The tradition of environmental education in Belgium is much older, however; the institution dealing with these issues which was to merge with Natuurpunt in 2001 was already operating in 1935.


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Special Report
Gattaca at 15
The dystopian sci-fi thriller is fast becoming our reality.
In a key scene in the film Gattaca, a genetic counselor speaks with a young couple about the child they'd like to have. The couple's first child, Vincent, was diagnosed immediately after birth with several disabilities including a heart defect that puts his life expectancy at just 30.2 years.
So the couple decide to genetically engineer their second child. The counselor explains that after screening hundreds of embryos produced via in vitro fertilization, they are left with two healthy boy embryos and two healthy girl embryos. "All that remains is to select the most compatible candidate," he tells them.
They decide they want another boy, a playmate for Vincent. Reading off a report, the counselor says, "You have specified hazel eyes, dark hair and fair skin. (The counselor, who is black, smiles a little as he reads the last specification.)
He continues, "I have taken the liberty of eradicating any potentially prejudicial conditions: premature baldness, myopia, alcoholism, addictive susceptibility, propensity for violence, obesity, etc."
The mother interjects, "We didn't want…I mean, diseases, yes, but….
Her husband says, "Right, we were just wondering if it's good just to leave a few things to chance."
The geneticist says, "You want to give your child the best possible start."
Believe me we have enough imperfection built in already. Your child doesn't need any additional burdens. Keep in mind this child is still you, only the best of you. You could conceive a thousand times and never get such a result.
The couple acquiesces, and their second son, Anton, is the near genetically perfect son they had hoped for -- their one-in-a-thousand baby.
In Gattaca's world, most parents genetically engineer their children, and the few parents who conceive naturally risk producing children who become members of an underclass called "invalids."
Set in the "not too distant future," Gattaca, which starred Ethan Hawke, Uma Thurman, and Jude Law, debuted on October 24, 1997. The dystopian sci-fi thriller is a cautionary tale of what could happen if humanity doesn't check its eugenic impulses.
Fifteen years after the film's release, advances in reproductive and genetic medicine are producing the type of society Gattaca warned against.
The fields of assisted reproduction and genetics have been transformed since 1997. The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003, which enhanced our understanding of the genetic roots of human traits.
It took ten years and more than $3 billion to sequence the first human genome (DNA). But some scientists believe it won't be long before a person's full genetic make-up could be decoded in hours and for less than $1,000.
Even now couples can discern a great deal about their children before they are born. Genetic testing is being mainstreamed into the practice of obstetrics. In 2007, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists began recommending that all women be offered prenatal screening for genetic conditions.
Many doctors encourage pregnant women to obtain prenatal genetic screening, and, if the test comes back positive for a genetic condition, to abort. A recent survey found that a quarter of physicians admitted trying to influence mothers' decisions, usually encouraging them to end the life of a genetically disadvantaged child.
New DNA testing can screen fetuses for hundreds of genetic traits in the first trimester of pregnancy. Such tests are becoming cheaper, less invasive and more widely available. One test uses tiny amounts of free-floating DNA in the mother's blood stream that can give researchers a baby's an entire genetic code.
In June researchers at the University of Washington announced a new technique that can map a fetus's DNA and thus make it easier to prenatally alter the genetic makeup of a developing child. Researchers say such a procedure may be available in clinics in as little as five years.
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) continues to grow in popularity. PGD allows parents to create designer babies. First, embryos are created via IVF; then, after a few days of growth in a lab, the embryos are screened, and those that are determined to have higher risk of having certain traits, including genetic disabilities or the "wrong" sex, are killed. (PGD is a favorite among Indian and Chinese nationals, who travel to the U.S. for the procedure because their own countries outlaw the practice.) Embryos who pass the screening process are transferred to the mother's womb to continue developing.
A 2006 study by John Hopkins University found that 42 percent of fertility clinics offered PGD for sex selection. Dr. Jeffrey Steinberg of The Fertility Institutes uses PGD and has suggested that he will be able to screen embryos for eye and hair color within a few years.
Some experts believe this new technology is changing parents' attitudes toward their children. President Bush's Council on Bioethics warned in 2003, "The attitude of parents toward their child may be quietly shifting from unconditional acceptance to critical scrutiny: the very first act of parenting now becomes not the unreserved welcoming of an arriving child, but the judging of his or her fitness, while still an embryo, to become their child, all by the standards of contemporary genetic screening."
A 2009 poll reported in the Journal of Genetic Counseling found that a majority of respondents would elect to have prenatal genetic testing for mental retardation (75 percent) and deafness (54 percent). Thirteen percent even said they'd desire testing for superior intelligence. The authors concluded: "Our study suggests that consumers desire more reproductive genetic testing than what is currently offered; however, their selection of tests suggests self-imposed limits on testing."
In an interview, Arthur Caplan, head of the Division of Bioethics at New York University Langone Medical Center, predicted that within a decade, prenatal genetic screening will be available not only for physical and mental traits but also for behavioral conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, proneness to addiction, and even sexual orientation.
"We may all think that parents and society are very interested in diseases," he told me, "but I'm here to say that they're also very interested in personality and behavior."
Many parents feel they have a right to genetically perfect children, and courts are increasingly willing to recognize that right. At least 28 states recognize "wrongful birth" lawsuits, in which parents of disabled children are granted compensation when doctors fail to inform them that their unborn child may be at higher risk of a genetic disorder.
Caplan believes American culture reinforces parents' desire for genetic perfection. He said:
There's going to be demand in a society oriented toward doing well, toward perfection, toward the value of the best you can be, even a society that says, "I want a better life for my child than I had for myself." That's an ethical principle that you can hear in every religion, you can hear it in secular society -- it's just around. So somebody's going to say "Why won't I test my kids, to [give] them a better life than I had?
Given all these changes, how long will it be before mothers feel obligated either to abort "imperfect" babies or to manipulate the genes of their embryo-children?
How long until those who do not get tested will be regarded as immoral? As Robert Edwards -- test tube baby pioneer and Nobel Prize winner -- has said, "Soon it will be a sin for parents to have a child that carries the heavy burden of genetic disease."
Caplan explained where this view might lead:
Down the road, disability is likely to have more stigma, because people will ask this question: "Why did you choose to have a kid with a disability if you could have tested and avoided that? It's your fault." At some point the government might come along and say "It's so expensive to have disability, here's our policy: You can't make a baby unless you have genetic testing. That is to say, we think it's a cost containment feature in the year 2030 for everyone to have genetic testing."
If you don't think that's going to happen here, start looking at what genetic testing looks like in Singapore, start thinking about what genetic testing looks like in China. Start thinking about cultures where people are saying, "Hey, we'd like to build better babies. It'll make us more competitive. We've had a one-baby rule. Now we're going to have a mandatory genetic testing rule."
Philosopher Jeremy Rifkin predicts the formation of an "informal genetic caste system," which harkens to Gattaca, a world where "a minute drop of blood determines where you can work, who you should marry, what you're capable of achieving." Indeed as an "invalid," Vincent must work as a janitor and can only fantasize about becoming an astronaut.
Some bioethicists make the moral case for genetic enhancements. Ethicists like Peter Singer have called for government subsidies to parents to "genetically improve their offspring." In his 2010 book Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People, John Harris argues that genetic enhancement is not only morally defensible but morally obligatory.
Bioethicist Julian Savulescu agrees and has developed a philosophy called "procreative beneficence." He argues that "Parents should use technology to manipulate their children's memory, temperament, patience, empathy, sense of humor, optimism and other characteristics in order to give them the best opportunity of the best life."
The use of genetic technology raises many questions. Most of us are troubled by the idea of "playing God." Many people believe that children are gifts to be appreciated as they come to us, not as instruments of our ambition or as objects to be manufactured and commoditized.
A fundamental misconception at the root of the Gattaca mindset is that persons with disabilities inevitably lead unhappy lives and overburden their families and society.
But that's demonstrably untrue. To take just one example, a 2011 survey found that 99 percent of adults with Down syndrome report being happy with their lives. Another study found that 79 percent of parents of people with Down syndrome reported their outlook on life was more positive because of their child. Also, 97 percent of siblings of people with DS expressed feelings of pride and 88 percent were convinced they were better people because of their sibling with DS.
In Gattaca, Vincent assumes the identity of Jerome, a former swimming star with a near perfect genetic profile who was injured in a car accident that left him paralyzed from the waist down. Vincent pays Jerome for his identity, using his valid DNA in blood, hair, tissue, and urine samples to pass the constant screenings as he attempts to become an astronaut (which he ultimately does).
But Jerome feels marginalized in a society obsessed with perfection. He becomes an alcoholic and ends up killing himself by climbing inside his home incinerator and lighting a fire.
The eugenic mentality behind Gattaca fails to appreciate the value of human difference. Gattaca tries to eradicate human weakness but can't because weakness and disability are natural and essential parts of the human experience. They are part of what it means to be human.
Whenever I re-watch Gattaca, and as I observe the quickly developing culture of genetic perfection around me, I think about questions posed by Melinda Tankard Reist in her book Defiant Birth. Her simple questions get to the heart of what's wrong with the Gattaca mentality.
She asks: "Who is disabled? The person who through no fault of his own lives a more difficult life? Or is it the society which cannot tolerate or accept this person among them?"


text: Home Lists 2012 The Root 100 Ashley Hicks is co-founder of the Black Girls Run! joggers network, which aims to combat black obesity. 56 Influence: 152.8 Reach: 6.6 Substance: 7.7 Media Mentions: 8 Internet Mentions: 937 Twitter Followers: 730 Ashley Hicks Social entrepreneur, healthy-living advocate and blogger whose organization Black Girls Run! aims to combat obesity among black women. Job: Social entrepreneur and healthy-living advocate and blogger Sector: Community Twitter: @amhicks01 Location: New York City Age: 29 Bio: As public debate gained traction this year about black women's weight and obesity, Ashley Hicks was one of many healthy-living advocates who continued to promote the benefits of exercise. The Black Girls Run! joggers network she co-founded three years ago with Toni Carey has grown to 44,000 members and more than 60 chapters nationwide. A former soccer player who started running when she started to gain weight after college, Hicks never imagined that her group would become a movement. Now she's on a mission to encourage others. "It's important that our kids see and are exposed to health and fitness and know that this is a lifelong adventure," she told the Chicago Tribune. "They need to see women who want to stay in shape for the rest of their lives. What's so amazing is that it has spread by word of mouth." Visit the Black Girls Run! website and like its Facebook page. Powered by Livefyre


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Css Menu Kodlari
- Full cross-browser compatibility
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Css Menu Kodlari Blogs
UzmanWeb.Net Forum. SKYPORTAL - MKPORTAL - SMF - AADVARK TOPLİST => Modül ve Eklentiler to tabs set which target element to cdata assign "selected" CSS class ("linkparent" or attr "link"
clock152.swf" width="249" height="220" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" scale="ShowAll" loop="loop" menu="menu" wmode="transparent" quality="high">
POPUP MENU VİDEONUN ALTINDA KALIYOR. BU KONU İLE İLGİLİ BİR TOPİC A popup menuÇILMIŞ FAKAT ÇÖZÜMÜ enableerrordialogs="1" wmode="transparent" menu="false" z-index/position="absolute"
Tweet Tweet!
MariaMMWong: #Foodie goal for the week: try [email protected]_Dutchmen #foodtruck in NYC - Belgian fries with a menu of sauces (and sweet potato fries too!)
JohnnyBWildin: #incollege I learned the value of a dollar....on a value meal menu.
KristenOwens11: #LosAngeles FREE APP Facebox Pro for Facebook - Zentertain Ltd.: The best Facebook client on your menu bar! - C... http://HOTitunes.com
bishwajita: RT @ydn: Yahoo Mail Update - @mikecurtis on the new #performance architecture and 2x faster javascript & CSS http://yhoo.it/myO5eC
camilstoenescu: Top 5 Sites To Learn CSS Online http://bit.ly/mjWBPH
creativebusybee: Watching Great British Menu....mouth is watering!
ChittendenLocks: Check out the new Podcast audio tour of the Locks: http://bit.ly/iRJVtD
diejule: in July we start with prize money cups for TPro users only, cs, css, sc2, lol, cod, fifa, wc3?, and many more
SparkerWorks: May order everything on menu; sushi is dangerous when one is starving @ Ichiban http://gowal.la/c/4hVrS
douglasblyde: Enjoying Great British Menu. Winkles (pickled) being added now. @Jason_Atherton is a firm but friendly judge.
ccorda: Still using Firebug for CSS editing reasons? Check out the first 10 minutes of the Chrome IO pres from @paul_irish: http://t.co/sOyI69J
parthomaz: Flash Color LAB - Admin Module (Joomla): Joomla 1.5 Flash based color mixer, useful when you edit CSS\'s f... http://tinyurl.com/43jrhhv
ellitefoods: Malaysia on the menu (+ recipes): The intermingling of different cultures has long influenced the recipes and co... http://bit.ly/jIhv4M
ElisabethForde: #yumyum [email protected]:I have great love for our work lunch @busboysandpoets and the #glutenfree notes in the menu. It all tasted amazing
martinGAY03: when in Restaraunt Ask the price of almost everything on the menu and then order something that you didn't ask the price for.
Rezaurc: rezurc Need Best-of-Breed CSS Developer to Migrate Wordpress design to Shopify store - oDesk: Need a rock-... http://bit.ly/ldQQyW odesk
vegwithedge: @pizza_express in Harrogate - sampling the £10 menu! ;0) xx
klchilders: So on the daily menu at lunch today, one of the specials was a "quessidilla." I'm out of Delaware in 2 months....
kayjaynealon: @AnsonDownes Sorry, I don't think they offer that as a menu item and they happen to be very strict about substitutions.
Veggiecation: On the menu: Zucchini Salsa! Brooklyn students and teachers went WILD for it today! http://tinyurl.com/42c8wee
jamesrwhite: @elliottkember $("*").css({"font-family":"Comic Sans MS !important","color":"magenta"});
kiss_my_afro: "You were ready to order and he's still browsin' the menu!" @MsGreent8
socapexgirl: If I ever open my own restaurant - my moms french toast will be on the menu. It is effing epic!
KatieCoulson: Watch great British menu bbc2 now! Ginger dude looks the double of Daniel of Ugly Betty - but ginger :p
BUDiningService: Trying to come up with some new Late Nite Cafe menu ideas for Sept. Hey #IBMWatson or anyone else we'd love to hear your suggestions. #LNC
GingersnapAlley: Imagine this: Food Can Wait When Your Kids Play Menu Memory http://goo.gl/fb/TgRQF
sparkprovo: new menu today! we're having a few online issues getting the menu up so we'll get it on our blog in a few...
dtuncorked: Doing something different for Tuesday Tasting - if it is on the menu at $10 and under, you can chose it for Tuesday Tasting today only!!
Thai_Sabai_linc: Book now for the grand opening on the Thurs the 9th June two course set menu £15 per person call now on 01522 512473
uklib9: Now that was fun! Work lunch today sampling different dishes to add to our banquet menu.
fletcherchriss: Noone on the Great British Menu seems to have a great idea for the sharing platter would be cheese and pickled onion on a stick
HowardTruong: Took me 2minutes to realise how to start the game on Fruit Ninja. Never knew you had to slice the fruit to navigate the menu.
FreelanceDirect: Need Best-of-Breed CSS Developer to Migrate Wordpress design to Shopify… http://goo.gl/fb/hcm8W #Freelance #Projects
NiecexBeauty: I do believe wing stop is gonna be on the menu today :)
AlethaMcManama: Feel free to DM me if you have any CSS styling questions on your WordPress site! Love custom styling WP sites for my clients!
smitty462: Looking forward to another amazing dinner @ParisClubChi this Saturday! What r your favorite menu items?
h_zee13: @fedecarnales once done adding songs to now playing, go to now playing list and press menu to save as playlist
PrincessLisa21: @Paddy_s13 damn! What's in the menu for dinner!!?? X
CoolHandLex: I just unknowingly ordered the healthiest sandwich off the McDonald's menu. I might now officially be an adult.
sarah_sprague: @johnmtaylor @willbrinson I'm already planning the menu in my head.
sapiensa_org: RT @Solar_Decathlon: #SD2011 Progress Update: Check out @MiddSD 's practice menu for the @Solar_Decathlon dinner party this fall: http://bit.ly/jaAPHW
LovelyYoungMrs: RT @SdotYoung wit delivery lol RT @Oo_SoO_Shiesty: #incollege Half of TOPS CHINA's menu was $5! <=already kno!
ChoklatTea: RT @SPACEAtlanta: Tonight's Healthy Menu: Lemon Pepper Catfish Rosemary Chicken Breast Jambalaya Rice Steamed Cabbage Lemon Pound Cake with Strawberries
ShayLWilliams: Enjoyed lunch) Spanish food was on the menu...feeling fat
BMarcTheBest: #incollege Dollar menu's took on a greater value
rabbit_sql: Cubecart 4 Changes - at http://goo.gl/s2Lmr I am in th... #freelance #CSS #CubeCart
Custard_Factory: The wait is almost over... The remainder of our new menu will be arriving soon...
GlutenFreeMomo: I have great love for our work lunch @busboysandpoets and the #glutenfree notes in the menu. It all tasted amazing!
Valentinoz: Plan of the day: Make a new environment, Create animations, Create a css stylesheet for our help menu that mimics our ui design.
goodlifevan: RT @MARKETjg_Van: The Patio is open and the "Neighbourhood Menu" is ready to be served. Join us for #Canucks Game 5 tonight to cheer on the @VanCanucks!
TasnimTW_AJR: @SmileeyBelieber Er, find a cursor online, then copy the code thingy then click customize, advanced, and paste it in custom css!
Williamm49: #watchin the Great British menu
Drusillakdy: 120+ Videos On cPanel, Ftp, Css, Cron Jobs, Compiling And More!..: IM4Newbies is a complete hold-you-by-the-hand... http://bit.ly/lWnDrf
TulsaCash: RT @thepacker: Local produce near the top of hot menu trends: Local is the way to go in 2011, so say many o… (cont) http://deck.ly/~PUhXj
MARKETjg_Van: The Patio is open and the "Neighbourhood Menu" is ready to be served. Join us for #Canucks Game 5 tonight to cheer on the @VanCanucks!
2000animegirl: Help with Dolphin 7.0 Menu (paying) http://bit.ly/kVTmZ4 #jobs #job #Freelance [Like it? http://goo.gl/CuDOA ]
Pop_Ups: @IsaakSantiago Neither have I haha! I walked in though and they had a really small simple menu, so you'll do fine ;P
TChesters17: Great british menu is amazing food
Prettygirl_Kmk: @_dRC319 : Ohh God , we were so young ! Just lil girls mad css we didnt get our way w / one another !
TheCollectionES: @enjoyeventsco loving this post http://ow.ly/51OFO. @bethhelmstetter where did you get that menu board!? I have been on the hunt!
imryandavenport: Wedding planning has its ups and downs...but not when it comes to menu tasting! Mmm, the desert is gonna be pukka!
timcruz: Experimenting with colors and styles for a menu: http://d.pr/m96S
Gr8_Princess: RT @BG_Lewis #inhighschool Wendys dollar menu was the truth..lol especially after school!!!
lyndsaytownsend: The first time I get to watch Great British Menu in ages and it's the fish course. Bloody typical! It's still making me hungry though.
Narcissus17: That damn dollar menu RT @_JPJohnson: RT @capogambino: #incollege u can stretch 50dollars for like 3 weeks
metaljared: @laserswan no special instructions? I was expecting a list of feeding instructions, a menu and medicine routines
scouse_rugger: Great British Menu BBC2 now Tom Kerridge is Big Bald & HOT!!
minxymoggy: @donnabb27 @awanachelsea what makes it a Twitter menu?
joelevi: RT @brettbristow22: @GoogleVoice please make it so that when I open a text and press back it goes back to the main menu and not to where I previously was.
BestofCOUPONS: McKenzie's Bar & Grill $5 off or 1/2 price menu item - Free coupon here http://www.thebestofcoupons.com/twinports
autumnsandeen: @transnewsgirl In some parts of #trans community, I'm always on the menu. :P
Sushi_Rock: RT @clevemtgs: Mix it up for your next meeting...@Sushi_Rock can help you plan a unique menu at your place or theirs. http://ow.ly/51WsK...
Brittany_LCE: "@swaggtheservice: $1 Menu won for lunch today!"Haa me too!
Roc_Vixen: The 3 lbs I lost! Lol RT @QuietStorm_22: Wat weight RT @Roc_Vixen Steak & potatoes on the menu... Gotta get my weight back up
Judithkptl: bst joke to ply on grl 4 ur 1st date order da mst expen thing on da menu & say "u gt me? my chec cme fri." den give her da $ in the car. Lol
dhorrigan: @elliottkember Naa...$("*").css("font-family", "Comic Sans MS !important");
Job_less_info: Front End Web Developer - HTML, CSS, JavaScript, J Job in London, UK http://dlvr.it/Srphc
Job_less_info: Front-End Web Developer - HTML, Javascript, CSS, X Job in Enfield, Greater London, UK http://dlvr.it/SrphW
Job_less_info: ColdFusion Web developer - MySQL, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery Job in Surrey, UK http://dlvr.it/SrphT
TaylorAdams11: Chorizo Circus taco has been taken off the menu... Probably because of those tortilla strips in it. (@ Good 2 Go Taco) http://4sq.com/ipb4gb
SiLondon: State Banquet Menu Announced: Chips & Egg followed by Spotted Dick, washed down with Sunny Delight or Tizer. #obamavisit
Job_less_info: Online Marketing Executive (SEO / PPC / HTML / CSS) Job in Dorset, UK http://dlvr.it/SrpgT
Job_less_info: Web Design/Developer.PHP/HTML/CSS.Milton Keynes Job in Bedford, Bedfordshire - Milton Keynes, UK http://dlvr.it/SrpgQ
csssports: Are you guys getting along over there? RT @knoxbardeen: As @matt_stewartcss & I watched Arkansas practice... http://bit.ly/l461EN
FreeWebButton: Css menus background the forum at CSS play :: Search If you checkout the dl later styles you will see that dd ... http://tinyurl.com/2fzd9ow
Job_less_info: £35k PHP MySQL HTML CSS Javascript Web Developer Job in Warwickshire, UK http://dlvr.it/Srpfy
TRRonning: @felixge Tried nazca.vim? http://ow.ly/51WHM Good for javascript/html/css. Using it with some of my own Less css extensions.
HollandSmilers: Heee baby, let me take you to the dollar menu at MCdonald - Miley Cyrus aka Jay Leno ahahha
khairulzamri: @SPYSisme edit script...bloglist gune dropdown menu ia juga combine skli nga website stiap kampus...then aka… (cont) http://deck.ly/~MOpOB
colotweet: #datacentre Cool-Therm distributes Saifor high efficiency cooling technology ...: Cool-Therm reports that it alr... http://bit.ly/jW4OGi
djbender: RT @elliottkember: $("*").css("font-family", "Papyrus !important");
MaryLuzonfood: Ohh- excited! Going to @aphroditecooks class this weekend with the hubs! Can't wait for a delicious class and menu!!!
kylefox: @darkhelmetlive My paths are a bit different (ex: public/<theme>/css/screen.css) and using Liquid. Will see if I can make it work.
abbeyville: @rebeccaodell @jennahamel Yum! I'm hoping she has the Olive Oil w/ Sea Salted Pepitas. It's not on the normal menu, so fingers crossed.
mmvdl: RT @codylindley: json:select() CSS-like selectors for JSON - http://bit.ly/ln5rly
morey63: Health and Fitness Menu: Plus, for those of us who aren't ready to commit to buying our own machines, the shop h... http://bit.ly/kjXjvQ
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text:
April 29, 2016
An old-fashioned way of shopping is making a comeback this year, according to retailers.
Chain stores across the country and in the east are offering layaway for the holiday season because of the recovering economy.
Layaway customers at Kmart say the program helped make Christmas possible this year by allowing them to make affordable payments over time, instead of racking up a lot of credit card debt at once.
Other stores using layaway include Walmart, Toys R Us and Best Buy.
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