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Bill Colglazier: Well let me welcome all of you here today. We're glad to see you. My name is Bill Colglazier the Science and Technology Adviser here at State. First I want to announce there are two terrific lectures today if you have, if you'd like to hear even more just mention one in the afternoon that's on additive manufacturing, 3-D printing. The great title, "Can 3-D Printing Save the World?" So, if anyone's interested in seeing a demonstration of what additive manufacturing can do and hear about some of the policy issues, at least if you're in the State Department, it's at 2 p.m. in room 4477. If anyone's interested they can see me afterwards. But today, this morning you all are here for a Jefferson Science lecture. So it's my pleasure to introduce Mark Eberhart, the Jefferson Science fellow this year. He's working in the new energy bureau. He has a PhD in material science and engineering from MIT. He's worked for a number of years in materials division at Los Alamos National Laboratory. He went in 1992 to the Colorado School of Mines where he's been since then. He also still continues to do work at Los Alamos. Also, I'd like to point out that he's actually very adept at communication in science to larger audiences. He has two books of popular science, "Why Things Break: Understanding the World By The Way it Comes Apart," "Feeding the Fire," and -- oh excuse me, that was "The Way it Comes Apart," and the second book is "Feeding the Fire: The Lost History and Uncertain Future of Mankind's Energy Addiction." So, this morning, he's going to give us a talk about energy issues and we're very happy to have him here. Looking forward to his talk.
Mark Eberhart: So I am delighted to be here. The last six months have given me an opportunity to think about something which is very dear to my heart and that is science communication. And I think you'll notice as I going through my talk -- I'll start out with a little story and then as I go through my talk, I think you'll see that my attitudes have changed rather dramatically about what's involved in science communication. And this is kind of like carrying coal to Newcastle, I mean here I am in the land of where great strategic narratives of the past century, two centuries have actually been formulated and communicated to foreign publics and I'm here talking about strategic narratives. And so don't look at it as me trying to tell you something you don't know about strategic narratives, but what I've discovered and how it has impacted what I think about science communication.
So let me begin by telling this story. I was watching -- my father sent me, as he often does, sent me a YouTube video, a link to a YouTube video where a congressman was standing up, railing against the fact that we have now required everybody to make compact fluorescent lights, to use compact fluorescent lights. And my father was trying to tell me, "See how stupid this is that we do this." And here's this congressman was talking about how there's mercury in these lights and how we should be -- how when you break them you have to be very careful not to contaminate yourself with mercury. And going on and on and on. And I just wanted to go down and talk to him and say, "Do you understand that if we burn coal to run those lights we also make mercury? Do you understand risk analysis? Do you understand these things?" My desire was to convert this person to my way of thinking simply by giving them the facts. And that's my view, and I think it's a, it's a prevalent view of scientific communication.
So, with that as background, that's what I came in thinking and what I want to go through is the changes in my attitudes that have accompanied this. So let's start out. So looking at energy here. And I've put together a group of images, hopefully, that convey certain, kind of, visceral feelings. I don't want you think about this logically, I want you to think about what the visceral feelings are that accompanied this. Upper left-hand corner's clearly shows our dependence on gasoline, that we're so -- we're so tied to this that we're willing to line up and wait in large lines simply to get what we need for our mode of transportation. The lower left-hand image now shows an operating room. A typical modern operating room, and as you can see there are lights, there are all sorts of machinery, there are cords going everywhere. Our lives are literally dependent on the availability of electricity. And then you can see some other more negative images. In the upper left-hand corner, that says when I pull that off of Google images, it says it was Fukushima but I don't think it is because there was no fire Fukushima. I think what that is, is a refinery fire very close to the reactors.
And that's very interesting to me in its own right because we didn't hear much about the refinery fires going on there, we were concentrating mostly on the reactors. And what's interesting in that dark cloud of smoke going up there is carrying tons of pollutants with it, tons of carcinogens off into the atmosphere. And we didn't hear much about those but we heard a lot about the radiation. Of course, the poor polar bear down here in the lower corner, that's supposed to bring the image of climate change to your mind, polar melting, and we're going to lose that species. Far right hand -- far right hand, lower corner is a picture of the world at night. And what you'll see is Africa, unlike Europe and parts of Asia there that we see, Africa's largely dark. And without the access to electricity, they don't have access to the kind of things that we see here in the operating room. So, the idea here is that these -- this ambiguous imagery which brings both the conflicts and the benefits of energy together in one thing, that has a tendency to do something. It creates a certain tension in us, at least, it creates a tension within me. It creates a conflict within me. And also, a desire for resolution. I want to resolve these conflicts. And I think all problem-solving people look at those things and say, "What's the solution?" Which then, if that's the general idea, it brings us to an interesting question. Why haven't we resolved the conflict?
If you go all the way back to I think the first president that I was familiar with, there may have been one before this, was Richard Nixon, who said, "We have to do something about energy and our dependence on energy and what's going on." And we've done literally nothing. The problem has simply gotten worse. And the reason one might argue that that's happen is that it's simply too hard. This is an immense problem. Be one of the biggest problems we've ever tackled. It's too complex, it requires a great deal of sacrifice, at least that's the image that requires sacrifice. And we just haven't been willing to do that. But let me show you a clip, and you've all seen this clip before. So this is nothing new, but I want you to see how this clip where basically --
[video plays]
And the point of this is the following. Kennedy's authority to ask us to bear any burden, to make sacrifice, his authority to do that came from our national strategic narrative. So, our national strategic narrative, which was formed under the Truman Doctrine basically, gave him the authority and gave the people of the United States, also just looked at that and said, "Yeah. That's what we're supposed to do." So, the idea that something's complex or requires too much sacrifice really isn't applicable in this case. The question is what's the narrative that's going to carry us forward into a secure energy future? We'll talk about it that way.
Now, before I go on then to look at what that narrative will be, we have to kind of define a few terms about narrative. Now, the important thing about a narrative, is it's a paradigm that postulates -- the narrative postulate actually, formulated by Walter Fisher, says that all meaningful communication is a form of story-telling. This postulate says we experience the world as a series of narratives characterized by conflicts, characters, beginnings, middles, and importantly ends. And that the whole world is experienced through that.
So we have these basically two postulates by which we, by which we interact with the rest of the world. One is the logical paradigm. The logical paradigm says that we are thinking beings, that there are series of logical problems that we go out and tackle. We make our decisions by argumentation. And the validity is incorporated within knowledge and understanding, the validity of our decisions. Under the narrative paradigm formulated by Fisher, we're story-tellers. Human beings are story-tellers. They continually recreate the stories. We constantly see a story that was applicable 5,000 years ago, we find meaning in it today. The nature of those stories is confined in our history and culture. And we make decisions based on good reasons and what good reasons is, we'll come to see. Now, the power of narrative comes from what's called narrative transport. That means being carried away by the story. And we've all read a book, seen a movie, a television show, something where we've been carried into that story, where we became more than simply observers of the story, we became players in the story, we became actors in the story. And the effect to that narrative transport is to basically generate more cognitive response, more self-referencing, more positive evaluation of main character, more story-consistent belief in attitude changes. And that's crucial. And less tendency to counter-argue. So you've got a good story then you get people to say, "Yeah. Let's get involved in the story. Let's, I believe it. I understand it. I want to be part of it."
Now, basically there's a narrative hierarchy as far as the talk today's concerned. Narrative hierarchy is there's a master narrative. There's a master narrative, and we'll see some examples of that in just a few minutes. And that master narrative supplies kind of a context for what will be our strategic narrative. And the strategic narrative, actually what forms their personal narrative within the context of the strategic narrative. Now personal narratives are something that we all know about, we all know about our personal -- we've all formed these personal narratives. That is, you know, I'm going -- when I was a -- you know, growing up, it was, I'm going to go away to school, I'm going to become a PhD, I'm going to win the Nobel Prize, that one hasn't happened yet, but I'm still counting on it. And so, I formed this narrative which drove my entire live. My life was driven by this narrative. Not simply by the facts that happened, but actually by the actions I took to make my narrative come true. So that one, we're all familiar with. Let's talk more broadly about what a master narrative is.
Master narrative is a historical narrative that is culturally embedded. It's widely known by members of the culture, often based in history or religion, applies to a broad segment of a population and is often used in fragmentary form. Now the example that I've drawn from here is that of American exceptionalism. That's basically the master narrative that has driven the United States for at least since its founding, if not before. Since its constitutional founding, if not before. The term itself though, was actually first used by Stalin which seems strange. But nonetheless, what it does is, it doesn't -- it doesn't -- it doesn't basically -- it's not something of kind of an arrogance. What American exceptionalism is we as a nation, we as a people, have experienced something different than the rest of the world, that at the time of our founding, that was very much true, we were the first new country, the first constitutionally-formed country, the westward expansion. All of these things were things that other cultures hadn't experienced in many, many years if ever. So we had this exceptionalism, this different way of looking at the world. And that's our master narrative.
Now, what we're going to talk about more detailed today is a strategic narrative. A strategic narrative is a story that will be told, but I think this is key, the best -- the best explanation of what I've seen of a strategic narrative, is a story that will be told when some conflict is resolved. Now, we make that story up before the conflict's resolved, but we say, "This is the story that I'm going to tell before the conflict's resolved." It's anchored in history. It often draws from the master narrative. It contains, importantly, actions in the present to bring about that future vision. It -- if it's a good narrative, it exploits narrative transport to basically get disparate groups to come together to work toward a common goal. Our, my examples are, the Cold War containment of the Soviet Union, that is the Truman Doctrine, that was an example of a strategic narrative. There's a masterful example of a strategic narrative where we have actions in the past, which were these injustices which were done, which were so vividly portrayed there in the very beginning of this. We have -- we have things that happen in the past. We have actions in the present, which we can march on Washington, we're going to register to vote, we're going to do those type of things. And then we have a vision of the future. And of course, nothing symbolizes the vision of the future of the Civil Rights movement as much as the "I Have a Dream" speech that Martin Luther King gave. So, here are basically the elements of a strategic narrative and I submit without that narrative, which was formulated before one that -- as a part of the Civil Rights Movement. Without that narrative, people could not have taken the steps that they need to take to achieve those ends, and that that was an important component of it.
Okay, so. If that's the case, then is there an energy narrative? Can we construct an energy narrative which will have the same influence as the Civil Rights narrative, the narrative of containment. Okay, first of all, it's got to be anchored in the past. Well, that's easy. Our quality of life is dependent on our technologies, our technologies require energy. So, our quality of life is dependent on a supply of energy. We discovered recently that one: that supply is not unlimited. And two: that using that energy is causing us to basically harm the world in various ways, various kinds of environmental harms. So there's the past. The past is us using the technologies that we have developed over the last 200, 300, 400 years. Actions in the present. Well, the White House put out March 30, 2011 a blueprint for a secure energy future. But what I want to do is run through just the table of contents for this. And I want to draw your attention to a couple of things.
So let's go down the table of contents and first thing is to develop and secure America's energy supplies. We're going to expand safe and responsible domestic oil and gas development and production. Well anybody who's on top of the issue knows that in recent years, we've had a tremendous explosion in -- I shouldn't use the word explosion in the context of energy. We've had a growth in the amount of oil and gas we're generating within this country. That growth has come from various things having to do with extracting tight oil, gas, having to do with hydraulic fracturing. That is, there is a technological component to this issue. We're going to lead the world towards safer, cleaner, and more secure energy to supplies. We're going to provide consumers with choice to reduce costs and save energy. Now the way we're going to do that is with more efficient cars and trucks. Well, what's going to make those cars and trucks more efficient? It's going to be technology that's going to make those things more efficient. We're going to cut energy bills with more efficient homes and buildings. Well, what's going to do that? Well, it's going to be technology that does that. We're going to innovate our way to a clean energy future. We're going to harness America's clean energy potential and win the future through development of clean energy technologies. Well that's very obvious, I mean, how, that's going to be technology. And then we're going to lead by example, and the final example in here has to do with the United States government being more energy-efficient in its fleets and buildings, and that kind of things.
But what's important to point out is this plan, this blueprint for a clean energy future draws on technology repeatedly. It says the way we're going to achieve this is with technology. Now, let's look for the last thing. Is there a vision of the future? No. There is no vision of the future. There's kind of a vision. There's this vision of avoidance. If we do this, we can count on continuing to have gas that we can afford. If we do this, we might be able to avoid global warming. If we do this, these are the things, so it's a vision of avoidance. Let's avoid all of the horrible things which will fall upon us. And this is one of the things that if you look at the Gore movie, "Inconvenient Truth." So one of the things that always bothered me about the Gore movie is that what he was saying is, "Look what's going to happen if we don't take action." Let's scare the hell out of us. And it was successful in a lot of regimes. Now, the reason I hypothesize that there is no future is because the future, really -- energy is a -- is a symptom. The real question is how are we going to exploit technology. How are we going to exploit technology in a meaningful way? And that's been a question that we've actually been confronted with for years and years and years. And for some reason it hasn't found its way into a strategic narrative. It hasn't become part of a strategic narrative. So I'm going to ask the question why? Why is it that we don't, we see this as a need for an energy narrative, not a need for a technology narrative?
So let's look briefly at the history of science and technology within the strategic narratives. And I submit that science and technology really entered the public consciousness, the everyday public consciousness as an important part of our strategic plans, the importance -- as an important part of our national security following World War II. The reason being that World War II was arguably won with technology. If it weren't for the fact of technology, our technology, things could have been very different. Of course, the atomic bomb, which wasn't necessary to win the war, but certainly came into people's consciousness that this bomb had been created by scientists in some place off in the mountains, upon some buttes, secret buttes in New Mexico. That was important. Radar, sonar, rocketry, jet aircraft, cryptography, computing, the development of the research university began right after World War II. Integrated circuit, many, many more of these things became crucial to our -- to our security. But, what happened? Why didn't they become part of a national narrative? Well, let's take a couple of examples. Let's see how we picture then and now science and technology. So this next clip I'm going to show, again, you've seen this before, but what I want you to do while you're listening to this is I want you to be conscious of what your visceral feelings are to this picture. I would just quote it, but I'm not nearly as, you know, that won't illicit the same response.
[video plays]
And so now I'm going to contrast that with another clip. But the important thing is that this was and still is seen as one of the premiere science and technology events of the 20th century. Now, for many of you this next image is iconic, for some of you, you may have seen it before but it won't be the same thing, but for those of my generation, this is an iconic image. Again, pay attention to your visceral feelings associated when you watch this.
[video plays]
Now, I don't know about you, but that hits me in the same place as Kennedy's speech, in exactly the same place. That is, Kennedy was applying -- was applying a narrative that was separate from technology. Yeah, technology played a place but he was applying this thing as separate. So, he basically cast it as a sporting event, as human drama. That's what he portrayed it as. And that's exciting. And that's the same thing as an athletic event. Human drama. It is no accident that we called it the "Space Race." That's what it was. An athletic event, more than it was a story of science and technology, the central character was the competition. The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat. Let's go on.
If you get off the Metro near Pentagon, Pentagon City, you find these wonderful pictures and these wonderful posters, which I've taken pictures of, these billboards. And I don't -- you can make it out, we have two pictures, we have on over there of a series of F35s which is the, one of the only two fifth generation fighters going, the other one is the F22, no other country has one of these air superiority of the yin-yang to fight somebody who is gone. But we still spend lots of money on it. But look at the words, instead of talking about the incredibly technology that's invested in these things, this was an amazing story of how you can go from this early jet aircrafts to these things, the metallurgy that was involved, the material science that was involved, the electronics that was involved, it is incredible. We don't cast it in those terms. We cast it in enduring force. That's a nice narrative sense, I can get hold of that, enduring force. I like things that endure. I like force. Security in jobs. Security, that's important. Jobs, that's important.
So, these things technology and science is being seen as kind of, well, I'll move right onto it. They're not characters. Science and technology, they're props. Maybe a bit better term would be, if anybody knows what, in a Kabuki theater, the guys who are all in black, what's that called, who are they called? Anybody know? The guys in black, the stagehands in black who, you know, move everything around. And you're not supposed to see them because they're dressed in black. That's, maybe that's a better analogy, is that science and technology is just in the background, it's moving things around, but we don't look at. We don't pay attention. Now, the question is why. As a scientist, this offends me. I'm angry. We did this. The world today is the result of what we did, and I'm angry. If I take a second, I've got to take some responsibility. So let's do this where it belongs, take some responsibility here. Let's go back to this.
We have this logical paradigm and as scientists and engineers, we're taught to live in that logical paradigm. Basically, why. Why do we live there? We stay away from the narrative. Now, there's a reason we stay away from the narrative. We understand, or have experience with the fact that narrative is so powerful. It can lead you to believe things which aren't true. For instance, here's a very good narrative. The world was created in six days. And you all know what follows from that. That's a very powerful narrative. And still today, we combat that narrative. Evolution doesn't -- you know, there is no evolution. We combat that narrative. Many scientists have, you know, been whatever, hung on that narrative. And so what scientists do is the practice of science is nearly narrative-free. And let me just prove this to you. Here's an abstract. I went through and I looked for -- I looked through the various climatology journals looking for something that would be interesting that I could put up here.
So this is just a sentence that I'll take from that and I'm going to read it aloud. "We argue here that their analysis is seriously flawed and they significantly overestimate the fugitive emissions associated with the unconventional gas extraction, undervalue the contributions of green technologies to reducing those emissions to a level approaching that of conventional gas based their comparisons on gas and coal on heat, rather than the electricity generation. Almost the sole use of coal, and assume a time interval over which to compute the relative climate impact of gas compared to coal, that does not capture the contrast between the long residence time of CO2, and the short resonance time of methane in the atmosphere." That's a page turner, isn't it?
Man, you can really get into that. That has the potential for narrative transport.
Now. This is great. We also teach what we preach. We teach what we preach. And for the following clips, I'm indebted to the American Clinical Society, but the American Chemical Society went out at a conference and basically asked students what they do. What their research project is. And let me show you what we've got.
[video playing]
The point is, about 20 years ago, no one would have even recognized this enough to tell them to this differently, to actually tell them to speak simply. And the reason they speak like that is because they're rewarded for speaking like that. It wouldn't have made any difference if we had gone out and grabbed professors from the ACS and said, "Oh, you're here for the conference, tell me what you do," you would have gotten the same gobbledigook. Right? What's happened here is that we have been so cautious about narrative, we don't write in narrative, we don't speak in narrative, we do nothing in narrative because we are so afraid of it. And in that process we've cut ourselves off from the way most people think, at least the way they think a lot of the time. And it's a perfectly good way to think. And it's because of that that I, in the story that I told you at the very beginning of the talk, I wanted people to change. I wanted them to know what I know. Well, the first thing I learned when I got to the Department of State and I was talking to people in strategic communication is, no you don't ask people to change. It's great, we're going to go over and ask al-Qaida to change. No, that's not the way you do it. You take their form of communication, their imagery, and you try to adapt it to carry your message.
So that's the question. Can we do that? Now, can we do that? The fact that we don't use narrative in the practice of our discipline does not mean that we cannot put our discipline within a narrative context. And that's what I'm going to try to do. So, the narrative of science. Let's look at the three characteristics we've got to have. It's got to be anchored in the past, steps in the present to achieve a future vision. Now, here's my little drawing of the history of science. And science of course -- and I shouldn't say history of science, I should say history of technology which has two component parts, science and engineering. And we as a -- as humankind probably began somewhere around -- you can -- it's a fuzzy line, but I draw -- I pick 50,000 years ago when there really was an explosion in engineering in an attempt to understand. But these two things are quite different. Science and engineering were quite different. And they begun to come together into what I call science-based engineering, and I'm not the only one who uses that term. Science-based engineering in the mid-1800s. Again, this is a fuzzy line when they actually start to happen. But I pick 1850 as when this confluence began because the first time people recognized the laws of thermodynamics governed the steam engines they had been making for a hundred years. They had been making steam engines without understanding what made them more efficient. And with the confluence and the coming together of thermodynamics, they began to understand the science, the why behind the things that they made. And now they can make more efficient steam engines.
So I call that point 1850. And I say how far are we along this curve where we're coming together to bring science and engineering together into science-based engineering. And I say we've hardly moved at all. Now, a lot of people don't believe this so I have my favorite example. My favorite example here is de Havilland Comet which was the first passenger jet, a beautiful airplane put up in 1952 thereabouts. And it was crashing. It was crashing, and no one could understand why it was crashing. The engineering approach to this would be, "Let's build another one, put it up. If it doesn't crash, we got the design right." Okay? That's the engineering approach. Unfortunately, this becomes really hard to get people to fly. But at the time, scientists began to look at it. I mean, the engineers had thought of everything, they said it was the wings, it was the -- you know, it was everything. Scientists began to look at it for the first time with impetus that came from things that had happened during the Second World War. And you'll notice that on that -- if you can see it, you'll notice the shape of the windows in the fuselage. They're square. When was the last time you were on an airplane that had square windows? If you are on an airplane that has square windows, get off.
Because what happens is those square windows act as stress concentrators and that was why they were breaking. And they made the -- they made the correction. And the -- and the Comet flew, it still, there are still a Comet or two out there flying. And you'll notice that the windows are now round, they're portholes. It was science that taught us that. It was the science of fracture mechanics. This was 1952. That is, we had all the engineering skills to build this thing but none of the scientific knowledge to understand that it wouldn't fly. That was 1952. It was only 60 years ago.
So we are indeed just moving. I shouldn't come over here, I'm losing you. We are just now coming to that period of time where science and engineering are coming together. And my contention is that that's an act of maturity, that science and engineering are maturing. Well, if we look at it that way, then let's figure out where we are. Let's figure out where we are now. What are the ages of technology? What are the stages of our maturation? Well, we discovered 50,000 years ago, and in that period, that we can do things. We can make cave paintings. We can cut down forests and use the wood to burn and scare off the lions. We learned that we can have an effect on the world. We didn't pay much -- pay attention to the fact that there were consequences to that. We really didn't recognize it. And in terms of human equivalent, they made us something less than three years old.
As time passed, we began to learn that there are consequences to what we do. If I slam a door and I get my hand stuck in it, I go, "Oh." When I'm very, very young I don't recognize that there was a consequence that it was going to happen. So I go over and go, "Careful. Don't slam your hand in the door." And I'm proud to say that in my recent life I haven't done it in a long, long time. And I remember as a child doing it a lot. So we learned that there are consequences. Again, fuzzy lines. But the book "Silent Spring," recognition of the ozone hole, global climate change, these are all examples of basically maturing and recognizing that. And in a human equivalent would be about the age of five or six. Less than five or six when you begin to realize these things.
Then there's the point in development where you anticipate the consequences of our actions. Now I claim that anticipation is the same word as science. That is, when we can begin to say, "Ah, we do this, it will result in that." That's the point where you begin to integrate science with engineering. And the point where we begin to anticipate that is through the age of adolescence. Then we reach this -- some of us do, some of us don't, you reach this marvelous age where we take responsibilities for our actions. And that's when you become an adult. As separate from when you reach the age of adulthood, that's when you really become an adult, when you accept the responsibilities. And then there's another age that lots of people don't reach which is where you avoid actions with adverse consequences. You anticipate them. You say, "I'm not going to do that." Or, "I'm going to figure out another way to do that." And those people are not only mature and adult, but they're wise.
So, my suggestion is that this forms a narrative for science and engineering. We were in technological infancy. That's our past. We want to get to technological maturity. We need steps in the present to do that. Here's where I claim this is the meat of my talk. If you're asleep, wake up. The scientific community should embrace our history and acknowledge or lack of maturity. It should become a part of every scientist and engineer's personal narrative. We are scientifically immature. Once it becomes a part of our narrative, it opens up a whole set, and it changes the world in a dramatic way. As soon as every scientist and engineer says, "I am immature," it brings something else to bear. It says, "Mistakes will happen." We expect a three-year-old to spill their milk. We expect that. And that's what happens. As soon as I say that then we can expect accidents. They happen. Hiroshima happened. Three Mile Island happened. These are all things that happen because we are immature. You don't tell a child who spills their milk, "No more milk for you." I mean, some people do. But that's not the best way to do it. You say, "Let's take this opportunity and realize that you got carried away and you were throwing a ball across the table and these things happen. Let's not do that in the future. Let's learn it as an event." Okay. If you admit that you're -- if everybody who is in a technological position accepts as their core being, as their personal narrative, that they are immature and their goal is to obtain maturity, it provides a certain kind of rational now for saying what are the limitations we put on our immature characters who are playing part in our narrative.
For instance, BP plays a part in our narrative now. What are the limitations we put on it? It is a six-year-old. What limitations should we put on it? Because it is a child. Now, those limitations are what we have to come up with. Those are the steps we have to come up with. Now, now those very limitations now are the things that propel us to grow up. Or they're an inducement to grow up. I wanted to drive. I really didn't want to drink, but nonetheless I didn't want to drive. I wanted to enter into contracts. I wanted to make people take me seriously. So there are a number of things which drive you to adulthood, drive you to maturity. And part of it is the limits we place on people who haven't demonstrated that capability or shouldn't have -- you know, there's a problem with age and actual demonstration, but nonetheless, you understand what I mean. So these limitations provide the means to grow up.
So, this is basically the heart of it. This is what I say is our narrative. Narrative is to begin, to recognize that we're immature, to teach that to all of our students, to spread that to the world, to give them a vision of what it means to be a technologically mature society. And within the context there to provide an environment to help us grow up. Now, we're hampered by one thing there. At least when we're children, we can look around to other people and say, "That person is a good role model, I want to grow up and be like them." Unfortunately, we don't have that. We don't have a role model. It would be great if the Vulcans were to come down and set down on our planet and say, "This is -- You want to be like us." I'm not sure we would, but nonetheless they don't use narrative at all. But nonetheless, we don't have a role model.
So here, here's our problem. How do you, how do you basically form a vision of the future without a role model of what it would be? That's the great task that I think confronts scientists is to convey that and communicate it to the public at large. So, that's where I am with my thinking process. I want to thank -- as I said, this has been an amazing opportunity to have this opportunity, this six-month opportunity to think about these things in great depth. I want to thank everyone at staff, especially Bill Colglazier and Lawrence Lin. I want to thank Andy Reynolds, all the current Jefferson Fellows, thank you so much for coming. Everyone at the ACS who's been very supportive of me over the years and everyone else who I bombarded with these thoughts when they were still ill-formed and sounded really stupid. Not that they sound better now, but they have -- well they do sound better now. But at one point they sounded really strange. So I want to thank those people who looked at me and said, "Yeah. That has some merit." So thank you very much.
Are there questions? If you could go to one of the microphones down here so they can pick you up.
Male Speaker: So, I would assume from a senior narrative as science is growing into maturity. We would place science currently somewhere in the adolescent stage, near the adolescent stage. So, I think as someone listening to this narrative, the obvious thought, question is what can we expect from science during her rebellious teenage years?
Mark Eberhart: [laughs]. You know, I thought of that question myself and I don't have -- I don't have the answer to that. I think that the key thing here is if we as a community adopt this picture, then as a community we won't be rebellious. There will be people, there will be individuals, individual scientists, but as a community we'll be kind of a damping influence. I think it will bring a certain amount of humility to basically stand up and say, "I'm immature." Not "I'm immature" but science is immature, and won't it be great to get to that point where it is mature? And what does that mean? But I do understand what you're saying, and I can't give you a specific answer. Other questions? Yes.
Eric Maltzer: Hi, I'm Eric Maltzer from the climate change shop, just want to thank you. I think you really have laid out very clearly why scientists and engineers, who've been working on climate change for 30 years and proven more and more conclusively how serious it is, have failed to connect on a broader level with public opinion, with the exception of maybe the Al Gore moment when we had a spike in action and belief. But my question is, you know, these other instances, you know, post-World War II and post-World War II where we connected science and technology with national action, the national strategic narrative. Those science development were tied in with some sort of human -- great human struggle, you know, we were shining as an enemy or national defense or security. How do we tie into climate change and energy security to some sort of grand human struggle? Because right now people associate it with the weather.
Mark Eberhart: Yeah. And, to me the way you do that is as soon as you have the scientific community as a whole saying, "We are immature," then the next response is, "Well, grow up." How do you do that? Then you change your funding scheme. You change so much that we're driven right now to goals-oriented instead of growing-up-oriented. And my feeling is climate change and energy are simply symptoms of this immaturity. And what we're doing is try to focus on the symptoms instead of the immaturity itself and saying, "How do we grow up?" So, I don't think you want to tie energy -- and, it's very important, but I think you want to tie it to the future of the human race. That is, if we don't learn how to deal with this problem, we're never going to deal with any of the great problems that are coming along, and the world will be better when we know how to do that. So, my feeling is what happened here is you haven't tied things, or we haven't tied things to a future vision, a compelling future vision. There was a compelling future vision in the space race, I mean, "We're going to win." There's a compelling future vision in the process of containment, the Cold War, security, jobs, the only future vision people have given in the climate change and energy is, "We don't want to end up there." Don't do that. Give us a compelling reason to move forward. People don't line up to buy the next generation of iPhones because it gives them the same thing their current generation gives them. It's got to be a compelling vision that this is a better place to be. And I think that compelling vision is we as humans are growing up. And that as soon as we accept that and make that known to everybody in the world as part of our, as part of our personal narrative, that there will be a push, let's get there. That's my personal vision. That didn't answer your question, exactly, but nonetheless.
Male Speaker:
All right, I'll let other people...
Mark Eberhart: Could you -- go ahead. Yeah. They want you to go over there. Oh, I see. I've got people waiting. I'm sorry. Go ahead.
Karen Laughlin: Thanks. I'm Karen Laughlin from EPA and I come from the biological science world. And I know within that world, there's, you know, a pretty broad recognition across the disciplines within biology that we're just getting to this point where things are starting to explode and go forward. And I think that that's true across other scientific disciplines. But, and I may use your narrative parlance in the wrong way here, because I'm not that familiar with it. However, it strikes that within the American public we tend to hear -- I mean, I hear from my family and others that we're kind of at this apex that our technology, whether it's medical or biological, or energy is just amazing. And even when you're talking about the development of renewable energy, I think the general public's like, "Oh, yeah, we've discovered how to really do solar [unintelligible], so that means we're at this amazing point." and I'm wondering how, or if you've given thought as to how you marry this messaging of, "We're still maturing" with what I think science has done is really convince the public, "Hey, we've hit it. We're there." How do you, how do you change the messaging aside from just, you know, only convincing within the scientific community, "Hey, we're actually not as mature as we pretend ourselves to be."
Mark Eberhart: Okay, so. I agree with you personally that the -- that the scientific community has said, "We're there." Look at that. Now part of the reason we've done that is to say, "We need funding." You're not going to give me funding to say, "I want to turn from five to six." Come on. So, that's part of the reason we've said we're there. And people believe it. "Oh yeah, we're there." All of this is exploding. The way you first do it is the scientific community adopts some humility. It says, "No, we're not. We're just barely cracking the surface." And this maybe goes to the other question that was asked, is at what age were you when you thought you had all the answers? I remember, I thought when I was like 14, "Wow. I'm there. I have all the answers." And then I got to be 30 and I said, "No I didn't." It took me a long time. And I think that's where we are as a scientific community. We're there saying, "We've got all the answers." Again this also goes back to the problem of role model. If you've got no role model to point at and say, "Now, they have the answers." We look at ourselves and all we can see is where we've come, we can't see where we need to go. This is a very hard question that you asked, but the pertinent question. This is the pertinent question.
Norma Allewell: Hi, I'm Norma Allewell and I'm one of Mark's colleagues as a Jefferson Science Fellow. Mark, I wanted to make, if I could, a comment and then also sort of raise a challenge. And my comment is I think there are some role models there, so first there were the people involved in the development of the atomic bomb who became enormously concerned and developed for example the Union of Concerned Scientists. But in the biological realm to get back to that, there are some more recent examples, so the very serious discussions that took place when recombinant DNA came along and led to a slowing, actually, of the scientific process for a while, but at the same time avoided what could have been disastrous consequences and more recently the story of the avian born, avian flu that was to be developed in ferrets and so on, and it has led to an almost unprecedented 60-day moratorium in that research it for -- to give people about it.
So, I think those examples actually would create a vision that other people might be drawn to. The point I -- the other point I wanted to make is that I think that your narrative has to be strongly positive. And I'm not sure that this narrative is because, well, it's great to mature, you know, you're likely not to make mistakes that will result in a shortened lifespan. Shortly after maturity, comes beginning to grow old and so there isn't this acceleration of energy and power which really drove the Civil Rights movement and the race to the moon and so on and so forth. And taming energy, if which is sort of implied in some of the language that is used today is just not an exciting prospect. I'm wondering, as I was standing here, I was thinking it could be reversed and we could talk about the world being forever young if we stop abusing it in the ways that we are through the ways in which we're creating energy resources these days.
So those are my thoughts, so I do think that talking about maturing and acquiring wisdom just isn't going to do it in this modern world and we have so many example in politics where a negative message just doesn't go anywhere. It doesn't work to tell people that they're bad and they should be better and so on and so forth. It may work within the scientific community, but we have a political problem of capturing the public's attention and basically winning their support and I think that takes, as I say, enormous energy and so on and so forth.
Mark Eberhart: Well, I agree. I agree that one needs a compelling vision and so what I've formulated here is a straw man in the sense that if you can come up with a more compelling vision, let's go for it. And the examples you gave, the examples you gave of recombinant DNA and this kind of thing, I thought of all of those as examples and where do you put those on the maturation, where do you begin to say, "Oh, I'm going to do something, I better think about what's going to happen before I do this." Well, that, you begin to do that in your late childhood. So that's basically what's going on now. Those questions are questions not of mature people, but of people in their late childhood, which I would say apply to the people who were building the atomic bomb, apply to the people who are saying what are the consequences of recombinant DNA. All of those things, I would put them at that age. Yeah.
Wes Reisser: Hi. My name is Wes Reisser. I work here at the State Department and I teach energy resources across the street at George Washington University. A note and a question for you. I actually think that there is a narrative vision being presented for our energy future and it's one I've written about which is actually quite concerning because of its impossibility. And that is one that is brought to you by the people of America's oil, natural gas and coal corporations which is a vision of quote "energy independence" that the U.S. can mine and drill our way out of needing to get energy resources from other countries, and this has become the driving energy narrative within our society. How, as scientists as educators, as policy makers, can we shape a new positive narrative that will allow us to do what you're pointing to, to allow funding to move in other directions rather than to a series of what look like easy answers, but actually don't solve any of our problems.
Mark Eberhart: And there's -- there are a number of ways that, as I said, the narrative has to get one involved in narrative transport. And there are a number of ways that people evaluate the quality of the narrative. How faithful it is to what they know and what their experiences are and a number of other things. Now if that narrative is flawed, then it's our job to make sure that they understand that narrative if flawed. If they are being sucked into a narrative which is untrue, why? What's wrong with it? What's the counter-narrative that sets that apart? And that's why it's interesting to be here at State because so much of the work that goes on in strategic communications here at state is specifically countering other narratives, countering the narrative of al-Qaida, countering the other narratives. So, the question you ask is the one I hope to spend part of what remains of my Jefferson Science Fellowship trying to figure out how to answer. That is, what is the form that the strategic communication that one wants to put forward in order to counter these narratives, to build a stronger narrative? I don't know the answer to it, but that's something that I want to work on. Yes.
Male Speaker: There's a book by a guy named something like Watts Wacker called "Tell Me Your Story." And in it, he discusses the importance of story-telling to the modern corporation. I was curious as to whether you've heard of his book, read it, if it had any influence on your thinking?
Mark Eberhart: I have heard of the book. It was one of a number that I now have stacked up to read. [laughs]
Male Speaker:
[laughs]. Okay. It's good to know that.
Female Speaker: Hi Mark. Thanks, this was very
Caroline Trupp Gil: Hi Mark. Thanks. This was a very thought-provoking presentation I really appreciate it. I'm Caroline Trupp Gil [spelled phonetically] from the American Chemical Society. You mentioned strong voices that have added to our national narratives, you mentioned Martin Luther King and President Kennedy. As you look forward and think about the narrative that you're proposing that needs to be out there, are there voices out there already that you think could add to that narrative? And is it possible that some of those narrators might be out from outside of the science community?
Mark Eberhart: So, this is interesting because I -- one of those people that I talked to who listened and made comments about how I may present this said, "You know, what so many of these things are driven by is a charismatic person." Who is that charismatic person? Well, it's not me. [laughs] So the question is, who would that person be, and how would we formulate this? And that's the issue. How do we do this, how do we find that people, how do we find those spokespeople, I do not know who they are. It could come from people outside of the sciences. I believe it, I believe it could come from people outside of the sciences. But it's important to find that group of people or that person, or that voice to carry that message forward. Again, another thing on the horizon to figure out how do you do it.
Ryan Kerney: My name is Ryan Kerney, I'm a AAAS fellow at DOE and I have a question about your perspective in the narrative on technology. And just, if you could compare and contrast it with the environmental movement as it stands today, and its view of technology. And maybe this has to do more with your visions of the future, but the way I see it in the existing environmental movement, there's much more sort of Luddite perspective and, maybe that's not the wrong way to put it. But it's something that's more driven by the writings of like Bill Joy and "The Future Doesn't Need Us" or E.F. Schumacher "Small if Beautiful." And seems to be kind of at loggerheads with what you're presenting as technology fixes.
Mark Eberhart: Right. First of all, I'm not presenting a technology fix. Okay. What I'm suggesting is that we judge our technology from the perspective of being mature. That is, we look at BP and what they did to the Gulf was outrageous and horrible. But we look at BP and say, judge them as if they were a mature entity. If you start from the perspective that they are immature and everybody who works for them starts with the perspective that they are immature, that develops an ability to question what you're doing. That is, as a child I can go to somebody and say, "I'm just a kid. Should we be doing this?" As an adult, that's less acceptable. So, what we have done in this process, to which I believe the environmentalists have contributed, is put these companies and these entities in a position where the -- where they are unable to question their own actions because we don't say mistakes will happen. Let's be open about this, let's proceed as a world community to an end. And let's understand that we all have to grow up and that to me is the crucial point of my message that the whole narrative isn't formed, but that is the crucial point. If we accept that as a basis, it allows us to question our actions much more readily than the current time. So if there's one takeaway message, that's it.
Female Speaker: Hi Mark.
Mark Eberhart: Hey there.
Female Speaker: So, this is what we were talking about over those beers.
Mark Eberhart: That's it.
Female Speaker: Nice. I serve in the STAS office and I had a comment and then a question. The comment is it's too bad there's nobody here from NASA in the audience, because if anybody's figured out how to communicate complicated topics in a compelling, even inspiring way, it's those guys. The question I have was in looking at the maturity index, one of the things I'm worried about now that I kind of understand what you're thinking, is for an adolescent who now understands the impact of their actions, one of the underpinnings of great science is a wide open attitude about risk. So, how do you make it through that phase which you posit we are entering, where we're now aware that there's some impacts and side effects of the work that we do. How do you not sort of get folks pulling in their horns if you will? And not taking those risks to try and understand the next frontiers of science?
Mark Eberhart: Well, there are personal risks and there are broader risks. That is, I can do -- we may discover the Higgs Boson and discover something amazing to do with the Higgs Boson. That was a huge risk in doing the investment in the -- in that kind of thing. But taking the next step and say, "What are the broader implications of what I have discovered and what will happen if I take what I have discovered and apply it in some way?" That takes tremendous maturity. The people who were involved in the Manhattan program, they attempted to do that. They attempted to, but they didn't see clearly, they didn't see everything that had to do with it. And what I'm suggesting is scientific maturity will give us this ability to see clearly what we're supposed to do. There is also the tendency as you get older to take less risk, isn't there? So, that's an interesting point, we want to have people who are developing, who are at that point to take risks but they're supervised by very smart people who say "Maybe we shouldn't go there right now." That's all I can think of. Okay? Very good question. I think just one more.
Gil Brown: Thanks. Gil Brown. I'm a Foster Fellow and a very stimulating, provocative talk about the different narratives and to the subject of risk, I mean, 10 to the minus six and saying safe. And those are the two different narratives that run parallel and the scientists tend to stay in 10 to the minus six and the narrative, the public narrative, the Washington, the policy narrative is safe. And I think the overarching term struck me seminal book or pamphlet was of a concept of acceptable risk and how do you translate that into societies, into society. And I think, I know you didn't mean it, but we don't ever know everything. And that's the flaw in the thinking. And that was you know, that's a bad paradigm. We'll always be in the space of uncertainty, whether it's in nanotech, or bio-tech, or nuclear-tech, or what have you. So I leave you -- or my take-away, and I would roll out, and I think you said it without saying it, the word hubris. This is an old concept. And I think the best we can do is to have some humility for what it is we're doing and what we think is the right thing, because clearly the narratives change. We could not do the Westford -- the Westford, that's my hometown -- the westward expansion in today's narrative environment, for example. So, knowing that things change and knowing that the best we can do is the best we can do is a degree of humility. In other words, not knowing at all. So we close with the "Ascent of Man" which you may be familiar with, Jacob Bronowski is brilliant. And these -- the chapter I'm most familiar with is the chapter of uncertainty. And that's a very humility-driven chapter and that's maybe where we should start from, as we say we know it all and we're going to make the world a better place.
Mark Eberhart: And Bronowski was a great spokesperson, a great voice. And many of those people who provided the kind of voice that we're talking about are gone, and no longer -- the public no longer pays attention. There was a time when people knew who Salk was. And understood, revered science and technology and turned to these people with respect and listened to what they said. I think that time has largely passed.
Gil Brown: And I don't think he was a very public figure, he was for us.
Mark Eberhart: He was just a great voice, yes.
Gil Brown: Yeah. Carl Sagan might be one of these guys that transitioned from science to being the narrator for science.
Mark Eberhart: [affirmative]. Yes. I think we're done. Thank you very much everybody.


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The No. 24 Arkansas baseball team (21-13) raced out to an early lead Wednesday ...
Due to the threat of inclement weather, Arkansas baseball's series opener with ...
Officials with the U.S. Mint plan revealed the new penny Thursday.
On the front is the classic Lincoln image that's been on pennies for years. On the back, Lincoln is shown delivering a speech at the Old State Capitol in Illinois.
Joel Iskowitz designed the penny. He calls it the biggest honor of his career and says it's a little daunting to think that so many people will see it.
This is the third of four new pennies marking the 200th anniversary of Lincoln's birth.
The earlier pennies showed the log cabin where Lincoln was born and a scene of Lincoln reading. The fourth penny will celebrate Lincoln as president.
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CFP: World War I Posters (8/31/03; collection)
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Contributions are invited for a volume of interpretive essays on World War I posters. Many books, including Maurice Rickards's classic Posters of the First World War (1968), have brought the poster images of World War I to a wider viewing public. This volume seeks to interpret and contextualize posters and to explore the role they played in mediating public understanding of war experience at the front and on the home front in combatant nations. Essays that compare posters in different national contexts are particularly encouraged. Essays might address:
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Spinning and Distorting Faith
When former Bush administration staffer Marc Thiessen appeared on EWTN (a Catholic television network) last week and cloaked torture under the euphemistic guise of "enhanced interrogation" and made a theological case for waterboarding, many people of faith took exception and refuted Thiessen's preposterous claims.
Now Faithful America is launching the taking the "Don't Spin Our Faith" campaign, flooding EWTN with email petitions calling for a correction of Thiessen's misinformation — which they made no effort to do while he was on the air or afterward — and reminding them that they have a moral and journalistic responsibility to tell the truth about torture.
EWTN is certainly not the first outlet to let torture defenders spin and deceive (recall that the Washington Post hired Thiessen as a columnist), but religious media have a special obligation to the millions of people of faith rely on religious media to stay informed on the pressing issues of the day in a manner consistent with their values. Click here to join Faithful America's campaign to make sure that religious media is a "No Spin Zone" when it comes to torture.


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A three-storey corner landmark in the Tha Tien community, Aurum affords guaranteed views: three rooms overlook the old town, nine the adjacent river. Its...Soi Pansook
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This charming boutique inn has won awards, so it books out fast. Beside the Queen's Gallery, it occupies a shophouse on the site of a palace that has been...607 Thanon Phra Sumen
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Bangkok's first boutique hotel (2002) hit just the right attitude and service to earn that mantle. The vibrant mixture of colours and textures involves...222 Thanon Silom


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May 2, 2016
A New York animal shelter is seeking donations of Viagra to treat a pit bull with a heart condition.
Staff members at the Little Shelter Animal Rescue and Adoption Center in Huntington, on Long Island, say 6-year-old Ingrid needs two of the little blue pills every day or she will risk heart failure. They say a vet suggested it.
The pills cost about $10 apiece, and the shelter has been asking Viagra users to pitch in and donate their unused pills.
Viagra was originally developed as a heart medication but is now used mainly by men to give their sex lives a boost.
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26 weeks in pain
I have been having pain under the sternam i think they call it on the left side of my rib cage then in addition now I am feeling the uncomfrtable pain on the laft back side midback between shoulder and spine but down just a smidge when I asked my doctor about it he hought maybe i have a pinched nerve under my rib cage is that wht it sounds like and if so anyone know how to relieve it cant sleep at night
Posted: 09/18/2007 by brandybarr1981
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I've been experiencing the SAME issue. I'm 25 weeks pregnant with my second, never had issues like this with the first and I feel like "Frankenstein". I was hospitalized last week and they put me on an IV and gave me two liters of saline, they hoped the extra fluid would relieve the pressure. No such luck. They sent me home with Tylenol.... still, I feel like I'm dying from the insideposted 09/19/2009 by michelle8798
What your feeling is your ribs spreading making more room for the baby I have the same pain. It can be severe at times and sometimes it feels like I have torn a muscle under my breast. Try sleeping with a body pillow, always sit up straight, and walk when you can it should help with the pain.posted 11/07/2008 by Happilywaiting81
I am also having a sharp pain under my chest,my mom said its the fundus getting taller, I also get the worst cramps in my pelvic areaposted 01/16/2008 by LilSuperman
I'm about 26 weeks and I've been experiencing similar pain as well. My doctor referred me to a neurologist who discovered that I have a compressed disk in my back that is squeazing a nerve. This was brought on my by pregnancy weight gain. Now I'm seeing a phsyical therapist that specializes in pregnancy. It helps but it hurts to sit too long..posted 12/23/2007 by a BabyCenter Member
It sounds like you were discribing upper abdominal pain instead of lower pelvic (as most of the responces addressed). If it is upper abdomen, between the ribs or off a bit to one side shooting to the back, be aware that it could very well be gallbladder pain. Pregnancy hormones are hard on the gallbladder and it is pretty common for women to need it removed postpartum. I had mine removed at 14weeks of pregnancy. From a previous pregnancy it was discribed as stomach issues and I was put on antacids (you can give that a try), but it never went away and became worse with the next pregnancy that was when it was tagged as gallbladder and removed. It was worse at night and changing positions made it worse not better. The pains are gone and pregnancy is easier. Since my experience I have heard of MANY other women with pregnancy gallbladder issues. It is a possiblity to look into.posted 12/22/2007 by Becky#5
Yeah i get that pain alot i went to the doctor and they said that its because the babies foot is their what i do is lay on my back for like 10 minutes and get up slowly and the pain usually goes away. Good luck.posted 12/16/2007 by a BabyCenter Member
i'm 26weeks, and in pain too. pain where my legs meet the crotch and round ligament pains. i've also had that stabbing below your shoulder blades pain too. my mom said that the baby hit a nerve/pressing against it. i tried laying halfway on my side halfway on my belly, and getting on all 4's to move the baby away from the back of my body/spinal cord. sitting made the pain worse.posted 11/29/2007 by pl_n_kg
I'm 22wks and having the same pain. It feels like something is stabbing me right under my shoulder blade. I know its a pinched nerve cause my muscles don't hurt, I also used to work for a chiro. and saw this alot. I've been doing heat & ice but I think physical therapy or the chiro doc will be my next stop if it doesn't go away soon.posted 11/18/2007 by elmo6885
That pain you are feeling is your pelvic bones softening and spreading apart slowly in time to prepare for the delivery. When in labor and you are dilating this will happen again but much faster. This is why most women are in a lot of pain when they go into labor. Some women who have "child bearing hips" don't go through this. I have went through it already but mine happened when I was between 15-20 weeks. Make sure to drink plenty of water and take a tylenol or two if it gets too too bad. I know when I was sleeping, I would wake up because my hips would be in a numb like pain and would have to switch to my other side.posted 10/28/2007 by a BabyCenter Member
I its a pinched nerve you may try seeing a chiropractor or getting a massage. If you get a massage just make sure that the therapist is aware of how to do prenatal care.posted 10/18/2007 by a BabyCenter Member
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Reviews by omgzam
Utterly disappointingomgzam | April 26, 2013 | Review of Dead Island - PC
When the game was first released, there were massive outcries on how poorly made this game was given its huge marketing presence. Eventually, the bugs got smoothen out after some time and I figured why not give the game a go since it's on sale too. Played for an hour and uninstalled it. The gameplay is terrible; without any proper way of marking or tracking quests. Most of the time, I'm running around aimlessly without any clue of what I'm suppose to accomplish. I'm not a fan of this.


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If you're one of the many people who download m usic from the internet for free, you could be sued by the recording industry.
But users who promise to stop copying music will be able to avoid prosecution under an amnesty program to be unveiled next week.
Users would have to sign a notarized affidavit promising to stop using sites like Kazaa and to delete all songs they've downloaded.
Users who continue to download after signing the affidavit could face possible criminal charges.
The Recording Industry Association of America is expected to file hundreds of lawsuits starting next week.
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How Large is a Ton of Rock? -- Thinking about Rock Density part of Spreadsheets Across the Curriculum:General Collection:Examples
Len Vacher, University of South Florida
Spreadsheets Across the Curriculum module. Students build spreadsheets to calculate the edge length of cubes and diameter of spheres of various rocks starting with their mineralogic composition.


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Conger presented "Sally Franklin Bache: Learning from the Past or Charting a New Course?" at the Fifth Annual Sons of the American Revolution Conference, whose theme this year was "Women in the Era of the American Revolution," Williamsburg, Virginia, June 20, 2014. Publication of the conference papers (which were pre-circulated and discussed at length at the venue) in a peer-reviewed edited volume is expected in 2015.
Her paper explored the different ways the Deborah Franklin and her daughter Sally Franklin Bache experienced the Revolution across generations and revealed a more nuanced picture of the American Revolution in women's lives. Deborah Franklin was forced to turn her house into a fortress during a raid on it in the midst of the Stamp Act crisis. She was briefly engaged in the revolutionary cause, but shortly thereafter politics faded from her world. Twelve years later that same house came under attack when the British occupied Philadelphia. Sally Franklin Bache fled the city, but upon her return became prominent as the leader of the Ladies Association of Philadelphia. Not only was the revolution they experienced at different phases, they were different ages and at different life cycle points when events interrupted their lives. The elder Franklin bore her trauma without becoming overtly politically active or assuming the mantle of patriot. The trauma the younger Franklin bore politicized her—and turned her into an active patriot. This paper examined how the contingencies of time and demographics determined women's revolutionary activities. It explored whether Sally Franklin Bache simply stepped into her mother's shoes or whether she redefined a woman's political role—or both.
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I cannot believe that it has been almost a month since I last had a chance to post anything here. I know that time passes fast when you're having fun, but I wouldn't have thought it could pass just as fast when you are not. Since I was last here, I did have a bit of fun. I met up with some of the Kindleboarders from the Dallas/Fort Worth area. If you are familiar with kindleboards, then you might recognize some of the names: Intinst, who keeps us laughing with his funny posts, Loonlover (Intinst's lovely wife), SheltieMom (respected Kindle owner and poster), Cobbie (another wonderful person who loves her kindle), Vikingwarrior who also makes us laugh with his posts on the forums, Meredith whose opinions are always valuable and well appreciated by all. We met at a small bakery and had a long, long chat about all sorts of things, saw some interesting gadgets, covers and lights related to Kindles. It was a great time.
Here's a picture of my new Oberon kindle2 cover, given to me by a dear new friend I made at Kindleboards.
If you are interested in reading some of the posts and have questions about Kindles and e-readers and authors, the Kindleboards Forums is a great place to find book bargains and all sorts of news and information. I've included a link below:
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Happy Trails to you! That line really reminds me of my childhood when I used to watch Roy Rogers. I don't really remember much about the show except that I used to watch it at Grandpa's house and I was always happy there with Grandpa and Grandma. They've been gone a long, long time, but I still have dreams occasionally in which I actually go and visit with them. The next day, I always feel renewed and refreshed as if I had actually got to visit with them. I'm hoping that it may truly be so.
Anyhow, back to Trails. I have been reading on the Kindleboards about Book Trailers and have wondered about the possibility of making one for Misguided Souls of Magnolia Springs. I'm checking into the possibilities. I watched several of the other authors' trailers and some of them were very impressive and made me want to buy their books.
Someone brought up the point that people don't go looking for book trailers on YouTube, but if your book trailer is on YouTube, it might be seen, right? I mean, it's done by tags. A few good tags… so, what's the problem? Most of the videos I've seen are those that pop up after I've watched one video of similar category. It might be worth it. Just another venue for getting the book out there. So, I'll have it here, if all goes well.
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How can such beauty come from the mud at the bottom of a pond? Isn't this a miracle? Of course, it is, but such miracles surround us every day and sometimes we are oblivious to them. The Ancient Egyptians knew the power of the Lotus Blossom as a symbol of order and beauty from chaos. The Ancient Hindus and Buddhists knew it as well. When we become mired in the mud of life's endless struggles and darkness surrounds us with a choking veil so thick we feel that we may never break free, we must remember that our troubles are like the nourishing, life-giving mud at the bottom of the pond. Even in the mud are wonders unspeakable. Entire universes teem with life at the microcosmic level, unseen by human eyes, unheard and unknown even to each other. These dark phantasms give the lotus, most beautiful of all flowers, the transforming energy that pushes them upwards in search of the light. Just as we must learn to take part of what seems utterly vile and repugnent and transform it within ourselves into that which is good and use it to propel ourselves toward the light. All that is above the surface is simply more of what was below in another form and the beauty of both worlds lies in the eye of the beholder. So we must not despair in times of darkness, but rather rejoice that we are being given sustenance from which we may build that which is truly desirable and wonderful in the sight of God.
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My sister has a hedgehog. I won't tell its name because she gave it a horrible name. I can say that because I know she will never, ever read this blog being totally stubborn about using the computer and even more stubborn about reading stuff. Wierd that her sister (myself) not only loves to read, but also write books. I saw this picture and thought of her. Sisters are strange animals. You can't divorce them and so you have to keep them and love them for better or worse whether you like it not.
My sister is a very special lady. She has seen a great deal of hardship in her life and has gone through some very trying times with her family. I remember when we were growing up, how I used to try to bribe her with a quarter to go away and leave me and my friends alone because she was four years younger and just smart enough to know that she could blackmail us for almost everything we did. She never fell for it… it might have been a nickel, but allowing for inflation, it was probably worth a dollar or more now.
She was a real sport, always trying to please us even though she claimed she hated us. I remember one time in particular when our cousins from northeast Texas were visiting for the summer. These cousins were wild and crazy and ranged in age from eight to fourteen (two boys and two girls). All older than me. So we decided we wanted to sneak a smoke out behind the barn. We sent my little sister in to steal the cigarette from Grandma's package in the living room. I'll never forget Pall Malls regular! Grandpa smoked Bull Durham and rolled his own (another story). She went in and got the cigarette and two kitchen matches (self strikers). Well, she was only about three years old. So, naturally, our uncle saw her and observed this behavior, knowing full well that she had been put up to the theft by sinister forces. He stopped her on the porch and said "Hey there, little dauber. (Her name is Debbie and he called her dauber because he said that she reminded him of a little dirt dauber wasp.) Whatchoo got behind your back?"
Now Uncle Don was about 6'4″ and he could see behind her back without even leaning over.
She looked up at him, frowned fiercely and said "A cuckoo clock and a jewelry box!"
My uncle thought this answer so amusing, he allowed her to go on her merry way. We smoked the cigarette and all got sick. Then we got spankings… wow! What a memory
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Hello, Everyone! This is my virgin post on my brand new blog here at WordPress and I'm very excited to see how it looks. Coming very soon to the Kindle Store in the Amazon Book Store will be my action/ adventure/ romance novel: The Misguided Souls of Magnolia Springs. The novel has been in the works for over ten years and is finally ready to be sent off into the ether to soar or fall, depending on the reception it receives from the readers. I will be posting the link here in the next few days as well as working on getting the novel into print for readers who prefer a more traditional read. I can only hope that my readers will find something that tickle their minds or at least tickle their fancies in this whimsical story based loosely on the sights and sounds of the small town where I grew up. Thank you for stopping by and feel free to leave comments on the look and layout of my blog. I'm open to suggestions and constructive criticisms.
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DETROIT (AP) -- Mazda is recalling 161,400 midsize cars in the U.S. because the doors can open while they're being driven.
The recall affects Mazda 6 cars from the 2009 through 2013 model years. The company says the door latch mounting screws can loosen. That can stop the doors from latching. If the latches come loose, a door ajar light will warn drivers.
Mazda traced the problem to improper tightening at the factory or uneven door surfaces. The company will notify owners and dealers will put on a thread-locking adhesive and tighten the screws. The recall will start around Oct. 18.
Owners with questions can contact Mazda at (800) 222-5500.
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Monday May 16 2011
Editor's view: Construction is talk of the town
By: Don Chaddock, Telegraph Managing Editor
The Telegraph reported on the town's big party last week, but there was another important piece to the overall story that deserves attention. The four granite pillars that once graced the center median of Sutter Street have returned once again, this time marking entry points to the Folsom Historic District. The pillars were originally located on the state capital grounds in Sacramento at the end of the 1800s. Later they found their way to the grounds of Folsom Prison. In the early 1960s, after a fire on Sutter Street, former Telegraph owner and publisher Cliff Toney wrote a series of editorials in the paper pushing for a revitalized Sutter Street. City Councilman Jack Kipp and Toney teamed up to create a gaslight mall, complete with a street median and shedroofs on the buildings. The prison warden at the time donated four of the pillars for the revitalization effort. The median proved to be a problem with the 2010-11 revitalization efforts when city crews found the trees planted in the middle of the street were actually seated in only six to 12 inches of dirt — with the original roadway still underneath the median. Under the street was a gas line that needed to be removed as well as old lead and even wooden water pipes — many of them displayed at the Folsom History Museum a few months ago. The pillars were removed Thursday, Feb. 25, 2010, and returned May 4, 2011. It's nice to see them back in their rightful place on Sutter. What's up with Palladio? I hear so many rumors about the nearly complete Palladio Lifestyle Center project. Here's the skinny — the center should have most of its streets open by the end of the year. Whole Foods is still coming in with a projected opening date of Nov. 1. Johnny Rockets and Pink Berry, as well as the movie theater, are already open and Blue Nami, a sushi joint, is due to open in the next month or so. Chicago Fire, a Sutter Street staple, is slated to open by the end of the year. Some big news for Folsom is the planned Toby Keith's I Love This Bar and Grill. Price Walker, project manager with Elliott Homes (the group behind Palladio), told me he hopes the bar and grill will be open by the end of the year. "They are taking an entire building," Walker said. "We're excited about it. There's nothing like it up here. … We have a lot of restaurants now with signed leases." He said other retailers are gearing up to open in Palladio. "H&M (a clothing store) is signed and should be open by the end of first quarter of next year," Walker said. He said Elliott Homes has often had to go on the defensive when leasing companies they worked with found themselves in financial trouble, such as with General Growth Properties. "(They) never had any ownership in Palladio," Walker said. "It was a public relations issue. General Growth Properties is now gone. We have a new national leasing partner. We also have a local leasing partner." So, despite rumors to the contrary, Palladio should be fully open by the end of the year with leasing running into the first half of next year. Since they are still negotiating with many potential tenants, he couldn't discuss some of the other businesses that may open. Don Chaddock is the managing editor of the Telegraph. He can be reached at email@example.com.


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Definition of Scabicide
Scabicide: A medication used to treat scabies. Although they were the most effective treatment, medications such as the lindane solution Kwell contain benzene, and are no longer recommended for use.
Last Editorial Review: 10/30/2013
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
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At Fujikura, we believe that playing golf at a high level starts with being precision fit. Typically, the average consumer buys a new set of clubs thinking that is good enough for them to succeed on the golf course, however this is just the beginning. Professional golfers understand this and that is why 100% of them are precision fit for their equipment. Your swing is unique, and because of that only aproper golf club fitting will allow you to truly get the most out of your equipment bringing your game to the next level. Fujikura specializes in the highest quality golf shafts that can be custom fitted to your swing type.
When you enter a golf Fujikura charter dealer to be fit, you can expect to experience these 3 steps within the process.
Every golfer and every golf swing is unique. As such, the first step in the fitting process is to evaluate what the different nuances of your swing are. Every aspect, from posture and swing mechanics to your equipment and ball you use, is taken into account. Once a baseline is established, then the next phase of the fitting process can begin.
After the fitter watches you swing your original clubs to get a clear understanding of your individual mechanics and any nuances unique to your swing, they can suggest products that would work well for you. It is not uncommon to test multiple shafts to gauge how they feel and the results they generate through the launch monitor. Once an acceptable sample size is created, a final determination can be suggested for you.
Based on the results of the testing portion of the fitting process, a final club is then built to your unique specifications. Based on your height and swing mechanics, the fitter will adjust the shaft's length, center of gravity, and weight to ensure the shaft will work ideally for you. You are now ready to hit the course and experience the magic as strokes are left behind in your game.
"The Fujikura Speeder Evolution 757 and 757 Tour Spec will be among the most sought-after shafts for stronger players in 2015. Consistent feel and higher ball speeds make this a solid upgrade from last year's Speeder 757."
"If the average golfer doesn't take advantage of this, they are nuts!"
John and Dave Sanders - Father/Son Driver Fitting at Fujikura Fit-On Studio
"I have the most confidence I've ever had stepping up to the tee with a driver"
Steve Vermillion, fitted at Golf Etc.


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Top Definition
That small fold in shorts or pants that makes it look like you have a tiny toner.
*Girl giggles* Look at his tiny boner!
That's just my Gilmartin!!
That's just my Gilmartin!!
af Andy_panda 12. juni 2013
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Helias wins on road
11-3 at Pacific
Thursday, May 3, 2012
PACIFIC, Mo. — Trevor Schnieders paced Helias with four hits as the Crusaders ran away from Pacific 11-3 Wednesday.
Schnieders also scored two runs and drove in a pair.
Helias (14-3) is back in action at 1 p.m. Saturday at Hickman.
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As a single female senior citizen home owner, I am acutely aware that we often get "ripped off" on home repairs. I never had that feeling with your company or any of your employees. In every aspect of the procedure I felt that your company was interested in fixing my water problem and that I was getting what I was paying for as the warranty was very important to me.
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Nutritionally speaking, phytic acid is an antinutrient, something in our food that interferes with the absorption of other nutrients. In this case, those nutrients are important minerals -- iron, calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc. Phytic acid binds with these minerals, making them unavailable to us. It also inhibits the enzymes pepsin, amylase, and trypsin, all of which are needed for the proper digestion of both protein and carbohydrates. This means it's more challenging for our bodies to digest our dinner when phytic acid is present
The most basic way to neutralize these antinutrients is to soak the grain, bean, nut, or seed. An easy and basic example of this is oatmeal. Instead of putting the water and oats in the pot first thing in the morning, put them in the pot the night before. In the morning, simply turn on the heat to low, and you have your oatmeal -- minus most of the phytic acid. You can also soak grain in liquids other than just water. Traditional muesli is made by soaking oats, nuts, seeds, and dried fruit in either yogurt or raw milk for up to two to three days.
Another common example is rice. When making a pot of rice, I'll set it to soak it in some water and leave it for at least eight hours. Before cooking the rice, I drain and rinse it. Then I add the required amount of water (or stock) for cooking, bring it to a boil, and proceed as normal.
You can (and, I would argue, should) soak any grain, bean, nut, or seed before using it. Admittedly, certain grains don't contain as many antinutrients -- these are the gluten-free grains such as rice, millet, quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat. So if you're not able to set aside the time for soaking, these are the grains to choose.
Find out more about this book:Eat Naked: Unprocessed, Unpolluted, and Undressed Eating for a Healthier, Sexier You
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Global corporates will use consumer technology to support a new generation of employees while public sector organisations introduce IT that empowers citizens to do more for themselves.
These are the visions of IT service providers, Cognizant and Steria, who are predicting massive changes in how technology affects our working and private lives.
Steria has just published a report entitled 'The Future', while Cognizant has created a model of how business will be done in a few years in it's the 'Future of Work' initiative.
Steria says that sectors such as healthcare and education, which will have to come to terms with budget cuts, will introduce self-services as they attempt to match the convenience and low cost base of private sector services.
"The benefits derived from commercial sector innovations - namely, more control, flexibility and self-determination over how services are received - could soon be extended to customers of essential healthcare, education and security services," says Steria.
In healthcare the Steria report says the introduction of sophisticated self-diagnosis tools to cut waiting list times and improve patient care, remote diagnosis through virtual video or teleconference appointments. It also expects the use of telemetrics and remote monitoring of city inhabitants to give early warning of impending health issues and machines will be used to run simple tests such as heart rate, blood pressure, eye examinations, through the interface of a computer screen.
In education the report expects textbooks will largely be replaced by the internet in classrooms. It also believes touchscreen, interactive whiteboards will become standard. It expects every schoolchild in the EU will be issued with a laptop or tablet computer.
Francois Enaud, Group CEO, Steria, says the changes will happen within our lifetimes. "...everyday public services will mirror what we can only imagine today as futuristic scenarios," he said. "The convenience-driven, commercial innovations of recent years will increasingly penetrate public services, enabled by renewed investment in services that improve standards of living across global communities."
"The future of products and services is already laid out in front of us, and it is all driven by the consumer," explains Enaud. "All that's required in between is the innovation from companies and governments to make this foresight a reality."
See Steria's report here. steria.pdf
Meanwhile Cognizant's consultancy arm is readying itself for massive changes in how business is done in the future, much of which is driven by the fact that a third of workforces and customer bases will be millennials. These are the generation of people that have grown up with web technologies.
In its 'Future of Work' initiative Cognizant says the Millennial mindset will change how people communicate in work and with customers, while technologies such as the cloud, mobile and business analytics will change business processes. There will also be real time collaboration between workers distance and time will be unimportant as globalisation means resources can be accessed from anywhere.
Mark Livingston, who heads up Cognizant's consultancy business globally, says the traditional corporate model will change dramatically.
See more about Cognizant's initiative here.


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I've been just drinking plain water, but now that my rides are starting to get longer I decided that maybe I should try a sports drink with a little more than just h20. Today was the first day I drank gatorade instead of water and by the end of the ride my stomach was not feeling well and it continued for about the next hour.
Is this a common problem with a simple solution or should I be drinking something else? I was thinking about mixing half water and half gatorade, any ideas?


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Mercy's Sleep Laboratory is staffed by board certified technologists, and the medical director is board certified in sleep. The Sleep Lab staff uses advanced technology to diagnose and treat obstructive sleep apnea and other breathing-related sleep disorders.
About Sleep Apnea
Affecting an estimated 4 percent of middle-aged men and 2 percent of middle-aged women, obstructive sleep apnea is the most common sleep disorder. Apnea means that breathing stops temporarily. People with sleep apnea stop breathing or breathe ineffectively at least five times per hour and usually snore loudly. Each apnea ends with a snort or gasp, often with body movement. People with sleep apnea might experience restless sleep, but may not realize that they stop breathing hundreds of times during the night.
Other Sleep-related Breathing Problems
Severe snoring can increase the work of breathing so much that fragmented or unrestorative sleep may develop. People with emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis or congestive heart failure may experience worsening of symptoms at night, when oxygen blood levels drop. Snoring and sleep apnea may add to the problem. Fortunately, sleep apnea and breathing related sleep disorders can be effectively treated once properly diagnosed.
About Sleep Studies
Sleep studies occur during normal sleeptime. During the study, our technologist monitors various body functions and takes measurements while the patient sleeps. These include brain waves, sleep stages, oxygen levels, snoring, muscle tension, eyemovements, EKG and breathing patterns.
The data are interpreted by a physicianspecializing in sleep disorders, who reviewsthe data/results with the patient's physician,and then makes a diagnosis and treatmentplan. If interruptions in normal breathing occur during the initial study, the patient may be asked to return to the lab for a therapeutic study.
Treatment may include CPAP, which requires placing a small mask over the nose through which positive air pressure is applied to keep the airway open during sleep.
Are You A Candidate?
You may be a candidate for a sleep study if you experience any of these signs of sleep apnea
• Snoring
If you think you are a candidate for a sleep study, please contact your personal physician. Most sleep consultations, sleep evaluations, and sleep studies are covered by Medicare and other insurance providers.
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