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EUR2PE: The Responsibility to Protect at the Centre of Europe
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The Responsibility to Protect and Prosecute: The Political Sustainability of Liberal Norms in an Age of Shifting Power balances
Principal Investigator: Jason Ralph
Project Team: Adrian Gallagher (Leeds); Aidan Hehir (Westminster) James Pattison (Manchester)
Project Type: ESRC funded seminar series (9 one day events) Seminar 1 part funded by BISA Working Group on Intervention and Responsibility to Protect
Dates: November 2013 – October 2016
In this section:
- Project synopsis
- Publications and Outputs
- Past seminars inc. recordings
- Resources
- Anniversary Conference
Project synopsis
This project focuses on R2P and the International Criminal Court as examples of what it calls the liberal trajectory of contemporary international society. This captures the sense in which the meaning of sovereignty has changed and the state's right to govern is now contingent on it fulfilling certain responsibilities to its population. The question of who decides when a state is unwilling or unable to meet those responsibilities and what action 'the international community' should take has, however, proven extremely contentious.
The debate centres on a concern that states will use the humanitarian agendas associated with the RtoP and ICC as veils to disguise the pursuit of political (even neo-imperial) goals; and while this argument has long been present in the academic literature and in the statements of rejectionist states, it took on additional significance during the 2011 Libyan crisis when the NATO-led coalition was accused of going beyond the politically neutral protection of civilians mandate to pursue a politically loaded policy of regime change. Reinforcing this was the longstanding African frustration with the Security Council's unwillingness to listen to its requests for the deferral of ICC investigations. What makes this argument potentially significant is that it was voiced by the emerging powers or BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).
This poses the question of whether the shifts in global power toward these states will undermine international society's commitment to RtoP/ICC, and what might be done to sustain political support for these two aspects of the liberal order. The aim of the seminar series is to answer this question by exploring the challenges to the political sustainability of RtoP/ICC in light of these shifting patterns of power.
Publications and Outputs
INITIAL WORKING PAPER: Jason Ralph and Adrian Gallagher 'Legitimacy Faultlines in International Society. The Responsibility to Protect and Prosecute after Libya'. Unpublished paper presented at European International Studies Association, Warsaw, 18 September 2013. The final version of this paper was published in The Review of International Studies online from October 2014.
OUTPUT 1: Jason Ralph (ed.) 'The Responsibility to Protect and Prosecute', special issue of Criminal Law Forum Vol.26 No.1 March 2015. Contributions from: Carsten Stahn, Andrea Birdsall, Kurt Mills, Frederic Megret and Tony Lang and Aidan Hehir. The issue was the subject of a roundtable at the International Studies Association annual conference, New Orleans, 28 February 2015. Participants included: Andrew Birdsall, Kurt Mills, Jason Ralph, Kirsten Ainley, Frederic Megret and Mark Kersten. The special issue was also subject of a lecture given by Jason Ralph at the University of Tasmania, Hobart, 6 March 2015.
OUTPUT 2: Adrian Gallagher and Jason Ralph (eds) 'The Responsibility to Protect at 10' double special issue of Global Responsibility to Protect Volume 7, Issue 3-4 2015. Contributions from: Adrian Gallagher, Gregor Peter Hofmann, Andrew Garwood-Gowers, Kai Michael Kenkel and Felippe De Rosa, Malte Brosig and Natalie Zahringer, Volkan Şeyşane and Çiğdem Çelik, Juston Morris.
OUTPUT 3: Aidan Hehir and James Pattison, (eds.) 'The Responsibility to Protect after the Arab Spring' Cooperation and Conflict (2015). Contributions from: Luke Glanville, Philip Cunliffe, Jess Gifkins, Justin Morris, Aidan Hehir, Jennifer Welsh.
CHAPTER ACKNOWLEDGING SEMINAR SERIES: Jason Ralph, 'The International Criminal Court' in Alex Bellamy and Tim Dunne (ed.) Oxford Handbook on the Responsibility to Protect (Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2016).
ARTICLE ACKNOWLEDGING SEMINAR SERIES: Kirsten Ainley, 'The Responsibility to Protect and the International Criminal Court: counteracting the crisis' International Affairs Vol.91 No.1 (2015).
ARTICLE ACKNOWLEDGING SEMINAR SERIES: Andrew Garwood-Gowers, 'China's "Responsible Protection" Concept: Reinterpreting the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and Military Intervention for Humanitarian Purposes' Asian Journal of International Law Published online: 04 February 2015
ARTICLE ACKNOWLEDGING SEMMINAR SERIES: Jason Ralph (2016) 'R2P and the rise of China. Lesson from Australia's role as a "pragmatic" norm entrepreneur' International Relations of the Asia Pacific forthcoming.
Past seminars inc. recordings
In this section:
Seminar 1
Title: Responsibility to Protect and the Crises in Libya and Syria
When: 5 December 2013, 11am start.
Where: The Boardroom, University of Westminster, 309 regent Street, London, W1B 2HW
The opening address by Professor Jennifer Welsh, Special Adviser on R2P to the UN Secretary General.
Panel 1: Assessing R2P's Efficacy During the Crises in Libya and Syria (MP3 file) – Chris Brown (LSE) / Philip Cunliffe (Kent) / Justin Morris (Hull) / Aidan Hehir (Westminster). Chair: James Pattison (Manchester)
Panel 2: "R2P After the Arab Spring" (MP3 file) – James Kearney (UKUNA) / James Pattison (University of Manchester) / Adrian Gallagher (University of Leeds). Chair: Jason Ralph (University of Leeds)
Seminar 2
Title: Responsibility to Protect and Prosecute. The International Criminal Court after Libya.
When: 24 April 2014, 11am start.
Where: Lecture Theatre G.01, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT
Responsibility to Protect and Prosecute. Plenary lecture by Professor Carsten Stahn, University of Leiden, at second seminar in ESRC series, University of Leeds, April 2014.
The opening address by Carsten Stahn (MP3 file), Professor of International Criminal Law and Global Justice and Programme Director of the Grotius Centre for International Studies. Chair: Jason Ralph (University of Leeds).
Panel 1: From Sheriff to Judge: Reimagining Punishment, Justice and International Relations (MP3 file) – Anthony F Lang and Aidan Hehir. Chair: Adrian Gallagher (University of Leeds).
Panel 2: R2P and ICC: Common cause, shared problems (MP3 file) – Kirsten Ainley (LSE); Andrea Birdsall (Edinburgh); Jason Ralph (Leeds); Andrew Jillions (LSE). Chair: Benedict Docherty (University of Leeds)
11:00 Arrival Tea Coffee
11:20 Welcome
Carsten Stahn, University of Leiden
Carsten Stahn is Professor of International Criminal Law and Global Justice and Programme Director of the Grotius Centre for International Studies. He has previously worked as Legal Officer in Chambers of the International Criminal Court (2003-2007) and as Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law (2000-2003)
2.00 LECTURE: From Sheriff to Judge: Reimagining Punishment, Justice and International Relations.
Anthony F Lang, Jr holds a Chair in International Political Theory in the School of International Relations at the University of St Andrews and is Director of the Centre for Global Constitutionalism. Dr Aidan Hehir is the Director of Security & International Relations program at University of Westminster and a Co-Investigator on the Seminar Series.
Abstract: The Responsibility to Protect has become a prominent term in the discourse surrounding intervention in the current international order. While it is referred to by many, it is nebulous and lacks a strong legal foundation; its deployment by powerful actors in the international order is, therefore, more akin to the role of a wild west sheriff than an agent of a fully function political and legal order. We argue that R2P includes a punitive dimension which is selectively applied and that this results in a practice that reinforces the power of some in the international order without creating long term peace and stability. Invoking R2P and selectively issuing referrals to the ICC, allows the Security Council – like the sheriff – to subjectively determine which situations to address and which lawbreakers to prosecute; this consolidates, and indeed expands, the power of the Security Council in relation to other agents of the law. In order to move away from the sheriff and toward the judge, this paper argues that those concerned with the consistent enforcement of international human rights law and the punishment of human rights violators must accept the need for reforms to the current international order that would allow a better integration of R2P into international law and practice. Our reforms – advanced in the form of general principles taken from legal theory – propose locating R2P more firmly in a global constitutional order, one that would include a more active role for the ICC, ICJ, and other judicial structures.
4.00 PANEL: The role of the ICC in R2P. Common cause and common problems
Dr Andrea Birdsall (The University of Edinburgh)
Legitimacy Faultlines in Contemporary International Society. The Responsibility to Protect and Prosecute after Libya.
Jason Ralph and Adrian Gallagher (Leeds)
Abstract: There is a perceived legitimacy deficit in contemporary international society. A symptom of this is the political contestation surrounding the 2011 Libyan crisis and its influence on the 2011-3 Syrian crisis. This involved criticism being levelled at the coalition led by the so-called Permanent-3 for the way they implemented the protection of civilians mandate, as well as for the referral of the Libyan situation to the International Criminal Court. How the P3 respond to these developments will be driven in part by how this 'legitimacy fault line' is interpreted. The purpose of this paper is to first give an interpretation that is informed by the work of contemporary English School scholars and the political theorists they draw on; and second to provide the context in which specific policy recommendations may guide the response of the P3 states. We argue that because the new legitimacy fault line divides on the procedural question of who decides how international society should meet its responsibilities rather than substantive disagreements about what those responsibilities are (i.e. human protection and criminal justice) the challenge to the liberal agenda of the P3 is not radical. However, we also argue that ignoring the procedural concerns of the African and BRICS states is not outcome neutral and could in fact do harm to both the ICC and the wider implementation of R2P. We consider two proposals for procedural reform and examine how the P3 response would impact on their claim to be good international citizens.
ICC and R2P – Back to Ad Hocery?
Mark Kersten (LSE)
Abstract: Early proponents of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) believed that these normative and legal instruments would challenge and transcend the 'realpolitik' of international relations. That 'realpolitik' was seen as responsible for the inaction and selectivity that characterized humanitarian and judicial interventions in the twentieth century. It appeared that the permanent International Criminal Court and the doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect could push the international community beyond ad hocery of international criminal justice and atrocity prevention. Their creation would result in interventions grounded on moral and humanitarian convictions rather than the narrow political interests of states. This paper contends, however, that neither R2P nor the ICC have been able to achieve this aim. Both remain heavily constrained by the political calculations of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. In examining the invocation of R2P and the intervention of the ICC in Libya, it is ultimately argued that the ad hocery of humanitarian and judicial interventions is compounded rather than alleviated by the increasingly close relationship between R2P and the ICC and that a clearer separation of R2P and the ICC would bolster the legitimacy of both.
Failing Humanity: Reforming the ICC and R2P post-Syria
Dr Kirsten Ainley (LSE)
Abstract: The International Criminal Court and the Responsibility to Protect process are the most important innovations in international ethics for decades. They were set up both to deal justly with present or past suffering, but also, and more importantly, to deter future breaches of state responsibilities or international criminal law. However, these two institutions are argued by many to be in crisis, in particular due to their failure to prevent or prosecute acute and systematic human rights abuses in Syria since the uprising began in March 2011. It is tempting to try to solve these crises by seeking ways to bring the ICC and R2P closer together – to use them to help to build a more robust global constitutional structure that will strengthen each institution. However, I argue in this article that even if such a move were possible, it would be a mistake. The ICC is not an institution that functions well when embroiled in on-going conflict, not least because it can only make the situation worse as far as some key actors are concerned. If the Court seeks to prosecute atrocities committed by only one side of the conflict (as it did in the Libya case), the institution appears to be a tool of politics. If it seeks to prosecute atrocities on each side, it hampers good politics by making more difficult the rehabilitation of rebel groups that is often necessary in order to establish them as a legitimate government once the fighting has ceased. The article argues that the Court's most successful actions have not been in the context of live conflict, but in less well-known situations such as long-term negotiations with Colombia over reform of its domestic criminal system. Also, the closer the relationship between the ICC and R2P, the more the ICC will have to rely on the UNSC for referrals of cases, which is to be avoided. The drafters of the Rome Statute worked hard to carve out a space of authority for the ICC which was not subject to UNSC power, and positioning the ICC as an instrument that can assist in live conflict situations will unsettle this authority and make the Court look like an instrument of the UNSC. The article concludes that the reforms that would be most useful and viable for the ICC and R2P might take them further away from each other but would make each more true to its original mandate. The ICC should devote more resource to its complementarity agenda, in order to deter future conflict through stronger domestic criminal systems (and, by extension, more robust legislatures and more accountable governments), and advocates of R2P should focus less on intervention in live conflict situations and more on building within states the resources and willingness to protect their own populations via the responsibility to prevent.
Tragedy or farce, diplomacy and the ethics of intervention in Syria
Dr Andrew Jillions (LSE)
Seminar 3
Workshop on "Rising Powers and the Responsibility to Protect: Brazil, Liberal Norms, and the Responsibility while Protecting Concept"
When: 1 August 2014
Where: Politics, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester
All sessions take place in the Board Room, Second Floor, Arthur Lewis Building (building no. 36 on the campus map)
Session 1: Emerging Powers and Intervention Norms: Norm Localization and Subsidiarity in the "Responsibility while Protecting" Initiative / Responsibility While Protecting: A Constructive Attempt to Consolidate R2P Normatively? (MP3 file) – Kai Michael Kenkel / Cristina Badescu. Chair: Adrian Gallagher (University of Leeds)
Session 2: Brazil as a Norm Entrepreneur: The RwP experience / Regulating Intervention: Brazil and the Responsibility to Protect (MP3 file) – Thorsten Benner / Oliver Stuenkel. Chair: James Pattison (University of Manchester).
10:30-11:00 Arrival
11.00-12.30 Session 1
"Emerging Powers and Intervention Norms: Norm Localization and Subsidiarity in the "Responsibility while Protecting" Initiative"
Kai Michael Kenkel, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
Abstract: "This paper empirically applies the concepts of norm localization and norm subsidiarity, as developed and Acharya and revamped by Prantl and Nakano, using as an example the "responsibility to protect" initiative launched by Brazil in November 2011. The RwP diplomatic paper is the result of one of the clearest instances of the clash between local and putatively global/universal norms in recent years. The paper itself is not innovative, and its final intention is unclear; it contains elements of both norm localization and of the desire to establish the subsidiarity of Brazilian and regional traditions of non-intervention. As such it recasts the responsibility to protect in language acceptable to a Brazilian public while simultaneously seeking to inject regional interpretations into the larger, global debate. The paper makes use of Acharya's model to outline drivers and resistances in the localization process, identifying the extent to which successful localization has occurred and contributing to more clearly differentiating the notions of localization and subsidiarity. RwP contains elements of both, which the paper clearly identifies in Brazil's initial forays into the intervention."
"Responsibility While Protecting: A Constructive Attempt to Consolidate R2P Normatively?"
Cristina Badescu, Western University, Canada
Abstract: "This paper discusses the merits of the concept note Brazil introduced to the UN Security Council in November 2011, in light of the controversies following NATO's intervention in Libya. The goal is to assess the impact the responsibility while protecting (RwP) initiative has had on R2P and its implementation. The first section explores the meaning of RwP by discussing the complementarities and tensions between RwP and R2P. The starting point is the assumption that the RwP initiative illustrates the rising powers' resistance to Western normative dominance, and their attempt to reform the traditional normative order. While RwP acknowledged the existing consensus on R2P and its legitimacy, it emerged to clarify how R2P is implemented, especially in regard to its third pillar. The second section of the paper emphasizes RwP's focus on one small, but very important component of R2P's third pillar, namely the use of force. It is in this context that the Brazilian initiative rightfully detected that R2P lacks 'specificity', which is deeply problematic for any emerging global norm, and, as such, proposed refinement. Two of the most contentious aspects of the original RwP proposal are discussed in this section: the idea that the three pillars of R2P 'must follow a strict line of political subordination and chronological sequencing', and the need for accountability, through establishing a monitoring and review mechanism to keep Security Council members informed about mandate implementation. While the former is incompatible with some of the basic tenets of R2P, the latter has potential to clarify R2P. The last section of the paper equates the Brazilian initiative's potential to consolidate R2P to developing concrete proposals vis-a-vis such key elements of RwP, which would refine the terms of R2P's implementation. Given Brazil's lack of interest to engage with RwP further, there is a clear need for other rising powers, such as India or South Africa, to revive the Brazilian proposal and participate in shaping a common interpretation of the third pillar of R2P. If rising powers are to increase their normative clout, which they aim to do, they need to engage with global norms like R2P, to show they are indeed committed and capable of shaping global responses to some of today's most serious global problems."
12:30-13:30 Lunch
13.30-15:00 Session 2
"Brazil as a Norm Entrepreneur: The RwP experience"
Thorsten Benner, Director, Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
Abstract: "The paper looks at the RwP experience from the perspective of norm entrepreneurship. The paper argues that the RwP story is revealing in terms of the conditions for successful norm entrepreneurship of a democratic emerging power from outside the Western core of countries. What led Brazil to venture into the business of norm entrepreneurship in such a contested area that is sovereignty and R2P? What explains the initially negative reaction (and then change of mind) on the part of Western powers? What lessons should those interested in the success of R2P draw from the experience?"
"Regulating Intervention: Brazil and the Responsibility to Protect"
Oliver Stuenkel, Getúlio Vargas Foundation, São Paulo
Abstract: "In the last decade, Brazil has engaged with the idea of an international responsibility to protect (R2P) in a notable fashion. As a frequent member of the Security Council in the post-Cold War era, the country resisted suggestions of a responsibility to intervene in humanitarian crises, fearing it would serve to justify military action outside of the scope of the UN Charter and international law. Following the adoption of R2P in the 2005 World Summit, Brazil engaged with the concept more closely. This culminated in the 'responsibility while protecting', a proposed addendum that would ensure clearer criteria and greater accountability of UN-authorised military interventions. What were the Brazilian foreign policy perspectives through this period? What was their contribution to the political and normative development of R2P? I argue that while Brazil has become more vocal and proactive in relation to the norm in recent years, its positions remained driven by some of its most traditional foreign policy arguments: the strengthening of the authority of the UN Security Council and the establishment of a multilateral order in which all states are treated equally."
15:00-15:30 Tea
15:30-17:00 Session 3
"The (ir)responsibility to Remember: Keeping Brazilian Peacefulness"
Henrique Furtado, University of Manchester
Abstract: In Writing Security (1992) Campbell re-signified the notion of foreign policy as the constant production of what is foreign to a particular national identity through a double exclusion that connects internal unwanted populations to external threats. This particular conception of foreign policy, with an understanding of Brazilian remembrance of "state terror" might help to clarify the problematic interaction between the depiction of Brazil as a peaceful nation and its increasing interest, as a "rising power", to partake and lead peacekeeping operations. In 2009, the 3rd National Program for Human Rights instituted the right to memory and truth about past violations of human rights during the Cold War dictatorship. In 2012 the National Truth Commission (CNV) was instituted and started scrutinizing the crimes of former state agents. One particular aspect of this official project of remembrance is that it systematically portrays, in a rather common fashion, perpetrators of violence in a discourse of monstrosity. The military that tortured, assassinated and disposed of the mortal remains of dissidents are described as monstrous, pathological state terrorists trained by American, British, French and Israeli intelligence services. Here, memory, the politics of creating foreignness, and peace-keeping are intertwined in the potentially permissive consequences of a discursive apparatus. I argue that, the truth commission carries out, in a double exclusion, the connection of former perpetrators with western imperialist pretension. Official remembrance, feeding into the discourse of "Brazilian Peacefulness" exorcises violence from the nature of Brazilian people. As a consequence, by irresponsibly remembering past perpetrations of violence as "foreign" to Brazilian national identity, as a series of "metastases" into society that are now being "extriped" by the truth commission, we create the conditions to dismiss present and potential forms of violence committed by Brazilian troops. Hence, by "keeping Brazilian peacefulness" this remembrance creates the conditions to raise Brazil as the perfect peacekeeper.
Protecting Human Rights in Brazil: Non-state Actors' Responsibility
David Karp (University of Sussex)
Seminar 4
Seminar: "China and The Responsibility to Protect"
Thursday December 4 2014
University of Leeds, The Nathan Bodington Chamber, The Parkinson Building No. 60 (campus map)
Panel 1: R2P and the Great Powers: A Greater Responsibility to Protect? / How do concepts travel? China, R2P and the Western/Asian divide / China and the responsibility to protect (MP3 file) – Justin Morris / Cath Jones / Astrid Nordin. Chair: Aidan Hehir (University of Westminster)
Guest Lecture: The concept of Responsible Protection (MP3 file) – Ruan Zongze, Vice President China Institute of International Studies. Chair: Adrian Gallagher (University of Leeds)
Panel 2: Chinese Perspectives on Humanitarian Interventions: The case of Syria / China's Responsible Protection Concept: A Constructive Re-Interpretation of R2P? / Scholars, Policymakers, and the Responsibility to Protect Debate in China (MP3 file) – Shogo Suzuki / Andrew Garwood-Gowers / Kingsley Edney. Chair: James Pattison (University of Manchester). Download the article Andrew Garwood-Gowers refers to in his presentation here.
09:45 – 10:25 Registration
10:25 – 10:30 Welcome
10:30 – 12:00 First Panel with Q&A
R2P and the Great Powers: A Greater Responsibility to Protect?
Justin Morris, University of Hull
Abstract: In 2000 the then UN General Assembly Kofi Annan asked the UN membership to contemplate how the organisation could best resolve the 'Dilemma of Intervention': 'if 'both the defence of humanity and the defence of sovereignty are principles that must be supported … which principle should prevail when they are in conflict?' Through the idea of 'sovereignty as responsibility' and all that flows from it, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is heralded by many as the solution to this conundrum, but recent (non-)events in Syria suggest that the concept might not be the 'end of the argument' (Evans, 2011) after all.
Across a wide array of IR theorising Great Powers are seen as having special responsibilities for trying to address problems such as these, but with regards to the R2P today's Great Powers, in the form of the UNSC's five permanent members, seem to contribute more to the problem than to solving it. Why is this so? This paper looks briefly at the nature of Great Power responsibility, before examining: the nature of intra-P5 disagreement over the R2P; how these differences might manifest themselves within the Council, particularly with regard to the use of the veto power; and how R2P-difierences might best be mitigated.
How do concepts travel? China, R2P and the Western/Asian divide
Cath Jones, University of Warwick
China's rise and responsibility in the twenty first century
Astrid Nordin, University of Lancaster
Abstract: China's rise and future effect on world order is one of the most important opportunities and challenges of the 21st century. International policy and scholarly communities contemplating China's rise regularly ask 'whether, when and how' China will become a 'responsible' great power, including in relation to the R2P norm. This article reviews the understanding of responsibility that has been at work in these debates to date.
Though answers to these questions vary significantly, I argue in this paper that the fundamental idea of responsibility that underpins them is surprisingly uniform. It revolves around compliance with pre-established rules or norms, whether of the 'international community' or drawn from specifically Chinese thought. I suggest that the debates would benefit from drawing on other intellectual resources in order to develop a more pluralist notion of responsibility.
12:00 – 13:00 Break for Lunch
13:00 – 14:30 Guest Lecture on the concept of Responsible Protection: Ruan Zongze, Vice President China Institute of International Studies
14:30 – 14:45 Break for Tea and Coffee
14:45 – 16:15 Second Panel with Q&A
Chinese Perspectives on Humanitarian Interventions: The case of Syria
Shogo Suzuki, University of Manchester
Abstract: Humanitarian intervention has long been a controversial issue in the international community. Despite the increased importance of non-state actors, sovereign states are still one of the key actors in the international system, and the concept of sovereignty remains a norm that is jealously guarded by many states. Such tensions have been visible most recently in debates surrounding the case of the Syrian civil war. For the moment, the possibility of intervention in Syria by the international community seems remote. A significant stumbling block seems to be Russia¹s and the People¹s Republic of China¹s (PRC) continued opposition to military intervention in Syria. China¹s and Russia¹s seeming intransigence has led to widespread condemnation by Western leaders, but as far as the case of the PRC is concerned, it would be hasty to conclude that China values sovereignty over human rights. China¹s attitude towards R2P is not characterized by simplistic opposition and obstruction. Beijing does tend to take a more conservative view towards sovereignty, to be sure but it no longer contests the notion that intervention by the international community is warranted in certain cases. Thus, recent arguments surrounding cases like Syria are actually more of a tension between China¹s recognition that certain human rights abuses need prevented and how these goals should be attained. Put differently, they are a reflection of the gap between ideals and praxis.
"China's Responsible Protection Concept: A Constructive Re-Interpretation of R2P?"
Andrew Garwood-Gowers, Queensland University of Technology
Abstract: This paper assesses the extent to which the semi-official Chinese concept of "Responsible Protection" (RP) offers a valuable contribution to the normative debate over R2P's third pillar following the controversy over military intervention in Libya. It identifies points of convergence and divergence between RP, the original 2001 ICISS report and Brazil's "Responsibility while Protecting" (RwP). While RP draws heavily on both the ICISS and RwP concepts, by amalgamating and re-packaging these earlier ideas in a more restrictive form the Chinese initiative represents a new and distinctive interpretation of R2P. However, some aspects of RP appear to be framed too strictly to provide workable guidelines for determining the permissibility of military intervention for humanitarian purposes, and would benefit from clarification and refinement. Nevertheless, the Chinese proposal remains significant because it offers important insights into Beijing's current stance on R2P. More broadly, China's RP and Brazil's RwP initiatives illustrate the growing willingness of rising, non-Western powers to assert their own normative preferences on sovereignty, intervention and global governance.
Scholars, Policymakers, and the Responsibility to Protect Debate in China
Kingsley Edney, University of Leeds
Abstract: Most analysis of China's approach to the emerging global norm of the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) focuses on the behaviour and statements of Chinese representatives at the United Nations. Within China, however, recent growth in the public discussion of the norm has been generated largely through the work of academic writers rather than official state representatives. The aim of this paper is to analyse how China's scholarly community might play a role in shaping China's approach to the RtoP norm. Drawing on recent studies that have attempted to map Chinese academics' views on the RtoP, the paper attempts to contextualise this public discussion of the norm by examining the structural relationship between scholars and policymakers in China's political system. Although China's policymaking process remains relatively opaque, investigating the role of scholars more closely will improve our understanding of processes of socialisation and norm resistance in relation to the RtoP in China.
16:15 Close
UN Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect Jennifer Welsh speaking recently at The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), The Evolution of the Responsibility to Protect: Securing Individuals in a World of States September 30, 2013
Anniversary Conference
The Responsibility to Protect @ Ten
Monday 22 and Tuesday 23 June 2015
University of Westminster, The Boardroom, 309 Regent Street, London W1B 2HW (directions)
June will see the latest conference in this three year ESRC funded series on The Responsibility to Protect and Prosecute: The Political Sustainability of Liberal Norms in an Age of Shifting Power balances.
Organised jointly between the Universities of Westminster, Leeds and Manchester, we will have two days of discussions with a number of international panels running from 09:30 – 17:30 each day.
In this section:
Day 1 Keynote (MP3 file) – Dr Mark Kersten, Researcher, University of Toronto
Day 1 Panel 1 – Emerging Powers in Africa and RtoP (MP3 file) – Dr Alex Beresford, University of Leeds and Dr Malte Brosig, University of Witwatersrand. Chair: Professor James Pattison, University of Manchester
Day 1 Panel 2 – The ICC, RtoP and Africa (MP3 file) – Dr Kurt Mills, University of Glasgow – Dr Cristina Stefan, University of Leeds and Dr Linnea Gelot, University of Gothenburg. Chair: Dr Adrian Gallagher, University of Leeds
Day 2 Keynote (MP3 file) – Professor Mervyn Frost, King's College London. Introduced by Dr Aidan Hehir, University of Westminster
Day 2 Panel 1 – Reflections on RtoP at Ten (MP3 file) – Dr Theresa Reinold, University of Leiden, Dr Jess Gifkins, University of Exeter, Ms Sarah Brockmeier Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin and Dr David Karp, University of Sussex. Chair: Dr Adrian Gallagher, University of Leeds
Day 2 Roundtable – The Future of RtoP (MP3 file) – Mr Justin Morris, University of Hull, Dr Thersea Reinold, University of Leiden, Dr Aidan Hehir, University of Westminster, Professor Stephen Hopgood, School of Oriental and African Studies, Dr Adrian Gallagher, University of Leeds. Chair: Professor James Pattison, University of Manchester
Programme – Monday 22 June
Day One will be reflecting first on the African emerging powers perspectives before turning to the International Criminal Court and RtoP in Africa.
10:00-11:00: Keynote Address
Dr Mark Kersten, Researcher, University of Toronto
11:30-13:00: Panel 1: Emerging Powers in Africa and R2P
Dr Alex Beresford, University of Leeds
Dr Malte Brosig, University of the Witwatersrand
Dr Jide Martyns Okeke, African Union
Ms Mone Dye, Independent Researcher
14:00-15:30: Panel 2: The ICC, R2P & Africa
Dr Kurt Mills, University of Glasgow
Dr Cristina Stefan, University of Leeds
Dr Linnea Gelot, University of Gothenburg
16:00-17:30: Roundtable: African Perspectives on R2P
Dr Malte Brosig, University of the Witwatersrand
Dr Jide Martyns Okeke, African Union
Ms Mone Dye, Independent Researcher
Dr Linnea Gelot, , University of Gothenburg
Programme – Tuesday 23 June
Day Two will consider the ten years since the 2005 World Summit, in particular the perspective of practitioners and what the future of RtoP could be.
09:30 – 10:00
10:00-11:00: Keynote Address
Professor Mervyn Frost, Kings College London
11:30-13:00: Panel 1: Reflections on RtoP at 10
Dr Theresa Reinold, University of Leiden
Dr Jess Gifkins, University of Exeter
Ms Sarah Brockmeier, Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
Dr David Karp, University of Sussex
14:00-15:30: Panel 2: Practitioners Perspectives
Mr Paul Bentall, Foreign & Commonwealth Office
Ms Alex Buskie, United Nations Association UK
Mr Mark Lattimir, Minority Rights Group International
16:00-17:30: Roundtable: The Future of RtoP?
Mr Justin Morris, University of Hull
Dr Theresa Reinold, University of Leiden
Dr Aidan Hehir, University of Westminster
Dr Stephen Hopgood, School of Oriental & African Studies
Dr Adrian Gallagher, University of Leeds


text: Advocates of very low carbohydrate diets advise people to consume kilojoules mainly from protein and fat sources. This means limiting cereals, some vegetables and fruit, while eating more meat, dairy foods and fat. Typical foods eaten on a low carbohydrate diet include beef, chicken, bacon, fish, eggs and non-starchy vegetables, as well as fats such as oils, butter and mayonnaise. Forbidden foods include fruit, bread, grains, starchy vegetables and dairy products other than cheese, cream or butter.

subset: commoncrawl


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At the start of yesterday's ride, Hubby started noticing creaking, crackling, popping sounds coming from the area of the headset. He stopped to tighten the bolts a little but it did not fix the problem. The headset includes a Dimension stem on top of CF spacers. The handlebars are FSA K-Force CF shallow drop.
We called the shop and will take it in tomorrow when the mechanic returns from vacation. The shop said that sounds made by CF frames can transfer from other areas so it's hard to say exactly where it might be coming from.
Has anyone else noticed this on a CF frame (or any CF parts)? It's unsettling (sickening, really) to hear noises like this on these brand-new bikes.


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Biography for
What Makes You Happy
Simon and Schuster
Jimmy Gownley began writing and drawing comics at the age of fifteen. He is an advocate for kids' comics, having cofounded the organization Kids Love Comics, which works to promote comic books and graphic novels as a valuable tool for literacy and education in schools, libraries, and homes. He also gives dynamic presentations to kids at schools, libraries, and community events that help spur an interest in art, writing, and creative thinking. The thirty-sixyear- old cartoonist lives with his wife, Karen, and their twin daughters, Stella and Anna, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.


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See All Contributors »
I just saw this article and thought I'd pass it along. Pretty low expectations for ISU (#84 - just 2 spots ahead of Baylor). But, the info is solid and a pretty decent perspective...
Personally, if ISU won 6 games, I'd be satisfied...
I have a feeling, for me, this could be a very frustrating year. From a good standpoint though. I agree, that six wins, I'd be elated, but, I dont' see that many. The big problem I see is that I think we'll be closer in a lot of games this year. I feel, looking back, that there will be a lot of opportunity for us to say, "If we could have just done this, or done that, we'd have made a bowl." I really am not sure if we'll do a lot better than last year in terms of wins. I see us being more competetive over all though and therefore, allowing us to think we could have or should have won more games.
Last year I felt we were lucky to beat Mizzu. This year, I have a feeling, if I don't keep everyting in perspective, I'll think we should have won more games. That's why I keep telling myself 6 wins would be monumental and a bowl game would be a miracle.
The worst part is, it's only January and I can't wait for the season to start. Win or lose, I have a feeling this year will bring a lot of excitement.
One thing I never understood about the McCarney era, as much of a motivator as he was or claimed to be, we sure had a lot of teams that got down-right spanked. For example, what happened to the 2003 team? What happened against Kansas and Colorado this year? In his early years, we just got killed by some of the better teams; not even competitive.
I don't share the doom and gloom. Look at our roster. ISU did not lost that many seniors, and those holes are being patched with JC transfers. There are a lot of underclassmen on the roster. How many will help us, who knows? But plenty of warm bodies to fill holes.
Originally Posted by letsgostate
I don't share the doom and gloom. Look at our roster. ISU did not lost that many seniors, and those holes are being patched with JC transfers. There are a lot of underclassmen on the roster. How many will help us, who knows? But plenty of warm bodies to fill holes.
Agreed. I don't see us being any worse than last year. I can see six wins, but it'll be a struggle. I am looking forward to the offensive playbook being opened up a lot more, teams won't really have a scouting report on us this year because they haven't faced our schemes yet.
Originally Posted by Michael Lastuvka
teams won't really have a scouting report on us this year because they haven't faced our schemes yet.
That's a great point. (I kinda hope McFarland will play his cards pretty close to his vest the first few games so he'll have plenty of surprises for Iowa & the Big 12. Assuming we're good enough to do that) I think most teams will probably just look at Texas' D and pretty much know what to expect from Bolt's defense. (Unless he throws some wrinkles in there)
Like I wrote previously, I'd be satisfied with 6 wins, but I know it will definitely be a tough row to hoe...
no way we get 7 or more wins in Chizik's first year, if we actually did, i think it would be a bigger accomplishment for Chizik than going undefeated at Auburn or Texas...But it won't happen...we'll prolly get somewhere between 3-5 wins...I could POSSIBLY see 6 and a crappy bowl game, but not all that likely with our schedule. It'll take more than one year for Chizik to get us back in the Big 12 North Championship hunt, just like it will take McDermott more than a year to get us back into the tourney. It will especially help our record once we get baylor, ok st, and a&m instead of texas, ou, and t.tech. Either way I'll be there cheering like we are back to back champions.
I would think we could squeeze six wins out of we're lucky.
Very winnable
Kent State
Northern Iowa
Decent shot:
K State
Can win if lucky
Need a lot of luck
Texas Tech (although they barely beat MN, and they are average)
Luck won' help
I agree. We lose a lot in the O line, so what ? New schemes? Can we run them any worse than the old schemes? Returning skill players and experience on defense sound like solid cornerstones to me.
I predict 6 wins and a crappy bowl game. Detroit here we come!
Originally Posted by cyrocksmypants
CG. No one knows what you're talking about.
Originally Posted by cowgirl836
Originally Posted by mkadl
I agree. We lose a lot in the O line, so what ? New schemes? Can we run them any worse than the old schemes? Returning skill players and experience on defense sound like solid cornerstones to me.
We may have lost a lot on the O-line but I don't think that is all bad. Look how terrible our line was last year. Maybe it was the players or maybe it was the coaches. Either way I think we will be alright seeing the JUCO's Chizik has already brought in.
Originally Posted by letsgostate
I would think we could squeeze six wins out of we're lucky.
Decent shot:
K State
Can win if lucky
I'd move Iowa off of "if lucky" and into decent shot. They're breaking in a new quarterback and have no defensive line whatsoever. Iowa's got less skills now than they did last year finishing 6-7 (and we led a good majority of that game last year). This isn't so much as we're such a great team as much is it's Iowa isn't nearly as good as you're giving them credit for.
"Success is just failure that hasn't happened yet." - life advice from Latrell Spreewell
I think there is a lot of talent on this team. However, the chronic line problems of the last couple years probably won't be sorted out with one class. So I don't have any set expectations.
if the players buy in and we can fill the holes we can beat:
Kent State
Northern Iowa
But I also see the possibility that it won't be as much of a transition as we all think, but we will see!!!!
Big Shawn, Super Clone!
im just tired of us looking soft. it always seemed to me that when we went up against a good team, we look like a deer in the headlights and get our @$$ kicked on both sides of the ball. hopefully coach c can change this mentality. i don't know what to expect for next years team. everyone was excited for a 7-5 or 8-4 season last year before we went down the tubes. now it seems this year everyone is content to go 5-7 6-6. i expect better. i truly believe that chizek was one of the best available coaches in america, and we got him here. the defense improved quite a bit over the coarse of last year and it seemed to me that it was our "high powered offense" that got us into trouble a lot of the time. it appears that the coaches are addressing the biggest areas of struggle and are trying to correct them immediately. how good can this team be? only time will tell.
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Get Smart: Awesome User testing from UXCAM
UXCam is a clever new tool which takes the guesswork out of user experience testing. The concept was developed after the founders got fed up with the manual process of recording user interactions during their numerous user testing sessions for corporate developers.Read More »
Access devices and testing support for your Apps
DevLab and UCL have launched a new programme called DEVICE to tackle a challenge developers face every day: how to test their products on legacy handsets and how to gain access to new devices. DEVICE solves both problems by giving developers the means to help each other through a device exchange programme launched at this week's Droidcon event.Read More »


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Kansas City Southern breaks ground on new Texas-based intermodal facility
June 27, 2014
Class I railroad carrier Kansas City Southern Railroad (KCSR) said earlier this month that it recently broke ground for a new Wylie, Texas-based intermodal facility, which it expects to be completed in mid-2015.
This facility will be comprised of two 5,000-foot intermodal tracks, more than 1,500 parking spaces, mechanical tracks, and a state-of-the-art Automated Gate System, with the latter including optical character recognition, biometric driver identification and high-definition video imagery to improve safety, security and efficiency at gate entry, as well as being able to store photo images to assist with damage prevention.
KCSR said that in May construction crews commenced excavation of more than one million cubic yards of dirt to be moved during the project.
A company spokesperson told LM that the annual lift capacity for Phase I of this project is 264,000 intermodal units (containers and trailers), with current capacity at its Zacha, Texas location in Dallas at 168,000, although she said that capacity is regularly exceeded.
"Zacha is currently over capacity and the Dallas market is growing," the spokesperson explained. "KCSR is seeing a heavier conversion from truck to rail. Traffic is also growing as a result of two new service destinations in the northeast that were added last year. Once the new Wylie intermodal facility is opened, Zacha will not be available for intermodal services, but will be available for other non-intermodal service such as transload and automotive operations."
Intermodal remains an attractive mode for shippers, as it is cost-efficient and more environmentally friendly than other modes.
Bill Rennicke, director at Boston-based management consultancy Oliver Wyman, told LM that intermodal will continue to play an important growth role, as structural issues in the trucking industry like hours-of-service, driver shortages, and the weakness of some carriers will continue to shift traffic.
For the weeks ending June 21 and June 14, intermodal volumes reached its highest levels ever, according to the Association of American Railroads.
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January 5, 2014
Dr. David Leonard, Sam Santhuff's doctor at Children's Hospital in St. Louis, wears a "Super Sam" T-shirt.
Stories this photo appears in:
'Super Sam,' mother travel to Florida for specialized cancer therapy
Santhuff family shares experience with 'kicking cancer's butt'
Matt and Cassie Santhuff thank God for seed ticks. The tiny bugs helped lead them to their son's cancer.
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Join in the United Way's SOUPer Day of Caring Campaign. Help re-supply local food banks that sent food and personal care products to the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina.
Local food banks have sent much of the local supply to the Gulf area. In order to restock and be able to assist locals in need, and also send more to the hurricane area, we are asking the Ithaca College community to participate in the SOUPer Day of Caring.
Bring your donations to the bins in the Campus Center lobby from Monday, September 12, through Wednesday, September 15. Items will be delivered to the Stewart Park pavilion on the morning of September 15 at a United Way community celebration.
Food Wish List
Canned fruit and fruit juices
Canned meats including tuna, stews, raviolis, sloppy joes, hash
One-box meals, like tuna and hamburger helpers
Boxed macaroni and cheese
Instant potatoes
Beverages (coffee, tea, juice, canned milk)
Pasta or spaghetti sauce
Soups, boxes of crackers
Peanut butter
Canned vegetables
Personal Care and Household Items Wish List
Diapers: sizes 3, 4, 5, and 6
Liquid laundry detergent
30-gallon trash bags
Shampoo and conditioner
Bar soap, deodorants
Toilet paper, paper towels, and tissues
Feminine pads and tampons
NOTE: When packaging donations, please place canned items in separate boxes/bags from other items. Thank you!
For more information contact Deb Mohlenhoff at email@example.com.
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Chinese Takeout and Crazy Lake Collaborate on 'The Ancestor'
The Ancestor is a collaboration between Chinese Takeout and Crazy Lake Pictures, both young production companies forged in the fires of speed-filmmaking challenges.
Chinese Takeout members Timothy Hahn – Pixar employee by day, ruthless preditor (producer/editor) by night – and Timothy Hahn, writer-director of the upcoming sci-fi feature Trash and Progress – recently made a splash on the festival circuit with the animated short film Cadaver, featuring the voices of Christopher Lloyd, Kathy Bates, and Tavi Gevinson.
Crazy Lake Pictures accomplices Mike Lavoie, co-executive producer of the acclaimed film Sleepwalk with Me, and Keith Boynton, whose feature film Chasing Home was chosen as the opening-night premiere of the 2012 Gotham Screen International Film Festival, also collaborated on the well-received "Here We Go" music video for Brooklyn-based band The Spring Standards.
The Ancestor is Crazy Lake's second video for Darlingside (after the jaunty parable "Terrible Things"), and the first meeting of the minds between Crazy Lake and Chinese Takeout, though Hahn and Boynton have enjoyed the texture of each other's brains since their days doing improv comedy together at Amherst College. All four men are sensitive film nerds who look forward to many future collaborations.
Source: Chinese Takeout


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Civilization V: Brave New World Expansion Dated for Summer
Civilization V is set to receive a new expansion pack, titled Brave New World, which revamps the game's cultural and political systems.
As we detailed in our previous report, the expansion pack will add a host of new features, including a World Congress that's not unlike the United Nations; International Trade Routes; and a new "Culture Victory" which requires players to send their artists far and wide to spread their civilization's culture.
Today, Firaxis revealed that Civilization V: Brave New World will launch on July 9 in North America, followed by an international release on July 12.
The announcement was made at the studio's PAX East 2013 panel where they demonstrated the game's new features, and a new civilization—the Polish Empire.
In addition to the new features, the expansion will add new technologies to the Industrial age, new trade systems, eight new wonders, and two new scenarios.


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- Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com -
Rare Christmas Twisters Thrash the Deep South, Winter Storm Heads Northeast
Posted By Tafline Laylin On December 26, 2012 @ 1:22 pm In carousel showcase,Environment,environmental destruction,News | No Comments
A massive storm system unleashed rare winter twisters [1] on Christmas day – and now it's heading for the northeast, NPR reports [2]. After pummeling America's midsection with torrential rain and snow, the storm dumped on the deep south before plowing through the Carolinas. The winter system has already forced at least 500 flight cancellations as it makes its way towards the country's northeast corridor [3].
Travelers who were planning to head home after the holiday might face delays as the winter storm that ripped through several states yesterday continues up the northeast corridor. On Christmas day [4], three deaths and a slew of injuries were reported as the storm unleashed a series of destructive tornadoes on Alabama and Louisiana. Approximately 100,000 people lost power for a time.
"Mobile was the biggest city hit by the rare winter twisters, NPR reports [2]. "Along with brutal, straight-line winds, the storms knocked down countless trees, blew the roofs off homes and left many Christmas celebrations in the dark. Torrential rains drenched the region and several places saw flash flooding [5]."
Approximately 250 flights heading in and out of the Dallas/Forth Worth International Airport were cancelled yesterday as a few inches of snow [6] fell on the region and further delays are expected today at airports within the storm's path.
Via NPR [2]
Stock image of tornado damage [7], tornado [8], Shutterstock
Article printed from Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com
URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/rare-christmas-twisters-thrash-the-deep-south-winter-storm-heads-northeast/
URLs in this post:
[1] twisters: http://inhabitat.com/atmospheric-vortex-engine-harnesses-the-power-of-tornadoes-to-create-clean-energy/
[2] NPR reports: http://www.npr.org/2012/12/26/168057442/snowstorm-heads-east-after-twisters-in-the-south
[3] country's northeast corridor: http://inhabitat.com/nyc/amtrak-begins-testing-165-mph-trains-for-its-northeast-corridor-line/
[4] On Christmas day: http://inhabitat.com/happy-holidays-from-team-inhabitat/
[5] flash flooding: http://inhabitat.com/tag/flooding/
[6] few inches of snow: http://inhabitat.com/beautiful-snow-capped-mountain-house-is-buried-into-a-hillside/
[7] tornado damage: http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-52432357/stock-photo-residence-a-week-after-being-struck-by-a-tornado-some-clean-up-has-been-completed.html?src=csl_recent_image-1
[8] tornado: http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-61575121/stock-photo-twister-on-countryside-with-dark-sky.html?src=csl_recent_image-2
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2011 Inhabitat Local - New York. All rights reserved.


text: Hearts Personalised Wedding Invitations by Beautiful Day £1.50$2.88€1.93$2.29 36 customer reviews(36) Made to order £18.50$35.63€23.81$28.35 delivery to United States Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available gemsgems (required)Please add gems (+ £0.20)No gems, thanksgems (required)Please add gems (+ $0.38)No gems, thanksgems (required)Please add gems (+ €0.25)No gems, thanksgems (required)Please add gems (+ $0.30)No gems, thanks guest names printed on the main inviteguest names printed on the main invite (required)Thanks no needPlease print guest names on the main invite (+ £0.30)guest names printed on the main invite (required)Thanks no needPlease print guest names on the main invite (+ $0.57)guest names printed on the main invite (required)Thanks no needPlease print guest names on the main invite (+ €0.38)guest names printed on the main invite (required)Thanks no needPlease print guest names on the main invite (+ $0.45) reply cardreply card (required)Without reply cardsreply card & return address printed on the back (+ £0.80)reply card (required)Without reply cardsreply card & return address printed on the back (+ $1.54)reply card (required)Without reply cardsreply card & return address printed on the back (+ €1.02)reply card (required)Without reply cardsreply card & return address printed on the back (+ $1.22) insertinsert (required)No insert required, thanksI need matching info cards please (+ £0.65)insert (required)No insert required, thanksI need matching info cards please (+ $1.25)insert (required)No insert required, thanksI need matching info cards please (+ €0.83)insert (required)No insert required, thanksI need matching info cards please (+ $0.99) your personalised details (can also be given later) quantity by Beautiful Day Location: Herts, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Summer Personalised Wedding Invitations by Beautiful Day £1.50$2.88€1.93$2.29 English Rose Design Wedding Invitations by Beautiful Day £1.50$2.88€1.93$2.29 'Vintage Lace' Wedding Invitations by Beautiful Day £1.50$2.88€1.93$2.29 Pastel Wedding Design Invitations by Beautiful Day £1.50$2.88€1.93$2.29 Hanging Vintage Birdcages Wedding Invitations by Beautiful Day £1.50$2.88€1.93$2.29 Hanging Hearts Save The Date Cards by Beautiful Day £0.95$1.83€1.22$1.45 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS CUSTOMER REVIEWS DELIVERY RETURNS Made in Britain can be personalised ask seller a question save for later Personalised wedding / party invitation featuring hanging hearts illustration printed in brown and decorated with a crystal gem (optional). PLEASE NOTE: MINIMUM ORDER 30 INVITATIONS - THIS CAN INCLUDE DAY AND EVENING INVITES EVEN IF ADDED TO YOUR BASKET SEPARATELY. Please send your personalisation wording when placing the order, if you do not have the details ready please leave us a message that this will follow. This design can be personalised for day and evening invitations. If you require both types of invitation, they can be put on the same order by adding day invites to the basket then returning to page and adding evening invites to basket then going to checkout. A Jpeg file will be sent to you within 2-3 days, for you to check the ALL is correct. (Full approval is required for printing). Once approved, your finished stationery will be delivered within 7-10 days depends on the job is involved. Please have a look at my full range for additional matching wedding stationery and ideas for your big day. http://www.notonthehighstreet.com/partners/beautifulday/products?view=many Please note, once artwork is approved and printed, no changes can be made or refunds given due to customisation of the products. *Regrettably due to time constraints and costs, I am unable to send free samples. You can purchase a single card as a sample, unfortunately for the same reasons this cannot be personalised. made from: Printed on a silkyweave textured ivory 260gsm card, can be decorated with a sparkly Swarovski gem (optional). Cream square gummed envelopes included. dimensions: Size of card: 14.85cm x 14.85cm with rounded edges product code: 220668 36 customer reviews Fri 08 Apr 2016 Great service Tue 15 Mar 2016 Invitations were fantastic and the service was outstanding Sat 06 Feb 2016 Absolutely beautiful Mon 04 Jan 2016 Beautiful design and customer service absolutely first class. Invitations arrived much quicker than expected. Perfect. Thank you. Fri 04 Dec 2015 No comment supplied. Fri 23 Oct 2015 The invitations are lovely. I was kept in touch with progress and highly delighted with them. Tue 11 Aug 2015 Beautifully crafted :) Mon 04 May 2015 Superb quality wedding invitations. Very happy with the final product. Would highly recommend Fri 01 May 2015 Very happy with the product, great quality Thu 05 Feb 2015 Love them, i've had so many comments on how nice they are! All round very pleased and Loren was always on hand for any questions I had, Thanks again Wed 28 Jan 2015 Beautiful design, lovely paper Sat 24 Jan 2015 They were beautiful! Fri 12 Dec 2014 Pleased to know that my next order can be a matching item, namely the place setting cards. Fred Fri 21 Nov 2014 Our invitations are absolutely beautiful. Very well made. And they couldn't be more helpful with any request i made. Highly recommend Fri 12 Sep 2014 Lovely Mon 11 Aug 2014 The invitations are gorgeous and we've had lots of comments about how lovely they are, thank you! Fri 08 Aug 2014 I got a sample and can't wait to order them for real Sun 29 Jun 2014 We are delighted with our wedding invitations. Wed 28 May 2014 It has a pretty design and the card and printing were a good quality, however the finish was poor with the edges of the card nit being square, the text not being centralised within the card. Also, the sample text did not include our names, so you didn't know whose wedding you were being invited to. Beautiful Day's response: We are sorry to hear you were not totally happy with your sample. However, the product description is saying that the card has rounded edges and that a sample (single card) cannot be personalised with your own wedding details and names. Also, the image on the website shows the text not centred. Kind regards, Keren Fri 02 May 2014 Love the invites that i have chosen, all went really well, so quick in geting in contact and the process was really good. Thank you so much! Sat 26 Apr 2014 Beautiful invites Sat 26 Apr 2014 Lovely wedding invitations, excellent quality - exactly what we wanted and expected. Thank you! Sat 19 Apr 2014 Amazing wedding invitations! I am so happy, a good start for our wedding preparations. Thank you Wed 02 Apr 2014 The quality of these cards is great. Also, the delivery was excellent, cards were wrapped carefully and arrived safely. I had a few questions to ask the sellers and they were quick to reply and more than happy to help. Tue 18 Mar 2014 Lovely stationary. Just make sure you proof read carefully! Tue 25 Feb 2014 Love the stationery, look beautiful with the pink gem- helped form the theme of the wedding. Have had loads of compliments on the invites, great quality too. Thu 06 Feb 2014 Beautiful invitations that got lots of compliments. 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Sat 16 Nov 2013 No comment supplied. Mon 07 Oct 2013 I have had the best service from Keren at 'Beautiful Day' and would recommend this supplier to anyone. My invites are being printed as I write and if they are as professional and as good quality as 'Save The Dates' I will be very please. Wed 28 Aug 2013 Absolutely beautiful quality designed to bespoke specifications Mon 29 Jul 2013 Beautiful - turned out really nicely, very professional and efficient Fri 05 Jul 2013 Really pleased with the invitations they are lovely. see all customer reviews hide some customer reviews read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor This product is dispatched to you by Beautiful Day. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item by price Standard Delivery Monday 16 May £2.75$5.29€3.53$4.21 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.29€3.53$4.21 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.29€3.53$4.21 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.29€3.53$4.21 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$22.15€14.80$17.62 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$22.15€14.80$17.62 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £18.50$35.63€23.81$28.35 Asia & Australasia 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £19.50$37.56€25.10$29.88 Rest of the world 5-14 working daysfrom dispatch £19.50$37.56€25.10$29.88 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Beautiful Day's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


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April 29, 2012
A 24-year veteran of the Air Force and Air National Guard, Rich McConnell explains how his military career has influenced his children's military endeavors.
Stories this photo appears in:
Veteran reflects on family's influence on Air Force career
As an 18-year-old man leaving high school, Rich McConnell not only wanted to find gainful employment, but sought a career of which he could be proud.
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Trisha Brown and Steve Reich are widely considered to be two of the most influential artists of the twentieth century. Brown, as a choreographer, and Reich, as a composer, continue to explore the boundaries of their respective art forms and, as a result, have created innovative systems for art-making. This presentation serves as a comparison between these two artists in order to illuminate congruent creative philosophies and processes which transcend boundaries between music and dance.
|Matthew J Frazier-Smith (Graduate Student)
|Hartwell Dance Theatre
|1:30 pm (Session III)
Please note that presentation times are approximate. If you are interested in attending sessions with multiple presentations, please be in the room at the start of the session.


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Caitlin Wachs
Caitlin Wachs was born on March 15, 1989 in Eugene, Oregon, USA as Caitlin Elizabeth Wachs. She is known for her work on Thirteen Days (2000), My Dog Skip (2000) and Profiler (1996). See full bio »
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Banks Bring In More Marketing Muscle for Miami Condos
The banks taking over ownership of two flashy condo towers in Miami's Brickell neighborhood are bringing in the Argentina-born property developer Edgardo A. Defortuna to help them sell the homes.
As we reported Wednesday, Related Group, a Miami-based property developer led by Jorge Perez, has turned over ownership of two of the three towers in the Icon Brickell condominium complex to a group of lenders led by HSBC Holdings PLC.
Related Group described the settlement with the bankers as "friendly." The company said it will remain a co-manager of sales and marketing at the towers. The new co-manager of sales and marketing is Mr. Defortuna's Fortune International, a Miami-based developer and real estate brokerage empire known for its ability to attract buyers from Latin America.
The deal came after months of talks between Mr. Perez and several dozen banks led by HSBC. Those talks were complicated by the divergent interests and priorities of the many lenders. A person familiar with the situation said HSBC, which has financed developments by Fortune International, wanted to involve that firm in sales of the Icon Brickell condos. A spokeswoman for HSBC declined to comment.
Reached by telephone Wednesday afternoon, a few hours after the agreement was announced, the 53-year-old Mr. Defortuna said he believes the deal passing ownership to the banks will help sales of the condos. Some potential buyers, he says, had shied away because of fears that any fight between the banks and Mr. Perez might lead to a messy foreclosure that would hurt values. Now that has been averted, and Mr. Defortuna is ready for the hard sell: "This is probably the best value in South Florida," he said.
Mr. Defortuna, whose father owned a manufacturing business in Argentina, moved to the U.S. in 1980 to study business at the University of Miami. He also began helping people he knew back home invest in U.S. real estate and in 1983 set up his own brokerage in Miami. Today, that brokerage has more than 1,000 agents in South Florida. In the mid-1990s, Fortune International diversified into property development, specializing in seafront properties.
A Related affiliate, Related Cervera Realty Services, is to remain involved in selling the Icon Brickell condos, but the sales office for the two towers now owned by the banks will be "under the Fortune umbrella," Mr. Defortuna said.
In December, Mr. Perez said Related had invested about $1 billion in the Icon Brickell, including $15 million for giant statues of heads that resemble those on Easter Island. He said loans secured by the three buildings totaled around $700 million.
Most of the Icon Brickell was completed in 2008 and 2009, but presales of the units began in 2006. After property prices crashed in 2007 and 2008, many of the original buyers decided not to complete their purchases, and Related slashed asking prices.
Related said it continues to own and operate the third tower of the complex, financed by a different group of lenders, led by Bank of America Corp. That tower includes the Viceroy Hotel. A Bank of America spokeswoman declined to comment.
Related said it has sold 401 of the 1,276 condo units in the two towers whose ownership was passed to the lenders. Peter Zalewski, owner of Condo Vultures, a Miami real estate broker, said units in those towers have been selling for an average of about $440 per square foot this year, down from a peak of more than $600 on units sold before construction.
Related Group has been counting heavily on Latin American buyers able to pay cash for condos at Icon Brickell, which is in the Brickell neighborhood adjacent to downtown Miami. The buildings feature eccentric décor and sculptures designed by Philippe Starck. The complex includes restaurants, a two-acre garden terrace with a 300-foot pool and a cave-like lobby that resembles an abandoned castle.
Please follow me for real estate news on Twitter @jamesrhagerty


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text:
Three Kings closed?
The past few times I've walked by Three Kings of Egypt in Federal Hill, it's been closed.
Anybody know if this is permanent?
That place used to be Amie's and my favorite spot to hide out, play Yahtzee and smoke a hookah or two.
But we bought our own hookah and rarely went after that.
The few times we did go back, the prices kept climbing, and we recognized fewer people there.
So if it really is closed, I'm really not surprised.
(Photo by me)
Follow Midnight Sun on Facebook and Twitter @midnightsunblog


text:
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If James Bond lived in BA, Olsen would surely be his favourite haunt. Mind you, after spending time here, he'd probably be less fussed about his martinis,...
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All material on this site is © Time Out.


text:
The title "August: Osage County" might not sound like such a tongue-twister, but take it from someone who knows: Saying those words enough times in sequence — especially into a microphone before an intimate little audience of 500 or so theater artists and supporters — could make anyone's tongue turn the title into mush.
Still, even if it proved tricky to pronounce the name of Tracy Letts' Pulitzer Prize-anointed play, the Old Globe Theatre's production of "August" was definitively pronounced a major winner at the annual Craig Noel Awards on Monday night.
The awards, presented by the San Diego Theatre Critics Circle (full disclosure: I'm a member) and named for the Globe's late founding director, took place at the La Jolla digs of the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego. And the lacerating (and darkly funny) family drama "August" was on critics' lips to the tune of four top honors: for female lead performance (Lois Markle), direction (Sam Gold), acting ensemble, and outstanding dramatic production of 2011.
The crosstown La Jolla Playhouse also earned multiple awards. The Des McAnuff-directed revival of "Jesus Christ Superstar" (now headed to Broadway) was named top touring production; Kirsten Greenidge's "Milk Like Sugar" was honored in the new-play category; and the audio drama "Susurrus" was deemed outstanding special event.
Two other productions earned three awards apiece: Cygnet Theatre's "Cabaret" (director Sean Murray, choreographer David Brannen and female lead Karson St. John), and the Globe's "Jane Austen's Emma — A Musical Romantic Comedy" (resident musical, Tobin Ost's sets and Michael Gilliam's lighting).
Lucia Vecchio was named outstanding young artist, chiefly on the strength of her affecting turn in the title role of OnStage Playhouse's "The Diary of Anne Frank" (she also earned the Sandra Ellis-Troy Memorial Scholarship, named for a beloved San Diego theater artist who died in 2010).
And the first Don Braunagel Award for Outstanding Work at a Small Theater — named for the tireless former San Diego Tribune and freelance critic who died last year — went to Ion Theatre for its stunning production of Tony Kushner's "Angels in America." (Braunagel's wife, Yolanda, presented the award.)
Meanwhile, an unofficial award for pluckiest acceptance of an award has to go to Brian Mackey (with a big assist from Claudio Raygoza, Ion's executive artistic director). Mackey, named Actor of the Year for his work in multiple productions, was bedridden with the flu. So Raygoza gamely rang him at home from the stage, and Mackey offered cogent and touching comments via speakerphone.
A script can be a beautiful thing in theater — but these people obviously know from improv, too.
Full results are listed at sdcriticscircle.org.


text:
I should mention here one of the major reasons I've become obsessed with Web standards and CSS. My current project (as Design Director of Wired) is a complete redesign of Wired News. See a screenshot of the before state [.gif, 35.7 KB] from Feb. 2002. This WN has been sorely stagnate for over two years, and has been long overdue for a major facelift. Wired News has finally gained a priority status from Lycos, which means they can actually justify assigning me as a resource for the redesign. continued
Posted in Projects
Stopdesign is hosted on a Virtual Private Server at Dreamhost.


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BEST ENTRANCE: Mall Entrance by Yogibo, Level 2
LOCATION IN MALL: Level 2, next to Eastern Mountain Sports
(603) 890-3434 | Driving Directions | Bertucci's Website |
View Deals | Mall Map
Chips & Guac anyone? The absolute perfect combination. Happy #CincoDeMayo https://t.co/fEZjxAzTtn/p>
In honor of #CincoDeMayo, we want to introduce you to our friend, the Blackberry Margarita. Tequila, triple sec, freshly squeezed margarita mix and a hint of blackberry. Cheers!
Read More
Our Tuscan Chicken Wings are perfect for sharing, but we've been known to keep them all for ourself as our main course! Shout out to @keto__foodie for the pic! #spicy #crispy #juicy #chickenwings
There's no better way to celebrate #NationalShrimpScampiDay than with Bertucci's signature Shrimp Scampi. Sautéed shrimp with fresh herbs, tomatoes, garlic and a hint of hot pepper tossed with angel hair pasta in a lemon wine sauce. Absolutely delicious!
We're proud to be #BostonStrong! https://t.co/pXCaKESAVY/p>
RT @llm0628: Delicious salad I had for dinner at @bertuccis earlier. One of the best salads I've ever had.… https://t.co/utnNN0wpVV/p>
RT @ProjectGradWHS: Craving pasta,pizza or antipasti @Bertuccis #Westborough?Take the flyer on Wed. to indulge & help a cause. #PGWHS16 htt…/p>
We're not just pizza and pasta! We have other great dishes including our Bistro Strip Steak, Maryland Style Crab Cakes, Brick Oven Roasted Chicken, Grilled Salmon and our new BBQ Chicken Salad.
Our own VP of Real Estate & Construction, Kevin Bakas, supported a private event for Military & First Responders who wanted to participate in the Boston Marathon with their heavy gear but due to security precautions, were unable. Thank you to all the Military & First Responders for all of the selfless work you do!
#MarathonMonday #PatriotsDay #BostonStrong
We're proud to call Boston our hometown. #onebostonday #bostonstrong
RT @DiningPlaybook: Who wouldn't want a nice hot slice of @Bertuccis pizza for lunch on a cold drizzly day? https://t.co/MBIDG6iiUl/p>
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Our new Spring menu officially launches on Monday. We think you're going to love it! #chocolatepeanutbutterpie
Celebrate #NationalShrimpScampiDay with our signature Shrimp Scampi. It's called a classic for a reason! https://t.co/6Ikb4T3QBg/p>
Tomorrow is National Administrative Professionals Day! Treat your admin and team to our $7.99 lunch - choose from a focaccia sandwich or brick oven baked pizza and get unlimited salad and fresh baked rolls. They definitely deserve it!
It's one of our new favorites, too! https://t.co/JPtIYWbF0j/p>
#MyBestDayIn3Words Unlimited fresh rolls. https://t.co/kqxUeX3FWI/p>
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text:
int_type sputbackc( char_type c );
Puts back a character back to the get area.
If a putback position is available in the get area (gptr() > eback()), and the character
c is equal to the character one position to the left of gptr() (as determined by Traits::eq(c, gptr()[-1]), then simply decrements the next pointer (gptr()).
Otherwise, calls pbackfail(Traits::to_int_type(c)) to either back up the get area or to modify both the get area and possibly the associated character sequence.
The I/O stream function basic_istream::putback is implemented in terms of this function.
Return value
If putback position was available, returns the character that the next pointer is now pointing at, converted to
int_type with Traits::to_int_type(*gptr()). The next single-character input from this streambuf will return this character.
If putback position was not available, returns what pbackfail() returns, which is Traits::eof() on failure.
#include <iostream> #include <sstream> int main() { std::stringstream s("abcdef"); // gptr() poitns to 'a' std::cout << "Before putback, string holds " << s.str() << '\n'; char c1 = s.get(); // c = 'a', gptr() now points to 'b' char c2 = s.rdbuf()->sputbackc('z'); // same as s.putback('c') // gptr() now points to 'z' std::cout << "After putback, string holds " << s.str() << '\n'; char c3 = s.get(); // c3 = 'z', gptr() now points to 'b' std::cout << c1 << c2 << c3 << '\n'; s.rdbuf()->sputbackc('b'); // back to 'b' s.rdbuf()->sputbackc('z'); // back to 'z' int eof = s.rdbuf()->sputbackc('x'); // nothing to unget: pbackfail() fails if (eof == EOF) std::cout << "No room to putback after 'z'\n"; }
Before putback, string holds abcdef After putback, string holds zbcdef azz No room to putback after 'z'
See also
| moves the next pointer in the input sequence back by one
(public member function)
| puts character into input stream
(public member function of


text:
Trube Castle - 1627 Sealy
.....The Trube home, referred to as 'the strangest house in a city of strange houses,' was built in 1890 by J. C. Trube, a local businessman who emigrated from Denmark in the mid-1800's. The architect, Alfred Muller had it built of brick with Belgian stucco on two city lots. It was not raised after 1900 storm and restored in 1990. It is currently a private residence.
2005 by IslandofGalveston.Com Inc.
Last update for this page on April 3, 2005


text:
Dynamic Guitar Technique Part II Arpeggio ExercisesBook Size: 2.19 MB | Pdf Pages: 237
Dynamic Guitar Technique Part II Arpeggio Exercises c 2004 David Raleigh Arnold Please see the end of this document for restrictions. 1 Introduction
ARPEGGIO Data Access Frequently Asked QuestionsBook Size: 4.48 MB | Pdf Pages: 223
Arpeggio Data Access also includes tools like Query Builder and Transfer Builder that allow you to build queries by dragging and dropping data objects onto a query
Scale & Arpeggio Fingerings for Piano (2 Octave)Book Size: 6.29 MB | Pdf Pages: 51
Scale & Arpeggio Fingerings for Piano Rules and tricks for remembering the fingerings for two octave scales and arpeggios on the piano. Major Scale Groups
Jazz Arpeggios Workout - Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic andBook Size: 4.77 MB | Pdf Pages: 198
The seven Arpeggio forms in this workout can get you there. Add a little time and effort and you'll get a tremendous payoff in your playing and soloing.
Arpeggio : Metadata Indexing in a Structured Peer-to-Peer NetworkBook Size: 3.24 MB | Pdf Pages: 102
Arpeggio: Metadata Indexing in a Structured Peer-to-Peer Network by Dan R. K. Ports S. B., Computer Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005
Welcome to the ARPEGGIO Information PublisherBook Size: 4.67 MB | Pdf Pages: 55
Arpeggio For The Developer includes all of the applications that make up ARPEGGIO For The Desktop, plus a series of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
Arpeggios & Climbs - MaxLearning.Net - HomeBook Size: 6.39 MB | Pdf Pages: 181
To play an Arpeggio Run, arpeggiate a chord over several octaves up (or down). Pass the lead hand (which starts the run) over the other hand, which will follow under.
7653 ArpeggioOutdoors v1Book Size: 4.01 MB | Pdf Pages: 239
Small Plates Heirloom Tomato Gazpacho 10 Lemon Granite Arpeggio Salad 13 Ruby Red Grapefruit, Charred Roma Tomatoes, Toasted Almonds,
Scales and Arpeggios by JP Dias - Gustavo López SeguraBook Size: 6.48 MB | Pdf Pages: 126
*This Scale, Triad and Arpeggio could be played one 8va Lower Starting from E open String E Phrygian Scale Fingering Major Modes 14 J.P. Dias's Scales & Arpeggios.
8012 ArpeggioVertical DINNER v1Book Size: 2.67 MB | Pdf Pages: 82
Arpeggio Salad 13. Poached Pear, Smoked Plum Tomato, Gorgonzola, Corn Bread Croutons, Lola Rosa, Frisee, Toasted Sesame & Ginger Vinaigrette Market Salad 10.
Scale and Arpeggio Fingering - The Complete PianistBook Size: 2.19 MB | Pdf Pages: 179
Minor Scale FingeringsMinor Scale Fingerings (2 octaves) A minor, d minor, e minor a minor, d minor, e minor R.H. 123123412312345 L.H. 543213214321321
SCALE AND ARPEGGIO PATTERNS - ABRSM : ABRSM.org - HomeBook Size: 3.53 MB | Pdf Pages: 209
8 SCALE AND Arpeggio PATTERNS The examples below clarify patterns found in this syllabus. Reference should be made to the appropriate syllabus pages for the full
C-MAJOR ARPEGGIOBook Size: 1.53 MB | Pdf Pages: 55
Title ~KMAMTXT.PDF Author: Richard Armstrong Subject: MAMI Scale Atlas for Keyboards Created Date: 7/26/2007 12:50:31 AM
1451 Arpeggio ExerciseBook Size: 1.53 MB | Pdf Pages: 173
Practice as written then beginning with the lowest note in the Arpeggio on the flute 3 octaves. Articulations: all tongued; slur 3; tongue 1 slur 2; slur 2 tongue 1 & ## 56
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The Arpeggio of Berkeley, 2055 Center Street, was originally entitled on January 18, 2005 pursuant the unanimous City Council approval of Resolution No. 62,785-N.S.
PHRASE FACTORY: Recording Arpeggio MIDI data to external sequencersBook Size: 2.96 MB | Pdf Pages: 226
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C Major G Major D Major A major E Major B Major G-flat Major D-flat Major A-flat Major E-flat Major Flute Finale® Exercises 12 Major Scales with Major Arpeggio
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Arpeggio are not directly following your note-ons. Oh, it is responding to the notes that you finger all right but it is just using these as "input" to do


text:
Primrose (Primula vulgaris)
|Primula (1)
|Flower diameter: 20-40 mm (2)
Leaf length: 5-25 cm (2)
Widespread (3).
The primrose is well-known as one of the first flowers of the year, indeed the common name derives from 'prima rosa' meaning 'first flower'. It is a symbol of both the spring and of Easter (4). The crinkled green leaves form loose rosettes, and are covered on the underside with a fine layer of downy hairs (2). The flowers are pale yellow, or rarely pink, and measure 20-40 mm in diameter (2)
This species is widespread in Britain, and unlike the related cowslip (P. veris), populations of the primrose have not fluctuated much in the last century (3). Outside of Britain, it occurs in southern, western and south central Europe; other subspecies are found in southern Europe and North Africa (2).
Inhabits woodlands, hedgerows, shaded mountain-cliffs and north-facing banks. It prefers sites that are shaded from hot sun (3), and thrives best in damp conditions; it occurs in a broader range of habitats in the west, where rainfall is higher (4).
This perennial species is evergreen, but occasionally aestivates (becomes dormant in summer during hot, dry weather) (3). It typically flowers from March to June (5), although it may flower throughout the year in sheltered hedge banks in Cornwall and copses in Sussex (4). Reproduction occurs by seeds, which are dispersed by ants (3). A single primrose plant may live for 15-25 years (4).
Primroses have been picked for sale and for decorating churches for generations; this practice was criticised in the 1970s and 1980s, as wild-flower picking became unfashionable due to the concerns of conservationists (4).
Various parts of the primrose were used in herbal medicine; the root was used as a reliable and safe emetic (it induces vomiting) and as an antispasmodic, the whole plant was thought to be a sedative, the leaves were used to treat wounds and primrose tea was believed to relieve nervous disorders (6).
Not threatened.
The primrose is included in Plantlife's Common Plant Survey; this survey aims to determine the status of 65 common plant species in Britain, in order to understand how these species are faring in the countryside and to effectively monitor changes in their populations (7).
For more information on British plants and their conservation, see Plantlife- the wild plant conservation charity:
For more on the Common Plants Survey see:
Visit the website of the Botanical Society of the British Isles at:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact: email@example.com
- Aestivates: period of dormancy occurring in hot, dry periods, analogous to hibernation in winter.
- Perennial: plants that live for at least three seasons; after an initial period they produce flowers once a year.
- Subspecies: a different race of a species, which is geographically separated from other populations of that species.
- National Biodiversity Network Species Dictionary (Feb 2003): http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nbn/
- Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M. (1987) Flora of the British Isles. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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