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The commercial and industrial use of laser diodes has dramatically increased recently. The optical characteristics, small size, and ruggedness of laser diodes have allowed many new uses to be commercialized.The output of laser diodes is very bright considering their small size. Today, hundreds of watts of power are commercially available from laser diodes operating under continuous wave (CW) conditions in packages as small as a few cubic inches. This characteristic makes these devices suitable for cable TV transmission, high definition TV (HDTV) development, and medical applications.In addition, compared to other types of lasers , laser diodes use very little power. Most laser diodes operate with voltage drops of less than 2 V with power requirements determined by their current setting. Overall efficiencies greater than 30% are typical in the case of laser diodes.Since laser diodes are made of semiconductor materials, they do not require the fragile glass enclosures or mirror alignment typical of gas lasers. The resulting ruggedness and small size allow laser diodes to be used in environments and spaces in which other types of lasers cannot operate.Coherence and single wavelength characteristics of laser diodes enable the outputs of these devices to be focused to a diffraction limited spot size. The size of the resultant spot is dependent on the wavelength of the laser - the shorter the wavelength of light, the smaller the size of the spot that can be generated. Operation at shorter blue and UV wavelengths makes smaller spot sizes possible, consequently allowing more information to be stored on optical disks at a higher density.Another advantage of laser diodes is that they can be directly modulated at high frequencies. By modulating the drive current, the output of the laser diode is modulated with frequencies up to several GHz in high-speed data communications.
Low-power laser diodes come in a variety of packages. Most have a monitor photodiode integrated with the laser diode. Generally, laser diodes emit light from both ends of their cavity. By monitoring the rear facet output beam of the laser diode, one can maintain the laser at a constant power level. For power levels in the range of 1 W or less, the most common package used is the TO-Can style and is available in either a 5.6 mm or 9 mm diameter base (Figure 1). Other packages include TO-3 packages for higher power laser diodes (>1 W).
Telecommunication laser diodes come in either butterfly or DIL (Dual-In-Line) 14-pin packages (Figure 2). Most include both a thermo-electric cooler (TEC) module, and all include a mounting plate for heat dissipation.
Many other packages are used including coaxial cans for pulsed laser diodes and a variety of fiber pigtailed laser diodes with CD/DVD style laser diodes integrated into a custom designed housing that includes focusing optics and a fiber output.Other structures include Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) and Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) lasers. VCSEL laser diodes (Figure 3) can be fabricated in 2-D arrays for use in optical computing, printing and communications. Their laser structure has a circular aperture allowing the output beam to be easily collimated using a simple spherical lens. MOPA lasers have been developed to increase the output power of single-mode laser diodes while maintaining a narrow line width. These laser diode structures have an oscillator section that produces a very narrow spectral output, and an integrated power amplifier section that increases the output power without affecting the spectral output.
Applications requiring narrower spectral linewidths need structures that confine the lasers oscillations to a single-mode. Index guided devices provide the necessary confinement that result in single-mode output beams with little or no astigmatism. However, divergence of the light emitting from a laser diode is very pronounced with full width half maximum (FWHM) angles of up to 40 degrees in the perpendicular axis (θ⊥) and 10 degrees in the parallel axis (θ||). This divergence results in a rapidly expanding elliptical cone. Gain-guided laser diodes tend to have greater differences between the two angles than index-guided laser diodes. Figure 4 illustrates beam divergence in the theta parallel and theta perpendicular axes.
Single frequency laser diodes are another interesting member of the laser diode family. These devices are now available to meet the requirements for spectroscopy and high bandwidth communications. Other advantages of these structures are lower threshold currents and lower power requirements. One variety of this type of structure is the distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode (Figure 5). It has been developed to emit light at fiber optic communication wavelengths between 1300 nm and 1550 nm.
Since lasers emit light over a narrow wavelength range, they can also be used for sensing and spectroscopy. Examples include the detection of trace gases, and elements that react to light at very defined wavelengths. By proper selection and wavelength tuning of a laser diode one can detect these elements.
More recently high-power laser diodes operating in the wavelength range of about 0.81.1 micron have been getting much attention due to their widespread applications. These lasers are used in optical pumping of solid-state lasers, such as the Nd:YAG, replacing traditional flash lamp designs. High-power laser diodes are tuned to the absorption band of the dielectric crystal resulting in much more efficient pumping of the laser rod, from which a high-power focused coherent beam of light is emitted. This beam can then be used in a variety of industrial, medical, and military applications. Laser diodes have been developed to match the absorption bands of a variety of dielectric crystals in a broad wavelength range. Figure 6 shows two common variations of high-power laser diode packages.
In addition to applications involving the pumping of solid-state laser rods, high-power laser diodes are also very useful for fiber optic telecommunication purposes. In these applications, a high-power laser diode operating at the wavelength of 980 nm is used as a pump source for erbium doped fiber amplifiers. Such optical amplifiers are used in direct optical amplification of the 1550 nm wavelength telecommunication signals propagating along the long haul telecommunication lines. In this fashion, the need to use electrical amplifying circuits is eliminated and the optical signals are directly amplified, with greater efficiency, and without the need to convert the light signal to an electrical signal and back.By stacking several high-power laser diode bars on top of one another, it is possible to make stacked laser diode arrays (Figure 7) with output powers potentially in the range of kilowatts. Such devices open up a wide range of new possibilities in such applications as industrial welding and precision cutting of metals and various other materials.
Perhaps the most important parameter of laser diodes to be measured is the degree to which they emit light when current is injected into the device. This generates the Output Light vs. Input Current Curve, more commonly referred to as the L.I. Curve shown in Figure 8. As the injected current is increased, the laser first demonstrates spontaneous emission that increases very gradually until it begins to emit stimulated radiation, which is the onset of laser action. The first parameter of interest is the exact current value at which this phenomenon takes place. This is typically referred to as the threshold current and is denoted by the symbol Ith. It is generally desirable that the threshold current be as low as possible, resulting in a more efficient device. Thus, a threshold current is one measure used to quantify the performance of a laser diode.
Threshold current is dependent on the quality of the semiconductor material from which the device is fabricated, and also the general design of the structure of the device waveguide. However, threshold current is also dependent on the size and area of the laser device. One laser diode could demonstrate a much higher threshold current than another device and yet be considered a much better laser. This is because the area of the device can be large. A laser that is wider or longer obviously requires more electrical power to reach the onset of laser action than a laser of a smaller area. As a result, when comparing the threshold current values of different devices, it is more appropriate to talk about threshold current density rather than threshold current. Threshold current density is denoted by the symbol Jth and is determined by dividing the experimentally obtained threshold current value Ith by the area of the laser. It is always desirable for a laser to have a low threshold current density value. Threshold current density is one of the parameters that is a direct indication of the quality of the semiconductor material from which the device is fabricated. In comparing the performance of various laser devices one must compare the threshold current density values rather than the threshold current values. In calculating the current density of the laser, it is necessary to accurately measure the area of the laser through which current is being injected. This is only possible in broad area type lasers with stripe widths on the order of 100 microns or more. In such cases, the area through which the current is flowing is very much the same as the area of the metallic contact of the laser. In cases of ridge lasers the width of the ridge is only a few microns while, due to current spreading, the actual width of the channel through which current is flowing could be considerably more. This makes it impractical to accurately determine current density values in cases of narrow stripe ridge lasers.
Just as it is desirable to reach laser action at as low a threshold current as possible, it is also desirable to get more and more light out of the device with the expenditure of as little current as possible. In other words, you would want to be able to increase the input current slowly and yet achieve rapid increase in the output light emission. A laser diode, which has a good rate of converting the input electric power to output light power, is obviously a device that is performing well. A direct measure of the ability of the device to do this is the slope of the L.I. curve. This slope is denoted as ΔP/ΔI and has the units of Watts per Amperes (W/A), or in the case of low-power lasers (mW/mA). ΔP/ΔI, which is the slope of the L.I. curve above the threshold current Ith, directly tells us how many Watts of power the laser outputs for every 1 Amp increase in its input current. Other important parameters are typically extracted from measurement of the ΔP/ΔI parameter. These include the External Differential Quantum Efficiency, Internal Quantum Efficiency, and Internal Loss parameters. Please refer to Newports Application Notes for an in-depth discussion of these topics and the description of the experimental setups and calculation procedures needed to accurately determine the above-mentioned parameters.
In most applications, the ability of the laser diode to perform well at elevated temperatures is of great interest. This is especially of concern in the case of high-power laser diodes where the amount of power generated causes the device temperature to rise significantly. As a result, it is of utmost importance for the semiconductor crystal to be robust enough so as not to suffer from device deterioration at high temperatures. The characteristic temperature of the laser diode, which is commonly referred to as To (pronounced T-zero), is a measure of the temperature sensitivity of the device. Higher values of To imply that the threshold current density and the external differential quantum efficiency of the device increase less rapidly with increasing temperatures. This translates into the laser being more thermally stable. In order to measure the characteristic temperature of a laser diode it is necessary to experimentally measure the L.I. curve of a laser at various temperatures. The results are then tabulated and the To determined. Typically, people perform these measurements at temperatures ranging from 15 degrees Celsius up to about 80 degrees Celsius, and at 5 or 10-degree increments. Conventional AlGaAs lasers usually have To values above 120 degrees. Please refer to Newports Application Note 1, Test and Characterization of Laser Diodes for more on this topic including the experimental techniques and calculation methods.
The series resistance of the laser diode is typically determined through calculating the derivative of the voltage versus injection current characteristic curve of the device. One way of doing this is to use a computer program to analytically determine the first derivative of the voltage versus current characteristic curve of the device that is obtained experimentally (more on this topic in Newports Application Note 1). High series resistance values for a laser diode could be the result of low quality metal ohmic contacts deposited on the two sides of the device. As a result, measurement of the series resistance value can be a means of assessing the quality of the metallic contacts deposited on the laser.
As laser diodes have evolved over the past fifteen years, various structures have been developed with different characteristics. The first laser diodes used gain-guided structures, which are easy to fabricate, resulting in a reliable device at low manufacturing costs. This type of structure supports multiple modes, resulting in multiple spectral lines and astigmatism. Astigmatism is a condition in which the apparent focal points of the two axes do not coincide. It limits the ability to focus the laser beam to a small spot size (Figure 9) and complicates focusing the output beam to a sharp well-defined point.
The ratio of the parallel and perpendicular vectors of polarization is called the polarization ratio. Laser diodes can reach polarization ratios of 100 to 1 or more when operated near their maximum output power ratings.
Since the output of a laser diode is highly divergent, special collimating optics are required. Either molded aspheres or multiple element glass lenses have been traditionally used to collimate the output. These collimators typically have a numerical aperture of 0.5 or better to collect the entire laser output beam.Using lenses, the output light of a laser diode can be formed into a collimated beam with little divergence. Such a highly directional collimated beam of intense light has many uses, such as in the alignment of large structures in civil engineering or in the read head of CD players. Also, due to the coherent nature of laser light, its properties stay the same in space and time. This is useful in interferometric measurements of material deformities.If a gain-guided laser diode beam is collimated or being focused, then a cylindrical lens is used to account for astigmatism. A long focal length lens is used to compensate for the astigmatism and then the collimating lens can provide a beam that has little divergence in both axes.The collimated beam is still elliptical and can be circularized using an anamorphic prism pair. Either the major axis is compressed or the minor axis is expanded to make a circular beam. Focusing the output beam of a laser diode into a single-mode fiber will also result in a circularized output. The fiber acts as a filter since only one mode propagates down the fiber. The output from the fiber is a circular, conical beam with a highly Gaussian shape, and low numerical aperture (N.A. <0.1). A simple spherical lens is used to complete the collimation.Newer techniques for collimating laser diodes include micro lenses and diffraction optics, both resulting in very compact packages. Micro lenses are bonded just in front of the emitting apertures of the laser diode. The complete assembly fits inside the laser diode package. Diffraction optics are manufactured using photolithography techniques that result in high repeatability and extremely low cost in large quantities. The diffraction optics are mounted externally but still result in extremely small laser diode packages.
The optical spectrum of laser diodes depends on the particular characteristics of the lasers optical cavity. Most conventional gain or index-guided devices have a spectrum with multiple peaks, while distributed feedback (DFB) and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) types of devices display a single well-defined spectral peak. Figure 10 shows a comparison between these two spectral behaviors.
The number of spectral lines that a laser is capable of supporting is a function of the cavity structure, as well as the operating current. The result is that multimode laser diodes exhibit spectral outputs with multiple peaks around their center wavelength. The optical wave propagating through the laser cavity forms a standing wave between the two mirror facets of the laser. The distance L between the two mirrors determines the period of oscillation of this curve. This standing optical wave resonates only when the cavity length L is an integer number m of half wavelengths existing between the two mirrors. In other words, a node must exist at each end of the cavity. The only way this can take place is for L to be exactly a whole number multiple of half wavelengths λ/2. This means that L = m(λ/2), where λ is the wavelength of light in the semiconductor matter and is related to the wavelength of light in free space through the index of refraction n by the relationship λ = λo/n. As a result of this situation, there can exist many longitudinal modes in the cavity of the laser diode, each resonating at its distinct wavelength of λm = 2L/m. From this you can note that two adjacent longitudinal laser modes are separated by a wavelength of Δλ = (λo)2/2nL. Even single-mode devices can support multiple modes at low output power as shown in Figure 11. As the operating current is increased, one mode begins to dominate until, beyond a certain operating power level, a single narrow line width spectrum appears.
The center wavelength of a laser diode is directly proportional to its operating temperature. There is a linear relationship between temperature and center wavelength (as shown in Figure 12). As temperature increases, so does the center wavelength of the laser diode. This characteristic is useful in spectroscopy applications, laser diode pumping of solid state lasers and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, where the wavelength of emission of the laser diode can be accurately temperature-tuned to the specific properties of the material with which it is interacting.
Single-mode lasers exhibit a phenomenon called mode hopping (Figure 13), in which the center frequency of the laser diode hops over discrete wavelength bands and does not show continuous tuning over a broad range. One can change the wavelength where the discontinuities take place by making small adjustments to the drive current. When selecting a specific laser diode for an application requiring a specific wavelength, such as spectroscopy, mode hopping must be taken into account when temperature tuning the device.
The operating lifetime of a laser diode is dependent on its operating temperature. A high quality laser diode operating at 20°C could have a lifetime in excess of 100,000 hours. Failure of a laser diode is usually defined as the point in time when the operating current required to maintain a specified output power is increased by some percentage (50%) of the initial current. The temperature measured is the case temperature of the laser diode package. The manufacturer usually provides lifetime curves for specified output powers.
Laser diodes are extremely sensitive to Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) and must be handled with care. When handling a laser diode, always follow the manufacturers instructions for removing the laser diode from its shipping container. You must take care to ensure that your laser diode is properly protected during handling. Generally, operators must be properly earth grounded and should use conductive finger guards when handling a laser diode. All equipment must be properly earth grounded. You should always closely follow the manufacturers specifications and instructions for proper heat sinking. It is strongly recommended not to solder directly to a laser diode package or its electrical leads. It is best to make all electrical connections to a socket, such as a transistor socket, into which the laser diode can be inserted.
Laser diodes require a low noise current source called a laser diode driver. Standard power supplies usually operate as constant voltage sources and do not have the necessary protection circuits that laser diodes need. They are also too noisy for most laser diode applications. Also, laser diodes are easily damaged from voltage and current fluctuations and transients. Specialized circuit designs have been developed to protect laser diodes from being damaged. The first stage of protection includes input AC power filtering and high-speed transient detection circuits. Low voltage and AC line transient detection circuits, and shielded transformers, provide additional protection.Momentary internal transients within the power supply may occur when the output current is turned on or off. Laser diode drivers should have the output to the laser diode shorted whenever the output is turned off. This is accomplished by using redundant FET and relay shorting devices across the output. During the turn-on phase, these shorting devices protect the laser diode from both voltage and current transients. After a delay of several seconds, the output current slowly ramps up over several milliseconds to several hundred milliseconds to the set point value.Another necessary feature of laser diode drivers is the independent current limit. This limit is set separately from the set point value and overrides any condition that may cause the output current to exceed the laser diodes maximum current rating. Some current sources utilize a software programmable power limit that works similarly to the current limit. While the current limit is hardwired, the power limit must be programmed and one must therefore know the responsivity of the photodiode to properly set the power limit. Both work independently to safeguard your laser diodes.
Since many parameters depend on the temperature of the laser diode, it is important to set and maintain a stable temperature using a thermo-electric temperature controller. Most laser diode applications use Thermoelectric (TE) coolers based on the Peltier Effect to maintain a constant temperature. TE modules are semiconductor heat pumps that move heat from one side of the device to the other. Depending on the direction the current flows through the TE cooler, you can either heat or cool a laser diode. Several types of temperature sensors are used: thermistors, I.C. sensors, and platinum resistive temperature devices (RTDs). The most commonly used is the thermistor because of its small size and fast response time. Thermistors and RTDs are nonlinear resistance devices. Both require a small accurate current source to bias them. Changes in temperature result in resistance changes, with the voltage drop across the device proportional to temperature. Each device has a characteristic equation that converts resistance to temperature. The Steinhart-Hart equation is used to convert a thermistors resistance to temperature and uses two or three constants depending on the accuracy required.I.C. sensors are linear devices whose outputs can easily be converted and displayed in °C. Although they are linear, they are not as accurate as thermistors. Figure 14 summarizes each temperature sensor and its advantages. RTDs are primarily used where one needs an extremely stable sensor for very long-term and accurate temperature controlled applications. The major drawback of RTDs is their small resistance change, which makes it difficult to measure small absolute temperature changes.Thermistors, on the other hand, have extremely large resistance changes, making it easy to measure small changes in temperature. They are also the smallest of the three types of sensors, which make them ideal candidates for integration into laser diode packages. Laser diode packages with integral TE coolers use a 10kΩ thermistor as the temperature-sensing device.
It is often necessary to quantitatively assess the quality, performance, and characteristics of laser diodes. This is done through performing a series of experiments and obtaining various parameters from which we can determine how well the laser diode is performing. It is then possible to establish whether the laser diode meets the desired specifications.Figure 15 shows an example of an experimental laboratory setup that can be used to perform full characterization of high-power laser diodes accurately and rapidly. This setup can be fully automated by using a PC and control software such as LabView for full automation of the instrumentation control and data acquisition.
The centerpiece of this experimental setup is the laser diode mount and the Integrating Sphere Detector System. The Laser Diode Mount is designed to provide simple air-cooling for high-power laser diodes.
In laser diode measurements, the use of an integrating sphere setup is absolutely necessary when performing precise measurements of the output light power. Laser diodes have a highly divergent beam profile and the use of an integrating sphere ensures that all of the light emitted by the laser diode is collected and measured. In addition, it makes the measurement insensitive to exact detector positioning. The signal generated by the detector is then measured with a calibrated optical power meter. This setup makes it possible to accurately measure the output light of laser diodes of various wavelengths. The Optical Measurement System is generally computer controlled using GPIB or USB.In addition, the Integrating Sphere could be equipped with a fiber optic port. This is used for sampling the light and channeling it to the input of an optical spectrum analyzer. In this fashion, it is possible to perform simultaneous measurements of the laser diode optical spectrum and peak wavelength of emission, in addition to the L.I.V characteristics.The process of packaging laser diodes is very labor intensive and an expensive part of the manufacturing of these devices. Because of this, it is generally necessary to fully assess the quality of the semiconductor wafers from which the laser diodes are fabricated prior to full device manufacturing. In addition to a series of structural, electrical, and optical characterization tests that the wafers undergo, most often broad area lasers are also processed from the wafers and then tested in order to determine whether the wafer is a Device Quality Wafer or not. This prevents low quality material to be used for manufacturing of devices. Since these devices are tested without being bonded on heat sinks, and are not fully packaged, it is absolutely necessary that all testing and characterization is done under low duty cycle pulse current conditions. In this fashion, heat dissipation is not an issue and it is possible to determine the characteristics of the devices without the need to fully package them. Figure 16 shows the experimental setup for the characterization of laser diodes under pulse condition. Note that in this case, a probe station is used to probe and inject current into each device and the laser diode driver is a current pulse generator.
Using such experimental setups it is possible to perform full laser diode testing and characterization; leading to the determination of such significant parameters as the threshold current and threshold current density, external differential quantum efficiency, internal quantum efficiency, internal loss, spectrum and peak wavelength of emission, series resistance, and characteristic temperature.


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Reconfirmations without objections
Weyoun was a Vorta diplomat and leader in the service of the Dominion during the late 24th century. Like all Vorta, he was a clone; at least eight copies (five of which were encountered by the Federation) were known to exist. Weyoun became a well-known Vorta in the Alpha Quadrant during the Dominion War, serving as the Dominion representative to the Cardassian Union. In this capacity, he personally oversaw most aspects of the war, although his presence was largely to ensure the loyalty of Cardassian leaders such as Gul Dukat, Legate Damar, and Legate Broca.The war brought Weyoun into contact with many leaders from the Alpha Quadrant. He visited Deep Space 9 to negotiate with Benjamin Sisko when the cold war between the powers of the Alpha Quadrant and the Dominion showed signs of eroding into open hostilities. Shortly thereafter, he returned with a fleet of Cardassian and Dominion warships to take control of the station, and went on to serve as the Dominion overseer of the station during the brief occupation that followed. In this capacity, he personally negotiated a nonaggression pact with Bajor and dealt with representatives from such powers as the Romulan Star Empire, Breen Confederacy, and Tholian Assembly. Until his death, he remained the only "Solid" that the Female Changeling claimed that she had ever trusted.
Not sure if this should be reconfirmed yet, but since it's from 2004 it's next up on the list. - Archduk3 18:23, May 23, 2012 (UTC)
- Having done a once over, mainly making changes to the Weyoun 6 related content, and creating a blurb, I now support the reconfirmation of this article. - Archduk3 20:48, May 25, 2012 (UTC)
- Support with the changes made. 31dot 10:13, May 26, 2012 (UTC)
- Support. Tom 08:47, May 31, 2012 (UTC)
- I haven't read the page, yet, but the main image could be replaced, for starters; it looks awfully grainy! --Defiant 10:06, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
Most of the latter episodes in DS9 look grainy, for whatever reason, and the current image actually looks pretty good when compared to other shots. That said, if you have, or find, a better one of the last Weyoun, by all means upload it. - Archduk3 10:34, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
- I don't have a problem with the view (angle, etc.); it's just that the image quality is pretty poor. I reckon a re-upload of the same view (taken from DVD, of course) would sort this out. --Defiant 10:46, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
Well, I pulled this version off of Trekcore, but it still looks as grainy as the last one to me. - Archduk3 10:57, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
- Okay, fair point. I'll just accept that, for some odd reason, a lot of DS9's latter episodes look grainy anyway. I'll also try to have a read of the article and support/oppose, despite being fairly busy. --Defiant 11:05, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
- Having now done a once-over of the article, my verdict is that it's more-or-less up to FA standards, though could do with some more citations for the bg info. For instance, it cites the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion but doesn't give a page number. --Defiant 12:29, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
- Another issue is... do we really need such an in-depth apocrypha section, currently larger than any other section on the page, when there's already an entry for Weyoun at Memory Beta (as well as the appropriate link to it at the bottom of this page)? --Defiant 13:37, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
Excepting the last paragraph, which seems to be mostly drawing connections without citations, all of that is relevant and helpful. While we do currently seem to have more info on Weyoun in Millennium than MB does, that's their problem, not ours. The guy did manage to destroy the entire universe, which isn't too shabby for a clone, and he was the crux of the entire story, so I think going into detail in this case is warranted. - Archduk3 14:13, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
- It's easy enough to say "that's their problem, not ours," but I've been under the impression that the two sites are closely affiliated (both sites being hosted by wikia, having similar names, and with external links to that site appearing all over the place, here). Therefore, shouldn't we be acting accordingly? I think it would only benefit both sites if they did act with respect to one another. --Defiant 14:28, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
- Er... I was kinda forgetting that they also have both canon and non-canon info, just as we do, and that some content of both sites will therefore necessarily crossover. Anyways, how about making the Millennium info here a subsection of apocrypha (maybe titled something like "Appearance in Millennium")? --Defiant 14:33, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
MB is CC-BY-SA and we're CC-BY-NC, so we don't mix well when it comes to sharing info. I also personally don't do extensive work on SA wikis hosted by wikia as a rule, and even if I did I don't have the time to rewrite our info enough for it to not be an issue. The only close affiliation between us that I know about is the overlap in admins/active users. MB and MA actually don't agree on a lot of things, the least of which is basic formatting and templates. That's not to say that someone shouldn't fix the lack of info over there, just that I won't be, because I have more than enough to do on this side of the fence, and wikia makes enough money off my not for profit content as is. - Archduk3 14:40, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
- Personally, I'm pretty much in the same boat, having only a minimal interest in the expanded universe. But this course of discussion doesn't seem very relevant to this particular article, so let me return the topic to this page; is the option of including a subsection heading of the apocrypha section here a viable one? --Defiant 14:48, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
Since we're only dealing with five books, I think it would look weird to section off three of them. Removing the last paragraph to the talk page and streamlining what we do have for all the books (not by removing info, just by presenting it better) might make any subsection(s) unnecessary. That said, I'm not really opposed to the idea, as most of the Millennium stuff did happen in an alternate timeline. - Archduk3 14:58, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
- As someone unfamiliar with the stories, I find it makes for easier reading. I'm not quite sure where the info about Weyoun's visit to Vorta should go, chronologically, but I thought it may be worth saving; delete and/or move at your convenience, basically. --Defiant 15:12, June 1, 2012 (UTC)
- Support; I'm now happy with the entire article. I do find the suggestion that I read the books (given in the edit summary box, no less) somewhat laughable, though, considering that I state my dislike of DS9 on my user talk page and have mentioned here that I'm not only fairly busy but also have only a minimal interest in the expanded universe in general. But good work on this article. It makes for an insightful read. :) --Defiant 13:59, June 2, 2012 (UTC)
Yesterday's Enterprise (episode)Template:FA/Yesterday's Enterprise (episode)
Easily one of the best TNG episodes, and a FA since 2004. Haven't read it yet, so not sure either way just yet. - Archduk3 18:23, May 23, 2012 (UTC)
- Support. Seems to still be one of the best articles we have. - Archduk3 08:39, May 26, 2012 (UTC)
- Support, still seems good. 31dot 10:13, May 26, 2012 (UTC)
- Support. Well written and very detailed. Tom 08:47, May 31, 2012 (UTC)
- Support, in agreement with the other users' assesment--Sennim 15:04, June 4, 2012 (UTC)

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Which one does the world get first? Google said Jelly bean comes out in the fall... The CM team says don't ask for an ETA and we just wait with all of our kang crap that the boyz try to make...that half works because of HTC not releasing source,...
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The episode begins and Hank comes face to face with Vincent. Hank asks him if his wife is alive, but Vincent simply punches him in the face. Beck in the meantime is inside the submarine looking around. She finds an old journal and while she is reading it she hears some noise. She immediately hides the journal in her jacket. Vincent on the other hand brings Hank inside the sub. He brings Hank to the frozen Nazi officer who had helped the people at the church in Germany, and who was christened new Bartholomew. Hank is shocked to see that Bartholomew is his mirror image. "So how does it feel to look upon yourself Hank?" Vincent asks. Vincent recovers a pocket watch from Bartholomew's jacket.
He then talks about executing Hank. Just then Beck arrives and points a gun at Vincent. Vincent puts his gun down and reminds Beck that if she kills him she will also be killing Hank's wife, because he (Vincent) alone knows where she is. They realize they can't kill Vincent. Hank then takes pictures of the pocket watch and its insides and asks Vincent if there is a hidden map in it. Vincent refuses to answer any of their questions. They come of out of the sub and Vincent who has rigged his own vehicle with explosives detonates it after rushing off to a distance. Hank and Beck fall to the ground disorientated. Vincent quickly picks up the pocket watch lying on the ground and rushes to the plane in which Hank and Beck had come there. Vincent had shot the pilot right after arriving there, so he himself maneuvers the plane out of there.
Beck and Hank are left there stranded. Beck calls up someone and says they are in trouble. Later, Beck and Hank are dropped back to civilization, by a chopper. Beck finds out Vincent made his getaway in a stolen car after landing. "He is gone" she says. Later, Hank arrives at his office. Arron and Rachel tell him they are ready to help him find Laila any way they can. They also tell him what they have found out. A little later the priest, who was earlier attacked by Vincent, arrives at the office. He is now fine. The priest assures Hank they will get Laila back. The priest looks at the pictures of the pocket watch and concludes that the images on the clock point to Thomas, the second apostle, who did not initially believe in Christ's resurrection. Rachel feels if the first clock led to New Bartholomew this second clock will lead to New Thomas.
Hank feels they can catch Vincent if they can decipher what the spots strategically placed in the dial of the pocket watch mean. In other words, the spots point to probably where the New Thomas is, which is where Vincent shall be heading. Hank and team conclude that the spots are probably some sort of a celestial map, pointing to the placement of the stars. They join the dots and figure out that it points to a constellation. The time and date on the pocket watch combined with the constellation, reveals a location. The location revealed is Chennai, India. Vincent too figures this out. Hank later sends Rachel to get the journal that Beck picked up from the submarine, because he is really curious to know about the frozen Nazi officer, who looked exactly like him. Beck readily hands Rachel the journal and tells her, she too saw the Nazi officer and he was the spitting image of Hank.
Hank in the meantime is in Chennai. He has found out that it is in Chennai that Thomas was supposedly murdered. Hank also finds out that a church was built in the spot where he died. Turns out, it's considered to be the holiest Christian site in all of India. Hank is headed to the church. From the journal Arron finds out that the officer's name was Corbin Sterm. There is a page missing from the journal and its March 1938, "same day as the watch". The duo concludes that something happened in that month which they didn't want the world to know. Hank meets a priest at the church and on seeing Vincent's photo, immediately recognizes him. He says Vincent was there earlier and was asking strange questions about nearby slums. He tells Hank, Vincent went into the slums an hour ago.
He takes Hank outside the slums, but before Hank goes in, he warns Hank that, there are people in the slums who would kill for a dollar. Rachel and Arron find out that Sterm was a scientist and was working on some research called the "Zero Hour". They find out that all the information regarding his research is now in the possession of a private collector. They meet the collector. He has a really old recording, dating from that era which shows what the "Zero Hour" experiment entailed. They see in the recording that Sterm was experimenting on live human beings, to uncover the secrets of life and death. These experiments were carried out by Sterm and his men, in India. A little Indian girl is seen in the recording. She was considered to have supernatural powers by the locals; hence Sterm is shown testing her.
It was rumored that she could talk to the dead. The collector mentions that, there was no proof found if the girl really had supernatural powers, but after that she disappeared from the history books and no one knows what happened to her. Hank in the meantime is accosted by a couple of goons. Beck comes to his rescue and manages to drive off the goons by revealing she has a gun. Turns out, she was told by Rachel where Hank was. Rachel calls Hank and tells him about the little girl. She says the little girl could be the New Thomas, because it's not necessary all the apostles were men. She also mentions that this girl had a birth mark on her face and if she is alive today, she would be around 80 years old. Beck says it would be blasphemy for many to even imagine that one of the apostles was not only a little girl but a Hindu. It would break all the rules she feels and a lot of people would kill over it.
Rachel and Arron find a hidden note left by Sterm for his wife, in the journal. Hank figures out the men who accosted him didn't do it for money, because they didn't take his wallet, instead they were protecting someone. He and Beck buy a garland of flowers and head back to where Hank encountered those men earlier. Sterm's note in the meantime reveals that he wasn't at all happy with what the Nazis were doing; in the letter he has mentioned to his wife that he isn't a man of hate but a man of faith. Flashback to 1938 and Sterm is shown carrying a garland and going to the same place where Hank and Beck are now headed. Sterm hands the little girl the garland. Hank and Beck arrive outside a chamber and after a bit of resistance at the door they are called in by an old woman standing inside the chamber. The old woman has the very same birth mark on her face that the little girl had.
She is called Kahdiamma (standing mother) because several years ago she took a vow never to sit. Hank shows her Vincent's photo and asks if she has seen him. He also asks her if she has a clock. She says she does have a clock, but was told to destroy it if she ever saw Hank. Hank is surprised to hear this and asks "who told her that?" The old woman revels that it was Hank himself, who did. She tells Hank the angel of death is following him. Just then someone fires at them and Beck fires back. They chase after the man, who apparently has taken a hit from Beck's gun. They see it's not Vincent, but a local who Vincent paid to distract them. Vincent in the meantime approaches the old woman who looks terrified on seeing him. She steps back and sits down. Vincent then begins looking for the clock, beneath the ground where she was standing.
He finds the clock, hidden in the ground. Hank and Beck who are outside hear gunshots. They see Vincent then rushing out of the chamber. Beck and Hank go after him, but in the end Vincent manages to escape once again. Hank and Beck rush back to the old woman who has been shot by Vincent and is on her deathbed. She says Hank's quest could bring about the end of the world. Hank says he can't stop because he will then lose his wife. The old woman passes away. They later see fish being gutted and the blood and insides being dumped into a nearby river. A part of the river because this has turned red, which Hank mentions, is the second sign of the coming apocalypse. The episode ends at this point.
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November 13-14 Conference: Abiding Cities, Remnant Sites -- CUNY Graduate Center, CFP due Sept 20
full name / name of organization:
CUNY Graduate Center Department of Comparative Literature & Italian Specialization
contact email:
Keynote Speaker: Elaine Scarry (Harvard)
If you can blow whole places out of existence, you can blow whole places into it. - E. Bowen
The students of the Department of Comparative Literature and the Italian Specialization at the CUNY Graduate Center present the annual interdisciplinary conference entitled Abiding Cities, Remnant Sites to be held on November 13 and 14, 2014.
"Abiding cities" refers to the traces that remain not only physically but also in our imagination, especially when sites undergo transformation and disruption. Throughout history, geographic and metaphorical places have been a source of inspiration as well as lasting products of the artistic process. Real and imaginary settings, from New York and Rome to Helicon and the Land of Oz, have been built and recast by a variety of authors who have forged cities within our collective imaginary. Among them are writers and scientists, philosophers and cartographers, film directors and explorers: Plato, St. Augustine, Shakespeare, Marco Polo, Thomas More, Piranesi, Balzac, Borges, Woolf, Elsa Morante, Christa Wolf, Thomas Mann, Amitav Ghosh, Ben Okri, Vikram Chandra, Norman Bel Geddes, Federico Fellini, Woody Allen, Italo Calvino, and many others.
We invite papers from all disciplines focusing on works from any period that explore the idea of "abiding cities" in literature, philosophy, theory, visual arts, film, and social sciences. Some of the questions this conference seeks to answer include, but are not limited to:
Please email a 250 word abstract to email@example.com by 20 September 2014, and include your Name, Affiliation, Paper Title and any technology requests.
cfp categories:
modernist studies


text:
: We gotta give it to Kim, of all the Atlanta Housewives, she's got her GOLD DIGGIN GAME to a science.
While NeNe's busy getting freaked off by some NFL dude for free and Sheree's busy getting freaked off by some BROKE FRAUD, Kim is getting ready to CLOSE on the purchase of an 11K square foot mansion in Atlnata.
Her fiance Troy Biermann, an NFL player from the Atlanta Falcons paid for their home (in cash). And he's putting HER NAME on the deed.


text:
Hello there! I'm knew to the cycling scene, so please go easy on me if I sound a little ignorant at any point.
I was in the market for a bike to commute and found a brand new '13 Schwinn Cutter (specs here https://www.performancebike.com/bike...400317__400317) for a steal at a local bike shop. I want to upgrade a few parts, most notable the bars. The stem on the bike is proving difficult. It's a 25.4 wedge quill, and most of the bars I find that I like are size 26. Is there any reasonable way for me to update the stem to something that'll work for that size bullhorn bar and with the stock frame/fork? I'd like to avoid buying a new fork, but typical headsets need that extra length of fork tube coming out of the top of the head tube, and with the current stem I don't have that.
Thanks for your input!


text:
My Fiancee and I are looking to take off for Paris, Italy, and Amsterdam. Early July as a honeymoon...goal is 1 week each country. I figure if we are going and dont want to be too rushed...we should stay at least a week.
We are open to where in those location, but also want the most bike friendly and pedestrain friendly areas to visit that these or other European countries can offer.
Inexpensive places to stay short of sharing rooms at a Hostel...also of interest. B&B's, hotels near fun stuff, etc.
Anyone have recommendations?
Happy New Yr!


text:
Search results for 'treadmill'
SPIRIT ESPIRIT EL355If you are in the market for a solid, fully featured elliptical then look no further than the Esprit EL355 Elliptical. Spirit has been a leader in tre..MSRP: 0.00OUR PRICE: 897.00You Save: -897.00!
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Life Fitness 95Te Treadmill with TV - Certified Pre-OwnedThe Life Fitness 95Te takes all the quality advances of the best selling 95 Ti treadmill – and adds superior electronics. The 95 Te's basi..MSRP: 5,125.00OUR PRICE: 3,797.00You Save: 1,328.00!


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Oops!! The event you are looking for is expired. Check Live Events!
Murder Mystery Dinner
at Sergios Italian RestaurantFri Apr 19
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Sergios Italian Restaurant
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Contact Name: Eric Skjeveland
Date & Time07:00 PM - 09:30 PM
Fri, Apr 19, 2013
Cost: 49.00
Grab your Saturday Night Fever suit or your best bell bottoms and get ready to party like we were back in the 70's! Join us to see what's become of all your favorite old classmates after all these years! A night full of fun, music and audience participation that will keep everyone laughing. And for one of your classmates, it will be a night to DIE for.


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Title of the LinkJohn Osborn Diary Jan 1800 to Oct 1802
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TI Gets Chip Win Inside Kindle Fire
Texas Instruments is a veteran when it comes to chips for mobile devices, but rivals Qualcomm and Nvidia seem to have gotten most of the attention in high-profile tablets and smartphones lately. So TI's place in the Amazon Kindle Fire is good news for the venerable semiconductor maker.
The website iFixit, which is often first in the race to tear apart new consumer devices to look at their components, reported Tuesday afternoon that it discovered a TI chip at the core of the new device–specifically a 1 gigahertz TI OMAP 4430 processor, which was found under a memory chip on a circuit board in the new tablet.
IFixit found five other TI chips in the Fire, including a communications chip that handles the device's connections to Wi-Fi networks.
Allan Yogasingam, technical marketing manager at the rival teardown firm UBM TechInsights, says that TI's best-known success in the tablet market so far is BlackBerry the Research in Motion's PlayBook, which is similar in size and shape to the Fire. He noted that TI's OMAP line is distinguished by its low power consumption, a key selling point in small tablets. "The OMAP is a perfect professor for that," he said.
In smartphones, he noted, TI was selected by Samsung for its Galaxy Nexus–which was a notable endorsement since the Korean company, like TI, also makes its own chips for cellphones. Both companies, as well as Qualcomm and Nvidia, license designs from ARM Holdings.
Apple, of course, continues to design its own ARM-based chips for its iPhone and iPad line.
Samsung supplied the eight gigabytes of flash memory on the device, while Hynix supplied the dynamic random access memory, iFixit found.


text:
How to Make Lipstick
Four Methods:Using EyeshadowUsing Eyeshadow and CrayonsUsing CrayonsUsing Natural MaterialsCommunity Q&A
Are you excited to try your hand at making your own lipstick? You probably already have the ingredients you need at home. Making lipstick, yourself cuts down on makeup costs and allows you to create a rainbow of custom colors that you'll never see another girl wearing. Learn how to make lipstick using natural materials, eyeshadow or crayons to create the color you want.
Method 1
Using Eyeshadow
1Get the eyeshadow ready. Find an old eyeshadow (or buy a cheap one) in the form of either loose or compacted powder, rather than a gel form. Scoop the eyeshadow into a bowl and use the back of a spoon to mash it up until you've got a fine, lump-free powder.
- To give the lipstick some shimmer, try adding a little shimmering eyeshadow to the main color you have chosen.
- Using eyeshadow is a great way to experiment with interesting lipstick colors. Eyeshadows are like color pigments so that's why we use it. Go for green, blue, black, and other colors that are difficult to find in lipstick shades.
2Mix the eyeshadow powder with petroleum jelly. Place about a tablespoon of petroleum jelly in a microwave-safe bowl. Add a teaspoon of eyeshadow powder. Place the bowl in the microwave and heat it until it melts and becomes runny, then stir it up to distribute the color throughout the jelly.
- Add more powder if you want the eyeshadow to have a more saturated hue. (Darker/Opaque)
- Add less powder for a tinted lipgloss look. (Lighter/Translucent)
- Instead of petroleum jelly, you can substitute clear chapstick.
3Pour the mixture into containers. Use an old lipstick or chapstick tube, a cosmetics pot, or any other container with a lid. Let the mixture harden before you use it.
Method 2
Using Eyeshadow and Crayons
Combine both in the single mixture. This allows you to make many more shade variations.
1Gather the needed materials. You'll need oil, eyeshadow, 1/4 or lesser part of a non-toxic crayon and 1 teaspoon of a lip balm you've been using.
2Set up the double boiler.
3Using a small steel container, pour oil first, then lip balm, then crayon. Let the crayon melt. Then put the eyeshadow in.
4Turn off the gas. Remove the container in which the lipstick is.
5Mix with a toothpick, or a plastic spoon.
6Pour the lipstick into a small container. If required, you can add more oil.
7Use a q-tip as the lipstick applier. Put it in its own container. Combine the two in a larger container to keep the lipstick and applicator together.
Method 3
Using Crayons
1Get a box of crayons. The beauty of this method is that you can make beautiful, brightly colored lipstick in just about any shade of the rainbow. Use broken crayons you already have lying around or buy a brand new box just for the purpose of making lipstick. You'll need one crayon per tube.
- Choose a crayon brand that is known to make crayons that are safe to ingest in small quantities. Since kids often put crayons in their mouths, many brands are tested to ensure they aren't toxic. Choose a box of crayons that is labeled as such.
- Sniff the crayons before you buy the box. You're going to be putting this on your lips, after all, so you want to make sure you get crayons that don't have a strong smell.
2Melt the crayon in a double boiler. If you try to heat the crayon without using a double boiler, it will burn. Unwrap the paper label and discard it. Place the crayon in the top section of the double boiler and heat it over medium heat until it has melted.
- You can make your own double boiler with two saucepans, a large one and a smaller one. Place a few inches of water in the large saucepan and set the smaller pan inside, so that it's floating on the water. Put the crayon in the smaller saucepan, then place the contraption over medium heat and let the crayon melt.
- You might want to use an old pan to melt the crayon, since it can be difficult to clean off.
3Stir in some oil. You can use olive oil, almond oil, jojoba oil, or coconut oil. Stir it in with the melted wax until the ingredients are completely combined.
4Add fragrance. A few drops of essential oil help mask the smell of the crayon. Try rose, peppermint, lavender, or another type of essential oil.
5Pour the mixture into containers. Use an old lipstick or chapstick tube, a small cosmetics pot, or any other container with a lid. After carefully pouring the hot liquid into the containers, put them in the refrigerator to let the lipstick harden.[1]
Method 4
Using Natural Materials
1Get lipstick base supplies. The lipstick base makes up the majority of the substance, and you customize it by adding pigments. The ingredients you use to make your lipstick base can be tweaked to make the lipstick more glossy, matte, or balm-like. Here's what you need:
- 1 teaspoon beeswax or beeswax beads. You can find beeswax at craft supply stores.
- 1 teaspoon shea butter, mango butter, almond butter, or avocado butter. This helps the lipstick roll on smoothly!
- 1 teaspoon oil, such as almond oil, extra virgin olive oil, or jojoba oil.
2Choose a lipstick color. Now that you've got your base supplies, the next step is to pick out a color. There are many natural substances that can be used to create a variety of red, pink, brown, and orange hues. Remember that this lipstick recipe is natural, so the colors you'll look subtle and earth-toned.[2] Consider these options:
- For a bright red lipstick, use beetroot powder or crushed beet chips.
- Cinnamon can be used to achieve a reddish-brown color.
- Turmeric can be mixed with other powders to make the shade more coppery.
- Cocoa powder gives lipstick a deep brown hue.
3Melt the base ingredients together. Put the lipstick base ingredients in a microwave-safe bowl. Place it in the microwave and heat the ingredients in 30-second increments until they are melted. Stir the ingredients well to make sure they are thoroughly incorporated.
4Mix in the color. Now comes the fun part: add 1/8 - 1/4 teaspoon of the natural powder you want to use. Mix in more powder for a more saturated result. Stir the powder into the base mixture, and continue adding more (in small increments) until you're satisfied with the color.
5Pour the mixture into containers. You can use an old lipstick or chapstick tube, a small cosmetics pot, or any container with a lid as a container for your new lipstick. Let the lipstick harden at room temperature or in the refrigerator before you use it.
Community Q&A
Is there any I way I could get a pink color out of method 4?
Is this hygienic?
Can I make lipstick with a crayon?
Can I use normal cooking oil to make a lipstick?
- If you want it to heal lips add a little bit of aloe vera gel.
- Another good way to make lip gloss is to use the petroleum jelly, but instead of eyeshadow, use Kool-Aid mix. This can be a lot cheaper, and works just as well.
- Add vanilla extract or another flavoring to make your lipstick taste good.
- Mica is great for making make up. But make sure when you use pigments, to stir well otherwise your lipstick will be chunky.
- Be aware that the ingredients may be very hot when removed from the microwave.
- Crayola says not to use crayons as lipstick because it may be contaminated. It also did not go though testing like makeup.
Article Info
Featured Article
Categories: Featured Articles | Homemade Makeup
In other languages:
Español: hacer un lápiz labial, Italiano: Fare un Rossetto, Deutsch: Lippenstift selber machen, Русский: сделать губную помаду, Français: fabriquer du rouge à lèvres, 中文: 制作唇膏, Bahasa Indonesia: Membuat Lipstick, Português: Fazer um Batom, Nederlands: Zelf lippenstift maken
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 457,360 times.


text:
Right turn in our way to GRU
C/N 30571/935, ex-N1795B, turning onto runway 10. Amazing wingspan and winglets...
C/N 30571/935, ex-N1795B, taxiing to runway 10.
C/N 30571/936, ex-N1795B. During push-back. The 738 does look quite impressive with those winglets doesn't it?
C/N 30571/936, ex-N1795B. During push-back while LH 744 D-ABVT awaits taxi clearance.
C/N 30571/936, ex-N1795B. Close-up on the nose and on the sticker which stands for the 50 years of existence of the Brazil-Argentina route/flight.
C/N 30571/936, ex-N1795B. On push-back, with RSL 735 PT-SSN being towed to it's assigned gate in the background. Shot taken at 06.40 in the morning.
Very nice to see a 800 Varig, beautifeul winglets!!
C/N 30571/936, ex-N1795B. Those winglets make the 737-800 look even better!


text: Giveway - Unregistered April 14, 2013 4:27 AM Well I am sorry that you didn't take up my offer Richard...The tyres we inspected at Sepang are the worst wearing tyres I have ever seen in Formula1. Ever. This comes from teams, drivers, tyre inspection and tyre manufacturers.Fuel usage was fine. As the drivers save fuel easily. The bigger problem was tyre and gearbox wear which was higher than expected.


text:
The show offers in-depth seminars, free programs and lectures on a wide range of topics.
Visitors to the 2010 National Money Show™, March 25–27 at the Fort Worth Convention Center, are encouraged to get involved in a wide range of educational programs. The show offers in-depth seminars, free programs and lectures on a wide range of topics, as well as workshops for Boy and Girl Scouts looking to earn collecting awards.
The following is a list of educational offerings in Fort Worth:
Seminars (registration required)
Free Classes & Workshops (pre-registration requested)
Free Programs & Lectures (no registration required)
To register for an educational offering in Fort Worth, call 719-482-9857, e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com or visit www.nationalmoneyshow.com
The National Money Show is open to the public from 9:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Thursday through Saturday. Dealer set-up will be from noon to 6 p.m. on Wednesday, March 24. Admission is $6 for adults and free for ANA members and children 12 and under.
John Post is the event's general chairman. The Fort Worth Coin Club, Northeast Tarrant Coin Club and Texas Numismatic Association are the host clubs, and the Dallas Coin Club and Mid Cities Coin Club are the honorary host clubs. Heritage Auction Galleries is the official auction company. For more information, visit www.nationalmoneyshow.com
The American Numismatic Association is a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating and encouraging people to study and collect money and related items. The ANA helps its 32,000 members and the public discover and explore the world of money through its vast array of programs, including its education and outreach programs, museum, library, publications, conventions and seminars. For more information, call 719-632-2646 or visit www.money.org
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Emotion Kayaks Spitfire 8 Sit On Top Kayak
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Emotion Kayaks Spitfire 8 Sit On Top Kayak
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Emotion Kayaks Spitfire 8 Sit On Top Kayak - The Spitfire is designed for stability, performance and affordability. The ST Performance Hull gives this shorter kayak a surprising amount of speed and tracking for its size without sacrificing stability.
Emotion Kayaks Spitfire 8 Sit On Top Kayak - The Spitfire 8 is equipped with great features like the Comfort Rest Seat and a tankwell with Cargo Net Lacing System that is typically found on more expensive kayaks. The extra volume and high capacity (up to 240 pounds) makes this kayak the perfect fit for just about any size paddler from kids to adults. The self-bailing scupper holes drain water from the cockpit and tankwell so that you'll never again have to worry about swamping the boat. Molded-in foot wells offer comfortable and secure foot bracing.
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How to Get Starcoins Easily on MovieStarPlanet
Nine Methods:Spinning the Coin WheelPlaying GamesMaking MoviesMaking Art BooksRating Your Own ProductsLoving PetsWatching Short MoviesInviting FriendsMake a hit movieCommunity Q&A
Are you an MSP user who loves to go shopping and spends starcoins often? Well, then this article has some tips on how to get a lot of those starcoins you've been wanting! These are fun and easy ways to earn those starcoins.
Method 1
Spinning the Coin Wheel
1Get onto your account, and spin the coin wheel. You can do this once a day for non-VIP members, but for VIP's you can spin up to 4 times each day.
2Go to a chatroom.
3Play the games on the floor and click on the starcoins. You can buy a pet, go to the pet park chatroom, and click on everyone's pets to get starcoins. On certain pet's levels, it gives you a certain amount of starcoins. If you don't feel like (or don't have enough) for it, you can just go to the chat rooms to find people with pets.
Method 2
Playing Games
1Play lots of games. On some games, you have to be smart the first couple times you start playing. When you get used to playing quiz, you'll know what the answers to the questions--so that's easy. Plus, you get to spin the wheel while earning fame. But the people who own the website change the questions every once in a while, so keep up with quiz.
2Play arcade games. The arcade games earn you coins.
Method 3
Making Movies
1Make movies. Every time you make a movie and somebody watches it, you get some starcoins. (10 Starcoins)
2Ask people if you can be in their movies. You get the cash when somebody watches movies with you in it too. (50 Starcoins)
3Take your time with the movies. It depends on how good they're rated to get a certain amount of coins. You won't get the money if it's a bad or really short movie.
Method 4
Making Art Books
Method 5
Rating Your Own Products
Method 6
Loving Pets
Method 7
Watching Short Movies
Method 8
Inviting Friends
1Enter the email of your friends in the box.
2Click confirm.
3Help your friends find their way around the game and play it often. When your friends get to level 6, you get 200 starcoins.
Method 9
Make a hit movie
Community Q&A
How can I get more starcoins quickly after I have been hacked?
How do I make movies on my iPad, iPod, or iPhone?
How can I make movies on my iPad?
How do I get free VIP status on moviestarplanet?
When do I get my Starcoins and Diamonds?
Article Info
Categories: MovieStarPlanet
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Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
Map requires Adobe® Flash® Player. Download the Latest Version.
U.S. Geological Survey | American Fisheries Society
Imperiled Freshwater Organisms of North America
This website provides access to maps and lists of imperiled freshwater organisms of North America as determined by the American Fisheries Society (AFS) Endangered Species Committee (ESC). At this website, one can view lists of animals by freshwater ecoregion, by state or province boundary, and plot distributions of these same creatures by ecoregions or political boundaries.
Both the AFS and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have a long standing commitment to the advancement of aquatic sciences and sharing that information with the public. Since 1972, the ESC has been tracking the status of imperiled fishes and aquatic invertebrates in North America. Recently, the fish (2008) and crayfish (2007) subcommittees provided revised status lists of at-risk taxa, and the mussel and snail subcommittees are in the process of completing similar revisions. Historically, the revised AFS lists of imperiled fauna have been published in Fisheries. With rapid advances in technology and information transfer, there is a growing need to provide to stakeholders immediate and dynamic data on imperiled resources. The USGS is a leader in aquatic resource research that effectively disseminates results from those studies to the public through print and internet media. A Memorandum Of Understanding formally establishes an agreement between the AFS and USGS to create this website that will serve as a conduit for information exchange about imperiled aquatic organisms of North America.
Comments for consideration by the AFS committees about distributions, status, or threats to listed or proposed taxa on lists should be directed to: Site Administrators


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Read more
Written by Tom Johnson on May 2, 1999
Posted by Jim Low on Jul 3, 2012
MDC protects and manages Missouri's fish, forest, and wildlife resources. We also facilitate your participation in resource-management activities, and we provide opportunities for you to use, enjoy and learn about nature. Read more about our mission.


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commandlinefu.com is the place to record those command-line gems that you return to again and again.
Delete that bloated snippets file you've been using and share your personal repository with the world. That way others can gain from your CLI wisdom and you from theirs too. All commands can be commented on, discussed and voted up or down.
If you have a new feature suggestion or find a bug, please get in touch via http://commandlinefu.uservoice.com/
You can sign-in using OpenID credentials, or register a traditional username and password.
First-time OpenID users will be automatically assigned a username which can be changed after signing in.
Every new command is wrapped in a tweet and posted to Twitter. Following the stream is a great way of staying abreast of the latest commands. For the more discerning, there are Twitter accounts for commands that get a minimum of 3 and 10 votes - that way only the great commands get tweeted.
» http://twitter.com/commandlinefu
» http://twitter.com/commandlinefu3
» http://twitter.com/commandlinefu10
Use your favourite RSS aggregator to stay in touch with the latest commands. There are feeds mirroring the 3 Twitter streams as well as for virtually every other subset (users, tags, functions,…):
Subscribe to the feed for:
Maintained by Jon H.
Site originally by David Winterbottom (user root).
Sometimes those files have more than just spaces and tabs around them. Plus, this is just a little shorter.
There are 2 alternatives - vote for the best!
If you can do better, submit your command here.
Great ! I was looking for a shell command to trim a string.
sed -i doesn't *really* edit in place. It will actually write to a new file, thus probably changing the inode. (Use ls -i file before and after to check.) Perhaps more importantly, it will also change the last modified date even if no leading or trailing whitespace was found, and the file data was not actually changed. This is a pain if you want the last modified date to be meaningful! As a workaround you could grep the file first and invoke sed only if grep finds some leading or trailing whitespace.
To avoid these issues, you can script ed:
rmspace () {
ed -s -- "$1"
ed -s -- "$1"
Unfortunately, this solution is not ideal, either! As the ed man page says of the "s" command: "It is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed lines." So the obvious solution of placing both "s" commands in the same ed invocation fails -- if there is no leading whitespace, ed bombs out and never gets to removing the trailing whitespace. But at least ed doesn't change the last modified date unless it actually updates the file data.
Can anyone see a way to do this with one ed invocation?
You must be signed in to comment.


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Lockspot Cafe, listed under "Restaurants" category, is located at 3005 Nw 54th St Seattle WA, 98107 and can be reached by 2067894865 phone number. Lockspot Cafe has currently 0 reviews.This business profile is not yet claimed, and if you are the owner, claim your business profile for free. If you are not the owner you can invite this business to join by email or by phone.Browse all Restaurants in Seattle WA. If you would like to see census data for this geographical location click here.
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Sen. Ron Stollings honored with Marshall med school award
HUNTINGTON, W.Va. -- During its annual alumni gathering last weekend, the Marshall University School of Medicine gave Sen. Ron Stollings, D-Boone, its 2012 Distinguished Alumnus Award.
Stollings was celebrating his 30th class reunion from the medical school.
"I was eternally honored to receive the medical school's second Distinguished Alumnus Award," Stollings said. "It was great to see my fellow classmates.
"During my response last Friday evening, I shared the award with all the significant mentors on my life. Many were in the room," Stollings said.
Dr. Elizabeth Spangler, now at the Charleston Area Medical Center, received the first Distinguished Alumnus Award from Marshall's medical school.
Stollings is board certified and specializes in internal medicine today. Previously, he was also certified in geriatric medicine for 10 years.
Stollings is a partner of the Madison Medical Group in downtown Madison, along with Dr. Robert Adkins and Dr. Mark Snyder.
"I thanked my fellow physicians for covering for me and allowing me to do all the public service I have done over the years."
First elected to the West Virginia Senate in 2006, Stollings is now chairman of the Senate Health and Human Resources Committee.
He is a former member of the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission, past president of the West Virginia Medical Association and past president of the Madison Rotary Club.
Stollings graduated from Scott High School in Boone County. He then earned a bachelor's degree, majoring in biology, and a master's degree in biochemistry from West Virginia University. He graduated from the Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University in 1982.
Stollings performed his medical residencies at hospitals in Wake Forest and Winston-Salem, N.C.
"Since 1985, I have been back at home seeing those wonderful Boone County people, along with some people from Lincoln, Logan and Kanawha counties," Stollings said.
"I had great mentors who allowed me to be able receive this award. If I hadn't been exposed to all the great people I have known I am sure I would not be the Distinguished Alumnus today."


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Christian Louboutin
Snakeskin Padam Clutch
Product Actions
Snakeskin foldover clutch with patent leather trim and gold-tone pyramid spike pushlock closure. Removable/adjustable flat leather should strap with a rolled leather shoulder rest. Gusseted signature red fabric lined interior features a large slip pocket and a zip compartment.
Style # 502160995
In 1992, Christian Louboutin started his namesake label along with two close friends, and the following year the signature red sole was created. Widely credited with reviving the sexy stiletto silhouette, he uses exotic skins, luxe fur and heavy embellishments to produce standout footwear and statement-making bags.
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Please call 1.888.222.7639 to speak with a Customer Service Representative.
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If you prefer email, we can be reached anytime at email@example.com.
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Haymarket Media Group has appointed Canopy Media Management to sell insert space across its portfolio of consumer magazines, including FourFourTwo and Gramophone.
From today Canopy will sell insert space across the 12-strong magazine portfolio to mainstream advertisers, kicking off with sectors such as mail order, charities and entertainment.
Canopy will group the magazines according to their type of audience and sell insert space by audience rather than by magazine.
Haymarket's in-house sales team previously sold all the division's insert space itself but, moving forward, it will concentrate on selling inserts to key clients, such as some of the motor brands who use What Car? magazine.
Julia Dear, sales director at Haymarket, said: "In an increasingly competitive market we have decided to outsource this area to experts in this field to both protect and grow our existing revenue streams."
Canopy is an independent sales house selling direct response marketing opportunities such as inserts, data sales and management, print and reader offers for media companies such as Guardian News & Media and Auto Trader.
Chris Grey, director at Canopy, said: "Haymarket has employed us to not only stabilise and exceed existing revenue levels but also to protect their inserts business by developing new areas as we look to build revenues for the future."
Haymarket Media Group's business division publishes MediaWeek.co.uk.Follow @MaisieMcCabe
This article was first published on


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Cindy Shortridge(757) 385-8683
Thursday, April 05, 2012 · 12:15 pm
The Virginia Beach Electoral Board has appointed Ms. Donna Patterson as the General Registrar for the City of Virginia Beach. Ms. Patterson, whose term ends June 30, 2015, began on April 1, 2012.
Ms. Patterson is the former Deputy Registrar of Arlington County, Virginia. She served for nine years as the Arlington County Deputy Registrar. Prior to that, she was the associate director of moderator services in the Education Department of The American College in Bryn Mawr, PA. She was also employed with Computer Science Corporation as a curriculum development specialist, and as training manager in the marketing department of Online Resources & Communications Corporation.
Ms. Patterson received a Bachelor of Science degree in mass communications from Virginia Commonwealth University and a Master of Science degree in management from National-Louis University.
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How do I deal with a child that cries all the time? I have tried everything on this board?
My son is 9 months and is learning how to crawl. He cries all the time. I have tried all the tips on this board and I can't find anything to help soothe him. I am loosing my pacients. Should I call my doctor to let him know what is going on? Could it be more serious than colic? He is diagnosed with Gerd. Could that be bothering him? How do you distinguish this cry?
Posted: 08/20/2007 by glitters1
Answer this question


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Wish me luck
Just got a pair of "giant red" bolivians... Any tips?
Why? Are you getting new fish or something?
Posted via Mobile Device
Wow they sound very kl any pics??
I'm sorry! I think there was a glitch. My computer didn't show that you got giant red bolivians.
I love rams! I really want to get SA cichlids one day. I have africans right now.
Unfortunatly I don't know a lot about rams but...
pH 6.5 to 8.5
temp 70 - 77 degrees
hardness 5 - 15
Relativley a peaceful cichlid (for the most part). I've heard of people keeping bolivian rams with community fish (I wouldn't recommend it, though). I don't know the diffrance between a bolivian and a giant red bolivian, but Ruby Cichlid is another name for bolivians (maybe just red ones).
Hope this helps!
They spawned yesterday afternoon. I wasn't prepared AT ALL for that. Needless to say all the eggs were gone when I got home from work this morning. I have Demasoni fry in my fry tank, so I couldn't put the eggs in there this time.
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Discovery Park Faculty Research Fellows and Scholars Initiative
Congratulations to the 2012-2013 Discovery Park Faculty Research Fellows and Scholars
Program Overview
The Discovery Park (DP) Faculty Research Fellows and Scholars Initiative seeks to engage the campus in the core missions of the DP centers. A major goal of the program is to establish collaborative networks between Discovery Park and the academic units to create new opportunities to enable faculty to significantly advance Purdue research and technology through innovative ideas and novel approaches. The program focuses on faculty (tenure-track/tenured and clinical) at all academic ranks who wish to create new collaborations, which they envision will benefit from the interactive environment, facilities and personnel available in Discovery Park. Appointment to the Fellows program is for one calendar year, while appointment to the Scholars program is for two calendar years. Departments/units will receive $25,000/year for each fellow and scholar as compensation for the partial release from academic responsibilities of faculty serving as Discovery Park Research Fellows or Scholars. Each fellow and scholar may receive up to $10,000/year for use in Discovery Park core research facilities during their appointment. Fellows and Scholars will be chosen on a competitive basis following nomination by both their department/unit head/chair with approval of the college dean and the appropriate Discovery Park Center Director(s). The appointment period will begin January 1, 2013.
The Selected 2012-2013 Discovery Park Faculty Research Fellows and Scholars
Discovery Park Scholar: Dr. Satish Ukkusuri, Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering
Title: "An
Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of Complex Interdependent
Environmental Systems"
Dr. Ukkusuri's research will explore grand challenges in sustainability, specifically, research questions related to low carbon living issues related to (i) personal mobility credits and (ii) behavioral issues in disaster management. Both these issues are extremely important analyzing and designing sustainable and resilient interdependent infrastructure systems. The C4E provides an ideal platform to conduct this research with its refreshing focus on emerging environmental issues with a specific focus to engage interdisciplinary teams. Dr. Ukkusuri will develop modeling tools for determining emissions credits at an individual level using a game theoretic framework. He will explore unanswered questions related to determining optimal prices and user heterogeneity. Dr. Ukkusuri will create cross disciplinary interactions to tackle these pressing challenges using notions from social science, systems engineering, optimization, network science, economics and policy. His project will develop new synergies across Purdue and beyond, further solidifying Discovery Park's, particularly C4E and the Global Sustainability Institute's commitment to be leaders in solving global sustainability issues. Congratulations to Satish Ukkusuri as the 2012-2013 Discovery Park Research Scholar.
Discovery Park Fellow: Dr. Richard Johnson-Sheehan,
Professor, College of Liberal Arts
Project Title: "Building a Curriculum in Medical, Scientific, and Environmental Leadership"
Professor Johnson-Sheehan researches the many connections among science, technology, environment, and communications. He has written books on scientific and technical communication, composition, and proposals and grants. He is also one of the founding faculty members of the Cancer, Culture, and Community program, which is a collaboration between the Discovery Park's Oncological Sciences Center and the College of Liberal Arts. His project will focus on developing a curricular basis for interdisciplinary studies in medical, scientific, and technical fields. It will use leadership and communications as core concepts that will help Purdue develop tomorrow's innovators in science, medicine, and environmental studies. The project will build the infrastructure for developing an interdisciplinary curriculum that connects Discovery Park with the College of Liberal Arts, College of Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, and the Krannert School of Management. Congratulations to Richard Johnson-Sheehan as the 2012-2013 Discovery Park Research Fellow.
Park Fellow:
Dr. Sorin Adam Matei, Associate
Professor, Brian Lamb School of Communication
Project Title: "Mining social media for actionable knowledge to
build the next generation of informal learning tools."
Dr. Matei specializes in data mining of social media, particularly Wikipedia. Some of the research questions that he will explore as a Discovery Park fellow, include: How do spontaneous groups and leadership positions emerge in social media, especially Wikipedia? How do these groups produce usable knowledge? How do they foster informal learning? How can the answers to these questions be turned into practical advice for building the next generation of learning and knowledge management tools? He will work with colleagues from the Cyber Center and the Discovery Learning and Research Center to mine a dataset that includes editorial interactions between 3 million individuals over ten years, for a total of 250 million data points. The results will generate measures and tools that will enhance two existing scholarly collaboration and learning platforms, CRIS and Visible Effort (http://veffort.us), which have the potential to shape an emerging informal learning platform, RIPPLE, for K-12 STEM education. The tools will help online groups self-moderate and their members better integrate in the collaborative flow. Using such tools, group members will know when the activity of their community is optimally structured, when leaders have emerged, and when output is of good quality. Congratulations to Sorin Matei as the 2012-2013 Discovery Park Research Fellow.
About Discovery Park
Discovery Park and its major centers lead Purdue's large-scale interdisciplinary research efforts.
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I just started taking zofran a few days ago, and i've been experiencing stomach pain as well. dont know that i will keep taking this med...posted by keblount
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Philip Gourevitch Challenges Assumptions about American Torture
Contact: Patrick Verel
(212) 636-7790
Philip Gourevitch
Photo by Bruce Gilbert
Many people scratched their heads when President George W. Bush declared on May 1, 2003, from the flight deck of the U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln, the end of major combat operations in Iraq, even though it was clear there was more fighting to come.
On Thursday night, Philip Gourevitch told an audience of nearly 120 Fordham students at the McGinley Ballroom on the Rose Hill campus that the speech was part a deliberate plan by the Bush Administration.
The idea, Gourevitch said, was to change the conflict from one in which people captured by the American military were called prisoners of war to another in which they were called detainees.
The Geneva Conventions mandate that a nation must treat prisoners of war humanely, but may be rougher with spies and saboteurs, a label which Gourevitch said the administration simply affixed to everyone they arrested after May 1.
The decision to exploit this loophole is one of the reasons why American soldiers were told to torture Iraqi prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison.
"Inside that speech was a kind of legal pivot from one kind of war to another kind of war—a kind of war that we never quite admitted openly was the new structure, but which was immediately seen as being in effect," said Gourevitch, whose book
Standard Operating Procedure
(Penguin Press, 2008) is based on interviews with the soldiers who appeared in photographs showing the abuse.
Earlier in the day, Gourevitch, editor of
The Paris Review
and a staff writer for
The New Yorker,
discussed the overriding theme of his work with a panel of Fordham professors at the McNally Amphitheatre on the Lincoln Center Campus. His appearence was sponsored by the Fordham Campus Activities Board's American Age Lecture Series and the American Studies department.
Like Standard Operating Procedure, his book
We Wish To Inform You that Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda
(Picador, 1999) addressed what he called his fascination with false stories that Americans tell about themselves.
Most Americans would tell themselves that they would never force naked men to form a human pyramid, or drag them around on dog leashes. But Gourevitch noted that history tells a different story.
After the genocidal rampage that took the lives of at least 800,000 Rwandans in 1994, the refrain of "Never Again" was repeated, even as similar events were unfolding in Serbia, and continue today in the Darfur region of Sudan.
"In the case of Abu Ghraib, we collectively vilified all the people who appeared in the photographs. Even if we knew that these things seemed to be somehow connected to American policy, the idea was, 'Those guys were scum, and I would never do that,'" he said. "Yet the history of the world tells us that the great mass of people do these things, that the people who actually behave well when the pressure comes down are comparatively few."
He did not defend the actions of the soldiers, but suggested that Americans delude themselves by refusing to identify with them.
"In the name of giving ourselves a sense of security, we're placing ourselves in more dangerous positions politically, morally and practically, by blinding ourselves to a certain kind of reality," he said.
Founded in 1841, Fordham is the Jesuit University of New York, offering exceptional education distinguished by the Jesuit tradition to approximately 14,700 students in its four undergraduate colleges and its six graduate and professional schools. It has residential campuses in the Bronx and Manhattan, a campus in Westchester, and the Louis Calder Center Biological Field Station in Armonk, N.Y.
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Westchester Campus West Harrison, NY 10604. (914) 367-3426


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As a teenager in the late 1950s, New Albany native Charles Oliver considered his career options and found that he liked no business better than the family business: making and selling eyeglasses.
After a five-year optician apprenticeship in Kentucky, Oliver returned to New Albany to join the family optical operation.
He was hired by the family specifically to open a Columbus store the Monday after Thanksgiving in 1964. He lived in the back of the store from November 1964 to March 1965. His wife, Walburga, pregnant with their son, John, stayed in New Albany with his mother.
Columbus Optical, at Eighth and Washington streets, had a steady flow of customers, and four years later, he decided to buy the business.
He and his wife had $35 in their checking account, Oliver said, but his family sold them the business on contract. Though the couple struggled like any small-business operators, Columbus Optical provided enough of a margin to pay the bills.
In 2014, Columbus Optical, which moved in 1976 to 2475 Cottage Ave., near Central Avenue and 25th Street, will celebrate its 50th year in business. And while Oliver works at the store only about two days a week, the business remains firmly in control of the family.
Oliver's son, John, works at the store full time. His daughter, Angela, works there, too. Charles' brother, Bob DeMent, and John's sons Corbin and Nicholas also have worked at the business.
John Oliver, a Columbus East graduate who holds a chemistry degree from Indiana University, worked in the petroleum industry in Indianapolis and Louisville in the early 1990s when the optical business was booming.
Charles Oliver said the two were talking on the phone one day, and he said, "Why don't you just come back here."
John Oliver said that as a young adult he considered Columbus to be too small and too quiet. But when he was invited to join the family business, he and his wife had a child on the way, and the city had changed dramatically and for the better.
He also knew the business, having worked there in summers during high school.
"I always got the dirty jobs," he joked.
So he and his family moved to Columbus, and they've lived here since.
Personal satisfaction
Charles Oliver said that he especially enjoys working with the patients.
A lot of times parents will come in with young children who did not know they had poor vision, he said. When those kids get their glasses, they often see clearly for the first time.
"The reaction you get ... is pretty rewarding," he said.
Charles Oliver, now 70, said it is difficult for him to believe that nearly half a century has passed since he opened the shop.
His son also enjoys working with the patients, but he also likes the job for its variety. He is involved in anything from serving customers to marketing to making lenses. He finds the production side fun.
Growing business
In the past few years, Columbus Optical has seen 10 to 15 percent increases in annual revenues and a growing customer base, in part because of the city's population growth and because, John Oliver said, the industry is relatively recession-proof.
While people may cut back on expensive cars and vacations in tough times, he said people usually cut back very little on eye care.
Nonetheless, challenges remain.
Charles Oliver said that competing against large chains or big-box stores will remain difficult, in part because of the competitors' larger advertising budgets.
"The only thing you can do is a better job," he said.
Whatever the challenges, Charles Oliver said he is happy to see that Columbus Optical remains solidly in the hands of the family.
Charles Oliver said that when his son left to become a chemist, he did not expect him to come back — and now he has been back for more than 20 years.
"It's great to have him here now," he said.
It allows the elder Oliver more time to garden, chop wood and pursue other "outdoorsy stuff" on the 40 acres he owns south of town, but it also gives him time to reflect on what has transpired and what is yet to come.
His grandsons are studying to become a lawyer and an engineer, so they probably will not return to run the shop.
Although, he said, his son started as a chemist and came back anyway. And, he added with a chuckle, there's always his 3-year-old granddaughter.