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Central Los Santos Medical Center
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Its departments include: Urology, Radiology, Ultrasound, Endoscopy, Medical Physics, Emergency Room and a chapel.
- There are two helipads on its roof, and one or two helicopters usually spawn there.
- One of the 50 spaceship parts can be found on its roof as well.


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[A very old draft that I was referencing on the previous post]
It wasn't even 5AM and I'm running down Vermont, down Franklin and stopped only when I stood at Western Blvd's northern most terminal. People have walked down that street from here to the beach. 28 miles. crazy.
It's only 5:10 AM. I run up to Los Feliz Blvd and start heading back home. I look for coyotes. I know where they lie and I run because 'I don't run'; I had thought about running but I didn't run.
So now I do.
And the coyotes follow.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Some very welcome news has come to Madera Unified trustees from both of the district's high schools. The periodic academic checkup on student progress at both Madera High and Madera South High shows so much growth this year that Associate Superintendent for Educational Services Deborah Wood could hardly maintain her normally stoic public demeanor when making the announcement.
With obvious excitement, Wood assured the board at its regular meeting Tuesday evening that it was going to be pleased with the report. She then turned to Kent Albertson, principal of Madera High, and Sandon Schwartz, principal of Madera South High to present the data.
Both administrators, their minds working in tandem, laid out for the board the results of the district's progress assessment in English/Language Arts and Math, which was given at the beginning of the school year and again a few months later. It will be given a third time in March for a final, internal checkup.
In both schools the percentage of students who are performing at the "below basic" levels decreased significantly while the percentage scoring at the "proficient" levels increased dramatically...


text:
bajaj avenger gear system
Did you mean?
New Cars
Maruti Gypsy
UPDATED: Read detailed roadtest of the Gypsy (click to read) The Maruti Gypsy&was launched in 1985 and then was face-lifted in 1996 and it is an icon today. Maruti Suzuki's&Gypsy is a legendary vehicle&in the Indian market thanks to its mass appeal and having been around for a very long time ... read more
Used Cars
Hyundai i10 Era (2010)
MUSIC SYSTEM.. CENTRAL LOKING,,, GEAR LOK.. ... read more
|Registration no: DL 3BR 3707
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Toyota Qualis FS F6 (2004)
MUSIC SYSTEM,, GEAR LOCK.... ... read more
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Upcoming Cars
Bajaj RE60
Is this the cheapest car in India? Well, you could say that way but Mr Bajaj begs to differ. He doesnt really call it a car, but a step up the ladder ... read more
Ford New Endeavour
Ford will be launching the all-new Endeavour in India by December this year. It will come with a choice of two diesel engine options - 2.2 and 3.2. Bo ... read more
User Reviews
Maruti A Star Reviews
I purchased astar in 2010 an following are my observations 1. It is a small car but when u ride it u ll get a enclosed feeling which makes u cut out from exterior noise 2 the gear Shift and pick up is really smooth 3 the 3 cylinder engine does feel a little inadequate at 2nd gear at turnings and read more
Hyundai Santro Xing Reviews
I purchased my Satro GL plus two years back. Pros Rigid built of Structure,good pick up.reasonably worth for money Cons Average look, Power steering and Gear shifting is not as comfortable as contemporary Cars.The suspension system is not soft also when you drive more than 75 hrs , you may hear read more
Auto maker Bajaj Auto has launched a new version of its cruiser bike Avenger. The bike is priced at Rs 69,000 (ex- showroom Delhi). Powered with a 220 Read more detail
HH Bajaj, the sole authorised distributor of Bajaj motorcycles in Nepal, yesterday handed over 10 modified versions of Bajaj Avenger bikes to Ju Read more detail
Expert Reviews
Bajaj Avenger 220 : Road test and review
No Replacement for Displacement!! As you read these words, I might be forcing my dad to buy me a bike. Was I this prodigally impressed by this read more
Bajaj Discover 100 M Road Test
Bajaj Auto recently added one more motorcycle to their Discover series of bikes - the Discover 100 M. With it, there are now eight bikes in the Discov read more
Bajaj Pulsar 200 NS Review, Turbo: 52
The Pulsar 200 NS arrived in the market with different design theme. The new Pulsar has many new features like underbelly exhaust system, newly design ...view video
Bajaj Pulsar SS 400 & CS 400 Showcase
2014 Auto expo: Bajaj showcases 2 concept bikes the Pulsar SS 400 and the Pulsar CS 400 ...view video
Forum Discussions
royal enfield 350
i have a bullet 350 and i wnt to change my tyres..wnt to get more broad tyres..like avenger one...can i have that plz tell me???
about bajaj pulsar 180 finace prices
Bajaj Avenger 220
The Avenger 220 made its appearance in the year 2010, it was first launched back in 2005 with a displacement of 180cc, inspired by Bajaj Eliminator, it become the most affordable cruiser in India. Later in 2007 manufacturer gave it a slight power bump with a bigger displacement engine of 200cc. ... read more
Bajaj Platina 100
The Bajaj Platina has been the bread and butter model and the most affordable for Bajaj since they discontinued the CT100 from their product portfolio. The Platina was introduced as a volume bringer for Bajaj and as soon as it was introduced, it became a huge hit due to attractive and eye-catching d ... read more
New Car Dealers
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Bajaj House, Akola, Bajaj House
Phone: 0724-2422233
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Mobile: 9422859590
Coventry Motors ( Mitsubishi)
G-4/2 Midc Area, Opp: Bajaj Plastics, Opp: Bajaj Plastics
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Mobile: 9850489003
Used Car Dealers
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Phone: 079-65125400
Mobile: 0-9227260278
Bechain Finance
3/343, Malviya Ngr, Bajaj Nagar, Jaipur - 302017Jaipur, Bajaj Nagar
Phone: 0141-3205424
Mobile: 0-9414386649


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Activity Collection
Show all pages
Bioregion Disciplineshowing only Interdisciplinary Studies Show all Bioregion Discipline
Bioregion Topical Vocabularyshowing only Water & Watersheds Show all Bioregion Topical Vocabulary
Bioregion Discipline Show all Bioregion Discipline
Interdisciplinary Studies4 matches
Bioregion Scale
Bioregion Topical Vocabulary Show all Bioregion Topical Vocabulary
Water & Watersheds4 matches
Results 1 - 4 of 4 matches
Water and Civic Responsibility: An Online Discussion Exercise
Rob Viens, Bellevue Community College
Students apply their science learning to regional issues related to water quantity and quality.
Bioregion Scale: Regional
Bioregion Topical Vocabulary: Design & Planning, Water & Watersheds, Promising Pedagogies:Civic Engagement & Service Learning, Pollution & Waste
Exploring The Impact of Increased Acid Levels in Ocean Waters on Coral
Dharshi Bopegedera, The Evergreen State College
The goal of this laboratory is to help students understand that burning fossil fuels, which results in an increase in the acidity of ocean waters, has a detrimental impact on marine life (specifically coral but also other organisms that have calcium carbonate based shells).
Bioregion Topical Vocabulary: Water & Watersheds, Social & Environmental Justice, Climate Change
Ecosystem Services and Environmental Economics
Claus Svendsen, Department of Environmental Conservation, Skagit Valley College
In this exercise, students explore the value of ecosystem services of an ecological restoration project that they are proposing. They will be able to compare the ecosystem services value to the cost of the restoration project.
Bioregion Scale: Local Community/Watershed
Bioregion Topical Vocabulary: Ecosystem Health, Water & Watersheds, Human Impact & Footprint, Sustainability Concepts & Practices, Natural Resources
Using Debates to Engage Students in Sustainability Controversies and Conundrums
Robert Turner, University of Washington-Bothell Campus
A primary feature of this "Water and Sustainability" course is a series of 10 debates on controversial sustainability topics. Each student in the course participates in one of the debates.
Bioregion Scale: Local Community/Watershed, Global, Regional
Bioregion Topical Vocabulary: Ecosystem Health, Cycles & Systems, Promising Pedagogies:Case Studies, Sustainability Concepts & Practices, Water & Watersheds


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|Version 2 (modified by mari@…, 6 years ago) (diff)
Table of Contents
Logica Page Container
A custom property type allowing editors to create lists of pages easily by dragging pages from the page tree to the property on the page. Allows drag'n'drop sorting of pages in the list.
- Drag EPiServer pages from the page tree to the page, creating a list of pages
- Sort pages easily by dragging them up or down in the list
- Stores links in an XhtmlString property, allowing EPiServer to track the urls, and warn editors if they try to delete a page with links to it.
Source Code
Browse the source online
Check out source with TortoiseSVN tsvn://www.coderesort.com/svn/epicode/Logica.PageContainer/6.x
Tickets for this component:
- EPiServer CMS 6
- ASP.NET 2.0 or higher
If you want to change and compile the source code:
- Visual Studio 2008
- UnleashIT


text:
This job posting is no longer available on Indeed.
Find similar jobs:Boundless High School jobs
ABOUT BOUNDLESS - Boundless is an outdoor adventure high school set on 600 stunning acres along the Madawaska River in eastern Ontario. We take students on ambitious outdoor adventures, specializing in whitewater; and exploring the remote rivers of the Ottawa Valley. In the fall, we run an adventure-based boarding school. And in the winter, our students can be found X-country skiing, snowshoeing, swinging on ropes courses, and consuming insane amounts of baked goods.
But excelling in the outdoors is beside the point.
Our focus is on having students emerge from Boundless proud of their accomplishments, more connected to others, and having discovered new and lasting things about their abilities. They earn high school credits while doing so.
The people that come here are truly amazing. Some bring some unique challenges.
The majority of our participants are older teenagers. They arrive here with great zeal, sometimes with an attitude or a special need, and engage in some truly extraordinary learning journeys. They buy in quickly, and thrive in a world where their team flourishes and are emboldened by their accomplishments.
Our adult clients come in the winter and spring, and present serious mental illness. Other adults arrive with the burden of having acquired brain injuries. Seeing these folks succeeding in the rapids or rappelling down a wall is wonderful enough. But watching them coming out of their shells, as they feel an exquisite sense of belonging, is an awesome thing to behold.
All new staff, typically aged 21-30 (average 24), join Boundless in the winter months as "winterns", a three month work term that begins early January and ends in late March. This is an all-expense paid gig, and winterns also earn a $4,000 stipend. Please visit www.boundlessadventures.org to learn more.
About half of winterns are newly graduated teachers, and the other half come from a wide range of backgrounds, including camps, social work initiatives and other programs that work with adolescents. The average age of a new staff is 24.
Application Procedure:
Please visit our website www.boundlessadventures.org , click on Join Our Team, read all information carefully, complete the downloadable application form, and email this, along with your resume, to Steven Gottlieb, Executive Director
We only accept applicants with a valid Canadian Social Insurance Number and a full driver's license


text:
See All Contributors »
AMES, Iowa Iowa State offensive coordinator Tom Herman will be heading to Ohio State after the Cyclones' New Era Pinstripe Bowl game Dec. 30 vs. Rutgers in New York, N.Y.
Bump for those who think this didn't spend enough time on the front page.
Can someone paste text for us mobile phone users...
Originally Posted by isugcs
Can someone paste text for us mobile phone users...
Text of the article? Can't you just follow the link?
Or else get the Cyclones app. It has all of these stories on it.
Forum Rules
All content owned by CycloneFanatic.com - All rights reserved 2005-09. By viewing this website you agree to the Terms of Service, Site Rules and Legal Disclaimer. The words, views, images and opinions expressed or provided by users do not reflect the opinions or views of CycloneFanatic.com or Iowa State University. The names, words, symbols, and graphics representing Iowa State University are trademarks and copyrights of the University protected by the trademark and copyright laws of the United States of America and other countries and are used on this web site under license from the University. Original site design, premise & construction by Jeremy Lind.


text:
This job posting is no longer available on Indeed.
Find similar jobs:Shipper jobs
- -CI jobs
We are an established manufacturing company located in the SE, looking for the right individual to join our team.
The successful candidate will be motivated and results-driven, with the ability to work both independently and as part of a team.
We Require:
We Offer:
If this sounds like a good fit, please respond with your resume. Unfortunately, due to the volume of responses, on short listed candidates will be contacted.
If this ad is still posted, the job is still available.


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We have an HP Compaq dc7900 in the office. 4 days ago it had several problems in the USB connection; that we couldn't connect anything via any USB port (tried a scanner and a walkman). We left the problem unsolved (and undiagnosed) and went to vacation, and when returned today, and when attempted to power it on, the PC starts booting and before it gets anywhere it just freezes (effectively hangs if I may say so), with the screen showing the following text:
HP Compaq dc7900 Convertible Minitower
<F9=Boot Menu> <F10=Setup> <F12=Network>
The keyboard at this point isn't responding. When rebooting (a hard reboot) the same thing happens over and over, but I notice that the keyboad responds within the first few seconds after that screen of hang appears (2 or 3 seconds) and pressing
F9 or
F10 triggers the option but leads nowhere (still hangs). I've been able to take the hard disk and back it up somewhere else, but regarding the PC I have no idea or a clue to start with, as I can't think of a cause of the problem.
What can be this problem? And what steps can I take to further diagnose and resolve the problem? Any guidelines and direction of research are thankfully welcomed...
EDIT: I'd like to apologize to those who answered and/or reviewed this question. I was not able to follow up and update the question as my company took the CPU to the repair shop and the repair shop took it to another one that is unreachable to me. The last person I could follow up with said that he suspects the problem to be a hardware problem, exactly in the I/O chip on the motherboard, but with no further details. I will follow up whenever I could find any more details or when the repair shop returns the CPU (if it was not replaced). I hereby want to say sorry for every contributor in this post, and for the community for not completing and following up with the question. Thank you all.


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We found a TicketWeb account that might belong to you.
Log in to link your TicketWeb account with Facebook
Saturday, Mar 16, 2013 10:30 PM EDT (10:30 PM Doors)
Union Hall, Brooklyn, NY
21 years and over
The Little Top Circus & Medicine Show
Calling the low, the weak, and the ungodly! Gather near, ye faithless, ye mentally infirm and spiritually bereft!
This is the end of days and that rumble in the distance is the wagons of The Little Top Circus & Medicine Show, rolling into town to save your sad sinner's soul. Led by the evangelically infamous Good Reverend Doctor Professor Elucius Clay, this sideshow of cautionary tales will horrify (watch as Stitch the Geek mutilates his own flesh!), titillify (surrender to the undulant charms of burlesque) and flummox (recoil at Bobby Phobia's feats of physiology), all to the blood-stirring musicianing of Texas Red ("The Gypsy Fiddler") and Ratty Mousebites & Miz E of The Hot Sardines.


text:
01 May 2011
In a bid to avoid a direct confrontation with the Judiciary, Arjun Munda-led BJP government in Jharkhand has dropped the idea of enacting an Ordinance to stop the ongoing anti-encroachment drive in the state.
03 Jun 2012
As part of a programme to modernize land records, the Maharashtra government will launch an online 'mutuation system' in 73 talukas of five districts.
11 Apr 2012
If you are planning to purchase a land in the city but don't know whether the land is a disputed site or not, Revenue Department is there to solve your problem.
24 May 2011
In contrast to the popular perception that only common people find it difficult to deal with government officials, some Jharkhand ministers are also finding it tough to handle senior officers serving as secretaries under them.


text:
Wednesday Mar 06 2013
RSVP now for Joel Parker Whitney presentationBy: Carol Percy, Reporter Lincoln News Messenger
The Lincoln Area Archives Museum will host a presentation at 7 p.m. Wednesday featuring the life of Joel Parker Whitney, once the wealthiest man in Placer County. A 19th century entrepreneur and conservationist, Whitney owned the 20,000-acre Spring Valley Ranch in the Twelve Bridges area near the southern boundary of Lincoln. Here, Archives docent Jalna Marcovici holds a winged statuette from the Whitney mansion, on loan from the collection of Evelyn Procissi. The presentation, given by Rocklin historian Alfred Corral is free but limited to 25 participants. RSVP at 645-3800.


text:
February 28, 1979: It's more like a nightmare when Sam leaps into a detective, investigating a gruesome murder.
He may be next if he doesn't find out who eviscerated the victim and his only hope is the victim's catatonic son and her husband's psychiatrist. The horrific flashbacks he's experiencing don't help matters much either.
original airdate--November 31,1991 rating--9.7 million
network: NBC
music: "Quantum Leap Theme Song" by Mike Post & Velton Ray Bunch
Leapee--Detective Jack Stone
Place--Malibu, California
Opening narration by Ziggy
Theorizing that one could time travel within his own lifetime, Dr. Sam Beckett stepped into the Quantum Leap accelerator and vanished. He awoke to find himself trapped in the past, facing mirror images that were not his own, and driven by an unknown force to change history for the better. His only guide on this journey is Al, an observer from his own time, who appears in the form of a hologram that only Sam can see and hear. And so, Dr. Beckett finds himself leaping from life to life, striving to put right what once went wrong, and hoping each time that his next leap will be the leap home.
|Previous episode :
|The Wrong Stuff
|Next episode :
|A Single Drop of Rain


text:
We're available to answer any questions that you have about ORDANDUU and our services.
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Telephone: 1300886232
ORDANDUU GmbH
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Should you have questions about our company simply send us an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
The rights to all text, graphics art as well as the layout, the HTML code and the scripts has ORDANDUU GmbH. Any kind of further use requires the explicit approval of the respective holder of the rights.
The ORDANDUU GmbH is registered under the trade register number HRB 91582 in the Frankfurt/Main district court and by Laszlo Hobor juridically represented.
Legal income tax number: DE278387255Back


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With the end of 2011 coming in just a few days, studios are unloading new photos for their upcoming 2012 slate in an attempt to entice viewers who aren't yet winded by the holiday movie onslaught.
Not opening until June is Warner Brothers' Jack the Giant Killer, which is a riff on the Jack and the Beanstalk tale and follows a young farmhand named Jack (X-Men:First Class' Nicholas Hoult) who opens up a door to another world and must save a princess (Alice in Wonderland's Eleanor Tomlinson) and destroy the giants he has unwittingly unleashed. The new photo, which shows Jack climbing the bean stalk into the other world, is only a screenshot from the recently-released first trailer, but the synopsis below is new.
Jack the Giant Killer tells the story of an ancient war that is reignited when a young farmhand unwittingly opens a gateway between our world and a fearsome race of giants. Unleashed on the Earth for the first time in centuries, the giants strive to reclaim the land they once lost, forcing the young man, Jack, into the battle of his life to stop them. Fighting for a kingdom, its people, and the love of a brave princess, he comes face to face with the unstoppable warriors he thought only existed in legend—and gets the chance to become a legend himself.
Directed by Bryan Singer (Valkyrie, The Usual Suspects), Jack the Giant Killer opens on June 15, 2012.
No doubt, many are looking forward to the man-flesh on display in the male stripper comedy Magic Mike, which follows Channing Tatum (the movie was also loosely based on his life) as a male dancer who takes a younger, inexperienced dancer (Alex Pettyfer) under his wing while they work at a strip club owned by Matthew McConaughey. All three stars are on display in the first-look photo of the movie, along with co-star Joe Manganiello, who revealed a few months ago that Magic Mike is "so funny."
"It's hysterical, it's like a great guy, buddy movie but it's also got a lot of stuff for the ladies," said Manganiello in October. "It's got a little bit for everybody." The photo below could be proof that the True Blood actor was at least halfway right.
Directed by Academy Award winner Steven Soderbergh(Erin Brockovich, Traffic), Magic Mike opens on June 29th.
More flesh is on display in the second photo for the action flick Bullet to the Head. The first photo showed 65-year-old Sylvester Stallone getting into an axe fight with 32-year-old Jason Momoa (Conan the Barbarian), while the latest photo shows Stallone, who plays a a New Orleans hitman who teams with a New York cop (Fast Five's Sung Kang) to get revenge on the men who killed their respective partners, by himself and aiming a gun with no shirt on. While Stallone wasn't in consideration for Magic Mike, it's clear Stallone is in the gym more than most with an AARP card.
Directed by Walter Hill (48 Hours, Warriors), Bullet to the Head opens on April 13, 2012.
If aiming a gun appeals, then why not aim two? That's the focus on Sony Screen Gems' latest photo for the sequel, Underworld: Awakening, which, like most of the movie's promotional campaign, seems focused on letting audiences know that Kate Beckinsale will be back after skipping out on the 2009 prequel Underworld: Rise of the Lycans.
In the fourth installment, Selene (Beckinsale) wakes from a 12-year coma to discover that she has a Vampire/Lycan hybrid daughter (India Eisley) who is being used as a pawn in the war between vampires and werewolves, which now includes humans as well. For those worried that Selene had changed since 2006's Underworld: Evolution, the latest photo should assure fans that the black leather, dual pistols and blue-ish hue of the franchise is all in tow in Awakening.
Directed by Swedish directing team Björn Stein and Mans Marlind (Shelter), Underworld: Awakening opens on January 20th.
If action flicks aren't for you, the sedentary, first-look photo from the upcoming thriller Argo may be what you're looking for.
Directed by Ben Affleck, Argo stars Affleck as CIA exfiltration expert Tony Mendez, who creates a fake Hollywood production in order to rescue six Americans from the Tehran hostage crisis with the help of a Hollywood producer named Lester Siegel (Alan Arkin) and Academy Award–winning makeup artist John Chambers (John Goodman). The first photo shows Affleck hard at work at his desk, contemplating shaving looking through files.
Based on a 2007 Wired article titled "How the CIA Used a Fake Sci-Fi Flick to Rescue Americans from Tehran", Argo opens on September 14th.


text:
Manufacturing Forms
Manufacturers, prepare your own legal forms with these template Manufacturing Forms, including supply contracts, warranties, terms of sale, and customer agreements.
As a manufacturer, you know that maintaining a good relationship with your distributors and customers is critical to your business' bottom line. Treating these relationships more like partnerships can have beneficial results for both parties. A solid long-term relationship is based on trust, commitment and open communication - just like a marriage!
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- Exclusive Manufacturing Rights Agreement $17.99 ID: 125
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- Technology Transfer Agreement $29.99 ID: 592


text:
Derby currently provides a very simple permissions scheme, which is quite suitable for an embedded database system. End users of embedded Derby do not see Derby directly; they talk to a application that embeds Derby. So Derby left most of the access control work to the application. Under this scheme, Derby limits access on a per database or per system basis. A user can be granted full, read-only, or no access.
This is less suitable in a general purpose SQL server. When end users or diverse applications can issue SQL commands directly against the database, Derby must provide more precise mechanisms to limit who can do what with the database.
I propose to enhance Derby by implementing a subset of grant/revoke capabilities as specified by the SQL standard. I envision this work to involve the following tasks, at least:
1) Develop a specification of what capabilities I would like to add to Derby.
2) Provide a high level implementation scheme.
3) Pursue a staged development plan, with support for DDL added to Derby first.
4) Add support for runtime checking of these privileges.
5) Address migration and upgrade issues from previous releases and from old scheme to newer database.
Since I think this is a large task, I would like to invite any interested people to work with me on this large and important enhancement to Derby.
Issue Links
- incorporates
DERBY-1523 Statements in cache need to depend on privileges and the appropriate statements in cache should get invalidated if those privileges change.
- Closed
DERBY-1521 Upgrade test needs to be enhanced to test grant revoke
- Closed
DERBY-1367 add lang/grantrevoke.java to derbynetclientmats
- Closed
DERBY-1579 Remove SYS.SYSREQUIREDPERM from Derby 10.2. This was added for Grant Revoke functionality
- Closed
DERBY-1522 Switch(if supported) from Derby Authorization to Derby SQL Standard Authorization needs to be tested
- Closed
- is related to
DERBY-1523 Statements in cache need to depend on privileges and the appropriate statements in cache should get invalidated if those privileges change.
- Closed
DERBY-1589 CREATE TABLE throws NullPointerException in Derby SQL Standard Authorization after DROPs and REVOKES
- Closed
- relates to
DERBY-4268 "SECURITY" is reserved as SQL keyword.
- Closed
DERBY-1538 Unexpected behavior on self privilege revocation
- Closed
DERBY-1542 Implicit revoke via drop table does not clean up its associated row(s) in SYS.SYSTABLEPERMS
- Closed
DERBY-1582 REVOKE statement does not generate a warning when no privileges are revoked.
- Closed
DERBY-1583 With grant revoke enabled, defining a trigger whose actions updates a table (from different schema) results in NPE
- Closed
DERBY-1592 Update statement is allowed to execute even though the column that the statement access has been revoked.
- Closed
DERBY-1708 Unprivileged user can perform lock table statement on a table which he/she does not have any access rights
- Closed
DERBY-1715 Revoke fails when grantee declares additional view that is on top of the view to be dropped
- Closed
DERBY-1716 Revoking select privilege from a user times out when that user still have a cursor open.
- Closed
DERBY-1723 Database owner revokes select privilege from a schema owner but owner is still able to select
- Closed
DERBY-1724 Executing grant statement within a transaction leads to a NPE later when the db owner attempts to update a table
- Closed
DERBY-1729 Invoking Java stored procedure that contains GRANT or REVOKE statement with CONTAINS SQL should fail.
- Closed
DERBY-1738 An user is able to grant select privilege on a view but the underlying object is not own by the user.
- Closed
DERBY-1847 SELECT statement asserts with XJ001 when attempted to select a newly added column in SQL authorization mode
- Closed
- All
- Comments
- Work Log
- History
- Activity
- Transitions
This issue has been resolved for over a year with no further movement. Closing.
All planned improvement work for this feature has been completed for 10.2. All subtasks are done. Future improvements as well as any known outstanding bugs are being tracked as separate jira issues, so closing this for 10.2.
Satheesh is having trouble accessing JIRA, he asked me to unassign him from this issue. He
has completed all the work he plans to do on this issue for 10.2. I think this issue is ready to
be closed for 10.2, remaining bugs/additions I believe are being tracked by separate JIRA entries.
If anyone believes this entry should remain open let me know, otherwise I will close it next week.
It appears so. I filed
DERBY-1708 to track the lock table issue.
Yip, it looks like for LOCK TABLE statement, during the compile time we do not collect the privilege requirements like we do for say SELECT, INSERT etc. And hence privilege violation for LOCK TABLE does not get caught at execution time (which is when we verify if the required privileges are inplace).
With respect to LOCK TABLE statement, it appears that the current implementation allows non-privileged users to lock a table that they don't have access rights to. I think non-privilege users should not be able to perform the locking as now they have "control" to those tables. In DB2, the authorization id needs to have select privilege or is DBA to perform such an action.
In v5 of the design doc, it uses uppercase "Y" or "N" value for each of the specific privilege for the new system tables such as sys.systableperms but in the implementation, I noticed that it is using lowercase "y". (Assuming "Y" is used to represent for grant option in the future.)
Updated GRANT/REVOKE functional specification. Changes include:
1) Added a section for database owner and how they operate in user schemas.
2) Clarified that synonyms can't be granted privileges and also that revoking part of a table privilege is not allowed.
3) Clarified upgrade model better.
I think I accidentally selected patch available when I attached the updated fucntional spec.
Don't see any patch that hasn't been committed.
Are there any new SQLSTATEs and messages introduced by this item? There are couple of places in the latest design doc(v4) where it states Derby returns error/throws SQLException in certain scenarios (i.e. accessing tables that you don''t have the rights, revoking owners own privilege, etc. ) but I don't see any SQLSTATEs being listed and I think the tech writers need this info to update the ref docs, no?
Rajesh, thanks for catching it. I have updated the version number to the best of my knowledge. Satheesh, feel free to change it. The spec with date and version change along with UUID changes is now attached as grantRevokeSpec_v4_1.html
I was starting to read the latest functional spec and noticed the date and version of the current one was not updated to reflect latest version and date.
Updated functional spec to include UUID column in the three new system tables. This UUID will be used by the dependency manager to track view/trigger/constraint's dependencies on various permissions,
The updated spec is attached as grantRevokeSpec_v4.html
I would say one definition of sub-task is that the main task is not complete until all of the sub-tasks are.
Though I think sometimes sub-tasks are added when a better choice would be to add separate tasks.
And the situation is not helped by Jira not allowing sub-tasks to moved once created.
In this case it seems to me:
DERBY-1023 is no longer part of the functional spec and should be marked no fix intended (ideally it would be moved out to be its own improvement).
DERBY-1057 should be a separate task. I would favor this model for documentation of code features, separate improvement items that are linked but not sub-tasks.
All the others seem to be valid sub-tasks of
DERBY-464 and so should be complete before closing this.
Should this issue be marked as RESOLVED? This JIRA entry covers main GRANT/REVOKE functionality being developed. While there are a few sub-tasks still open, I don't see any active work remaining or being done under this entry.
Updated functional spec... Changes from v2 version are:
1) Added GRANTOR column to primary key to new system tables. Removed SYSREQUIREDPERMS system table. System table schema still needs more updates to reflect Mamta's work on adding UUID column to system tables.
2) Added a note saying revoking owners own privileges raises an error.
With revision 423580, the redundant privilege problem is resolved. I opened up
DERBY-1538 to keep track of the self privilege revocation issue.
My name is Yip Ng and I would like to contribute to the Apache Derby project. First I thought I start off by writing a suite of testcases for Grant/Revoke functionality. I went through the Grant/Revoke design spec described in derby-464 but I couldn't find any mentioning of the Derby system behavior for revoking the owner's own privileges. So I ran the scenario below in ij to see how this is handled currently. (btw, I am currently using revision 423260.) i.e.:
ij> connect 'jdbc:derby:authtest' user 'yip' as conn1;
ij> create table t1 (c1 int);
0 rows inserted/updated/deleted
ij> insert into t1 values 1,2,3;
3 rows inserted/updated/deleted
ij> revoke select on t1 from yip;
0 rows inserted/updated/deleted
ij> select * from t1;
3 rows selected
After revoking the owner's SELECT privilege on table t1, the owner is able to select from it as if though the REVOKE statement above has no effect(bug?). But more importantly, I was expecting a SQLException with the appropriate SQLSTATE to be thrown when the owner attempts to revoke privilege from himself. Comments?
Another problem I have found (not sure if this is already addressed in the latest codeline) is that if the owner grants himself SELECT privilege on the table he have created (redundant privilege) and when he attempts to insert another row, Derby throws a SQLException and informs that the owner needs to have permission to perform DML on the owner's table. i.e.:
ij> connect 'jdbc:derby:authtest' user 'yip' as conn1;
ij> create table t1 (c1 int);
0 rows inserted/updated/deleted
ij> insert into t1 values 1,2,3;
3 rows inserted/updated/deleted
ij> grant select on table t1 to yip;
0 rows inserted/updated/deleted
ij> insert into t1 values 4;
ERROR 28506: User 'YIP' does not have insert permission on table 'YIP'.'T1'.
I am currently writing more testcases and will submit them as a patch shortly.
Some comments on grantRevokeSpec_v2.html
- The primary keys for SYSTABLEPERMS, SYSCOLPERMS and SYSROUTINEPERMS do not include the GRANTOR column.
Won't it make future upgrades easier if the GRANTOR column is included in the primary key?
- How does SYSREQUIREDPERM relate to the current dependency system. Could this functionality not be incorporated into
the current dependency system so that we have a single system?
This attachment, Privileges2.java supercedes the previous one. It contains the Apache license test. My management at Sun Microsystems has authorized me to donated this code to Apache Derby. It will need substantial rework for use with Derby outside of the test framework for which it was written. I hope that it is useful.
If you think it's useful, you may rework the attached code to test grant/revoke functionality in Derby.
I will make the suggested changes to the spec. I will remove the "for instance" example... in the next version of the spec update.
Thanks for adding the table of system routines in the functional spec.
One question on that, in the intro to the table it says
- " For instance a user needs to have SELECT privilege on a table to be able to call SYSCS_COMPRESS_TABLE"
but that privilege is not reflected in the last column of the table for the compress routines, is it required or not?
I wonder if it would be better to be general in the intro rather than an "for instance", e.g. say "additional privileges required are listed in the 'Other privileges needed' column".
I think it would be good to be precise & consistent and use the term "PUBLIC" rather than "everyone", might lead to consistency in the user documentation which would be a good thing!
I have updated Grant Revoke functional specification with newer version. Changes from previous version are highlighted in RED. Main changes from previous version are:
1) Added a new table showing detailed information on system routines... Who can execute and what other privileges are required. I am in two minds about whether everyone (who has owns their tables) should be able to invoke import/export routines or not, BY DEFAULT. Since import/export routines access input/output files on the server-side, I am not sure if everyone should be able to execute these, BY DEFAULT. So I am currently proposing DBA needs to grant EXECUTE privilege to be able to invoke them.
2) Clarified what was discussed on the list about who owns system schemas. I am going to be changing authorizationID of system schemas from psuedo user 'DBA' to authorizationID of database creator or to the authorizationID of the user who invokes full upgrade.
3) Previous version of the spec was wrong about default EXTERNAL SECURITY clause and what SQL Standard says about it. SQL standard says default EXTERNAL SECURITY, if not specified, is implementation defined. Previous version of the spec and myself thought default value as specified by SQL standard was DEFINER, so I proposed adding DEFINER/INVOKER clause to routines now so we don't introduce forward compatibility issues by keeping INVOKER model. But the spec is very clear about default value of SECURITY, so there is no need to implement that feature NOW.
Let me know if anyone have any comments.
Updated Part II Grant and Revoke patch... Synced to latest with more tests and some minor code changes. I have rerun the tests.
I have added changeDescription to the patch.
I would like to submit this patch over the weekend. Appreciate any comments before.
Dan asked:
Another quote from the spec
A table may only be created or dropped by the owner of the table's schema. Table creation
permission is not grantable. (This is the SQL2003 spec)
Is there a reference, page number section number, for the comment about the SQL2003 spec?
This is the best reference I can find in SQL 2003 spec. It is indirectly implied.... says persistent objects described by the (schema) descriptors are said to be owned by or to have been created by the authorizationID of the schema. Also, I couldn't find a privilege that can be granted to create tables.
4.20 SQL-schemas
An SQL-schema is a persistent descriptor that includes:
? The name of the SQL-schema.
? The <authorization identifier> of the owner of the SQL-schema.
In this part of ISO/IEC 9075, the term "schema" is used only in the sense of SQL-schema. The persistent objects
described by the descriptors are said to be owned by or to have been created by the <authorization identifier>
of the schema. Each component descriptor is one of:
? A domain descriptor.
? A base table descriptor.
? A view descriptor.
? A constraint descriptor.
Sorry, I see there is a TRIGGER privilege in the spec, so my concern on that goes away. It's kind of hard to read the spec to see what permissions are required to execute each operation when they are scattered around the document.
Another quote from the spec
A table may only be created or dropped by the owner of the table's schema. Table creation permission is not grantable. (This is the SQL2003 spec)
Is there a reference, page number section number, for the comment about the SQL2003 spec?
To quote the func spec:
Views and triggers may only be created or dropped by the owner of the view or trigger's schema.
Allowing anyone apart from the owner to create a trigger on a table seems too permissive to me:
Postgres requires an TRIGGER privilege on the table to create a trigger
DB2 requires ALTERIN or CONTROL on the table depending on the trigger type
Oracle requires CREATE_TRIGGER privilege
I assume that the owner of a table can always create triggers on the table.
Views seem ok to allow anyone to create one, as long as they have access to the underlying objects as the spec says.
I am attaching Grant and Revoke, Part II patch to implement authorization scheme. This patch enforces permission checks that part I patch records in system catalogs. I am still adding more test cases and need to update functional spec with some review comments. Let me know if anyone has any comments or have trouble applying the patch. I moved some grant revoke tests, so may confuse patch program.
Next I will work on implementing authorization for Trigger, View and Constraints, followed by some upgrade, migration and metadata changes.
Thanks for your comments, Dan. I will update the spec, but some answers below:
"This property could be set either as a system property in derby.properties file or as application property." This needs re-wording, system properties are set as JVM system proiperties, application properties is what is used to describe properties in derby.properties. You could just say 'this is a standard Derby property"
OK... Tuning guide refers to both as System-wide properties... System-wide properties set programmatically and System-wide properties set in derby.properties.
- The design doesn't contain any mention of modifications to the statement dependencies. It may be (after thinking about it for 10 seconds) that any grant/revoke statement does not need to invalidate any DML compiled statements. It would be good to state this and the reasons why.
Right... Grant and Revoke statements don't need to invalidate any existing compiled statements. This is because the compiled plan doesn't assume if any permissions are granted or not... Compilation only notes required object accesses to execute a statement. Only at runtime, these checks are performed. I will add more info to design section.
- I couldn't see where you are storing the owner of the database
Any ideas where it could be? I haven't coded that part. I was thinking of using an internal property to store the database owner. Are there any internal use only properties in Derby currently? I thought boot password is kind of stored like this?
- Can you expand on the design around the StatementPermission class and its sub-classes. Which methods are invovled in making permission checks., The Javadoc for the check method in StatementPermission doesn't say anything. The methods have some funky equals methods with no javadoc, without understanding more it looks like equals is being overloaded for no good reason.
StatementPermission has the following hieraracy.. not sure if this will show correctly in text
----- StatementTablePermission
------ StatementColumnPermission
------ StatementRoutinePermission
------ StatementSchemaPermission
All implement check() interface that is used to invoke permission checking for that access descriptor. Access descriptors already know what they need to check for and are passed current user authorizationId.
The equals() method is used to check if an access descriptor is already created for the specific access. For example, a query may have multiple references to same table. No need to create multiple access descriptors for the same table for the same kind of access. This becomes more important as each and every column referenced may try to add an access descriptor for the table in question.
I will add these details to the design part of the spec.
Thanks for the updated spec - some comments:
- "This property could be set either as a system property in derby.properties file or as application property." This needs re-wording, system properties are set as JVM system proiperties, application properties is what is used to describe properties in derby.properties. You could just say 'this is a standard Derby property"
- The design doesn't contain any mention of modifications to the statement dependencies. It may be (after thinking about it for 10 seconds) that any grant/revoke statement does not need to invalidate any DML compiled statements. It would be good to state this and the reasons why.
- I couldn't see where you are storing the owner of the database
- Can you expand on the design around the StatementPermission class and its sub-classes. Which methods are invovled in making permission checks., The Javadoc for the check method in StatementPermission doesn't say anything. The methods have some funky equals methods with no javadoc, without understanding more it looks like equals is being overloaded for no good reason.
I have updated Grant & Revoke specification. I tried to address some of Dan's questions from earlier and also changed the spec to reflect Dan's suggestion about adding new property derby.database.sqlAuthorization. Changes are high lighted in RED. Let me know if anyone have any questions or comments. I will submit Grant and Revoke, Phase II code soon.
spec> The SELECTPRIV column has value "Y" if the SELECT permission was granted, or "N" if the select permission was not granted. Similarly with the DELETEPRIV, INSERTPRIV, UPDATEPRIV, REFERENCESPRIV, and TRIGGERPRIV columns.
Sound like BOOLEAN columns to me.
Some minor comments on the design spec:
spec> DDL statements directly invoke executing mechanism simplify the implementation at the cost of a small increase in execution time.
I don't think that's true. DDL''s are not slower due to using a constant action. That's not the reason for the way they are handled. I think the basic idea is that DDL's are limited in structure compared to DML and can easily be represented by an object that represents an action and a set of constants. DDL did generate a java class to execute the constant action but I cleaned that up to use a fixed implementation (sub-class) of BaseActivation , as otherwise each DDL would be generating an identical class. This was wasteful when most DDL is discarded after a single execution.
In various tables you have the user name represented (I think) as VARCHAR(30) (GRANTEE, GRANTOR columns). Why 30? In the existing SYSSCHEMAs the user identifer is VARCHAR(128), I think 128 is a better limit for user names.
spec> Permission checking is done at execution time.
Could you expand on that? Are you going to match the current scheme, permissions checked when an internal ResultSet is created? Something else?
spec> The permission checks could be done at compilation time.
For the reasons given I think this is a bad idea, the statement cache. I do think we can set it up so that permissions are checked when the statement is prepared by the application, even when it picks up an existing compiled plan. This would be better than per execution of the statement. That's probably a separate discussion once you reveal what you are currently planning.
spec > The permission checks could be done at compilation time. PreparedStatements would have to be re-compiled when permissions are revoked, as they are recompiled when tables are altered.
Don't you have to recompile statement plans when permissions are revoked or granted? Even if you are checking permissions at execution time?
Can you document the locking plans (e.g. what locks does grant get) and the interaction with the dependency system. I think these are key to getting the design right and secure.
I have submitted Grant and Revoke, Part I to trunk. Let me know if anyone would like to join developing remaining parts. It is possible to coordinate development using a Wiki.
This Phase I implements:
- Grant/Revoke DDL parsing and execution
- Addition of several new system tables to hold the system metadata. I will update my spec to include detailed schema for new system tables, so that they can be included in 10.2 documentation.
- Enhancing the syntax for routine creation to include external-security clause
- Very simple tests to cover only the DDL. I would be expanding on the testing in the later submissions, including a JUnit test suite.
- Grant/Revoke DDL is only supported if derby.database.defaultConnectionMode property is set to 'sqlStandard'.
Pending items from Phase I:
1. dblook needs to be enhanced to emit DDL for grant statements.
2. Enhanced JUnit based test suite with many more tests.
3. Some implementation improvements possible with the current patch. It should be possible to combine several new nodes being added, to reduce number of nodes and hence foot print. Also, the patch adds a Java object to new system tables. While Derby already has some java objects in its system tables, I think, we should discourage adding new java objects to catalogs. Since Java objects can't be used in SQL easily, this makes metadata harder to use. I will explore rewriting SYSCOLPERMS and SYSREQUIREDPERM to not use FormattableBitSet type. This can be done by having multiple entries in these catalogs for each column referenced.
4. Updating specification to include schema for new system tables.
5. Need to change how property defaultConnectionMode is set and/or used.
6. Enhance system tables to store external security clause specification.
I am also working on Grant and Revoke, Phase II. This will implement permission checking for DML statement. Hopefully I will have something to submit by end of January to complete Phase I and Phase II.
Also need to support upgrade and migration of legacy databases and update JDBC metadata.
Let me know if I missed anything else.
The way I implememted users in Cloudscape originally was done in a "Cloudscape running Embedded" mindset rather than anything else - in a similar way we what ww have done for permissions via properties - defining users is one thing, authenticating them via various schemes in another - For instance today, users defined at the System level, not database one, do not have their password encrypted for the built-in authentication scheme. I agree that users can be defined outside of Derby but we can't assume all organizations have an LDAP server out there - in fact, a lot if not most of them still don't have one.
What I have in mind for Derby defined users is the following:
- Users should be defined at the System level and added to databases as required (Grant access to a database)
- The notion of users defined at the system level is NOT just for Derby's built-in authentication scheme - it is there so that we can better link and integrate users from an outside realm than Derby's one - Sysusers would be a great start and I would hope to use VTI internally to materialize (known) users for a particular instance of Derby whether the built-in authentication scheme is used or not..and I agree that Derby should not care as far as how the user has been authenticated.
- Most database systems out there have DDL to define users managed by the RDBMS, we don't have this at the moment - some are using a syntax such as:
- Grant Connet to username Identified by xyz;
- Create User username Identified by xyz;
as well as DDL for altering users.
- Introduce a rea and internal notion of a User object (descriptor) in Derby - there is none today
Now, this could be done as part of this charter or not (separate JIRA) but there would be dependencies at least how a user is instantiated internally (see my last point) and the grant/revoke implementation at the user descriptor level.
Good point, Francois, about adding comments in JIRA for this one. I will add comments here.
I agree ROLES would be another great addition to Derby. Like I mentioned, there are many other potential enhancements possible in access control and security areas. I usually propose ideas that I can implement and want to implement in reasonable timeframe. Incremental enhancements is the prefered way in open source. Like Rick mentioned, ROLES could be developed in parallel.
I am not sure about CREATE USER/DROP USER capabilities though. Databases are not the ideal places to manage users. Derby also provides several ways to authenticate and/or manage users, including LDAP. The property based user management is only one of these options. See: http://db.apache.org/derby/docs/10.1/devguide/cdevcsecure37817.html
Agreed, CREATE/DROP ROLE as well as CREATE/DROP USER are there on my list...ROLE is frequently used out there along with Grant/Revoke - There is usually Built-in Roles and user-defined ones.
I would also like to have a CREATE/DROP USER to enhance Derby useability for managing users rather than what we have now which is property-based and was done in the past with the notion of running Cloudscape/Derby embedded.
Note that you can still Grant/Revoke at the user level.
Grant/Revoke is a major feature and effort - it needs to be stagged in several phases as Saheesh mentioned.
I could see the following major phases/steps: (which can be done in-parallel to some degree)
- Create/Drop User / Role DDL (along with metadata / system catalogs {sysusers, sysroles)
- Grant / Revoke privileges DDL (system and object ones) (sysprivileges, syspermissions)
- Grant / Revoke runtime execution (processing)
- Built-in Roles, SA user, Supoport for additional system privileges and built-in roles.
at a minimum.
We need to list the admin and object privileges we want to support in Derby and implement them in several phases.
At the risk of yanking on the ball of yarn: I think it would be very useful if this effort included CREATE/DROP ROLE as well. There's a real opportunity for parallel development here: one engineer can get started on GRANT/REVOKE and the other can implement roles. I question the utility of GRANT/REVOKE without roles. Administering permissions without roles lies somewhere on the continuum from brittle to nightmarish.
Thanks for your interest, Francois... It will be good to collaborate on this important and rather large effort with you. Hope there is more interest in the community to join us.
Grant/Revoke capability is a rather important and high-priority feature IMHO - I'm interested in contributing to such an effort.


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May 2, 2016
Thomas County sheriff's investigators say 19-year-old Randy Sadler and 23-year-old David Kerch are facing numerous felony burglary charges.
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Investigators say they have been able to uncover some of the stolen church property, and are working to find more.
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Children of Bodom's latest effort, Relentless Reckless Forever, has once again landed the band in the Top 50 of the Billboard 200 chart. The album shifted over 11,000 units in its first week of sales, enough to land Children of Bodom at No. 42 on the charts. The band's frontman Alexi Laiho graces the cover of the subscriber edition of the new issue of Revolver.
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With Marina in Team Rocket's clutches, Jimmy and Vincent are in a panic. Jimmy remembers that Vincent can call Marina on her PokeGear, but Hun has already taken it from her. However, Vincent can still trace the call to find Marina and not a moment too soon: Team Rocket is setting up another Miracle Crystal trap for Raikou. Jimmy, Vincent and Eugene find Team Rocket only moments before Raikou does, and this time, Raikou pounds the area with lightning while staying out of the Crystal's range. In the chaos, Jimmy sends his Beedrill to rescue Marina by flying her out of Team Rocket's grasp.
Raikou purposely smashes the Crystal's control unit, but Team Rocket still doesn't look beaten. With the controls gone, the Crystal is on auto-destruct mode, sucking in energy until it explodes—and it latches onto Raikou, leaving it helpless! Eugene has a risky idea: break open the Crystal's field to rescue Raikou before the Crystal can explode. Jimmy's Typhlosion, Vincent's Meganium and Marina's Misdreavus all volunteer to take the risk and they charge the Crystal's energy field. At the same time, Eugene sends out his Alakazam to watch their backs and Team Rocket sends out a Muk to make the battle even harder!
Even as Hun's Steelix attacks the Trainers, they order their Pokémon to concentrate on saving Raikou. Jimmy manages to trick Steelix into falling off a cliff, but it soon comes roaring back out of the ground! It lunges at the Pokémon trying to free Raikou, but Jimmy, Marina and Vincent throw themselves in front of their Pokémon to protect them. When Raikou sees this, it blasts its way out of the Crystal's energy field to stop Steelix, then breaks the Crystal into pieces as Team Rocket flees for good. Raikou seems to realize that some people don't mean it any harm, and as it returns to the wild, Jimmy waves goodbye—as a friend!
- This special was later released on DVD for Japan, as well as Taiwan and mainland China.
- By the time this aired dubbed, Eugene and Vincent had already been seen before, in JE111: For Ho-Oh the Bells Toll! and JE151: Love, Pokémon Style, respectively. In the episodes in question, they were named as Eusine and Jackson.
- This special marks the first time that any characters based on game protagonists have appeared besides Ash, who is based on Red.
- This special has the longest time between the original airings in Japanese and English, taking three and a half years to air dubbed.
- This is the only movie-length anime special that hasn't aired in Finland.
- In one scene, Hun commands Skarmory to use Fury Attack, but Skarmory is Attila's Pokémon.
- When Raikou is put into the cargo hold, there is no sign of Marina, though she had been knocked down when Raikou collided with her after the bubble exploded.
- Attila incorrectly refers to multiple Caterpie as Caterpies.
- When Vincent's Meganium hits Steelix with SolarBeam, Hun implies that Grass types are ineffective against a Steel type like Steelix. This is not entirely true because Steelix's other type, Ground, is weak to Grass, and thus Steelix receives neutral damage from Grass-type attacks.
- Raikou's electric attacks worked on Steelix, even though Steelix is part Ground. This, however, could be because of Raikou's sheer strength, similar to Pikachu. A similar situation occurs when Raikou tackles Steelix forcefully, sending it crashing into the cliff side.
- In the Hindi dub, Misdreavus was once mispronounced as "Misdrees."
Dub edits
- The dub of The Legend of Thunder is one of the most heavily edited episodes of Pokémon, most likely due to TV time constraints:
- All of the music is replaced, besides the three seconds of Jigglypuff's song.
- Hun was male in the Japanese version, but has a female voice in the dub.
- The Trainer that Jimmy battles at the beginning had a name in Japanese, Shinji. The scene in which Shinji introduces himself and swaps Pokégear numbers with Jimmy is cut in the dub.
|This article is an anime stub.
Please help the Pokémon Wiki by expanding it.
| This article has an incomplete plot or synopsis.
Reason: N/A
Please help the Pokémon Wiki by expanding it.


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gerrit create-project - Create a new hosted project
Creates a new bare Git repository under gerrit.basePath, using the project name supplied. The newly created repository is empty (has no commits), but is registered in the Gerrit database so that the initial commit may be uploaded for review, or initial content can be pushed directly into a branch.
If replication is enabled, this command also connects to each of the configured remote systems over SSH and uses command line git on the remote system to create the empty repository.
Caller must be a member of the privileged Administrators group.
This command is intended to be used in scripts.
Required; name of the project to create. If name ends with .git the suffix will be automatically removed.
Name of the initial branch in the newly created project. Defaults to master.
Name of the group which will initially own this repository. The specified group must already be defined within Gerrit. Only one group can be specified on the command line. To specify additional owners, add the additional owners through the web interface after project creation.
Defaults to Administrators if not specified.
Initial description of the project. If not specified, no description is stored.
Description values containing spaces should be quoted in single quotes ('). This most likely requires double quoting the value, for example --description "'A description string'".
Action used by Gerrit to submit an approved change to its destination branch. Supported options are:
FAST_FORWARD_ONLY: produces a strictly linear history.
MERGE_IF_NECESSARY: create a merge commit when required.
MERGE_ALWAYS: always create a merge commit.
CHERRY_PICK: always cherry-pick the commit.
Defaults to MERGE_IF_NECESSARY. For more details see Change Submit Actions.
If enabled, authors must complete a contributor agreement on the site before pushing any commits or changes to this project. Disabled by default.
If enabled, each change must contain a Signed-off-by line from either the author or the uploader in the commit message. Disabled by default.
Create a new project called tools/gerrit:
$ ssh -p 29418 review.example.com gerrit create-project --name tools/gerrit.git
Create a new project with a description:
$ ssh -p 29418 review.example.com gerrit create-project --name tool.git --description "'Tools used by build system'"
Note that it is necessary to quote the description twice. The local shell needs double quotes around the value to ensure the single quotes are passed through SSH as-is to the remote Gerrit server, which uses the single quotes to delimit the value.
The remote repository creation is performed by a Bourne shell script:
mkdir -p '/base/project.git' && cd '/base/project.git' && git init --bare && git update-ref HEAD refs/heads/master
For this to work successfully the remote system must be able to run arbitrary shell scripts, and must have git in the user's PATH environment variable. Administrators could also run this command line by hand to establish a new empty repository.
Part of Gerrit Code Review


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- Sale
- New Arrivals
- Statues
- Home
- Zen Garden
- Jewelry
- Apparel
- Meditation
- Rituals
- Books & Gifts
Sorry but this item is currently unavailable.
Please check back at a later stage.
Each pewter charm on this triple strand leather bracelet is hand cast in the USA and engraved with a single word: Strength, Believe or Imagine. The words are carefully chosen to inspire the wearer to be a positive influence in their life. Handmade by single mothers and stay at home moms throughout the USA.


text: April 01, 2014 - Pope Francis on Tuesday denounced the indifference, hypocrisy, sloth and lack of apostolic zeal of Christians to get involved, saying it does not lead to salvation. Speaking in his homily at the morning Mass at the Casa Santa Marta residence in the Vatican, the Pope reflected on Jesus healing the paralytic, sick for 38 years, waiting to be healed. Jesus' act of mercy draws the wrath of the Pharisees. From this episode, the Pope denounced the resignation and bitterness of the sick man. He spoke of Christians without enthusiasm who are embittered and who don't get involved with the life of others or the Church. They are satisfied attending Mass and don't want to be disturbed by others. The Pope denounced this disease of sloth and indifference saying this kills apostolic zeal. Such Christians, the Pope said, are anesthetized. Another attitude that Pope Francis denounced is the sin of formalism of the Pharisees who criticized his healing on a Sabbath. Such Christian hypocrites are only interested in formalities. They close the door to the grace of God and hence close the door to salvation. Against such sins, the Pope puts in contrast Christ's attitude and action. He asks the cripple, "Do you want to be healed?" and then, "Sin no more." After healing the paralytic, Jesus tenderly and with love tells the man not to sin. This, the Holy Father pointed out, is the Christian way, the way of apostolic zeal: to get close to many people who are injured.


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This Forum has been archivedVisit the new Forums
|Forums: Index → Narutopedia Discussion → Possible Collaboration
Note: This topic has been unedited for 1809 days. It is considered archived - the discussion is over. Do not add to unless it really needs a response.
Dear Naruto Wikia, I am here asking if you all as a community would be willing to work alongside the newly established "The Naruto RP Boards" and The Naruto RP wikia. While there has been several instances in the past where Naruto Fanon proved to be less then professional, we're seeking to reinvent ourselves and the community. These new forums contribute to this process, inspired by the Star Wars RP forum where our Head Administrator has learned and experienced a newer feel at Fanon.
What is your, as a communities, opinion on such an idea?--Hohenheim Talk to Me ◕ ‿‿ ◕ 23:39, May 17, 2011 (UTC)


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Justin Bieber unveils new Boyfriend video teaser
It's the third teaser and counting...
Tue 10 Apr 2012
It's the third teaser and counting...
It's official. Justin Bieber is a tease. We'll be letting out a sigh of relief when his latest video for Boyfriend is officially released. In the meantime, we have yet another video teaser for you.
After bringing forward the UK release date for the single, Brit Beliebers will have just spent Easter Day downloading and listening to the track on repeat as it was released on Sunday.
Now we're just waiting on the video. We've brought you two short glimpses of what to expect already. One with Justin being stroked by multiple hands and one with Justin getting wet.
The singer released a new teaser late last night, telling his 19 million or so Twitter followers: "With all the amazing news on #BOYFRIEND i owe u the new trailer. LET's GET THE SONG BACK TO #1 WORLDWIDE on ITUNES!"
However instead of enlightening us on the full promo, it's just got us even more confused.
In this very short snippet, we see some dangerous looking gold rings, Justin innocently looking into the camera and the singer clicking his fingers in front of a full moon.
What does it all mean? Is the full moon significant? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below.
Listen to Boyfriend in full and check out the behind-the-scenes video here
Catch up on all the latest Justin Bieber news and videos here


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Lincoln faces Division I foe UMKC tonight
Tuesday, November 13, 2012
Tonight brings about a bit of a scheduling quirk.
After playing two regular season games over the weekend, the Lincoln men's basketball team will be playing an exhibition game at 7 p.m. today at Missouri-Kansas City.
Lincoln (0-2) gets another shot against a NCAA Division I opponent in Missouri-Kansas City (0-1) after falling 83-47 to Southern Illinois Carbondale on Oct. 27.
Shakir Preston leads the Blue Tigers with 15.5 points per game through two contests. Sean Harris and Charles Cole both average double figures as well, with 14 and 13.5 ppg, respectively.
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We've just set up a FIELD NOTES page on Facebook. It's a bit bare at the mo', but you'll fix that. Become a fan! See blog posts! Post fan photos and videos! Join a discussion group! You know the drill. Thanks to Beth M., our first Facebook fan, for talking us into it. We've got 290 friends over on the FIELD NOTES Myspace page Draplin set up, I bet we can top that on Facebook in no time.
Oh, heck, let's go nuts and make a FIELD NOTES Twitter account, too. And don't forget our Flickr pool!


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The Voice star Tyler James takes us for a "little wander around" in "completely random" Camden Town. "Nothing makes me happier than putting my headphones on and walking through London for about five hours," says the singer-songwriter.
Posts Tagged "TfL"
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Five Tips for Travel in London During the Olympic and Paralympic Games
London is going to be busy during the Olympic and Paralympic Games. An extra three million journeys are forecast for the busiest days of the Olympics, which take place from 27 July to 12 August, and the Paralympics from 29 August to 9 September. …Read more...
London's Quirkiest Souvenirs
While it's likely that your visit to London will be unforgettable, a souvenir can be a great way to bring back happy memories – as well as to show off to your friends! We've put together a list of some …Read more...
London Underground Stations Get Wi-Fi
Ever been sent a vital email or been tagged in an embarassing Facebook photo while waiting for the next tube train to arrive? You'll soon be able to take direct action, as London's underground stations are now being Wi-Fi enabled. By the end of July you'll be able to access the internet …Read more...
London Cycle Hire Scheme Now Open to Casual Users
London's Barclay's Cycle Hire Scheme has moved into the next phase – it's now open to casual users as well as signed-up members. Now anyone with a Visa or MasterCard credit or debit card can borrow a "Boris bike" after …Read more...


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Making Colloidal Minerals Video
|Staphylococci are Gram-positive spherical bacteria that
occur in microscopic clusters resembling grapes. Bacteriological culture
of the nose and skin of normal humans invariably yields staphylococci. In
1884, Rosenbach described the two pigmented colony types of staphylococci
and proposed the appropriate nomenclature: Staphylococcus aureus
(yellow) and Staphylococcus albus (white). The latter species is
now named Staphylococcus epidermidis. Although nineteen species of Staphylococcus
are described in Bergey's Manual (1992), only Staphylococcus aureus
and Staphylococcus epidermidis are significant in their
interactions with humans. S. aureus colonizes mainly the nasal
passages, but it may be found regularly in most other anatomical locales. S
epidermidis is an inhabitant of the skin.
The staphylococci are in the Bacterial family Micrococcaceae, but they are phylogenetically unrelated to any other genera in the family. Staphylococcus aureus forms a fairly large yellow colony on rich medium, S. epidermidis has a relatively small white colony. S. aureus is often hemolytic on blood agar; S. epidermidis is non hemolytic. Staphylococci are facultative anaerobes that grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation that yields principally lactic acid. The bacteria are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. S. aureus can grow at a temperature range of 15 to 45 degrees and at NaCl concentrations as high as 15 percent. Nearly all strains of S. aureus produce the enzyme coagulase: nearly all strains of S. epidermidis lack this enzyme. S. aureus should always be considered a potential pathogen; most strains of S. epidermidis are nonpathogenic and may even play a protective role in their host as normal flora. Staphylococcus epidermidis may be a pathogen in the hospital environment.
Staphylococci are perfectly spherical cells about 1 micrometer in diameter. They grow in clusters because staphylococci divide in two planes. The configuration of the cocci helps to distinguish staphylococci from streptococci, which are slightly oblong cells that usually grow in chains (because they divide in one plane only). The catalase test is important in distinguishing streptococci (catalase-negative) from staphylococci, which are vigorous catalase-producers. The test is performed by adding 3% hydrogen peroxide to a colony on an agar plate or slant. Catalase-positive cultures produce O2 and bubble at once. The test should not be done on blood agar because blood itself contains catalase.
FIGURE 1. Gram stain of Staphylococcus aureus in pustular exudate
Table 1. Important phenotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-positive, cluster-forming coccus
nonmotile, nonsporeforming facultative anaerobe
fermentation of glucose produces mainly lactic acid
catalase positive
coagulase positive
golden yellow colony on agar.
normal flora of humans found on nasal passages, skin and mucous membranes
pathogen of humans, causes a wide range of suppurative infections, as well as food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome
Pathogenesis of S. aureus infections
Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of suppurative (pus-forming) infections and toxinoses in humans. It causes superficial skin lesions such as boils, styes and furunculosis; more serious infections such as pneumonia, mastitis, phlebitis, meningitis, and urinary tract infections; and deep-seated infections, such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis. S. aureus is a major cause of hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection of surgical wounds and infections associated with indwelling medical devices.S. aureus causes food poisoning by releasing enterotoxins into food, and toxic shock syndrome by release of superantigens into the blood stream.
S. aureus expresses many potential virulence factors:
FIGURE 2. Virulence determinants of Staphylococcus aureus
For the majority of diseases caused by this S. aureus, pathogenesis is multifactorial, so it is difficult to determine precisely the role of any given factor. However, there are correlations between strains isolated from particular diseases and expression of particular virulence determinants, which suggests their role in a particular diseases. With some exotoxins, symptoms of a human disease can be reproduced in animals with the pure proteins. The application of molecular biology has led to advances in unraveling the pathogenesis of staphylococcal diseases. Genes encoding potential virulence factors have been cloned and sequenced, and many protein toxins have been purified. Human staphylococcal infections are frequent, but usually remain localized at the portal of entry by the normal host defenses. The portal may be a hair follicle, but usually it is a break in the skin which may be a minute needle-stick or a surgical wound. Foreign bodies, including sutures, are readily colonized by staphylococci, which may makes infections difficult to control. Another portal of entry is the respiratory tract. Staphylococcal pneumonia is a frequent complication of influenza. The localized host response to staphylococcal infection is inflammation, characterized by an elevated temperature at the site, swelling, the accumulation of pus, and necrosis of tissue. Around the inflamed area, a fibrin clot may form, walling off the bacteria and leukocytes as a characteristic pus-filled boil or abscess. More serious infections of the skin may occur, such as furuncles or impetigo. Localized infection of the bone is called osteomyelitis. Serious consequences of staphylococcal infections occur when the bacteria invade the blood stream. A resulting septicemia may be rapidly fatal; a bacteremia may result in seeding other internal abscesses, other skin lesions, or infections in the lung, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle or meninges.
FIGURE 3. Sites of infection and diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Adherence to Host Cell Proteins
S aureus cells express on their surface proteins that promote attachment to host proteins such as laminin and fibronectin that form the extracellular matrix of epithelial and endothelial surfaces. In addition, most strains express a fibrin/fibrinogen binding protein (clumping factor) which promotes attachment to blood clots and traumatized tissue. Most strains of S. aureus express both fibronectin and fibrinogen-binding proteins. In addition, an adhesin that promotes attachment to collagen has been found in strains that cause osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Interaction with collagen may also be important in promoting bacterial attachment to damaged tissue where the underlying layers have been exposed.
Evidence that staphylococcal matrix-binding proteins are
virulence factors has come from studying defective mutants in adherence assays. Mutants defective in binding to fibronectin and to fibrinogen have reduced virulence in a rat model for endocarditis, and mutants lacking the collagen-binding protein have reduced virulence in a mouse model for septic arthritis, suggesting that bacterial colonization is ineffective. Furthermore, the isolated ligand-binding domain of the fibrinogen, fibronectin and collagen receptors strongly blocks attachment of bacterial cells to the corresponding host proteins.
The invasion of host tissues by staphylococci apparently involves the production of a huge array of extracellular proteins, some of which may occur also as cell-associated proteins. These proteins are described below with some possible explanations for their role in invasive process.
Membrane-damaging toxins
a -toxin
The best characterized and most potent membrane-damaging toxinof S aureus is a-toxin. It is expressed as a monomer that binds to the membrane of susceptible cells. Subunits then oligomerize to form hexameric rings with a central pore through which cellular contents leak. Susceptible cells have a specific receptor for a-toxin which allows the toxin to bind causing small pores through which monovalent cations can pass. In humans, platelets and monocytes are particularly sensitive to a-toxin. After binding the toxin, a complex series of secondary reactions ensues, causing release of cytokines that trigger production of inflammatory mediators. These events cause the symptoms of septic shock that occur during severe infections caused by S aureus.
ß-toxin is a sphingomyelinase which damages membranes rich in this lipid. The classical test for ß-toxin is lysis of sheep erythrocytes. The majority of human isolates of S aureus do not express ß-toxin. A lysogenic bacteriophage is known to encode the toxin.
The d-toxin is a very small peptidetoxin produced by most strains of S aureus. It is also produced by S epidermidis. The role of d-toxin in disease is unknown.
g-toxin and leukocidin
The g-toxin (also called leukotoxin) and leukocidin are two-component protein toxins that damage membranes of susceptible cells. The proteins are expressed separately but act together to damage membranes. There is no evidence that they form multimers prior to insertion into membranes. Leukocidin is distinct from the leukotoxin and it is the product of a separate gene locus.
Leukotoxin is hemolytic whereas leukocidin is non-hemolytic. Only 2% of all of S. aureus isolates express leukocidin, but nearly 90% of the strains isolated from severe dermonecrotic lesions express this toxin, which suggests that it is an important factor in necrotizing skin infections.
Coagulase and clumping factor
Coagulase is an extracellular protein which binds to prothrombin in the host to form a complex called staphylothrombin. The protease activity characteristic of thrombin is activated in the complex, resulting in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Coagulase is a traditional marker for identifying S aureus in the clinical microbiology laboratory. However, there is no overwhelming evidence that it is a virulence factor, although it is reasonable to speculate that the bacteria could protect themselves from phagocytic and immune defenses by causing localized clotting.
There is some confusion in the literature concerning coagulase and clumping factor, the fibrinogen-binding determinant on the S.aureus cell surface. Partly the confusion results from the fact that a small amount of coagulase is tightly bound on the bacterial cell surface where it can react with prothrombin leading to fibrin clotting. However, genetic studies have shown unequivocally that coagulase and clumping factor are distinct entities. Specific mutants lacking coagulase retain clumping factor activity, while clumping factor mutants express coagulase normally.
Many strains of S aureus express a plasminogen activator called staphylokinase. This factor lyses fibrin.The genetic determinant is associated with lysogenic bacteriophages. A complex formed between staphylokinase and plasminogen activates plasmin-like proteolytic activity which causes dissolution of fibrin clots. The mechanism is identical to streptokinase, which is used in medicine to treat patients suffering from coronary thrombosis. As with coagulase there is no strong evidence that staphylokinase is a virulence factor, although it seems reasonable to imagine that localized fibrinolysis might aid in bacterial spreading.
Other extracellular enzymesS aureus can express proteases, a lipase, a deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and a fatty acid modifying enzyme (FAME). The first three probably provide nutrients for the bacteria, and it is unlikely that they have anything but a minor role in pathogenesis. However, the FAME enzyme may be important in abscesses, where it could modify anti-bacterial lipids andprolong bacterial survival.
Avoidance of Host Defenses
S aureus expresses a number of factors that have the potential to interfere with host defense mechanisms.
Capsular Polysaccharide
The majority of clinical isolates of S aureus express a surface polysaccharide of either serotype 5 or 8. This has been called a microcapsule because it can be visualized only by electron microscopy unlike the true capsules of some bacteria which are readily visualized by light microscopy. S aureus isolated from infections expresses high levels of the polysaccharide but rapidly lose the ability when cultured in the laboratory. The function of the capsule in virulence is not entirely clear. Although it does impede phagocytosis in the absence of complement, it also impedes colonization of damaged heart valves, perhaps by masking adhesins.
Protein A
Protein A is a surface protein of S aureus whichbinds IgG molecules by their Fc region. In serum, bacteria will bind IgG molecules in the wrong orientation on their surface which disrupts opsonization and phagocytosis. Mutants of S aureus lacking protein A are more efficiently phagocytosed in vitro, and mutants in infection models have diminished virulence.
S. aureus can express a toxin that specifically acts on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phagocytosis is an importantdefense against staphylococcal infection so leukocidin should bea virulence factor.
S aureus can express several different types of protein toxins which are probably responsible for symptoms during infections. Those which damage the membranes of cells were discussed above under Invasion. Some will lyse erythrocytes, causing hemolysis, but it is unlikely that hemolysis is a relevant determinant of virulence in vivo. Leukocidin causes membrane damage to leukocytes, but is nothemolytic. Systemic release of a-toxin causes septic shock, while enterotoxins and TSST-1 are superantigens that may cause toxic shock. Staphylococcal enterotoxins cause emesis (vomiting) when ingested The exfoliatin toxin, associated with scalded skin syndrome, causes separation of the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin by an unknown mechanism
Superantigens: enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin
S aureus secretes two types of toxin with superantigen activity, enterotoxins, of which there are six antigenic types (named SE-A, B, C, D, E and G), and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1). Enterotoxins cause diarrhea and vomiting when ingested and are responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning. TSST-1 is expressed systemically and is the cause of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). When expressed systemically, enterotoxins can also cause toxic shock syndrome. In fact, enterotoxins B and C cause 50% of non-menstrual cases of TSS. TSST-1 is weakly related to enterotoxins, but it does not have emetic activity. TSST-1 is responsible for 75% of TSS, including all menstrual cases. TSS can occur as a sequel to any staphylococcal infection if an enterotoxin or TSST-1 isreleased systemically and the host lacks appropriate neutralizing antibodies.
Superantigens stimulate T cells non-specifically without normal antigenic recognition (Figure 4). Up to one in five T cells may be activated, whereas only 1 in 10,000 are stimulated during a usual antigen presentation. Cytokines are released in large amounts, causing the symptoms of TSS. Superantigens bind directly to antigen-presenting cells outside the conventional antigen-binding grove. This complex recognizes only the Vb element of the T cell receptor. Thus any T cell with the appropriate Vb element can bestimulated, whereas normally antigen specificity is also required in binding.
FIGURE 4. Superantigens and the non-specific stimulation of T cells
Exfoliatin toxin (ET)
This toxin causes the scalded skin syndrome in neonates, which results in widespread blistering and loss of the epidermis. There are two antigenically distinct forms of the toxin, ETA and ETB. The toxins have a specific esterase activity, but it is not clear how this would causes epidermal splitting. There is some evidence that the toxins have protease activity, so it is also possible that the toxins target a very specific protein which is involved in maintaining the integrity of the epidermis. Pathogenic Staphylococcus epidermidis In contrast to S. aureus, little is known aboutmechanisms of pathogenesis of S. epidermidis infections.
Adherence is obviously a crucial step in the initiation offoreign body infections. Bacteria-plastic interactions are probably important in colonization of catheters, and a polysaccharide adhesion (PS/A) has been identified. In addition, when host proteins deposit on the implanted device Sepidermidis will bind to fibronectin. A characteristic of many pathogenic strains ofS. epidermidis is the production of a slime resulting in biofilm formation. The slime is predominantly a secreted teichoic acid, normally found in the cell wall of the staphylococci. This ability to form a biofilm on the surface of a prosthetic device is probably a significant determinant of virulence for these bacteria.
Resistance of Staphylococci to Antimicrobial Drugs
Hospital strains of S aureus are usually resistant to a variety of different antibiotics. A few strains are resistant to all clinically useful antibiotics except vancomycin, and, rarely, vancomycin-resistant strains have been reported. The term MRSA refers to Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin resistance is widespread and most methicillin-resistant strains are also multiply resistant. A plasmid associated with vancomycin resistance has been detected in the enterococci (Streptococcus faecalis), which can be transferred to S. aureus in the laboratory, and it is speculated that this transfer may occur naturally (e.g. in the gastrointestinal tract). In addition, S aureus exhibits resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants, such as quaternary ammonium compounds, which may aid its survival in the hospital environment.
Staphylococcal disease has been a perennial problem in the hospital environment since the beginning of the antibiotic era. During the 1950's and early1960's, staphylococcal infection was synonymous with nosocomial infection. Gram-negative bacilli (e.g. E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) have replaced the staphylococci as the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections, although the staphylococci have remained a problem. S aureus responded to the introduction of antibiotics by the usual bacterial means to develop drug resistance: (1) mutation in chromosomal genes followed by selection of resistant strains and (2) acquisition of resistance genes as extrachromosomal plasmids, transducing particles, transposons, or other types of DNA inserts. S. aureus expresses its resistance to drugs and antibiotics through a variety of mechanisms.
Beginning with the use of the penicillin in the 1940's, drug resistance has developed in the staphylococci within a very short time after introduction of an antibiotic into clinical use. Some strains are now resistant to most conventional antibiotics, and there is concern that new antibiotics have not been forthcoming. New strategies in the pharmaceutical industry to find antimicrobial drugs involve identifying potential molecular targets in cells (such the active sites of enzymes involved in cell division), then developing inhibitors of the specific target molecule. Hopefully, this approach will turn up new antimicrobial agents for the battle against staphylococcal infections.
Host Defense against Staphylococcal Infections
Phagocytosis is the major mechanism for combatting staphylococcal infection. Antibodies are produced which neutralize toxins and promote opsonization. However, the bacterial capsule and protein A may interfere with phagocytosis. Biofilm growth on implants is also impervious to phagocytosis.
Infections acquired outside hospitals can usually be treated with penicillinase-resistant ß-lactams. Hospital acquired infection is often caused by antibiotic resistant strains and can only be treated with vancomycin.
No vaccine is available that stimulates active immunity against staphylococcal infections in humans. A vaccine based on fibronectin binding protein induces protective immunity against mastitis in cattle and might also be used as a vaccine in humans. Hyperimmune serum or monoclonal antibodies directed towards surface components (e.g., capsular polysaccharide or surface protein adhesions) could theoretically prevent bacterial adherence and promote phagocytosis by opsonization of bacterial cells. Also, human hyperimmune serum could be given to hospital patients before surgery as a form of passive immunization. When the precise molecular basis of the interactions between staphylococcal adhesins and host tissue receptors is known it might be possible to design compounds that block the interactions and thus prevent bacterial colonization. These could be administered systemically or topically.
Table 2. Possible virulence determinants expressed in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infectionsboils and pimples (folliculitis)
Colonization: cell-bound (protein) adhesins
Invasion: Invasins: staphylokinase
Other extracellular enzymes (proteases, lipases, nucleases, collagenase, elastase. etc.)
Resistance to phagocytosis: coagulase, leukocidin
Resistance to immune responses: coagulase
Toxigenesis: cytotoxic toxins (hemolysins and leukocidin)
Colonization: cell-bound (protein) adhesins
Invasins: staphylokinase, hyaluronidase
Other extracellular enzymes (proteases, lipases, nucleases, collagenase, elastase. etc.)
Resistance to phagocytosis: coagulase, leukocidin, hemolysins, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, growth at low pH
Resistance to immune responses: coagulase, antigenic variation
Toxigenesis: Cytotoxic toxins (hemolysins and leukocidin)
food poisoning (emesis or vomiting)
Toxigenesis: Enterotoxins A-G
septicemia (invasion of the bloodstream)
Invasins: staphylokinase, hyaluronidase
Other extracellular enzymes (proteases, lipases, nucleases, collagenase, elastase. etc.)
Resistance to phagocytosis: coagulase, protein A, leukocidin, hemolysins, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, growth at low pH
Resistance to immune responses: coagulase, protein A, antigenic variation
Toxigenesis: cytotoxic toxins (hemolysins and leukocidin)
osteomyelitis (invasion of bone)
Colonization: cell-bound (protein) adhesins
Invasins: staphylokinase, hyaluronidase
Other extracellular enzymes (proteases, lipases, nucleases, collagenase, elastase. etc.)
Resistance to phagocytosis: coagulase, protein A, leukocidin, hemolysins, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, growth at low pH
Resistance to immune responses: coagulase, protein A, antigenic variation
Toxigenesis: cytotoxic toxins (hemolysins and leukocidin)
toxic shock syndrome
Colonization: cell-bound (protein) adhesins
Resistance to immune responses: coagulase, antigenic variation
Toxigenesis: TSST toxin, Enterotoxins A-G
surgical wound infections
Colonization: cell-bound (protein) adhesins
Invasins: staphylokinase, hyaluronidase
Other extracellular enzymes (proteases, lipases, nucleases, collagenase, elastase. etc.)
Resistance to phagocytosis: coagulase, protein A, leukocidin, hemolysins, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, growth at low pH
Resistance to immune responses: coagulase, protein A, antigenic variation
Toxigenesis: cytotoxic toxins (hemolysins and leukocidin)
scalded skin syndrome (analogous to scarlet fever)
Colonization: cell-bound (protein) adhesins
Invasins: staphylokinase, hyaluronidase
Other extracellular enzymes (proteases, lipases, nucleases, collagenase, elastase. etc.)
Resistance to phagocytosis: coagulase, leukocidin, hemolysins
Resistance to immune responses: coagulase, antigenic variation
Toxigenesis: Exfoliatin toxin