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Ironically, another DZ chapter also made the news recently. The house at Texas A&M, which is presumably closer to DZ's stereotypical ideal, was searched by police, and one of the members got caught with cocaine. Hey, coke's good for losing weight, right?
Here are some of the most interesting blog posts on the DePauw/DZ situation I've seen so far.
General JC Christian's letter to Debbie Raziano (DZ National President)
DePauw DZ alum: "No matter what the rest of DePauw thought about me and my sisters, I have never been ashamed to call myself a Delta Zeta. Now I am."
Friend of former DZ who led the protest: "Anyone who missed it missed one of the better spectacles they were ever going to see at DePauw, and it's an honor to be so close to the rabblerouser behind it all."
BitchPhD: "Sisterhood is powerful"
DZ Livejournal community discussion:
Wow, another article indicates that DZ may have pulled something similar at University of Kentucky in 1999
Here are some excerpts from "NO RUSH TO JUDGMENT FOR DELTA ZETA 8 OUSTED UK SORORITY SISTERS GO TO COURT MEDIATION THIS WEEK, BUT SAY THEIR LOSS CAN'T BE REPAID" by Valarie Honeycutt printed in the Lexington Herald-Leader on August 12, 2001
"Jennifer McVay and seven other women say they should be helping to host parties at the Delta Zeta house when sorority rush begins this week at the University of Kentucky.
Instead, the eight women will be trying to settle a federal lawsuit they filed against the national sorority in 1999. The suit alleges that the sorority breached a contract with the women after it kicked them out because they couldn't recruit enough members, according to federal court records.
The lawsuit also alleges that the women were told not to display sorority letters or fraternize with new recruits even though they were considered alumnae.
he Delta Zeta case began in 1999, when, after several years of trying to increase membership, the sorority's national office reorganized the chapter at UK.
The eight women who filed the lawsuit -- McVay, Heather Bostwick, Vicki Blair, Mary Himbaugh, Heather Combs, Andrea Moberly, Margo Elliott and Stephanie Webster -- had no disciplinary problems and were in good standing, but were told they would be alumnae and no longer be active members.
When asked why the eight women were ousted, Delta Zeta officials said in court records, 'The existing members were not able to facilitate and maintain successful recruitment.'
Delta Zeta officials acknowledge telling at least two of the women that it would be in the best interest of new recruits if the ousted members 'refrained from wearing their sorority letters on campus or in public, visiting the chapter house, participating in social events, and to refrain from having any contact at all with new members,' court records said.
Heather Bostwick said she was temporarily left without a place to live after the eight were asked to leave the sorority house.
'I always thought, "Once a sister, always a sister," unless you didn't pay your dues or something,' said Bostwick, 23, now a graduate student in Deerfield Beach, Florida.
But McVay, now 22 and a UK law student, said that she and her fellow former sorority members can never recapture their lost sorority experience.
She said she hopes the lawsuit, filed "as a last resort," might help other members of such organizations.
'People who take the time to listen say, 'That could happen to me,' she said."
Most of the stories posted above that highlight the questionable actions of Delta Zeta occured when, admittedly, membership numbers were suffering.
However, Menges and the rest of DZ Nationals still chose to engage in "questionable actions" related to a chapter with low numbers, and it sounds like this may not be the first time that there have been questions raised about the way DZ members were treated. Sure, if they'd waited until the end of the year and simply closed the house, there wouldn't have been any national news stories and this thread wouldn't even exist. But that's not what happened.
In the end the truth is it's not the letters you have on your shirt its the friends you make.... In my own sorority we have had difficult times but just because we might no longer be labled sisters does not mean they are some of my best friends. I would have to say what nationals did was just wrong, however the girls kicked out are not no longer friends or sisters they just wont wear the letters... and quite frankly I wouldnt want the letters if I were them.. I would move on with my life!
Here's a post from someone who apparently oversaw part of DePauw rush, and heard some disturbing things about Delta Zeta (source: http://www.chezartz.com/2007/02/27/delta-zeta-at-depauw/).
Sorry, but I found this linked to another message board. I am intrigued that you seem to dismiss the National sorority's responsibility in this matter. The phrase, "they would never compromise their integrity just to get new members" makes me laugh especially, since I was a Rho Gamma who had to monitor Delta Zeta during first round of recruitment. Not only did a national representative announce in her presentation that the members who were recommended for alumna status had strayed from Delta Zeta values, but I then had to deal with distressed freshmen women who told me that the girls rushing them (IU and Purdue DZ pledges) had been told by DZ Nationals that they wouldn't be initiated if they didn't help with DePauw's recruitment. I would argue that BOTH of these instances show their LACK of integrity. I won't even begin to mention the things that the representatives said at the "DZ Hypocrits" meeting that completely inflamed the student body as well as were complete crocks of crap.
I am not a Delta Zeta, but some of my best friends are. Delta Zeta nationals were not the ones who had to reassure these women that they are good people who hadn't done anything wrong. In fact, the representatives and every other person I've encountered from Delta Zeta has just made the situation worse. I'm sorry that as an alumna, you are upset by the situation, but do not excuse the actions of the National office. The way to solve campus bias against the women of the house was not to come in and validate what had previously been said and to place blame on those members who had been forced into taking alumna status. Maybe if you had heard the things that I heard (even from an outsiders' perspective) you might understand why there is so much outrage surrounding this situation.
Delta Zeta put some less-than-plausible justifications on their website (http://www.deltazeta.org/pages/content/dz_happenings.html), but DePauw wasn't drinking the Kool-aid. Their official response to the stuff on the DZ site is at http://www.depauw.edu/student/greek/documents/DZResponse.pdf and there's another statement at http://www.depauw.edu/student/greek/deltazetanews.asp .
The DePauw DZ chapter is featured in the current edition of Newsweek at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17439126/site/newsweek/ . Also, Delta Zeta now has a less-than-impressive apology on their website: "Delta Zeta National apologizes to any of our women at DePauw who felt personally hurt by our actions. It was never our intention to disparage or hurt any of our members during this chapter reorganization process." Umm... there was also the small matter of the women getting thrown out in the middle of the school year and having to deal with the news right around finals. Does DZ see this kind of thing as a problem at all? Rob Cottingham has an interesting take on the apology at "http://www.robcottingham.ca/20070305/thinking-of-joining-delta-zeta-sorority-read-this-first/ .
I was a member of the Iota Omega Chapter of Delta Zeta at JU in the early 80's and your description wasn't what I experienced or saw firsthand as a sister. I actually pledged due to the diversity I found in our chapter in 1981. DZ had a well rounded mix of young ladies who were pretty, smart, well liked, and not like the picture you have painted. I cheered, was in the band, active in many areas of student life and have many great memories! BTW-we had the largest pledge classes at the time. I do not condone what I have read in the news but also believe that something happened to close this chapter and it is sad. Curious as to what sorority you were a member of and to me it's obvious by your post that you harbor negative feelings concerning DZ...word of advice, you might want to check your own Karma.
You should know that all of us that were involved in the DZ court case where I went to school (Not DePauw) were made to sign a "Gag Order" which said I was never allowed to discuss anything that happened again, to anyone, not in writing, not the media, or anyone else. You'll probably never hear what really happened most places. It's public record I think, if you went looking.
I was at UK when that happened to that chapter. I was friends with a few of the girls there. Had been to the house several times. Not a greek but didn't like what happened to the girls.
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Community Information Database
Subject Description
Antique Collector Clubs
Programs that provide organized opportunities for people to pursue their interest in furniture, jewelry or other items from another era, often through the medium of a club or society which is under the leadership of people who are knowledgeable in the subject. Activities may include sharing of information about antiques, criteria for their value and current prices, and opportunities for members to make further acquisitions for their collections. Included are Internet-based virtual clubs, WebRings devoted to the subject and clubs where members meet face-to-face.
Taxonomy Code: PS-820.140-05

subset: commoncrawl


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Neville Longbottom's bedroom
Revision as of 18:47, February 8, 2011 by BachLynn23 (Talk | contribs)
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- "Well, we better get back. Very nice to have met you all. Neville, put that wrapper in the bin, she must have given you enough of them to paper your bedroom by now."
- —Neville's grandmother telling Neville to throw away the wrapper his mother had given to him.[src]
The bedroom of Neville Longbottom was located in Augusta Longbottom's house. Augusta once joked that he had been given enough sweet wrappers by his mother to paper his bedroom.[1]
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Mentioned only)
Notes and references
- ↑ Mentioned in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.


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Howto: Canon LBP 5100 with Samba (amd64)
Posted by r0bis on Tue 8 Sep 2009 at 13:32
The method here should work for just about any printer
After a long chase for information about CAPT and amd64 and multiple failed installations (with compiling from "source") of the CAPT 1.80 driver from Canon I understood that actually colour printing from 64-bit linux would be next to impossible with this printer.
I almost got everything working but the error: pstocapt3 write errors 9 and 32 got me every time. I could not understand whether this was - likely printing to a local spool file, or was it writing to Canon printer over Samba that failed. Might be the latter, since the printer stopped responding to normal jobs from windows an I had to re-install windows driver.
Almost accidentally I came accross this excellent HOWTO_Canon_LBP_2900_with_Samba page on Gentoo wiki. It explains everything in very good detail, therefore I will put only a summary of necessary actions here.
What to do to get your Canon CAPT printer working from Linux over Samba
- Install your Canon driver for windows on the corresponding computer.
- Install Ghostscript on your Windows computer.
- Install Ghostview on your Windows computer.
- Test you can print with Ghostview (open an example file in your Ghostscript installation directory).
- Set up Ghostprint config file. (gsprint.cfg in same directory as gsprint.exe, which in turn in your Ghostview installation directory)
- Install a standard postscript driver on your Windows machine. This should be of a printer that has readily available drivers both on Windows and Linux. The author chose Apple Laser Writer II (which is a BW printer); I chose HP Color Laser Jet 8500 PS. When installing choose "Print to File" port. Test if you can print anyhing on it - the system should ask you for a file name and produce > 0 lenght output.
- Install redmon. That is download, unzip in your directory of choice, then run setup.exe.
- Create a redirected port for your PS printer driver. Properties | Add Port | Redirected port. Name port as you wish:
- Configure the redirected port.
- Redirect to program: enter / browse path to your GSPRINT.EXE
- Arguments for program: - a single dash, with no spaces at all. Alternatively you could use your options to ghostprint here.
- Output: Program handles output
- Run as user: [ ] (unchecked)
- Test if you can print anything on the PS printer. There may be cmd window blink. You should now get output in your Canon printer tray.
- If success - share the printer. The hardest part is over.
- I presume you have SAMBA set up in such a way that you can browse/use files from your Linux box on the Windows box.
- in your browser open http://localhost:631 - this is CUPS administration interface.
- Choose Add printer under Management. Enter names / dscriptions as you like. For printer device select "Windows Printer via Samba".
- then for URI you will enter smb://username:password@workgroup/machine/yourNewPSprinterShare . I created a new non-admin user on Windows specifically for not leaving my XP admin account password in CUPS config files. Might also work w/o password at all.
- Select make and model that you set for your Windows PS printer. If not readily available you can download a lot of *.ppd files + get recommendations on how they work from Linuxprinting.
- That should be it. Select your new printer in CUPS and print a test page.
- smile, if appropriate :)
A few notes:
* if there is some cutting/cropping of edges at times - remember that you cannot set page size/shrinking etc via command line options in ghostprint. That is done in the actual printer driver - so you can experiment with the new PS driver or rather the Canon driver - on windows.
* At some point I also installed Print services for Unix via Windows setup, but I did it when I was desperately trying to make CAPPT drivers work. I don't think that has any relevance.
* if you fail to find redmon download, do search for "redmon17.zip" - Google should give you quite a few working mirrors.
* Not all your linux programs will print correctly. e.g. Inkscape did not print SVG file. You enable can log & debug under the virtual PS printer if you edit (configure) the redirected port.
**** There you can set logfile; you can also set debug - if needed. And there you also can set the DOS window to be hidden.
Your Canon printer is less of paperweight now :)
Your comments and improvements are very welcome
That way almost any printer can be used ....
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The catch is - you have to have a postscript printer (which LBP5100 is not). But when you have a virtual postscript printer which is redirected via redmon - works like a charm, just ask PrintFile to print to the virtual Ps printer.
This program also has fairly advanced features as well; nicely done, so thanks a lot to Peter Lerup!
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If you still want to use your printer without MS Windows, download the NEW drivers from here:
*) LBP 5000: "http://support-au.canon.com.au/EN/search?canonsearch=1&lang=E N&category=Printers&series=Laser%20Beam%20Printers%20(Col our)&model=LASER%20SHOT%20LBP5000&menu=Download";.
*) LBP 5100: "http://support-au.canon.com.au/EN/search?canonsearch=1&lang=E N&category=Printers&series=Laser%20Beam%20Printers%20(Col our)&model=LASER%20SHOT%20LBP5100&menu=Download";
I found the new drivers only in Australian site of Canon.
It works fine for me (32 bit Debian Lenny and printer Canon LBP 5000).
If you meet any problems to find the driver, please reply here and I will upload it somewhere.
I guess you know the installation procedure (32-bit), but it is also included in the downloaded file.
[ Parent | Reply to this comment ]
I am now quite used to print through windows box, because it is quieter - therefore is the one that remains on all the time. However it would be very useful to install the driver to be able to print directly to the printer share.
I am afraid that this share issue may confuse me a little in the process and in addition I have a 64-bit system. But I will give it a go some time this week. If you have any tips with regard how to compile/install the driver on 64 bits, please let me know.
[ Parent | Reply to this comment ]
First I would like to thanks all for this nice article.
My problem is little bit different,I am connection canon LBP-3300 with linux system with CUPS and canon linux driver and shared with linux-samba-print server.
Now we have some windows system too and wants to get print from windows to linux connected canon CAPT printer.
is there any way to do this?
thank you.
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A little bit of trubleshooting is needed if you have a selinux distro like I do, but basically setting selinux to permissive, saving the avc error messages related to cupsd and creating new policy file with audit2allow -R works very well. Then set selinux back to enforcing mode.
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About Mahavir Electronics
Established in the year 1992, at Pune (Maharashtra, India), we, "Mahavir Electronics", are engaged in trading and supplying a comprehensive assortment of LED TVs, LCD TVs, Plasma TVs, Oven, Home Theatres, DVDs, Computers, Laptops, etc. The offered products are sourced from some of the reliable vendors of the industry. Our products are usually acknowledged for their diverse features like reliable performance, low power consumption, robust construction, attractive design, excellent finish and longer service life. Moreover, the products offered by us are designed and developed by our trustworthy vendors using high grade raw material and sophisticated technology as per the set quality standards. In order to fulfill the diverse requirements of our clients in the most efficient manner, we provide these in various sizes, designs and other related specifications. Apart from this, we are also engaged in offering superior quality DTH Dish Antenna. In addition to this, the offered products and services can also be availed by our valuable clients at the most reasonable prices.
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Due to a strong network of trustworthy vendors, we have been able to provide an impeccable quality array to the clients. Considering vendors as the backbone of any trading company, our procurement agents conduct intensive market researches to choose the reliable and authorized manufacturers that are spread all across the nation. They analyze financial stability, quality standards, infrastructural facility, delivery schedules, pricing policies, etc. of these vendors and then place the orders.
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Pyrenees-Mont Perdu, France and Spain
Pyrenees-Mont Perdu (42°38'N, 0°10'W) is a World Heritage Site situated in the central Pyrenees mountain range on the international boundary between France and Spain.
Geographical Location
Situated in the Central Pyrénées mountain range on the international boundary between France and Spain. 42°38'N, 0°10'W. In France, to the North, it is located in the Hautes-Pyrénées Department in the Midi-Pyrénées Region. The southern part of it, in Spain, includes the municipalities of Torla, Fanlo, Tella-Sin, Puértolas, Bielsa y Broto in the Huesca Province of the Autonomous Community of Aragón
Date and History of Establishment
- The nominated site includes two bordering national parks: the entire Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park in Spain and the eastern part of Pyrénées Occidentales National Park in France.
- These were established by Spanish Royal Decree of 1918 (extended from 2,100 hectares (ha) to 15,608 in 1982) and by the French Governmental Decree on 1967, respectively.
- The Spanish National Park received the Council of Europe European Diploma category A in 1,988, which was renewed in 1993, it has also been established as a Special Protection Area under the 1979 Birds Directive. It includes the core area (8,116 ha) of the Ordesa-Viñamala Reserve (51,396 ha), which was internationally recognised as a Biosphere Reserve in 1977.
- Viñamala National Hunting Reserve was established in 1966 and it is coincidental with Ordesa-Viñamala Biosphere Reserve.
- In France the Gavarnie, Troumouse and Estaubé "Site Classé" (Classified Reserve) was established in 1941.
- There is a buffer zone surrounding the nominated site which includes to the north the remaining area of the Gavarnie,
- Troumouse and Estaubé "Sitre Classé" (France) and in Spain: to the west the remaining area of the Viñamala National Hunting Reserve, coincidental with Ordesa-Viñamala Biosphere Reserve; to the south two buffer zones of the Spanish national park; and to the east another buffer zone and the Los Circos National Hunting Reserve established in 1966.
- A Cooperation Charter between France and Spain was signed in September 1988.
- Inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997 and modified in 1999.
The site covers an area of 31,189 hectares (ha), of which 20,134 ha are in Spain: the entire "Ordesa y Monte Perdido" National Park (15,608 ha), and a buffer zone of 4,526 ha; and 11,055 ha in France: the eastern part of Pyrénées Occidentales National Park (7,451 ha) and part of Gavarnie "Site Classé" (3,559 ha).
Land Tenure
In France mainly owned by the communities of the Barèges and Aure valleys and in Spain mainly by the municipal governments of the five localities included. There are also some State and private ownership.
From 600 metres (m) to 3352 m (Monte Perdido/Mont Perdu).
Physical Features
The site, a limestone massif, is a mountain landscape with lakes, waterfalls, rocky outcrops, glacial cirques and canyons. The four glacial cirques: Gavarnie, Estaubé, Troumouse and Baroude are located to the north; to the south there are three canyons and a gorge: Ordesa, Añisclo, Pineta and Escuaín. Three distinct geomorphological regions are found. First, in the north, three convergent valleys are surmounted by crests oriented north-south comprising schistose and sandstone. The cirques of Estaubé and Troumouse are separated in the south-east by a crest dominated by Munia Peak (3133 m). The second region comprises a line of steep limestone steps stretching for 20 kilometers (km), most of the summits of which are higher than 3000 m). Third, high sandstone and schistose plateaus, at about 2,000 m are found to the southwest of the "Tres Serols".
Altitude and topography significantly affect the local climate. The two main climate regimes are oceanic climate to the north and a continental peri-Mediterranean climate to the south side. Average annual temperature is 5°C, mean winter temperature in February is -1°C and the mean during the summer (July) is 12°C. Rainfall varies from 900 millimeters (mm) to 2,000 mm, annual mean rainfall is 1,600 mm. Seasonal distribution of rainfall is approximately winter (16%), spring (30%), summer (22%), and autumn (32%).
Five vegetation types have been described: submediterranean, collinean, montane, subalpine and the alpine type. The submediterranean type is mostly found in valleys in the south and is dominated by Quercus ilex rotundifolia in rocky sites, and Quercus faginea in deep soils. The collinean vegetation is dominated by Quercus sessiliflora The montane areas are characterized by beech Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris. Ramonda myconi, endemic to the Pyrénées,is found in this habitat and others species such as the Pyrenean saxifrage Saxifraga longifolia, Antirrhinum sempervirens and Pinguicula longifolia occur in the same habitat. The subalpine vegetation is dominated by black mountain pine Pinus uncinata, Vicia argentea (R) and the endemic Borderea pyrenaica. The alpine area holds a high proportion of endemic species to the Pyrénées, including Saxifraga iratiana and Androsace pyrenaica. The flora includes more than 1500 species, of which 50 are Pyrenean endemic species.
The site supports many species typical of the Pyrénées. Mammals include the marmot Marmota marmota, Mustela erminea, ungulates such as Capreolus capreolus and Rupicapra p. pyrenaica, with the population estimated at 800 individuals, and Spanish ibex Capra p. pyrenaica now only three female individuals. A small brown bear Ursus arctos population remains in the Pyrenees, but not in the nominated area. The insectivorous Pyrenean desman Galemys pyrenaicus, occurs in lowland elevation. The avifauna includes Lammergeyer Gypaetus barbatus, in decline throughout Europe, Bonelli's Eagle Hieraëtus fasciatus, Lagopus mutus, Tetrastes bonasia, Tetrao urogallus, Pyrrhocorax graculus, Parus palustris, Certhia familiaris, Tichodroma muraria, Oenanthe oenanthe, Phoenicurus ochrurus, Prunella collaris, Anthus s. spinoletta, and Montifringilla nivalis. Reptiles include the montane lizard Archaeolacerta bonnali, restricted to high elevations. Among the amphibians, species of interest include Euproctus asper, Rana temporaria and R. pyrenaica. Other noteworthy fauna include cave-dwelling species such as a collembolan Tricanthella frigida, an endemic found in Gavarnie cirque at 2500 m, and coleopteran Tipnus unicolor and Speonomus bolivari.
Cultural Heritage
There are human settlements in the area since the Palaeolithic (40,000-10,000 BC). The Massif has played a major role in the communication between Spanish and French communities bordering the site. Cultural similarities are found in both sides of the nominated area, especially the use of terraces. Striking terraces and cultural monuments constitute a significant symbol of past occupation in the region.
Local Human Population
Socio-economic activities have declined during last 50 years, although transhumant grazing still occur, with livestock being grazed on the massif in summer. The only two economic activities occurring the nominated site are related to grazing and trekking.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities
A total of two million tourists visit the site each year. Two places are most visited, Torla in Spain, and Gavarnie village in France. The Cirque de Gavarnie is a glacial amphitheatre with a rock-face popular with climbers, and with one of the highest waterfalls (423 m) in the Pyrénées. Measures have been taken to limit visitor pressure, especially those using cars, in order to encourage pedestrians to visit the protected areas. In general, entrance to the site is controlled by national park managers. Four mountain refuges are available between 2,000 and 2,600 m altitude: Góriz in Spain; La Brèche- Boucharo, Les Espuguettes and Barroude in France. Other accommodation is available in villages and two hotels outside the site.
Scientific Research and Facilities
According to the Cooperation Charter, two species are considered of particular research interest: Rupicapra p. pyrenaica, and Capra p. pyrenaica. No further information is available.
Conservation Value
The site represents a exceptional geophysical landscape. Around 20 km of Pyrenean mountains cross the site from west and north-west to east and southeast. The massif play a hydrographical role as a watershed, and contains important and spectacular cirques. The site has served as a refuge during glacial periods, leading to a high degree of endemism in fauna and flora. Many species are restricted to Monte Perdido such as Saxifraga iratiana and Androsace pyrenaica, Rupicapra p. pyrenaica, Capra p. pyrenaica, and Rana pyrenaica.
Conservation Management
The conservation plan is oriented towards limiting road construction and vehicle use. Farming is recognized as an integrated activity for local communities. Other programs include the management of the large numbers of visitors to the site.
Management plans: Spain: Plan Rector de Uso y Gestión del Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido, approved in 1995 by Royal Decree; France: Plan d'Amenagement approved in 1990, to be reviewed and approved in 1997.
Management Constraints
An estimated two million tourists visit the site each year. Activities include hiking, riding, climbing, skiing and fishing. According to reports in the IUCN Bear Specialist Group Newsletter, restrictions of hunting and limitations on motorized vehicles have not been welcomed by local people and hunters.
The French national park has a Director and a Deputy Director managing seven technical staff (scientific, development, grazing and communication), seven administrative staff and 34 rangers in charge of vigilance and guidance. The Spanish national park has a Conservation Director managing a staff of two technicians (Deputy Director and Head of Conservation), four administrative staff and 12 rangers.
The budget for each national park, excluding the budget for personnel, is approximately:
- P.N.P.: 14 millions FF
- P.N.O.M.P.: 300 millions Pts.
- Additional budget is provided to the local municipalities to implement conservation measures in the buffer zone by the Estate in Spain and by the State and the Regional government in France.
IUCN Management Category II
- Parc National des Pyrénées Occidentales: II
- Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido: II
- Natural World Heritage Site - Criteria - i, iii
- Cultural World Heritage Site - Criteria - iii, iv, v
Further Reading
- Almela, A., Rios, J. M., y Alastrue, E. (1957). Explicación al mapa geológico de la provincia de Huesca (1/200.000). IGME, Madrid.
- Association Mont Perdu Patrimoine Mondial (AMPPM), 1995. Massif Mont Perdu/Tres Serols. France-Espagne. Nomination dossier, 100 pages + Annexes (140 pages).
- Balcells, E. (1985). Ordesa-Viñamala. Monografía n° 37 ICONA-MAPA, Madrid.
- Balcells, E. (1994). La vida y sus manifestaciones en el Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido. E. Lunwerg, Barcelona.
- Besson, J. P. (1971). Introduction de la marmotte dans le Pyrénées. 96e Congrès des Sociétes savantes. Toulouse.
- Biarge, F. (1992). Senderos. Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido. E. F. Biarge. Huesca.
- Bresson, A. (1902). La nappe de recouvrement des environs de Gavarnie et de Gèdre. Comparaison des bassins crétacés d'Eaux Chaudes, de Gèdre et de Gavarnie. C. R. Acad. Sc. París.
- Castanet, J. Y. and Guyetant, R. (1989). Atlas de répartition des amphibiens et reptiles de France. Societé Herpétologique de France. París.
- Crampe, J. P. (1986). Aperçus démographiques sur une population d'isards protégée. Exemple du Mayouret (Cauterets). Documents scientifiques du PNP, n° 21. Tarbes.
- Creus Novau, J. (1983). El clima del Alto Aragón Occidental. Mongr. Inst. Estud. Pirenaicos, 109. Jaca.
- Daumas, M. (1976). La vie rurale dans le Haut Aragón Oriental. CSIC. Madrid. ISBN: 8400042611.
- Dendaletche, Cl. (1973). Guide du Naturliste dans les Pyrénées occidentales. Tomes 1 y 2. Delachaux et Niestlé, Neuchâtel.
- Dupias, G., Izard, M. y Montserrat, P. (1982). Carte de la Végétation de la France: feuille au 1/200.000, n°76. Luz. CNRS, Toulouse.
- España-Francia, 1997. Monte Perdido, Circos y Cañones. Proposition d'Inscription au Patrimoine Mondial de l'UNESCO. February 1997. 21 pages + annexes.
- Flachere, H. (1977). La nappe du Mont Perdu et ses relations avec la nappe de Gavarnie. Th. 3è Cycle, Université Paul Sabatier. Toulouse.
- Garcia Gonzalez, R. (1991). Inventario de la población española de bucardo (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) en el Parque Nacional de Ordesa. ICONA-CSIC. Huesca.
- Garcia Ruiz, J. M. y Marti Bono, C. (1994). Cartografía geomorfológica del parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido. (1/25.000) ICONA-CSIC. Huesca.
- Gomez de Llarena, J. (1936). Algunos datos sobre el glaciar actual de Monte Perdido. Bol. Soc. Esp. Historia natural, tomo XXXVI. Madrid.
- Hernandez-Pacheco, F. y Vidal-Box, C. (1946). La tectónica y la morfología del macizo del Monte Perdido y de las zonas de cumbres inmediatas en el Pirineo Central. Rev. Pirineos, 4. Zaragoza.
- Izard, M. (1988). Continentalité dans les Pyrénées et son impact sur la végétation. Homenaje a Pedro Montserrat. Jaca.
- Losa, M. et Montserrat, P. (1947). Aportaciones para el conocimiento de la flora de Valle de Ordesa. Collet. Bot., 11. Madrid.
- Mallada, L. (1878). Descripción fisica y geológica de la Provincia de Huesca. Mém. Com. del Mapa Geológica de España. Madrid.
- Marti Bono, C. y Garcia Ruis, J. M. (1993). La extensión del glaciarismo cuaternario en el Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido. Goegraphicalia, 30.
- Martinez de Pison, E. (1994). Relieves del Alto Pirineo Aragonés, Itinerarios geográficos. Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada. Zaragoza.
- Martinez Rica, J. P. (1983). Atlas herpetológico del Pirineo. Munibe 35. San Sebastián.
- Ministère de l'Environnement, France 1995. Massif Mont Perdu-Tres Serols. Proposition d'Inscription au Patrimoine Mondial de l'UNESCO. September 1995. 12 pages + annexe
- Pallaruelo, S. (1988). Pastores del Pirineo. Ministerio de Cultura. Madrid. ISBN: 8450575664.
- Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido - Parc National des Pyrenees. (1988). Un sendero para dos Parques. Huesca-Tarbes.
- Pascual, R. (1981). La cabra hispánica en el Parque Nacional de Ordesa. XV Congr. Int. Fauna Cinegética y Silvestre. Trujilo (Cáceres).
- Ramon de Carbonnieres (1807). Voyages au Mont Perdu (Geneve, Slatkine 1978).
- Rivas-Martinez, S. (1969). Las comunidades de las ventisqueros (Salicetea herbaceae) del Pirineo Central. Vegetatio 17. Madrid.
- Schrader, F. (1936). Pyrénées, t. I. Courses et ascensions, t. II. Science et art. Toulouse.
- Seijas Rodriguez, J. M. Seguimiento de la población de bucardo (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) en el Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido. Informe 1994-1995. Huesca (inédito).
- Serra-Cobo, J. (1993). Descripción de una nueva especie europea de rana parda (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) Rv. Alites 11. París.
- Souquet, P. (1965). Structure du masif du Mont Perdu; ses relaions avec la nappe de recouvrement de Gavarnie (Pyrénées) C. R. Acad. Sc. París.
- Van Lith, J. C. (1965). Geology of the Spanish part of the Gavarnie nappe (Pyrenees). Geologica Ultrajectina, 10. Utrecht.
- Villar, L., Montserrat, P., y Perez, R. (1993). Cartografía vegetal del Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido (1/25.000) ICONA-CSIC. Huesca.
- Villar, L., y Garcia, B. (1989). Vers una banque de données des plantes vasculaires endémiques des Pyrénées. Acta Biol. Mont. IX .Toulouse.
Disclaimer: This article contains information that was originally published by the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth have edited its content and added new information. The use of information from the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.


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This is great! Thanks for sharing it. I'm a fan of big battle maps, mostly because I use them in a skirmish game (on VTT) where the virtual size is up to 96x48 squares, representing a 4' x 8' game table.
Edit: Having had a closer look a the full size map, it strikes me that you could make it a bit messier! You've got some discrete piles of debris there, but right now it does look like the inhabitants might be sweeping it clean on a regular basis. Of course, that's allowed...


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(Credit: Picture Group/Getty Images)
Look, fabulous people do fabulous things. Get used to it. Case in point, the poof-free Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi of "Jersey Shore," who, just days after being the belle of the ball at the 2010 MTV VMAs, decided to upload a video of herself lip-synching to Britney Spears' heartbroken ballad "Sometimes."
We can reasonably guess that this took place in Snooki's Los Angeles hotel room, sometime after the VMAs. A couple things to watch for: 1) Snooki's stellar hand gestures and generally dead-on pantomiming of the Britney's lyrics. 2) Snooki's nails. 3) the name of her YouTube channel, which is "SnookTV." We thought MTV was basically SnookTV. 4) the tagline on the video, written, one assumes, by Snooki, says, "it's britney bitch. And 5) her mid-song adoption of remote control as a microphone. Classic.
Check out Snooki singing along to Brintey Spears' "Sometimes" below. Hat tip to Gawker and ONTD for the find. And watch Britney Spears' original "Sometimes" video as well.
+ Watch Snooki lip-synching to Brintey Spears' "Sometimes."


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Desperate Housewives final season is set to premiere on ABC later this month. In anticipation of the beginning of the end of the drama-filled days on Wisteria Lane, a promotional photo featuring the series gorgeous leading ladies has made its way online. Check it out ahead!
Now that its clear Desperate Housewives is entering its final season, the shows producers are preparing to go out in memorable style. New rumors hit the street today regarding the direction the last season will take, including a possible and substantial leap forward in time and who may or may not kick the bucket in the final season.
Its probably for the best, though. While Desperate Housewives is still pulling strong international ratings, it would only be a matter of time before the show pulled an E.R. or a Law and Order or a Greys, and lost American audiences completely. If ABC has a show in mind to fill the ratings niche, the network will do fine. Even if the network hasnt found a sure thing, the cancellation will at least facilitate going in a new direction
Are the ladies of Desperate Housewives soon to be in search of new employment? ABC is expected to make a decision soon on bringing back the series for the 2012-2013 season as it comes up against new challenges this season. Its possible we will be saying goodbye to the residents of Wisteria Lane at the end of this season.
ABC has all of their ducks (and planes, angels, dancing celebrities, and modern families) in a row for the Fall 2011 primetime TV lineup. The network announced the schedule today, which includes super-sized premieres for Modern Family, The Middle, and Greys Anatomy, among others.
In some That shows still on? news, the four core actors in Desperate Housewives are locking in deals for at least one more season. Assuming everything goes as planned, this will bring Teri Hatcher, Felicity Huffman, Marcia Cross and Eva Longoria back for Season 8 of ABCs Sunday night dramedy, with an option for Season 9.
In addition to better weather, spring also brings the conclusion to many TV shows for the season (and in some cases, forever.) ABC released the season finale schedule for their current primetime line-up, which includes a double-dose of Desperate Housewives and Cougar Town.
With the new year quickly approaching, TVs about to get back to normal and for ABCs Desperate Housewives, that starts this Sunday night. Videos and episode information ahead!
Brian Austin Green appears to be building some momentum on the small screen and thatll continue this season as he joins the cast of Desperate Housewives. Read on to hear his thoughts on the role and what he has to say about the new 90210.
Were at the midway point of August and while that might mean the countdown to cooler weather and the return to school or work has already begun for some, it also means were just a few weeks away from the start of the new TV season. Up ahead is the primetime schedule for the Fall 2010 season.
Last we saw of Katherine on Desperate Housewives she was ditching Wisteria Lane and heading to Europe to have some alone time with her new gal pal, Robin (Julie Benz). So whatll become of the shows new lesbian lovers
Could Dana Delany be leaving Desperate Housewives? From whats being reported, it seems ABC has approached her about starring in a new pilot called Body of Lies, which could mean an exit from Desperate Housewives.
What? Theres a new Desperate Housewives on tonight? Yes, its true. And whats more, Julie Benz will be returning to her role as the stripper Susans trying to help out. Video and spoilers ahead!
Marc Cherry finally got his man. He's reportedly been working to find a part for Torchwood's John Barrowman for quite awhile now, and come April 2010, Captain Jack will be on Wisteria Lane. His Desperate Housewives story will tie closely with the developing drama surrounding Drea de Matteao's Angie
It seems Julie Benz is headed for a return to network television, at least for a few episodes as shes set to appear in a recurring role on ABCs Desperate Housewives.
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Nevada Swing Club Information
Northern Nevada
Peyton Place - Located at 1114 E. 4th Street in Reno. Couples parties every Friday and Saturday night starting at 9:00, $35 cover (drinks included). The phone number is 775-329-2373 and they have a website at http://www.peytonplace.com/
Dilligas Saloon - Located at 1304 E. 4th Street in Reno. The phone number is 775-322-8481 and they have a website at http://www.dilligassaloon.com/
Southern Nevada
Couples Oasis Society - Private parties for members and sponsored couples (and singles) only. The phone number is 702-617-8033 and they have a website at http://www.couplesoasis.com/
The Green Door - Membership required. Memberships vary from 1-day ($40 for couples, $60 for single men) to 1-month ($60 for couples, $200 for single men). Single ladies are admitted free. The phone number is 702-732-4656 and they have a website at http://www.greendoorlasvegas.com/
The Red Rooster - Located at 6405 Greyhound Lane in Las Vegas. Invitations must be picked up at the Red Rooster mini-storage before going to the house. The phone number is 702-451-6661 and they have a website at http://www.vegasredrooster.com/
Rendezvous - Located at 953 E Sahara Suite B-20 in Las Vegas. Couples and single ladies get in free, single men pay $40/1-day, $60/2-day, $80/week, or $100/month. They are open 7-days from 1 PM until 5 AM. No alcoholic beverages are served but they have a juice bar. Towels and lockers are available. The phone number is 702-732-2587, no website is currently available.
If you have specific information you would like to see on this site or you have experiences to share please contact me at email@example.com.


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Tuesday Feb 21 2012
Survey: Granite Bay residents don't want new tax
By: ToLewis, The Press Tribune
Assessment would fund fire district
The survey results are in and the answer is clear: Granite Bay residents don't want any new property taxes. The South Placer Fire District sent out a community survey last year in an effort to learn whether or not it would be worthwhile to put a measure on the ballot to raise property taxes in Granite Bay. The purpose for the tax increase would be to help fund the district, which says it may have to close a fire station due to a lack of funding. South Placer Fire Chief Tony Corado said the district has consistently suffered declining revenues over the past several years due to waning property taxes. "We knew we were heading toward multiple years of declining revenue," Corado said. "So we started to look at some things, and we've made adjustments up to this point." Those adjustments have included reductions in staffing, pay cuts and the closing of one fire engine company, Corado said. Corado said that the district will likely have to close an entire station or move engine companies around to make up for the lack of funds. "If you close a station down, you immediately save money in operating costs," he said. "We're doing some analysis right now on what kinds of dollars would be captured by each one of the individual five stations closing." Meanwhile, some Granite Bay residents think that the fire district should be able to do a good job with what they have. "The people who run it tend to want the best equipment, the newest equipment," said Granite Bay resident Harrison Clark. "I don't think the latest equipment is needed to do a good job." Resident Nancy Williams echoes the survey results in stating that raising taxes is not the solution to the problem. "I think that there needs to be better accounting for where the money is being spent," she said. "Especially when you look at the economy, many people have been laid off from their jobs." Williams was laid off from her job three years ago and said it is a struggle for many homeowners these days just to keep their homes. "I think that people need to get a grip on the pocketbooks of government spending," Williams said. "With the economy the way it is and you raise taxes, there are going to be more people out of homes." The South Placer Fire District paid $24,000 to SCI Consulting Group, which sent out 8,800 surveys to residents in October. The survey came back with a 22.6 percent return rate, which Corado said was a likely representation of voter turnout at the June 5 election. The survey asked three different questions — whether or not voters would approve a $60, $85 or $110 annual property tax increase to help fund the district. The lowest cost option would prevent further cutbacks, but would not reinstate recently cut firefighters or bring back the fire engine that was removed from service. The $85 option would reinstate firefighters and restart the recently cut fire engine. The highest cost option would prevent cuts, reinstate firefighters and the engine and allow each engine to be constantly staffed by three firefighters. Results were presented to the South Placer Fire District Board on Jan. 18 and indicated that 67 percent of the registered voters in the district would "definitely vote no" on the proposed tax assessment. "The moral of the story is in the end, we are far below the percentage that we would need to move forward," Corado said. "I would not think that the board would move forward with it." The South Placer Fire District Board will make a decision Feb. 29 on whether or not it will put the matter to voters in the upcoming election, Corado said. "Hopefully the salaries and benefits can be reduced to a point where we are not digging into the service too much further," Corado said. "I think closing a station is going to be inevitable, but hopefully it is only one." Toby Lewis can be reached at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @TobyLewis_RsvPT. ---------- South Placer Fire District board meeting When: 7 p.m. Wednesday, Feb. 29 Where: 6900 Eureka Road, Granite Bay


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HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, ENGLAND, November 19, 2012 /24-7PressRelease/ -- There is often an air of excitement surrounding the winter months, especially in the build-up to the Christmas holiday. However, it is essential that in and amongst the excitement of the festivities that people do not neglect the dangers that winter conditions present to road users. As a result, Injury Claim Specialists are urging everyone to keep safety in mind when taking to the roads.
In 2010 more than 18,000 road accidents were caused in Great Britain by snowy/icy conditions. This highlights the need for motorists to take care in the winter and ensure that they aren't involved in an accident that could have been easily avoided.
Just by altering your driving style slightly in icy and reduced visibility conditions you could drastically reduce your chances of being involved in a road accident. Consequently, Injury Claim Specialists have constructed a number of driving safety tips to help keep drivers safe over the winter period and particularly in icy conditions:
1. Leave a far greater distance than usual between you and the car in front.
2. Brake earlier and always apply them gently.
3. Reduce your speed and only drive faster if it's safe and you are in full control of the vehicle.
4. Purchase a set of cold weather tyres or snow chains.
5. Leave the house earlier and plan for your journey to take longer than usual.
6. Put your lights on in times of reduced visibility to ensure that other cars can see you.
7. Clear your windows and roof of any snow or ice before you begin your journey.
8. Plan routes to use major roads that are likely to have been gritted during icy periods.
9. If you skid, apply the clutch and turn the wheel into the direction of the skid. Don't brake as you will skid further.
10. If you don't have to drive in adverse conditions, then avoid doing so.
If you follow these rules and drive responsibly during the winter you will reduce the likelihood of being involved in an accident. However, accidents are sometimes unavoidable and caused through no fault of our own. Therefore if you sustain an injury due to the negligence of someone else which could have been prevented, log on to the Injury Claim Specialists road accidents page for free, easy to understand injury claims advice.
Injury Claim Specialists is one of the UK's leading personal injury advice websites. We pride ourselves on offering easy to understand, plain English injury claims advice on a wide range of different injury related topics. There are also a number of extremely useful tools such as the Compensation Calculator, which can give you a compensation estimate in less than a second, and the Injury Claims Guide is at hand to answer all of your personal injury related questions.
Log on to http://www.injuryclaimspecialists.com for more information.
Press release service and press release distribution provided by http://www.24-7pressrelease.com


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Author: Islam, M M; Karim, A J M S; Jahiruddin, M; Majid, Nik M; Miah, M G; Ahmed, M Mustaque
Date published: October 1, 2011
Language: English
Journal code: ACSC
Homestead is an operational farm unit in which a number of crops (including tree crops), vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants are grown along with livestock, poultry, and/or fish production mainly to satisfy the farmers basic need (Tejwani, 1994). It plays an important role in the economy of third world countries including Bangladesh. It is the fixed asset for poor farmers and obviously shows many important roles in their household economy. Total homestead area of Bangladesh is increasing at the rate of 5 m2 ha-1 year-1 due to increasing population. Approximately 5% area of the 8.3 million hectares of cultivable land in Bangladesh is occupied by homesteads (BBS, 2004); only 13% of the total homestead area is under vegetable cultivation (Hossain et al., 1988). Due to increasing population pressure cultivated land is decreasing and demand for food is increasing. In this context, the homestead gardening has become an important component of household security, cash income and savings. To grow year round vegetables, the BARI (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute) has recommended five promising vegetable pattern for different regions of Bangladesh (Karim et al., 1991) of which radish-stem amaranth-Indian spinach could be suitable for the homestead area in Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Frequent crop cultivation using modern / high yielding varieties to meet the demand for increasing population has led to a depletion of soil fertility. Due to continuous exhaustion of plant nutrients from the soil, farming system has become unstable. No crop cultivation system will be sustained if the nutrients input and output in the soil is least balanced. The farmers use chemical fertilizers as a supplemental source of nutrients but they do not apply in balanced proportion (BARC, 2005). Moreover, organic matter content in Bangladesh soils is very low (<1.5%) and is being gradually depleted (Ali et al., 1997). Neither the chemical fertilizer nor organic manure alone can help achieve sustainable crop production. Even with balanced use of only chemical fertilizer, high yield level could not be maintained over the years because of deterioration in soil physical and biological environments (Khan et al., 2008). The integrated nutrient management is the best approach to restore/ maintain soil fertility and productivity on sustainable basis. In Bangladesh, fertilizer management practices of the homestead area is very poor where most of the farmers use only urea as a fertilizer which is sometimes above recommended dose. They are not sufficiently aware of management practices and use of other fertilizers and organic manure (Khan et al., 2008). Possibly these are the main causes of poor yield and soil health deterioration. The present study was undertaken to develop a suitable fertilizer package in combination with organic manure and chemical fertilizers for sustainable homestead gardening in the radish-stem amaranth-Indian spinach cropping pattern.
Results and discussion
Effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on crop production
Effects on growth parameters and yield of radish
Growth parameters and yield of radish varied significantly (P≤0.05) due to application of different organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (Table 2). The highest total length of radish (72.1 cm in 2007-08 and 70.0 cm in 2008-09) was found in T7 (100% RDF), which was identical to T4, T5 and T6 but different from the rest of the treatments. The lowest total length (49.9 cm in 2007-08 and 45.7 cm in 2008-09) was recorded in the control. Treatment T7 produced the maximum number of leaves (18.0 in 2007-08 and 17.7 in 2008-09 plant-1) and it was followed by T5 (16.47 in the 1st year and 15.2 in the 2nd year) and the minimum (12.5 in the 1st year and 10.0 in the 2nd year) was in the control. The highest leaf length (43.9 cm in the 1st year and 42.5 cm in the 2nd year) was also found in T7. In 100% RDF treated plots, the plants received more readily available applied nutrients, which might have encouraged more vegetative growth. Similar results were reported by Sultana (2006) and Sarkar (2005). Treatment T7 also demonstrated the highest root length (28.8 cm in the 1st year and 29.5 cm in the 2nd year), which was identical to T5 and T6. Like root length, the root circumference varied due to different treatments (Table 2). The maximum root circumference (21.6 cm in the 1st year and 20.4 cm in the 2nd year) was recorded with 100% RDF, which was statistically similar with T4, T5 and T6, but different from rest of the treatments. The minimum root circumference was observed in the control. Proper supply of plant nutrients as well as deep and loose soil is essential for proper expansion of edible roots. Organic matter might have created favorable environment for better root growth and development. Parraga et al. (1995) reported that poultry dropping produced the minimum root diameter and they also mentioned that application of organic matter with NPK fertilizers increased the diameter of root per plant, which supports the findings of the present study. The T7 treatment also showed the highest individual fresh weight (0.98 kg in the 1st year and 0.93 kg in the 2nd year), followed by T5 (0.94 kg) in the 1st year and T6 (0.89 kg) in the 2nd year, but they were identical to each other. The lowest fresh weight was recorded in the control. Sultana (2006) noted the highest fresh weight of radish (731.7 g) with N200K140 kg ha-1. Similar results were also reported by Sarker (2005). Asghar et al. (2009) also noted that enriched compost along with 100% N produced the maximum biomass (701.4 g), which are in agreement with the findings of this study.
Marketable yield of radish
The highest marketable yield (55.8 and 53.4 kg t ha-1 in the 1st and 2nd years, respectively) was found in T7, which was statistically similar to T5 and T6. The lowest yield was recorded in the control. Among the exclusive organic manure treatments, the HW 10 t ha-1 produced the highest root yield (25 and 35.2 t ha-1 in the 1st and 2nd years, respectively).
Nutrient uptake by radish
The N, P, K and S uptake by radish was significantly influenced by different treatments (Fig. 1). Treatment T7 showed the highest N uptake (141.5 kg ha-1) which was significantly higher than that of all other treatments. Treatments T4, T5 and T6 exhibited statistically similar N uptake and the control treatment did the lowest. The total N uptake ranged from 26.8 to 141.5 kg ha-1 with the following treatment orders - T7 > T5 > T6 > T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > T8 (Fig. 1). Asghar et al. (2009) reported that integrated use of organic waste and N fertilizer significantly increased the N uptake by radish. Similar results were also reported by Djurovka et al. (2009). Total P uptake by radish varied from 4.62 to 24.82 kg ha-1 showing the highest (24.82 kg ha-1) in T7 which was identical to T4, T5 and T7 treatments and the minimum was in the control (4.62 kg ha-1). Sole organic manure treated plots (PM, CD and HW) also showed statistically similar P uptake. Significant increment of P concentration was observed where 75% and 100% N was integrated with enriched compost (Asghar et al., 2009). The use of organic manure enhanced the fertilizer use efficiency (Muneshwar et al., 2001; Nevens and Reheul, 2003). The maximum K uptake by radish (150.2 kg ha-1) was found in T7 followed by T5 (133.9 kg ha-1) and T6 (124.5 kg ha-1) (Fig. 1). The control showed the minimum uptake (35.2 kg ha-1). Asghar et al. (2009) reported a maximum K concentration where only recommended N fertilizer was applied and it was significantly higher than all other treatments except the compost with 100% recommended N fertilizer treatment which support the findings of the present study. The total S uptake varied from 2.17 to 15.32 kg ha-1, with the highest S uptake in T7 followed by T5 and T6 treatments and the lowest was recorded in the control (2.17 kg ha-1).
Effects on growth parameters and yield of stem amaranth
The highest plant height (105 cm in the 1st yr and 97.4 cm in the 2nd yr) was found in T4 which was significantly higher than that of all other treatments and the lowest plant height was in the control. It was observed that organic manure alone had no significant effect on plant height, but a manure in combination with chemical fertilizers had a significant impact on plant height. The number of leaves plant-1 ranged from 9.53 to 21.5 and 7.82 to 18.7 in 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively, showing a maximum number of leaves plant-1 in T4 (21.5 in 2007-08 and 18.7 in 2008-09) that was followed by T6 and T5. The chemical fertilizers along with PM had a marked influence on the number of leaves plant-1. Similar results were reported by Noor et al. (2008) in case of red amaranth production. The maximum leaf length (15.9 cm in 2007-08 and 14.5 cm in 2008-09) was found in T4 treatment (Table 3), which was identical to T6 treatment. The leaf width varied from 3.63 to 11.1 cm in 2007-08 and 3.04 to 10.9 cm in 2008-09, with the maximum in T4 treatment. The lowest leaf size was noted in the control. Treatment T4 gave the highest stem circumference (6.11 cm in 2007-08 and 5.95 cm in 2008-09) followed by T6 and the lowest result was in the control (Table 3). It was observed that the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers significantly increased the size of stem amaranth. Uddin et al. (2004) and Iqbal (2008) also reported the similar results. The highest fresh weight of five plants (1.22 kg in 2007-08 and 1.14 kg in 2008-09) was recorded in T4 treatment, followed by T6 and the lowest weight (0.04 kg in 2007-08 and 0.03 in 2008-09) was observed in the control. The highest stem amaranth yield (34.9 t ha-1 in 2007-08 and 31.4 t ha-1 in 2008- 09) was found in T4. Treatment T6 gave the second highest yield (28.3 t ha-1 in 2007-08 and 25.8 t ha-1 2008-09, respectively) followed by T5 and the control treatment recorded the lowest. Noor et al. (2007) reported the highest yield (17.06 t ha-1) of red amaranth from 75% RDF with 5 t ha-1 PM, which also corroborates the findings of the present study.
Nutrient uptake by stem amaranth
The uptake of N, P, K and S by stem amaranth was significantly influenced (P≤0.05) by different treatments. The N, P, K and S uptake increased with the increase of TDM (total dry matter) yield. The N uptake varied from 8.23 to 78.45 kg ha-1, the highest uptake being recorded with T4, which was significantly different from all other treatments. The ranking of the treatments in respect of total N uptake was in the order of T4 > T6 > T5 > T7 > T3 > T2 > T1 > T8 (Fig. 2). Kumar and Sharma (2004) reported a maximum nutrient uptake in cabbage and tomato with FYM + 150 % NPK treatment. Verma et al. (2006) also found a significantly higher NPK uptake by maize-wheat cropping system by the application of 100% NPK + FYM 10 t ha-1. The highest P uptake (7.17 kg ha-1) was recoded in T4 followed by T6 (5.16 kg ha-1). The maximum P uptake was noted when 25 % N was substituted by green leaf (sesbania) manure (Yadav et al., 2005). Recommended NPK + FYM 10 t ha-1 followed by 50% recommended NPK + FYM 10 t ha-1 resulted in higher nutrient uptake compared to the recommended rate of NPK alone (Chaturved and Chandel, 2005). The highest K uptake (37.3 kg ha-1) was observed in T4 followed by T6 (26.9 kg ha- 1) and T5 (23.0 kg ha-1) (Fig. 2). The effect of PM 2.5 t ha-1+ reduced RDF on K uptake was more pronounced in this experiment. In barely, the highest K uptake (146 kg ha-1) was found due to an addition of vermicompost at 4.5 t ha-1 along with 60 kg N ha-1 (Kumawat and Jat, 2005), which partly supports our findings. The highest S uptake (2.31 kg ha-1) was also recorded in the plots receiving PM 2.5 t ha-1 + reduced RDF and the minimum S uptake was in the control.
Effects on growth parameters and yield of Indian spinach
Both growth parameters and yield of Indian spinach were significantly influenced (P≤0.05) by the combined application of different organic manure and chemical fertilizer treatments (Table 4). The stem length ranged from 21.4 to 76.7 cm in 2007-08 and 18.8 to 72.2 cm in 2008-09 having the longest size in T6 which was significantly higher than all other treatments. The shortest stem length was found in T8 treatment. Three types of organic manure alone produced moderate plant height and they were statistically similar with each other. The maximum stem circumference (4.21 cm in 2007-08 and 4.14 cm in 2008-09) was found in T6 and the minimum was in the control, but the integrated effect had no significant influence on stem circumference. Treatment T6 gave the maximum number of leaves plant-1 (15.1 in 2007-08 and 14.8 in 2008-09) followed by T5 and T4 treatment. The minimum number of leaves plant-1 (7.57 in 2007-08 and 7.1 in 2008-09) were found in the control. It was observed that organic manure or chemical fertilizers alone did not produce higher number of leaves plant-1. In our study, the lower number of leaves plant-1 was observed as the growing period was rainy season. Again due to monsoon rains, the nutrient loss might occur from chemical fertilizers (e.g. urea) and on the other hand, the organic manure alone was unable to provide sufficient nutrient supply. Noor et al. (2007) observed similar results where 75% RDF along with CD 10 t and PM 5 t ha-1 gave higher number of leaves plant-1, which corroborates the finding of our study. The maximum leaf length found in T6 which was identical to T4 and T5, but different from rest of the treatments and the minimum was in the control. The T6 treatment also produced the highest leaf breadth and the control treatment demonstrated the lowest leaf breadth. The significantly highest fresh weight of 4 plants (1.71 kg in 2007-08 and 1.57 in 2008-09) was recorded in T6 followed by T5 and the lowest result was in the control. It indicated that HW performed better than PM and CD did in recording the plant weight. Indian spinach being the third crop of the pattern also responded significantly to the integrated use of manure and fertilizer (Table 4). The highest edible fresh yield (38.8 t ha-1 in 2007-08 and 36.5 t ha-1 in 2008-09) was found in T6 which was significantly higher than all other treatments. Treatment T5 gave the second highest yield which was identical with T4 and T7 and the lowest yield exhibited by the control. Application of chemical fertilizer or organic manure alone gave poor result compared to the integrated use of organic manure coupled with a reduced dose of chemical fertilizers in the present study. These findings reveal that addition of HW at 5 t ha-1 could reduce the requirement of a crop for chemical fertilizers by 25%. However, to optimize the yield, addition of HW 5 t ha-1 along with reduced RDF was found suitable for Indian spinach cultivation when it was grown in the radish-stem amaranth- Indian spinach cropping pattern. The present results are in agreement with the findings of Noor et al. (2007).
Nutrient uptake by Indian spinach
The total N uptake ranged from 6.64 to 70.6 kg ha-1 having the significantly highest N uptake (70.6 kg ha-1) in T6 followed by T5 (59.3 kg ha-1) and T4 (47.9 kg ha-1) (Fig. 3). The ranking of the treatments with respect to total N uptake was in the order of T6> T5 > T4 > T7 > T3 > T2 > T1 > T8. Like N, treatment T6 showed the maximum P uptake (2.81 kg ha-1) and the minimum P uptake (0.33 kg ha-1) was observed in the control (Fig.3). Meena and Gautam (2005) reported that the application of FYM resulted in higher nutrient concentration and higher nutrient uptake. The K and S uptake by Indian spinach varied from 2.50 to 21.5 kg ha-1 and 0.43 to 3.35 kg ha-1, respectively. The significantly highest K (21.5 kg ha-1) and S (3.35 kg ha-1) uptake were noted in T6 and the lowest result was recorded in the control. Kumawat and Jat (2005) found higher K uptake by barely with combined application of vermicompost at 4.5 t ha-1 + 60 kg N ha-1. Chaturvedi and Chandel (2005) also reprted a highest K uptake with recommended NPK + FYM 10 t ha-1.
Effects of manure and fertilizers on soil properties
Bulk density
Soil bulk density was reduced due to application of organic manure having the minimum (1.41 g cm-3) in both T2 and T3 treatments. The maximum bulk density (1.52 g cm-3) was found in the control followed by T7 (1.5 g cm-3), where no any manure was used (Fig. 4a). The higher bulk density in control and in only fertilizer treated plots may be due to very low organic matter content in soil and formation of compact layer. It was also viewed by Islam et al. (2006). Mathur (1997) observed that soil treated with organic matter decreased bulk density from 1.46 to 1.40 g cm-3 which confirms the present findings.
Soil pH
The pH value was largely maintained in manure treated plots. The organic manure applied plots and control plot showed the minimum variation. However, the plots receiving only RDF gave the maximum reduction in pH value (5.85), showing an increase in acidity (Fig. 4b). Among the organic treatments, the PM treatment resulted in the highest pH value as because poultry manure contained varying amounts of calcium carbonate (Camberato and Mitchell, 2011). The maximum increase in acidity was noted in treatment having the highest dose of inorganic fertilizers (T7). Organic carbon: Organic carbon was found to vary from 0.70 to 1.0 % having the highest in T2 (CD 10 t ha-1) followed by T1 (0.98%) and T3 (0.96%). The initial organic-C of the soil was 0.87%, which was reduced to 0.70% in T8, where no manure or fertilizer was applied (Fig.4c). However, the organic carbon was maintained at around 0.81 % in chemical fertilizer treated plots. Singh et al. (1999) reported drastic reduction in organic carbon concentration on continuous application of chemical fertilizer whereas addition of 5 t FYM ha-1 along with fertilizer N helped in maintaining the original organic matter status in soil.
Nutrient availability
Incorporation of organic manure and chemical fertilizer had a positive effect on the availability of N, P, K and S in soil as recorded after completion of radish-stem amaranth-Indian spinach cycle. Total N (%) varied from 0.08 to 0.15 having the highest (0.15%) in T4 followed by T6 (0.14%) and the minimum (0.08%) was in the control (Fig. 5a). Among the treatments, T4 treated plots had the highest available P content (Fig.5b) and the lowest P content was found in the control. The increase in P might be due to addition of P through inorganic fertilizer and organic manure. Like N and P, the maximum available K (0.20 c mol kg-1) and S (18.2 mg kg-1) were observed in T4 treatment. The control plots showed the minimum soil available K (0.11 c mol kg-1) and S (12.4 mg kg-1), where no manure or fertilizer was used (Fig. 5c). Available K content was found higher in PM treated plots which can be attributed to higher supply of K from PM compared to CD and HW. The higher availability of N, P, K and S in soil might be due to their release from poultry manure, household waste and cowdung.
Materials and methods
Experimental site and soil characteristics
The experiment was conducted on farmers homesteads at Toratpara village of Dhirrashram union under Gazipur district of Bangladesh during the period from November 2007 to July 2009. The experimental site was located in the centre of the Madhupur Tract (AEZ-28) at about 240 23' north latitude and 900 08' east longitude having a mean elevation of 8.4m above mean sea level and about 34 km north of Dhaka city. The experimental field was a high land having silty clay soil. The soil was slightly acidic (pH 6.4) and low in organic matter (0.87%), total N (0.09%) and exchangeable K (0.13 c mol kg- 1). The soil S content was at par with critical level, while P and Zn contents were above the critical level (Critical levels of P, S and Zn were 14, 14 and 0.2 mg kg-1, respectively and that of K was 0.2 c mol kg-1). Poultry manure contained 0.99% N, 1.10% P, 1.1% K and 0.5% S; cowdung had 0.55% N, 0.80% P, 0.56% K and 0.12%S and the nutrient composition of household waste was 0.65% N, 0.70% P, 0.85 % K and 0.15% S.
Treatment details and fertilizer application
There were eight treatments as shown in Table 1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four dispersed replications. Urea, triple superphosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP) and gypsum were used as sources of N, P, K and S, respectively. Full amount of P, K, S, CD, HW and PM were applied as per treatments at the time of final land preparation. The one-third N for radish, one-half N for stem amaranth and one-half N and K for Indian spinach were applied during final land preparation and the remaining N was applied in equal splits for radish at 15 and 30 days after sowing (DAS), for stem amaranth at 10 and 25 DAS and for Indian spinach the remaining N and K were supplied at 10 and 25 DAP (days after planting).
Planting / sowing and harvesting
The vegetable crops of the pattern radish (Raphanus sativus L.) (November-January) - stem amaranth (Amaranthus dubius) ( February-April) - Indian spinach (Basella alba) (May-July) was grown in the plots in succession. The unit plot size was 2.3m x 1.3m and the experimental plots were kept fixed during the entire period of the experiment. Seeds of first crop radish (cv. Tashakisan) were sown with a spacing of 45cm x 30cm on 5 and 7 November of 2007 and 2008, respectively. After harvest of radish, stem amaranth (cv. Red tower) seeds were sown on 25 and 20 February of 2008 and 2009, respectively. After harvest of the second crop, the seedlings of the third crop (Indian spinach, cv. Jessore local) were transplanted maintaining a 40cm x 30cm spacing on 15 and 10 May of 2008 and 2009, respectively. The experimental plots were kept fixed over the years. All intercultural operations such as weeding, mulching, irrigation and pest management were done as and when required. The crops were harvested at the right stage of growth depending on the nature of the crop. Radish was harvested from 29 December 2007 to 5 January 2008 in the first year and 2 January to 6 January 2009 in the second year. Stem amaranth was harvested from 20 to 26 March in 2008 and 24 to 28 March in 2009. The edible part of Indian spinach was harvested from 4 June to 9 July in 2008 and 8 June to 12 July 2009, respectively.
Plant and soil sampling and chemical analysis
Different parts of plant sample and soil were collected, dried and ground for chemical analysis. Bulk density was determined by core sampler Method (Blake, 1965). Soil pH was determined by using glass electrode pH meter (Jackson, 1973) and organic carbon by wet oxidation method (Walkley and Black, 1935). Total N content of soil determined by Kjeldahl method (Jackson, 1973), available P by ascorbic acid and blue color method (Watanabe and Olsen, 1965), exchangeable K by flame photometer (Gallenkamp) and available S by turbidimetric method (Chesnin and Yien, 1951). Concentrated HNO3 was used for digestion of plant samples. Total P concentration was determined by Vanadomolybdate yellow color method (Jackson, 1973), K concentration by flame atomic absortion spectrophotometer and S concentration by Bardsley and Lancaster (1965) method, respectively.
Statistical analysis
The analysis of variance for various crop characters and nutrient uptake by plant were done following the ANOVA test and the mean values were adjudged by DMRT (P=0.05) (Steel and Torrie, 1960). Computation and preparation of graphs were done following the Microsoft EXCEL 2003 program.
Application of organic manure in combination with reduced rate of chemical fertilizers had significant effect on the yield parameters and yield of vegetable crops in the radish-stem amaranth-Indian spinach pattern. The maximum radish yield was recorded with 100% RDF treatment (T7) which was identical with the yield obtained with T5 and T6. The T4 performed the highest stem amaranth yield and the maximum Indian spinach yield was noted in T6 treatment. The N, P, K and S uptake by the vegetable crops increased significantly due to combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. The highest N, P, K and S uptake by radish was observed in T7 treatment, while T4 and T6 showed the maximum nutrient uptake by stem amaranth and Indian spinach, respectively. Soil properties have been improved by the incorporation of organic manure with the record of the lowest bulk density in both T1 and T3 treatments. The highest amount of organic carbon (1.0%) was found in T2 treatment. The maximum availability of N, P, K and S in soil was found in T4 treatment. So, the two treatments poultry manure 2.5 t ha-1 + reduced dose of recommended fertilizer and household waste 5 tha-1 + reduced dose of recommended fertilizers can ensure satisfactory vegetable crop cultivation without affecting soil health at homestead area.
Authors are grateful to the National Agroforestry Working Groups, Bangladesh for their financial support during the study period through BARC. We are also thankful to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for supporting publication through Research University Grant Scheme (91784) to University Putra Malaysia.
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Author affiliation:
M.M. Islam1*, A.J.M.S. Karim2, M. Jahiruddin3, Nik M. Majid1, M.G. Miah4, M. Mustaque Ahmed5 and M.A. Hakim6
1Dept.of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Dept. of Soil Science, BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh. 3 Dept. of Soil Science, BAU, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. 4 Dept. of Agroforestry and Enviroment, BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh. 5 Training and Communication Expert, NATP, DAE, Kharmarbari, Dhaka, Bangladesh 6ITA, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.com


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By Nick Caruso
The housing market is on the road to recovery and you know what that means: There is more good news to be shared and celebrated in the industry. According to reports from Kiplinger, 12 metropolitan areas fared the best in 2012, thanks to below-average unemployment rates, an improving economy and increased buyer confidence. All of these factors and more are helping transform these cities into seller's markets:
• Phoenix, Ariz.
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• Minneapolis, Minn.
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• Seattle, Wash.
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• Boise, Idaho
• San Jose, Calif.
• Washington, D.C.
• Tucson, Ariz.
This upturn is without question positive news. According to Pat Esswein, associate editor for Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine, there are many positive and healthy drivers aiding in these cities' turnaround.
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it would seem the sidewall compression probably has more to do with the weight on any particular corner of a car, and the tire pressure, and lateral loading. Aero is a good way to increase the contact patch and give you more grip at higher speeds.
Unfortunately Pirelli have designed a tire that seems to limit the effective performance of the tire by punishing people who run higher downforce. Guy's like Ferrari who have been having problem with their aero probably welcome the new spec of tire
Red Bull and Mercedes probably got caught out at Barcelona, Lotus, understanding their own 2010 car would have had a clear direction in defining their car for this year, and Alonso, formerly of Renault, and also with a team that has quite a bit of influence in F1. Maybe Kubica + Mercedes can help development, not sure he will really understand the car unless hes actually in it feeling the loading effects tho.


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How to Eradicate Failed Schools by 2030
Teachers would make two or even three times the typical salary of today. Principals would be trained in "principal colleges" that looked a lot like medical or law schools. Students, as they got older, would spend increasing amounts of time learning independently, outside the classroom. And the federal government would vastly increase what it spends for research and development in education.
"He's a creative guy," said Henry Levin, who heads up the National Center for the Study of Privatization at Teachers College, Columbia University. But based on some of Mr. Whittle's ambitious predictions in the past for Edison, Mr. Levin said, "I think some humility is required on his part. ... He's lost a lot of people's money."
This article, written by Erik Robelen, appeared in the August 31st 2005 edition of Education Week. previous page