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Singer : Amar Singh Chamkila
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Amar Singh Chamkila
mainly sings Folk music in Punjabi.
Votes / Rating :
334 / 8.52
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Amar Singh Chamkila Albums
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Chamkila was originally known as DUNNI RAM and was born on July 21st 1961 in DUGRI in LUDIHANA his fathers name was HARI RAM. Chamkila was from a poor family and lived in great poverty!
He had a family of one brother and two sisters whom were older than him! Chamkila was the youngest out of the family! His mothers name was KARTAAR KAUR who sadly passed away when chamkila was a young child. His older sisters and father used to take care of him.
Chamkila studied in the pind school called GUZAR KAN PRIMARY SCHOOL in DUGRI, Chamkila always wanted to become an electrician and wanted to work for the government as an electrician but due to family difficulties he was forced out of education and forced to work in Ludhiana in a cloth mill.
By the time Chamkila was 10 he had one of his first songs sang by NARINDER BIBA AND SURINDER SHARMA, Chamkila was over the moon as one of Punjab's top artists were to sing a song with lyrics by Chamkila!
The song was about a Jeth and Parjaie! and titled "MERA JETH DA NA BOLIER RUBA PARAKA ME 5 GOAHA CUBIER CHAR EA"
Another one of his first songs which was a hit in the 70's in Punjab was about an electrician going to a womans house and fixing a light switch as she got a shock from it! The track was entitled "PHAI GALTH CONNECTION JOR GAYA MERA SHACK CASURTHI MARIE".
In the majority of Chamkila's songs he had a lot of lyrics to do with electric such as shock and connection etc.. This is due to the fact he wanted to become an electrican!
Chamkila was born with a talent for music and used to play the dholki and vaja for pocket money whilst he was at school (aged 7to9), he played the dholki for singers such as Shinda, K.deep, Jagmohan Kaur and M.Siddque!
By the age of 15 he had a number of songs which famous punjabi folk singers had sung such as Shinda, Parminder Sandhu, Narinder Biba, Kulie Ram, Ramesh, Bibi Tara and Sohan Lal, Surinder Sonia, Miss Usha, Seetal Singh Seetal, A. S Konner and many other folk singers!
The name Chamkila is said to have been given to him by a close friend, another lyrics writer S.S.Azad but this is not true. The name Chamkila comes from the name Rangila whom used to be a folk singer that Chamkila admired greatly. Chamkila came from the word "Chamak" (shine) as he wanted to shine forever in the world of music!
Chamkila began to play the dholki and vaja for Shinda regularly and it was on Shinda's stage that Chamkila made his mark. During intervals Shinda would let Chamkila sing on his stage! The people loved him! Chamkila wrote 32 songs for Shinda and Sonia such as "MAI DIGIE TILAK KIER" and "VEJA VEJA MUNDA KAR DA".
Chamkila went solo and left Shinda. Shinda did not like this! When Chamkila left to make is own mark he took Surinder Sonia, Gill Surjit who played CHATRA in Jeoona Morh and was Shinda's main man. He also wrote songs such as "BABI MERI GUTH KHUL GAYE" and "KAR YAAD KURIER NIE". Shindas dholki player Raja and stage comedian "TUKHAN" also left Shinda to join Chamkila. Sindha was left with no one all of his group had gone off with Chamkila!
Chamkila and Surinder Sonia released their first record with hits such as "TUKOWA TE TUKOWA KARKIER" and KURTI SAT RANG DI" alongside "BABU GUM HO-GAYA"! These were released in 1979.
Punjabi Folk fans loved Chamkila's style of singing and loved everything about him! He had a very charismatic personality, on stage who would touch everyones soul. In addition to singing his own songs he continued to write and sell his songs to other artists.
Chamkila left Sonia in 1980 and began singing with Miss Usha. However this was only on stage he did not release a single recording with her.
By late 1980 he heard a famous female singer called Amarjyot who sang with Manak!. he approached her and made her his permanent singing partner to provide the female vocals to his songs.
At the time he ganged up with Amarjyot, Chamkila was married. This partnership with Amarjyot lead to a break up of his marriage in December of 1982.
The first LP record that he took out with Amarjyot was "LACK MERA CHACH VARGA" which included the tracks "DEORA TAVITA WALIEA" and a song written by Pali Dethawalia entitled "Chack Lo Drivero", however Chamkilla altered the lyrics to suit his style of showmanship.
People began to become offended by the fact Chamkila was of a CHAMAAR background and Amarjyot was a THARKAN (a higher caste, in many peoples eyes).
Due to this Chamkila began to use Singh in his name and became Amar Singh. Chamkila rarely used his first name after that. It also bacame a rarity for him to mention the name of his pind when writing songs.
By 1984 Chamkila and Amarjyot were in high demand and were producing hit LP after LP with new songs which were all written by Chamkila! The songs that chamkila sang were mainly about relationships which some people found offensive, Chamkila began to get hate mail and threats to his life! At the time Chamkila did not take these seriously and continued writing more songs and producing more LP's.
In the early 80's he toured the world which included countries such as, USA, Canada, Dubai and Bahrain. The people loved his style of singing that he was getting booked for weddings, Akhand Path's, and many other functions to perform. He would charge 4000rps (all the other singers such as Manak charged 2000-3000rps). Accompanying Chamkila on stage would be a comedian (Tukuan or Mano) who would do impressions of Mehal Mittal.
His shows lasted about 2-3 hours and every show began with 4-5 religious songs. Chamkila used to test out his songs in his shows before he recorded them. He would watch very carefully to see how the audience reacted to anything new.
Chamkila used to say on his stage that he wanted all his songs to be hits. He appreciated that fans who bought his records worked hard to earn 20rps to buy his LP's. So he ensured his recordings were to be hits before he went into the studio to record.
Chamkila continued to get more and more hate mail but Chamkila always said "this is my music this is what I sing if you don't like it don't buy my records don't call me on functions"
Chamkila did not like people dancing to his songs, he liked it so everyone sat down and appreciated his material, to make up for it the last half hour of his show he sang boliyan where people would dance.
Chamkila had a stage policy in that he never took alcohol or any drugs when performing, he had this natural voice which can never be matched. Amarjyot also had a unique high-pitched voice, which also can't be matched in today's society. Both were very gifted.
By the time Chamkila had several LP's released he became very wealthy and would drive in flashy cars, he also invested much of his money in doing up his house in Dugri.
In the little spare time Chamkila had he spent writing new songs and began to spend a lot of time worshipping God. Chamkila used to like eating Saag with loads of Makhan in it.
On stage Chamkila would wear a tumba and Amarjoyt would always wear a glittery suit. On most shows he would wear a matching tumba with Amarjyots suit. He took his tumbi with him on every show without fail.
Chamkila never intended to release cassettes as he produced only EP or LP's. Cassettes were only released much later on to cope with the high demands. In HMV's history 3 of Chamkila LP records are still the highest selling records that were ever produced by a punjabi singer. No singer has matched the figures yet!.
After receiving stacks full of letters from angry fans saying Chamkila you have many songs containing vulgar and offencive lyrics. Do something good. Chamkila produced 3 LP records which were all dharmeek (religious). They were "NAAM JAP LE", "BABA TERA NAAKANA" and "TALWAR MAI KALGIDARH DI HAI".
His religious songs became number 1 hits. Chamkila however, only wrote a few religious songs himself. Most of them he bought from other writers. Again Chamkila altered some of the lyrics in the religious songs to make them suit his singing style.
All profits that came from the religious songs went direct to the charities and local gurudwara's. This was done as Chamkila said it was God who gave him the gift of music and what better way to say thank you to God.
By late 1985 Chamkila stopped singing the songs such as "Babu Sada Gum Ho Gaya", "Mar Le Horr Try", "Ran Ladli Rakho". This was done so as to tell all the people sending him hate mail "Look I've changed I do not sing vulgar songs any more".
The public was still unhappy and wanted chamkila to stop singing altogether. Chamkila started to write and sing songs which were very serious and deeply touching such as "DOKHA NE KAMIE DA", "GAL KAR KE NO HUSE DA", "RAB CHARKA KUTIER NIE JINDIER TERA", "DHEE MAR JA VIER BADKAR LOCKO", "EK VAARI KE DIER MENU MA", "JAT DI DUSHMANI", "AKHAIN DE MAR BURI" and many more.
Chamkila could write songs as he spoke and was very talented, he liked working with the producer Charanjit Ahuja. He was the main producer that Chamkila worked with. He also recorded music with by K.S.Narula and S.N.Gulati.
At the Mohan Singh Mela In 1986 chamkila won the crowd by singing two songs titled " BABA TERA NANKAANA" and "DHEE MAR JA VIER BADKAR LOCKO". The people loved the style and the lyrics that Chamkila sung.
Chamkila was killed in a show in MESUMPUR as he stepped out of his car. Amarjyot was pregnant at the time and was shot in the chest and Chamkila was killed with 4 bullets in the chest alongside Gill Surjit and the dholki player Raja. The other members such as Tukham escaped.
��.the Tupac Shakur of Punjabi Folk�
The blame was given on terrorists. A Curfew order took place when Chamkila was killed and riots between gangs broke out.
The reasoning behind his death is not fully known. Many people have speculated that Chamkila was killed because of jealousy of other singers. It is said that the others singers grouped together and got him killed. But then again their were many other popular singers, Why Chamkila ?!?!?
�.perhaps his meteoric rise
Chamkila's music will always be evergreen, Chamkila has left such a big hole in punjabi music which no singer can ever fill. Many people have tried to copy Chamkila such as Amar Arshi, Avtaar Chamak, Chamak Chamkila, Suck Chamkila, Tufaan and many other singers but the style and the way Chamkila sang can never be copied.
Chamkila died on the 8th March 1988. He had over 200 songs which he never sang or recorded. Before his exit from our world he had plans in the pipeline for a religoius recording dedicated to Guru Ravi Dass Ji entitled "Pundit Ji Puthier Gaya". Also a kaylian style record etitled "Kach Dia Mundra"
Every year in Chamkils's pind a MUTHI has been made for him and a mela is held. Be it a wedding function or social function chamkila's music will always will be heard!
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dragon promo shot
Fall from Heaven II is a dark fantasy mod for Civilization IV. The Age of Ice has ended, what is left of the once great empires of man have formed into small tribes, ready to rebuild and retake that which was lost. Fall from Heaven II requires Civilization IV Beyond the Sword patch 3.17 to play.
dragon promo shot
lol awesome and maybe u could redo the whole town like look more like a fantasy 1 not like a normal

subset: commoncrawl


text: Info Search results 12 items matching your search terms. Filter the results. Item type Select All/None Collection Page Event File Folder Form Folder Image Link News Item Collection Person New items since Yesterday Last week Last month Ever Sort by relevance · date (newest first) · alphabetically ANNOUNCEMENT | Class of 2017 Introducing the UNC OB-GYN Residency Class of 2017 Located in News Goulding wins Best Platform Presentation at annual meeting The annual conference for the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine was held in Los Angeles, CA, Oct. 16-18. Located in News UNC OB-GYN gives first Resident Research and Educational Grant awards Drs. Emi Bretschneider, Emily Davidson and Carolyn Webster received the awards. Located in News AWARDS | 2015 Residency Awards The UNC Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology announced their 2015 Residency Awards June 3. Congratulations to the honorees! Located in News UNC OB-GYN welcomes new residents and fellows New fellows and resident physicians joined the department July 1, 2015. Located in News UNC OB/GYN residency program 4th in the nation Doximity's Residency Navigator rankings place UNC's program as one of the top obstetrics and gynecology residencies in the country. Located in News ANNOUNCEMENT | Class of 2019 Introducing the UNC OB-GYN Residency Class of 2019. Located in News ANNOUNCEMENT | Class of 2018 Introducing the UNC OB-GYN Residency Class of 2018. Located in News OB-GYN Residency Training Program Ranked In a recent peer survey, UNC's Obstetrics and Gynecology and Family Practice residency training programs were ranked in top 10. Located in Highlights & Honors / Q1_2015 Celebrating Carolina's Diversity: UNC alumna, OB/GYN mentors current resident Dr. Katrina Avery's Howard-Avery Loyalty Fund Scholarship made an impact on the life of current resident Dr. Rachel Adams. Located in News Next 2 items » [1] 2


text:
Pretty Little Liars
Pretty Little Liars Cast: The Hot Guys of Rosewood (PHOTOS)
Rosewood may be rife with mayhem and murder, but at least there's plenty of eye-candy to balance the scales. Most of the time we wonder why the girls don't just hightail it out of town, but the men Pretty Little Liars provide a pretty compelling argument to stay, "A" be damned.
To celebrate the hotness PLL has brought into our lives — and to pass the time until the Season 4 premiere on June 11 — we've put together a gallery of all the sexy men of Rosewood.
From cute teens to smokin' teachers, each and every one of these men is drool-worthy.
Pretty Little Liars Season 4 premieres on Tuesday, June 11, 2013 at 8 p.m. ET/PT on ABC Family.
BONUS: Download the Viggle app to earn rewards from brands like Starbucks, Amazon and more, JUST for watching Pretty Little Liars.


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PORTLAND — An inmate who threatened a fellow prisoner at a Portland jail last year is the suspect in a fatal assault at the Snake River Correctional Institution in Ontario.
The Oregon Department of Corrections says 23-year-old Jason Gould died Saturday from injuries he sustained from an assault involving cellmate Thomas Riffenburg.
Last year, Riffenburg threatened an inmate at Multnomah County's Inverness Jail with sharp object fashioned from aluminum venting material.
He was convicted of attempted assault and possession of a weapon as an inmate, along with robbery charges out of Marion and Multnomah counties. His earliest release date is in 2028.
Corrections spokeswoman Liz Craig says police are still investigating Gould's death, and Riffenburg has not been charged.
Gould was imprisoned on attempted robbery and heroin possession charges from Linn County.


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Easy Peanut Butter Cookies
dozen cookies
Serving Size:
See Below
Prep Time:
10 Minutes
Cook Time:
8 Minutes
Print Recipe
Email Recipe
Add to Recipe Box
Add to Grocery List
1 (14 oz.) can
Eagle Brand® Sweetened Condensed Milk
1 to 1 1/4 cups
Jif® Creamy Peanut Butter
1 large egg
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 cups biscuit baking mix
BEAT sweetened condensed milk, peanut butter, egg and vanilla in large bowl until smooth. Add biscuit mix; mix well. Chill at least 1 hour.
HEAT oven to 350°F.
SHAPE dough into 1-inch balls. Roll in sugar. Place 2 inches apart on ungreased baking sheets. Flatten with fork in criss-cross pattern.
BAKE 6 to 8 minutes or until lightly browned (do not overbake). Cool.
PEANUT BLOSSOM COOKIES: PREPARE dough as directed above. Shape into 1-inch balls; roll in sugar. Do not flatten. Place 2 inches apart on ungreased baking sheet. Bake as directed above. Immediately after baking, press solid milk chocolate candy drop in center of each ball.
PEANUT BUTTER AND JELLY GEMS: PREPARE dough as directed above. Shape into 1-inch balls; roll in sugar. Do not flatten. Place 2 inches apart on ungreased cookie sheet. Press thumb in center of each ball of dough; fill with desired flavor of Smucker's® Jelly, Jam or Preserves. Bake as directed above.
ANY WAY YOU LIKE 'EM COOKIES: STIR 1 cup semi-sweet chocolate chips, chopped peanuts, raisins or flaked coconut into dough. Proceed as directed above.


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Kill the operator
Comment by Agustin Cordoba — August 4, 2014 @ 2:02 PM
Muslim terror in ouer homes
Comment by Sarah Rothschild — August 4, 2014 @ 2:05 PM
Israel has my heart. I support your actions 100% no matter what Obama and Kerry say and do. Most Americans are on "your" side. Keep up the good work (all branches of Israel Defense Forces). You have The Lord God Almighty on your side. You are guaranteed to win. I am praying unceasingly for each of you in IDF and Israel. I am praying for the families of the fallen heroes. May their memories be a blessing. I am also praying for the sick and injured people of the Israel Defense Forces. I support Israel's right to defend herself. … Thank you, US Congress, for caring about Israel and giving them a last minute infusion of $225 million for the Iron-Drone anti-missile system on 8-1-14. I also support Prime Minister Netanyahu. Most importantly I am praying for Peace in Jerusalem!
Comment by Vicki Spaan — August 4, 2014 @ 2:19 PM
Every Hamas member must die along with the French
Comment by Douglas Gersh — August 4, 2014 @ 3:18 PM
כל הכבוד!
Comment by Jean Perles — August 4, 2014 @ 4:11 PM
What appears to be???? Duh??? It is an outright act of terror. Kill his whole family
Comment by Shoshana Bloom — August 5, 2014 @ 4:37 PM
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Monthly Archives: August 2013
What HOAA Means to Me: Tiffany
As we kick off another year of HOAA and welcome new members, we would love to take this opportunity to share what HOAA has meant to our current and former members. Today we are blessed to have former HOAA president, Tiffany, sharing her thoughts on the importance of HOAA… My name is Tiffany Murdoch and […]
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Five FREE Things to Do in Omaha!
We've loved meeting all the new couples and families that have arrived here in Omaha this year! There is SO much great stuff to do here, and some of it is even free! The list we've compiled includes some of the highlights of the summer season, but no worries – we'll share a winter list […]
Post Tagged with free things to do, things to do in omahaRead More


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Chopin: Piano Concertos no 1 & 2 / Badura-Skoda, et al
1 CD / Music & Arts / 2007-11-01Works: Frédéric Chopin: Concerto for Piano no 1 in E minor, B 53/Op. 11; Concerto for Piano no 2 in F minor, B 43/Op. 21
Performers: Badura-Skoda, Paul
Conductors: Rodzinski, Artur
Ensemble: Vienna State Opera Orchestra
Paul Badura-Skoda has earned a richly deserved reputation as one of the greatest classicists of his generation. It is a profile solidified by multiple recordings...continue...
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Arthur Schnabel plays Mozart
5 CD / Music & Arts / 2007-02-01Works: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Concerto for Piano no 22 in E flat major, K 482; Sonata for Piano no 8 in A minor, K 310 (300d); Concerto for 2 Pianos in E flat major, K 365 (316a); Quartet for Piano and St...
Performers: Maas, Robert; Onnou, Alphonse; Prevost, Germain; Schnabel, Artur [Piano]
Conductors: Walter, Bruno; Boult, Adrian; Barbirolli, John; Susskind, Walter; Sargent, Malcolm; Rodzinski, Artur; Stiedry, Fritz
Ensemble: ; London Symphony Orchestra; New Friends of Music Orchestra; Philharmonia Orchestra; Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra
Artur Schnabel once wrote: "Children are given Mozart because of the small quantity of the notes; grown-ups avoid him because of the great quality of...continue...
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Up to 103 Spoon-billed Sandpipers were observed earlier this month at Rudong, in Jiangsu Province just north of the Yangtze Estuary in China.
Film capturing the last ever confirmed sighting of an Imperial Woodpecker is released. But surveys to the exact location fail to find evidence that the species still exists.
Nature Seychelles and the Seychelles National Park Authority have joined forces to work on a new project to help protect one of Seychelles iconic bird species
The award from the Loro Parque Foundation recognises BirdLife's contribution to the conservation of biodiversity.
A thriving population of Rarotonga Monarch is attracting increasing numbers of eco-tourists to its sanctuary...
A study published in the journal Oryx has found that over a third of Indian pharmacies continue to sell diclofenac to livestock farmers.
The 2011 Cambodian census of White-shouldered Ibis Pseudibis davisoni has found a larger number of birds than ever before, but celebrations are muted, as this species' survival is imminently threatened by serious habitat loss.
BirdLife International scientists monitoring migrating Sociable Lapwings in the heart of the Great Steppe have recently discovered the largest single flock seen in Kazakhstan since 1939.
Europe and Central Asia
Read the Radio Australia interview between Don Stewart (BirdLife Director for the Pacific Partnership) and presenter Jemima Garrett...
Northern Bald Ibis is being tracked from Syria through the Arabian peninsula whilst in Morocco wardens are needed to protect the breeding sites
Middle East
Preventing Extinctions - Africa
Concerns that hunting pressures are increasing on the Critically Endangered Dwarf Olive Ibis have been confirmed.
The ban on a veterinary drug which caused an unprecedented decline in Asian vulture populations has shown the first signs of progress, according to scientists.
400 penguins remain in the rehabilitation centre on Tristan as their feathers are still in too poor condition for release.
Angry Birds are taking up the fight to save the world's most threatened birds from extinction.
Watch the new video to find out more about the Vulture project and to meet the people who are saving Asia's vultures from extinction.
'Saving Spoony's Chinese Wetlands', BirdLife's project to save two key resting and feeding sites used by Critically Endangered Spoon-billed Sandpipers in China, has been selected to receive a $100,000 grant by The Walt Disney Company, through Disney's Friends for Change.
Liben Lark with a population of possibly fewer than 100 birds, is widely tipped to become mainland Africa's first recorded bird extinction, unless urgent action is taken to prevent its demise from the only area it now inhabits: a single grassy plain in southern Ethiopia.


text:
Using MESQUITE
Aidan Budd
Getting MESQUITE
MESQUITE is a relatively complex software package written in Java that is free to download and install for a range of different operating systems from
this site
There are some tutorials for MESQUITE available online:
basic tutorials
from the MESQUITE mainpage
From the
Bodega Phylogenetics Workshop
(focusing on ancestral state reconstructions)
Using MESQUITE
Mesquite is extremely flexible and therefore also inevitably rather complex. It is not designed principally as a means of estimating trees - rather for using pre-calculated trees to test hypotheses concerning the evolution of a range of different kinds of characters.
In particular, the menus available when using MESQUITE can be rather confusing, as the set of menus and options available constantlly changes depending on the context of the package. This makes it rather difficult to provide well-charted descriptions of how to carry out a particular analysis.
The notes below focus primarily on using MESQUITE to change and compare phylogenies with each other at a fairly simple level.
Different versions of MESQUITE present slightly different graphical user interfaces (GUIs) - screenshots and instructions given here are for Version 2.01 run on an OSX Macintosh machine. Be aware that things may well look different if you are running a different version and/or operating system. However, these instructions will hopefully still be valid on these other versions (I've tested them on Version 2.6, both on Linux and Mac machines, and they seemed to work fine).
MESQUITE Basics - Windows and Menus
On opening MESQUITE, several windows will appear on the screen providing information about loading of the software. We need to wait until all but one of these, the "Main Mequite Window", is open.
We usually work with several different windows in MESQUITE. Note that, sightly confusingly, in MESQUITE the "windows" provided by your operating system to interact with Mesquite often include several different regions/tabs referred to as "windows" in the MESQUITE documentation. While it is possible to put each "MESQUITE" window into a different operating-system window, I've found it easier to use the organisation provided by MESQUITE - one for the main window, and then one operating-system window per MESQUITE project.
The image below shows a screen-shot with three operating-system windows - one for the "Main Mesquite Window", one for a project called "untitled.nex", and one for a project called "fourVertebratesMesquite.nex". The fourVertebratesMesquite.nex window contains five different MESQUITE windows. The image also shows the main Menu Bar for MESQUITE.
A more detailed description of the basic organisation of MESQUITE windows (for version 2.6 - thus there are some differences to the appearance compared to the above image) is
found in the MESQUITE manual
Most MESQUITE windows have some typical fields/features/regions on them - again, a reasonably detailed description of these is given
in the MESQUITE manual
. The ones most relevant for our purposes are shown below for a typical window.
There are three different "MESQUITE" windows available in the operating-system window shown above. Three windows are available here - from the left these are the "Project", "Tree" and "Taxa" windows. Here the "Tree Window" is selected.
For some windows, there are several different sets of information available about the same objects - these are accessed via the "Info Bar" where the different sets of information are available as "Tabs". Here the "Graphics" Tab of the "Tree Window" is selected (this is the tab we shall be using for most of the tasks described below)
A given MESQUITE window may include a block containing several different objects e.g. trees. In that case, it is possible to scroll through the set of trees in the block using the "Mini-Scroll" region.
A range of different tools are available to manipulate the main contents of the window. The available tools are provided in the "Tool Palette"
Various information (e.g. the name and description of the current tool) is shown in the "Explanation Area"
If you want to change the size of the Explanation Area, use the "Area Size Arrows"
Changing Font Size
On some machines, the font used by MESQUITE may be too small to read easily. To change this, alter the default font size before opening any files
File->Defaults->Default Font Size->14
(for example)
Opening MESQUITE/NEXUS Format Files
There are several different ways to access information stored in files in MESQUITE - this too is somewhat complex as you could read about here. However, for our purposes, we will only be opening files prepared using MESQUITE in
format, which can be done simply using the Main Menu Bar
File->Open File
and then choosing the desired file from the drop-down menus.
Opening non-NEXUS Format Files
File->Open File
and choose the file you want to open from the menus
The "Import File" window should open, asking you to specify the format of the non-NEXUS format file you are attempting to load. Assuming we are only working with NEWICK/PHYLIP format tree files, the correct choice will be "Phylip (trees)"
MESQUITE will create a new NEXUS format file to store both the imported trees, and the results of any manipulations you make of them using MESQUITE - you will be asked to specifiy an name and location for this file.
NEWICK/PHYLIP Tree Format
MESQUITE requires that the string describing the tree only spans a single line of the file i.e.
this tree file
, obtained from Ensembl, will not open correctly in MESQUITE, it has to be
edited like this
so that the entire string is on a single line.
Creating a New Project
MESQUITE stores the results and details of your analysis in NEXUS-format files. It is possible to be using the contents of several different files at once - however, we will keep things simple by storing all our analyses in just one file. You can create this file using the Main Menu Bar
and then choosing the name and location of the file to store your project.
Then, as often when selecting an action in MESQUITE, you will be presented with an additional "Parameter Window" - in this case entitled "New File Options" concerning the information to be included in the new file. Here we choose the initial number of taxa to be included in the file, along with a name for this initial "block" of taxa.
In the image below we are naming the taxa-block "VertebrateSpecies" and beginning with 5 different taxa.
Clicking "OK" should generate a new operating-system window containing (if invoked as described above) two MESQUITE windows - a left-most "Project" window and a "Tree Window".
If we're creating a new file from scratch like this, we probably want to change the names of the taxa that come automatically ("taxon 1", "taxon 2" etc.) to more meaningful ones. We can do this by opening the Taxa window
Taxa&Trees->List of Taxa
And then using the "Edit" tool to change the names of the taxa with the Edit Tool
by clicking with this pointer over the taxon names and editing them. Any name changes are then reflected in any objects containing the taxa from this block e.g. an accompanying Tree Window.
This image shows the use of the Edit Tool to change the names of the taxa.
Opening a Tree Window
If you begin your analysis by opening a file that doesn't contain any trees e.g. containing only a NEXUS taxa block, then you can open a Tree Window using
Taxa&Trees->New Tree Window
Then in the "Select" Parameter Window, choose "Default Trees" - this will create a tree based on the content of your taxa block, providing a default topology for these taxa - and click "OK". The new Tree Window should then open.
Changing how a Tree is Displayed
Square Tree with Horizontal Taxa-Names
Mesquite provides many different ways of displaying trees - below is an example of the default display.
To change the view so that the taxon-names are horizontal, with the tree drawn in "square" form (which is the way I find it easiest to examine the trees in MESQUITE).
Drawing->Tree Form->Square tree
Drawing->Stretch tree to fit
(this stops the tree hugging the right side of the window all the time)
Drawing->Branches Proportional to Lengths
(this takes into account the branchlengths when displaying the tree)
This should give a tree that looks like the one shown below.
Rotating Branches around a Node
There isn't a simple button to press that will rotate the branches of a tree around an internal node (a purely cosmetic change to the way the tree is represented, leaving the topology intact).
Instead, this can be done using the "Interchange Branches" tool
. To do this, you need to:
choose one of the daughter lineages associated with the node around which you want to rotate the branches by left-clicking on it having selected the Interchange Branches tool
drag the thin bar that comes out from the position of your initial click to the branch you want to swap positions with (which should also be a daughter lineage of the node you want to rotate around) - when it is ready to be interchanged with, the destination branch should be highlighted
on releasing the mouse, the position of the branches should have rotated around the internal node
For example, in the set of screenshots shown below the "taxon 3" branch is rotated around the node it shares with the "taxon 1/taxon 2" parent branch.
Adding Taxa to the Taxa Block (and to the Trees)
To add extra taxa to a tree you need to first add the taxa to the Taxa Block in the following way:
Having selected a "Taxa Window" choose:
List->Add Taxa
Indicate how many taxa you want to add in the "Add" Parameter Window e.g. 2
This should place two additional rows in the "Taxa Window", whose names you can edit as appropriate.
In some cases, the taxa will have been automatically added as branches to your tree - if not, you will need to do the following:
Tree->Alter/Transform Tree->Add Taxa To Tree
Then in the "Add taxa to tree" Parameter Window that appears, select the taxa names you want to add (hold down CTRL or SHIFT and click to add more than one taxa at the same time) and then choose "Add"
This should place the two new taxa at the base of the tree.
You might want to do something like this if you initially work with hypotheses of the relationships of 5 vertebrates, but due to availability of new data want to incorporate two additional organisms in your analysis.
Editing/Changing the Structure of a Tree
Selecting/Deselecting Regions of a Tree
Several menus accessed from the Tree Window can apply actions to a selected sub-set of the tree e.g.
Tree->Alter/Transform Branch Lengths->Scale Selected Branch Lengths...
To select branches/clades use either of the following tools: Select Branch
or Select Clade
To deselect a clade/branch, simply re-click the currently-selected clade.
To deselect all clades/branches, simply click the background of the Tree Window
Re-rooting the Tree
Select the "Reroot at branch" tool
and select the banch to be used as the new root.
Changing the Tree Topology
There are several tools that can be used to change the topology of the tree - some of these are:
moving branches around the tree with the "Move branch" tool
- this works similarly to the
"Interchange Branches"
removing a branch (or set of branches) is done using the "Prune Clade" tool
- this works by simply clicking on a branch to remove it and all its daughter branches
the "Interchange Branches" tool will also change the topology by swaping the positions of two branches
Editing Branchlengths
Changing Branchlengths One-By-One
There are two tools that can be used to edit/add branchlength information on a tree:
the "Adjust branch length tool"
- select the tool, click on the branch you want to adjust, and enter the new branch length in the query box that should appear
the "Stretch branch" tool
- select the tool, and then click on the branch whose length you want to adjust. Then drag the mouse to stretch or shrink the branch as desired. Note that the closer to the tip you make your initial click, the smaller the branchlength change for a given movement of the mouse
Below you can see branch-lengths being edited using first the "Adjust branch length" and then "Stretch branches" tools.
Changing Multiple Branchlengths at Once
If you are starting with a tree built from a newly-created project, it will usually not have any branchlenghts assigned.. Rather than altering each branch one after the other, you can change/add many branchlengths at the same time using:
Tree->Alter/Transform Branch Lengths->Assign Branch Lengths
This open a "Set branch lengths" Parameter Window. Once you have chosen the branchlength to apply to all branches in the tree, click "OK"
Note that there are various other options provided in the
Tree->Alter/Transform Branch Lengths
menu that can be used to make other wholescale changes to the branchlengths.
Exporting the Tree in NEWICK/PHYLIP Format
One use of the tree-editing capabilities of MESQUITE is to prepare trees for use by other software packages. Thus we need a way of exporting the new trees out of MESQUITE into an external file.
To do this we need to create a new "Tree Block" from the edited versions of the trees we have created:
Tree->Store Copy of Tree As
in the "Store Tree As" Parameter Window give a name for the tree you are creating, then click "OK"
assuming you haven't yet created a tree block, you need to name a new one in the following "New Tree Block" Parameter Window, and then click "OK"
give both the tree, and the tree block, a name and say OK
now, when you use the File->Export... menu you can choose to export the tree you have built in either NEXUS or (more usually) Phylip format by selecting the format you need, clicking "OK" and choosing a name and destination for the new file.
An alternative approach is to use the Tree Window's option.
Edit->Copy Tree
This copies a NEWICK/PHYLIP format text version of the currently-viewed tree to the clipboard of your desktop - which can then be pasted into a text editor etc.
If branches on the tree have been labeled/selected, this information will be tagged up in the text that is copied to the clipboard - additionally, in many cases the end of the tree description may include additional characters such as "<> <test = 0.2 >" which you will usually want to remove before loading a file containing the tree into another piece of software.
Removing Trees
You may find that you have created several different trees within a given tree block e.g. via repeated use of
Tree->Store Tree
Tree->Store Tree As...
In that case, to remove any trees you do not need:
choose the Taxa&Trees->List of Trees to open the "Trees" tree-list window
from this window, select the rows in the table corresponding to trees you want to delete
use List->Delete Selected Trees and confirm that you do indeed want to delete these by clicking "Yes"
Add a New Taxa Block
If you want to compare trees with different sets of taxa in them (e.g. comparing a gene and a species tree) you will need to create additional Taxa Blocks to describe the additional taxa.
Trees&Taxa->New Block of Taxa...
In the "New Block of Taxa" Parameter Window, give a name to your new block e.g. "genes", and indicate how many taxa should be included in this tree
Add an Association Between Taxa Blocks
If we want to compare/reconcile Species and Gene trees using MESQUITE, we need to tell MESQUITE which taxa in the gene tree correspond to which taxa in the species tree. We do this using an "association".
While in many cases these mappings will be "obvious" based on their names, we still need to explicitly provide this information to MESQUITE - this of course allows for much more flexibility in setting up such mappings between taxa-blocks.
To do this, we need to have already created at least two taxa blocks in the project e.g. by
starting up a new project
and then
adding a second taxa block
Begin from either a "Taxa" or a "Tree" window
Taxa&Trees->New Association
In the "Select taxa" Parameter Window that should appear, choose the species tree from the list and click "OK"
Give a name to the association in the "Name of Association" window, and click "OK"
The window for the species-tree Taxa Block should be automatically selected, with an additional "Association Editor" panel on the right that is used to set up the association.
Select (potentially mutltiple using SHIFT and CTRL) genes from the right-hand list provided in the "Association Editor" panel
Select one row from the left-hand "Taxon" list BY CLICKING ON THE ROW NUMBERS TO SELECT THE WHOLE ROW - not just the name of the taxon in the first "proper" column of the list
Click on the arrow at the top of the Association Editor to assign the selected "gene" taxa to the selected "species" taxon. These gene taxa should now be included in the right-most column of the species taxon table, and also they should now be coloured grey and moved to the left side of the Association Editor.
All genes in the Association Panel need to be associated with a species taxon
Selecting the appropriate genes and taxa
This is how it should look after the assignment is made by clicking on the arrow above the list of gene taxa
Here is
the above file
as an example with a complete set of associations assigned.
Here are instructions
on setting up a new association from the MESQUITE manual.
Comparing Species and Gene Trees
MESQUITE can be used to investigate the minimal set of duplication/extinction events required to reconcile a given gene-tree topology with a given species tree, as described below.
Create a
new MESQUITE project
with the set of organisms you are interested in
Open a tree window
(or use an already-open tree window) and use the
"Move Branches" tool
to create an organism tree with the topology you want e.g. as in
this file
. Remember - you will need to
STORE the tree
you create in this way in a new tree block before being able to later use the tree in further analyses
You need to
create a new taxa block
to contain the names of the genes that make up the gene-tree we want to reconcile with the species tree
Open a second tree window for the new taxa block, and build a tree with your topology of intrest e.g. as in
this file
You need to tell MESQUITE which taxa from the gene Taxa Block correspond to which taxa in the species Taxa Block by
creating an "Association"
You are now ready to reconcile the trees by opening the Tree Window containing your species tree and doing
Analysis->Visual Tree Analysis->Contained Gene (or Other) Trees
Typically, in the following "Contained (gene) tree interpretation" window we
leave the the "Treat contained as unrooted" box unchecked
leave the "Contained polytomies auto-resolve" checked
uncheck the "Use Branch lengths of Contained tree") option
and then click "OK"
Select "Stored Trees" as the source for the contained tree (this will be our gene tree)
You may need to manipulate the resulting tree somewhat to view it more easily e.g. using the "Interchange Branches" tool to visualise relationships more easily
You may also want to try changing the lengths of the branches of the tree using the
"Stretch branch" tool
An example of a MESQUITE file showing the results of such an analysis
is here
Minimal Number of Duplications
The reconciled trees report the minimal number of duplication and extinction events required to account for the topology of the gene tree (given the species tree) - this is a minimum as any lineage could mask (potentially very many) cryptic successive duplication-extinction events. The image below is labeled to highlight those regions of a reconciled tree associated with gene duplication events.
Branches (labeled above in orange) where the same number of gene-tree lineages emerge from both ends did not experience any gene-duplication events.
Branches where this number is diferent (labeled above in red) indicate branches that DO experience gene duplication events - the difference in the number of these lineages indicating the number of duplication events occuring along that region of the species tree. Considering each of the red branches in turn:
A goes from 1 to 2 gene-tree lineages, indicating a single duplication event
B goes from 1 to 3 gene-tree lineages, indicating two duplication events
C goes from 1 to 2 gene-tree lineages, indicating a single duplication event
D goes from 2 to 3 gene-tree lineages, indicating a single duplication event
Thus, the smallest number of gene-duplication events required to reconcile this gene tree with the species tree is 5.
Minimal Number of Extinctions
When comparing a bifurcating gene and bifurcating species tree, extinctions can be identified as associated with those nodes where the number of gene-tree lineages emerging along a species-tree daughter lineage is different from the number of these lineages entering the node from the parental branch. As for duplications, this is indicates the minimum number of such events that occur as there might be (potentially many) cryptic duplication/extinction events.
On the image below, those regions of the nodes where this happens are highlighted in purple.
A: three lineages enter the node from the parent, only one emerges indicating
two extinction events
B: three lineages enter the node, only two emerge, indicating a
single extinction event
C: three lineages enter the node, only one emerges,
indicating two extinction events
This gives a minimum of 5 extinction events required to reconcile the species and gene trees.
Other Tree-Related Applications
MESQUITE can be used to obtain sets of trees with a range of different properties - which can then be used in a range of different applications. Some examples of these are given below. They all assume that you have already set up a tree and taxa block in a MESQUITE project, and will produce new Tree Blocks containing the new trees.
Here is an example MESQUITE file
containing sets of files created using some of the analyses described below.
Obtain all Possible Rooted Trees
Taxa&Trees->Make New Trees Block from->Modify Current Tree->All Rerootings
Make All Rerootings of Clade
Select the "Make All Rerootings of Clade" tool
Click on clade you want to obtain all rerootings from
Give a name to the block of trees you want the new trees to be storred in via the "Rerooted clade" window and click "OK"
Randomly Move Branches
Taxa&Trees->Make New Trees Block from->Randomly Modify Current Tree->Random Branch Moves
Randomly Change Branch Lengths
Taxa&Trees->Make New Trees Block from->Randomly Modify Current Tree->Other Choices...
"Select" Parameter Window->Add Noise to Branch Lengths
Click "OK"
"Variance of noise" window used to specify the amount of noise added per branch. Possibly change the value and click "OK"
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My 6 month old cries if I am not around. Is she getting used to having someone around her/spoilt?
My 6 month old is used to have a lot of family members around as she had both grand parents around her for 3 months. Now that they are gone, she cries when I am out of her sight. Is she getting spoilt? How should I handle this situation so that she gets into a habit of playing by herself.
Posted: 09/28/2010 by a BabyCenter Member
Mom Answers
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1 - 4 of 4 answers
Please don't think (or let anyone make you think) that your baby is getting "spoiled". Babies go through several phases of separation anxiety, and it is perfectly normal if at times your baby can only be comforted by you. You are her primary caregiver, and with her growing awareness of the world, she is starting to understand that people leave - and she doesn't want you to do that! ;) It really doesn't matter so much whether she has lots of other people around, holding her, taking care of her, etc. There will be phases in which she will just want her mommy and that's that. It's a good sign, really - I would be much more worried about a 6-month-old who didn't care whether mommy was around or not, KWIM? As far as her playing by herself, that will happen as she gets older, and then there will be times when she's clingy again. It's really all a series of phases until they're older and you can start setting some reasonable limits.posted 10/01/2010 by a BabyCenter Member
PP is right, it's separation anxiety. It's part of her development--she's smart enough to realize now when you are and aren't close to her, but she isn't coordinated enough to crawl or walk and follow you around like she will when she's a bit older. Try sitting her up in a swing or baby-seat where she can see you, or using a baby-carrier/backpack to hold her while you do chores if she gets extra fussy--I agree with the other posters, when she can move on her own she will be more independent. My son at that age loved to be in a backpack and watch what I was doing around the house. Now that he is a toddler, even though he plays on his own, he still likes to take his toys and pretend to help me while I dust or vaccuum or do other chores.posted 10/01/2010 by a BabyCenter Member
Yea, its completely normal for her to do that. Don't worry its not her being spoiled, she just notices when you aren't there. She is still young, once she starts being mobile, she will start to become more independent.posted 09/29/2010 by peanutwitt
It's called separation anxiety and most babies go through this phase.posted 09/29/2010 by sugar&spiceX3
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Page 1 of 1Being a part of an online community with a purpose can be a wonderful thing! SparkTeens is committed to helping you live a healthy lifestyle and achieving your goals in a safe and positive environment.
Our Message Boards, SparkPages and other community features (Teams, profiles, blogs, etc.) are great places to find other teens with common interests and goals. SparkTeens' Community is very positive and supportive and you are likely to find others who you really connect with as you share experiences and support. Although it isn't something we like to think about, it is important to remember some general safety tips about sharing information about yourself on the internet.


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Below you will find a list of the movie theaters in Long Beach, CA. These 10 movie theaters are organized by their distance from Long Beach. The closest businesses to Long Beach are Cinemark on S. Pine Ave (Long Beach), Art Theatre on E. 4th St (Long Beach), United Artists Theatres on E. Pacific Coast Hwy (Long Beach), Cal Bowl on Carson St (Lakewood) and Bay Theatre on Main St (Seal Beach) in the category Movie Theaters.
1. long beach historic landmarks information 2Located at 2025 East Fourth Street in the city of Long Beach, this building is the last remaining neighborhood movie theater left in Long Beach. Its design and ...
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PO Box 336144
Greeley, CO 80633
Charlie faces many challenges on the journey, including a man who has his own reasons for being hostile to Charlie's Christian message. While Charlie is gone, Grandpa encounters excitement both in the new town of Denver and on the trail home. When in trouble, both Charlie and Grandpa are helped by angels in various guises.
Gallup's writing style is straightforward, suited to the men who travel through this tale. ("I'll try to keep the peace when I can, but I won't be pushed around. If the need arises, I'll defend myself.") She describes the Colorado territory and the sights and sounds of the cattle drive.
Rock of Refuge is a good choice for high school students and adults. The temptations found in the Old West are mentioned in this book, although not in detail, making it less suited for younger students. Male readers will especially enjoy Charlie's adventures in working as a cowhand and confronting the man who threatens Charlie, Grandpa, and many others.


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Summer of 2013
Meet and Greet
Saturday, June 8th
Summer of 2013
Meet and Greet
Saturday, June 8th
Hammerstone's in Soulard
9th and Russell
Class of 69ers
Present and Accounted For
Lyn Baker Hammerstone
Jane Byers
Cyndy Whitacre Harting
Ken DeBeer
Cathie Moss Duffie
Chuck Lutz
Patty Geller-Boudria
Joe Paulsen
Sandy Allen Paulsen (RGHS '71)
Tom Youngerman
Steve Harris
Ron Cohen
Rich Leh
Dan Green
Runa Caquelard Swofford
Carl Chappell
Sherry Anderson Cushman
Cheryl Niebur Lapinski
Dan Johanningmeier
Ken Bay
Ron Greifzu
John Beaury
Mary Alwes
Bruce Ealick
Mike Pitts
Dorothy Fey Banocy
John Banocy
Jerry Podorski
Pat Hourston Bremerkamp
MIke Hunter
John Lindquist
Jim Harris
Don Cole
Alison Wynn Brown
Paul Palacek
Wes Walters
Donna Hopkins Arnold
Larry Schenewerk (RGHS '68)
Mike McKenna (RGHS '68)
Dan McDonough (RGHS '68)
Tom Gunning (RGHS '68)
Ron Walters (RGHS '68)
The RGHS Class of '69 gathered for our fifth Meet and Greet at Hammerstone's on June 8th. Thanks to Lyn and Denny for hosting another great party on their patio. The weather was spectacular. Approximately 57 people attended (42 classmates and about 15 spouses and friends). If you want to see more photos, click on either photo below.


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The accreditation of Keuka College's social work program has again been reaffirmed by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).
Keuka offers a bachelor's degree in social work in its traditional program on the Keuka Park campus and at sites across New York state through the Accelerated Studies for Adults Program (ASAP).
One reason why CSWE accreditation is critical is that social workers seeking licensure from the National Association of Social Workers must hold a master's degree from an accredited social work program, according to Stephanie Craig, professor and chair of the Division of Social Work.
"Being accredited by CSWE also allows us to provide a program that is accepted across the United States and permits students to apply for admission to master's degree programs at an accredited school," said Craig.
CSWE is a national association that "preserves and enhances the quality of social work education for practice that promotes the goals of individual and community well-being and social justice." CSWE pursues this mission through setting and maintaining policy and program standards, accrediting bachelor's and master's degree programs in social work, promoting research and faculty development, and advocating for social work education.
The CSWE conducted a site visit and review of Keuka's program earlier this year, but the College spent "two to three years" preparing for it, according to Craig.
"It was much more arduous this time because we added a social work degree through ASAP in 2007," said Craig. "In addition to conducting a self-study, we rewrote the syllabus, developed assessments, and analyzed how the program fits within the College."
Social work has been part of the Keuka College curriculum since 1950 and became fully accredited by the CSWE in 1982.
"Our traditional social work program has earned the respect of human service providers across New York state, from Watertown to Binghamton and in between through the service of our students and faculty, as well as the employment of our graduates," said Craig.
Craig said that "with the addition of the innovative ASAP delivery model—resulting in an increase of 50 to some 300 students—Keuka has provided access to secondary education that would otherwise be unobtainable."
Congratulations to the Social Work faculty for this tremendous achievement!
The Social Work faculty here at Keuka are A #1 AWESOME, and as a Social Work student here at Keuka myself, I am thrilled to see this accomplishment in our hands. Thank you to all the faculty who made this happen, and congrats!


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Yeah… about that map
Timothy Kincaid
December 20th, 2013
I guess it went up a day too soon.
Utah will likely appeal. But for now marriages are going on and we are now up to 18 States plus DC, a grand total of 120 million US residents, or 39.5% of the population, now live where marriages are equal.


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PartSelect Number PS2060868
This limit switch is located in the ice/water dispenser section. The switch pictured here is black, though this type of switch is also available in white.
This part works with the following brands: Whirlpool, Admiral, Estate, Inglis, Kenmore, KitchenAid, Roper, Maytag, Crosley, Jenn-Air, Hardwick, Magic Chef, Amana, Caloric & Glenwood.
This part fixes the following symptoms:
I replaced the actuator switch and rubber pad with the switch actuator. I had attempted to repair previously without replacing the pad but the problem continued. I put up with the problem for a long time waiting for the opportunity to get to the appliance parts store but their hours are hard to deal with and work myself. I was able to find the part easily with the on-line catalog and parts diagram and ordering was no hassle at all. Shipping was extremely fast. I remove the front panel by removing the drip tray and the 2 screws at the bottom. Then gently lift up on the front cover assembly (careful with the connector to the circuit board at the top) it slides over 2 screw heads at the top. Remove all the screws that secure the dispenser to the fridge, one screw is hidden on the right side (as you face the front. Work the dispenser out and careful of the water tube coming from the top - it stays in place. The wire connector must be unplugged from the left side in order to remove the assembly and not actuate the dispenser while working (a good idea to unplug the fridge). A small phillips screw holds the switch in place and the actuator fits over with the slots fitting over lugs on the assembly. Reinstall as you removed - be careful to be sure all wires go back into the proper location and "tracks" to keep them out of the way and avoid pinching (if the actuator will not go back flush in its location check the wires to the switch). Plug all wires bach in and don't forget the harness to the top of the circuit board on the front panel.Plug back in and check your work.Important to replace the actuator pad - its "elasticity" is the return mechanism for the switch actuator. Probably the issue I had after replacing the switch and still suffering the same problem.Good Luck!
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
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Shut off power, removed the torx screws that hold the dispenser assembly to the freezer door, disconnected "ribbon cable" from keypad and removed the dispenser assembly to counter. Unhooked sides and removed rubber actuator pad, unscrewed limit switch, removed and disconnected 2 wires. Reversed the above with new actuator pad and limit switch. Total time about 20 minutes.
Replaced old dual outlet water valve with new design, which eliminates the (reportedly) troublesome "y" connector. A relatively simple matter of unplugging the refrig., turning off the water that feeds the ice maker and removing the cardboard/fabric service panel at the bottom rear of the refrig. Removed one screw with a nutdriver, disconnected the valve from both lines and out came the old valve with little fanfare. Next, as I replaced the valve with the new and improved version, cut out the "y" connector and used the supplied union and tubing to connect to the existing water line (just upstream from where the "y" connector was). Then, as my water/ice dispenser was sticking "on", I went ahead and replaced the rubber activator and internal switch. This just required moving a few hex screws on the front part of the dispenser to gain access to the parts. A relative snap and now all is working well.
I am going to be completely honest here. This problem had persisted for months. I finally decided that I would buy all the associated parts and repair the unit hoping to cover the problem. Much to my surprise, after carrying out the repair, using the instructions provided by PartSelect, I still had the problem. I decided to remove and LUBRICATE the button which depresses the Limit Switch when you push a glass against the rubber membrane. Low and behold the problem was solved. The frig is nine years old, so I feel I may have prevented other problems in the future by replacing the three parts. It was a follow the directions sort of repair. I was very pleased with PartSelect response to my order (received it next day) with standard shipping.
first i remove the two screws like the guy said on your web site. then i pulled the cover off with a upward motion revealing three more screws witch i removed. I then removed the dispencer. unpluged the wires and removed the switch and pad and replaced with new parts.I reinstalled the wires then the unit, installed the screws and cover.Checked for proper operation.Then enjoyed that cold beer! Thanks to your wed site and repair info. I saved at least 100 buck to the repair man. Thanks Partselect.com
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The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
Copyright © 1999-2016 , Eldis Group Partnership. All rights reserved.


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Wiki > Main > QuickMenu (compare)
Difference: QuickMenu (r9 vs. r8)
The Quick Menu
The Quick Menu allows you to access and change certain frequently-used settings:
The Quick Menu is accessed from the file browser or the While Playing Screen. To access the Quick Menu, press and hold the A-B Button (iriver, iAudio), press and hold the Menu button (iPod), or press the F2 button (Archos Recorder models).
Shuffle Mode
Shuffle mode plays each track in the currently playing list in a random order rather than in the order shown in the browser.
Repeat Mode
Repeat mode has the following options.
Show Files
Show files determines what type files can be seen in the browser. The options are:
View topic | View difference side by side | History: r11 < r10 < r9 < r8 | More topic actions
r11 - 19 Mar 2008 - 13:11:35 - MarcGuayRevision r9 - 25 Nov 2006 - 11:50 - DanielStenberg
Revision r8 - 25 Nov 2006 - 10:26 - JonasHaeggqvist
Copyright © by the contributing authors.


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Jefferson City man sentenced for break-in charges
Sunday, September 9, 2012
Cole County Judge Dan Green recently sentenced a Jefferson City man to two years in prison for pleading guilty to charges in connection with a break-in at a public pool in May.
Joseph Frasher, 23, 5121 S. Brooks Drive, was charged with second-degree burglary and first-degree property damage.
According to police reports, officers received a report of a burglary alarm at Memorial Park Aquatic Facility, 120 Binder Drive. A police dog was able to track two suspects, one of them Frasher, to their hiding place in a garden shed behind a residence on nearby Oakview Drive, and they were taken into custody.
Judge Green also sentenced a Jefferson City man to three years in prison for pleading guilty to charges in connection with a hit-and-run accident that led to the discovery of stolen items and heroin in January.
According to court documents ....
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May 5, 2016
ROCKFORD (WIFR) -- All after-school activities scheduled to take place at Lincoln Middle School today are cancelled in order to repair a burst water pipe. The cancellation includes 21st Century tutoring. The boys basketball team's away game at Thurgood Marshall School will still take place, as scheduled.
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A day after the accident, I was standing in the hospital room and a memory flooded my mind. I was back in my bedroom, a few weeks before our trip, putting away clothes and God spoke to my heart. I remember the deep emotion that came with such a personal and humbling word that God spoke to me.
And that was it. But with that, I thought about the times my actions were right but my heart was not. I thought about instances where I did not honor my husband like I should have. I thought about times I had turned away from him instead of to him.
I do. I will.


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Whether you're swimming, scuba diving, or snorkeling, the Poolmaster Stingray Child/Junior Swim Set is perfect for getting you started.
Poolmaster Snorkle and Mask
The mask is great quality and fit. It hugs the face and no water gets in and it is comfortable. The snorkel is pretty basic and could be a little better design. It is hard to hook to the mask and it doesn't have a valve to prevent water intrusion in submersion. But for the price, I would definitely recommend purchasing it. I gave it a 5 star because the mask is definitely 5 star and for the price of a good mask, you get a starter snorkel, too..
Jerri Myers
Long Boat Key, FL
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Big let down
The mask is the prefect size for a small child but the strap doesn't stretch. My grand daughter will have nothing to do with the mask after my attempts to get it to fit. I will be going to a local dive store to find a strap that works better.
Jo-Anne G.
Medley, FL
My 4 year old loves these!
My 4 year old, who is afraid to put her face in the water, loves this snorkel. They fit great and work really well!
Kristal P.
Durango, CO
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I always love sharing books that I love written by friends that I love. Rene Gutteridge has been a special friend for years. After being roomies one year at a writers retreat, my love for her personally grew. But with each book she comes out with my love for her talent grows. She is witty, kind and a person you would want as your friend. And I wanted to share a recent project she worked on that I thought our friends on the porch might enjoy.
Renee, can you tell us how this opportunity came about to write the book adaptation of the movie "Heart of the Country?"
Tyndale acquired the rights for the novelization and asked me to read the script to see if I was interested. I loved it. I identified with a lot of the characters and I felt the story was well-written. I knew I'd have a lot of fun adapting it. The movie had not gone into production yet so I worked solely from the script. Now the movie and the book are both available and it's really exciting to see this entire project come together. I'm blessed to be a part of it.
How does the process of writing a book based off of a screenplay differ from your normal fiction writing?
Well, obviously you have parameters, but they're more helpful than anything, I think. The basics of storytelling are the same, but you have to really implement all those fiction tools you have in your basket. Scripts are very technical and mostly bare-bones. They're designed to let each artist involved (director, actor, costumers, etc.) interpret, so in that way, they're extremely fun. They're like a guideline. I think screenwriters are some of the most generous writers around. Their work is the basis for the entire movie, and they have to let each artist do what they think is best in the telling of a story they created. Novelists, I can assure you, don't play that nice!'
Can you share just a snippet of how you got started writing.
I was that kid that was always writing. It's just been in me for a very long time. I got interested in screenwriting as a teenager and studied that in college, but it was a novel that gave me my first break so that's where I've been now for almost fifteen years.
What are you working on next?
I've got a lot of fun projects coming up. I'm promoting my new thriller Misery Loves Company. We're in post-production for my movie SKID, based on my comedic novel of the same name. That was a great experience and I'm looking forward to getting the film finished and to audiences. I've also got a new comedy that released in October with screenwriter Cheryl McKay. If you liked Never the Bride you will love this one too! It's called Greetings from the Flipside. And I'm currently finishing another family drama called Just 18 Summers which is another novelization! I'm always so thankful to be working. It's not always the case as a freelance writer. Each project is a blessing.
Rene, we know that Moore, Oklahoma suffered tremendously in the spring tornado of 2013 that destroyed the Plaza Towers elementary school. What was that day like for your family? And how is your community coming back from the rubble?
I've actually written the account of what happened to my family on May 20th on my blog. http://www.renegutteridge.blogspot.com/2013/07/may-20th-2013.html It was a day of truly testing my faith in God. It was by far the scariest day of my life. My entire family was in danger and we were all separated. I've written down my thoughts on what God taught me that day.
Moore is a really great town. I love it and I love the people. They have a lot of fortitude and spirit and heart. They'll make it through this. But the devastation is incomprehensible. It's just baffling to see an entire stretch of a city simply gone.
Latest posts by Denise Jones (see all)
- My "I Must" - December 30, 2014
- A few of my favorite Christmas things - December 16, 2014
- Reclaiming the Season - December 2, 2014


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Irby Lovette, Cornell University
"The Evolution of New World Warblers and the Ecological Causes and Consequences"
4:00 p.m., Thursday, November 4
Everyone is welcome to attend! Refreshments served beforehand (3:45-4:00 p.m.) in the first-floor lobby. Please bring your own reusable mug for beverages. Reuse, reduce, recycle!
The biology department offers a seminar series each semester representing a broad range of topics in biology. These seminars are open to the entire College community. Refreshments are offered prior to the seminar. Students are invited to meet with the speaker in a small group following the talk to answer questions related to the topic presented, or to answer questions regarding different careers in biology.
Find more information about this seminar series at 2004 Fall Seminar Series.
Contributed by Nancy Pierce
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When I was young, my mother read me a story about a wicked little girl.I sat against her on the couch as she read from a book on her lap. The lamp shone on us and there was a blanket over us.
The girl in the story was beautiful and cruel. Because her mother was poor, she sent her daughter to work for rich people, who spoiled and petted her. The rich people told her she had to visit her mother. But the girl felt she was too good and went merely to show herself.
One day, the rich people sent her home with a loaf of bread for her mother. But when the little girl came to a muddy bog, rather than ruin her shoes, she threw down the bread and stepped on it. It sank into the bog and she went with it. She sank into a world of demons and deformed creatures. Because she was beautiful, the demon queen made her into a statue as a gift for her great-grandson.
The girl was covered in snakes and slime and surrounded by the hate of every creature trapped like she was. She was starving but couldn't eat the bread still welded to her feet. She could hear what people were saying about her; a boy passed by saw what had happened to her and told everyone, and they all said she deserved it. Even her mother said she deserved it.
The girl couldn't move, but if she could have, she would've twisted with rage. "It isn't fair!" cried my mother, and her voice mocked the wicked girl.
Because I sat against my mother when she told this story, I did not just hear it in words only. I felt it in her body. I felt a girl who wanted to be too beautiful. I felt a mother who wanted to love her. I felt a demon who wanted to torture her. I felt them mixed together so you couldn't tell them apart. The story scared me and I cried. My mother out her arms around me. "Wait," she said. "It's not over yet. she's going to be saved my the tears of an innocent girl. Like you."
My mother kissed the top of my head and finished the story. And I forgot about it for a long time.
Xyliia's blogy thingy.


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Comments On Aug 23, 2015:Fits right into place. Easy install. Just three bolts and tail cap comes off.
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Comments On Nov 21, 2013:I bought this to replace the spark arrestor which had a hole in it for my Alba Racing silencer as Alba Racing doesn't make parts for my 7+ year old pipe. This worked out great with no modification
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Comments On Aug 25, 2013:Fit like a charm
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Comments On Jul 23, 2013:Had to slightly modify to fit my HMF pipe but worked in the end great
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PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti – Trash and sewage are piling up at the squalid tent camps that hundreds of thousands have called home since Haiti's devastating earthquake — and with torrential rains expected any day, authorities are not even close to providing the shelters they promised.Read the full article here.
Two months since the Jan. 12 quake, the government has yet to relocate a single person, despite a pledge that people would be moving into resettlement areas by early February.
Aid groups say they're ready to build but don't have the land. Government officials insist they are making progress on finding sites in closed-door negotiations with private landowners.
But time is running out for 600,000 people living under tarps, tents or simply bed sheets as the rainy season has the makings of a second major crisis. Heavy rains typically start around April 1 and there already have been deadly floods to the west of the earthquake zone.
"It really is desperate," said Alex Wynter, a spokesman in Haiti for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. "It's got the makings of a major disaster."


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With over 14 years of development and all the numerous applications throughout the world, we have a model to fit your needs.


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NYC Essentials
8 January 2010
18 comments:
I love the boots! I like how you mixed girly with tough elementsReplyDelete
Who are you interning for? Your move sounds very exciting, and I love Forever21!ReplyDelete
i miss yo face around london lady! mail me news.ReplyDelete
you look awesome, as per.
mwah xxxxxxx
love the boots!ReplyDelete
i'm coming to NYC from LDN in Feb- you've made me feel at lot less nervous about the move & interning!
The work ensemble looks great! I need those boots in my life already....!ReplyDelete
I was offered an internship in NYC yesterday.... and they want me to leave UK and start in ONE MONTH! Eeek. I am freaking out to say the least!
Those boots are fab ! Enjoy exploring New York !ReplyDelete
Ooooh awesome post. I love these kind of updates. Love the boots and pleased you got those ones!ReplyDelete
Also, I remember F21 was crazy (especially during sale time) and while the quality doesn't compare to TS, it's still pretty fun to look around.
Your room looks lovely!
you know im just desperate to go to new york for the shopping. im hoping to go in about a year but we will see what happens. love the fone! dont worry about not having a very cool fone, mine isnt very expensive but it has a qwerty keyboard which is soo useful for texting. i can txt nearly as fast as i can type so its so quick, i dont think i could go back to normal mobiles now! xReplyDelete
I love those boots! Hurrah for new buys!ReplyDelete
I love the white cardi you're wearing!! Any chance of picking one up for me?? :pReplyDelete
I am loving those military/combat boots, they go perfect with that outfit!ReplyDelete
even MORE jealous of you know... bitch! :)ReplyDelete
wish I could do some US shopping - those boots are amazing! I NEED those in my life!
♥ Hannah
awesome cardi.ReplyDelete
I have been looking for months of boots of the same style and length. Lucky you. Great post, btw. :)ReplyDelete
I LOVE this look..perfect.ReplyDelete
haha thank you!ReplyDelete
I love your boots, they are awesome.
Congrats to all of your purchases - especially the camera. I love your lace dress in the 1st picture! Sabine xReplyDelete
Ooohh those lashes look good!ReplyDelete
And I simply LOVE the outfit with the white cardigan. And the mesh top is amazing.
Basically, loving it all!!


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Nicky Hayden finished 7th in the WC last year while Stoner was 4th with 9 podiums and 3 wins. He had 5 podiums at this stage of the year and his lowest finish all year was a couple of 5th places
Nicky Hayden is currently 7th in the WC. Rossi is 6th with one podium and he's just posted his worst finish of the year in 10th. He's avaging about a 6th place finish.


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text: Hey, On Wed, Apr 15, 2009 at 12:09 PM, Jörgen Stenarson <email@example.com> wrote: > "c:\python25\lib\site-packages\nose-0.11.0.dev_r596-py2.5.egg\nose\loader > .py", line 362, in loadTestsFromName I see you're using a dev version of nose, I'm using 0.10.4. I'll try this and see if it makes a difference, but I need to run now, I won't be back for a few hours. If in the meantime you could check to see if the problem is still present for you with nose 0.10.4, that would be great. I'm very puzzled, no matter what I do I can't reproduce it, so I can't debug it... Cheers, f


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Started with some real Sinatra for those who were missing hearing it this week. Then some more Sharon Jones and some soul from Arkansas, a couple of covers of NRBA and some live Doors, from the soundtrack of a new bio film on the band running on PBS next week.
Some new Texas Tornados and The Slackers as well as a salute to acts coming to the area this weekend, from the English Beat to Steve Wynn (and a samba fest at Trinity).
Here's what I played on the radio this morning:
Friday Morning Rock 4-9-2010 9 a.m.-noon WRTC 89.3 FM
"Soliloquy," Frank Sinatra
"Come Fly With Me," Frank Sinatra
"It Was a Very Good Year," Tree People
"That's Life," Down by Law
"I Learned th hard Way," Sharon Jones & The Dap Kings
"If You Call," Sharon Jones & The Dap Kings
"The Reason," Sharon Jones & The Dap Kings
"Holding On (Part 2)," Sister Ernestine Washington
"Dirty No Gooder's Blues," Amina Caroline Myers
"Bring me All the Love You Got," Claudia Whitten
"Take It Out in Trade," Maxine Brown
"I'm Leavin,'" Linda Brannon
"It Comes to Me Naturally," Sarah Borges & The Broken Records
"Ridin' in My Car," She & Him
"Kiss On My List," The Bird & The Bee
"Harpeth River," The Watson Twins
"(It's Gonna Be) I Told You So," Drive-By Truckers
"Soul Kitchen," Patti Smith
"Break On Through," The Doors (live, Ilse of Wight, 1970)
"Light My Fire," The Doors (live, "The Ed Sullivan Show," 1967)
"When the Music's Over," The Doors (live, Danish TV, 1968)
"Velma from Selma," Texas Tornados
"I Feel a Change Comin' On," Bob Dylan
"King of Spain," The Tallest Man on Earth
"Solitary Gun," Rogue Wave
"Ain't No Sunshine," The Slackers
"Tears of a Clown," The English Beat
"Mirror in the Bathroom," The English Beat
"Ranking Full Stop," The English Beat
"Ando Meio Desligado," Os Mutantes
"Bat Macumba," Os Mutantes
"Wish Coin (Go It Alone)," Beck
"Me and Jane Doe," Charlotte Gainsbourg
"Caged Bird," Unkle
"Paradise Circus," Massive Attack
"Good Intentions Paving Co.," Joanna Newsom
"Candy Machine," Steve Wynn
"California Style," Steve Wynn
"A Fond Farewell," Steve Wynn
"Shades of Blue," Steve Wynn
"Gratitude (For Curt Flood)," Baseball Project
Listen to Friday Morning Rock weekly at 9 a.m. EDT in Hartford at WRTC 89.3 FM or online at www.wrtcfm.com.


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Elkhart County Sheriff Brad Rogers will share his views supporting gun rights on a CNN program dedicated to the gun issue.
In a post on his Facebook page this morning, Jan. 31, he indicated that he, among several others, was invited to appear on the CNN show Anderson Cooper 360, hosted by journalist Anderson Cooper. Cooper will moderate a "town hall"-style program titled "Guns Under Fire," to air at 8 p.m. this evening.
"I will provide the Constitutional Sheriff perspective," Rogers said in his Facebook post. Responding to an Elkhart Truth query this morning, he e-mailed back, saying he was boarding an airplane and would try to call later with additional comment.
According to the website of the CNN show, "Guns Under Fire" will "gather important voices in the debate to talk about what must happen to achieve a common objective: less gun violence in America."
Aside from Rogers, the panelists to appear include:
Sandy Froam, a former president of the National Rifle Association
Colin Goddar, a victim who survived the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007.
The discussion will take place at George Washington University.
In a Jan. 24 post on his Facebook page, Rogers expressed strong support for gun rights. "The more people who are carrying firearms for legal purposes, the more polite our society will be," he wrote.
Gun control, he said, is not an issue that's within the domain of the federal government. "The issue of any gun laws should be the individual states," he wrote.
Even states, though, have limitations, he continued, noting a section of the Indiana Constitution that says people "shall have the right to bear arms, for the defense of themselves and the State."
Rogers encourages gun owners to get proper training and to "have the ability" to keep firearms from children.


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text:
Newlyweds Rochelle Wiseman and Marvin Humes were spotted for the first time as husband and wife while leaving their hotel.
Although we haven't been treated to any wedding pics (yet) we are pleased to say that we have been treated to a glimpse of their wedding rings.
The best looking couple in showbiz? We think so
Well dressed as ever, Rochelle wore a bright blue dress and Marvin wore a white shirt and camel-coloured trousers.
The couple tied the knot on Friday in Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire.
After months of speculation over when they were going to do it, Olly Murs let the cat out of the bag speaking on Capital FM.
"I'm there on Friday," he goofed. "Very, very excited about it. I think the whole country knows when their wedding is, so I'm looking forward to it.
"I'm looking forward to seeing some people I haven't seen in a while. It's going to be a really interesting day. I hope I don't get too many drinks down me because I've got a gig the next day so I need to be on my best behaviour."
The couple were snapped leaving their hotel
Their guest list included the likes of One Direction, Tulisa, Pixie Lott, Nicola Roberts, Diana Vickers, Reggie Yates and Fearne Cotton.
Rumours are that JLS boys were the ushers, while The Saturdays ladies were bridesmaids.
We want wedding pictures. We want wedding pictures.
'The Only Way Is Essex' celebrate at Joey Essex's 22nd birthday party at Ashwells swimming pool in Brentwood, Essex. The pals partied away in 80's themed costumes and Joey received an 80's style Chopper bicycle.
David Beckham outside Number 10 Downing street to hand in a petition on behalf of UNICEF London
Jessica Alba smiling as she arrives at Barneys New York in midtown Manhattan
Michael Buble goes sightseeing with a friend's daughter Rome
Cher Lloyd meet her 'Brats' and performs her new song 'Want U Back' at the Roosevelt Field Mall in Garden City New York
Jessie Wallace and her boyfriend, musician Tim Arnold, leaving Quo Vadis restaurant and bar at 1.30am in high spirits. Arnold reportedly once nearly died after a five-hundred pound drug binge, but is said to have been clean for nine years. London
Jessica Biel outside the 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!' studios Los Angeles
Chris Fountain, at Granada Studios for filming ITV soap Coronation Street Manchester
James Corden and Keira Knightley filming on location for the new movie 'Can a Song Save Your Life?'. The film tells the story of two struggling musicians who move to New York City to persue their dream.
Professor Green aka Stephen Manderson and Millie Mackintosh arriving at JFK airport for Millie's birthday weekend New York City
Tara Reid with the Jedward twins John and Edward Grimes walking along the beach at the Club 55 resort. St Tropez
Caroline Flack and Zara Martin Warner Music Olympics 2012 party in Tate Modern - outside arrivals London
Tom Payne arriving at his hotel after a hard day of working on his new movie 'Der Medicus' ("The Physician"). Cologne, Germany


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Emilly Mullar – Fashion Lookbook
October 17, 2011
Fashion weeks around the world have come to an end and in lieu of not having fresh runway looks every time you open style.com I wanted to share some photos from a photo shoot I did for Boston designer Emily Mullar. I sadly had to miss her show but our lookbook photo shoot was great fun and her Spring/Summer 2012 pieces are fabulous.
The Spring/Summer collection consists of beautiful silks, canvases and cottons in perfect neutrals mixed with some of my favorite blue colors on the planet. Here is a peek at our shoot.
A few lookbook images
Boston Fashion Week – MendozaMendoza
September 28, 2010
It is Fashion Week here in Boston and the other evening I was invited to a presentation for MendozaMendoza. The presentation was held in a South End space behind Rocca Kitchen & Bar. The crowd seemed fun, hip and certainly dressed to the nines. I could have sat outside and people watched all night. Biggest trend on those in attendance: black sequins! Anyway, onto the presentation. The models were draped across various Moroccan inspired furniture that created this opium den feel. Perfect for Sam Mendoza's, silky, draped dresses. Although I think my favorites were the harem pants and separates…did I just say I liked harem pants?!?!?! I think I did!
The scene
Long draped dresses
My favorites


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The Inside Track: 5 Tips For Putting On A Great Live ShowPosted on March 12th, 2013 by Guest in Advice & Tips, The Inside Track
My band, Zeitgeist Zero, started nearly ten years ago and the only tips I can give are from my own experience. In February 2003 we played our first show, in a small back room of The Primrose Pub, in our hometown of Leeds. We've never been the trendiest or coolest band in our scene, but somehow we have built up an international, cult following, and I'll tell you how;
Image by Dena Flows on Flickr (Creative Commons License)
1. You Do Not Play Gigs
Ever. Big full stop. You play shows. You need to think of your live performance as an event. It's not just a showcase for your music, it is a showcase for you as a person and as a group of musicians. People don't just go to see live music just to listen, they go to watch, they want to be entertained. If you entertain people then they will want to return, to relive that experience again. Did you ever hear anybody say, "Let's go and see that band where everyone stares at their shoes"? Probably not. People may enjoy your music, but failing to engage your audience means they will think you're boring live. Then if one of your gigs ever clashes with something else, you may lose your audience because your live performance failed to grab them.
2. Staging
When you put on a show, dress your stage area, have a banner or a back drop, use props. Don't leave your rubbish on stage, nobody wants to see the Tesco carrier bag you brought your sandwiches in. We have back projection, helium filled barrage balloons, gas masks and flashing lights on our amps. We had a retro Second World War theme on our latest CD, so the stage image reflected that.
3. Dress the Part
Onto the band, don't get on stage wearing the clothes you've been bumming around in all day. Fine if you play gigs, but if you play a show, definitely not. It is worth taking time to think what image you want to portray. My band went for a retro army theme for the tour. Everyone wore a similar theme of khaki and black, except the lead singer who wore a different but complimenting outfit in a different colour. We use every device under the sun to look gorgeous and use sex appeal to the max. If someone likes your band just because they fancy you, it's not necessarily a bad thing. Especially if they regularly come to your shows, buy your merch and rave on about you on line. So it's worth taking the time to look good.
4. Sound
Get a good Sound Engineer. He should know your songs, so give him your set list and your music. We have lots of dynamics in our music, so on the desk the guy needs to ride the faders during certain songs to get the best results for our audience. No matter how good you are, if you sound crap a lot of people will think it's your fault, that you just sound rubbish live.
5. Interact
Finally you are there to entertain, so get handclaps going, get people to sing along, etc. The audience wants to feel part of your show; be complimentary and make them feel special. I get them to come to the front and not hang back, it's too easy for people to get distracted, if they hang back they can wander off. If they come close to the stage they will have a totally different experience. Remember you're not just there to play songs, but to entertain people.
by Music Jobs member Teresa Moorhead.
Tags: Bands, dress, entertain, Gig, interact, live music, show, sound, staging, tips, zeitgeist zero