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Of all the peoples visited by Weston Priceduring his historic research expeditions of the 1930s, none elicited as much awe as the Australian Aborigines, whom he described as "a living museum preserved from the dawn of animal life on the earth." For Price, the Aborigines represented the paradigm of moral and physical perfection. Their skills in hunting, tracking and food gathering were unsurpassed. Their social organization allowed for the schooling of children from a young age. A series of initiations for the boys were designed to instill both fearlessness and respect for the welfare of the entire tribe, and respect and care for a sizeable number of old people, for whom were reserved special foods that were easy to gather and hunt. Price's photographs of Aborigines on their native diets illustrate dental structures so perfect as to make the reader wonder whether these natives were wearing false teeth. But like all the other primitive groups Price studied, the Aborigines soon succumbed to rampant tooth decay and disease of every type when they adopted the "displacing foods of modern commerce" - white flour and sugar, jams, canned foods and tea. Children born to the next generation developed irregularities of the dental arches with conspicuous facial deformities - patterns that mimicked those seen in white civilizations.10
The Australian continent provides plentiful animal foods - land mammals, birds, reptiles, seafood and insects - plus a bewildering variety of plant foods. Conditions were lush in the subtropical areas along the coasts, and extremely harsh in the desert interior. Nevertheless, bushmen of the arid regions exhibited the same robust good health as their brothers living in the coastal forests. Each clan stayed within its own prescribed area, except to participate in certain religious ceremonies or to share in particularly bountiful harvests of foods like shellfish or nuts. Coastal groups built more or less permanent shelters and moved as a group only to take advantage of certain seasonal food supplies. Desert tribes were more wandering; they had larger territories and moved about according to the location of water and game.
The men were responsible for hunting large game, birds and fish. They generally hunted the kangaroo in groups. A number spread out to herd the animals towards a net that they stretched across a pocket in the forest or brush near the animals' feeding area. Another group concealed itself near the net to catch the game with spears or clubs. In open country, the animals were tracked and speared while they were resting in the shade of a tree during the hot part of the day.11 Smaller marsupials, such as the wallaby, paddy-melon, bandicoot and kangaroo rat, were also hunted. In the arid central regions, such small game has been replaced in part by rabbits. Echidna - the spiny anteater - is also hunted for its meat.
The Aborigines did not hunt at night, but extracted nocturnal animals such as possum and koala bear - both prized foods - from their daytime resting places in various ingenious ways. The Aborigines would first detect the presence of the animal by its smell, claw marks or droppings, and confirm its presence by inserting a stick or frond tipped with honey into the hollow tree or log serving as a lair. If hairs stuck to the honey, they knew the animal was there. They extracted it either by climbing a tree to drag out the animal or by smoking it out of its resting place.
Bats such as the flying fox and grey glider were so numerous in certain places that they blocked out the stars and moon when they flew. They were caught during the day as they slept in the scrub. Two or three people carrying about a dozen small clubs would climb trees where the bats were sleeping. Standing on branches, they would frighten the bats and throw the clubs at them as they flew away.
Reptiles such as goannas, lizards, frogs and snakes also found a place in the Aboriginal diet, as did birds of all sizes - emus, turkeys, swans, ducks, parrots and cockatoos. To catch flying birds such as parrots, the Aborigines set nets across trees. Boomerangs were thrown above the flock. Thinking these were hawks, the birds dived down and were caught in the nets. In the summer, hunters would capture ducks by submerging themselves up to their necks in water holes, holding small branches to hide their heads. When a duck came close, the hunter would grasp its legs and drown it. Fish were speared or poisoned by adding certain poisonous plants to the water. When they rose to the surface, they could be captured by hand.
The great challenge for the Aborigine was to obtain enough dietary fat. They were close observers of nature and knew just when certain animals were at their fattest. For example, kangaroos were fat when the fern leaf wattle was in flower; possums when the apple tree was in bloom. Other signs indicated when the carpet snake, kangaroo rat, mussels, oysters, turtles and eels were fat and at their best.11 Except in times of drought or famine, the Aborigine rejected kangaroos that were too lean - they were not worth carrying back to camp.1 During periods of abundance "animals were slaughtered ruthlessly, and only the best and fattest parts of the killed game were eaten."7 Favorite foods were fat from the intestines of marsupials and from emus.7 Highly saturated kidney fat from the possum was often eaten raw.5The dugong, a large seagoing mammal, was another source of fat available to natives on the coasts.
Other sources of fat included eggs - from both birds and reptiles - and a great variety of insects. Chief among them was the witchety grub, or moth larva, found in rotting trunks of trees. These succulent treats - often over six inches long - were eaten both raw and cooked. Fat content of the dried grub is as high as 67%. The green tree ant was another source of valuable fat, with a fat-to-protein ration of about 12 to one. Another important seasonal food in some parts of the country was the begong moth. The moths were knocked off rock walls on which they gathered in large numbers, or smoked out of caves or crevices. They were roasted on the spot or ground up for future use. Moth abdomens are the size of a small peanut and are rich in fat.4
Weston Price consistently found that healthy primitive peoples consumed a diet containing at least ten times the fat-soluble activators - vitamins found only in animal fat - compared to the typical American diet of his day. These would be supplied in the Aboriginal diet by animal fat, organ meats of game animals (the entire animal was consumed, even the entrails) as well as insects, fish and especially shellfish, including lobster, crab, crayfish, prawns, snails, oysters, mussels, mud whelk, abalone, scallops, sea urchins and periwinkles. Shellfish are typically ten times richer in vitamin D than organ meats. Shellfish feeding on algae and insects feeding on green plants also would have supplied the Price Factor or Activator X, a potent catalyst for mineral absorption.10
The traditional role for Aboriginal women was that of gatherer. They were responsible for harvesting insects, shellfish and almost all plant foods. Most regions of Australia offered a cornucopia of nutritious plant foods, even the arid desert regions. The east coast of Australia alone boasts over 250 edible plants including tubers such as yams and grass potatoes, fern roots, palm hearts, legumes, nuts, seeds, shoots, leaves and a wide variety of fruits such as figs and berries.9 Some areas provided native millet in abundance. In the desert, the spinifex produced large quantities of seed at certain times of the year.
One of the most remarkable sources of food for the Aborigines in eastern Australia were the mountain bunya pines. Once every three years these huge trees bore enormous quantities of cones, the largest of which contain seeds about one and one-half inches long. Every third year, many tribes would travel to the Bunya Bunya festival - it was one of the few times when people were permitted to cross other tribes' boundaries. The harvest was so plentiful that thousands of people could live for several weeks off the seeds. The nuts are described as having a delicious taste, something like chestnuts when roasted.9 The kernels were also pounded into a meal and baked in the ashes as a cake. The Aborigines stored bunya nuts by placing them in large cane baskets and burying them in a particular kind of mud. When exhumed - after many months of lying in the ground - the nuts had a very offensive smell but nevertheless were a popular food.11
Other trees that played an important role in Aboriginal culture included the many varieties of acacia, which provided flowers used in making sweet drinks, grubs collected from their trunks and roots and bark used as fish poison. Mangrove trees, which grew in freshwater swamps or "billabongs," provided fruit and also harbored mangrove worms, fresh water oysters, bivalve mussels and crabs in their complex root systems. Salt was collected from their leaves.11 Gum trees or eucalyptus harbored grubs, beehives, koalas and possum, as well as tasty insect exudate called lerps. Even galls that formed on their trunks were eaten. Some flowers provided nectar used to make a sweet drink called "bool" by one tribe of Aborigines. The ribbon gum was a rich source of manna, a crumbly white substance with a pleasant taste, which exudes from the bark. As much as 40 pounds could be collected from trees in one day.6 Eucalyptus leaves were used to make herbal medicines while the gums were used to fill dental cavities.11 Melaleuca or paper bark tree flowers were used to make sweet drinks. More importantly, their bark was used in everything from cooking to canoe production.
Animal foods were generally cooked, either over an open fire or steamed in pits. Kangaroo, for example, was laid on a fire and seared for a short period, so that the interior flesh remained practically raw; at other times the kangaroo was placed in a large hole, surrounded by hot coals and sealed from the air. Sometimes food was wrapped in melaleuca bark. Flying fox was wrapped in the leaf of the Alexandra palm for cooking. When the foxes were cooked, the leaves were unwrapped, pulling off the skin and fur at the same time.6 Meat was sometimes tenderized by pounding before being cooked.
Plant foods required more careful preparation since many of them were difficult to digest and even poisonous. Aboriginal women spent many hours washing, grinding, pounding, straining, grating, boiling and cooking plant foods. Water was boiled in bark troughs or in large sea shells.6
Very often, the first step to the time consuming process of plant preparation was the "yandying" process, used by women to separate seeds from stalks and other impurities with which they had been gathered. The process looks deceptively simple but is, in fact, extremely difficult, "requiring deft movements and a great deal of skill." The gathered seeds are placed in an elongated wooden dish called a "coolamon," and the various objects of differing density or characteristics are separated from each other by "very intricate and skillful rotating and jiggling movements."5
Fern roots formed a staple article of food in many regions. They were dug up, washed, roasted on hot ashes, then cut into lengths, pounded between a pair of round stones and eaten. Other types of fern roots were dried in the sun, lightly roasted to remove the hair rootlets, then peeled with the fingernails, chopped on a log to break the fibers, mixed with water and other ingredients and finally rounded into a lump for cooking. These fern root cakes were eaten with fish, meat, crabs or oysters. The grass potato is a palatable fibrous root that was roasted and then pounded between two stones before eating. Some foods, such as orchid pseudobulbs, were dried first, then ground up and mixed with water and cooked. Yams were dug out with a stick - sometimes from a depth of three feet or more - and prepared by crushing and washing them in water and cooking them in ashes.11
Many seeds are placed in "dilly bags" - leaching baskets - and set in running water for anywhere from a number of hours to many days - a process that served to remove anti-nutrients and toxins found in many seeds and legumes. The matchbox bean, for example, was soaked for 12 hours,6 while the jack bean was soaked several days before it was pounded, made into cakes and roasted.11 Seeds of the zamia, a spiky, palmlike plant, were dried in the sun, then put in a dilly bag and suspended in running water for 4-5 days. They were then crushed and pounded between two flat stones and ground into a fine paste. This paste was wrapped in paper bark, baked under ashes and eaten as cakes.6 Seeds of the pineapple palm were crushed into a flour, then washed in running water for a week, cooked in hot coals and eaten.11 Black beans were soaked in water for 8-10 days and dried in the sun. They were roasted on hot stones and pounded into a coarse meal. When this was required as a food, it was mixed with water, made into a thin cake and then baked again on hot stones.6
Nuts from the spiky panaanus palm, which cling to the rocky headlands in Eastern Australia, required six weeks treatment to render them safe for eating. They were converted into a tasty and nutritious nut bread which was also popular with the earliest European settlers.9 The Australian fauna provided many delicious and nutritious fruits throughout the year, particularly in the humid coastal regions. Some of these were eaten raw just after picking, while others were processed. The wild orange was picked just before it was ripe, then buried for one day during which it became very sweet. The wallaby apple was likewise ripened by placing it in the sand for a day.11 The taste of a type of wild plum improved after storing or burying for a couple of days.6 Fruit of the quandong, or native peach, was buried for four days.11 Dried figs were pounded into cakes and eaten with honey. Mangrove fruit was pulped, soaked and mashed through a basket.11
The Aborigines also used fruits like tamarinds and native lime to make refreshing beverages.11 An acid drink was made from the fruit of lawyer cane by squashing the fruit in water, and from breadfruit by soaking it in water.6 Certain flowers rich in nectar were gathered in the early morning and steeped in water. This was drunk fresh and also set aside to ferment.11 Some tribes pounded flowers in a wooden dish, then drained the liquid into another dish and mixed this with the sugary parts of honey ants. This mixture was allowed to ferment for eight to ten days and a brew was made to drink.6 Dried leaves of the red flowering ti tree were added to hot water to produce a tealike beverage.6
Of course, fresh, pure water was vital to the survival of the Aborigines, both in the subtropical coastal regions as well as in the arid interior. Inland Aborigines knew where water was located in the desert and except in times of extreme drought drank copious quantities of it. Researchers have found that "In one of the driest habitats on earth, these people use about twice as much water per unit of mass as Europeans in the same environment."7 An adult Aboriginal male can drink almost three quarts of water in 35 seconds.7 During times of drought, water can be obtained from water-holding frogs and from certain plants.6
In the past, kangaroo skin water bags were used to carry quite large volumes of water. Paradoxically, these were not used in the driest areas, perhaps because kangaroos are relatively rare in the desert and the vital nutrients - particularly fat-soluble nutrients - are lost if this animal is not cooked in its skin.5 Up to a gallon of water could be carried in certain large leaves folded up in ingenious ways.
No studies of the Aboriginal peoples make mention of any special preparation of bones into pastes or broths, as is commonly found among other traditional peoples throughout the world. It has been reported that the Aborigines made lime by burning sea shells in a large fire which they kept burning for three to four days,3 which probably was used in food preparation. Insects eaten whole and ground up moths provided calcium, as did the many plant foods properly prepared to neutralize calcium-blocking phytic acid.
Neither the salty nor the sweet tastes were lacking in the Aboriginal diet. Salt was collected from leaves of the river mangrove and available from the salt flats in desert regions. Leaves of sodium-rich pigface were roasted and added to the diet. 6 Certain rushes and sedges contained reasonable amounts of sodium, as well as seeds of the golden grevellea, some kinds of figs, the nonda plum and the bush tomato. Wild parsnip root and water chestnuts contain more than 4500 mg of sodium per 100 grams.8 Animal foods also supply sodium, especially blood and certain organ meats, goanna, shellfish, snails and worms.8 Seeds of the pepper vine were ground and used as a pepper6 and some aromatic leaves were also used in cooking.
For sweetness, the Aborigines loved honey. They distinguished between two kinds. One was white and very sweet, and always found in small dead hollow trees. The other was dark, more plentiful and of a somewhat sour taste.11 In the desert, the sweet taste came from eating the swollen abdomens of sugar ants. Tree gums were dissolved in water and mixed with honey to form sweets for children.3 Lerp, the sweet exudate found on certain trees, was collected and chewed or melted with warm water to form a jelly and eaten.11
Some writers have stated that the Aborigines practiced "no method of agriculture or animal domestication."12 This is not exactly true. Occasionally, the Aborigine domesticated the wild dingo by raising and training the dogs from pups. These were of little help in hunting kangaroo but were useful in tracking and pinning the echidna and the goanna.
If the Aborigines did not practice agriculture per se, they did carry out the practice of land management, especially through the use of fire. Ethnobotanists are only beginning to appreciate the vital role that fire played in increasing the food supply of the Aborigines. Early explorers often reported Aboriginal land fires. Many of the important Aboriginal food plants require regular burning if they are to attain their maximum production. Some desert plants require more frequent burning than others, resulting in a "mosaic of plant communities in different stages of fire recovery."5
Even the practice of abstaining from hunting and gathering in the area of sacred sites contributed to the overall ecology of the Aboriginal environment. Such sites served as sanctuaries for animal life. "These areas would, be vitally important for the long-term viability of an area as immediately after droughts they would be a source of plants and animals to restock depleted areas, thereby ensuring a more rapid recovery of the home range's biota."5
Another area of land management involved the creation of havens for insect populations. Oak trunks were pushed into the creeks and rivers to attract the toredo grubs.11
Sometimes wood was piled over half a meter high and almost two meters wide. This would be considered ready to harvest in a year's time. The grubs were collected by women and old men. Aborigines also ringbarked candle nut trees to make the trunks rot. White grubs would feed on the decaying wood and were collected for food.6
The traditional diet of the Aborigine thus provided all he needed for excellent physical development, superb strength and stamina and overall good health. Like Weston Price, early explorers reported the Aborigines to be "well formed; their limbs are straight and muscular, their bodies erect; their heads well shaped; the features are generally good; teeth regular, white and sound. They are capable of undergoing considerable fatigue and privations in their wanderings, marching together considerable distances."12
Many observers reported their great dexterity and acute eyesight, which enabled them to see stars that the white man can see only with the telescope, and animals moving at a distance of a mile, which civilized man cannot see at all.
An early Australian settler named Philip Chancy reported several examples of the extraordinary "quickness of sight and suppleness and agility of limb and muscle" in the Aborigines, including an Aborigine who stood as a target for cricket-balls thrown with force by professional bowlers at only ten to fifteen yards and yet successfully dodged them or parried them off with a small shield for at least half an hour. Other natives threw cricket balls at great distances, and outdid "the best circus performers by bounding from a spring board in a somersault over eleven horses standing side by side."12
Nevertheless, the vast materia medica of the Aborigine indicates that he was not entirely free from aches and pains. Australian plants provided him with remedies for diarrhoea, coughs, colds, rheumatism, ear infections, toothache, upset stomach, headache, sore eyes, fevers, sores, rashes, hemorrhaging of childbirth, warts and ulcers - as well as for treatment of wounds, burns, insect bites and snake poison. Macfarlane studied Aborigines living in the desert almost entirely on native foods and found that every member of the tribe suffered from chronic conjunctivitis.7
The Aborigines also used herbs for contraception and sterilization, thus allowing them to space their children and prevent overpopulation.
The plight of the modern Aborigine who has abandoned his native diet is sad indeed. He is prone to weight gain, diabetes, TB, alcoholism and, of all things, petrol sniffing.
Many Aborigines recognize the need to return to native foods. Listen to the story of Daisy Kanari:
Long time ago when Aboriginal people lived on the good and healthy bush foods in the bush, they lived without any sickness: they lived a strong and healthy life. But now it is different. This is what we think: when we were children our parents looked after us and fed us on quandongs, witchety grubs, honey ants, rabbits and many more. These foods are good and it is what we grew up eating. We lived on these foods long ago and now we still do.
Then the Europeans came with their loads of food: of sugar, flour, milk, tea leaves and tins of meat. From then to now, people still live on European food. Today things are bad with petrol and alcohol. When our sons drink alcohol, they keep going and wander aimlessly. They do not come back to their mothers. Also with petrol: when children smell petrol over a long period of time, they die forever. Petrol and alcohol are bad things that have recently come into our country and lives.2
Some groups of Aborigines have returned to the bush - both in the desert regions and in reserves in coastal and mountainous areas. They may hunt with 22's and carry water in buckets, but they have relearned the foodways of their ancestors. Some of their products have potential commercial value -from bean cakes and fermented drinks as snack foods, to insect powders as a nutritious food additive for both people and livestock, to medicinal preparations. Enlightened government policy would educate the Australian population as to the value of these items, and create a market for them, thus allowing the Aborigines to support themselves with dignity of purpose in their traditional lifestyle.
- Abrams, Leon, M.A. "Personal communication"
- "Anangu Way", Nganampa Health Council, Inc. Alice Springs, Australia, 1991
- Crawford, I. M., "Traditional Aboriginal Plant Resources in the Kalumburu Area: Aspects in Ethno-economics", Western Australian Museum, Perth, 1982
- Isaacs, Jennifer, "Bush Food: Aboriginal Food and Herbal Medicine", Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra, 1992
- Latz, P. K. "Bushfires and Bushtucker: Aboriginal Plant Use in Central Australia", IAD Press, Alice Springs, NT, 1995
- Leiper, Glen, "Mutooroo Plant Use by Australian Aboriginal People", Eagleby South State School, Eagleby 4207, 1984
- Macfarlane, W. V., "Aboriginal Desert Hunter/Gatherers in Transition; The Nutrition of Aborigines in Relation to the Ecosystem of Central Australia", CSIRO, Melbourne, 1978
- Miller, Janette Brand, "Tables of Composition of Australian Aboriginal Foods", Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra ACT, 1993
- Nayutah, Jolanda and Gail Finlay, "Minjungbal: The Aborigines and Islanders of the Tweed Valley", North Coast Institute for Aboriginal Community Education, Lismore, NSW, 1988
- Price, Weston A, DDS, Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Keats Publishing, Inc., New Canaan, CT, 1939
- Symons, Pat and Sim, "Bush Heritage", Pat and Sim Symons, Queensland 4560, 1994
- Arnold de Vries, "Primitive man and his food", Chandler Book Co., 1952.
C 1999 Sally Fallon and Mary G. Enig, PhD. All Rights Reserved.
First published in Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation Health Journal
About the Author...
Sally Fallon is founding president of the Weston A Price Foundation, a non-profit nutrition education foundation with over 400 local chapters and 9000 members. She is also the founder of A Campaign for Real Milk, which has as its goal universal access to clean raw milk from pasture-fed animals. Author of the best-selling cookbook Nourishing Traditions and also of Eat Fat Lose Fat (Penguin), both with Mary G. Enig, Phd, Sally has a encyclopedic knowledge of modern nutritional science as well as ancient food ways. Her grasp on the work of Weston Price is breath taking and her passion for health freedom, inspiring. In each edition of Nourished Magazine Sally answers your questions about nutrition, health, food and medical politics. Send us an email with your question and we'll put it to her.


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тАЬIndraтАЩs NetтАЭ тАУ Defending HinduismтАЩs Philosophical UnityBook by Rajiv MalhotraPublished by Harper Collins, India, 2014(xix pp preface + 350 pp)Review by Bijoy MisraMy faith as тАЬHinduтАЭ is not a part of any competition since Hindu is only a label stamped on me. I belong in the tradition of thinkers who speculated philosophically on the origin of the universe and the role of life in it. I feel distinct because the faith conforms to the current speculation in Astronomy on the cosmology of our universe. That I am a small object in the infinite domain of enveloping universes attracts me to the scholars who conceived such thinking several thousand years ago. That someone in such early time of our civilization could declare that the human being is endowed with a mind that has infinite potential to imagine, plan and organize has puzzled me. I learned Sanskrit to explore the puzzle and while I was on the path, I encountered Rajiv Malhotra at a Conference in Harvard University in 2001.Those days, Mr. MalhotraтАЩs Infinity Foundation was supporting Sanskrit and Indian studies at various universities and he himself was attracted to the research undertaken on Hinduism by different groups and individuals. India is a difficult entity to analyze by a westerner. In the late Eighteenth century, an English jurist happened to discover the affinity of Sanskrit with Greek and Latin through examining cognates. There was confusion if тАЬbarbaricтАЭ Indians could ever produce a language like Sanskrit. Various speculations were set up stating that Europeans must have invaded India. Scholars made elaborate rules to connect how words would distort through migration in distance. Nobody speculated if a piece of sound has any meaning. We still do not know the answer except we have become aware of the Indian speculation that sound might carry the murmur of the early universe. The meaning lies hidden in sound!The massive cosmology of Indian thinking did transform into multiple deities, spirits and divinities through poetsтАЩ imagination over time. A culture based on respecting diversity has grown with idols in every home. Multitudes of temples, shrines and holy places abound in every village, town and city. Islamic invaders called the culture тАЬInfidel.тАЭ They tried to destroy as many places of worship as they could; the culture survived because of its root in cosmology. Christian missionaries had little clue to tackle this massive canvas. They invented various English words to create local definitions. Huge translation projects tried to find тАЬGodтАЭ in Indian literature. Indian God smears itself in all objects in the universes and lives internally in each object. It contains all objects and holds a lot more to unravel. It is beyond human comprehension. тАЬIndraтАЩs NetтАЭ is a metaphorical phrase coined to represent this theology three thousand years ago. Indian God has no translation. It is experienced. тАЬItтАЭ simply exists. The cosmology is scientific since it provides a framework to understand why objects exist. It declares that all objects are transient except the framework. The framework is time independent. The objects may disappear and reappear; they may recycle. As the modern Hubble universe has no center, IndiaтАЩs cosmological universe has no origin. It centers in each of us. There is no reference point. All prominent physicists have admired this speculation since it helps to apply closure to the theory of creation. With the advance of our sensing technology, we are verifying more and more of intricacies of the speculation. We are adopting them in our theories of medicine, health, mental science and the physics of life. The Indian cosmological design rests on the observation that our mind is our principal sensor. We can know more and succeed in anything if we apply our mind. Mind is internal and we can only тАЬseeтАЭ it if we restrain ourselves from everything else. Our success of life is how much we тАЬseeтАЭ. Two schools can emerge. One school may advise that we believe in what others тАЬsawтАЭ and accept those. Another school can say to тАЬseeтАЭ is oneтАЩs right as a human being and one must тАЬseeтАЭ through oneтАЩs own experience. We call the firs school as ShankaraтАЩs Advaita School and the second PatanjaliтАЩs Yoga School. The book тАЬIndraтАЩs NetтАЭ engages the reader to understand the nuanced details of these two schools of thoughts; how these thoughts integrate to create an Indian faith framework.Because they found it beyond the river Sindhu, Islamic scholars coined the label тАЬHinduтАЭ to this colorful belief system. European scholars tried to box it in various ways to find an organization and tried to create various theological speculations to train the missionaries to convert the тАЬheathensтАЭ from this тАЬjungleтАЭ of belief systems. With the spread of English, these new literature became the staple of the тАЬeducatedтАЭ middle class in India. Human pettiness, social conflicts and economic opportunism became the symbol of the practice of Hinduism. The lofty metaphysics got lost in the translation. Some people think the diversion was due to deliberate misrepresentation. I have thought that it was more due to ignorance. The factual history of India for the colonial period needs critical compilation. Strands of the colonialism still proliferate as scholarship in some circles. Rajiv Malhotra revolts against this discoloring of тАЬHinduтАЭ faith. He tries to account the process as observed in the second half of the twentieth century.My interest in the book rose through its treatment of Swami Vivekananda whom I admired when I was in High School, and whose birth centenary was a major event in my youth. A young college student was attracted to a mystic priest who influenced him in analyzing the cosmological IndraтАЩs net. Empowered by ShankaraтАЩs prolific writings and influenced by the techniques of yoga, he saw SriKrishnaтАЩs Gita as the tool to navigate the net. Following SriKrishna he abhorred idling and asked people to march to тАЬsalvation.тАЭ In the colonial India, тАЬsalvationтАЭ could be the freedom from foreign rule. Indians credit Swami Vivekananda to have sown the early seeds of nationalism culminating in IndiaтАЩs freedom. Spiritual culmination needed awakening of human will and he helped create a band of volunteers to work among the poor, the distressed and the тАЬleft outsтАЭ in the economic power struggle. This path of pursuing spirituality through service is a part of original concepts of SriKrishna prompting me to coauthor a book on the topic. SriKrishna says paths can be many but four are dominant. All merge in creating a wholesome spiritual life. That some western scholars would coin a phrase тАЬneo-HinduismтАЭ for the Swami VivekanandaтАЩs model of spiritual development was unknown to me. It appears that the scholars connected VivekanandaтАЩs tour of the west in the last decade of nineteenth century as his learning experience. The book takes pains to show that service to neighbors and community is an old Indian concept. Indian scriptures are dense, strong and intricate. The reading itself needs meditative energy. My personal experience and interaction with many scholars have led me to believe that mastery in Sanskrit does take a fair length of time. People interpret words by looking up in dictionaries. Indian scriptures are not self-contained books and the Sanskrit words can take different meanings in different context. Shankara knew this in 8th century, and emphasized internalization and repeated analysis as the necessary attributes of a student. In the west, we certainly have paucity of time and teachers. In the pressure to go with the norm of publication, people do make arbitrary assumptions. The lack of sophistication in such method of analysis offends Rajiv Malhotra deeply. I would have ignored had I been India. I get concerned because the new literature does become the reading material for my own children and grandchildren, who would have little access to good traditional resources. Through meticulous research and massive referencing, Rajiv Malhotra exposes the problem in viewing Hinduism in some quarters of western scholarship. He goes on to provide evidence of тАЬdigestionтАЭ where a western enterprise can utilize an Indian concept or invention without an acknowledgment of its source. No Indian has patented the old techniques of yoga, breathing, body exercises, herbal remedies or nutrition. There is no ownership by a school or a center or a State. The open architecture helps sprout ideas but allows an idea to be stolen easily. It is probably not the fault of the new engineer. His/her source lies with the translations and interpretations by the nineteenth century scholars. The magisterial personalities of Yajnavalkya, Panini, Valmiki, Bhartrhari, Shankara are absent from the modern discourse. Kalidasa is called тАЬShakespeare of India;тАЭ none says Shakespeare as тАЬKalidasa of the WestтАЭ though Kalidasa preceded Shakespeare by more than a thousand years! Rajiv Malhotra coins the phrase тАЬOpen architectureтАЭ in order to define the Hindu system that can easily appear chaotic to an outsider. I like the system as a principle, because it throws away all regimentation creating rules suitable to the local groups. Birds go one way, elephants go another way, they are each important in IndraтАЩs net. I disagree with Mr. Malhotra that there would be any threat to the majesty of the net though some local fabrications might occur. What I am concerned is that Indians have failed to produce scholars to help expose the intricacies of chaos engineering to the new youth. Indian diaspora abroad needs education on its roots. Colonization exploits and there is not much point in pointing fingers at the colonizers. It is like the current Muslim in India. They were converted from their old faith at the risk of their life. Nobody should blame them for the oppression of Hindu society under the Islamic rule. They also belong in the cosmological net.I enjoyed reading the book тАЬIndraтАЩs NetтАЭ and would recommend to all open-minded people in every faith. It has particular significance for people like me who wish to practice their Hindu faith in the open society of the United States. The future of Hindu faith is not in building temples for the deities but in exposing the splendor of Indian metaphysics that has cosmological, neurological, linguistic and intellectual rigor to help develop wholesomeness in human life. India knew the evolution of man before Darwin observed it. We must not throw away a Sanskrit mantra because it is difficult to pronounce! We practice mantra with rigor to help control our breathing In order to gain health. We must not ignore the effect of sun, moon, air, water and the nourishment in our local life under some pretext, or for convenience. That every action of ours including our thought and speech has an effect on the entire net is the beauty of Hindu faith. This awareness is our only useful knowledge тАЬvidyaтАЭ.It is worth mentioning that the organization of the book and the style of presentation made the book interesting for me. The book has two sections with two opposing camps of ideas. This style of writing developed in India to document philosophical discourses conducted on complex topics. The scholars presented the opposing arguments first stating them as тАЬpurvapakshaтАЭ (earlier side) and then proceeded to present the counter arguments as тАЬuttarapakshaтАЭ (response side). In both these segments, Mr. Malhotra enhances clarity through multiple tables and sketches as in a classroom tutorial. He cites people with their detailed work demonstrating his own academic capacity of absorbing conflicting ideas and understanding their significance. He has been a champion of individual signature of faith and ideas as he exhibited in his earlier book тАЬBeing Different.тАЭ He demonstrates his knack of respecting individuality with clarity of reference. I enjoyed his masterly analysis enjoining Nagarjuna of Buddhism, Haribhadra of Jainism and Shankara of the Advaita School. It is a good show of scholarship. I congratulate Mr. Malhotra to have written the book. Though it starts with the premise of criticizing the models of Hinduism developed in some schools in the west, it exposes the reader on the development of Hindu thought. It presents the works of the magnificent personalities who have helped nurture the thought through debates, analysis and self-exploration. All serious readers must engage Mr. Malhotra in debates on serious factual issues raised in the book. I recommend the book for a good and thorough reading.
With higher tax rates expected in the near future, converting all or part of a Traditional IRA to a Roth can provide significant income tax and estate tax savings over time, especially for high income taxpayers. However, there are many factors to consider prior to converting. [more]
As the weather warms up, heralding the arrival of Spring season, LearnQuest Academy of Music will bring stalwarts of Indian Classical music to Boston from April 16-20 to uplift the hearts and souls of music connoisseurs from all over the United States. [more]
Jeyanthi Ghatraju receives the US Presidential Service Award for 100-plus hours of service recorded in Volunteer Match during 2013. [more]
Shefali Lohia is the writer /producer for the short film which is about: Before leaving for graduate school, an Indian-American girl forces her old-fashioned dad to go on an unlikely date, and is in turn forced to go on a date of her own. [more]
Deepika Padukone, who was on a roll with one hit performance after another in 2013, is jealous of another actress! She is in awe of Kangana Ranaut's work in the recently released "Queen". [more]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
April 3, 2014
Michael Jackson
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Jefferson City man suspected in Holts Summit robbery
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First, you'll need to buy a few things to make it. Here's a shopping list:
1. A good-sized piece of Styro Foam or soft Foam. (This is going to be used to make the all important puppet head. So keep that in mind when deciding on a size. They usually come in blocks or spheres)
2. One yard of stretchy fleece. (Color of your choice, this is going to be the puppet skin.)
3. Some children's clothes. (I know it feels creepy, but go to Good Will and buy your puppet some clothes.)
4. Something to make the eyes. (I've used white plastic bottle caps, construction paper, chap stick caps, and those stick on googly eyes. Be creative!)
5. Some black and red felt.
6. Something for the hair. (This could be a cheap wig, pieces of felt cut into strips, or just a hat!)
7. Hot glue gun, or spray adhesive.
8. A needle and thread.


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April 28, 2011 (VIRGINIA BEACH, VA)—The United States Indoor Sports Association (USIndoor) announced today the addition of Lil Sluggers to its fleet of corporate members targeting the indoor sports facility market. The Lil Sluggers program introduces baseball to children ages 2-5, teaching them important skills, such as throwing, catching, hitting, and base-running, using developmentally appropriate equipment and games in an engaging, exciting, and positive environment.
Says Sheila Whitlow, Lil Sluggers Vice President and a former arena operator herself, "Most of all, the Lil Sluggers program is fun!"
Lil Sluggers offers royalty-free licensing for sports facility operators, who want to increase profits and expand their customer base. The program includes lesson plans and operations guidance to get the program started in a matter of weeks. The program also provides numerous revenue streams to maximize investment, including classes, camps, leagues and birthday parties.
Founded in 2004, Lil Sluggers has taught baseball to thousands of kids. With 20 operators and growing, it is the only national program of its kind. Sheila continues, "Participants will definitely be a 'step ahead' when it's time to begin organized league play, and parents will love the progress they see so much they'll come back for more!"
Learn more about a Lil Sluggers licensing opportunity by visiting www.lilsluggersbaseball.com or calling 631-754-2257.


text:
Golden Falcons' weapons too much for EW
By Andrew Stevens
Published in Sports on March 21, 2012 1:48 PM
PIKEVILLE -- Charles B. Aycock used the strength in numbers theory to its advantage Tuesday evening. Eastern Wayne struggled to adjust. The Golden Falcons used numerous attackers to pressure the Warriors' defense relentlessly throughout a 7-1 victory during their Eastern...
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Other Local Sports
- Stevens: Time will tell of Manning's decision
- Local Preps Digest
- Aycock plays old fashioned
- CBA-G. Central box
- Trojans batter No. 5-ranked Catawba
- Preps digest: North Duplin hands Goldsboro mercy-rule loss in Carolina opener
- MOC softball takes doubleheader from Belmont Abbey
- Trojan baseball climbs in polls
- ECU nips N.C. State
- Local Preps Digest


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text:
Introductory Educational Psychology
A Book for Teachers in Training
by Samuel Bower Sinclair
Book Reviews
Book Description
The following computer-generated description may contain errors and does not represent the quality of the book:
The following treatise is prepared, primarily, for the use of student teachers in Professional Training Schools, and is intended to be introductory and accessory to the class-room work and to the reading of educational text-books. An effort has also been made to render the treatment sufficiently elementary, sequential and complete to enable the reader, without assistance, to gain a practical working knowledge of the solution of the fimdamental problems of Education.
Book Details
APA: Sinclair, Samuel Bower. (2013). Introductory Educational Psychology: A Book for Teachers in Training. London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1909)
MLA: Sinclair, Samuel Bower. Introductory Educational Psychology: A Book for Teachers in Training. 1909. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. Print.


text:
According to the Watertown (N.Y.) Daily Times, a pair of Amish children were seriously injured Monday when the buggy they were riding in was involved in an accident with a FedEx truck near Massena, N.Y.
Three adults and four children were in the buggy at the time of the crash, according to the Daily Times story.
Read the Watertown Daily Times story HERE.
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Hamilton cove Pastel 6x8 (c) 2011 Nita Leger CaseyPastel
painting by artist Nita Leger Casey
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Article Date: 3/1/2006
If I Had To Do It
Planes, Trains and Automobiles
be a homebody. Broaden your professional knowledge at national conferences.
By Rhonda Robinson,
DO YOU TEND TO STICK close
to home? I certainly did. I grew up in Indianapolis. I went to school in Indiana.
And I practice optometry in Indianapolis. For years, I even got all of my continuing
education credits in Indianapolis, usually at our state conference. Then I started
working as an educational consultant for a contact lens manufacturer and began traveling
to optometry schools all over the United States and Canada. One year into that eye-opening
experience, I had another one: I attended my first national conference.
At the 1999 meeting of the American Academy of
Optometry in Seattle, I discovered a world I never knew so much excitement,
so much to learn and so many colleagues to meet. This meeting was a pivotal event
for me. Today, I attend and often speak at almost every regional and national
optometry meeting. The experience is still fun and stimulating. That's why I urge
all O.D.s, as well as optometry students, to attend these meetings whenever possible.
Here's just a sampling of what you'll find.
So Much to Learn
In Seattle, I knew immediately there was more
to attending a national meeting than I'd ever imagined, including:
Education. The quantity and variety
of educational opportunities are unmatched. You'll hear talks by nationally and
internationally known speakers who may not make it to your local area. You'll also
find classes to match your interest.
Exhibits. You'll see all the latest
technologies and learn how to use them during hands-on sessions at each manufacturer's
booth. Optometry schools and a wide spectrum of employers also have recruitment
People. You'll meet colleagues from
all over the country and find out how they practice. The atmosphere is congenial,
and attendees all wear name tags that include their city and state to get the conversation
moving. It's a great opportunity for everyone to network and widen our professional
Attending professional meetings will
get you outside the box, both physically and mentally.
Meet the Community
When you spend all day in your office, you tend
to think your problems are yours alone. When you get out there and talk to your
peers, you'll find out they're struggling with the same issues managed care,
staffing, scheduling and paying the bills. You'll feel better knowing you're approaching
certain problems the right way, and you'll get ideas for improvement.
Any opportunity you have to interact
with successful colleagues is a gift. Find people you've heard of, and ask for 20
minutes to chat. They'll be flattered, and you'll get expert information or advice,
and possibly open the door to a mentoring relationship that will last a lifetime
Think Global, Stay Local
If you're concerned about the cost of attending
a national conference, consider regional meetings near your practice. And remember
you can write off expenses associated with these meetings. As a student, you can
get a special rate, and may qualify for an industry grant.
My world expanded when I left my safe
zone of Indianapolis and yours will too when you travel. I'll see you at the next
Dr. Robinson practices
at Ossip-Robinson Optometry. A 1982 graduate of Indiana University School of Optometry,
she is a founder and the president of Women of Vision, a professional organization
for women in optometry (wovonline.org).
Optometric Management, Issue: March 2006


text:
Product Highlights
This Replacement filter cartridge comes with a technical specification of Filbur# FC-3530, Pleatco # PLB65, Unicel # C-7415, and OEM # 111794. It is a high performance filter cartridge can handle a top load of 65 Sq. Ft. This state of the art 65 SQ. FT. Rec Warehouse,Sonfarrel, Martec filter with 2 15/16" open hole at the top and the bottom is of superior quality as per industry standards. It is 14 13/16" long and 7 1/2" wide and efficiently provides you dust, sand and worm free clean and clear water solution for your pools and spas. The best in the industry this product matches all your water purifying needs and offers quality with cleanliness and hygiene par excellence.
Interchangeable Part Numbers


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San Diego Need a place to toss out unwanted or expired prescription medications?
A secure drop box has been installed on the first floor of the County Administration Center, 1600 Pacific Highway, San Diego.
The drop box is intended to provide a convenient place for employees and visitors to discard prescription drugs safely. Drop boxes already are installed at all sheriff's stations, and more than 8,000 pounds of prescription drugs have been collected in the past two years, officials said.
The boxes are part of the county's programs to address a rising rate of prescription drug abuse. From 2007 to 2010, emergency room visits related to prescription medications jumped 64 percent, with more than 2,900 people going to local ERs in 2010. And unintentional deaths related to the medications rose 27 percent from 2007 to 2011, with 267 reported last year, officials have said.
Part of the problem, county officials say, is that people didn't know what to do with old medications.
Grants available for child medical care
Families in need of financial help to pay for their child's medical care are invited to apply for a grant from the UnitedHealthcare Children's Foundation.
The grants cover medical treatments, services or equipment not covered, or not fully covered, by the family's health insurance plan.
Qualifying families can receive up to $5,000 for services and equipment, such as physical, occupational and speech therapy, counseling, surgeries, prescriptions, wheelchairs, orthotics, glasses and hearing aids.
Children must be 16 or younger and families must meet economic criteria, live in the United States and have health insurance. To apply for a grant, go online at uhccf.org. There is no application deadline.


text:
In this article
- Wheat, oats and other foods containing gluten
- Eggs
- Nuts
- Sesame foods, such as sesame oil and sesame seeds
- Fish and fish products
- Soya beans and soya-based products
- Kiwi fruit
- Honey
- Raisins
- Citrus fruits
- Strawberries and raspberries
- Cow's milk
- Goat's and sheep's milk
- Growing up formula milk
- Cheese
- High-fibre foods
- Tea
- Fizzy and soft drinks
The Health Ministry recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months. Read our article on introducing baby food for more information.
If you do choose to introduce baby food earlier than six months after discussions with your doctor, there are a number of foods that you should avoid before this time. Read our article below to sort out the facts from the fiction.
Wheat, oats and other foods containing glutenThe risk of developing coeliac disease is reduced by avoiding foods containing gluten such as wheat, rye and barley-based foods. That includes bread, flour, pasta, some breakfast cereals and rusks until six months. Oats are best avoided, too, in case they have been prepared in a factory which processes wheat.
EggsCooked eggs can be safely introduced into your baby's diet when he is six months old. You should avoid using raw eggs in your baby's diet as they sometimes contain salmonella bacteria, which may cause food poisoning. When cooking eggs for your baby, the egg and white should be firm. For the same reason, it is a good idea to avoid giving your child anything that may contain raw egg, such as uncooked cake mixture, home-made ice-cream or mayonnaise, or desserts that contain uncooked raw egg, such as mousses.
NutsIt's true that you shouldn't give whole nuts to children who are under five years old, because of the risk of choking. But nut butters and ground nuts are fine for babies over six months old and children who do not have a family history of allergies.
Serious allergies to nuts and nut products, and some seeds affect less than one per cent of the population. Your baby may be at higher risk if you, your baby's father, brothers or sisters have certain allergic conditions such as hayfever, asthma or eczema .
If you have a family history of allergy, seek your family doctor or paediatrician's advice about weaning. You might also ask her to arrange for your baby to see an allergy specialist.
Sesame foods, such as sesame oil and sesame seedsLike peanut allergy, sesame allergy can be severe, and can cause anaphylaxis. But if there is no history of allergy in your baby's immediate family, you can give your child sesame foods such as tahini once he is six months old. If you have a family history of allergy, seek your paediatrician's advice about weaning. You might also ask her to arrange for your baby to see an allergy specialist.
Fish and fish productsExperts recommend that you don't give any fish or shellfish to babies younger than six months, because there is a small chance that they might have an allergic reaction.
Children should also avoid eating any shark, swordfish or marlin. This is because the levels of mercury in these fish can affect the development of children's growing nervous systems.
Don't give raw shellfish to babies and children, as they are a high food poisoning risk food.
Fish, especially oily fish, should form part of a healthy diet. Children and adults are recommended to eat at least two portions of fish each week. At least one of these should be oily.
Fresh fish such as salmon, trout, cod and haddock, canned fish such as sardines and pilchards, as well as fish products such as fish fingers and fish cakes are all nutritious foods for young children. Avoid giving fish canned in brine to babies, as it is higher in salt than fish canned in oil.
Soya beans and soya-based productsSome young children have an allergic reaction to soya and soya products including soya formula. The symptoms of soya allergy are similar to milk allergy, and include rashes, diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach cramps and breathing difficulties. Very rarely, soya can cause anaphylaxis.
Children who are allergic to cow's milk should only be given soya-based formulas on medical advice as babies who are allergic to cows' milk can sometimes be allergic to soya too. Highly hydrolysed milk or casein formulas are an alternative to milk and soya based formulae. Ask your doctor for advice.
Kiwi fruitA tiny number of people have reported reactions to kiwi fruit. Some of these reactions have been severe, especially in children, and the number of people affected appears to be increasing. This may be linked to a general increase in allergic diseases, as well as the growing popularity of this fruit, particularly among children.
Kiwi fruit is a good source of vitamin C, potassium and fibre. If your child has other allergies, or if there's a history of food allergies in your family, then it's not a good idea to give your baby kiwi fruit before he or she is six months old.
Read more about fruit allergy.
HoneyHoney is a sugar, and giving your child sugar can encourage a sweet tooth and lead to tooth decay. Experts recommend that you shouldn't give honey to your child until he is a year old, as very occasionally it can contain bacteria which can produce toxins in your baby's intestines. This is known as infant botulism. When your baby is a year old, his intestines are mature enough for the bacteria not to grow.
RaisinsRaisins and other small dried fruit such as sultanas can make a nutritious snack for an older baby or toddler. However, any small piece of food is potentially a choking risk for your baby, especially if your baby is under a year old. It is therefore always a good idea to be present when your baby attempts finger foods such as raisins and to make sure he is ready developmentally to chew and sit up properly, as well as having the pincer grasp to pick things up with.
Citrus fruitsCitrus fruits such as orange, mandarins, grapefruits, lemons and limes contain lots of vitamin C. Fruit juices and citrus fruits such as oranges should not be given before your baby is six months old. If you buy ready-prepared baby foods, check the label for citrus fruits such as lemon juice as these are often added to early weaning purees such as apple or banana. If you give fruit juice, keep it to meal times only and make sure it is very well diluted (one part juice to 10 parts water) and given in a cup or beaker, never a bottle. Drinking quickly can help reduce the risk of tooth decay from the sugars and acid which are naturally present.
Read more about fruit allergy.
Strawberries and raspberriesSeed fruits can occasionally cause an allergic reaction in children. Wait until your baby is six months before giving them. Allergic reactions to these types of fruit and vegetables are usually mild, and often just affect the mouth, causing some itching or a rash where the food touches the lips and mouth. This is called oral allergy syndrome.
Read more about fruit allergy.
Cow's milkIn general, experts agree that you should not give your baby cow's milk or dairy products until your baby is six months old. From the age of six months, you can use small amounts of full-fat cow's milk in cooking, for example in cheese sauces or custards. Avoid giving cow's milk as a drink until your baby is a year old because it is too low in iron and other nutrients. Low-fat milk is not a suitable drink for children under two years old, but it can be introduced from two years if your child is a good eater, has a varied diet, and is of normal weight. Otherwise, use full-fat milk until your child is up to five years old. Low-fat milk is not suitable for children under five as it is too low in calories, and essential vitamins.
Goat's and sheep's milkDon't give goat's and sheep's milk to babies who are under a year old. If you choose to use them after this time, make sure they are pasteurised.
Growing up formula milkFollow-on (or growing up) milk is made from cow's milk and is marketed on the basis that it is higher in iron. It is not necessary to buy growing up formula rather than infant formula. If you do intend to use it, your baby should be at least six months old.
CheeseCheese is an excellent source of calcium, and a concentrated source of energy too. From six months of age you can introduce a little cheese into your baby's diet. Mould ripened soft cheeses, such as brie and camembert, are not suitable, as there is a risk that they carry the listeria bacteria.
High-fibre foodsA high-fibre diet is not suitable for babies or young children. Occasional use of wholemeal bread, pasta and grains is fine, but too many of them could fill up your child's tummy, not allowing room for other foods. Do not add bran to your baby's food since it prevents some important minerals from being absorbed. Do offer your child a variety of starchy foods, including wholegrain varieties, but don't use wholegrain foods exclusively until your child is five years old.
TeaTea is not a recommended drink for babies or young children. It reduces iron absorption when taken with meals, it contains caffeine and it could scald your baby's mouth. If sugar is added to tea, it also contributes to tooth decay.
Fizzy and soft drinksSquashes, fizzy soft drinks, flavoured milk and juice drinks are not suitable for babies or toddlers. This is because children who have lots of sugary drinks, especially fizzy drinks and squash, are at increased risk of tooth decay because the drinks are sweetened and are acidic. There is also a risk that children who "graze" on fluids throughout the day spoil their appetite for more nutritious foods. Some children may also suffer from "toddler diarrhoea" because of high squash intake.
Pure fruit juice contains lots of vitamins that are good for children's health, especially vitamin C. The sugars it contains are damaging to teeth, so dilute drinks well (one part juice to 10 of water), keep the juice to mealtimes only, and use a cup or beaker, not a bottle. The best drinks for young children to have between meals are water and milk. These don't contain sugars that can damage teeth. Milk also contains important vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, vitamin B2 and B12.
Our handy baby food safety chart provides an easy-to-follow guide on when to introduce what food.
You can also talk to other parents about what to feed baby. You'll find them today in our Community forums.
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Camera metering techniques: how to get the best image quality from your DSLR
When it comes to getting the best image quality from your camera, metering is one of the most crucial ingredients. In this tutorial we explain a series of camera metering techniques designed to give you the most accurate exposure possible.
What you see isn't always what you get. The human eye copes with high-contrast scenes much better than digital cameras do, so photographic images often have washed-out highlights or lack detail in the shadows.
Most current DSLRs feature systems that can effectively boost dynamic range, such as Canon's Auto Lighting Optimizer and Nikon's Active D-Lighting but, even so, there's no substitute for nailing the correct exposure setting to do full justice to the most important aspects of a scene.
Evaluative metering, also known as Multi-segment or Average metering, is a catch-all mode where the camera's light metering system takes in the whole frame and makes a best guess at the exposure setting that will give a good balance.
The catch, and it's a big one, is that a 'good balance' is often the last thing you want, because it can make people in backlit portraits look like silhouettes, or dumb down bright white objects to a dingy grey.
SEE MORE: 10 common exposure problems every photographer faces (and how to fix them)
For effective metering, one option is to stick with the Evaluative mode and to dial in an appropriate amount of +/-EV (Exposure Value) bias, generally referred to as exposure compensation. For example, in a heavily backlit portrait, you might need to apply between +2EV and +3EV exposure compensation.
The background will most likely be washed out to white, but the all-important skin tones in the portrait should be lively and vibrant, rather than dull and muddy.
At the other end of the scale, when shooting a subject against a very dark background, you will typically need to apply negative exposure compensation to ensure that the main subject is correctly exposed, at the expense of lowlights (which are generally of secondary importance) descending into gloominess.
For greatest accuracy in tricky light, it's worth switching to a more selective metering mode, like Centre-weighted, Partial or Spot metering.
The Centre-weighted option automatically gives metering prominence to the central region of the frame, taking less account of how bright or dark the scene is towards the sides and corners. Partial and Spot go a step further, completely disregarding everything outside respectively small and tiny areas of the frame.
In any metering mode, and especially in Partial or Spot, it's vital to make a distinction between 'accurate' and 'good' metering. Technically, a camera's in-built light meter sets an exposure that corresponds to the amount of light reflected from an 18% grey card.
SEE MORE: Metering mode cheat sheet: how they work and when to use them
This is fine if the subject you're photographing happens to equate to 18% grey but if, for example, you're taking a portrait of somebody with fair skin, you'll still need to add around +0.5EV exposure compensation to avoid the skin tones looking dull and muddy.
Settings for outdoor landscapes are often comparatively straightforward, as green grass typically corresponds very closely with the reflected light value of 18%, usually resulting in wonderfully vibrant scenic shots.
Take full control of your camera's metering in Manual shooting mode
Many cameras only offer as little as +/-2EV exposure compensation, which often isn't enough for very tricky lighting conditions. So switch to Manual mode and you can dial in the exact exposure values you want.
Try bracketing your exposures, taking several shots across a spread of EV settings. It's true that if you shoot in RAW you can adjust the EV at the editing stage but, for the very best quality, you'll need to be within half a stop of the ideal EV when shooting.
PAGE 1: Essential camera metering techniques
PAGE 2: How to set your camera's metering modes
PAGE 3: Top camera metering tips for accurate exposures
Histogram: photography cheat sheets for achieving perfect exposure
Dynamic Range: what you need to know about capturing all the tones in a scene
Expose to the right: the camera technique every landscape photographer must know
10 common camera mistakes every photographer makes
Famous photographers: 100 things we wish we knew starting out


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Friday, May 20, 2016
Silverado Golf Resort, South Course
Napa, California
The 2016 Maxwell Cup promises to be another exciting and enjoyable tournament. Last year's event was a great success, and we once again expect to have a full field of 144 golfers participating in the highly-anticipated tournament! Be sure to register early to secure your spot in this incredible tournament.
We are thrilled to once again to hold the Maxwell Cup at the prestigious Silverado Golf Resort South Course, designed by Johnny Miller and managed by Troon Golf. This course was recently voted one of the best resort golf courses in the world, and will be hosting the PGA Tour's Frys.com Open just a few months after our event. Silverado Golf Resort is a private course, so the Maxwell Cup offers you a special and rare opportunity to play where the pros play!
The 23rd annual Maxwell Cup honors Dr. Malcolm Maxwell, Pacific Union College's longest serving president and a man who dedicated his life to PUC and its students. Your participation and sponsorship of the Maxwell Cup will help to carry on Dr. Maxwell's legacy of service and commitment to higher education.
We invite you to pull out your golf clubs, polish up your shoes, and come out for a wonderful day of golf at the 2016 Maxwell Cup!
Tournament Schedule
- 10:30 a.m. – Player Registration, Putting Green, and Driving Range Opens
- 12:00 p.m. – Putting Contest sponsored by Don Logan
- 12:45 p.m. – Maxwell Cup Opening Ceremonies and Call-to-Carts
- 1:00 p.m. – Tee-Off
- 5:30 p.m. – Maxwell Cup Dinner Reception
Tournament Rules
- Four-player Scramble (team plays best ball after each stroke)
- Low gross score wins (no handicaps will be calculated)
- Team must play at least one drive from each player throughout the round (Par 3's are eligible)
- Mulligans and other incentives are available for purchase at registration
The 2016 Maxwell Cup Golf Tournament will be Friday, May 20, 2016 at Silverado Resort and Spa in Napa, California.


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our forum is just like a large fish tank
i was reading posts and i realized that this forum has all the attributes and likeness to a large community fish tank where we have the fighters, the schooling fish the nippers the aggressors the browsers and the loners. we all know nipping and ganging up isn't what we want in a tank let it be for a good reason or not. we all love tiger barbs but we also feel sorry for the misinformed angelfish that walks into their territory. so please let this be a fish tank be full of lovely healthy fish that live in harmony please.
Nature is only harmonious when viewed from a distance - William Blake
lolx i'm a cory btw i'm shy i eat and i don't really like nippers, they hurt =p
William Blake must be talking about raw nature.We are right up there on the top of evolutionary list i don't think we should act like things below us but that's just ol little me ;)
Hm, I wonder what fish I would be? I am not a fan of aggression myself but I am not a total wimp either.
inga a gurami =)
I agree, we really shouldn't look to nature for lessons in morality.
Oscarloverjim what kinda fish do you want to be?
i meant species lolx
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Greg Jackson Tells Jon Jones To Check On Lyoto Machida And 'Get Some Fans'
94 Comments
cc December 12, 2011
he way fake,u can tell by watching his interviews..jon jones ur classless,all u have is your strength and hight advantage,u suck!!
ea December 12, 2011
pretty sure he says "against the fence "
bigFan December 12, 2011
If you guys want to complain about it just email them firstname.lastname@example.com
Dr steel December 12, 2011
Man Greg could have had good intention but he screwed up saying that..
It is like "hay people are looking act like a good guy"
jaydog December 12, 2011
Joke or not, who cares? If its a joke, good one Bruno. If not, Jackson is being real with his fighter. Go check on him and try to get some fans because you have the charisma and like ability of a rock. He's still gonna make a ton of money cause people will tune in to "hopefully" see JBJ lose.
Which isn't happening for a long while unless Suga puts one of his counter hooks on the button like Machida did. Then, it could be lights out. JMO.
SEAN_VANCE December 12, 2011
lol its fake..
gbone December 12, 2011
It's forgivable for Jones to be caught up in the moment and forget to check on his opponent, who was supposed to be his mortal enemy a second ago.
But Jackson's instructions to Jones to check on Lyoto to get some fans is so disheartening. Like a slimy politician kissing babies to get votes. I hate that BS.
yhedude3 December 12, 2011
I'm confused, is this real? or did some guy record his voice over it as a joke.
paddlin December 12, 2011
guess I didn't get the memo that fight fans were supposed to be a bunch of douchebags that cry over the stupidest shit.
Thxer December 13, 2011
Greg knows the game well, good for him. Sad that Jones needs to be told to do this though. People don't understand why Jones has haters, maybe this will help them understand. You can see it in a lot of his actions that he's more of a douche than he lets on.
It's understandable considering he's so young and already such a great champ. But don't be fooled, he's not as humble as he makes himself out to be.
Samuraitato December 13, 2011
JBJ is an exepcional athlete,but without fellings or respecfull of the esence and spirit of the martial warrior.I personally consider him a real *******..he will get his pesadilla in the near future..how in the world he is in a standing submission ,and he knows that Machida is out, the ref.interrup the fight,wich is over,,an let his adversary as a sack of potatoes smashing the floor,,,what was worse,,the submission or the fall…cervical spinal injury and vertabre fracture and permanent paralisis from the neck down.. bone jones human waste
NotVinnieJones December 13, 2011
@ xformat…this isn't a joke, its the new interactive way viewers can watch the UFC now. You can choose which camera you want to watch from and you can choose between mics…commentators, one of the corners, or the ref. I'm guessing we will hear more and more stuff like this as more people choose to listen to corners instead of Rogan/Goldberg.
mmafan December 13, 2011
Its funny how people react to a video like this…as if this video was rock-solid true. what if its fake, or out of context? What if, most likely scenario JBJ went to shake Lyotos hand of his own accord? who knows and who cares…they are there to fight, not win a PR contest.
Rulo December 13, 2011
**** JONEES!he should be in the heavyweights, it looks bigger than his opponents all the time, HE NEED to fights againts his own size, in the meantime he will continue dominating the light heavyweight, jones little scary bastard! Hope Rashad gets him, i didnt like rashad BUT, i will LOVE HIM if qe put jones to Sleep!!!!!!!!!!!
skifri3 December 13, 2011
Geez… this board has exploded with hate for John Jones. This same arrogant guy probably wouldn't even help a mugging victim on the street if he saw it.
Oh wait… HE DID! The same day he had a big fight. He could've been seriously injured, but he did the right thing (no cameras) because that's who he is. It's stuff like this that's probably a better indicator of one's character than some random out-of-context comment made by one's coach.
juice900 December 13, 2011
john phony jones … most fake humble guy in ufc…
shocktime December 13, 2011
I thought the way JBJ let Lyoto go (as commanded by Ref) was cool. That's how you finish fights baby! It was like a Mortal Kombabt fatality or something, just pure awesomeness! You guys cry ALOT! Go watch ice skating or something! JBJ is fighting grown men that are professional fighters that willingly accept to fight him! If you don't wanna Tap that's what happens, period! Big Nog didn't wanna tap against Mir either, no one to blame, but himself.
and JBJ is fake, Rampage said it first. didn't believe him till seeing this video.
Pecker December 13, 2011
strange, my stream was a bit different:
"Jones! Jones goddammit! Go check on Lyoto, give him a bible and tell him that Jesus loves him!"
*Diego Brandao interrupts:
"No, Mormon Jesus loves him!"
deeznutz December 13, 2011
You guys really think other fighters aren't instructed to check on guys after their victories? I bet all of them hear that from their coaches. As for Jones dropping Machida at the end, when the ref stops the fight and tells you to break, you separate and let go. Nobody's ever been so nice as to lay their opponent down nicely. When Hendo dropped that last bomb on a clearly unconscious Bisping, what did everybody do? ****en cheered. That was by and large a much more disrespectful and dangerous move. So many trolls, apparently now the bandwagon is hating Bones Jones.
Dr. December 13, 2011
The problem I have with Jones is that he acts like his is some respectful individual and appreciates the art of MMA but then he acts like a douchebag. And then flips back to respectfulness. I guess it's Jackson who is push the buttons and pulling the switches.
I have no problem with dickheads who know they are dickheads and act like it all the time – Koscheck or Sonnen. Bisping acts like a douche and then tries to say he's a good guy.
And piss off with the whole "Jones is a kid" crap. The guy is Twenty-frigging-four. How old do you have to be before you are an adult? He's married and has two kids. Seems pretty juvenile to me.
Dr. December 13, 2011
* like he is
Dr. December 13, 2011
Confirmed. Go laugh at yourselves – those who couldn't figure it out and thought it was a joke.
g.wizard December 13, 2011
@xformat…the reason is because they are retards.
Genghis Khan December 13, 2011
This is FAKE you idiots
alwaysright December 13, 2011
I bet the same people on here saying "Jon's is a piece of s**t for letting Machida drop to the ground" are the same people who said "Well done Dan Henderson for giving Michael Bisping a diving elbow to the face" (when he was unconscious) Hypocrites!
Oz December 13, 2011
Alot of people on here are a bunch of soft cry babies. Its a FIGHT! Minutes before Machida was trying to punch his head in and now he's supposed to cradle him to the floor like his mum or something. Jones is fighting to retain his title (and not get punched the fu** out) so he chokes the crap out of him and as soon as his arm dropped the ref was onto it and Jones let him go, he doesnt necessarily know if hes out or not. The way he fell was the coolest part of this fight.
Trent December 13, 2011
Look at all the BUTTHURT Machida fans. JJ is a great fighter and a cool dude. Even if this video is legit(seems kind of fake to me), Jackson' words don't reflect badly on the guy. Toronto was an extremely pro-Machida crowd and JJ knew that. He was probably jacked from winning the fight and might not even thought to go over to Lyoto who was SURROUNDED by doctors. I mean the man was just sleeping. Do you think he is wanting to talk to JJ half woozy and in a language he struggles to speak in(not a diss;just a fact)?
facephucke December 13, 2011
IM glad someon called it, I guess im easily convinced although I thought it sounded like some fan watching his tv sounding like a little bitch…Jones almost lost the fight and once you choke someone (and they dont tap) your adrenaline is going etc, youre not caring about your opponent. trust me. It doest make him an *******, people love to hate Jones and I still dont see why!
gripman December 13, 2011
None of us are above forgetting something when a fight, lights, millions of ppv watcher, and dollar bills are going through your head . That being said, it does seem inhuman not to check on Machida.
The problem is that Jones already seems awkward in his arrogance, humor, and body language. He just isn't likeable, yet is very talented. That makes him a hard sell to the masses. You have a coach that knows this and tells him to do the right thing to appear normal. It's what G. Jackson should do, just don't yell it next time.
gripman December 13, 2011
And if the whole thing was fake…G. Jackson should have said it.
Foamfollower December 13, 2011
Fantastic post, Bruno. What a hypocrite.
Screenx3 December 13, 2011
**** Machida! Jones walking away and leaving him on the ground like road kill was ****in beautiful and brutal at the same time. Who's next? War Jones!!!
fro easy December 13, 2011
you people are sad bitching like little girls. Goddamn man. I agree there has to be sportsmanship after a fight and coming from the fighter self, but if the fighter doesnt want to do that, thats his choice.
You people are only looking for new reasons to hate on jon and team jackson. its pathetic man, he is cocky, he is this , he is that. Go hating on someones character if you cant hate on his fighting or coaching style.
rgiczey December 13, 2011
I think Jackson was being abrasive towards Jones – "Go get some fans" = "Go do damage control, you ass".
kbf December 13, 2011
The only thing JBJ can do to satisfy these people is to loose and to keep loosing. Jones defies you and wins and keeps winning. When you hate someone anything they do just make you hate them more. If he's respectful he's too respectful. If he's polite you say he's fake, if he's rude well that's easy. Jones can do no right. You need to acknowledge the real reasons you hate him. "He's a Douche" is just a weak cover-up.
ScrubJones December 13, 2011
fake ass cracker orderin the fake ass nigger like old times
paddlin December 13, 2011
wah wah wah wah……a bunch of babies. Maybe you weren't hugged enough or coddled enough as a baby, maybe your daddy didn't tell you that you were going to do great things in life. Maybe your first girlfriend told you that you were terrible in the sack and would never satisfy a woman with that thing……ever. That's life, seek counselling and get over it. Until then……I forbid you to ever comment on MMA until you grow a pair.
MJon December 13, 2011
So funny, I agree with 'fro easy' you're all pathetic keyboard warriors, the funniest thing is that most of the people on this thread only caught the fights thanks to Bruno, meaning you didn't pay for the PPV…roughly translated…neither Dana, nor Jon nor Coach Jackson give a shit what you think because your opinion is irrelevant…happy typing ladies!
cc December 13, 2011
to drop loyoto like a sack of shit, u'd think it was personal.Jones is a duche,and snatchin up some crake head doesnt make a hero. this guys evil..shoud just stop the fony and go with it Ill watch his fights got my vote…to hope he gets his ass kicked
ibunn December 13, 2011
this makes me think the whole jon jones stops a mugger in the park on fight day was staged to "get some fans"
T'Challa December 13, 2011
Yawn.. more haters for JBJ.. I'm glad, because it's funny to see the same stupid comments after EVERY fight he has…
Listen, you KNOW he won't lose anytime soon, why frustrate yourselves by getting all pissy after every Jon Jones victory???
mirkocrocop December 14, 2011
Jones reminds me Kanye west, same ego. you can tell hes the type of person who deep down hates when people dont think he is the best and feeds on praise from people. just look at how touchy he got when rampage questioned him and his face after he completely dropped lyoto even knowing he was unconscious (he said he knew in press conference). he is who he is and you cant deny him anything because of it since you would have to be a fool to pretend hes not one of the best. now being fake? without a doubt. people already see through his bullshit.
ericsson December 14, 2011
I Love this Guy really Love this GuY
shambfoo December 19, 2011
After you read the comments, you wonder if this is a drama tv show or a sports event…"I hate this guy, I hate that guy, **** this guy" LOL


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A Theory for Your Consideration
I have been working on a little side theory called structure theory that recommends a certain amount of structures be placed in an aquarium based on the number of possible fish-to-fish and fish-to-structure interactions. I was wondering if you guys had any thoughts on the matter and what you thought of the overall concept. The specifics of my thoughts on structures in the aquarium can be found here:
Tutorials and Videos (MOA's: How Many Fish?, Stocking Freshwater Aquariums)
I didn't find the article that I believe you are referring to. Is there an exact link?
It is not an article. It is a couple of video tutorials.
it all makes sense on paper but not in MY aquarium. i have probobly 11 fish total and maybe 6-7 good hiding spots and i dont have barely any aggression issues even with them all being african cichlids. good vid tho~
Okay I found it (duh!). I agree with the last statement "The more structures you have, the happier your fish will be". Period. Like Money Mitch implied, I don't know if in reality it can be measured with a structures:fish ratio. I could go on and on but will refrain as I tend to overanalyze these things, I'll save you the lengthy dialogue. In short I think it's tricky to measure and compare "interactions" between fish and animate beings (other fish) versus fish and inanimate object (structures). Also, way too many variables to consider! :shock:
MY theory--live plants are the best! Fish make as many "structures" as there are leaves and branches :-D Before I removed my overgrown aponogeton ulvaceous, it was like a ten bedroom mansion!
Lol, I'm sure my fish felt the same when my hornwort began to die off (too weak of lighting, so it never lasted very long). As to the precision of the whole theory, it is not meant to be a cut off line between no aggression and aggression. Instead, the spreadsheet offers a ratio based on what you think is ideal. I tend to be very idealistic and thus put the marker at 75% benign. Obviously, as MoneyMitch pointed out, 75% is not a necessity, just a suggested ratio. The theory does not so much point to a specific number as it does a specific trend: as the number of fish increases, the number of structures increases disproportionately (more than proportionately). Aside from this basic truth, a lot is going to depend on what the aquarist considers ideal. Personally, I do not just check that there is no obvious agression but also consider what would happen if something should go wrong (such a consideration usually implies that more structures will be needed). At the same time, I realize that not everyone would agree with me on this.
Perhaps the better way to phrase the question is whether or not my spreadsheet/theory works as a decent guideline? Do you think that new aquarists would be safe if the used the ratios I suggest? Granted, they may do fine at a lower number, but will they be okay at my higher number?
Hopefully that Helps,
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this wiki
The Raindance is a medium-sized helicopter that is found in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.
The Raindance is based on the Sikorsky S-70A, the civilian version of the famous UH-60A Blackhawk. Its livery is modeled on the Los Angeles County Fire Department's colors. Despite its implied use by the San Andreas Fire Department, the Raindance is never seen flying around San Andreas or otherwise being used or associated with the Fire Department. The helicopter may also be associated with coastguard, as it is located near water and has a bright livery. The helicopter always spawns with the same livery, which is a white body with yellow and blue stripes painted from front to back along the fuselage.
The Raindance is available only after completing Learning to Fly.
- In Santa Maria Beach, south of the Santa Maria Beach Safehouse and west of the red marker where the player can begin the Beat The Cock triathlon.
- In Easter Bay International Airport, beside a Leviathan and the control tower.
- At the top of the San Fierro Medical Center in Santa Flora, next to a Maverick.
- It is possible to obtain a Raindance or Leviathan early in the game by:
Activating the 'Freeze Wanted Level' cheat, then bring a Towtruck to Easter Bay Airport . Next, you approach the helicopter you chose from above, and 'tow' it using the Towtruck. Pull it through the gates, once they open, (Slightly harder to do with a Leviathan) Since a helicopter's blades are NOT solid when they aren't spinning, combined with the fact that both choppers' fuselages are thinner than the road/tunnel ahead of you, you can simply tow it through the tunnels, and to the highway (it is recommended to use the 'Reduced Traffic' cheat while doing this, because a Leviathan/Raindance attracts a lot of attention, which may cause the traffic to go mad, and they'll start ramming your chopper, potentially destroying it.) Now, tow the chopper to your garage at Doherty , since it's the closest garage that'll fit a helicopter in it. Put the heicopter in the garage, then when the door closes and opens again, tow it out, and it should be flyable. This can be done with another plane, if it'll fit. A similar glitch is used to fly an Andromada in the mission 'Stowaway', though a Rhino is needed.
- If the Black Traffic cheat is enabled, a black version of this helicopter will spawn. However, it still has the blue stripe.
- The helicopter's name is also a play on the "rain dance".
- Though it is unknown why the Raindance spawns at Santa Maria Beach.
- The Raindance and the Seasparrow are the only flyable vehicles in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas that can land on water.
- One way to low damage by hitting objects is: When your about to hit something head on pull back so the helicopters belly smashes into whatever it is, this will reduce damge.
See also
- The Annihilator from Grand Theft Auto IV, a police helicopter equipped with guns, based on the same real-life helicopter.