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Project Icarus and the Motivation Behind Fusion Propulsion
posted by Kelvin F. Long on December 23, 2009
There are many proposed schemes for interstellar travel. These range from experienced based chemical fuels to highly speculative proposals such as the space drive. So when Project Icarus was put together, why did the team settle on 'mainly fusion based propulsion' in the Terms of Reference for the study? It is useful to spend some time justifying the motivation behind this decision. Firstly, it is necessary to understand some of the history of how Project Daedalus came about. It is generally accepted that the nuclear pulse propulsion scheme as proposed by Project Orion was demonstrated to work in principle. In other words, the Orion team produced a credible engineering design with most of the physics problems solved. What prevents something like Orion from becoming reality of course is the existence of several international treaties. In his autobiography 'Disturbing the Universe' the physicist Freeman Dyson clearly argues that today he does not support the propulsion scheme as proposed by Orion: "Sometimes I am asked by friends who shared the joys and sorrows of Orion whether I would revise the project if by some miracle the necessary funds were suddenly to become available. My answer is an emphatic no…..By its very nature, the Orion ship is a filthy creature and leaves its radioactive mess behind it wherever it goes…..many things that were acceptable in 1958 are no longer acceptable today. My own standards have changed too. History has passed Orion by. There will be no going back." Other than Orion, there are several other propulsion systems which are potential candidates for the first missions to the stars. However, when one examines the potential performance and practicality of these different options objectively very few emerge as credible in the near term. This includes nuclear pulse propulsion and in particular either the continuous fusion or the pulsed fusion drive is desirable solutions. The pulsed fusion drive was used in the Daedalus design and uses a high intensity laser beam or electron driver to produce repeated detonation of fusion fuel pellets for thrust generation. The concept has been investigated thoroughly over the years from the work done on Project Orion through to extensive research on pulsed micro-explosions in the early 1970s. Hence, the physics of this type of propulsion scheme is understood sufficiently to enable confidence in any performance estimates for space applications. It is just the technology that is not yet mature. An ideal requirement for a deep space propulsive engine is the use of lightweight but energetic (high yield per unit mass) fuels. The fusion reaction of hydrogen isotopes comes out on top. A fission rocket is also credible but produces mass-energy conversion with a lower efficiency than for fusion reactions, as well as producing substantial radioactive products. Similarly, antimatter rockets also offer potential with a much greater mass-energy conversion than fusion, but the reaction products are difficult to direct for thrust and the production and storage of large quantities of antimatter is still a technical challenge. The ideal rocket would be a pure photon rocket. Fusion propulsion (and the more generic nuclear pulse scheme) offers advantages in performance that far outweigh other propulsion schemes. This includes a range of T/W ratio where in particular a low T/W of around .0001 is possible with very high exhaust velocities of around 10,000 km/s. Also, low mass ratios with very high specific impulse of up to a million seconds appear credible. The use of D/He3 reactions would seem to be the most promising fuel although other fuels such as D/T have potential. This sort of performance level would be required in order to reach any of the nearest stars within an approximately twelve light year radius in under a century. A fusion rocket which didn't carry its own fuel would be even better and this has been proposed historically in the guise of the Bussard interstellar ramjet. The problem with this scheme however is achieving the fusion ignition of interstellar high flux ions or atomic hydrogen which has a smaller reaction cross section than hydrogen isotopes. Also, the drag of the spacecraft is proportional to the velocity, and a high velocity is required in order to collect sufficient matter using the magnetic scoop. Ensuring that the overall drag remains less than the thrust of the spacecraft is a technical challenge too. Most space propulsion systems can be classed into two categories. The first is those that are power limited and although can produce a high specific impulse and high exhaust velocity it is at low thrust. Electric rockets come under this category. The second is those that are energy limited and although can produce a high thrust with high exhaust velocity it is at the cost of a short specific impulse. Both Chemical and nuclear rockets come under this category and this is mainly because the fuel will get burned too quickly. Fusion propulsion offers the advantages of both categories with good propellant utilization. The concept of a fusion based drive is not limited to theoretical studies. Already an engine is in the process of being developed for Mars missions called the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) which is essentially a scaled down fusion demonstrator engine if improvements in the power, shielding and field control were made. This engine offers the potential for bridging the gap between high thrust-low specific impulse technology as used in conventional rockets and low thrust-high specific impulse technology as used in electric ion engines and it can function in either mode. Similarly, for a full-up pulsed fusion engine, the employment of different pellet sizes also allows a tailoring to the amount of thrust needed for each pulse cycle, with some of the emitted energy being bootstrapped to run the next cycle. The physics of fusion research has moved forward dramatically in recent years with the US National Ignition Facility now operational and others such as Laser MegaJoule in France under construction. Fast ignition proposals such as HiPER are also under consideration. The chances for scientists finally solving the 'fusion problem' are greatly increased. With this in mind, thinking about the implications to a deep space missions is timely. It is quite possible that the demands of a fusion based drive will necessitate a sophisticated space based infrastructure for resource acquisition, processing, manufacture and construction. Especially if He3 mining of the gas giant Jupiter or even the Moon is considered. However, as a theoretical exercise in the application of science and engineering Project Icarus has a large amount of intrinsic worth. There is another reason why fusion was chosen as the main propulsion engine. Daedalus was a historical design study that changed perceptions about what was possible with interstellar flight. When thinking about performing a design study for an interstellar craft, instead of starting from scratch with an unfocussed 'anything goes' design philosophy, it is arguably more useful to build upon the good work that has already been done, essentially standing on the shoulders of the previous generation of designers. Hence, a re-examination of Daedalus seemed an obvious way to go. This would allow a complete re-evaluation of the original assumptions as well as hopefully improve the design. Ultimately, the aim would be to improve the Technological Readiness Level for this sort of engine design type. If other teams used the same approach, and say built upon historical projects like Vista, Longshot, TAU or Starwisp it is a personal belief that the credibility of engineering designs for interstellar missions would be vastly improved. The historical link with both Orion and Daedalus also captured the hearts of the Icarus team and made for a strong support base upon which to galvanize both academic and public interest; a necessary condition to inspire people that this design study is worth doing. Although it is also true that after having questioned the original assumptions of Daedalus, the final Icarus design may look very different with technology not envisaged in the 1970s. Of course, it is also worth pointing out that the Project Icarus Terms of Reference actually stipulate 'mainly fusion based propulsion'. This allows for the potential for high gain enhancements such as by using Antimatter Catalyzed Fusion techniques. Similarly, the main engine can be supplemented by a secondary engine for part of the mission trajectory, such as by using a nuclear-electric engine. It is generally the consensus within the interstellar community that the two strongest candidates for interstellar flight and which are a balance between performance and near term technology readiness is arguably solar sails and nuclear pulse propulsion. The large interest today in using solar sails for interstellar missions came about as a result of a publication in 1984 titled 'World Ships: Concept, Cause, Cost, Constructions, and Colonization", written by several members of the Daedalus Study Group who had spent many years studying fusion based propulsion. Thus demonstrating that the act of completing an interstellar design study opens up opportunities perhaps not before envisioned. If designers concentrate on trying to advance these two schemes, solar sailing and nuclear pulse, the prospects for robotic missions to the Kuiper belt, Oort cloud and beyond will become ever more likely. Project Icarus hopes to contribute towards this end objective. It was the vision of Arthur C Clarke that humans should expand out into space as soon as possible, a necessary step for the continued survival and advancement of our species. Project Icarus is aimed at working towards this ultimate goal. So while from time to time we may have to justify to a sceptical public the motivations behind the assumptions of Project Icarus such as the choice of a fusion engine, the design team will remain focussed on achieving our objectives and continue to dream about the challenge of the spaceship.
If you have found this article to be of value then please consider donating a small amount to Project Icarus to assist us with our ambitions of creating a credible starship design.
Alternatively take a look around the remainder of the Icarus site.
9 Responses to Project Icarus and the Motivation Behind Fusion Propulsion
Thank you for this post. It examines probably the most fundamental issue facing the project — namely, why the BIS & TZF are tying up expertise on a fusion-based interstellar design and, in so doing, preventing those resources from examining propulsion methods which may actually be used in the first true interstellar mission.
By determining that BIS & TZF are only going to look at "mainly fusion based propulsion", they are failing to take into account other recent work and the potential of likely advances such as nanotechnology. This would be fine if the other methods were to receive equal expert attention otherwise. But it seems self-evident that if the BIS & TZF are focusing on Project Icarus, it is likely that they will say that they are, therefore, unable to do equal work on other promising approaches due to the lack of any more expertise.
Other promising recent proposals include: SailBeam, sun diver, solar sailing, magnetic sailing, maser & laser beams, particle beams, a nanoprobe, etc, and longer duration missions.
Some of these, such as a sun diver mission, could be launched at a fraction of the cost of Project Icarus and so might be compatible with near-term space budgets. In other words, a less massive mission might actually be more financially and, therefore, politically viable and hence, might actually be launched before a Project Icarus. A Project Icarus would probably have to consume all of NASA's human flight budget for decades and so is incompatible with the colonization of the solar system and so would, by necessity, be delayed at least towards the end of this century at the earliest. By then, nanotechnology and a lunar-based infrastructure might make a nanoprobe far less costly and therefore negate any work done on Project Icarus.
So, I would like to make a simple suggestion. Before the BIS & TZF commits to tying up its expertise again on a fusion-only approach, make sure, one way or another, that there is some sort of setting whereby competing ideas have a fair shot of getting equal expert attention.
Responding to the comments from John Hunt. There is no tying up expertise from BIS/TZF. Instead, a group of volunteers have decided to give up their free time to undertake an interesting design study. The Planetary Society are undertaking the Lightsail 1 project, so solar sails are also pushing forward. It is quite possible that the final Icarus design will have a hybrid propulsion system (e.g. magsail, nuclear-electric engine) to augment the main fusion drive, thereby making the critique addressed irrelevant. Also, many of the people involved in Project Icarus are involved with other projects, so there is no question of people being unable to do other work if they wish to. Anyone can put together a competing project to examine a different propulsion idea. Indeed, Team Icarus would welcome this as a good way to push different engineering designs forward to near-term fruition. How about constructively supporting this exciting venture and encouraging the personal efforts of the team?
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Its possible that you might have already thought of this, but i haven't come across it before so here's my idea to drastically reduce fuel requirements:
1) For acceleration: Use pellets of deuterium, shot from various land based sources throughout the solar system to provide nuclear fusion fuel that would accelerate the spaceship at a rate of 10g (98m/s2) from one edge of our solar system to the other edge. The spaceship can reach 16% speed of light by then. And it would take 2 days to achieve this velocity. You could reach higher velocities if you use the Kuiper Belt as well.
The best thing about this process is that it completely reverses the fuel requirement equations!
2)For deceleration: This could be a bit tricky. Assuming that our destination is a system with a live star in it:
– you can use solar sails to decelerate the spaceship as much as possible before it gets too close to the star.
– The solar sails could be positioned such that it deflects the spaceship a little to just miss the star without any damage.
– Then use the same star's gravity to slingshot the spaceship around.
– Repeat this process until the ship decelerates enough.
– Even if this process takes months, or even years, the people onboard the spaceship can use the time to study the new solar system in close proximity.
– Then, once the required deceleration is achieved, you can land on whichever planet in the system you wish to.
3) Acceleration for return to earth:
– We can just pump a lot of extra pellets of deuterium to the spaceship at the end of its departure from our own solar system, which could be used for its return journey.
– Use a system similar to multistage launch, except the spaceship would drop off multiple 'boosters' with fuel already inside it, at various levels of orbits around the destination star, before the spaceship starts its deceleration.
– By orbiting around the star, these boosters would not lose too much momentum it has already gained from our own solar system.
– The boosters could have a little onboard guidance system to help move it along the path of the spaceship's return.
– These boosters could then be picked back up when the spaceship returns.
This is similar to the pellet system, which would save a lot of fuel, but not as much as the original pellet system itself.
4) Deceleration in our home solar system: We can use the same pellet shooting system to provide fuel for the spaceship's deceleration.
In effect, the spaceship would be carrying only enough fuel onboard for one acceleration, instead of carrying fuel for 2 accelerations and two decelerations.
Please let me know if this seems like a good idea.
Thank you,
Kalyan Ram
Just realized that my second and third points actually dont work. But using the pellet system will still let you carry only enough fuel for 1 acceleration and a little less than one deceleration (considering the solar/magsails and the star's gravity help deceleration a little).
I'm also having some doubts about whether trained astronauts with special suits can withstand 10g force for 3 days.
i appreciate the article, but… you do realize what the enter key is for, right? it allows you to make individual chunks of text called paragraphs.


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2013 Bowman Inception Baseball Review
Each year manufacturers create new brands for collectors. Most of these products are never heard from again (Legends, Rising Rookies, Timeless Treasures Football,) but every once in a while a company hits a home-run and the new product becomes an instant classic. This was the case with Inception, a product that launched in 2011 with Football and immediately became a hit. 2012 was a big success despite it's major flaws in production (chipping issues galore.) But if Topps knows anything, it's how to nurture a brand.
Topps resolved the chipping issues and made other subtle improvements to Inception before sharing the brand with its largest audience: Baseball-card collectors. The Inception brand is still a teenager in sports-card years, but partnering it with the mature Bowman brand is genius. That's like teaming up a HOF veteran with a hot-shot rookie…and it works. The brand recognition of Bowman combined with the sexy aesthetics of Inception is a match made in baseball-card Heaven.
Topps has learned from its Football product and evolved Inception over the past two years. Although the base autograph design (above left) looks very similar to the football design, the gradient is substantially larger providing for an improved (HUGE) signing area. Bowman Black makes an appearance in this set and it doesn't feel forced…it feels natural since Inception has included black card-stock with silver ink autos since 2011.
Although I love the inclusion of the triple auto, this is the one design that I think took a step back from it's football counterpart. In the football card version, the card feel like it's all one design with three "clouds" for the players to sign on. I just thought it looked so cool. In the baseball card version, it feels a little too compartmentalized for Inception.
The four cards above are a grand-slam. Beautiful action imagery, soft-colored-gradient backgrounds, large signing area, and sick patch-autographs. I love the colored short-print parallels in the football product and these look even better in the horizontal design. I expected collectors to buy this product by the pallet, and I was right. Inception doesn't officially release until tomorrow but excited collectors always find a way to bust boxes early…and it already looks like a hit.
Check these out:
- Oscar Taveras auto /50 — This card looks WAY better than any preview pics above.
- Wil Myers patch auto /35 — Really nice combination of Inception + Bowman design elements.
- Bryce Harper patch auto /10 — You know he's saying goodbye to a homerun ball here…awesome card.
- Carlos Correa Green auto /25 — The green clouds in the background make this feel so dramatic.
- Yu Darvish patch auto /5 – AWESOME photography. Everything draws the eyes towards the patch & auto.
- Byron Buxton Silver Ink Auto 03/25 — Yeah, these are going to be popular.
Overall, I am an Inception fanboy so this product is a no brainer. Topps has made vast improvements to the already popular Inception brand: they combined Inception with the historic Bowman brand, added veteran patch auto to the checklist, produced some gorgeous new designs, and included popular parallels (colors) and variations (silver ink.) At just $125 per box, you get four (4) on-card autographs and one (1) memorabilia autograph per box. That is CRAZY. In fact, that is probably the biggest improvement over the football card product that included only a couple of autos in a box full of base and event-worn jersey cards. Bowman Inception is giving you FIVE autographs for $125. You're paying $25 per auto with the chance of pulling some insanely valuable cards. This may be the product that gets me back into collecting baseball.

subset: commoncrawl


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A trio of seniors are presenting their final art projects – a closer look at their personal journeys – in an exhibit on display April 29-May 24 at Keuka College's Lightner Gallery.
The Senior Art Show showcases the talents of Erik Holmes of Penn Yan, Courtney French (Massena), and Erica Ruscio (Middlesex). An artists' reception will be held from 4:30-6 p.m. Tuesday, April 30 at the gallery in Lightner Library. Light refreshments will be served and the event is free and open to the public. The exhibit runs through May 24.The gallery is open during Lightner Library hours, whichcan be found online at: http://lightner.keuka.edu.
According to Melissa Newcomb, assistant professor of art and adviser to the student artists, each one had to prepare an artist's statement, along with a "thesis" of sorts, representing the culmination of work produced over their time as a student. Throughout this semester, they met weekly for senior art seminar, she said, and from those talks, a group consensus emerged: everybody's grown.
This group has some of the strongest raw talent of students Newcomb has mentored during her four years at Keuka, she said.
According to Ruscio, the trio named the exhibit "EXPEERIENCE" because it's "all about our experiences and we hope that people can see that by peering a little closer."
"There are also a lot of eyes and faces, so we just thought it was a catchy title," Ruscio added.
For example, Holmes's collection of work is titled "Face Yourself." Although Holmes has studied graphic design, drawing and painting, his forte is photography and he is exhibiting digital images. He has conducted several internships—where he learned skills in studio lighting, posing, off-camera flash lighting, and other photography techniques— in Alaska with Melissa Laggis, a professional wedding and portrait photographer; in Chestertown, N.Y,. at [Curtiss] Austin Image Photography; and with Keuka Sports Information Director John Boccacino. Some of Holmes's images have appeared in Keuka magazine.
"That [experience], with years and years of independent practice since I picked up a camera at age eight, has jump-started turning this passionate hobby of mine into a career I can be proud of," said Holmes, who hopes to own his own photography studio in the future.
French, who initiated her own major in fine arts and advertising, is showcasing work in mixed media and photography. Her "Warrior" image, a black and white self-portrait of her eyes peering out from behind lacrosse goggles, is "a twist off the saying 'actions speak louder than words,'" she said.
"I believe that you speak louder/more with your eyes than you do your words," said French, a four-year defender on the lacrosse team. "The eyes never lie what is going on in the mind."
According to French, art is therapeutic for her and she tries to get her emotions out and into the work itself. She describes her style as more masculine, bold and sharp, often with hard edges and high contrast. While a majority of the work is airbrush, she personally favors charcoal and acrylic mixed media.
French hopes to work for a design firm some day, perhaps creating labels and logos for skateboards and snowboards. Until then, she wants to stay active and work outdoors with people, perhaps in an organization with an educational component much like Keuka's Teamworks! Adventure course, where she has worked as a facilitator.
Ruscio is completing a double major in visual and verbal art, and English, with a minor in communication. She is primarily interested in using her degree to write and illustrate children's and young adult books. In fall 2012, she studied abroad through the Semester at Sea program, where she sailed around the Atlantic rim and visited four continents – (keeping an online journal at ericaatsea12.blogspot.com. )
Her collection, known as "Ubuntu," features mixed-media painting, digital photography and graphite works, and focuses primarily on discoveries made during her semester at sea. While at Keuka,Ruscio has been involved with Drama Club, numerous Red Barn Theatre productions, Literacy Volunteers of Ontario-Yates, and the Yates County Arts Center. She works as a writing tutor, a library assistant, a TeamWorks! facilitator, and a campus lifeguard. She is also a member of several academic honor societies.
In the fall, Ruscio will attend Kansas State University to pursue a master's degree in children's literature. She has been awarded a graduate teaching assistantship and will be teaching freshmen composition classes in addition to her own studies.
Excellent work, hope we get a chance to see it on graduation weekend.


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American Idol
Jennifer Lopez's Q'Viva Is Coming to Fox on March 3, 2012
Jennifer Lopez and estranged husband Marc Anthony spent much of 2011 traveling the globe in search of talented Latin musicians for their show Q'Viva! The Chosen. The hard work paid off, because Fox has picked up what they're calling the "docu-journey series," which is set to premiere March 3.
The show, which will air over five weeks in 2-hour installments every Saturday from 8:00 to 10:00 p.m., follows Jennifer and Marc's travels to Costa Rica, Uruguay, Honduras, and beyond. The episodes will showcase singers, dancers, and performers and their personal stories. The former couple and fellow judge, concert director Jamie King, will choose the best of the bunch to perform in a showcase in the United States.
Despite their separation, Jennifer recently insisted to David Letterman that it's "fun" to work with ex Marc.
Source: Press release


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Finally, here's the last of the embedded Nokia Series 40 "Games I've Coded", Adventure Race (AR).
Originally available on the Nokia 5140i, a beefed up successor to the 5100 that came with Sky Diver. The 5140i was one of the newer breed of Series 40 2nd Edition devices, which included increased heap memory (up from 200k to 500k), bigger jar file size limits (up from 64k to 128k) and the MIDP 2.0 specification programming interfaces. It still had a 128×128 pixel display with a pretty slow refresh, but we'd gotten used to that by now!
The device was aimed at outdoor type people, with a splash proof case, digital compass, thermometer and built in flash-light. Nokia at the time were sponsoring and entering teams into Adventure Sports events, and wanted a game on their 'sporty' device to reflect this, so we (Iomo) proposed Adventure Race, and it was my job to code it. From the outset, with the extra memory to fill, the scope of AR was bigger than my previous games, and this was the first one that I was going to code completely from scratch. Almost none of the game's ideas had been prototyped by someone else first, or coded for other devices, so this was my first completely 'solo' programming project.
The game concept involved bringing together 3 sports, cycling, running and kayaking, into 'iron man' like events, with some orienteering thrown in for good measure. I'll write about each sport game here including any coding high (and low) points that I can remember. But first, here's a video…
There's another video at the end of the post if you'd like to see some more 🙂
The cycling game was based around rhythmic button presses to move the bike forward (pedalling), with interspersed downhill sections (free-wheeling) where the player was required to move left and right, or in and out of the screen, avoiding obstacles. At the bottom of the hills the action back to the rhythmic pedalling again. The correct rhythm was key to moving along at a decent pace, and avoiding obstacles so as to not crash got you the best time for the section.
The interesting bit of code that came out of this game was the algorithm to generate a terrain to cycle along, with hills and flats. I found details on the net for midpoint displacement, and it was so simple, and exactly what I wanted for a 2D terrain that coding it was a no brainer. The concept is simple:
- Take a straight horizontal line.
- Find the mid point, then displace that point vertically by a random amount.
- Then repeat for the two new line segments, and so on.
By varying the ranges of the random numbers, and the number of times you repeat the iteration, you end up with very realistic looking mountain ridge lines, it's awesome. Here's the code I ended up with:
course_line_segments = 1; course_map = new int[4]; course_map[course_map_x1] = 0; course_map[course_map_h1] = 0; course_map[course_map_x2] = (256<<8); course_map[course_map_h2] = 0; int roughness = 32; // Should be between 0 and 128 int iterations = 4; // 4 gives a good value int displace = 32768; // +/- for(i = 0; i < iterations; i++) { new_course_map = new int[course_line_segments << 3]; // (course_line_segments*2) * 4 // for each course line segment, we output 2 new segments for(int j = 0; j < course_line_segments; j++) { int x1 = course_map[(j<<2)+course_map_x1]; int h1 = course_map[(j<<2)+course_map_h1]; int x2 = course_map[(j<<2)+course_map_x2]; int h2 = course_map[(j<<2)+course_map_h2]; // first new segment new_course_map[(j<<3)+course_map_x1] = x1; new_course_map[(j<<3)+course_map_h1] = h1; new_course_map[(j<<3)+course_map_x2] = x1 + ((x2-x1)>>1); int rn = random(displace); int mid_height = (h2>h1?h2-h1:h1-h2)>>1; new_course_map[(j<<3)+course_map_h2] = mid_height + (rn - (displace>>1)); // second new segment new_course_map[4+(j<<3)+course_map_x1] = new_course_map[(j<<3)+course_map_x2]; new_course_map[4+(j<<3)+course_map_h1] = new_course_map[(j<<3)+course_map_h2]; new_course_map[4+(j<<3)+course_map_x2] = x2; new_course_map[4+(j<<3)+course_map_h2] = h2; } course_map = new_course_map; new_course_map = null; course_line_segments <<= 1; displace = (displace*(roughness+128))>>8; }
I've created a simple demo using this code and packaged it up into a Java class that just displays a window on the screen 128×128 pixels in size, and continuously creates new displacement ridge lines. It looks a bit like an audio monitor or something! Change the iterations to 8 and you get something even more like the output from a speech synthesizer.
Drawing the terrain in the game turned out to be pretty easy too. After scaling the data to something appropriate (smoothing out steep slopes, that sort of thing), simply draw a rectangle on the right hand side of the screen, shift the screen buffer left by the width of the rectangle, then draw another one a bit taller or shorter, depending upon the current slope. This approach is very easy to tune for performance too. By drawing larger rectangles, you need fewer of them (which means drawing a screen is faster), however the trade off is that the terrain looks blockier. If you look at the screenshot below, you can see all the rectangles for a screen coloured differently. The best speed/visual trade off turned out to be about 24 rectangles or so by the looks of things.
Having sorted out the terrain for the cycling game, reusing it for the running was the obvious thing to do. Rather than duplicate the rhythm mechanic though, we decided to go with a more resource management approach. The runner has energy that gets used up the faster he runs, and the faster he runs uphill, running downhill uses less energy. You directly control the speed of the runner, and have to manage his energy so he gets to the finish line in the best time. Obviously sprinting flat out isn't going to work because he'll quickly get tired and slowly jog along knackered! Since the running mechanic doesn't involve constantly pressing keys, we reused the left/right dodge oncoming objects idea from the cycling game and made it a core part of the running, so the player can't just sit back and watch. There are also sprint sections where other runners come up and attempt to overtake you, and you must button bash to keep ahead of them. For fairness, the sprint sections work independently of the energy levels, and there are also energy drinks you can collect on the way.
From the code point of view, there is lots of reuse between the cycling and running games. The colour palettes are changed, and the control schemes differ, but due to both games using the same core, the game specific bits are quite small. Even combined, they are still smaller than the kayaking game!
The 3rd game in the sequence was a top down, vertically scrolling kayak game. I'm pretty sure that this was the 3rd game I implemented too, sorting out the running and cycling first with their similar code, then moving onto the more involved kayaking. I say more involved because there turned out to be several elements to this game that were (at the time) new to me and things I'd not done before.
As you might be able to see from the screenshot (and the earlier video), this game needed the following major elements:
- Collision detection for both the water obstacles and the river bank edges.
- A procedurally generated river bank.
- A large number of animated sprites.
Collision Detection
The front of the kayak sprite is pointed, and as it's moving down the river, simple bounding rectangle collision didn't look all that great. It was frustrating to get stuck on objects when the point of the kayak was clearly free. I ended up creating a pixel perfect collision system based on pre-generated bit masks for all the sprites. Using bit masks, and performing shifts and logical & operations after two sprites had failed a bounding rectangle collision test worked very well. All I had to do was write a simple tool that took a sprite PNG file and generated mask bytes for each pixel row based on the non-transparent pixels. Skimming edges of the river and the rocks felt nice after that.
Spline Curve River Bank
The best way to generate the river bank turned out to be using two natural cubic spline curves (one for each bank). By generating the curve in sections as the river scrolled up the screen, only a few calculations needed to be performed each frame to keep things moving along. Obviously the first screen had to all generated before display, but that was done during the loading phase. To get the graduated blue to yellow effect, I simple scaled the x value of the spline calculation, so getting a decent looking 'shallows' effect.
I was really proud of that spline curve shoreline. It's segmented calculation and subsequent rendering using only (fast) horizontal lines worked really well. I'd like to post some of the spline code, but it's quite awkward to understand with all the fixed point maths, and the specialised segmented calculations. If I get any requests to see it, and I can be bothered to tidy it into something I'd be prepared to post (like the midpoint displacement example above) then I might do it!
Animated Sprites
The kayak sprite itself has 52 frames of animation, the wake 24, rolling log 16 (+16 for it's water splash), 6 frames for the weir, 9 leaping fish frames 15 different rock frames and an 8 frame finish line flag animation. Not only is that a lot of pixels for one quarter of a 4 game pack that needs to fit into a 128k jar file, but that's a lot of runtime heap when you needs 2 bytes per pixel. Here is the kayak sprite animation the artist created:
It's only pointing one direction since the Nokia UI was used to draw the sprite horizontally flipped when moving to the right.
I ended up compressing the sprites into a palettised format that squashed 3 or 4 pixels into a byte depending upon the number if colours in the image, then RLE compressing this data. Then, rather than loading the data into individual pixel buffers for each sprite, which would take up 2 * width * height bytes for each sprite, I actually decompressed each sprite frame into a single small buffer as it needed drawing, each render cycle. Because the actual number of operations to decode a sprite wasn't huge, and there weren't very large numbers of sprites on the screen at any one time, the 5140i coped perfectly well. This technique saved loads of heap memory and I allowed for a really richly animated game in total, not just for the kayaking section.
Finally, the 'filler' section was a bit of orienteering. This involved seeing a sort of first person view from a position on a map, and you had to guess where you were. The concept had already been done by iomo as a WAP game, and I found a screen grab!
The code for this was a simple perspective projection of a 2D bitmap I borrowed from one of the other programmers at iomo. Since this was done last, it ended up being a bit squeezed for development time and only 4 maps were included in the end, with some rotation for variation. Still, it was a nice enough short diversion in between the other fairly long and involved sections of the game.
Whilst looking over the bits of my old project (remember this dates back to around mid 2003) I also happened upon probably the most reused bit of code I've ever wrote. The ending sequence for AR was a podium animation with the player getting 1st, 2st or 3rd, and a failure screen where they were weeping for their loss. In the background of the podium animation I added some simple particle fireworks, which you can see in this video:
That small particle routine has been reused in a considerable number of my games since then, and it's still included in my very latest project, that's being coded this minute. Having also showed it to Mike Tucker, another iomo original programmer and all round awesome guy, he reused it all over the place too. I wouldn't be surprised if the same code is the basis for the particles you see in the very latest Flash stuff Mike does!
Finally finally, thanks for reading this far and as a treat here's my original programmer art splash screen. Much better than the professional artist created one if you ask me 🙂


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66-year-old Male
Seeking Women: 40 - 60
Salisbury, North Carolina
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Sensual, Looking For Same in a Woman
About myself
Let me began by saying that I'm intelligent, respectful, clean cut, with no tats or piercing but I do have a mustache. I love sports, reading, grilling out, A country drive with good company, a good movie, and a glass of good wine. Long talks, sunsets, sunrise, lovely eyes and chemistry bring out the Romantic side for me. I'm Very uninhibited and love to please my partner,and like to be Open to what she enjoys. I do believe anything that two people do in bed should be mutually agreed upon and enjoyed by both partners. Maybe I should mention that I'm ALL male, nothing Bi here. I do have a photo to share should a lady find she's interested.
The person I would like to meet
I'm an exceptionally Clean white male, and I'm looking for a lady with exceptional personal hygiene, someone attractive, intelligent, and not into head games. Someone that's mature, caring, and Honest. A lady that's as uninhibited as I am and If she's a bit of a Romantic would be a tremendous Asset >;Shy Wink<; I'm not looking for "Barbie", and don't mind if a lady has a "FEW" Extra Pounds. If she happens to wear Sexy Undies, that gets my attention QUICKLY, although that's not a Must for me.
About my work
I'm Gainfully Employed in a Very Necessary Profession
What do you like to do for fun/hobbies?
Sports, Grill Out, Read, Country Drives, Mountain Drives, Watching the Sunset with someone special, hang out with friends and watching my kids succeed in life.
My idea of a great date
An Agreed upon place where both can be comfortable and quiet enough to have a conversation
If you are divorced/widower, you can talk about how that happened here.
I Could......but, I won't. Would talk about it should someone be interested later
What is your fantasy vacation?
Any place with someone special
What is your academic background?
Criminal Justice degree
Where did you last vacation and did you like it?
Last vacation was in the Bahamas, and I loved it
What do you find attractive in people?
Eye Contact if the woman's interested....And a shapely Bottom >Shy WINK< Although her "Other" qualities would be admired as well. I find a good personality sexy and attractive, and a sense of humor helps keep things interesting. If she wears glasses and takes care of herself, that's a turn on. If a lady is uninhibited, and is comfortable with who she is, that is a Real Plus. Sexy Undies always get's my serious attention.
What do others do that irritate you?
I like to cut up and kid around, but True Assholes Irritate me Terribly
What do you think is your best quality?
Never thought of this One. Some ladies have told me I have Sexy Eyes and Nice hair, so I guess that's it
What one thing would you change about your personality if you could?
I tend to be overly sensitive at times. I'm not terribly hard to make go away. I need to feel wanted, and I don't play head games. That will make me go away very Quickly
What one question would you want answered in an initial email from another member?
I'd want a woman to share whatever she's comfortable with. I have some fantasies stored that I could share eventually, but a lady would have to be comfortable with that.
Describe your physique.
I have a pretty good body, Very weight proportioned
What do you do well sexually?
Hmmmmmmm My Minor League baseball coach once told me..."If you can do it, it ain't bragging" I'll leave the rest to a lady's imagination.
What is the favorite thing you like sexually done to you?
I'm gonna have to say......I do thoroughly Enjoy Oral, Receiving and Giving
What fantasy(s) are you still waiting to experience?
What fantasy(s) have you already experienced?
Do you have any STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)?
Absolutely Positively NOT
Are you looking for a one night stand, to play for a while, or a long-term Adult relationship?
What ever is Mutually agreed upon
Free Space. Say anything you want!
Nothing's FREE.....LOL, Except Real and True Love.
I have a very erotic mind and enjoy writing and reading EROTICA. Here is a small portion of a fantasy I wrote sometime back. Should a lady enjoy erotica and wish to read the rest, just contact me.
We arrange to meet in the mall parking lot on a Wednesday afternoon! You get in and we head out of town on a winding country road. You have on white walking shorts....and a black low neck blouse. I have a bottle of wine in a cooler behind the seat and a cup sitting in the holder. You take the cup and hand it to me, and as you move around, you slide over and lean against the door....kinda facing me. You lift your knee up on the seat between us...and reach over and take the cup again. I look over...and can see up the leg of those shorts! As you move around....the leg slides up even more and I can see just the edge of your panties. WoW!! So very erotic just glancing at you. You hand me the cup..and it slides up a little more......and I'm getting very uncomfortable.......and my shorts are getting tight, too. At first, you don't understand.....then you catch me looking......and you smile and really start to tease me. I'm having trouble driving....and the car gets slower and slower.......as you play your little game with me. As you wiggle around, the leg of your shorts slides higher...and I can see your panties covering your pussy. I'm really excited...and am not driving to well, I can't keep my eyes off you, and that erotic way you're sitting there. You are teasing the hell out of me!! It is now raining a soft, slow drizzle, and I slow down even more.
I see a path that turns off the road and pull into it and go down a ways from the road. I look deep into your eyes for a few seconds then you're in my arms and we're kissing.....a long, deep, wet soul kiss and my hands find your soft, lovely thighs. I caress them slowly.
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Global Business Boot Camp (GBBC)
Kid Entrepreneurs Need Opportunities (KENO) Foundation Inc. teaches leadership and life skills, trains, grows and nurtures businesses formed by young entrepreneurs world-wide. We believe that when young people have a real and applicable understanding of business principles, financial literacy, legacy wealth creation, and business stewardship, they can begin to eradicate poverty and can change the world for good.
For the past several years, KENO has sponsored a Billionaire Business Booot Camp exclusively for youth in the US. This year, we are expanding our program offering to select countries with an invitation to send a team of 10-14 (5-7 women and 5-7 men) talented youth to participate in the "Global Business Boot Camp" (GBBC) as a part of Global Entrepreneurship Week activities being held in Atlanta, Georgia USA from November 17th-24th, 2013.
GBBC is a week long residential program that brings youth ages 16-25 together to learn life skills, leadership, business innovation, financial literacy, and career options. Through our partnership with the Allen Entrepreneurial Institute, participants are exposed to all levels of business leaders who mentor the participants and guide them through the week's activities. Participants' teams work together as a "company" while gaining knowledge from numerous guest speakers and volunteers. In addition, participants will be able to utilize and record their own business commercial in the Institute studio.
We look forward to offering this program to engage the youth from Botswana, South Africa, Trinidand and America who share the same potential and passions. Many are dreaming of starting their own business, some have already started a business, some are searching for career direction, while others are heading for college, or just eager to enter the workforce. The GBBC program is designed to give youth a big head start and empower them for economic sustainability! GBBC is an opportunity for engaged youth to meet, network and work with others who are eager to jumpstart their futures keeping in mind that we live in a global society where entrepreneurship and innovation can begin at any age.
US based youth who are unable to participate in the residential program will attend the KICK OFF Session on Monday, November 18th where KENO partners with Independent Universe to deliver an energy filled symposium with youth entrepreneurs sharing their expereiences in owning their own business. The kick off program is free to all participants and the residential program costs $4,200 per participant and includes accommodations, 3 meals per day, airport transfers, field trips and program fees. Airfare for each participant must be purchased separately.
For More information contact firstname.lastname@example.com


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Instead of calling it a 3D effect
Started Feb 27, 2013 | Discussions thread
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SandyF • Forum Pro • Posts: 14,937
Re: Instead of calling it a 3D effect
guzzibreva1 wrote:
You could say Foveon images have a "you can walk into the picture" effect. That's what I see when viewing some pictures taken with my DP1s.
This print struck me that way too
The effect seems not quite so noticeable online; that's why experiencing prints can be different than online viewing.
Best regards, Sandy
http://www.pbase.com/sandyfleischman (archival)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sandyfleischmann (current)
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We have to admit, we kind of totally forgot this movie even existed, but with the release date now six weeks out, Fox decided to actually start promoting the upcoming comedy "The Big Year." Judging by the first trailer, we probably would've been fine leaving this one to the recesses of our memory.
Starring Owen Wilson, Steve Martin and Jack Black the film chronicles three schlubs in various states of crises who embark on a year dedicated to living out their dreams, which include a bird watching competition. But really, this kind of just plays like a lesser version of "Planes, Trains & Automobiles" with three people instead of two, with a contemporary, generation-spanning woe-is-me undercurrent taped to it. We're just not feeling to sympathetic for Martin's retirement blues from his cushy job or Wilson and Black's malaise from their lives which include -- respectively -- big houses and late night phone calls to Rashida Jones. David Frankel of "The Devil Wears Prada" and "Marley & Me" fame directs so you should know exactly the tone this one will evince. Oh, and one more thing: can we cool it with stars introducing trailers? It's rarely ever amusing or funny. Seriously Hollywood, stop.
"The Big Year" opens on October 14th. Check out the synopsis, poster and trailer below (or in HD at Apple).
Steve Martin, Jack Black and Owen Wilson are at a crossroads -- one is experiencing a mid-life crisis, another a late-life crisis, and the third, a far from ordinary no-life crisis. From David Frankel, the director of The Devil Wears Prada and Marley & Me, comes a sophisticated comedy about three friendly rivals who, tired of being ruled by obligations and responsibilities, dedicate a year of their lives to following their dreams. Their big year takes them on a cross-country journey of wild and life-changing adventures.


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Top Definition
The act of going through a drivethrough with your car in reverse.
Did you see Matt reversing at McDonalds last night? He really confused all of the workers.
af Matt Tboogenhagen Mann 28. november 2011
Skriv din email-adresse nedenunder for at få Dagens Urban Ord gratis hver morgen!
Emails sendes fra firstname.lastname@example.com. Vi lover ikke at spamme dig.×


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In the past few months, i have experienced some set backs and pretty much quite riding. I also had to change my diet from a pescotarian based to no soy or fish. So it was back to eating meat. About a month later after the diet change, i quit my job moved to another house and started driving and hauling hay from louisiana/mississippi to Texas. I would be gone between 4-6 days a week and some times longer. Now I am suppose to be hauling sand from Texas up to North Dakota and hauling grain back. That means 3-4 weeks on the road at a time before i get to come home.
What are some ways to get exercise while on the road for extended periods of time and how to resist the temptation of running getting fast food if im in a hurry to get back on the road. Any suggestions?


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Bobby Huffman
Published: Friday, January 25, 2013 at 1:44 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, January 25, 2013 at 1:44 p.m.
THOMASVILLE | Bobby Huffman, 63, of Thomasville, died Thursday, Jan. 24, 2013.
A funeral will be at 11 a.m. Monday at J.C. Green and Sons Funeral Home Chapel.
Visitation will be from 6 to 8 p.m. Sunday at the funeral home.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran released his second album "X" which featured his new single "Thinking Out Loud." This particular song is a romantic ballad with a soft, acoustic sound. I love how the song starts off with the lyrics, "When your legs don't work like they used to before / And I can't sweep you off of your feet / ... Read More »
Tag Archives: Billboard Hot 100
Taylor Swift "Blank Space" Single Review
Taylor Swift proved to be a country girl to an instant pop star with her first official pop album "1989." "Blank Space" was one of the songs I instantly grabbed attention to off of Taylor's album "1989" as soon as the drum beat kicked in, continuing throughout the whole song. The song starts off with the lyrics, "Nice to meet you, ... Read More »
Hozier "Take Me To Church" Single Review
I heard Hozier's hit track "Take Me to Church" many times on the radio. But when I listened to the track closely, I began to notice what his lyrics could be referring to. The lyrics to this song are deeper than most hit singles with the lyrics, "'We were born sick, ' you heard them say it / My Church ... Read More »
Taylor Swift "Shake It Off" Single Review
Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off" is a great dance anthem with a bouncy beat whether you've been picked on at school, or you're in the media headlines constantly like Taylor. This is a change in theme for Taylor, since she's known for writing songs about former ex-boyfriends like in her past singles "White Horse" and "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together." With the lyrics, "I ... Read More »
Meghan Trainor "Lips are Movin" Single Review
Meghan Trainor is now onto her second hit single "Lips Are Movin", with a touch of a throwback doo wop pop sound. The song sounds like a second part to "All About That Bass" with the lyrics, "Boy, look at me in my face / Tell me that you're not just about this bass" and "I gave you bass / ... Read More »
Sam Smith "I'm Not The Only One" Single Review
Sam Smith made it to American radio and took the world by storm with his piano-led, marching midtempo sound in an aching song about not being the only love. The English songwriter wrote about infidelity in the single "I'm Not The Only One" with the lyrics, "You say I'm crazy / 'Cause you don't think I know what you've ... Read More »
Maroon 5 "Sugar" Single Review
Maroon 5's third single, "Sugar," was recently released off their latest album, "V". In this rock/synth-pop song Adam Lavigne expresses his soulful vocals about being broken and in need of love saying, "I'm right here / 'cause I need / a little love and a little sympathy." He continues in the song saying, "My broken pieces / You pick them ... Read More »
Meghan Trainor "All About That Bass" Single Review
Meghan Trainor has taken over radio with her first single "All About That Bass." It's constantly being replayed, and the message of a positive body image due to this song has already spread on a global scale with the lyrics, "Yeah, it's pretty clear, I ain't no size two / But I can shake it, shake it / Like I'm ... Read More »
Mark Ronson and Bruno Mars "Uptown Funk" Single Review
Mark Ronson and Bruno Mars teamed up to release their new single "Uptown Funk." The single has a 70's funk sound mixed with modern pop music, making it a hit single dance track. The lyrics aren't deep, with lyrics such as, "Got Chucks on with Saint Laurent / Got kiss myself I'm so pretty / I'm too hot (hot damn ... Read More »
Nick Jonas "Jealous" Single Review
Nick Jonas's first hit single, "Jealous," as a solo artist since being in the band Jonas Brothers, has been doing great so far on the charts. The song is about his girlfriend, Olivia Culpo, and how he feels protective of her with lyrics such as, "I turn my cheek, music up / And I'm puffing my chest / I'm getting ... Read More »


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I've been away on business for a couple of days. So what is the first thing I do when I get back? Check out the 50+ Forum, of course!
I didn't go into withdrawal, but I sure love coming back to this wonderful group of people who share so freely so much of themselves with one another -- bike tips, great rides, personal challenges, health tips, and the list goes on and on. What a great group. I'm grateful to you guys and gals, and glad to be back home.
Oh -- that reminds me -- what bike should I buy?


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Lua Development Environment
Revision as of 12:20, April 21, 2013 by Waterwingz (Talk | contribs)
593pages on
this wiki
this wiki
See these forum threads :
and this thread in the German CHDK forum :
(google chrome automatic translation recommended)
Orginal Incomplete Article :
Setting up a development environment on your computer is necessary when working on larger Lua scripts due to the awkwardness of testing code on the camera. (remove SD card from camera, insert into computer, save file, remove SD card, insert into camera, run code. repeat repeat repeat.)
1) install lua - http://luabinaries.luaforge.net/download.html


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This job posting is no longer available on Indeed.
Find similar jobs:Forklift Operator jobs
- Alberta Employment Solutions jobs
Hi I am currently looking for a forklift operator with slip and clamp attachment experience.The warehouse is located in SE Calgary. The shift time is Monday - Friday from 3pm - 11:30pmThe starting salarty is $16.00/Hr to start.Please send me your resume and I will forward it to my client.Thank you.


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I created nsNomads in April of 2010 to explore one of my interests: Coworking. (For more on Coworking, see this wikipedia entry.) The Cleveland Coworking landscape has changed dramatically since then, starting with the rollout of LaunchHouse and continuing with The Open Office. I think there's still room for more Coworking in Cleveland beyond these two and I continue to explore some ideas in that area.
Since then, I have returned to my primary passion, leading technical people, and nsNomads has become a vehicle for my freelance and consulting practice. I manage and lead technical people and projects for startups in a local tech incubator.
For more on my philosophy of management, leadership and system administration, continue on to JeffreyGifford.com (where I post periodically), download my resume (pdf), follow me on Twitter or review my Linkedin profile.


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- Homepage >
- News Archives >
- Article
New MRI suite opens at Brooke Army Medical Center
December 24, 2009
By Brooke Army Medical Center Public Affairs Office
Story Highlights
- The new magnetic resonance imaging suite is the first project completed there as part of BRAC.
FORT SAM HOUSTON, Texas -- The new magnetic resonance imaging suite on the first floor of Brooke Army Medical Center is the first project completed there as part of Base Realignment and Closure recommendations.
The expansion was needed to handle the increased volume of inpatients expected at BAMC as a result of the recommendation to transfer all inpatient services from Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base.
The WHMC MRI unit currently sees approximately 40 patients a day during the week and an additional 24 on Saturdays.
MRI equipment is used to look inside the body without using X-rays. Under controlled circumstances, an extremely powerful magnetic field and radio frequency energy are used to create computer-assisted images of the body. These images are then interpreted by specialists trained in neuroradiology, body imaging and orthopedic radiology.
The new MRI suite is located near the bed tower entrance of the BAMC's west wing. Its 8,796-square-foot, single-floor space will house 17 staff members, including military and civilians. The MRI addition is more than double the size of the original MRI wing that was razed so the new consolidated tower can be built.
"It is a great pleasure for me to be here for the very first [San Antonio Military Medical Center] BRAC ribbon cutting ceremony of the many we will have in the future," said Brig. Gen. Joseph Caravalho Jr., commander of Brooke Army Medical Center and Southern Regional Medical Command (Provisional).
"The new MRI suite was designed by an integrated team of Army and Air Force clinicians."
In addition to the increased space, two state-of-the-art Siemens 1.5 Tesla MRI units and one Siemens 3.0 Tesla MRI have been added, a first for BAMC.
The new units will allow patients to feel more comfortable and less claustrophobic during examinations. The 1.5 Tesla features twice the scanning power and higher quality images than the old units. The increased magnet length also means that 60 percent of examinations can be performed with a patient's head outside the magnet and noise is reduced by 97 percent.
According to the Siemens literature, these units have a larger diameter opening, allowing for more headroom, leg room and elbow room. Patients won't feel like they're nose-to-nose with the magnet, allowing claustrophobic or anxious patients to be more relaxed throughout their examination.
And if a picture is worth a thousand words, the 3.0 Tesla MRI is an encyclopedia. The magnetic field yields exceptional anatomic detail, especially beneficial for pathological conditions involving the brain, spine, and musculoskeletal system. This added magnetic field strength results in reduced scan times and improved image resolution with finer detail.
There is also a new four-bay inpatient bed waiting area, where patients can wait in privacy.
"Radiology is a critical care in the hospital and in health care in general," Caravalho said.
"We're very excited about the state-of-the-art work led by outstanding individuals in an infrastructure that is put together in a great fashion."
(Steve Elliott contributed to this article.)


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Native Remedies, the world's leading online provider of all-natural, homeopathic and holistic health & wellness products, has compiled a list of helpful tips that will have your skin going from drab to fab by summer.
1. Use natural facial products. Use products that contain essential oils such as Marula, Rosehip or Avocado oil. These act as natural antioxidants and have been found to have therapeutic benefits for the skin.
2. Open your fridge! Try cucumber for rosacea, yogurt for smoother skin texture (due to lactic acid) and apple cider vinegar to tone the skin.
Grapes make a great natural cleanser. Simply split a few grapes into halves and rub gently across your face for several minutes, then rinse with cool water. Alternatively, you can also mash a few grapes and apply, allow to dry, then rinse off after 15 minutes.
Eating certain foods can also do wonders. The best foods for skin rejuvenation include berries, peaches, sardines, citrus fruits and natural oils. Herbs such as Spirulina and Rosemary can help to counter act the effects of oxidization of cells, while extracts of lemon and peppermint have been shown to help give skin that 'pick-me-up' boost when it is lackluster and dull!
3. Invest in a good overnight product. During sleep, our body regenerates on a cellular level and this is the time when your skin can absorb nutrients. Choose a product that can be left on overnight to plump the skin, promote elasticity and help reduce fine wrinkles.
I like L'BRI smooth n' Firm Eye Repair Gel. I've tried other eye creams in the past the burns and stings. This gel is an all natural facial care product that restores elasticity to the eye area. it is created for all skin types and reduces fine lines, puffiness and dark circles. this product is formulated with aloe, cucumber and vitamins A, C and E.
4. It's all in the application. Remember to massage gently when applying skin creams and cleansers- no harsh rubbing or pulling!


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I am working on Immersion dyeing right now and was having trouble getting even dyeing with my colors. So I spoke with Jesse Cushing at Cushing Dyes. He looked at some samples of my dyeing that I sent him. We decided that I might try adding more water to my pot (and therefore more vinegar) and to proke and probe more to get the dye to all the fibers. My colors are coming out much better and now th…
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Memory management is tricky when working with a garbage collector. Throw in a complex display list hierarchy with lots of event handlers, and it's definitely a challenge! It's very easy to overlook some hidden object reference, causing objects to not be marked as garbage. Soon your memory usage is spiraling out of control! This has lead many developers such as Grant Skinner and Ted Patrick to suggest always setting useWeakReference to true when you call addEventListener.
This is indeed a good idea and can be a helpful failsafe, but I think that it fails to emphasize another important action: Always remove your event listeners. I fear that many developers may be given a false sense of security by always using weakly referenced listeners, so I've tried to create a clear description of how event listeners create references and how to clean them up. This assumes you have an idea of how Flash's mark-sweep garbage collector works. If not, check out Grant's excellent AS3 Resource Management articles, which are a must read for any Flash developer.
Event listeners and references
Let's look at the creation of a simple event listener:
Here we can see the two objects involved in event handling: the dispatcher and the listener. Note that they could refer to the same object. They could also be omitted, in which case they implicitly refer to
this (i.e., the object running that line of code).
addEventListener creates a reference from the dispatcher to the listener. The reference is needed to call the handler function when the event fires. This means that listener can not be garbage collected until it is removed from the dispatcher, or until dispatcher is also eligible for garbage collection.
Listeners do not prevent a dispatcher from being garbage collected. References are one way, not bidirectional. If we cleared all references to dispatcher, it would have no references pointing to it. It would be eligible for garbage collection, regardless of whether we removed the listener.
Let's look at how useWeakReference affects things. Weak references are not traversed during mark-sweep garbage collection. Therefore, weak references will allow your listener objects to be garbage collected in certain situations where they otherwise would not. Let's consider the common example of a Player class that would watch for key presses:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Imagine that our player dies, and we want him to be cleaned up. However, the event listener creates a reference from the stage to the player. The stage is the topmost display object and is always accessible. Therefore, when the mark-sweep process runs, this event listener allows the garbage collector to hop from the stage to our player object, even if we've cleared all other references and removed it from the display list. Our player object will never be collected and will sit around wasting memory! But what if we set useWeakReference to true?
Now, despite our listener, the garbage collector can not travel from the stage to our player object. The player will be marked as unreachable and eligible for collection. Weak references helped us out here.
However, let's consider a different example. Imagine a shooting game where an enemy is killed when clicked by the user:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
In this example, the enemy is the dispatcher, creating a reference from the enemy to the root game object. It doesn't matter if we use a weak reference here. After our enemy dies, when the garbage collector runs, it can't hop from the root to the enemy. The reference is in the opposite direction, from enemy to root! Therefore, the enemy doesn't get marked and will be eligible for garbage collection, even though someone is still listening to it.
useWeakReference only has an effect when the listener object has a shorter lifetime than the dispatcher. Usually this happens when a "child" object is listening for events from a "parent" object. In our first example, the player was a transient child object listening to the long-lived global stage. This is the minority case—more often, an object will listen to events from child objects or itself.
Unfortunately, all of this talk misses an even bigger problem. Regardless of any use of weak references, an object may continue to dispatch and listen to events until it gets garbage collected. Since the garbage collector runs at some indeterminate point in the future (possibly never), this could take quite a while! In our first case, the stage will continue to throw KEY_DOWN events, triggering a response inside the player, even though he's dead! For events like KEY_DOWN and ENTER_FRAME, this is a source for many subtle bugs and performance problems. We really need to remove our listeners manually!
Clean up after yourself
All of the above pitfalls are avoided if we follow a simple rule: Regardless of whether or not you use weak references, at the end of an object's lifetime, always remove any listeners that it created. If you clear your listeners when you're done with them, then you will both prevent your events from firing when an object is "dead", and you will ensure that listeners are not preventing garbage collection of your objects!
Here's a good checklist to follow when you are done with an object:
- Remove it from the display list.
- If it's a MovieClip, tell it to stop().
- Remove any event listeners that the object has created.
- Clear any references in parent objects by setting them to null.
Implementing a dispose method on your objects makes it easy to manage your cleanup duties. Here's some sample code illustrating these concepts:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Edit 09/27/2012: Corrected a bug in the dispose() code snippet.


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Marvel Team-Up Vol 1 3
this wiki
Previous Issue
Next Issue
- Maybe it's time Spider-Man and the Human Torch teamed up again.
- -- Johnny Storm
Appearing in "The Power to Purge"Edit
Featured Characters:
Supporting Characters:
- Morbius
- Bert Tacker (First appearance)
Other Characters:
- Martine Bancroft
- Jacob Bolt (First appearance)
- Jefferson Bolt (Only appearance; dies)[1]
- Hans Jorgenson (First appearance)
- Paul (Only Appearance)[1]
- None
Synopsis for "The Power to Purge"Edit
When Jefferson Bolt spends a night arguing with his brother Jacob about the merits of getting an education in a "white man's world", Hans leaves the argument. Jefferson then comes across the body of Morbius the Living Vampire washed ashore who revives and tries to feed on him. Meanwhile, Spider-Man swings through the city, when a sudden bout of illness causes him almost lose consciousness.
Meanwhile, at the Baxter Building, the Fantastic Four are visited by Martine Bancroft, who has come seeking Reed's help dealing with her fiance, Michael Morbius. Johnny, remembering Spider-Man's earlier battle against Morbius, leaves on his own to find Spider-Man and seek his help, and to find Morbius' former partner, Hans Jorgenson. Meanwhile, Jefferson Bolt has been turned into a vampire by being bitten by Morbius and seeks to use his newfound power for crime.
Meanwhile a worsening Spider-Man decides to go and seek out Jorgenson himself. The two end up arriving at the same time interupting Jorgenson's lecture, Jorgenson however takes them in and tells them all he knows about Michael Morbius. When Morbius next strikes, Spider-Man and the Torch are there to try and stop him, however things are complicated when Jefferson Bolt and members of Bert Tacker's gang intervene. However, during the fight, Morbius tries to feed on Jacob Bolt, forcing Jefferson to defend his brother.
Jefferson is killed when Morbius pushes him away, the shove causing him to strike his head on a rock. Morbius flees and the gang quickly disperses, while Jacob mourns the loss of his brother.
- This issue contains its first letters page, debuting as Mail It To Team-Up. Letters are published from Barry Zee Zlachower, David McDonnell, and Bob Rozakis.
- As seen on page one, this issue is Story#914-Z.
- Ben Grimm is shown watching All in the Family on television with Carroll O'Connor depicted playing his classic role of Archie Bunker.
See AlsoEdit
Recommended ReadingEdit
- None.
Links and ReferencesEdit
- None.
|Like this? Let us know!


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Annotations for
Arctic Incident : Library Edition
Baker & Taylor
In order to free his father from the Russian Mafiya, Artemis must join forces with the fairy police and his familiar nemesis, Captain Holly Short.
Random House, Inc.
The world's youngest, brightest, and most dangerous criminal mastermind is back.
At the start of his second adventure, Artemis is at boarding school in Ireland when he recieves an urgent video e-mail from Russia. In it is a plea from a man who has been kidnapped by the Russian Mafiya-a man Artemis thought he would never see again-his beloved father. As Artemis rushes to his rescue, he is stopped by a familiar nemesis, Captain Holly Short of the LEPrecon fairy police. But this time, instead of battling the fairies, he is going to have to join forces with them if he wants to save one of the few people in the world he loves.


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April 29, 2016
A tour of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center is now as close as your computer with the new virtual online tour of the famous forecast center. This is a useful tool for students who are learning about tropical storms, hurricanes and weather forecasting. The virtual tour gives a complete view of the National Hurricane Center operations. Also included in the tour are the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch operations, the Chief Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination - All Hurricanes, the Federal Emergency Management Agency liaison, Media & Seminar, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Miami Regional Library and the Miami National Weather Service forecast office. Go to NOAA National Hurricane Center: http://www.hurricanes.gov for more information.
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Hi guys, need some help. I'm with a friend's Wii, it's a Korean that was modified to 3.2U and has cIOSCORP 3.4 installed on it. So my friend tried to upgrade it online some months ago, and it updated to 4.2U and give it the 003 error.
So basically, with cIOSCORP pre-installed before the update, it should have not allowed the rewrite of ios36 with trucha-bug, right?
But I tried to run the UUDV4 and LCUDv3 and neither of them worked to that Wii. I even installed a Wiikey modchip that supports autoboot, and it haven't helped to. The UUDv4 and UUDv3 discs started to spin, and soon after stop, a Mario Kart modified game to install IOS70 patched spins right, the Sys Menu info on bottom screen disappear but it's just sit on a black screen while disc continue to spin.
So I took out the Wii's driver with 003 error (with Wiikey on it) and instaled on my Wii (a NTSC USA with 4.2U and softmoded with DARKCORP) and the UUDv4 worked like a charm (haven't tested the LCUDv3 one), even a Mario Kart game modified to install IOS70 patched in place of the original Mario Kart Channel worked ok, with autoboot.
So, with cIOSCORP pre-installed it should work, but why it ins't? The UUDv3 runs only into IOS36 Trucha or it's use any other IOS with Trucha?
Looking in a Offline Update to 4.2U that I grabbed from NUSAD, I noticed that some IOS that cIOSCORP 3.4 install apparently aren't rewrite in the update, like IOS11 and IOS20. Is there any way to force UUDv4 to run into theses specifically IOS?
Sorry any English errors, I'm a Brazilian.


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This is a pictorial history of ex-D&RGW K-27 #463 while in service on the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad between 1994 and 2002. This locomotive is currently being rebuilt and is expected back in service on the C&TSRR in 2010.
Profits from the book will be forward to the Friends of the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad for their "Another Century of Narrow Gauge Steam" fund raising campaign.
Bill Kepner's interest in railroads began at an early age after an American Flyer train arrived for Christmas in 1957. He resides in Fort Collins, Colorado with wife Cindy, daughter Jillian, and son Chase.
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Railroads of Colorado Published February 05, 2012
One Hundred Oakways Published September 20, 2010
Ski Train to Winter Park Published July 19, 2010
Colorado 2009 Railfan Yearbook Published May 21, 2010


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1970s Philippines National Klasik Comics #39 OTHELLO
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Books, Paper & Magazines
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Aug 25, 2008
- Channel: Auction House
1970s National Klasik Komiks #39OTHELLO by William Shakespeare Publication: 1970s Format: Black and White, Tagalog Publisher: National Bookstore Inc. Illustrator : Unknown Artist Condition: Pages complete, cover and centerfold are intact. With handwritten date and signature of previous owner on cover. See scanned pages for best description. Payments :
For International buyers WE ACCEPT the following:1. Paypal. 2. Xoom. Please choose the deposit option to our Banco de Oro Peso Savings Account. 3. US Dollar Denominated Checks. 4. International Money Orders. Note: all checks and money orders should be payable to "Dekada Music". We DO NOT ACCEPT : 1. CASH payment through mail. its too risky. 2. US Postal Service Money Order For our local buyers WE ACCEPT the following. 1. Direct Deposit Banco de Oro Peso Acct714 or to our RCBC Current Account# 0191-05675-2. Shipping : We can COMBINE SHIPPING up to 2 pieces of Comics for only $8.16 US and European buyers: We have 8 years experience shipping worldwide. We guarantee that your package is prepared and delivered with utmost care. We use top-quality, new and recycled materials. Normally expect 2 to 4 weeks delivery. Items will be sent via Registered mail or via Air Parcel originating from the Philippines . EMS or Priority Mail ( 7 to 10 days) is available. For packages 10 kilos and up, we advise you to avail of our UPS International Courier discounted rate. We combine shipping.
PLEASE TAKE NOTE: For Canada, Itally, Spain, Germany and some parts of Europe regular registered or air parcel ( Standard) may sometimes take an unusual 5 to 8 weeks transit time. We tfore suggest buyers from these countries to opt for the EMS (Expedited) or UPS shipping.Regular shipping rates for the Canada , Europe , Australia/NZ are the same. Expedited shipping rates may vary depending on destination. Please contact us first. For Philippine buyers: Items can be sent via Air21or through local Post Office. We ship once or twice a week depending on volume of shipment. Contact us first for more details.
Sorry.., we avoid delivery by meet ups or make personal deliveries.Guarantee: All articles, unless otherwise indicated, are guaranteed ORIGINAL. Our descriptions are based on diligent research and done in good faith, but due to our limited experience in this category of collectibles we sometimes commit errors. If not satisfied for any reason, see below for our return policy. Policy on Returns and Refunds: It is very important to us that you will benefit from what you buy from us. In all our stores, we are committed to working hard to make your eBay experience a positive one. If you choose to return for whatever reason any product/s you bought from us, just simply return the item in the same condition as it left us and we will give you a full refund of the hammer price. Postage and shipping cost of the item is non refundable. Our Feedback Policy: We do not like leaving negative feedback, we see to it all our transactions are positively concluded. I hope you reconsider if you feel like leaving negative feedback at once. If you have any concerns contact us first and we assure you our best effort resolving any complaint.
We will appreciate very much if you could leave us a nice feedback with GOOD Detailed Sellers Ratings . We are h oping you could give consideration to the 2 to 3 weeks normal transit time for regular overseas mailing to merit a good feedback and a satisfactory grade for DSR shipping time . To our local buyers we hope 48 hours within Metro Manila and 2 to 3 days for provincial delivery is fast enough for good evaluation at our local Details Seller Ratings . Thanks! Check out our other eBay Store and auctions for more wonderful items ! dekada_collectibles , dekada_music , maria_makiling , dekada_arts The free list...


text:
Droid Call Filter Pro Key
by AndroidDev Team
Developer Notes
┻┻━◎ Your PRO Key for Droid Call Filter!
The Pro version remove all ads contained in the free version!
"Droid Call Filter" is a tool designed for helping you to stop unwanted calls & messages.
The best phone call and text message filter & call blocker for free!
"Droid Call Filter" can also...


text:
- Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com -
Bruce Munro Creates 100 Giant Shining Waterlilies from 65,000 CDs
Posted By Morgana Matus On October 20, 2012 @ 11:50 am In Art,Botanical,Design,Gallery,Innovation,Recycled Materials | 1 Comment
Now that CDs have gone the way of the 8-track tape, what is there to do with all that useless metal and plastic? UK Artist Bruce Munro [2] took 65,000 defunct discs and turned them into 100 shining waterlilies for his light installation at Longwood Gardens [3] in Pennsylvania. The floating recycled flora took their shape from the Victoria waterlily, a species first hybridized at the gardens in 1961. Instead of LEDs [4] (which Munro has used in past pieces), this project relies on the light of the sun to illuminate the reflective surfaces of the large, flat pads.
Bruce Munro knows how to make CDs shine. As a part of his Light installation at the Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania, he repurposed 60,000 old albums into 100 floating waterlilies. Drawing upon C.S Lewis' book The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and landscape paintings by Georgia O'Keefe as sources of inspiration, he used the symbol of the plant to represent the border between two worlds. The artist's manipulation of light reflects moments in his memory in which he felt light was a catalyst for change and transformation. Ultimately, his aim was to "pass on a positive energy; nothing more intellectual than that." Making visitors feel the warm glow of a smile is his great aim and satisfaction.
Striving to be environmentally responsible with his work, Munro creates his pieces in order to communicate feelings of reverence for the natural world. "Initially I used discarded materials to save on costs. Soon material choices also became the subject matter of the installations," he says of Light. "For me, there has to be a reason—however idiosyncratic—for everything I do and these days I am drawn more and more to the idea of creating an experience that is gentle on the landscape."
All materials were recycled after Light finished its run at the end of September.
+ Bruce Munro [6]
Via FastCo Design [7]
Article printed from Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com
URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/bruce-munro-turns-65000-cds-into-giant-shining-waterlilies/
URLs in this post:
[1] Image: http://inhabitat.com/bruce-munro-turns-65000-cds-into-giant-shining-waterlilies/bruce-munro-lilies/
[2] Bruce Munro: http://www.brucemunro.co.uk/default.asp
[3] Longwood Gardens: http://light.longwoodgardens.org/light/visiting
[4] LEDs: http://inhabitat.com/bruce-munro-announces-solar-powered-field-of-light-installation-for-australias-ayers-rock-in-2013/
[5] Image: http://inhabitat.com/bruce-munro-turns-65000-cds-into-giant-shining-waterlilies/bruce-munros-waterlilies/
[6] + Bruce Munro: http://www.brucemunro.co.uk
[7] FastCo Design: http://www.fastcoexist.com/1680719/turning-65000-used-cds-into-giant-shimmering-lily-pads
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2011 Inhabitat Local - New York. All rights reserved.


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The summer of 2014 promises to be a fishing season unlike any others. As managers attempt to preserve the King Salmon run for future years, fisherman can expect to start the season closed to subsistence salmon fishing. There could be new gear, due to the recent approval of dipnets. Against a background of unknowns,the Kuskokwim River Salmon Management Working Group will attempt this week to nail down a plan for the summer.
High on the agenda is a proposed subsistence fishing schedule. Previous drafts have shown June almost completely closed to subsistence salmon fishing. With a stated goal of reaching 85-thousand kings escaping upriver, fishers should expect severe restrictions.
Dave Cannon works for the Native Village of Napaimute and is one of 15 member working group members. He says the group plans to get as close as possible to a schedule, but it's tough to do that preseason. And the in-season data are never complete enough to perfectly gauge a harvestable surplus.
"Things like the Bethel Test Fishery and other tools give us sometimes a good indication, but other times not a good indication as to the timing of the run and the strength of the run. Unfortunately this is the biologists' and managers' conundrum. No one knows for certain until the end of the season," said Cannon.
There have been varying levels of restrictions on subsistence fishing for King Salmon on the Kuskoswim River over the past several years because not enough salmon are making it to spawning grounds. Two summers ago two dozen fishermen were cited for fishing during closures.
The forecast is for between 70,000 to 117,000 kings. If the run size is closer to the lower end, there will be little to no surplus harvestable king salmon.
The Working Group has said they would like to give fishers an opportunity for what they call an early taste of king salmon in June with more opportunity to fish for other salmon species later in the summer. Given the likely conservation measures and the threatened run, the working group wants to spread the word on how high the stakes are this summer.
"Go in to this potentially troublesome summer with some awareness. And one of the topics is to try and get the word out to people and let them know exactly what the Salmon Working Group and agencies have come up with and try to work together to try and bring back these kings," said Cannon.
A pending Federal Special Action Request would throw another curveball into the management mix. The Federal Subsistence Board later this month will weigh in on a proposal to limit king salmon fishing to rural residents. A newly completed ANILCA section 804 analysis would further limit that pool of subsistence users to residents of 29 communities.
An interagency discussion on salmon research projects happened Wednesday. The working group meeting takes place Thursday and Friday in Anchorage.


text:
Bijou Community Park
South Lake Tahoe, California 1 course · 27 holes Driving directions
44 following Course discussion
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Josh Cook Broken Oak December 10, 2014 at 9:52pm
Hey guys, If you have time please go check out brokenoakdiscgolf.com
It's our brand new website/store. Let us know what you think, and grab yourself some new plastic!
Mr CLEAN August 7, 2012 at 1:27pm
i am so lookin forward to the battle!!! hope this huge course doesnt kick my arse, that would be a buzz kill !


text:
May 6, 2016
TAMPA, Fla. (AP) -- The Tampa Bay Buccaneers have hired Rutgers' Greg Schiano to become the team's next coach.
Bucs general manager Mark Dominik confirmed the five-year contract Thursday in an e-mail to The Associated Press.
ESPN first reported the Bucs had hired Schiano.
The 45-year-old Schiano had been with the Scarlet Knights for 11 seasons, taking them from college football laughingstock to a program that has had winning records in six of the last seven years. He was an assistant coach in the NFL with Chicago from 1996-98.
The Bucs fired Raheem Morris on Jan. 2 after a 4-12 finish that included 10 straight losses to end the season.
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Thank you for adding the rewind feature to the multi-room I picked up the usb buffer today.
Thank you @optimum! I can watch from paradise!


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Extension of income tax hike may be key 2014 theme
CHICAGO – The crux of Gov. Pat Quinn's plan to prevent big budget cuts is making permanent an income tax increase, which he acknowledges isn't palatable for many Illinoisans. And the move is even riskier in an election year as his Republican challenger, Bruce Rauner, has blasted the idea in hopes of appealing to tax-weary voters.
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Posted on September 13th, 2013 by Rebecca Brown | Filed under PowerPoint
On August 29th I asked you which one of two PowerPoint slide designs you preferred. Below are the results as of September 12th. You can click on the image to make it larger. White text on a blue background won by a very slim margin.
National Network of Libraries of Medicine/National Library of Medicine Training Center (NTC)
University of Utah
Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library
10 North 1900 East
Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5890
This project has been funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, under Contract No. HHS-N-276-2011-00011-C with the University of Utah Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library.
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Women's Advocate Calls for Cultural Sensitivity to African Immigrants
Contact: Janet Sassi
Zeinab Eyega
Photo by Janet Sassi
The West's perception of Africa as a violent and uncivilized continent leads to misunderstanding and mishandling of abused African women immigrants seeking social services, an advocate said at a symposium on March 3.
Zeinab Eyega is the executive director of the Bronx-based grassroots support organization Sauti Yetu, which means "Our Voice" in Swahili. She called on social workers to engage in a "dialog of equal partnership" with their African clients rather than falling back on "cultural competency" instruction that can unwittingly indoctrinate cultural stereotypes.
"In America, there is the perception that other cultures are more violent, and hence when an African immigrant comes here, we think we are saving this poor woman from her culture and her own society," said Eyega, speaking at the Graduate School of Social Service's (GSS) Fifth Annual Women's Symposium at the Lincoln Center campus.
"Some of us who are activists are actually guilty of these negative notions," she said. "We internalize them and they affect how we do our work.
"But when we do our due diligence without any nuance and without any great concern for who [people] are, we end up doing more harm than good."
Eyega told the audience of students, faculty and professionals about a Gambian woman who was repeatedly assaulted by her husband, but refused police intervention. A social worker strongly encouraged the woman to go to a shelter and press charges, but she resisted and eventually faced losing her children.
Eyega got involved, and discovered why the woman was afraid to take action. Her husband was also her cousin, and any breach between the couple would cause a breach between two large factions of their family in Gambia.
Eyega negotiated a solution by involving the victim's uncle in the outcome.
"For me to be able to serve a domestic violence victim, I need to know who she is," she said. She urged social workers to "take responsibility to have a conversation" with clients, and to recognize that Africa is a culturally diverse continent.
A native of Southern Sudan who has been active in the United States for 16 years, Eyega said that even she faces being stereotyped. Recently, she said a woman at a conference referred to her headgear as a "costume."
"She was wearing a pantsuit, so I replied, 'I like your costume, too,'" said Eyega to laughter from the audience.
Last year, Sauti Yetu helped 165 women who spoke 57 different African languages to successfully negotiate social services agencies in New York City. The tiny program focuses on support in three areas: domestic violence, young girls' empowerment and policy and advocacy on behalf of victims of genital cutting.
In New York City, Africans are the fastest-growing immigrant population, according to a 2000 census. Sauti Yetu taps members of that burgeoning immigrant community for translation and other services, instead of relying solely on social service and law enforcement agencies.
"Many immigrants are scared of engaging the system," Eyega said. "They don't think the system sees them for who they are.
"We are not that big, but we have built a connection with the people in the community—not as people we want to save, but as our allies," she said.
Also speaking were Fordham faculty members Leah Hill, associate clinical professor of law; Mary Ann Forgey, Ph.D., associate professor of social work; and Claudia Moreno, Ph.D., associate professor of social work.
Hill, a lawyer who worked for underrepresented women in family court, said that the current political climate, which is hostile to immigrants, has made it more difficult for women immigrants to seek help. Language and legal status barriers, she said, were always lingering in the background.
The symposium was sponsored by Fordham's Institute for Women and Girls, whose mission is to promote the well-being of females affected by poverty, violence, health issues or job discrimination.
Founded in 1841, Fordham is the Jesuit University of New York, offering exceptional education distinguished by the Jesuit tradition to approximately 14,700 students in its four undergraduate colleges and its six graduate and professional schools. It has residential campuses in the Bronx and Manhattan, a campus in Westchester, and the Louis Calder Center Biological Field Station in Armonk, N.Y.
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