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Colorado Court of Appeals -- October 13, 2011
No. 10CA2176. Loofbourrow v. Industrial Claims Appeals Office.
Court of Appeals No. 10CA2176
Industrial Claim Appeals Office of the State of Colorado
WC No. 4-804-458
Elaine Loofbourrow,
Petitioner and Cross-Respondent,
Industrial Claims Appeals Office of the State of Colorado,
Harman-Bergstedt, Inc., d/b/a Kentucky Fried Chicken and Zurich American Insurance Company,
Respondents and Cross-Petitioners.
Division I
Opinion by JUDGE TERRY
Taubman and Miller, JJ., concur
Announced October 13, 2011
Law Office of O'Toole & Sbarbaro PC, John Sbarbaro, Denver, Colorado, for Petitioner
No Appearance for Respondent
Thomas Pollart & Miller LLC, Margaret Keck, Greenwood Village, Colorado, for Respondents and Cross-Petitioners
In this workers' compensation proceeding, as a matter of first impression, we address whether a claimant who did not challenge a determination that she had reached maximum medical improvement (MMI) of her work-related injury in an open case can obtain temporary total disability (TTD) benefits where she has experienced a worsening of her original injury. Under the unique circumstances presented here, we conclude that she can.
Elaine Loofbourrow (claimant) seeks review of that part of the final order entered by the Industrial Claim Appeals Office (Panel) which set aside the administrative law judge's (ALJ's) award of TTD benefits. Harman-Bergstedt, Inc., and its insurer, Zurich American Insurance Company (collectively employer), cross-petition for review, asking us to set aside the Panel's order insofar as it affirmed the ALJ's determinations as to compensability, transfer of the right of selection to claimant, and the calculation of claimant's average weekly wage (AWW). We set aside the Panel's order overturning the TTD benefits award, affirm the remainder of its order, and remand for further proceedings.
I. Background
In November 2008, claimant, a manager of a fast food restaurant, developed back problems after an incident in which the cook walked off the job and claimant was left alone to perform all store functions. Employer sent her to an authorized treating physician (ATP), who diagnosed her with back strain. The ATP imposed work restrictions, and treated her with injections and physical therapy that cured and relieved her symptoms. In December 2008, the ATP placed claimant at MMI with no permanent medical impairment and discharged her from care. However, because claimant had lost no time from work, employer did not file either a general admission of liability or a final admission of liability (FAL).
Claimant began to experience pain again in March 2009 and consulted her personal physician. He ordered an MRI, which showed a bulging disc and a small annular tear, and he prescribed an injection, which she received in June 2009.
In August 2009, claimant experienced slightly worse back pain, which prompted her to go to the emergency room. Two days later, claimant's personal physician placed her on various medications and told her she could no longer work.
Claimant reported her later symptoms to employer. In October 2009, when employer had not provided medical treatment with the original ATP, claimant filed an application for hearing in which she alleged that she "requested authorization [to] return to ATP and claim denied, care selection passed to claimant [sic]." Employer did not provide medical care until January 2010 and claimant continued to treat with her personal physician. She also remained off work under her physician's restrictions.
II. AUJ's Findings
Following a hearing in which employer contested compensability of the November 2008 injury and claimant's August 2009 symptoms, the AUJ determined that claimant had proved she sustained a compensable injury to her lower back and that she suffered a subsequent worsening of that condition as a result of the natural progression of the initial work injury. The AUJ further found that employer had failed to tender medical care until January 2010 despite claimant's several notifications that she was alleging a worsening of condition. The AUJ, therefore, concluded that the right to select a physician had passed to claimant and that she had exercised it by selecting her personal physician, who was providing authorized treatment. The AUJ awarded claimant TTD benefits as of the date she stopped working, finding that her worsened condition had increased her medical incapacity and that she had also incurred a loss of wage-earning capacity because of the medical restrictions which prevented her from working. For purposes of the TTD award, the AUJ calculated claimant's AWW based on her wages at the time of the November 2008 injury.
III. Panel's Ruling
On review, the Panel upheld the AUJ's determinations as to compensability, right of selection, and calculation of claimant's AWW. However, it concluded that, because claimant had been placed at MMI with no permanent impairment in December 2008 and there had been no medical determination that she was no longer at MMI as of August 2009, the AUJ erred in awarding TTD. It therefore set aside the AUJ's award of TTD benefits.
IV. Discussion
A. Compensability
In its cross-petition for review, employer first contends that the AUJ erred by concluding that claimant's job activities caused her back condition in November 2008 and the symptoms she experienced in August 2009. Employer specifically argues that substantial evidence did not support the AUJ's rejection of its medical expert's opinion as a "non-opinion" and that the AUJ's resulting failure to consider that evidence violated its due process rights. We disagree.
A claimant proves compensability by showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the injury arose out of and in the course of the claimant's employment. § 8-41-301(1)(c), C.R.S. 2011. Whether the claimant has met this burden of proof is a question of fact for determination by the AUJ. Cabela v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 198 P.3d 1277, 1280 (Colo. App. 2008).
We uphold the AUJ's factual findings in a workers' compensation case if they are supported by substantial evidence in the record. § 8-43-308, C.R.S. 2011. Substantial evidence is that quantum of probative evidence which a rational fact finder would accept as adequate to support a conclusion, without regard to the existence of conflicting evidence. Benuishis v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 195 P.3d 1142, 1144-45 (Colo. App. 2008). We must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party and defer to the ALJ's credibility determinations, resolution of conflicts in the evidence, and plausible inferences drawn from the record. Panera Bread, LLC v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 141 P.3d 970, 972 (Colo. App. 2006).
The weight and credibility given expert witnesses' testimony is within the ALJ's discretion and may not be disturbed absent a showing that the ALJ's credibility determination is overwhelmingly rebutted by hard, certain evidence to the contrary. Heinicke v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 197 P.3d 220, 224-25 (Colo. App. 2008).
In concluding that employer's medical expert rendered a "non-opinion" on causal relatedness that did not contradict the opinions of claimant's treating physicians, the ALJ specifically relied on the following colloquy between claimant's counsel and the expert:
Q : Is it still your opinion that my client did suffer at least a temporary exacerbation on November 8th of a preexisting condition that resolved by December 9th . . . [?]
A:It would be my opinion that I really can't answer that because I wasn't the treating physician and I wasn't there to treat her on November 8th, 2008, when she actually had the onset of symptoms.
My problem is that she wasn't seen by [the ATP] until November 12th, 2008, and you know, I can't tell you when she sustained pain or when she had this muscle spasm because he didn't see her on November 8th.
Q:If I understand what you're saying, . . . [you are] not giving an opinion that it was a compensable injury in November 8, 2008 [sic]. Is that a correct statement?
A: Yes, that's a correct statement.
In another portion of his testimony, the medical expert opined that the November 2008 symptoms did not constitute an acceleration or aggravation of claimant's preexisting degenerative disc and facet disease, but simply represented an episodic recurrence of low back pain which resolved completely in December 2008. However, the expert also acknowledged that even if no definitive or objective basis existed to show that claimant experienced a structural change in her osteoarthritis in November 2008, if her work activities at that time caused her back pain, then her symptoms were aggravated, in a pathology sense, by the work activity.
Viewing the expert's testimony in context, we conclude the AUJ did not abuse his discretion in finding that the expert had wavered on the issue of whether claimant had sustained a temporary aggravation of her underlying condition on November 8, 2008. The AUJ's interpretation of the expert's testimony was reasonable, and we have found no evidence in the record that overwhelmingly rebuts it. Further, as noted by the Panel, the AUJ is not held to a crystalline standard in expressing findings of fact and conclusions of law, and his conclusions with respect to the expert's medical opinion do not indicate a lack of consideration, but simply reflect his assessment of it. See Magnetic Eng'g, Inc. v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 5 P.3d 385, 388 (Colo. App. 2000). Therefore, the AUJ did not deprive employer of its due process rights, and his rejection of the expert's testimony as unpersuasive with regard to the cause of either the November 2008 or the August 2009 symptoms may not be disturbed. See Heinicke, 197 P.3d at 224-25.
Finally, because the record contains substantial evidence in the form of claimant's testimony and her medical records to support the finding that she suffered a work-related back injury in November 2008 and a worsening of that condition in August 2009, the determination that she met her burden and proved compensability must be affirmed. See § 8-43-201(1), C.R.S. 2011 (it is claimant's burden to prove entitlement to workers' compensation benefits by a preponderance of the evidence); Lutz v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 24 P.3d 29, 31 (Colo. App. 2000).
B. Right to Select Treatment Provider
Employer next contends the AUJ erred in finding that the right to select the ATP had passed to claimant even though it had properly designated the ATP at the time of the November 2008 incident. Again, we disagree.
Section 8-43-404(5), C.R.S. 2011, gives employers or insurers the right to choose treating physicians in the first instance in order to protect their interest in overseeing the course of treatment for which they could ultimately be held liable. The initial right to select a treating physician is an obligation that must be met forthwith upon notice of an injury, Bunch v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 148 P.3d 381, 383 (Colo. App. 2006), and if medical services are not timely tendered by the employer or insurer, the right of selection passes to the employee, Andrade v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 121 P.3d 328, 330 (Colo. App. 2005).
Here, employer properly designated an ATP when claimant reported the November 2008 incident. However, the record substantially supports claimant's account that she reported to employer the August 2009 symptoms as an exacerbation of the 2008 injury or a new injury and informed employer that her physician thought the symptoms might be work-related. The evidence does not indicate that when employer received claimant's notice of the August 2009 symptoms, it instructed her to return to the ATP or otherwise authorized treatment with the ATP. Instead, according to the uncontradicted testimony of employer's supervisor and claimant, employer first referred claimant to its workers' compensation liaison and then to the adjuster. Claimant testified that the adjuster told her that she did not need to go back to the ATP, and the adjuster testified that, although she did not remember her actions at the time, she neither authorized nor denied treatment at the time of claimant's initial reports. The adjuster also acknowledged that she did not refer claimant for medical treatment even after receiving a copy of the hearing application.
Under these circumstances, the ALJ reasonably inferred that employer did not provide treatment in a timely manner and that the right of selection passed to claimant. See Bunch, 148 P.3d at 383 (an employer is deemed notified of an injury when it has some knowledge of facts connecting the injury or illness with the employment and indicating to a reasonably conscientious manager that a potential compensation claim may be involved). Employer's challenge to the compensability of the 2009 symptoms did not excuse its obligation to tender timely treatment. See Yeck v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 996 P.2d 228, 229 (Colo. App. 1999) (employer has right to select treating physician although it contests liability); see also Andrade, 121 P.3d at 330 (initial right of selection of treating physician passes to employee where medical services are not timely tendered by employer or insurer). Further, although the ATP did not directly refuse to treat claimant for her worsened condition, the ATP did discharge her from care after placing her at MMI.
In concluding that the AUJ did not err, we necessarily reject employer's contention that because it correctly designated the ATP in 2008, claimant was free to continue treating with that physician in 2009, and she was not required to seek permission from employer to continue her treatment. The circumstances presented here demonstrate that it would have been a useless formality for claimant to have directly sought additional treatment with the ATP, given claimant's testimony that the adjuster told her that she did not need to return to the ATP.
We also reject employer's statutory argument that section 8- 43-404(5)(a)(I)(A), C.R.S. 2011, limited its obligation to selecting the ATP after claimant's initial injury in November 2008. Contrary to employer's contention, the Bunch division did not equate the statutory phrase "in the first instance" with the phrase "at the time of injury." Rather, those phrases are independent. Thus, when, as here, a claimant experiences a worsening of his or her condition, the claimant is not prevented from requesting that the employer select a physician to attend the employee.
Because claimant followed that procedure here without success, the right to select her treating physician properly passed to her.
C. Calculation of Average Weekly Wage
Employer argues that the ALJ erred in calculating claimant's AWW as of the date of the November 2008 injury because he did not take into consideration the reduction in her wages resulting from a demotion or otherwise fairly reflect her wage loss and diminished earning capacity. We are not persuaded.
Under section 8-42-102, C.R.S. 2011, the ALJ may choose either of two methods to calculate a claimant's AWW. Benchmark/Elite, Inc. v. Simpson, 232 P.3d 777, 780 (Colo. 2010). The first method, referred to as the "default provision," provides that an injured employee's AWW "be calculated upon the monthly, weekly, daily, hourly, or other remuneration which the injured . . . employee was receiving at the time of the injury." § 8-42-102(2), C.R.S. 2011; Benchmark/Elite, Inc., 232 P.3d at 780. The phrase "at the time of the injury" refers to the "date of the employee's accident," and when an employee's AWW is determined pursuant to the default provision, the wage on the date of the accident shall be used. § 8-42-102(5)(a), C.R.S. 2011.
The second method, referred to as the "discretionary exception," applies when the default provision "will not fairly compute the [employee's AWW]." § 8-42-102(3), C.R.S. 2011; Benchmark/Elite, Inc., 232 P.3d at 780. This second method gives the AUJ discretion to "compute the [AWW] of said employee in such other manner and by such other method as will, in the opinion of the director based upon the facts presented, fairly determine such employee's [AWW]." § 8-42-102(3).
The overall purpose of the statutory scheme is to calculate "a fair approximation of the claimant's wage loss and diminished earning capacity." Campbell v. IBM Corp., 867 P.2d 77, 82 (Colo. App. 1993). Because the authority to select an alternative method for computing the AWW is discretionary, we may not interfere with the AUJ's order unless it is beyond the bounds of reason, that is, where it is unsupported by the evidence or contrary to law. Pizza Hut v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 18 P.3d 867, 869 (Colo. App. 2001).
Here, the Panel concluded that, although the AUJ did not comment on claimant's demotion and change of wages, the use of claimant's earnings in the year of her injury as the basis for the calculation of the AWW in this case did not exceed the bounds of reason. Employer maintains that claimant's demotion to relief manager shortly after she reached MMI was not connected to or a result of her alleged work injury, and, instead, occurred because of low profits at her store, as testified to by her manager. However, the only corroborating evidence employer points to is an evaluation by her original ATP reporting claimant's belief that her 2008 symptoms did not jeopardize her job and the fact that she had sustained no permanent impairment in 2008. However, such evidence does not conclusively establish that claimant's symptoms had no impact on her job performance and that her demotion occurred for reasons wholly unrelated to her work injury. We therefore conclude that employer did not prove that the calculation of wages according to the "default" provision would result in an unfair approximation of claimant's wage loss and diminished earning disability. Thus, the ALJ acted within his discretion in calculating claimant's AWW based on her 2008 wages under section 8-42-102(2) without resort to the "discretionary exception."
D. Award of TTD Benefits After MMI Finding
In her petition for review, claimant argues that the Panel erred by determining that she was not entitled to temporary disability benefits despite having demonstrated a worsening of her condition because she did not challenge the MMI determination made by the original ATP. Under the unique circumstances of this case, we agree and, therefore, reinstate the ALJ's award of TTD benefits.
An essential component of the injured employee compensation scheme, TTD benefits exist to help offset lost wages when an employee cannot work due to a work-related injury. Anderson v. Longmont Toyota, Inc., 102 P.3d 323, 327 (Colo. 2004). To establish eligibility for disability compensation including TTD benefits, a claimant must show a causal connection between a work-related injury and a subsequent wage loss. See § 8-42-103(1), C.R.S. 2011; Liberty Heights at Northgate v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 30 P.3d 872, 873 (Colo. App. 2001).
TTD benefits continue until one of the events enumerated in section 8-42-105(3), C.R.S. 2011, occurs, including, as pertinent here, the placement of the injured employee at MMI. § 8-42- 105(3)(a), C.R.S. 2011. The MMI determination signifies that the claimant's condition has become stable in that no further treatment is reasonably expected to improve the condition, and that the permanent effects of the injury can be ascertained. § 8-40- 201(11.5), C.R.S. 2011; Olivas-Soto v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 143 P.3d 1178, 1180 (Colo. App. 2006). It also marks the point when permanent disability benefits become available and temporary disability benefits become unavailable. Paint Connection Plus v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 240 P.3d 429, 432 (Colo. App. 2010).
Under section 8-42-107(8)(b) and (c), C.R.S. 2011, an ATP's determination as to MMI and medical impairment cannot be disputed in the absence of a division-sponsored independent medical examination (DIME). Berg v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 128 P.3d 270, 272 (Colo. App. 2005). Thus, a DIME is a prerequisite to any hearing concerning the validity of an ATP's finding of MMI, and, absent such a DIME, an ALJ lacks jurisdiction to resolve a dispute concerning that determination. Town of Ignacio v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 70 P.3d 513, 515 (Colo. App. 2002).
However, under section 8-42-107.2(2)(a)(I)(A), C.R.S. 2011, the claimant's time to select a DIME does not begin until an FAL, which also includes an impairment rating, has been mailed by the employer or its insurer. And if the selection request and notification are not made within thirty days after the FAL has been mailed, the ATP's findings and determinations will become binding. § 8-42-107.2(2)(b), C.R.S. 2011.
Employer does not dispute that it did not file an FAL and that the 2008 claim remained open. In apparent recognition of the fact that the 2008 claim had not been closed and that the reopening procedures of section 8-43-303, C.R.S. 2011, did not apply, claimant's attorney withdrew the issue of reopening originally designated on the hearing application. The fact that no FAL had been filed meant that the claim remained open, but also meant that claimant was not yet able to use the DIME notice and selection procedures required to challenge the MMI determination.
We agree with the Panel that an ATP's MMI determination is binding if not challenged under the DIME procedures and that TTD benefits must terminate under section 8-42-105(3)(a) once MMI is reached. See Story v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 910 P.2d 80, 81- 82 (Colo. App. 1995) (AUJ had authority to grant a change of physician after claimant reached MMI to the extent that the change was for purposes of obtaining future medical treatment to relieve the effects of the industrial injury or prevent deterioration; but, because no DIME had been obtained, the AUJ exceeded his authority in granting such a change to the extent it was for purposes of obtaining treatment to further cure the injury, to reach MMI, or to reinstate TTD benefits).
However, in this instance, claimant did not contest either the ATP's MMI determination or the finding of no permanent impairment, and nothing suggests that claimant was attempting to circumvent the ATP's finding regarding MMI. By all indications, claimant accepted the ATP's findings that her condition had stabilized and that she was able to continue in her employment without restriction.
Although the MMI determination becomes binding if not challenged, the pertinent statutes do not preclude the assertion of a post-MMI worsening of condition in an open claim, particularly where such a change would be sufficient to support a petition to reopen had the claim been closed by an FAL. In that regard, we consider the Panel's reliance on section 8-42-105(3)(a) to be misplaced. That statute, which provides for termination of TTD benefits when a claimant reaches MMI, presumes that the claimant has been receiving such benefits. That was not the case here.
Further, we have already concluded that substantial evidence supports the ALJ's determination that claimant proved she had sustained a worsening of her condition that was related to the 2008 industrial injury. See Heinicke, 197 P.3d at 222 (a change in condition refers either to a change in the condition of the original compensable injury or to a change in claimant's physical or mental condition which can be causally connected to the original compensable injury). She testified that her symptoms resolved following her placement at MMI, that her back was fine for some time thereafter, and that when her pain, which had been bearable, worsened and prompted her to seek treatment in the emergency room, her symptoms were similar to those she had experienced when the 2008 injury occurred. Substantial evidence of causation is not restricted to credible medical testimony and, contrary to employer's assertion, claimant's testimony was sufficient to establish with reasonable probability that her condition had worsened, and that the worsening was attributable to the accident. See Savio House v. Dennis, 665 P.2d 141, 142-43 (Colo. App.1983). Indeed, although employer has contested the compensability of claimant's 2009 condition, there appears to be no dispute that her current condition has rendered her disabled and caused her a wage loss.
This case must be distinguished from the ordinary scenario where MMI represents the point of stabilization when temporary disability benefits stop and permanent disability benefits become available. See Paint Connection, 240 P.3d at 432. Here, rather than seeking to have temporary disability benefits reinstated for the period occurring after the MMI determination or challenging the finding that she sustained no permanent impairment, claimant only alleged a worsened condition. Her former condition was relevant only for purposes of establishing a worsening that was related to the industrial injury. Therefore, we conclude that the previous finding of MMI did not foreclose a later inquiry into whether her condition had actually worsened.
Because claimant's condition has resulted in an increase in her physical restrictions and has caused her to suffer a wage loss not previously experienced, we conclude that the AUJ correctly found that she was entitled to TTD benefits. Cf. City of Colorado Springs v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 954 P.2d 637, 640 (Colo. App. 1997) (claimant, who had reached MMI for an industrial back injury, was not entitled to further TTD benefits for a shoulder injury sustained as a result of the treatment he received for the back injury absent a showing that he had suffered an actual temporary loss of wages because of the later injury). Accordingly, the AUJ's award of TTD benefits must be reinstated on remand.
That part of the Panel's order overturning the AUJ's award of TTD benefits is set aside, and the case is remanded as directed. In all other respects, the Panel's order is affirmed.
JUDGE TAUBMAN and JUDGE MILLER concur.
These opinions are not final. They may be modified, changed or withdrawn in accordance with Rules 40 and 49 of the Colorado Appellate Rules. Changes to or modifications of these opinions resulting from any action taken by the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court are not incorporated here.
Colorado Court of Appeals Opinions || October 13, 2011


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Media & Video
by DanesWorld
Developer Notes
Beatz is a brand new application from the creator of DanesWorld. Beatz contain a list of my other apps which includes Anime TV, Marlies, DanesWorld2013, M&D, Kids Channel, Kids World, and many more. Beatz also gives you two (2) music videos slots and hours of music. So there is a great selection...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This is an awesome 60-second video. It's an awareness test — play it and follow the instructions before reading the rest of my blog post:
While the commercial is about bicycle safety, I think the message really applies to communications in the business world. On the marketing side, just because we buy an ad somewhere doesn't mean consumers will pay attention to it. Internally, just because all the factual information is emailed or said in a meeting doesn't mean that the message you care about has actually been communicated… The challenge for both is: How do you inspire people to pay attention to what matters to you?


text:
Raising Hardness
Hello, I've recently moved to Menlo Park, California. I tested the water here and found it to be extremely soft, that is to say, GH and KH tests show no hardness at all. I have a 20 gallon tank and have never been in an area with soft water before. I'd like to continue to keep livebearers as I enjoy them and have experience with them, but I know that they prefer a GH of at least 10. A LFS recommended a product which buffers the water and keeps it at about pH 7. It's Seachem neutral regulator. After using the product as per the directions, I test a GH of nothing, and a KH of about 7, a pH of about 8. Note I have no fish in this tank yet. Should I start over with some calcium carbonate? If so, what's a good source with reliable dosing (coral seems like a lot of guess work to me).
Filter over crushed coral and use a coraline type substrate.
Chemical pH adjusters are asking for trouble. Most recommend not to use them unless you have to.
As for live bearers, I have kept them for years and the water here is the same way. KH and GH 0. I never had to buffer my water nor add anything to it to get them to breed just as fast as they do now. I do add crushed coral to my planted tanks now but for the plants, not the fish. My KH is always 6-8 and my GH is always 9-10 with a pH of 7.2. It never changes by much at all unless it has been 6 months or more since I added crushed coral. I just drop it in the tank and don't mess with filter bags or anything else.
Your tank chemistry will only change to a certain point regardless of how much crushed coral you add. It only has the ability to dissolve so much of the calcium and carbonate. I wish I knew how to figure out these numbers before hand but all I did was add it then test every week to see where the levels went up to. This will determine what your levels will be depending on whatever factors there are that control the amount that will dissolve.
I wish I could be more specific but chemistry was never my strong point.
Will washing over or adding crushed coral level out or do you have to remove it when your hardness gets to a certain level???
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Hope Community Center is a Christian, non-profit charity. Hope community centre aims at giving hope and building a future for Kenyan kids, who live in the streets, are orphans after losing parents to AIDS or are abandoned by their families due to poverty
The orphanage is located 172 Kilometers North East of Nairobi in Kinangop close to Naivasha town. It is registered in Kenya under the Registrar of Societies of Kenya. Hope Community Center seeks to create a caring and compassionate environment, where children are supported with spiritual, physical, emotional and psychological needs, a place where they are endowed with self esteem, respect, are made to feel responsible.
Hope community centre was started in 1998. We currently have 320 children, One thing remains the same; "This is a home where children are loved" Sister Lucy says, "It's not an orphan's home and it's not an institution. It is a home with a home atmosphere. That's what we've always tried to make it
copyright@ 2014 Hope Community center Box 23 North Kinangop, Nyandarua s.(kenya).All Rights Reserved


text:
May 2, 2016
A man is charged with 31 crimes in Pitt, Edgecombe and Nash County after being arrested Wednesday by the Greenville Police Department.
Travis Ricks, 23, of Nashville was being held in Pitt County Jail Friday morning under a $504,000 bond after he was picked up by police Wednesday.
His charges include second degree murder and armed robbery in Nash County, robbery and assault in Edgecombe County, along with at least six breaking and entering charges in Pitt County.
He is due in court Monday.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
1. I have watched Wicked three times now and it never gets old! For all you Wicked fans, this will brighten up your day a whole lot. I can only sum it up in Kristin's words, "holy crap, harmony."
2. Thai iced tea is a must when devouring down some spicy Thai food. But who knew it's super simple to create?! I didn't until I landed on White on Rice Couple's blog recipe. Time to catch up on some Hunger Games reading while sipping on some of this.
3. I've always wanted to have my own garden. Life would be so much simpler if I can just step out a few feet to my backyard and pick my own fruits and veggies. Now, there are efforts out there to put in community gardens! The whole thing sounds pretty cool to me.
4. This is for those of you who watched Pacific Rim or you can watch this and Google the synopsis. Nonetheless, I completely agree with their version. The sword thing–that was my exact sentiment during the movie.
Have a great weekend!


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WIM42GNU's Funtoo Setup
This is for everybody who might have seen my funtoo setup and liked it! This is also for myself to keep track on my system. I have used most of the Linux distributions out there and I am currently most happy with funtoo. My reasons are:
- Gentoo/Funtoo is a rolling release distribution, meaning you only have to install it once and update it frequently.
- Gentoo/Funtoo is only what you make out of it, no unnesecary rubish like in Ubuntu, OpenSuse or Fedora will be installed by default. In the mean time being aware that Gentoo/Funtoo is for advanced users not careing that much about GUIs for Settings or Configs.
- Gentoo/Funtoo runs fast due to multiple reasons. (Compiling your own software,USE-Flags,...)
- Philosophy, one would think that Slackware would suite me most (KISS,Unix) but the fact is that these distributions require you more energy and time to work with. I want to get my jobs done, not careing to much about the system. It is okay to have tools that do things for you as long they are designed well - like in funtoo.
Follow the install instructions and setup a minimal system.http://www.funtoo.org/Funtoo_Linux_Installation
2. Install your WindowManager or DesktopEnviroment
My favourite Window Manager at the time is i3 followed by xfce and openbox.
i3 setup:
1) install these packages:
emerge --ask i3 i3status dmenu lxappeareance
If you want to know what these packages are research them.
Config files:
1. xinitrc at
exec ck-launch-session i3 --force-xinerama
You only need --force-xinerama if you do have a nvidia grafics card.
specify window colors at the top of the file:
# class border backgr. text indicator client.focused #333333 #000000 #ffffff #000000 client.focused_inactive #333333 #5f676a #ffffff #484e50 client.unfocused #333333 #222222 #888888 #292d2e client.urgent #333333 #900000 #ffffff #900000
specify the bar/workspace colors at the bottom of the file:
bar { status_command i3status # Bar color settings colors{ #background #000000 #statusline #ffffff #separator #666666 # Type border background font focused_workspace #008fff #007fff #ffffff active_workspace #333333 #5f676a #ffffff inactive_workspace #333333 #222222 #888888 urgent_workspace #aa0000 #990000 #ffffff } }Do not forget the keymap setting at
/etc/X11/xorg.conf otherwise you need to use
Section "InputClass" Identifier "keyboard-all" Driver "evdev" MatchIsKeyboard "on" Option "XkbLayout" "de"
additional software:
1) File Manager:
emerge --ask thunar
thunar - filemanager that supports automounting
Make sure you create this rule:
polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) { if (action.id.indexOf("org.freedesktop.udisks2.") == 0){ return polkit.Result.YES; } } );
Also you should have
udisk installed


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Procurement Gets Social with Suppliers
Daniel Davis 270006VHAC email@example.com | | Tags:  suppliers smarter_commerce social-business socbiz smartercommerce procurement social_business collaboration
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Throw away your Conan hammer! That's the advice Jason Busch of Azul Partners and Spend Matters gave to procurement professionals at the 2014 Smarter Commerce Global Summit. His point: you can't beat suppliers over the head to get what you want. Not that was ever an effective practice, of course, ... [ + Read more ]


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A pleasant, discreet way of talking about the tent-pitching males wake up to in the early hours of the day.
Chris had a good long dose of morning goodness today.
av Chris Brantley 12. november 2007
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Saturday. First day back from vacay. Spent all day Sunday staring at black spot on wall. Realized at around dinner time there was no black spot. Glasses dirty.
Looked at paper Monday morning. Wife comes downstairs and asks what's new. I asked "You mean in the paper?" She says yeah. I say I don't know.
Monday afternoon. Mind flooded with images of the Adirondacks, the clear blue Hudson River, tree-covered mountains, a beautiful golf course, a heated pool, Wiffle ball, rum and cokes. Guy behind me honks horn. I've sat through two cycles of the green light. Guy gives me the finger.
Get to office. Can't remember boss's name. Oh, yeah. Now I remember. It's the same as mine. The first part. He has a different second part. Can't remember it.
Return phone calls. Answer email. Coming around now. Starting to feel normal. Not too normal, though. Normal people can't be editorial cartoonists.
I start complaining about the temperature in the office. It's too cold. I turn up the thermostat. Somebody turns it back down. Says it's too hot. I complain to the boss. I remember both his names. Then it hits me. I'm back.


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Replacement Windows from Vinyl Window Pricing.com.
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3 CEOs Discuss How to Manage Stress
Company CEOs Richard Moross, Nina Godiwalla and Mike Germano discuss how to manage stress in their respective Chief Executive Officer job roles. Moross manages stress by letting go. Godiwalla manages


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Deus Ex: Revision is a large-scale re-imagining of the world of Deus Ex, bringing a tightly integrated aesthetic-oriented approach to the original gameplay.
You're not just revising Deus Ex's maps...
You're simply remaking Deus Ex altogether and its awesome!
Sounds really good and similar to the original music! I can't wait for Paris.
this is so crazy good! I'm looking forwad to the release of this mod! superb job!
Now I want to hear the redone main theme. When is the OST coming out by the way?
The OST will come out the same day that Revision is launched. Not 100% sure when that will be at the moment.
You made my favorite Deus Ex song even better, great job!
Any chance of a direct download link? I've have a hankering to listen to this all day so I've been clicking play once every few minutes when I realize it's finished.
On Firefox Flash Video Downloader does the trick. Downloads the original MP3 complete with media info (album, artist...)
When the OST album is launched, this will be part of it and you'll be able to download it easily from Bandcamp, and possibly SoundCloud. In the meantime, grabbing this MP3 via Genion's solution will work. :)
That was amazing. Added something new while staying true to the original theme, excellent job.
I don't want to be harsh but this "remix" ( if I may say ) sounds depressing compared to the original.
A peek at our score for Hong Kong. This particular track is from the Wan Chai Market area.


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Cosmic Light 11, Skyscape, Celestial Abstract Oil Painting by Marina
painting by artist Marina Petro
Marina Petro
Saratoga Springs, New York, United States
I paint in a variety of styles and subject matter ranging from realistic still lifes, equine portraits and intuitive celestial scenes and gardens.
My Web Pages:
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Former Missouri state lawmaker Ed Robb dies at 69
Sunday, September 25, 2011
COLUMBIA, Mo. (AP) — Former Republican Missouri state lawmaker Ed Robb is died at the age of 69.
Family spokesman Yancy Williams says Robb collapsed and died Saturday while leaving a birthday party in downtown Columbia. Williams says Robb had a pacemaker put in late last year but had been feeling fine since then.
Robb became the Boone County presiding commissioner in November — two years after failing to win reelection to the Missouri House of Representatives. He also was president of a consulting firm and was a former economics professor at the University of Missouri.
Williams described Robb as a "good friend" and said he had the ability to "explain complicated things in a simple way."
Robb is survived by his wife, Rosa, of Columbia, and their five children.
Funeral arrangements are pending.
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There is no denying the fact that every parent has to deal with the situation of diaper rash. On majority of occasions parents feel helpless as to how to soothe their kid, who has been crying for a while for the diaper rash. If you encounter redness on the skin or a few pimply spots on the skin of your kid, these are the reasons of a diaper rash. According to Bridget Boyd, MD, director of the new-born nursery at Loyola University Medical Center and assistant professor of paediatrics at Loyola University, Chicago, "Diaper rash occur due to the skin's reaction to irritants like extreme moisture, wipes, diapers or child's waste or lotions". Boyd says that often breastfed babies are more prone to diaper rash, as they tend to produce looser stool usually.
Boyd suggests that parents should apply cream containing zinc oxide on a baby's bottom as soon as parents change diaper during frequent stools. Moreover chose thick cream, as thicker creams are better.
Often it has been noticed that diaper rash occur due when the skin come into contact with a new product, if this has been the case choose the earlier product in which child was comfortable.
- Moreover, tight fitting diapers also cause diaper rash, the problem aggravates when the skin is wet.
- If your child has the condition of eczema and atopic dermatitis the kids could develop diaper rash.
- If the breast feeding mother has been taking antibiotics for a while, the drugs after effect may cause skin rashes to the baby.
- Infants or baby have a soft skin, but various detergents, baby lotions, soaps and fragrance could irritate the delicate skin of the kid. Check with your physician regarding which products could result in skin or diaper rashes.
According to Boyd parents should stay away from alcohol or fragrances as they irritate the skin.
How to control diaper rashes?
- Parents should expose the affected area to air and make effort that the baby should take a nap on a burp rag.
- You should make efforts to change the diaper quite often.
- Consider having oatmeal baths.
- Moreover use superabsorbent disposable diaper.
- Avoid using soaps on the affected area
- Wash the diaper area with warm water and include a soft cloth.
- Give more fluids to the baby to combat diaper rashes.
- At all cost avoid using talcum powder and cornstarch. As both may cause conditions like respiratory problems and yeast infection.


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2nd suspect arrested in movie theater "bottle bomb" incident
Police have a second man in custody in connection to an area "bottle bomb" incident.
Twenty-three-year-old Michael Hollingsworth of Takoma Park was arrested without incident Friday by Prince George's County Police.
He is charged with two felonies for his connection to the May 24 attack at the Magic Johnson Theatres in Largo. Hollingsworth is facing up to 25 years in prison if convicted of the charges which include manufacture and possession of a destructive device and conspiracy. Additional charges could be pending from other jurisdictions including Anne Arundel County and Montgomery County.
The arrest follows the arrest of the first suspect, Manuel Joyner Bell, last week in Prince George's County.
Prince George's County Fire Chief Marc S. Bashoor stated, "I am proud of our personnel from the Office of the Fire Marshal and their relentless efforts to identify and arrest two individuals that terrorized citizens, visitors and business. These arrests should serve as a reminder that we take these crimes seriously and will investigate each and everyone thoroughly until an arrest is made."
Hollingsworth is being held without bond at the Prince George's County Department of Corrections.


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They flew over the landscape, the stars above them. The sea below them, and a whole lotta unanswered questions between them.
Jimmy spoke up, as they glided along. "So... just a question, if you don't mind me asking?"
"Yeah?" grunted Peter.
"Don't take this the wrong way, Peter... but how did YOU manage to get into heaven?"
"Why, Pagey? You don't think I'm a good guy?" Grant prodded, not looking at Jimmy.
"Oh, no, you're FANTASTIC, Peter. There's no doubt in my mind about that, but-"
"Then what's the trouble? It takes more than a few dirty words and busted heads to send a man to Hell, Pagey."
"I'm still not convinced..." Jimmy said cautiously. "You've never really been an idyllic image of spiritual salvation, Grant."
"Alright, alright, you REALLY wanna know? I'll tell you. Arms racing, Pagey, arms racing. As much as it twisted God's titties to have me in heaven, he wanted me out of Hell even worse."
"Why? WHY? I was in charge of YOU tosspots for twelve years. If I can take a group of fucking drunken, drug-addicted, cross-dressing whoopsies, and turn them into the greatest rock n' roll band ever to walk the earth, imagine what I could do with the entire legion of Hell, and that didn't sit too well with God, see. He couldn't have that."
"Would you have?" Jimmy asked.
"IF you wound up in Hell, I mean? WOULD you have forged the armies of Hell? That's a little... I dunno... intense."
Grant sighed. "Christ, Page, I don't take sides. I'll do favors for whoever gives me a bigger pot to piss in. Buy me a drink, I'll sit up and bark, and I don't give a fuck if you're God, Satan, or Yogi the Bear."
"God must be paying one Hell of a price for you, then."
"He is."
"Can I ask what that might be?"
"He's letting me come back tonight so I can save your ass."
"Oh. Wait... what?!" Jimmy's head shot toward grant.
"Bonzo's too."
Jimmy's eyes opened wide. "Wait... BONZO? But he's-"
"In Hell. Yeah, I know." Grant sighed. "The little shit just couldn't keep himself out of trouble, so I've been spending the last decade working out a way to get the four of you little snots into paradise." Peter sighed, and his face softened ever so slightly. "I may not be your manager anymore, but bloody hell, you're still my boys. You'll ALWAYS be my boys."
Jimmy didn't know what to say. He flew in silence for awhile, clutching tightly to Grant's robe.
"...thank you, Peter. I-"
"Get over yourself." Peter snapped. "We still have two more hours of this shite. Let's see if you can help YOURSELF."
"Fair enough." Jimmy said quietly, still glowing a little. Was there NOTHING this man couldn't do?
They soared overhead, and finally, their flight came to an end when Grant pulled them into a heavy snowbank, just outside of a big, beautifully-lit house.
"This is Jonesy's house!" cried Jimmy. "I haven't... I haven't seen him in... I don't remember how long. Since the Rock n' Roll Hall of fame thing, maybe?"
"He's been keeping busy." Peter said.
"Haven't we all?" laughed Jimmy. "Well some more than others. I haven't seen HIM organizing tours or recording albums. It's like he never leaves the house."
"He's been watching his kids grow up, Page. He's been busy being a father." Grant led Jimmy to the window, and pointed inside. "While you've been out smoking, dragging Robert around the world, and making piss-poor albums, Jonesy's been helping his children find a place in the world."
"You and Robert talk like I don't have children. I have kids."
"He's been spending time with his wife, whom he's managed to stay happy with for 40 years, Page. One woman. 40 years. How many of your children have the same mother? How many Christmases have you all been together?"
"We're... all on good terms."
"Do you KNOW that, Jimmy? Women are shrewd creatures, Page. They can tell you one thing right to your face without batting an eye, and on the inside-"
"What do you know about women, Grant?"
"The point is, Jimmy... "
Grant was interrupted by a great roar of laughter coming from inside the house. They both looked to see Jonesy with a terrific grin on his face, trying to calm his family down, who were all nearly in tears from laughter.
"Okay... alright..." he said, motioning for silence. "My turn then?" His brow wrinkled as though he was lost in some kind of deep thought.
"Okay!" Jonesy announced, after a moment. "I've got it!"
"Is it alive?" One of the daughters asked.
"Can it talk?" asked another.
Jonesy laughed. "Well... yes it CAN, but it rarely does."
The family paused in thought, stumped. After a minute, the wife, Mo, asked, "Is it a character on the telly?"
"He's a character alright, but no, I don't think I've seen him on the telly for ages."
"So you're thinking of a man?"
"I am."
"Does he live in England?"
"I believe so, yes."
"Is he a disagreeable sort of man?"
"He's a difficult sort of man. Difficult to work with sometimes, and difficult to understand."
"You sound like you know him." One of the daughters giggled. "Do you know him, da?"
"I do, yes."
"Is he a cruel man?"
"He can be, sometimes."
"Is he an old man?"
"No older than I am, sweetheart." laughed Jonesy.
There was a pause, and after awhile, the youngest daughter, Kierra, who hadn't said anything yet, suddenly screamed, "I KNOW WHO IT IS! I KNOW WHO IT IS!" She turned to her father, and with a radiant smile, cried out, "It's JIMMY PAGE, isn't it?"
Jonesy laughed, and gave the woman a hug. "You're all getting too good at this. I haven't been able to stump you all night."
"Well you keep choosing obvious answers, da. I suspected it was Mr. Page as soon as you said he didn't like to talk all that much."
"And people keep saying YOU'RE the quiet one." snickered Mo.
Jonesy gave his wife a sly grin. "Oh I'm not quiet. I'm just sneaky."
"Oh you ARE, are you?" Mo laughed, flirting with her husband a bit.
"Oh yes... I'm a real fox, I am." Jonesy said, snatching Mo up in his arms and kissing her. The daughters giggled and looked at one another, as if to say, "Oh there's old dad, at it again with mum."
Jonesy stroked his wife's hair, and gingerly whispered into her ear, "I love you... so much."
"You're so cheesy, da." groaned Jacinda.
"Oh come here and give us a kiss." Jonesy laughed. All three daughters got up from their chairs and gave their father a hug. "Happy Christmas, dad," they said.
"Happy Christmas," sighed Jonesy, somehow managing to envelope all four grown women in his arms. "Happy Christmas."
Jimmy watched all this in awe, his feet numbed in the snowbank. He suddenly felt... empty. "Perhaps... perhaps I should call Jemina..." he wondered. "Just to see how she's doing."
"All that could have been yours, you know." Peter said, gesturing at the family scene inside. "That could be you in there, in that circle, at that table... with your own children and your own wife..."
"Leave my family out of this." spat Jimmy, turning from Grant. "Take me home, Peter... please."
"If you insist." Grant said, waving his hand. The scene slowly started to melt away. Jimmy watched, his eyes fixed on Jonesy and his family as they faded from view. Jimmy felt the ground fall from beneath him, and knew that he would re-emerge in the studio soon.
"Peter!" he cried suddenly. "I need to ask you something."
"Yeah? Make it quick, Pagey. I don't wanna miss my card game."
"The next ghost... I have one more, according to Bonzo... if Keith showed me what has already passed, and you're showing me what IS... will the next ghost show me the future?"
"Seems like a good bet to me." Grant shrugged, already starting to disappear. Jimmy knew he had only seconds left with his old friend.
He shouted out as fast as he could, "The things I'm about to see... are these the shadows of the things that WILL be, or that only MAY be?!"
Grant paused to think. "Well... see... I'm not really sure what to tell you there, Pagey." he said, scratching his head.
"Just... PLEASE... tell me what YOU think then."
"What I think?"
"Well..." Grant began, "I think... I reckon it's something like that one song you guys wrote... the one that gets blokes kicked outta guitar stores."
"Stairway to Heaven?"
"Yeah! That one."
"How's that?" Jimmy asked, barely able to see Peter anymore.
"Well... y'know..." Grant's voice sounded out all around Jimmy. He heard him clear his throat, and sing in a booming voice:
"Yes, there are two paths you can go by,
But in the long run,
There's still time to change the road you're on..."
And Jimmy was alone... and all was silent.
Christmas Carols: A Led Zep Fic: Part 6 by rivka-nikolaWatch
©2011-2016 rivka-nikola
Grant teaches Jimmy a thing or two about family, and why Jimmy is being pulled around on this journey in the first place.
lol, another Dickens reference.
Yeah, I'm working on it... I've reached some kind of art-block with the next sequence, but I'll work through it.
Yeah, I'm working on it... I've reached some kind of art-block with the next sequence, but I'll work through it.
Lol Jonsey
Love G here
Love G here
I went aww at "I may not be your manager anymore, but bloody hell, you're still my boys. You'll ALWAYS be my boys." And then at pretty much everything after that. You win.
jonesy is soooo sweet ahh i want a jonesy too!


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Culture and Vision
Our vision for Putman Media is to have a highly effective team, doing exceptional work for our customers and having fun while we grow our business, maintaining balance, pursuing our dreams of financial success, offering all stakeholders a fair return, and working with the community in rewarding partnerships.
This philosophy suggests that a successful business is the result of people being fulfilled personally and professionally. We believe companies filled with multidimensional people who have fun at their job, understand the economics of the business, and have an opportunity to make a difference and be rewarded in a significant way will best serve all stakeholders.
What Putman associates say about us...
"As a job share employee, working at Putman has given me the opportunity to raise my daughter and pursue volunteer opportunities while at the same time allowing me to work in the field that I love."
"Our CEO and Vice President, two of the owners, are not only very creative and forward thinking, but also care deeply about the people who work for them."
"The owners of this family-owned business are down to earth and accessible. They share the financial status of the company with all of the employees."
"I love working at Putman because of the friendly, family-like atmosphere, the benefits and perks, and the wonderfully friendly people."
"I love working at Putman because my "this is the place I want to come to every day" feeling has never gone away — even after 10 years!"
"There are two kinds of people at Putman — the ones who come to Putman and stay and the ones who come to Putman and leave and then want to come back."


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This standard has been revised by: ISO/IEC 2382:2015
Presents, in English and French, 144 terms in the following fields: general terms, information representation, hardware, software, programming, applications and end user, computer security, data management. In order to facilitate their translation into other languages, the definitions are drafted so as to avoid, as far as possible, any peculiarity attached to the language.
Document published on: 1993-11-18 Edition: 3 (Bilingual) ICS: 35.020; 01.040.35 Status: Withdrawn Stage: 95.99 (2015-04-29) TC/SC: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Number of Pages:
Revised by: ISO/IEC 2382:2015
Revises: ISO 2382-1:1984
No corrigenda or amendments available


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Jay Z and HBO presents a 30 minute clip of his performance experience. Jay Z's new visuals to the song "Picasso Baby" was taken place at the Pace Gallery in New York City. The world premiere of Picasso Baby debuts Friday, August 2 at 11PM, only on HBO. It considered a Performance Art Film as when Jay Z says "Concerts are considered as performance arts."
The Carter Family


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Expert Profile
Jaime Chua
Senior Director, Public Sector Development Services
Tel: 415-982-4640
Fax: 415-392-8863
Jaime Chua is The Asia Foundation's senior director for Public Sector Development Services and he co-chairs The Foundation Evaluation Task Force. His prior position was assistant director for Programs where led the bids and proposals team and supported field operations respectively. His work history includes ten years at the Agricultural Cooperative Development International, an agricultural and economic development firm where he served as regional representative for Asia, and country director for the Philippines, Mongolia, Cambodia, and Indonesia respectively. In these capacities, he managed country programs and international consulting in agribusiness, enterprise development, financial services, and food security. He was a senior economist for local settlement program at UNHCR, and chief financial officer of the Philippines National Council on Integrated Area Development. He also teaches graduate courses on Comparative Political Economy of Development, and International Development Management at The Center for Asia Pacific Studies, University of San Francisco.
Education: Doctorate in Management with fields in Institutional and Regulatory Economics from the Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University; Graduate Certificate in Policy and Program Evaluation from Claremont Graduate University; Master's in Applied Economics from the University of Asia and the Pacific; and Bachelor's degree in Accounting from Far Eastern University.


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History class
Folks, this is a question for all of you from not-America.
As you may know, American history (as taught in American high school classrooms) more or less usually consists of the arrival of the Puritans up to the Cold War, if not current events. American history itself is relatively short, spanning only a few hundred years. But it's ok, since those living in American still should learn those few hundred years.
Now my question is: When they teach history in your respective countries (I assume they teach Russian history in Russian high schools, just as they may teach Scottish history in Scottish high schools, etc), how is it taught? I ask because most (if not all) of European nations are ancient, having thousands of years of history behind them. I wonder how or even if schools can teach all of that information to students through grade school (not college, because classes are much more specified and specialized in college).
If you can't tell, I know absolutely nothing about the education systems outside of the US, so please forgive me if I'm misinformed about what history is taught in schools :D
Canadian history is shorter than USA history. I just had to do one HS credit. Got it and never thought about that waste-of-time subject again. I mean, if I want to know the history then I'll google the event. There is no point in memorizing it. No understanding is required. I can just jump in anywhere and start reading. History is near the top of the list in the waste of time and money degrees.
Basically, in Australian schools, Australian history consists of 1788 (the first fleet) to the present day, there's not really any Aboriginal (indigenous Australian) history to think of. I mean, they'd been here for 40 000 years, and they invented nought but the boomerang. So, I mean, yeah. Not much history for Australia. Sorry
Dutch history classes consist, believe it or not, of global history, starting where civilization started, going through ancient European history, European influences in the rest of the world, the islamic world, in short, everything up to the modern era. Naturally, the focus lies on Dutch history, but our history classes are alot more worldly than American classes.
You're not considering how much information we history teachers spare our students here in America. It's impossible to cover it all.
I assume that in other countries, more information is omitted. One can skip around and still get a gist of the "important" events that occur in a country. Right now in college I'm taking a whole semester course on just the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and it's jam-packed. You can always zoom further in or out of a topic to suit the needs at hand.
English history lessons tend to start with William the Conqueror invading England in 1066, or at least it did when I was at school.
At my old school we took European history and American history. At my current school it's a eurocentric 'world history' class and American history. So really we have a short history but we're taught thousands of years too since in my experience Americans are taught European history as well.
Obviously I'm way off since I'm speaking of two schools in two states but it seems American schools I've been to tend to include some sort of European or 'World' history as a requirement.
Pretty much what Lord_Doku said.
While the topic is interesting, why would you need to be tested on such material? My high school history was awful (Canada is exciting) and I didn't care much for memorizing historical facts and such.
We study everything from Ancient Stone age peoples to the Modern day European Union. There's a huge amount of world history involved in that, including Ancient Greece and Rome, The Renaissance and Reformation, the American and French Revolutions, The World Wars, The Cold War.
Irish History goes from Pre-Christian Ireland to the Modern Day; they tend to put specific focus on the Plantations, the Act of Union, The 1916 Rising and War of Independence, and the founding of the Republic.
In senior cycle (16-18) they pick 4 periods and give them a really in depth look for 2 years. They vary from year to year, but 2 are always international and 2 are about Ireland. When I did it the International ones were:
The Changes in the US after WWII, focusing on the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War
The History of WWII from the Interwar period to just after the war.
The Irish ones were:
Parnell and the Home Rule Movement
The War of Independence and the Foundation of the Republic.
It's a very good curriculum really, most people come out of it with at least a decent grounding in International and National History and those who are interested can go extremely in depth.
iceland has a little over a thousand year long history, it's not much of a problem
i've first hand experience with the american, mexican and french education systems.
i'm at university for hispanic literature & linguistics so i can't say much about highschool + prehighschool years. but right now, i am studying a bit of preshipanic mexican history. i study nahuatl, the aztec language, how the aztec society was organized, their rituals, their cosmogony, their poetry, etc. it is extremely complex and interesting stuff, from an anthropogenic, philosophical and artistic point of view. i believe this kind of shit should be taught. it offers a different perspective than the one offered by the western society. not 'inferior' at all. it is really interesting from semiotic points of view. it helps us understand ourselves (as humans) and our evolution better.
though, here comes the problem. in america (united states) you don't learn about prewestern shit. mostly because of the lack of records, interactions and interes europeans showed. when europeans came to the US, they didn't 'mix' much with native american cultures. whereas in mexico and lots of parts of latin america there was a major miscegenation (mix of cultures; to eventually create a new one). the spaniards that came here were extremely interested in learning about the different ethnic groups here, there are lots of texts from the XVI century (+ onwards) about preshipanic cultures, their myths, their social lives and their relation with existence and death. in the US (as far as i know), europeans basically came and started living in there. native americans live there too, but mostly separated. when the spanish came to Mexico they found extremely complex cities and empires (expanding throughout central america and mexico), scientific notions (astronomy, medicine, math, etc.). they recorded all that. since these preshispanic civilizations didn't use an alphabetic or even verbal writing system, we don't have much concrete information pre-1500. on top of that the spaniards burned and got rid of a lot of pictographic manuscripts.
still, i think it's sad how americans sort of 'not care much' about these aspects. though america is basically a representation of capitalism, posmodernism and other scary human stuff. so yeah.
Because nothing existed before the white man came to America :rolleyes:
I don't know, maybe being born in Oklahoma gave me an unfair advantage. I learned about a lot of America and it's vast history, all the way back to prehistoric man slaying mammoths using atlatls.
Just because the history of "America" is short doesn't mean the history of the North American or current United States is.
I mean, do you still see Barbarians in Europe? No... Because that culture died out long ago, was replaced, and probably replaced again.
Just because it's a different race or because of immigration doesn't make the history any different.
I mean, we were all technically British when we arrived here. Not that way now is it? So why is teaching anything earlier any different?
Find a better history teacher ;)
In the Denmark we start with a rough overview of world history and later we focus on a number of themes. Danish history lessons don't solely focus on Denmark, since it would be too much to cover in depth. During a school year subject such as "The Roman Empire", Danish agriculture reforms" and World I might be covered.
The goal isn't to remember a ton of historical facts, but rather to give us the tools to critical analyse historical text and understand the world behind the text.
I agree with this. I'm one out of probably six Americans (that has no real ethnic background with an indigenous nation) that does care. I think you named the biggest difference in your post- Mexico in many ways is the modern successor to the Mexica, just different (if I'm wrong feel free to tell me). Anyway, now's no the time for my rants.
In our history classes they've added twenty pages or so on pre-European colonial times in the textbooks, although you spend basically no time discussing it or really learning it. It's there just to be politically correct. With that said, I sort of understand why, since they are separate nations (who have been conquered), they weren't Americans, America is a Western nation, etc. I still think it should be considered important to learn, since whether I like to admit or not, despite nationalist movements, the natives are a part of American society, and many no longer care about their native identity and consider it a part of America only.
/sorry for going off topic. Blame the mod for getting me going. :p:
I don't need to be tested on it per say, but it's my thesis course to complete my degree. It's not so much about memorizing facts as it is about developing total understanding of something that you're interested in.
Also on topic, I've always thought that American history courses were confusing for the reason that Slipknot said. They have one full year on American history and then another full year on World history, but they aren't integrated at all. Especially in the 20th century, you have to try and understand world events as world events. Looking at them from one side of the Atlantic and then the other one year later doesn't quite cut it.
Also about the "world history" being Eurocentric. I agree, but to teach true "world history" would take years and years. You get better courses as a history major in college if you're interested.
I wasn't complaining, I was just pointing out that it's not really world history and is basically European history.
Based on what kids have told me the world history course becomes a cluster**** whenever they did talk about somewhere outside of Europe. Which is obvious, but I won't insult your intelligence by explaining it to you. :p:
Edit: Have we discussed this before?
Being in school in England between 1992-2006, I remember learning about:
The Romans. Lots about the Romans
Middle Ages
The Tudors
Industrial Revolution
World War I
Medicine through history
The Greeks
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Those were the main large topics I leafnt about. There were little other bits here and there.
American history is short? I guess no one cares about Native Americans. The hidden holocaust......
See my post. Technically they comprise separate nations from America, or at least they did before European contact. America is basically a European country, so at least when we're talking about 'Americans' as a nation, it doesn't begin with the natives. They weren't Americans, that identity was forced on them. So it's understandable why American history can be viewed as short.
Don't get me wrong, I side with the natives and I think it should be taught, I just don't consider them Americans (aside from modern natives who chose to associate with America, which seems to be a majority). I've had several teachers call me stupid for referring to what happened as a genocide, and I hate how they're painted as the 'bad guys'.
I know, I care way too much about this.
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text: News 2012 Fall/Winter 2012 Interaction Magazine | Read Online and on iPad November 5, 2012 Welcome to the latest edition of the School of Public Health's magazine, Interaction. This edition highlights the work of faculty, students and alumni to help address trauma, as well as a focus on students' recent trip to The Gambia in Africa. Diabetes, Hypertension Can Increase Risk of Cardiovascular Disease October 24, 2012 According to a recent study published in the American Journal of Cardiology, no significant decrease in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among European Americans and African Americans in Pennsylvania occurred from 2005 to 2009. Drexel Students Design Innovative Mobile Autism Clinics August 8, 2012 The A.J. Drexel Autism Institute and the Antoinette Westphal College of Media and Arts Design at Drexel University recently hosted the final presentation and awards ceremony for thirteen students participating in a design challenge to create a mobile clinic for the Autism Institute. Autism Institute Awarded PHF Grant to Study Innovative New Instructional System August 03, 2012 The Public Health Fund has awarded the A.J. Drexel Autism Institute a one-year, $50,000 grant to help measure the effectiveness of an innovative, web-based instructional system called Autism Navigator™ in the Pennsylvania Early Intervention system. Drexel Students Design Mobile Clinics for A.J. Drexel Autism Institute July 31, 2012 The newly established A.J. Drexel Autism Institute at Drexel University is hitting the road with design assistance from students in the Antoinette Westphal College of Media Arts & Design. Graduate Lilliam Ambroggio Receives Outstanding Promise Award June 12, 2012 Lilliam Ambroggio, the first graduate from School of Public Health's epidemiology doctoral program, received one of Drexel University's six Commencement Day awards for graduating doctoral students at this year's commencement. Spring/Summer 2012 Interaction Magazine | Read Online and iPad June 04, 2012 Welcome to the latest edition of the School of Public Health's magazine, Interaction. This edition highlights the work of faculty, students and alumni to help address trauma, as well as a focus on students' recent trip to The Gambia in Africa. Drexel University Research Day 2012 April 24, 2012 Research Day took place on Thursday, April 19 as a celebration of research, innovation, scholarship, creativity and the incredible breadth of research being conducted across the University. 5/5 Newschaffer on Autism Panel April 14, 2012 Dr. Craig Newschaffer, professor and chair of the department of epidemiology and biostatistics at Drexel University School of Public Health and director of the A.J. Drexel Autism Institute at Drexel University will be a panelist at "Autism: the Search for Causes". SPH Professors Receive Stein Fellowship for Autism Research April 12, 2012 Dr. Michael Yudell, an associate professor, and Dr. Craig Newschaffer, a professor, department chair and director of the A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, were recently named recipients of one of Drexel University's 2012-2013 Louis and Bessie Stein Family Fellowships for research on autism spectrum disorders. Drexel Celebrates Autism Awareness Month March 28, 2012 The Drexel University School of Public Health, along with Drexel University and the College of Medicine, recognized World Autism Awareness Day on April 2, 2012 this year by lighting up the Great Court (pictured left) in Drexel University's Main Building with blue lights as part of Autism Speaks' worldwide Light It Up Blue program. Autism Institute Receives $1.5 Million from Close Foundation March 20, 2012 Drexel University has received a gift of $1.5 million from the Charles and Barbara Close Foundation, founded by Drexel alumnus Charles Close ('36), today to help establish the A.J. Drexel Autism Institute. The Institute is the nation's first autism center focused on public health science. Meet the Faculty: Craig Newschaffer, Director, Autism Public Health Research Institute January 19, 2012 When I sat down with Professor Craig Newschaffer prior to the Winter break, I was prepared to talk with him about autism research. Dr. Lee Awarded Autism Speaks Grant to Research Prenatal Risk Factors January 13, 2012 Brian Lee, PhD, MHS, assistant professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the Drexel University School of Public Health, was recently awarded a $450,000 grant from Autism Speaks for his proposed study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prenatal risk factors.


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Christopher Southers is a writer, photographer, husband, father and definitely romantic dreamer somehow living the good life. It's not perfect, it's not storybook, but it's full of love, and he's going to share as much of that love as he possibly can. Life is beautiful. All you have to do is look around and see it.
Christopher Southers most important belief is that the world around us is truly a beautiful place. All that we need to do is be willing to share a little love. Smile at a stranger. Pay for someone's lunch. What you give to the world will be given back to you. Karma isn't a dirty word. You can make life what you want it to be.
Christopher loves to hear from his fans. You can contact him by email at email@example.com, follow him on Twitter at @WDEmporium or drop by his Facebook page Wicked Dreams Emporium.
It's a good place. The bar's always open and the music is always eclectic.


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Gary Woodland took Liberty National Golf Club to town on Friday, carding a 7-under-par 32-32=64 in his second round of The Barclays.
Jhonattan Vegas torched TPC Louisiana in round one of the Zurich Classic, signing for an 8-under-par 32-32=64 to share the 18-hole lead with Brian Stuard.
First-round leader Hennie Otto was 9-under through 14 holes before the second round of the Volvo China Open was called off for the day due to the threat of lightning at Topwin Golf and Country Club.
South Korean Tae-hoon Kim highlighted an 8-under-par 33-31=64 at the Volvo China Open on Friday with a hole-in-one at the 13th.
Felipe Aguilar jumped to the top of the leaderboard on day two of the Volvo China Open after hitting all 18 greens in regulation in a bogey-free 7-under-par 34-31=65.
Ted Potter Jr. returned to action with a 3-under-par 34-35=69 during the first round of the United Leasing & Finance Championship. It was his first competitive round since the summer of 2014.
Retief Goosen thrashed TPC Louisiana with a bogey-free, 7-under-par 30-35=65 during the first round of this week's Zurich Classic to sit just one stroke off the current leader Brian Stuard.
Brian Stuard ransacked TPC Louisiana with a bogey-free, 8-under-par 31-33=64 during the first round at the Zurich Classic of New Orleans.
Carl Pettersson played eight holes at 5-over before withdrawing from the Zurich Classic of New Orleans due to a wrist injury.
Hennie Otto blitzed his final nine holes to set a target of 9-under-par 33-30=63 at the Volvo China Open; by the end of play it was a figure no-one had matched and left him holding a 2 shot advantage over second placed Bernd Wiesberger, with four players T3 a shot further back.
Zach Wright will get his first taste of PGA TOUR action as he make an appearance at this week's Zurich Classic of New Orleans.
For the second straight week Colt Knost pulled his name out of the field prior to the start of the event, this time it's the Zurich Classic of New Orleans that he chooses not to play.


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That means this "A-list" speaker is always on the go, traveling the globe as he spreads his futurist technology gospel.
That's why I made sure to buttonhole Kurzweil at the recent Singularity Summit technology conference. As he headed into the San Francisco lecture hall to share the newest insights into how the brain works, I was able to walk along with him and have a quick chat.
As we talked, little did I know that Kurzweil was working on something that would stun the tech world in a manner that's usually reserved for one of his predictions.
No, I'm not talking about the buzz that's been generated by his new book, How to Create a Mind, the Secret of Human Thought Revealed.
Kurzweil, as it turned out, had accepted a major position at none other than Google Inc. (Nasdaq: GOOG), the Web giant that is to search what the tech futurist is to prognostication.
And Monday was Kurzweil's first day on the job as the company's new Director of Engineering.
A lot of investors have glossed over this news. That's a big mistake. As I see it, this single hire speaks volumes about how Google views itself, and how it intends to keep building shareholder value.
If you're interested in Google, this is a bit of strategic intelligence that you absolutely have to know.
Here's why...
With this single move, the world leader in Web search is telling investors like you that it intends to remain a growth company. This also tells us that Google wants to invent the types of technology that will change the world and make money for investors - even if it means breaking free of the Web itself.
I defy anyone to identify another leader in the tech field who will have more of an impact on the world in the Era of Radical Change.
What Kurzweil Brings to Google I've followed Kurzweil's career for years now and know firsthand that many of his predictions that people dismissed as crazy have actually come true.
Kurzweil began pushing the tech envelope as a teenage inventor and has literally never looked back. Along the way, he has invented dozens of new products, penned groundbreaking books on the technologies of the future, and altered our view of what is possible and even probable in the Era of Radical Change.
I can guess what the naysayers are already saying - that Kurzweil won't fit in at Google because the company is so darn huge. Or that Google, with a market cap of $235 billion, can never recapture its free-wheeling days as an early-stage startup.
That's high-tech balderdash.
Fact is, Google prides itself in pushing the boundaries of cutting-edge tech. For instance, I've told you about Google Glass, a pair of spectacles that can display maps and text messages, connect smart phone calls and capture video, among other things.
Combine that with Google's intense focus on machine learning (as evidenced by the way it does searches) and you can clearly see how Kurzweil and Google are made for each other.
Kurzweil, 64, has stayed ahead of the curve since he was 14. That's how old he was when he designed software that wrote original music. Later, he created the first print-to-speech reading machine for the blind.
Back in 1999, he predicted that in about a decade we would see such breakthroughs as self-driving cars and mobile phones that could answer questions posed by voice.
People criticized these predictions as "unrealistic." Google now has both.
"It's easy to shrug our collective shoulders as if these technologies have always been around, but we're really on a remarkable trajectory of quickening innovation," Kurzweil says. "Google is at the forefront of much of this development.
"I'm thrilled to be teaming up with Google to work on some of the hardest problems in computer science so we can turn the next decade's "unrealistic' visions into reality."
As I see it, by heading up these kinds of projects that will lead to new sales, Kurzweil could indeed have a big - and direct - impact on Google's future cash flow.
And the indirect benefits could be even bigger: His presence alone will act as a recruiting magnet, helping to attract the visionary engineering talent that will help create other new sources of revenue - while also blocking out threats to Google's core business.
His name alone opens doors at tech firms and research labs around the world. If Google wants to raid talent from other companies or major universities, all Kurzweil has to do is pick up the phone.
More to the point, he is an expert in machine learning and intelligence. And that's basically become a big part of Google's core product. Machine learning (in which computers better "understand" human intentions) has created much more relevant Web searches that also help support ad sales.
Kurzweil has worked in this field for decades. Now that he has joined Google, he has a built-in global infrastructure that can roll out his ideas and new products on a scale he could never have achieved on his own.
This is also is a marketing coup for Google. Tech writers all over the world want to talk with Kurzweil about the radical changes coming to the human race.
Now, rather than simply making his own predictions, Kurzweil will be telling the world about "the future according to Google."
We'll stay on top of this story as it develops, and will keep tabs on the investment opportunities - direct and indirect - that we believe will spin out of the Kurzweil-Google match.
That fact alone reminds us of a point that bears repeating here: Just because the Era of Radical Change focuses a lot on the future, that doesn't mean it can't help you make money today. And we'll continue to show you how to do just that.
Related Articles and News:
- Money Morning:
Google Glasses Prove the Future is Already Here
- Money Morning:
Letting Biotech Companies "Patent Nature" Could Be a Huge Boon for Investors
- Money Morning:
This Dog-Inspired Nanotech Device Accurately "Sniffs Out" Explosives
- Money Morning:
This "Segway With Legs" is Nothing Short of A Miracle
Tags: buy goog stock, GOOG Stock, GOOG stock price, google ipo, google stock, Google stock split, most expensive stock, Nasdaq: GOOG


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Professor Roderick O'Donnell
Rod O'Donnell was appointed as Professor of Economics in 2009 on a 0.5 fractional, renewable contract. Formerly Professor of Economics at Macquarie University, he has an outstanding research and teaching reputation. He describes himself as a 'conceptual economist' -- his research covers a number of fields but is primarily focused on the thought of JM Keynes, pluralist economics, the foundations of economic reasoning and the teaching of economics. As well as books, journal papers and book chapters, he currently holds an ARC Grant to prepare a multi-volume edition of Keynes's remaining unpublished writings. In teaching he holds five teaching awards, including a 2013 Australian Government Excellence in University Teaching Award. He is co-editor of the Australian Journal of Economics Education, and was a member of the 2012-13 Economics Learning Standards Working Party.
Australian Government, Office for Learning and Teaching: 2013, Award for University Teaching Excellence
University of Technology, Sydney : 2012, UTS Teaching Award (Individual Teacher Category)
Australian Government, Learning and Teaching Council: 2008, Citation for Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning
Macquarie University: 2006, Outstanding Teacher Award; 1997, Outstanding Teacher Award.
2012-13 Member of Economics Learning Standards Working Party.
2006-13 Member and Deputy Chair of Academic Board of Insearch.
2007- Editor, and co-editor, of Australasian Journal of Economics Education. Revived this journal which was in danger of ceasing publication.
2004- Editorial Board Member, Australasian Journal of Economics Education, History of Economics Review, Journal of Peer Learning.
Research Interests
1. Macroeconomics
- The economic thought of J.M. Keynes
- Modern interpretations of Keynes's economics
- Post Keynesian economics
2. Major Supplementary Keynes Edition
To complete the significant unpublished writings of J.M. Keynes in all areas of his thought (approximately 12 vols).
3. Pluralist Economics
All major schools of contemporary economic thought – basic assumptions, conceptual frameworks, modes of analysis and conclusions. Includes Neoclassical, Post Keynesian, Institutionalist, Ecological, Austrian, Marxist, Behavioural and Feminist Economics.
4. Uncertainty and Risk
Probabilistic and non-probabilistic treatments, and their implications for economic theory and policy.
5. Teaching economics
- Fostering valuable graduate attributes in students using pluralist curricula and activity-based pedagogy (including public speaking, creativity, leadership, gender and cultural awareness).
- Contemporary methods of teaching economics – weaknesses and strengths.
- Threshold concepts.
6. Philosophy
- The philosophical foundations of economic thought
- Philosophies of probability and their implications for economics
- Uses and abuses of formalism in economics.
7. History of Economic Thought
- Uncertainty and risk
- Macroeconomics
- J.M. Keynes,
- F.H. Knight
- R.F. Harrod.
8. Microeconomics
Opportunity cost and its role in value theory.
Alternative Perspectives in Contemporary Economics; Economics for Business; Macroeconomics: Theory and Applications.
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Journal articles
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One of the strengths of the COF is our tremendous flexibility. Small gifts may be added to existing funds, or gifts can become a fund unto itself.
Community Fund - serves the broad needs of the community. Income is distributed in response to applications received by COF from charitable organizations.
Field of Interest Fund - serves a distinct sector of the community: for example arts & culture; children, youth & family; education; health & community service; and heritage, historical & conservation.
Williams/Wace Administration Fund - the income from this fund is used to help defray the Foundation's operating costs.
Agency Endowment Fund - income is generated for a specific charitable organization.
Family/Business Fund - these are established by families or businesses and produce an investment income that can be distributed to a specific charity, field of interest, or can be added to the community fund. What a wonderful way to establish and family legacy or generate recognition of your company's community support. A minimum contribution is to establish a family or business fund is $10,000. (Your fund can be started with as little as $2,000, with additional pledges made over 5 years.)
Donor Advised Fund - minimum capital contribution of $50,000. (Your fund can be started with as little as $10,000 with a pledge to be at $50,000 in 5 years) Investment income is distributed annually with input from the donor. This Fund allows the donor to retain the essential elements of a private foundation without the higher costs associated with the administration of a private foundation.
One for Ten and Ten for All – A minimum capital contribution of $10,000 is required for this program.. (Fund can be started with as little as $1000 and a pledge to be at $10,000 in 10 years) Investment income is distributed annually to the Community Granting Pool. Grants will be chosen on your behalf by COF's voluntary grants advisory committees to respond to evolving community needs. This fund can be named after your family, business or as a tribute to someone you love and is great for those just starting out in philanthropy.> back to top
For more information about how to establish a fund, please visit our contact page or simply call our Executive Director at 250.861.6160.> back to top
A: The COF manages an endowment – a pool of funds that generates income. The income is used to provide grants to a variety of charities performing valuable work in the community. The COF enables your giving, however great or small, to work for your community for generations to come. The COF allows you, the donor, to direct those earnings in general areas of interest, or to specific charities. You can even establish your own Fund through the COF ($10,000 minimum capital requirement can come in over a five-year period)
The COF will be wise stewards of your charitable dollars and will invest the income generated in important community projects.> back to top
Any time during your life is a good time to make a current gift, or create a gift in your will. The desire to give something back to your community often occurs during time of significant change in your life, or you may be motivated to share the good fortune of a business sale, dividend or inheritance.
However, many feel they cannot afford to surrender capital during their lifetime. That is why more dollars are given by bequests (gifts through a will) than any other form of giving.
Planned giving is simply the process of planning your philanthropic gifts to meet your personal objectives. Whether your gift is a one-time donation, ongoing support, or a gift in your will, you have the freedom to direct your charitable gift toward areas of interest most important to you.
The planning process can be simple or complex and may involve your financial and estate plan. It is often made through a legal instrument and may require the participation of advisors, lawyers and/or accountants. These advisors can often identify tax savings or make your gift go farther. Donors can also call upon the specialized expertise of the COF.> back to top
Anyone can give to the COF in any amount.
The COF has a number of ways for individuals, families, organizations, private foundations and businesses to contribute. The COF is the vehicle that enables donors of many different means to give something back to their community.> back to top
Your gift will be pooled and invested, with the earnings going to the area specified at the time the gift is made. This could include a specific charity, a field of interest, or a wide range of charitable activities within the Central Okanagan. You can even specify a geographic area such as Lake Country or Peachland.
While the COF is a Community Foundation, we are also able to facilitate gifts to national and international charities. We are committed to providing one stop gifting to our donors and can take care of ALL of your charitable needs!
The capital gift you have given will be held in perpetuity with the income generated distributed to your charities of choice on an annual basis.
Endowment giving provides a gift that truly lasts more than a lifetime.> back to top


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A Look Back at Scholars Day 2013
Though the foraging behaviors of Snowy Owls (Bubo scandiacus) on their breeding grounds are well known, the species' diet on its wintering ground is poorly understood. Every few years, Snowy Owl populations increase and disperse into the northern United States in large numbers. When they arrive in Great Lakes region, the owls venture into different habitats than those in the tundra. During the Snowy Owl irruption events into the Great Lakes region in the 2011-12 and 2013-14 winters, the presenter identified locations of owls and examined remains of their prey. The presenter also dissected owl pellets and documented the owls' primary prey items. It was found that owls preferred waterfowl, especially American Coot (Fulica americana), and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola). The abundance of waterfowl during irruption events is a major change in the species' diets, and exemplifies the species' adaptation to wintering in different environments.
|Gregory Lawrence (Undergraduate Student)
|Environmental Science
|218 Hartwell
|9:30 am Session I


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We found a TicketWeb account that might belong to you.
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Wednesday, Sep 12, 2012 8:00 PM CDT
Shank Hall, Milwaukee, WI
21 years and over
Popa Chubby, born Ted Horowitz in 1960, is a native son of The Big Apple. His parents owned a candy store in the Bronx. The young Chubby would play the jukebox endlessly listening to the hits of the day. Motown, Stax Volt, Chess and Atlantic records spun endlessly through the young boy's head. "The defining moment came....shankhall.com


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Female Molly swimming on her head
We have a female Molly, that has been giving birth for a few weeks. We have 2 males and they just wouldn't leave her alone. We have since moved her to her own tank, where she had given birth to a couple of babies over the last couple of weeks. I think she still has babies to deliver. She is head down and barely moving, is there anything I can do for her?
If she feeds use something with a lot of roughage and add some salt to ease her along. Her vent is locked and the outlook is not good. If she makes it don't put her with males again.
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Trying something new in the gardening field always provides gardeners with something to enjoy as they wile away the winter days.
Sometimes it is as simple as trying a new plant but often times the project involves a whole new concept in gardening that requires considerable time and effort to pull it off.
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Here's a 6 track Camp Lo EP produced by Ski Beatz. Hit the cut if you want it.
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