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Author: Liou, Kuotsai Tom
Date published: April 1, 2010
Language: English
Journal code: SRP
For more than two decades, privatization has been one of the major public polices emphasized by many developed and developing countries to reduce the role of the state in national economies and to increase government performance and efficiency (e.g., de Ru and Wettenhall, 1990; Cook and Kirkpatrick 1988). For example, privatization policy has been emphasized in the developed countries such as the United Kingdom (e.g., Dunsire, 1990; Fraser and Wilson, 1988; Kay, et al., 1986; Heald, 1985), France (e.g., Delion, 1990; Trivedi, 1988), and the United States (e.g., Seidman, 1990; Henig, 1989-90; Pack, 1987; Savas, 1982). Similarly, privatization policy has also been adopted by several newly industrializing and developing countries in Asia (e.g., India, Malaysia, Singapore, Korea), Africa (e.g., Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana), and Latin America (e.g., Chile, Honduras, Peru) (Shin, 1990; Ayubi, 1990; Lim and Moore, 1989; Ramanadbam, 1989; Cook and Kirkpatrick, 1988; and Stren, 1988).
Since the 1980s, privatization policy has been developed by the Taiwanese government for different reasons. First, privatization policy was adopted by the government to achieve the goal of economic liberalization and internationalization policy that was designed to reduce government control and to enhance international investment and competition (Lu, 1985). Privatization policy was further promoted by policymakers because of the development of political democratization movement to eliminate the control of ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party in economic activities. Based on the concepts of New Public Management, researchers of public administration have also supported the development of privatization policy to remove bureaucratic problems in old state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and to increase operational efficiency for new public projects.
The purpose of this symposium is to introduce research findings about the implementation of privatization policy in Taiwan. The findings of the symposium will contribute to the literature of privatization and administrative reform so that researchers can better understand the phenomenon of privatization policy (de Ru and Wettenhall, 1990). This paper reviews important information about major concepts and strategies of privatization as well as motives and background of Taiwan's privatization. The paper further provides summaries of three symposiums articles and discussions of privatization lessons and challenges.
While privatization policy has been very popular among policymakers and researchers, the term privatization means different things to different people. In the United States, privatization has been referred to as "any process aimed at shifting functions and responsibilities, in whole or in part, from the government to the private sector" (United States General Accounting Office, 1997:46). Seidenstat (1996) offers similar definition and explaines privatization as "the transfer of ownership, control, or operation of an enterprise or function form the government/public sector to the private sector." At the international level, the term privatization includes various meanings because of the individual political and economic situations in many countries. For example, Cook and Kirkpatrick (1988: 3-4) explain the term privatization from three approaches: (1) denationalization or divestiture, which means a change in the ownership of an enterprise (or part of an enterprise) from the public to the private sector; (2) deregulation, which involves the liberalization of entry into activities previously restricted to public sector enterprises; and (3) contracting-out, which relates to the transference of the provision of goods or services from the public to the private sector, while government retains ultimate responsibility for supplying the service.
These different definitions are closely related to the background and motives of privatization policy. In their study of privatization policy and public management, for example, Johnston and Seidenstat (2001: 390) explain that privatization became the primary strategy for policy makers and public mangers because of the increasing interest in fiscal retrenchment, the output-oriented efficiency model, and the new view of citizens as customers. In the United Kingdom, Dunsire (1990: 40-41) explains several motives for privatization. First, privatization increases individual freedom of choice because state-owned enterprises (SOEs) limit consumers' choice. Second, privatization increases efficiency, both at the macro-economic level and at the level of the firm, due to the fact that nationalized industries do not fear bankruptcy or takeover and their managers have little incentive to maximize the effectiveness of the resources available to them. Third, privatization encourages employee identification with their firms through shareholding, and thus generates greater productivity. Finally, privatization promotes greater public identification with the capitalist system through wider ownership of shares. Dunsire (1990) further argues that these motives are not entirely compatible with one another and that they are in part responses to changing circumstances and political goals.
Despite its various definitions, the implementation of privatization policy can include many options or strategies. For example, Johnston and Seidenstat (2001: 391) identify major privatization options, including contracting out (outsourcing); franchising; load (service) shedding; publicprivate partnerships; grants, subsidies, and vouchers; asset divestment; competitive contracting (managed competition); volunteer services; and total privatization. Many of these privatization strategies have been recognized by Salamon (2002) as important governmental tools in the age of new governance. Among these strategies, Savas (1989-90) points out that most researchers in the United States focus on the strategy of contracting out in their studies of privatization. At the international level, most studies of privatization tend to examine policy or managerial issues that are related to privatization (or deregulation) among SOEs (Delion, 1990; Ramanadham, 1989).
The development of privatization policy in Taiwan has been closely related to changes of its economic and political environment. On the economic environment, the Taiwan government has promoted privatization policy to achieve its economic goal of liberalization emphasized since the 1980s. On the political environment, the privatization policy has been further emphasized by the government to meet the political demand of democratization movement occurred since the 1990s. The consideration of both economic and political motives has speeded up the implementation of privatization policy. The changes of economic and political environment, however, have also resulted in many challenging issues that may affect the effectiveness of privation policy.
A. Economic Motives
The economic goal of privatization policy in Taiwan focuses on the liberalization of its SOEs (Liou, 1992). Taiwan's SOEs operate not only in the natural monopoly industries, such as electricity, communications, and transportation, but also in natural resource industries, such as petroleum, coal, sugar, and salt, in manufacturing industries, such as steel, machinery, and engineering, as well as in financial industries, such as banks, trusts, and insurance companies. The term "liberalization" represents both the reduction of government control and regulation in economic spheres and the gradual elimination of state subsidies to manufacturers (Lu, 1985: 1080). The motives of Taiwan's SOE privatization are related to the ideas of denationalization and deregulation arguments explained in the previous section.
For the past decades, SOEs have made great contributions to Taiwan's economic development. SOEs contributed in the following major areas. First, SOEs helped economic growth during the early stages of Taiwan's economic development (Crane, 1989-90; Kuo, et al, 1981). Second, SOEs assisted in promoting successful changes in Taiwan's economic structure (i.e., from agriculture to industry in the 1950s and 1960s, Amsden, 1979). Third, as protectors of the "people's livelihood," SOEs have contributed to Taiwan's national economic stability. SOEs have helped reduce inflation at critical moments (e.g., the oil shocks of the 1970s and 1980s) and served as important sources of employment and countercyclical stimuli of growth (Crane,1989-90). Specifically, SOEs aid in the short-term stabilization of the economy (including maintaining national growth, controlling inflation, and leading in capital investment) and provid state managers the means to carry out a significant portion of the longer-term structural changes (e.g., SOEs role in Taiwan's Ten Major Projects).
Despites their contributions to economic development, Taiwan's SOEs have received criticisms about its performance. In the study of Taiwan's SOE performance, Liou (1994) report findings from both the international and the domestic comparisons. The international comparison uses the criterion of SOEs overall deficit as a percentage of GDP (gross domestic products), which was defined as the difference between current plus capital expenditure, and revenue plus receipts of current transfers and of nongovernment capital transfers (Short, 1984: 144). Between the 1951-1980, the overall deficits in Taiwan's SOEs (e.g., 3.8%) were larger than those in developed countries (e.g., the United Kingdom, the United States) but were better (i.e., lower) than those in other industrializing countries (e.g., India, Korea). The domestic comparison focuses on the performance between Taiwan's SOEs and its robust private sector. Researchers criticized SOEs as being inefficient and unprofitable. For example, researchers notice that SOEs financial performance was inferior to the performance of private enterprises after comparing state-owned manufacturing enterprises with 300 major private enterprises during the period 1976-1984 (Chang, 1986).
The economic motives of privatizing SOEs are related to the government's concerns of inefficiency of several SOEs, the short-term economic condition, and the long-term economic transformation. First, since the early 1980s, the Ministry of Economic Affairs has decided to merge or shut down several enterprises in the face of continuing losses (e.g., Taiwan Alkali Co., China Coal-Mining Developing Co., and Taiwan Metal Mining Co.). Next, to mediate the inflationary pressure occurred in the late 1980s, the government proposed to privatize SOEs to encourage public investment and maintain the stability of the price. Finally, on the economic transformation, the Taiwan government intended to replace labor-intensive industry by technology-intensive or capital-intensive industries (Lu, 1985). One example of this transformation is related to the deregulation of the traditionally state-dominated financial system. Privatization policy will permit the establishment of private banks and financial institutions, which is important to the development of the capital industry.
B. Political Motives
Besides the above economic reasons, another motive for the privatization policy has to do with Taiwan's political democratization movement. As researchers indicate, the privatization decision is mainly a political decision (e.g., Dunsire, 1990; de Ru and Wettenhall, 1990) and policymakers adopt and implement privatization policy to promote their political philosophy (e.g., reducing the role and the size of government) and political interests (e.g., gains in public opinion for reducing government waste). These political reasons have also influenced the development of privatization policy in Taiwan because the political democratization movement has changed the traditional political ideology and enhanced the speed of privatization.
Since 1986, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party has initiated fundamental political changes that moved the political system toward the representative democracy (Myers, 1987). The motives for the changes were from both longand short-term considerations. The long-term impetus for democratization came from three factors: the KMT's ideological commitment to constitutional democracy; the economic, social, and political maturation of the population; and the increasing electoral appeal of the opposition politicians. The short-term motives for the democratization had to do with several immediate problems facing the regime in 1986. These include the succession problem facing the KMT, a series of internal and foreign shocks in 1985 and 1986 (e.g., the bankruptcy of Taipei's Tenth Credit Cooperative due to mismanagement by officials with ties to KMT politicians), and the consideration of strengthening the KMT's appeal in the coming elections to fill seats in the Legislative Yuan and the National Assembly (Chou and Nathan, 1987). Since then, several important changes have occurred in Taiwan's political arena. They are the lifting of martial law in 1987, the election of Lee, Teng-hui (a native Taiwanese in the KMT)) as President in 1992, the emergence of several opposition parties (especially the Democratic Progressive Party, DPP), and the election of Chen, Shui-bian (the leader of the DPP) in 2000.
Political democratization movement has affected the privatization policy in terms of changes of traditional ideology on Taiwan's SOEs. Traditionally, SOEs in Taiwan, due to the nature of state intervention, have been regarded as the implementation of Sun Yat-sen thought, the KMT's ideology (Gregor, 1981). Taiwan's SOEs has covered many important economic areas, including the monopoly utility industries (e.g., electricity), the natural resource industries (e.g., petroleum), the manufacturing industries (e.g., steel), and the financial industries (e.g., banks). With the progress of the political democratization movement, the old ideology faded. Privatization is viewed by the public as a right direction because, if democratization is good politically, then privatization, in both forms (denationalization and deregulation), will also benefit the society because it represents democratization in economic activities.
In addition to the traditional KMT ideology, the interest in privatization policy in Taiwan has been closely related to the New Public Management (NPM) concepts emphasized at the international level. Since the 1980s, many developed and developing countries have recognized the problem of government growth and inefficiency and promoted new public policies to reverse the trend of growth and to improve the management of government. The NPM movement represents the philosophy behind these new policies and emphasizes such concepts as output and performance, entrepreneurship and competition, as well as new instruments for steering, control and accountability (Boston, et al., 1996; Rhodes, 1997). Policymakers in Taiwan implemented privatization policy and new instruments (e.g., Build-Operate-Transfer; BOT) to reform existing SOEs and to manage new public enterprises.
C. Environmental Changes
Besides the economic and political motives discussed previously, there are some changes in Taiwan's domestic environment that have affected the implementation of privatization policy. On the one hand, Taiwan was successful in reducing negative effects in the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis (i.e., comparing those with its neighboring countries) due to its conservative financial approach and entrepreneurial strengths (Liou, 2002). Taiwan also became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as an independent economy in 2002. Taiwan has diversified its trade markets and has reduced its exports to the United States (e.g., China and Hong as the topic markets). In 2007, Taiwan enjoyed a large trade surplus of $28.8 billion ($282.7 billion in exports and $253.9 billion in imports, National Statistics, n.d.) and its foreign reserves were among the world's largest (i.e., $274.7 billion, which is the fifth in the world). Taiwan has also changed its economic structure as a high technology and service-based economic system (e.g., service 70.7%, industry 27.8%, and agriculture 1.5% of GDP in 2007) (National Statistics, n.d.). Several Taiwan's high technology industries (e.g., computer chip, LCD panel, DRAM computer memory, networking equipment) are at the top of the world market.
On the other hand, Taiwan has experienced several emerging challenges that affect its economic development. Taiwan has gradually lost its comparative advantage of inexpensive labor and cannot compete with those offered from neighboring countries. The relocations of many manufacturing and labor intensive industries to the mainland China and Southeastern countries (e.g., Vietnam) have resulted in the rise of unemployment population in Taiwan. Taiwan's investment has deteriorated because of the influence of special interest groups on government policy since the 1990s under the Lee, Teng-hui's administration. Regarding the investment issue in the mainland China, Lee's "patience over haste" policy has been ineffective in limiting the increase of Taiwanese businesses investment in China and has brought internal conflicting arguments in Taiwan's society. The election of Chen, Shui-bian of the DPP in 2000 has not resolved the close connection between special interest groups and government officials and the negative consequences of these connections. In addition, many policies developed by the Chen's administration have brought political confrontation between the Pan-Blue Coalition of parties (led by the KMT) and the Pan-Green Coalition of parties (led by the DPP), which result in instability, tension, and distrust crisis in Taiwan's society.
These changes in Taiwan's domestic environment have had negative impact on Taiwan's economic development and its implementation of privatization policy. In the past, researchers have recognized several factors contributing to Taiwan's economic development, including for example: social stability, labor-management harmony, strategic economic planning, and a responsible government (Liou, 2002). These factors are critical to attract foreign capitals and to implement public policies for the long-term development. But, the past sound development environment has been deteriorated because of the inexperience of Chen's administration, the inconsistence of government's policies (e.g., policy on the nuclear power development), and the increasing political confrontation between the two parties. The implementation of privatization policy thus has experienced obstacles because of the lack of foreign capitals, the argument of political ideologies, the outdated laws and regulations, the rise of labor-management disputes, and the connection between politicians and business interest groups.
The purpose of this symposium is to examine the development of privatization policy in Taiwan. As explained, it is important and necessary for researchers to examine the implementation of privatization cases and to report research findings so that we can enhance our understanding and knowledge of the privatization lessons. The symposium consists of two articles that examine the implementation of privatization policy in two public enterprises and one article that reports perceptions of public managers and contractors on the privatization performance.
Chung-Yuang Jan and Chun-Yuan Wang examine the privatization lessons in the case of Chunghwa Telecom Company (CHT), a well-established existing SOE. Jan and Wang first review the literature of privatization and introduce the background of CHT. They conducted indepth interviews among several CHT stakeholders, representing senior members from the workers' union, senior government officials from the government agencies, and staff members from three departments of the CHT. Their findings are that: (1) privatization will enhance efficiency if it correspondents to its policy philosophy; (2) privatization can facilitate organizational competitiveness if it considers organizational atmosphere and culture; (3) lack of accountability in privatization leads to corruption; and (4) privatization tends to disregard the public interest if the government fails to recognize its changed function.
Focusing on the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) privatization model, His-Kai Cheng analyzes the implementation of BOT in the Taiwan High Speed Railway Consortium (THSRC), a new public transportation project. Cheng reports major characteristics of the BOT model by focusing on such components as policy and institution development, financial arrangement, and public-private partnership. Cheng further examines the development of the THSRC and reports lessons in the three areas of policy and institution, finance, and partnership. Cheng notices that Taiwan's government has adopted a general approach regarding the legislation aspect of the THSRC project. He points out that the THSRC project has not only forced the government to examine and modify its existing legal and administrative institutions in response to continuous changes, but also challenged both the public and private sectors to learn to operate in a highly dynamic administrative and legal environment. He concludes with suggestions about the importance of trust-building and joint-learning in the implementation of BOT projects.
Kaifeng Yang, Jun-Yi Hsieh, and Tzung-Shiun Li study the performance of contracting-out policy by comparing the perceptions between public managers and contractors. Using "administrator as conservator" and "bureaucratic capture" theories, Yang and his colleagues identify 293 cases from the Central Personnel Administration and the Public Construction Commission of the Executive Yuan, two agencies that monitor contractingout projects in Taiwan. They surveyed both government officials and private contractors in the 293 cases on their knowledge about contracting policies, procedures, and outcomes toward the contracting services. The results show that public managers in central government hold a lower evaluation toward the performance of contracting out than that of managers in local governments and all contractors. They conclude that neither "administrator as conservator" nor "bureaucratic capture" should be accepted as universal in describing public managers and suggest that future researchers need to consider other factors and to be careful in the study of contracting-out performance.
In sum, authors of the three articles have developed their studies by using important concepts in the New Public Management and related good governance approach. These include concerns about government efficiency and accountability, public-private partnerships, and privatization performance. The findings of these studied have provided evidences to test the implementation and the effect of privatization policy.
Privatization policy has been emphasized by policymakers and public managers to reduce the growth of government size and to improve the efficiency of public enterprises since the early 1980s. Taiwan's privatization policy has been developed to achieve its goals of economic liberalization and internalization policy. Privatization policy has been further promoted by policymakers to meet interests of Taiwan's political democratization movement. The implementation of privatization policy has produced various results that are useful for scholars to examine the validity of privatization arguments and to improve future management of privatization operations.
The three articles presented in this symposium have studied Taiwan's privatization policy from three different perspectives. The first article examined the privatization of a well-established SOE by focusing on such issues as management efficiency, organizational competition, bureaucratic corruption, and public interests. The second article studied the privatization of a new public enterprise by reviewing major institutional, financial, and collaboration issues in the implementation of BOT model. While the first two articles are case studies of individual public enterprises, the last article adopts a survey research approach to compare the perception of contract-out performance between government officials and private contractors. The findings of these articles have enhanced our knowledge about privatization policy and have contributed to the literature of privatization and public management.
Besides the issues identified in these studies, the implementation of privatization policy in Taiwan has also encountered several challenging issues resulting from environmental changes. For example, privatization policy has been emphasized by Chen's administration in the reforms of Taiwan's financial and bank institutions. But, there are many claims against Chen and his family for receiving funds from financial enterprises during the government's banking reforms. A recent government report indicated that questionable issues occurred in several business deals of the second financial reform, including Chinatrust Financial Holding Co acquiring a stake in bigger rival Meg, Taishin's acquisition of Chang Hwa Bank, a management reshuffle at China Development Financial, and Yuanta Financial's acquisition deal (Reuters, 2009). These and other illegal or unethical issues may be side problems resulting from Taiwan's unique political environment. The issues, however, do raise questions about the impact of domestic environment on the implementation of privatization policy. The issue is especially serious for developing countries or transitional societies because these countries in general do not have sound institutional and social capabilities to support the policy.
Finally, the effect of privatization policy will be influenced by the growing problems of recent global financial crisis originated from some developed countries (e.g., the United States). The financial crisis represents a challenge from the external environment and will affect the attraction of foreign capital investment in the implementation of privatization policy. How do the internal institutional shortcomings and the external financial crisis affect the privatization policy? Will the effect be different among developed and developing countries? Can we develop a general theoretical framework to test the validity of privatization policy? Future researchers may want to investigate these and other related issues to provide further evidences about the impact of privatization policy.
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Author affiliation:
University of Central Florida


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History: Arguments for and against drug prohibition
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EUGENE, Ore. — Jenny Simpson cruised through the first heat of the 1,500 meters at the Olympic trials Thursday evening with her mind on business and her heart back home.
The reigning world champion in the event and former CU star, Simpson lives in Monument and trains at the Air Force Academy. Her heart aches for those who have been affected by the Waldo Canyon fire.
"That's what we really should be talking about — as much attention to the Waldo Canyon fire as possible," said Simpson, who finished second in her heat and qualified easily for Friday's semifinals. "It's really scary - there's a lot of friends and family involved. My house is totally fine, we're going to be OK, we're east of (Interstate 25), but (it's) truly, truly a tragedy."
Simpson asked for donations to Save Colorado Now or the Red Cross.
"It's a scary thing to have so many friends out of their houses and potentially not going to be able to go home," Simpson said. "We have someone house-sitting and I feel like he's not giving us enough updates. I'm suspicious that everyone just wants me to focus on my racing here, and I will find out the state of my home when I get home."
There have been some pre-evacuations in the area where Simpson lives, but she is more worried for the entire Colorado Springs community.
"You know what? Everyone here should be concerned and should be checking in, because our Olympic Training Center is down there and a lot of people there have been affected," Simpson said. "A lot of the staff, some of them have lost their homes."
Simpson competed in the 2007 world championships and 2008 Beijing Olympics as a steeplechaser before leaving CU, but she switched to the 1,500 meters and won a gold medal last summer at the world's championships in Daegu, South Korea.
Four years ago, she was a solid favorite to make the Olympic team in the steeple. Now, even as a world champion, making the team won't be easy. In a sense, there's less pressure.
Photos: Olympics
"Four years ago, there was so much expectation," Simpson said. "My (personal record) was far out there, and there were three women that kind of separated themselves. I feel like that was worse than now, where there's five or six women with the A standard, and it's going to be a pure race. It's not like, 'Don't screw this up.' It's more like, 'Just go out and race,' and as long as I do what my fitness indicates, I'll walk off the track knowing I did all I could do to make the team."
Simpson set the American record in the steeplechase at the 2009 championships in Berlin, a record she still holds.
She's not running the steeple here, but she is rooting for two current Buffs who could make the Olympics in that event — Emma Coburn and Shalaya Kipp. The steeplechase finals are Friday night.
Coburn had the fastest time in prelims Monday night.
"I'm ecstatic," Simpson said. "I saw Emma at dinner (Wednesday) night. I told her '(Friday) is going to be one of the most memorable days of your life.' There's no doubt in my mind she's going to make the team and do well."
John Meyer: 303-954-1616 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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I now run a gardening club at a secondary school, where the compost heap in the school garden is rotting away merrily. Whilst developing our wildlife education, we have discovered a simple way to deal with the flying visitors... we have put up a bat nesting box on a nearby wall, and our little fellas eat anything that moves.
We have a pile of logs for our local hedgehog, who along with all the frogs who also live in the compost heap, help to keep our slugs on their toes (metaphorically!!)
So...... maybe an answer to your chianti floaters might be getting a little help from the other widife.
Good luck.
Reply to slug house. Try the copper tape you put round flower pots across the door threshold. I've never tried it, but it is supposed to create an electric shock to the moist bodies of the molluscs as they try to cross. I'd be interested to hear whether this works.


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NVR, Inc. Purchases Pittsburgh, PA Builder, Heartland Homes
RESTON, Va., Jan. 2, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- NVR, Inc. (NYSE: NVR) today announced that on December 31, 2012, NVR completed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Heartland Homes, Inc., the second largest homebuilder in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. For the year ended December 31, 2012, Heartland Homes closed approximately 400 homes. The company is currently active in 36 communities throughout the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, one community in Monongalia, West Virginia and one community in Raleigh, North Carolina.Heartland Homes markets primarily to move-up, discretionary homebuyers and has developed outstanding brand recognition in Pittsburgh. NVR will continue to market under the Heartland Homes name, which is a strong compliment to NVR's Ryan Homes business. Ryan Homes primarily serves 1 st time and 1 st time move-up homebuyers in the Pittsburgh market. Heartland's operating strategy, which includes pre-selling homes and purchasing finished lots from land developers, is consistent with NVR's "asset light" business model. In addition, NVR intends to expand the size of Heartland's business within the Pittsburgh market as the housing recovery continues over the next several years. Heartland Homes was founded in 1984 by Alan "Gus" Gillespie. Gus is the son-in-law of the late Ed Ryan, Founder of Ryan Homes in 1948. Gus' son, Edward Martin "Marty" Gillespie, became President of Heartland Homes in 2005. Marty will continue to manage the Heartland business. About NVR NVR, Inc. operates in two business segments: homebuilding and mortgage banking. The homebuilding unit sells and builds homes under the Ryan Homes, NVHomes, Fox Ridge Homes and Heartland Homes trade names, and operates in twenty-seven metropolitan areas in fifteen states. For more information about NVR, Inc. and its brands, see www.nvrinc.com, www.ryanhomes.com, www.nvhomes.com, www.foxridgehomes.com and www.heartlandcustomhomes.com. Some of the statements in this release made by the Company constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Certain, but not necessarily all, of such forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, such as "believes," "expects," "may," "will," "should," or "anticipates" or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology. All statements other than of historical facts are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements contained in this document include those regarding market trends, NVR's financial position, business strategy, the outcome of pending litigation, investigations or similar contingencies, projected plans and objectives of management for future operations. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results or performance of NVR to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Such risk factors include, but are not limited to the following: general economic and business conditions (on both a national and regional level); interest rate changes; access to suitable financing by NVR and NVR's customers; increased regulation in the mortgage banking industry; the ability of our mortgage banking subsidiary to sell loans it originates into the secondary market; competition; the availability and cost of land and other raw materials used by NVR in its homebuilding operations; shortages of labor; weather related slow-downs; building moratoriums; governmental regulation; fluctuation and volatility of stock and other financial markets; mortgage financing availability; and other factors over which NVR has little or no control. NVR undertakes no obligation to update such forward-looking statements except as required by law.
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Real Housewives of Orange County
New RHOC Star Lizzie Rovsek Used to Date Nick Lachey!
We're looking forward to meeting Real Housewives of Orange County newbie Lizzie Rovsek on Season 9 in the near future. But you may be surprised to know that Lizzie has already had a brush with fame when she dated Nick Lachey many years ago.
Lizzie, 34, is a former beauty pageant winner who was crowned Miss Kentucky Teen USA in 1998 and Miss Kentucky in 2002. In 2006, she dated Nick just after he separated from then-wife Jessica Simpson, although Lizzie and Nick's romance didn't last long. However, Nick and Lizzie were first linked back in January 2006, and Nick's divorce from Jessica wasn't finalized until June 2006. Scandalous!
Ready for a shocking coincidence? Lizzie — who back then was still going by her maiden name, Lizzie Arnold — competed in the Miss Teen USA pageant in 1998 that year but didn't place. But do you know who won the crown? It was Vanessa Minnillo, who later married Nick in 2011. Clearly, Nick has a thing for pageant winners!
As for Lizzie, she married real estate exec Christian Rovsek in 2009, and the couple has two sons, Preston and Kingston. Lizzie currently owns her own swimwear business called Sun Kitten Swimwear by Lizzie. So things have gone well for both Lizzie and Nick since their fling!
Are you surprised that Nick and Lizzie used to date?
Source: Radar Online


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Colorado Disc Sports Association
Supporting, Enhancing and Promoting Disc Sports Throughout Colorado.
Time: October 19, 2013 to October 20, 2013
Location: Colorado State University Campus
City/Town: Fort Collins, CO
Website or Map: http://www.wrightlife.com/fri…
Phone: email@example.com
Event Type: ultimate
Organized By: Heath Mackay
Latest Activity: Aug 18, 2013
Export to Outlook or iCal (.ics)
The 2013 Fright Flight Tournament will be held October 19-20, 2013 on the Colorado State University Campus in Fort Collins, Colorado. Format is 4/3 mixed. Costumes are required!!
Fright Flight was started in 1995 by Heath Mackay and Holly Wright. The tournament is a Halloween themed event that is certainly a sight to behold! Where else can you see a bunch of Oompa Loompas chasing after a piece of plastic without any mind altering substances.
Bids are now being accepted. Please contact Heath Mackay.
Every October, as many as 25 teams from all over Colorado and points beyond converge on the incredible town of Fort Collins for a weekend of spirited Ultimate Frisbee. Super Heros, men in drag, prom dates, fruit of the loom characters, pregant nuns and many other ghoulish creatures come together in peaceful harmony to celebrate this great holiday by running around on grassy fields trying to run, throw and score while wearing crazy costumes.
Whether you play Ultimate or just want to come see the spectacle for yourself, we hope you have the opportuntity experience Fright Flight!
© 2016 Created by Matt James. Powered by


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Madden NFL 12
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Who will it be? The Giants or the Patriots?
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May 5, 2016
A billboard company is offering to let homeowners use old signs to cover roofs still leaking from summer hurricanes.
The blue plastic government tarps covering many Florida homes since the four hurricanes hit are leaking from age, worn out by wind and exposure to the sun.
Federal officials have said they have no more to give out, leaving many low-income homeowners to plead with United Way and other organizations for help as they wait for repairs.
Lamar Outdoor Advertising is offering to donate vinyl strips from about 900 discontinued billboards and says it can get thousands more if needed.
The billboard vinyl is a thicker, heavy-duty polyvinylchloride that can take the weather's abuse day in and day out.
Homeowners can put the advertisements face up or face down.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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I dusted a post I wrote a couple of years ago as I thought it worthy to reopen this issue. Have sites like Facebook and LinkedIn made us impatient? Is developing relationships in 140 characters or less even possible?
It seems the ongoing increase in popularity of online social media websites has changed our expectations about how we should communicate. However, while the result may indeed be an unprecedented increase in the amount of online communications, these days it is questionable if we have anything to show for it…at least in terms of forming more valuable connections in our networking.
It is true that online social networking does bring about a quicker response when it comes to seeking to form new relationships, compared to the seemingly laborious efforts of the pre-internet age. But is it making us lazy? After all, truly effective communication still requires the time and effort necessary to source and leverage valuable relationships.
Fostering relationships offline may be longer and harder, but it is typically far more effective. The tools of the Internet have not replaced the importance of in-person communication, but as social networking tools, they have offered a preliminary and highly effective first step by providing a wider reach in which to effectively pursue networking.
For social networking to be effective it needs to encapsulate a two-step process. The first essential piece is access to social resources, followed by the second: utilization thereof.
Social networking websites are the tools that provide the means of "access" to a wider, online audience. However, truly effective and valuable networking does not end at this online stage. The fact that you have access to social networking resources does not mean you can utilize the resource found in them.
Indeed, an increasing number of us these days are lacking in this department, having become increasingly dependent on the wide reach of the internet to 'do our work for us' and thus are missing the skills to leverage even our existing social networks, much less one that has been expanded online. The failure to utilize or "leverage our social networks" is not a permanent problem, however. The good news is that it is a "teachable" skill and perhaps the simplest approach is to take the concept of networking to the conscious level – that is, align what we want to accomplish to contacts in our network.
The bottom line is that, once learned, the ability to leverage an expanding social network will bring about the very results we seek from networking in the first place. We are still the crux to our own success in networking and, regardless of the alluring promise of the vast online reach readily available through social networking tools, nothing can ever replace the 'human effect' in communicating with one another.
Networking effectively is a skill we still need to learn to do well, if we are to maximize the potential of our social networks beyond a mere online 'friend' or 'follower' tally.
How do you teach networking? Would love to hear about it.


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Right to privacy versus artistic expression
I won't waste half of this entry rehashing the Allure nightclub story. It's been covered to death in this region and you all know about the sexually provocative photos that were taken and posted online.
The club was subsequently closed by the NLC, for reasons that are still not clear.
After all that coverage and commentary, I was left with one unanswered question: how is Kirill, the self-described "slut whisperer," able to post such images without written consent of his subjects?
When I worked in the agency world, we produced a lot of print and video advertisements for clients. Many models were used in these productions and in every case, signed release forms were obtained from models. This was a big deal. If we didn't get a signed release, the image was not used. Our firm's legal counsel was adamant about this.
So how is it that signed permission is required for something as innocuous as a newspaper ad, while a lewd photographer can photograph partially nude young people and post their images online, with no apparent permission at all?
I couldn't reconcile the two, so I contacted David Fraser, a lawyer with McInnis Cooper and one of Canada's leading internet, technology and privacy lawyers.
First, Fraser noted that the incident took place in a nightclub, where there is a diminished expectation of privacy. The legality of posting such photos hinges largely on whether the image is used commercially or for journalistic or artistic purposes.
"It depends on the circumstance and the purpose of the photograph," Fraser said, adding that there are federal and provincial privacy laws in place to protect us against unreasonable invasion of privacy.
"If I were a citizen or journalist and took a photo of people in a bar, doing whatever people do in bars, they likely would not be able to sue, at least not successfully, because it wouldn't be an invasion of privacy… Advertising purposes are different… You cannot use somebody's image for advertising purposes without their permission."
To cut to the chase: signed permission is not necessary when photos are taken for artistic or journalistic reasons, but absolutely compulsory if taken for commercial purposes. Like it or not, Kirill's output would be considered "artistic works" by a court of law.
But if Kirill decides at some point to sell compilations of his work, as DVDs or digital downloads, wouldn't that be considered "commercial" purposes?
"It might be," Fraser said. "It's on the line. I hesitate to say something here that might be interpreted as legal advice. Artists have historically sold their work. That is how they make their living. And because they do that, does that make it 'commercial use'? And I think there is an argument to make that no, it doesn't, that's simply part of being an artist. Artists would otherwise be relegated to the sphere of producing their work and giving it away – they have to make a living at it… Now if the bar owner was taking these pictures that were part and parcel of their commercial operation, you could also get into a messy sort of area – did the bar owner hire the photographer to take the pictures to promote the bar, in which case that could be considered commercial. So it's very fact-specific and you end up in a sort of gray area."
Complicating matters is the fact that subjects appear to be posed in most photos.
"They don't appear to be candid. So it would likely be the case that the people whose photos were being taken knew they were being taken, and by posing for them they've implicitly consented to have their photo taken. Whether you can say they've consented to every anticipated use of it, I don't think so, but certainly on the artistic purpose side that may cover his base."
Another layer of complexity: Kirill's web site is hosted in the United States, an entirely different legal jurisdiction.
"There's a cross border aspect that makes it more challenging," Fraser said. "Even if you had a basis in Canada to have a picture taken down, the guy is not in Canada so a Canadian court order will not mean much to him."
I noted that people reacted with outrage to this story, and most viewed it as exploitation – not art. There was a suggestion in the early days of this story that some people photographed were under-age, so I asked Fraser a hypothetical question: what if an under-age person was photographed nude in this setting?
"You've raised a whole host of issues. To be exploitative, I don't think that disqualifies it as being art. Certainly I understand that the prurient and exploitative nature of this – and frankly a lot of stuff that the photographer says is misogynist, and he actually acknowledges that he is misogynist – is offensive. I find it offensive, though other people may not. But when it comes to the child pornography side of it, if people are under the age of 18 and are exposing themselves, then it arguably qualifies as being child pornography, and the creation, possession and dissemination of it is criminal. There wouldn't be any criminal responsibility on behalf of the young person, it would be on behalf of the person who photographs and disseminates it."
To summarize, there is likely no legal recourse here for any of the young women who were photographed, presuming they are of legal age – those images will be online pretty much forever.
"One good thing," Fraser added, "is that they don't name people in most of these photos (at Kirill's site) and prospective employers are usually searching by name."
The bottom line, Fraser says, is to be careful whenever you are out in social settings. Smartphone cameras are everywhere and virtually all are just a touchscreen away from the Internet.
"I think people need to exercise good judgment. I think I'm going to sound like an old man – and I don't think I'm that old, just level-headed – but because of the nature of my practice I've seen many circumstances where information that people have put online, or allowed to be put online, has come back to haunt them in a significant way. The reality of the situation is that the Internet creates almost a permanent record. It is very difficult once information is there to have it taken down… You just need to be aware and mindful of the long term consequences. Frankly, I'm glad that when I was 18 and illegally going to bars that there weren't photographers and the Internet at the time. There might have been photographers (present) but all those pictures are tucked away somewhere. So when you look for information about me online it's all stuff as an adult… nothing that would be disparaging, problematic or embarrassing that would be an impediment to me getting a job. That's not necessarily the case for young people today."


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New York Wine
Feb 2003 Issue of Wine Business Monthly
About 10 years ago, a winemaker in upstate New York told me his fervent wish was that one of the airplanes that passed overhead each day would land nearby, bringing a celebrity like Barbra Streisand who would then buy a winery and focus public attention on an overlooked region.It hasn't happened. In the interim, however, winery growth in upstate New York and downstate on Long Island has been exponential. Wineries in the newer region, with greater proximity to Manhattan, have benefited from the i...
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Aqueon Versa Top's not fitting.
I bought Aqueon Versa Tops for my 75g at my LFS but they don't fit. The box says that they are for 75g, 90g and 110x with center brace. Mine is a 75g with the center brace. Each side of the tank opening is 22 3/4in and the glass top is only 22in. They pretty much fall right through. Has anyone else had this problem?
Are you sure they are made for the tank you have? If the tank is Aqueon then they should fit.
The tank is a Marine land.
Then you need to get Marineland tops for them.
Tazman- After some research I found that different brands make different size glass tops. Stupid if you ask me but I returned them to my LFS for the Marineland version and they fit great.
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Yamato, on 01 March 2013 - 10:33 PM, said:
We don't have any of that. Nothing has been solved since 2008. We've just borrowed over our problems and dug ourselves deeper into the same ditch. When Wall St. is going to the moon Alice, everyone is complacent and nobody cares. Wall St. seems to dictate everyone's attitudes and it has put you into a deep deep sleep. If a panic is all our real economic problem is, that's on its way. We haven't prevented any future panic, we've guaranteed the future panic is going to be far more massive than 2008's.
There is no way for anyone to prove what you have just asserted. No man living or dead could know what would have happened had the government not intervened. But historically speaking the most likely result would have been another great depression like situation. A run on banks, far greater unemployment than we currently have, no credit available for anyone for a long time, shrinking businesses, extreme deflation, etc. The great depression is the closest thing we can look at to try and figure out what could have happened had the government not stepped in. Only time will tell if we crash and burn as a result of what was done in 2008 or not. But we were borrowing more money as a ratio to GDP in WWII and look at the booming 50's. It could go either way still, only time will truly tell. Although sadly I agree with you that most likely we will crash and burn.


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Annotations for
Lego Movie : Junior Novel
Baker & Taylor
The first ever LEGO® movie, coming to the big screen in February 2014, is a hilarious adventure in which Emmet, an ordinary LEGO minifigure, is mistakenly thought to be an extraordinary Master Builder and is recruited to join a quest to stop an evil tyrant (Lord Business) from gluing the universe together, thus destroying creativity.
The first ever LEGO(R) movie hits the big screen February 7, 2014! This animated, family-friendly movie has an all-star voice cast.
This exciting junior novel retelling includes 8 pages of color photos from the movie!
Emmet Brickowski is just your average, everyday LEGO® Minifigure. He's a normal guy who likes to do normal stuff - watch TV, go to work, eat hot wings, and listen to everyone's favorite song, "Everything is Awesome."
But all that changes one fateful day when Emmet accidently discovers the Piece of Resistance. It turns out Emmet's not so average after all - there's even a prophecy about him! Does this ordinary guy have what it takes to become an extraordinary hero and save the universe?
The LEGO® Movie is being produced and distributed in conjunction with Warner Bros and has an all-star cast including Chris Pratt (Emmet), Will Ferrell (Lord Business), Elizabeth Banks (Wyldstyle), Liam Neeson (Bad Cop), Allison Brie (UniKitty), Nick Offerman (Metal Beard), Morgan Freeman (Vitruvius), and Will Arnett (Batman).


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It appears as if writer-director Quentin Tarantino is going back to the well once again to flesh out the cast of his latest movie, Django Unchained, a "Southern" about a freed slave named Django (Jamie Foxx) who attempts to rescue his wife (as-yet-uncast) from the plantation of Calvin Candie (played by Leonardo DiCaprio), a sadistic slave owner who enjoys watching his slaves fight to the death.
The cast already includes Tarantino alumni Christoph Waltz (Inglourious Basterds) as a German bounty hunter who helps Django track down his wife and Samuel L. Jackson (Pulp Fiction, Jackie Brown) as a proud house slave named Stephen. Now, THR reports Kurt Russell (Death Proof) is in talks to play Ace Woody, the evil slave trainer that Kevin Costner was going to play before he dropped out due to scheduling conflicts, while Laura Cayouette (Kill Bill, Vol. 2) has joined the cast as the widowed sister of Calvin Candie and co-owner of the plantation.
Tarantino has ofted cited his love of "Spaghetti Westerns" and elements of the filmmaking style of Sergio Leone and other directors in the genre are evident in most of his movies, but Django Unchained will be his first overt stab at the genre. The most obvious inspiration for Django Unchained is Sergio Corbucci's 1966 Spaghetti Western Django, which was controversial in its day for its depictions of extreme violence — Tarantino borrowed the ear-severing scene that so traumatized audiences in Reservoir Dogs from Django — and is considered one of the seminal movies in the genre. Django has inspired more than thirty unofficial sequels and one official sequel, the 1987 movie Django 2: Il Grande Ritorno (Django 2: The Great Return), in which Franco Nero reprised the eponymous role.
Tarantino is expected to begin shooting Django Unchained in November. The Weinstein Company has tentatively slated it for release on December 25, 2012.


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|My first coloured pencil portrait
|My first coloured pencil portrait
My name is Quynh and I'm currently 19 years old.
One of my passions is art. I've always loved art but I started creating stuff seriously (drawing in particular) at age 14. I never had any lessons and DevianArt has been a key figure in my learning process. Since then I haven't stopped and I'm aspiring to become a professional artist. At the moment I started studying Illustration at the art academy, Willem de Kooning Academy
Besides art, music is also my passion. I'ts one of my biggest inspirations and I really enjoy listening and creating music. I started playing keyboard at the age of 7, switched to playing piano around age 13 and added playing guitar a few years ago. I like to sing as well and try to write music now and then.
This is all you need to know about me and I hope you'll enjoy my works. Feel free to ask questions.


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- Jan 14:
- Controversial Pinnacol CEO Ross resigns in "mutual decision"
- May 8:
- Former Pinnacol employee rejected as member of worker-comp company board
- Mar 14:
- Thought left for dead, the Pinnacol Assurance privatization deal remains in the works
- Jan 27:
- Colorado Gov. Hickenlooper recommends Pinnacol privatization with tweaks
- Jan 24:
- Pinnacol Assurance, beset with criticism, suspends ads for privatization
- Jan 18:
- Colorado groups say Pinnacol ads touting privatization violate lobbying moratorium
- Dec 16:
- Task force questions Colorado's share in Pinnacol privatization plan
The state-chartered workers' compensation insurer, Pinnacol Assurance, on Wednesday promised to re-evaluate its travel policies after 7News revealed board members recently took a lavish trip to Pebble Beach, Calif., on the firm's dime.
Denver's KMGH-TV found that three board members, Pinnacol chief executive Ken Ross and 10 of the company's top performers traveled to California for a five-day wine-and-golf getaway.
The revelation prompted a bipartisan cadre of lawmakers to seek the resignations of Ross and the traveling board members.
Gov. Bill Ritter said Thursday that he's "disappointed" in the insurer's behavior, but he declined to say whether he thought Pinnacol leaders should step aside.
"They've been in the vortex of a very heated debate. To travel to Pebble Beach to spend the kind of Pinnacol dollars they did is something that demonstrates poor judgment," Ritter said.
Though the governor appoints the insurer's oversight board, he does not have the power to dismiss members.
Calls to Pinnacol board chairman Gary Johnson and board member Debra Lovejoy, who went on the trip, were not returned. The third, Ryan Hettich, declined to discuss the trip.
"Although agent recognition events are standard in the insurance industry and are employed by the companies Pinnacol competes with in the Colorado marketplace, we will reevaluate with the board such recognition practices to ensure they conform to the highest professional standards," Ross said in a statement released Thursday.
Ross also apologized for his aggressive behavior toward 7News reporter Tony Kovaleski, to whom he said, "You point your finger at me again, and I'm going to break it," when a news crew approached Pinnacol leaders on the Pebble Beach golf course.
State Sen. Scott Renfroe, R-Greeley, said he understands that top employees should be rewarded, but he questioned why board members traveled to Pebble Beach as well.
House Rep. Sal Pace, D-Pueblo, wants Ross' resignation, citing his behavior toward Kovaleski, a history of lavish spending by Pinnacol and Ross' refusal to release records detailing the cost of the Pebble Beach excursion.
The case is now in court, where Pinnacol attorneys have argued the information is proprietary.
"It's insulting to Coloradans' intelligence to claim that a golf trip constitutes 'trade secrets,' " Pace said. "Does Ken Ross have a 9-iron that helps Pinnacol stay competitive in the workers' comp market?"
Pinnacol was established by state statute to serve as Colorado's insurer of last resort. It enjoys a series of tax breaks as a quasi-public entity.
Backed by Ritter's office, Pinnacol offered the state $330 million this year in exchange for a greater degree of autonomy, but Senate leaders refused to consider the idea.
Pinnacol also came under state scrutiny in 2009 when lawmakers considered tapping $500 million of the insurer's then-$700 million surplus to balance Colorado's budget.
Legislators abandoned that plan but formed a special committee to examine the insurer's business practices, including the expenses of its executives and board members. A state audit of Pinnacol is due to be released June 7.
Tim Hoover contributed to this report. Jessica Fender: 303-954-1244 or email@example.com


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What the sais lack in range, they make up for in power. the Ninja Turtle's Raphael toy Sais for Boys are Raphael's weapon of choice against the foot clan. These dagger like weapons are sure to make any Raphael costume complete.
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Existing-home sales in the Midwest rose 5.8 percent in July to a pace of 1.28 million, and are 20.8 percent higher than a year ago. The median price in the Midwest was $168,300, which is 9.5 percent above July 2012.
In the South, existing-home sales increased 5.0 percent to an annual level of 2.11 million in July and are 16.6 percent above July 2012. The median price in the South was $183,400, up 13.6 percent from a year ago.
Existing-home sales in the West rose 6.6 percent to a pace of 1.29 million in July and are 13.2 percent higher than a year ago. The median price in the West, driven the most by a supply imbalance, was $287,500, which is 19.2 percent above July 2012.
For more information, visit www.houselogic.com, realtor.org, and http://retradio.com.
Interested in more details on this topic? Click here!
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Preparing for MRI
Read our Pink Purpose
Just two years ago, mammograms were the be-all and end-all for detecting and treating breast cancer at Columbus Regional Hospital.
Women who wanted breast magnetic resonance imaging — a noninvasive procedure that uses a magnetic field, radio frequencies and a computer to produce detailed pictures inside the breast — had to go to larger cities like Indianapolis.
Today, however, the test is available at Columbus Regional and the Breast Health Center.
Dr. Jay Jones, a radiologist at the health center, said the hospital already had MRI machines but spent thousands of dollars to modify them for breast imaging.
The process has pros and cons compared with traditional mammography.
Mammography, which uses X-rays instead of magnets, is less expensive, takes less time and is better at detecting cancer during routine screening, Jones said.
Breast MRI involves less breast compression and provides doctors with a better look at the extent of any cancer.
Mammography generates two-dimensional pictures for doctors to examine, while MRI shows all the cross sections, Jones said.
Unlike mammography, MRI involves injecting a contrasting agent that gives doctors an idea of a tumor's size based on blood flow.
Benefits of the injections are obvious. But a big disadvantage compared to mammograms is that the process involves the injections at all.
Columbus Regional and the Breast Health Center use MRI most commonly to determine the extent of cancer before surgery, Jones said.
He said mammography is the better choice for screening. People can choose mammography without breast MRI, he said, but should never do MRI by itself.
The Breast Health Center has performed about 50 breast MRIs a year since the service began in 2009, Jones said. The center performs perhaps 8,000 mammography screenings per year.
"Mammography definitely is a lot more popular," Jones said, "but it's nice to be able to give our patients another option."


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