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articals on ich reatment
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articals on ich reatment
articals on ich reatment
Ich: An old cure for an old disease
By Terry Ranson
From Vol. 2, No. 2, The Newsletter of The Tri-State Aquarium Society, January 2000
Probably the most common disease among fish is ich. But, what do you really know about this organism?
Ich is short for the name of a ciliated protozoan of the genus
. Ich is usually present all the time in aquaria in small numbers, just like germs are in the air we breathe. However, when a fish suffers from extreme stress, such as a sudden drop in temperature, its resistance is lowered and it becomes vulnerable to diseases. Ich outbreaks also occur after the introduction of new fish to an established aquarium.
Ich is free-swimming until it attaches itself to the skin of a fish. Under a microscope, the organism is easily seen and identified, even under low magnification. It looks like a round, rolling mass. According to John Gratsbek, et al, in the book Aquariology, The Science of Fish Health Management (Tetra Press), ich is one of the few fish parasites completely surrounded by cilia. The organism's U-shaped nucleus is often visible under a microscope.
Once the free-swimming ich reaches a fish, it attaches to the outer layer of the skin of the host fish. The ich organism then forms a tough outer shell, or
, while it feeds on the fish's bodily fluids. This encysted stage, called a
, grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Each theront appears as a tiny white spot on the fish. Severe ich infestations make fish appear as if they are covered with salt. After the theronts grow to a certain size, they break through the skin and drop off the fish. As they fall, they attach to the bottom or sides of the aquarium, or to plants, gravel, decorations, tubing or any other stationary object. Theronts then begin their reproductive stage, and are then called a
, also known as a
. The attached trophozoites then begin producing the infective, free-swimming stage. Hundreds more free-swimming ich organisms, called
, can arise in less than a day and a half, and they in turn re-infect the fish in your aquarium.
In nature, ich is not much of a problem. There are large numbers of fish to which tomites can attach. And with the greater amount of water volume, it's likely that many ich organisms do not even find a host. However, in a closed system like an aquarium, ich re-infects the same fish over and over, resulting in severe infestations. That's why it can be such a problem.
While ich is encysted on the fish, no medicine can affect it. But once it's free-swimming, it can be killed. Since the life cycle of ich takes at least three days at 80 degrees to complete, ich must be treated for at least four days. I prefer to treat for a week.
Although many aquarists use rather harsh chemicals to kill off Ich, I prefer more natural methods:
- Ich dislikes warm water, so I immediately bring the water up to 85-88 degrees.
- Since warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cool water, I also increase the aeration by adding air stones. Another reason for added aeration is that ich infects the gills of fish as well as the outer skin. We only see ich on the skin of fish, and assume that's what's making them so sick. But my personal belief is that gill infestation by ich is the main cause of suffering and death in aquarium fish. I believe this damage to the delicate gill tissue suffocates fish, which either kills them outright or leads to lethal secondary infections. An increase in dissolved oxygen brought about by vigorous aeration may mean the difference in life or death to your fish.
- Along with a temperature change and added aeration, I usually add about one teaspoon of canning & pickling salt per gallon to the water to help the fish recover from the stress caused by the disease by reducing osmotic pressure, enabling the fish's own immune system to fight back. Salt is also harmful to ich.
- Water changes are extremely important in fighting ich outbreaks. Using a gravel washer, I do a 50 percent water change on a daily basis. This eliminates a great number of trophozoites and tomites from the aquarium.
- While I prefer not to use chemicals to treat any disease, developments over the past few years have left me little choice. The ich we contend with today are particularly virulent strains because, in my opinion, so many hobbyists, and, more importantly, pet shop owners/employees, have used chemicals and antibiotics instead of good hygiene to treat disease. What I refer to as hygiene is simply hard work: i.e. water changes, heat, added aeration and salt. When that is insufficient, I use Rid-Ich, which is a commercially available medicine consisting of zinc-free malachite green and formalin. I've found this to be highly effective in treating ich.
If your fish recover from ich, they may not get it again. There is evidence that fish become resistant to ich after they survive the initial infection, so fish which recover from an ich infestation should be less likely to contract the disease at a later time. However, I would still recommend a three-week quarantine period for all newly purchased fish.
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Understanding and Treating Ich or White Spot
by Shelli Wittig (aka Fishgal)
This is a common parasite which most aquarists eventually encounter. Even if you follow quarantine procedures you may at some point acquire an infected fish, which should be treated before being introduced into your main aquarium. The good news is that if handled correctly, this disease can be easily and permanently eliminated.
What Is It?: The scientific name for this nuisance is
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
, or "ich/ick" for short. It is the largest known ciliated protozoan found on fishes. It appears on the body and fins as tiny white dots resembling grains of salt; hence the other nickname, "white spot disease." These white spots may join together to form white patches. Other signs of infestation can include excessive flashing (rubbing against the substrate or decorations), labored breathing, clamped fins, loss of appetite, lethargic and/or reclusive behavior, and hovering near filter returns. Keep in mind, however, that all of these symptoms are common with fish in distress and do not point directly to Ich. As a matter of fact, flashing often occurs after routine water changes due simply to a fluctuation in general hardness.
Ich has
three life stages
, which are important to understand for proper diagnosis and treatment.
When the parasite is visible to the naked eye, it is a nearly fully developed
which has burrowed under the fish's mucus coating where it is protected from chemicals (medication). It has likely been feeding on the body fluid of the fish for several days and has swelled to many times its original size. At common aquarium temperatures of 75 to 80ºF this feeding stage lasts only a few days, at which point the fully developed cyst drops off the fish as a tomont.
may swim for several hours before settling on and attaching to the substrate, a plant, or some other surface. During that time it is susceptible to chemicals and medication will be effective. Once attached, it begins its reproductive stage. It encysts and begins rapidly dividing. At this point, it is again immune to chemicals. Within a few days, hundreds of new organisms burst from the cyst, sprout cilia and start swimming in search of a host.
These are now referred to as
, and they must find a host within a few days or they will die. (For this reason, we know that even an aquarium heavily infested with Ich would be "clean" and safe for new fish after only a week or two without fish in the tank.) Medication is effective at this stage. Once the thermont attaches to a host and burrows in, it is referred to as a trophont and the cycle begins again. Unfortunately, with each cycle the number of organisms in the tank increases dramatically.
Left untreated, Ich is almost certainly fatal. Infected fish are weakened by the ever growing number of parasites feeding on them. Secondary bacteria and fungi attack more easily. Trophonts on the gills eventually restrict oxygen flow and respiration is hindered. The ailing fish will ultimately succumb either to the infestation itself or a secondary condition.
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How Do I Prevent It?: I came into the research phase of this article with certain
about this parasite. It is a commonly held belief that the Ichthyophthirius organism is
always present in your aquarium
and needs only the right opportunity, such as stress resulting in a weakened immune function, to attack your fish. Surprisingly, I found no scientific data to support that claim. Credible sources state that there is no long-term dormant stage this parasite can exist in. While its lifecycle is longer at low temperatures (like that of an outdoor pond in a cooler climate), at average home aquarium temperatures this parasite would likely complete a lifecycle in less than a week. Considering that a single organism produces hundreds (if not thousands) of offspring, the logical question is "where would they all go?" Dr. Peter Burgess, writing for
Practical Fishkeeping
magazine (who also co-authored the book entitled
A to Z of Tropical Fish Diseases and Health Problems
), refers to the dormant concept as "rubbish."
The proliferation of this myth could be due to the fact that it is possible for a strong, healthy fish to resist severe infestations, especially if it was infected previously and developed some resistance. While the organisms attach easily to the gills of most fish (where they cannot be seen), the body may be sufficiently protected by a tougher mucus coating. Such a fish could serve as an asymptomatic carrier; potentially hosting many lifecycles without showing any visible signs. When introduced to a new tank it brings the parasite with it. Scaleless fish such as loaches and catfish often show symptoms first, but most likely every fish in the tank will eventually be infected; if not visibly on the body, on the gills at the very least.
It stands to reason that a stressed fish with a weakened immune function is an easy host, but only if the parasite is present in the tank to begin with. That brings us back to how to prevent it, now that we know it is
lurking in every aquarium waiting to strike. Here are few guidelines:
Never buy fish from a tank where
fish show signs of disease.
Quarantine new fish for 14-21 days
and observe for any signs of illness. Do not take "low dosage" preventative measures against quarantined fish (such as half the recommended medication dosage) as this would only spare the organisms
most resistant
to medication. If you're going to treat, do a full treatment just as you would if you were certain the fish was infected.
If you do not quarantine (not everyone has an extra tank set up), after floating the bag and adding small amounts of your tank water to acclimate the new fish, gently empty the bag into a net (working over a bucket) and then place the netted fish in the aquarium.
Never add the water from the travel bag to your aquarium
as it could contain Ich thermonts or other dangerous organisms. Still, your fish could have trophonts on the gills or on the body which have not swelled enough yet to be visible. You're gambling with the health of all your fish if you don't quarantine.
If you keep multiple tanks,
use separate nets for each tank
let your net dry completely
between uses. Ich cannot survive being dried out.
Buy plants only from tanks without fish
, or quarantine plants for 5-7 days without fish, or bathe plants in potassium permanganate before putting them in the main tank (unfortunately this can be hard on the plants).
If your tank does become infected, be
accurate and thorough with treatment
to ensure total eradication. It only takes a single surviving trophont to reproduce and start the whole ugly process again.
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How Do I Treat It?: There are many over-the-counter medications for ich. They all boil down to a few common ingredients, each of which has a downside. In addition, Ich outbreaks often accompany cycling problems and it is difficult to keep up with frequent small water changes (to minimize ammonia and nitrite levels) while dosing with a medication that advises
to do any water changes during treatment. With that said, I'll start by recommending my first two choices for treatment, which are more "natural" (or at least less "chemical") and should be easier on your fish, your biological filter, and your wallet.
Raised Temperature: There are two schools of thought regarding raising the temperature of the water to treat ich.
The first approach is used simply to
speed up the lifecycle
of the parasite, since whatever medication you choose will only be effective on the free-swimming tomonts and thermonts. It is understood that at temps above 75ºF, for example, an entire lifecycle can be complete in less than 4 days. (In contrast, it can take more than 5 weeks at temps below 45ºF, such as you might find in an outdoor pond.) Slowly raising the temperature a few degrees above normal (to approximately 80 - 82ºF) will do the trick, and you can treat accordingly with salt or a medication (see below). Always maintain good surface agitation, especially with a higher temperature.
The second approach is to actually
destroy the organism with heat
, and can be combined with the salt treatment below,
but not with meds
. The data I studied (including a report by the Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, which is currently archived
) suggests that most strains of Ich cannot reproduce at temperatures above 85�F. To use this treatment approach, slowly (no more than 1 or 2 degrees per hour) raise the temperature to 86�F, while maintaining strong continuous surface agitation to oxygenate the water. This is extremely important because water holds less O2 at higher temperatures. (This is why meds should not be used in conjunction with high temp � most Ich treatment products
reduce oxygen levels. Less available oxygen, combined with the respiration difficulties an infected fish is already faced with, could be fatal.) You can angle powerheads up toward the surface, or lower your water level to get a little extra splash from your filter return. As with any treatment, observe your fish closely for signs of stress (labored breathing, erratic behavior) and reduce the temperature slowly if necessary. (
A note to the wary; my Malawi haps and clown loaches endured a temperature of 88�F for 10 days with apparent ease � I never detected the slightest hint of distress � and the Ich was completely wiped out. One article that I read suggests the temperature be raised to 90�F!
The adjusted temperature should be maintained for approximately 10 days, or a
minimum of 3 days after
all signs of the parasite have disappeared.
Do not discontinue treatment when the spots go away
. This is critical, because we know that they are visible only as a trophont on the body of the host, and not during the reproductive or free-swimming stage. We also know that trophonts on the gills are impossible to see.
One last note on raised temperature treatment
: If you follow the directions here thoroughly and have a subsequent outbreak without having added new fish or plants, you may need to try a different approach. It is possible to encounter a resistant strain of ichthyophthirius, as there have been rare instances recorded where the organism survived at 92ºF!
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Salt: Salt is frequently recommended for treating a myriad of fish diseases, especially those involving external protozoa and fungi.
What kind of salt?
We are not talking about "marine salt" or "cichlid salt" (both of which typically contain a blend of mineral salts and trace elements specially formulated for aquarium use to simulate ocean or rift lake water chemistry). You want sodium chloride (NaCl). "Aquarium salt" is the most widely used form because it does not contain the iodine or anti-caking agents that table salt does. I will say, however, that several credible sources assert that the minute amount of additives in table salt are harmless. Robert T. Ricketts, writing for
online magazine, puts it best with "any water-living vertebrate would be pickled in brine well before toxic concentrations of iodine could be reached." Still, others offer strong warnings about the dangers of iodine and prussiate of soda (an anti-caking agent) and suggest "canning salt" as a cheaper alternative to aquarium salt. Make your own choice, but since I've heard only warnings and no actual accounts of fish death by table salt, I assume it's most likely the 'better safe than sorry' principle at work here. "Sea salt" is another option, and is generally available in nutrition stores because it is considered a more "natural" form of salt. It does not contain iodine, but may have anti-caking agents. I have used it in my aquariums without incident.
Can my fish handle salt?
I wrote this article with African rift lake cichlids in mind, and I have successfully exposed my Malawi haps and clown loaches to a salt treatment without any problems. But these fish are accustomed to fairly hard water with a high pH. It is my understanding that species preferring soft water will not tolerate salt as well. If you keep soft water fish, please do your homework before proceeding with salt.
How much?
I visited websites and read articles on treating Ich in generic freshwater fish, food fish, guppies, loaches, and African rift lake cichlids to name a few. I encountered dosage recommendations ranging from about 1.75 tablespoons to 6 tablespoons salt per 5 gallons of water. One rift lake cichlid importer/breeder uses "1 handful" of salt per 5 gallons of water. I concluded that my fish can probably tolerate more salt than I think, at least on a short-term basis. Based on everything that I've read to date, I would feel comfortable adding 2-3 tablespoons salt per 5 gallons if I were also using the high temperature treatment outlined above. If I were using salt alone, I would work my way up to 4-5 tablespoons per 5 gallons. We don't want to skimp on our treatment if we hope to permanently eliminate this pest. Salt should be added slowly over the course of 24-48 hours or so (always dissolve in a small container of tank water first). Keep a close eye on your fish and perform an immediate water change if they show any additional signs of stress (beyond what the Ich is already causing).
How long?
The salt bath should be maintained for approximately 10 days, or for at least
3 days after
any visible signs of Ich can be detected.
Do not discontinue treatment when the spots go away.
If you use a higher dosage of salt, watch the duration more closely. One article (on guppies) specifically stated not to leave the fish in salt longer than ten days, but their dosage recommendation was on the high end at 5 tablespoons per 5 gallons.
What else should I do?
The salt bath can be used on its own, or in conjunction with a temperature adjustment as described in the section above. A water change can be performed during the salt treatment (but is not necessary unless nitrates are creeping up to an undesirable level). Be sure to salt the replacement water accordingly to maintain salinity. Gravel vacuuming is also helpful to remove as many tomonts as possible before they can release offspring. Again, this is not absolutely necessary since the salt should destroy the free-swimming thermonts upon their release.
At the end of the treatment, do several large (40-50%) water changes with dechlorinated unsalted water to reduce the salinity to normal.
One last note on salt treatments:
If you follow the directions here thoroughly and have a subsequent outbreak without having added new fish or plants, you may need to try a different approach. It is possible to encounter a resistant strain of ichthyophthirius, as there have been rare instances recorded where the organism survived in water salted at more than 5 tablespoons per 5 gallons.
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Traditional Medications: As stated previously, there are many products available for treating ich. Whatever you choose, be sure to:
Read the label thoroughly
for dosage information, special instructions, and warnings related to your own health and that of your plants, invertebrates, and scaleless or sensitive species of fish.
Perform a water change
and vacuum the gravel before medicating. Most meds are less effective with excessive dissolved organics (nitrates) present and you're often instructed not to change any water during treatment.
Remove the carbon
from your filter.
Maintain good surface agitation and water movement.
This is always important, but it is absolutely critical when raising your water temperature and administering meds – both of which reduce the oxygen content of the water and can kill your fish if care is not taken. For that reason, it is
advisable to raise the temperature more than 2 degrees above normal when using any of the following Ich treatment products.
Continue treatment for the duration advised.
Because of the lifecycle of the parasite it is critical that you continue treatment for a minimum of 3 days after any visible signs of Ich can be detected. Do not discontinue treatment when the spots go away. If the instructions advise you to retreat, do so.
Disregard grandiose claims.
Some products claim to "cure ick within 24 hours." Based on what we know about the lifecycle of this parasite, that is simply not possible.
Copper-based medications
are commonly recommended for treating ich. Some brand names include
® by Mardel,
General Cure
® by Aquarium Pharmaceuticals, and
®. Look for the active ingredient "copper sulfate" or "soluble copper salts." Copper does not stain and is highly recommended by some aquarists. It does have drawbacks, however. It causes oxygen concentration to drop, it is toxic to snails and invertebrates, it may not be tolerated well by scaleless fish and plants, and like any chemical, it can certainly be toxic to your fish especially if dosed incorrectly. Apparently the toxicity increases as total alkalinity (KH) decreases. This would suggest that copper-based meds may be better suited for use with African rift lake cichlids than with soft water fish from low pH/KH conditions. But beware; if you should have a drop in your pH while using copper your fish could perish.
Potassium Permanganate
has been suggested as an alternative to copper for treating ich, especially in soft water fish. It is primarily used in ponds, and is not in my opinion the best choice for aquarium use. It most certainly is not for the beginner. It can be purchased under its chemical name, or found as the active ingredient in products such as
Flukes Control
® by Aquatronics. As with so many chemicals, there's a fine line between calling it a wonder drug and a lethal substance. It is not really a medication but an oxidizing agent that reacts with organic material, resulting in the destruction of external bacteria, fungus and parasites. For that reason, it is considerably less effective with excessive nitrates present, because its oxidizing power is "used up" on the dissolved organics in the water and is consequently not effective against the target pathogen. It is often used by retailers as a dip for incoming plants, to eliminate snails and their eggs. It is toxic in high doses, especially in high pH water; there are better choices for treating African rift lake cichlids. It is not safe for eggs and fry, and excessive treatments can cause gill damage in adults. It will damage your biological filter, kill algae, and reduce oxygen concentration in the water; strong aeration and water movement is critical. It can be tough on live plants and catfish, and should not be combined with any other chemicals – especially Formalin. It can burn your skin and eyes, and will stain your hands and clothing brown; gloves are recommended. It cannot be removed with carbon like other meds; it is neutralized with hydrogen peroxide but I don't know exactly how that is accomplished safely in the aquarium. Again… this is for the advanced fishkeeper.
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is a form of formaldehyde and is often used by fish farmers and home aquarists to treat ich. It can be purchased under its chemical name, or found as the active ingredient in products such as
Ick Guard II
® by Jungle, and
Formalite III
® by Aquatronics (which also contains copper). While it is non-staining and said to be safe for live plants (and at lower dosages…) scaleless fish, eggs and fry, it is nevertheless a strong chemical – a preservative for biological specimens (AKA embalming fluid). It may damage your biological filter, deplete oxygen levels in the aquarium, and destroy invertebrates and weak fish. Its toxicity increases with water temperature and acidity, making it a questionable choice for soft water fish.
Malachite Green
is an ominous substance that's highly effective against Ich and fungi. It can be purchased separately under its chemical name, or found as the active ingredient in products such as
® by Mardel,
Ich Cure
® by Aquatrol,
Super Ich Plus
® by Aquatronics, and
Fungus Plus
® by Aquatronics. It is carcinogenic and dangerous to handle or breathe (especially for pregnant women). There are rumors circulating that it could be banned for aquarium use by the FDA in the future. It cannot be used on food fish and is toxic to eggs, fry, some varieties of tetras, catfish, elephant noses, loaches and small marine fish. It also may damage your biological filter and will likely stain aquarium decorations and silicone sealant. Malachite Green is light sensitive, and you will be advised to keep your aquarium lights off during treatment to prevent the chemical from oxidizing.
Formalin and Malachite Green
are often used in conjunction with one another. The two chemicals are said to have a synergistic effect when combined, having a greater impact together than either one by itself. Products include
+® by Kordon,
Quick Cure
® by Aquarium Products,
® by Aquarium Products,
Ick Guard
® by Jungle, and
Formalite I
® by Aquatronics.
This combination of chemicals is probably the most common choice for treating ich.
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is a chemical found in some Ich medications such as
Ick Clear
® by Jungle, and
Acriflavin Plus
® by Aquatronics. It is considered to be highly effective against protozoan parasites, as well as external bacterial infections and fungus which sometimes occur as a secondary condition. It may damage your biological filter, harm live plants, cause skin irritation, and stain your hands and tank decorations; gloves are recommended. I do not know how well it is tolerated by invertebrates, sensitive species, scaleless fish and fry, but I do know that it cannot be used on food fish – which is sometimes a clue as to the toxicity of the substance. As always, read warning labels thoroughly.
Methylene Blue
is used primarily for superficial fungal or bacterial infections, and nitrite or cyanide poisoning. It is also considered to be an alternative to Malachite Green for the treatment of fungus and external protozoa in sensitive fish, eggs and fry. It is available under its chemical name or in products such as
® by Aquatronics. It too cannot be used on food fish, and is a powerful dye that may stain tank decorations and silicone sealant. Damage to plants and biological filter may also occur.
There are
other antiparasitic medications
available, but I believe I've covered those most commonly used.
® by Aquarium Products is one more worth mentioning since it appears on nearly every LFS and pet store shelf that carries fish and is often recommended as a cure-all. It is an extremely strong blend of medications which I am unfamiliar with, including dimethylamino, phenylbenzylidene and cyclohexadien. I believe it is best suited for internal parasites. It is definitely not to be used with scaleless fish. Read the label carefully.
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Alternative Medications: There are a few products that have been developed which take a completely different approach to treating Ich than those outlined above. One is
Stop Parasites
® by Chem-Marin. It utilizes a proprietary blend of food-based ingredients including hot peppers, which may be safer for you and your fish than traditional meds. According to its creator, the product took eight years to develop. It apparently stimulates the fish's slime coat production to excess, which causes the parasites to slough off, or be shed. Then it provides a "false host" for the parasites to feed upon which is more desirable than the fish. Kent Marine makes a similar product for saltwater parasites called
®. I cannot endorse either product, never having used them, but if you are open to homeopathic-type treatments and want to experiment with something other than salt or raised temperature, this product might be for you.
A Final Word: Most strains of Ich will respond to the treatments described here. However, researchers have recorded rare instances where trophonts were able to encyst and reproduce without leaving the body of the host fish, essentially skipping the second life stage described above. Obviously this is a menacing thought, but one to be considered should all attempts to eradicate the parasite fail. In such an event, it would be impossible to destroy all the organisms and the frustrated hobbyist would fight an endless battle with repeated outbreaks of the disease. Euthanasia would be the only humane option. Let me stress, however, that I read about this in a research paper and have never heard of this actually occurring to a fellow aquarist. Let's hope it never does. □
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i noticed yestrday that my white colored ballon molly was flashing/scratching and swimming irradically.. since he is white i cant see 'ich' specks.. i dont want to go through the trama of treating my planted tank for ich.. especially since he is the only one showing this behavior. i put him into a 2gallon tank w/ich treatmnt.. by the time a fish is scratching how far in the 'cycle' is the parasite? molly isnt scratching in the 2 gallon i just dont know when it would be safe to return him to main tank... your thoughts are appreciated..
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Not Ick afterall, Gill Flukes instead! Need advice regarding high Nitrites!
Need a second opinion swim bladder disease?
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There are only a few weeks left until Christmas – are you getting ready yet?
P.S. Don't forget we're in Canada, so our Thanksgiving was wayyyy back in October! Happy Thanksgiving this week to all our U.S. friends and family!


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Blue Jays score 7 in 1st inning, rout Royals 12-2
TORONTO (AP) - Juan Francisco had three hits and four RBIs, Marcus Stroman won his first career start and the Toronto Blue Jays used a seven-run first inning to rout the Kansas City Royals 12-2 on Saturday.
Adam Lind went 3 for 5 with three RBIs as the AL East-leading Blue Jays snapped a two-game losing streak and finished May with a record of 21-9. Toronto has won 15 of its past 19.
Stroman (2-0) allowed one run and five hits in six innings. The right-hander walked none and struck out six.
Todd Redmond worked the final three innings for his first save.
The Blue Jays gave Stroman all the support he would need with a 12-batter first inning against Royals right-hander Aaron Brooks, who was also making his first career start. Toronto set a team record when the first eight batters reached safely against Brooks. The Blue Jays had seven straight reach safely to begin a win over Baltimore on Sept. 15, 2007.
Jose Reyes led off with a walk, Melky Cabrera was hit by a pitch, Jose Bautista hit an RBI double, Edwin Encarnacion walked to load the bases and Adam Lind hit an RBI single before Brett Lawrie brought home another run when he was hit by a pitch. Juan Francisco hit a two-run double and Dioner Navarro walked before Brooks finally retired a batter, getting Anthony Gose to ground into a 1-2-3 double play.
Reyes and Cabrera added RBI singles before Michael Mariot came out of the bullpen, getting Bautista to foul out to the catcher on the first pitch to finally end the inning.
Brooks (0-1) allowed seven runs and five hits in 2-3 of an inning, raising his ERA to 43.88. He walked three and struck out none.
Kansas City's Brett Hayes hit an RBI single in the second, but the Blue Jays answered in the bottom half when Lawrie singled home Lind's one-out double.
Toronto tacked on three more against Mariot in the fourth. Lind hit an RBI double, Lawrie followed with a sacrifice fly and Francisco added an RBI single.
Nori Aoki drove in Kansas City's second run when he was hit by a pitch with the bases loaded in the seventh.
Francisco capped the scoring with an RBI double off Louis Coleman in the eighth.


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|How to Navigate a Cancer Diagnosis
|News Releases - Health, Medicine & Nutrition
|Written by Ginny Grimsley
|Wednesday, 24 July 2013 14:29
Pioneering Psychotherapist Shares Strategies for Managing Anxiety & Maintaining Emotional Wellness
Unlike many of the most important events in one's life – graduation, marriage, having a child – almost no one anticipates a cancer diagnosis.
Other tools for your box include meditation CDs that use guided imagery; favorite music CDs; and a journal to record your thoughts and feelings.
About Niki Barr, Ph.D. (@NikiBarrPhD)
Niki Barr, Ph.D. founded a pioneering psychotherapy practice dedicated to working with cancer patients in all stages of the disease, along with their family members, caregivers and friends. In her book, she describes an "emotional wellness toolbox" patients can put together with effective and simple strategies, ready to use at any time, for helping them move forward through cancer. Dr. Barr is a dynamic and popular speaker, sharing her insights with cancer patients and clinicians across the nation.
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Narrow down the 62 results:
x The average starting price for a place to stay in Porto is £17 per night.
Rua Cândido dos Reis nº 374-376Outstanding 97%
Rua Arquitecto Nicolau Nazoni 31 4000 PortoOutstanding 96%
Rua Dr. Magalhães Lemos 83, 1st FloorExcellent 94%
mytychp Helpful staff. Bathrooms and kitchen cleaned everyday. Fresh jam, milk, rolls. Unlimited access to the internet. Room faced noisy street (bit of traffic).
s_uze We had a very nice stay in this hostel, the staff was super friendly and we had a great time with the pubcrawl and wild walkers tour. The only thing that wasn't that great is the lightening, in the evenings there wasn't enough light in the bathrooms, but this is only a little detail, overall this was a very great hostel!
Rua de Santa Catarina, 501Excellent 92%
hannah.haddad I wish we stayed here for longer! the hostal is a gorgeous old portuguese house with a huge grand stair well down the middle. the rooms are airy, and the kitchen, living room and garden space downstairs are lovely too. Excellent location, but we could have done with better advise on directions and what to see.
mansizdori Friendly staff, good location, well-equipped kitchen, funky living room with DVD player, karaoke machine, PlayStation, smoking garden& 2 computers with Internet. However when we got back in the evening a guy was sleeping in my bed. (We could book beds in the 8 bed mixed dorm& one of the receptionists messed things up a bit.) It was sorted quite quickly, but if available I'd still prefer the double room next time.
Campo dos Martires da Patria, 52 (in Cordoaria Garden, next to the University)Excellent 92%
riviere.ch Great experience! I got the chance to meet awesome people and we had a lot of fun! I really recomend this place for a 1 day stay or week end!
penny-lane If you are reading my review, believe me, you dont need to keep searching and reading thousands of reviews anymore: you wont find better hostel in Porto than Dixo's. The location is the best. The facilities are all brand new and clean. Rooms are big with confortable beds. Bathrooms always clean and in good number. They also have a nice kitchen and a really nice common area. Plus, the hostel has a really nice style, and the owners are very friendly. You will meet great people and fall in love not only for the city but also for the people from there. I had an amazing time and it is far away the best hostel that I have been in Europe. Can't wait to go back!
Avenida Rodrigues de Freitas, n387Excellent 90%
ibalu.blog Wonderful place. I loved it. great value for money, great location and staff. I would never choose a different hotel in Porto.
Create your own travel plan including Porto as one of your stops. You can use it to store all your research (even hotels found on other websites!)
Do you have questions about Porto? You might try asking in our active travel forums and see if anyone else has been there.
Keep your family and friends up to date with your trip by starting your own travel blog!


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Margaritas meet their bar-snack match with this agave-spiked queso from Texas food blogger Vianney Rodriguez.
1/2 cup chopped, seeded fresh poblano pepper
1/3 cup chopped onion
1 Tbsp. olive oil
1/3 cup tequila
1 1/2 cups cheddar cheese, shredded
2 Tbsp. flour
In a large saucepan add oil, pepper and onion and cook until soft, about 3-4 minutes. Remove from heat, add tequila and return saucepan to heat and simmer for 30 seconds. Divide mixture between 4 oven safe dishes. Mix cheese with flour, add to dishes and broil until edges are slightly crisp and cheese has melted. Garnish with any mix of cooked chorizo, chopped tomatoes, and cilantro and serve alongside tortilla chips. Serves 4.
Vianney Rodriguez, sweetlifebake.com


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Deanna Turner thinks a fat paycheck is a small matter next to peace of mind, a delicious meal and precious memories of her father's love.
The 57-year-old put aside a career as a five-star chef to labor over 1,900 meals a year, an average of 52 a day, for Aurora's street people, troubled teens and homeless veterans who call her Mama Dee, a name she prefers.
Now, she's "Amazing Auroran," recognized as one of the city's brightest lights — one that shines from behind a steamy oven at the Comitis Crisis Center shelter.
To get it all done, she thinks of dancing and she thinks about how hard her father used to work as a school janitor who did a lot more than clean floors and empty wastebaskets.
Wednesday morning, she stirred a pot of beans here, she fixed sausage-and-egg sandwiches there, and in another few seconds she tossed Mexican paprika and garlic salt into a bubbling kettle to give flavorful life to boiled potatoes.
"I can't pay people's rent or pay their bills, but I can leave in people's minds a good meal I cooked for them," she said, stopping between the sink and the oven with a heavy pot in her hand. "Some of these people don't get a meal for two or three days, so when they get here, I want to make sure it's good. No matter what they've been through, when they get here they're eating five-star. I can do that for them."
Comitis doesn't smell like a shelter, acrid with the scent of the homeless. It doesn't even smell like a hospital. It smells like butter and warm bread. The hallway to the kitchen conjures thoughts of the brown sauce in slow-cook pinto beans, scented lightly with cooked onions.
Mama Dee has had a full career in fancier kitchens. She trained at the world-famous Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts in San Francisco, and before the shelter she cooked at the tony Broadmoor Hotel in Colorado Springs.
She doesn't just fry up chicken. She marinates it for three days in her concoction of spices, then sautés it with bell peppers, potatoes and jalapeño peppers.
"I'll fix it nice on the plate, like a restaurant should," she said, doing just that on the nine plates in front of her for the shelter teenagers who didn't go to school that day.
"Kids, even little kids, can sense if you really like them," she said, pausing. "Oh, Lord, I have kids stuck on me all day long."
The flavor of love
James Gillespie, the Crisis Center's development director, said that for many, it's a home of last resort, where troubled teens and homeless veterans often wind up, where desperate families can stay together in the converted barrack used by Fitzsimons Army Hospital before it closed.
The shelter is sometimes referred to as the Island of Misfit Toys, because so many of the people there haven't found a way to fit in anywhere else, he said.
"When they came in, the first things they want to do is get a shower and to get something to eat, and they come to this window," Gillespie said, waving toward a large opening in the kitchen wall. "Mama Dee is often the first face they really see. She's the first face of everything we do here."
When it comes to the children, Mama Dee makes it a point to remember what each one likes, so each one feels special.
That makes a difference, Gillespie said.
"The minute you start to treat a kid like an institutional kid, they start to think of themselves as an institutional kid, and they start to act like an institutional kid," he said.
Mama Dee remembers one who was the toughest. He was a 16-year-old malcontent with habitual rudeness. He tested her patience, but she didn't give up. She found a dish he liked, then something else in his life he liked, and in the weeks that followed she pointed out his qualities, which gave him self-esteem.
"You just never know what little thing you might do for somebody that they'll remember the rest of their lives," Mama Dee said. "If you can touch somebody, it might change the attitude that don't anybody care about them. Somebody does care."
A parent to many
She learned cooking and parenting from Everett Wade, a man with a heart as big as Ohio.
He was the janitor at McFarlane School, "the poorest school in Dayton, Ohio." It was also "the cleanest school in Dayton, Ohio," Mama Dee said.
The janitor's biggest concern was whether the children got nutritious food to eat, or anything to eat at all beyond school lunches.
On the weekends and in the summertime, he would use his keys to the cafeteria kitchen, cook up good food from the school year's surplus, then feed the neighborhood children while school administrators pretended not to notice. He would step out the lunchroom's back door, put his thumb and index fingers in his mouth and whistle loudly. Hungry children would appear like magic.
"Every kid in the neighborhood knew Mr. Wade's whistle," Mama Dee said.
When her father died in 2003, about 2,000 people came to his funeral. Some stood up and told stories about his good humor, kindness and generosity, "things I never knew," Mama Dee said.
One neighborhood success story told how Everett Wade gave him a whipping and set him straight — the only man who ever disciplined him, and the only man who ever really cared about him.
"A lot of these boys didn't have their daddies," Mama Dee explained. "So he was like their daddy."
A bigger prize
When she took the job at the shelter three years ago, she was tired of working long days in pricey restaurants and getting back nothing but a paycheck, she said.
"Rich people will talk down to you, like you don't matter," she said. "There wasn't any satisfaction. I had high blood pressure, and sometimes it would be so bad I would see stars in my eyes at work.
"Here, I feel good all day long, and it just fills up my heart to know I'm making a difference."
Mama Dee will be presented her award as an Amazing Auroran in her kitchen Tuesday afternoon.
Later Tuesday, at 7 p.m., teams of city police and fire staff, civic clubs and businesses will give Mama Dee what is, to her, a bigger prize: They will compete in costumes and decorated shopping carts in a race around a Safeway store at 1677 S. Havana St., to fill their buggies and, ultimately, fill her pantry with supplies.
Mama Dee doesn't plan on retiring.
"I'm going to die here," she said. "I want to keep my kitchen in order, and I want to help people until I can't anymore."
Down the hallway, Gillespie adds, "The day that happens, the permanent name on that kitchen is already decided."
Joey Bunch: 303-954-1174, firstname.lastname@example.com or twitter.com/joeybunch


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Milestones ENPI South
- The European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) replaces the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). It has a budget of €15.433 billion and will be effective from 2014 to 2020.
- ENP Country progress reports
- ENP Country progress reports
- Fathallah Sijilmassi appointed Secretary General of the Union for the Mediterranean on 1 March, 2012.
- Report on activities in 2011 and Roadmap for future action
- ENP Country progress reports
- EU raises Neighbourhood funding by 40%: €18.2 billion for 2014-2020 under the new European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI)
- EU response to the Arab Spring: new package of support for North Africa and Middle East
- Youssef Amrani appointed as new Secretary General of the Secretariat of the Union for the Mediterranean
- ENP Progress reports on 5 Southern Neighbours
- Launch of renewed European Neighbourhood Policy
- Communication for a Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean
- 2010 Regional Action Programme – €91.9 million for new projects
- 2010 Inter-regional Action Programme – €757.6 million across six priority areas
- ENP Country progress reports
- Inauguration in Barcelona of the Secretariat of the Union for the Mediterranean with Ahmad Masa'deh as its Secretary-General
- EU strengthens European Neighbourhood Policy with €5.7 billion for 2011-2013 following mid-term review
- Inaugural meeting of Euro-Mediterranean Regional and Local Assembly(ARLEM) under the UfM
- EC increases contribution to UfM priority projects
- ENP Country progress reports
- Launch of the Union for the Mediterranean
- EC communication on the Union for the Mediterranean
- ENPI Governance Facility
- ENPI launched
- ENPI Regional Strategy Paper (2007-2013) and Regional Indicative Programme (2007-2010) for the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership published
- ENPI Interregional programme - Strategy paper 2007-2013 & indicative programme 2007-2010
- ENPI Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) Strategy Paper 2007-2013, Indicative Programme 2007-2010
- Council approves ENPI regulation
- Barcelona Process 10th Anniversary Summit
- Launch of Euro-Med Partnership Five-Year Work Programme
- Euro-Med Partnership Regional Indicative Programme 2005-2006
- Commission proposes ENPI regulation
- Euromed Parliamentary Assembly (EMPA) has first meeting
- Agreement to set up the Euromed Parliamentary Assembly (EMPA)
- Announcement of European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
- Establishment of the European Investment Bank's Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership (FEMIP)
- Euro-Med Partnership Regional Strategy Paper 2002-2006 & Regional Indicative Programme 2002-2004
- Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (Barcelona Process) launched
- Adoption of the Barcelona Declaration
- First Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference


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Child Support and Passport Issuance
Under Section 51.60 (a) (2) of Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations, a passport, except for direct return to the United States, will not be issued in any case in which the applicant has been certified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services as notified by a state agency to be in arrears of child support in an amount exceeding $2,500.00. Your passport will be revoked if you fall under this regulation, including when you apply for additional pages, seek a renewal or process a Report of Birth application.
Please direct any questions to the appropriate State child support enforcement agency. You may go to the Department of Health and Human Services - State Child Support Enforcement Web Site for a listing of HHS state and local agencies.
Passports for minor children may also be denied in the cases of Child Custody Disputes.
Please contact the Consulate that serves your area if you have further questions relating to child support and passport issuance.


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New Books from Teachers College FacultyNew works from TC faculty members Henry M. Levin, Susan Fuhrman, Joan Jeffri, Jeffrey Henig, Lynn Kagan, and R. Douglas Greer on topics ranging from education policy research and how the media represents it to the public to language development in children and arts administration issues in the U.S. and China.
Investing in Education Is Expensive. Not Investing is More So.
A new book co-authored by TC's Henry Levin recaps findings from the College's first Educational Equity Symposium
Two years ago, Teachers College held its inaugural Symposium on Educational Equity, focusing on the costs society incurs -- both monetary and civic -- when young people fail to graduate from high school. Now the finalized papers from that event have been published in book form as The Price We Pay (Brookings, 2007), co-edited by TC faculty member and symposium chair Henry Levin and Clive Belfield of
"We know that education is expensive, but poor and inadequate education for substantial numbers of our young people may have public and social consequences that are even costlier," Levin and Belfield write in a new chapter at the beginning of the book. What follows, in a series of chapters by a cast of scholars that includes Richard Rothstein, Thomas Bailey, Ronald Ferguson, Michael Rebell, Marta Tienda, Jane Waldfogel, Irwin Garfinkel, Peter Muennig Cecilia Rouse, Enrico Moretti and others, is the most accurate estimation yet produced of those costs in terms of lost personal income and tax revenue and additional expenditures on health care, crime and welfare expenditures.
Beyond the numbers -- annual losses from high school drop outs in federal and state income taxes alone likely exceed $50 billion, and a 1 percent increase in male U.S. high school graduation rates would yield savings of $1.4 billion in reduced crime -- there are penetrating discussions of the future impact of current demographic trends in the U.S., the nation's prospects in the global economy, the role of parenting in transformative school reform, and the promise of pre-k interventions.
"A society that provides fairer access to opportunities, is more productive, and has higher employment, better health and less crime is a better society in itself," Levin and Belfield write. "It is simply an added incentive that the attainment of such a society is profoundly good economics."
Turning the Microscope on Education Policy Research
A new volume of essays co-edited by TC's Susan Fuhrman looks at what the field has accomplished and where it's headed
"The passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in 1965 made the federal government an important partner in educational policy. Federal agencies also began to follow the example of Robert McNamara's Defense Department, and sponsor research on the implementation and effects of governmental programs… as social research grew in both higher education and think tanks, analysts began to examine how federal and state policies actually reach recipients and how local schools and districts responded."
Thus was the field of education policy research born. Forty years later, what contributions has it made? What are its prevalent modes and operating assumptions? Where is the field headed – and how could it improve?
These are among the key questions addressed in The State of Education Policy Research (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007), a new compendium of essays edited by Teachers College President Susan Fuhrman together with David K. Cohen of the University of Michigan and Fritz Mosher of the Consortium for Policy Research in Education. With a cast of contributors drawn from the fields of education, economics and related disciplines, the book is aimed at policymakers who draw on policy research and policy researchers who want to improve their efforts.
"Education research in general has come under attack as being insufficiently rigorous," the editors write in their preface. "Critics charge that its generalizations are made on small samples and that it reveals little about cause and effects." The answer, the editors suggest, lies in research focused on the interaction of policy and practice.
A chapter co-authored by Fuhrman with Margaret Goertz and Elliot Weinbaum of the
"The growing centralization and standardization of certain areas of education policymaking coexists uneasily with the public's desire for local control of its schools," the authors write. "It results in a system that is very tightly controlled around some issues – e.g., civil rights, state standards and assessments – and very loosely controlled around other functions, most notably teaching and learning." Fuhrman, Goertz and Weinbaum recommend that future research include projects that track shifts in power between levels of government as a result of the federal No Child Left Behind Act – including comparative studies of countries like
"Clearly the delicate and shifting balance of
The Arts and Two Superpowers
TC's Joan Jeffri collaborates on a look at arts administration in the U.S. and China
The world of arts administration has grown explosively in the
With those events as backdrop, TC faculty member Joan Jeffri, director of the College's Program in Arts Administration, and Yu Ding, her counterpart at the Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing, have co-authored a new book that explores critical issues in arts administration by spotlighting (and sometimes comparing) practices in their two countries. Titled Respect for Art: Visual Arts Administration and Management in China and the United States (Intellectual Property Publishing House, China, 2007), the book grows out of a belief that "understanding often begins with two people talking to each other" and explores "cultural difference, practical commonalities, present challenges and future needs as the arts and culture become increasingly global." The focus is on four areas in the visual arts: museums, the art market (including commercial galleries, auction houses, fairs and expositions), non-profit spaces and public art, with the ultimate hope "that the principles, models, issues and solutions will be applicable to many other countries, possibly as a yardstick with which to measure their own development."
"Things are changing rapidly in
Meanwhile, the learning flows both ways. For example, Jeffri says, public art in
"The artists were integrated into the development scheme, unlike here in the
Improving the Pre-K Workforce
TC's Lynn Kagan and former students address a major hurdle for a promising field
From Fortune 500 companies to tiny non-profits, most institutions are only as good as the people who work for them.
And that, argues a new book co-written by TC's Sharon Lynn Kagan together with Kristi Kauerz (former TC student and currently Early Childhood/P-3 Policy Director Colorado Lieutenant Governor Barbara O'Brien) and Kate Tarrant (TC doctoral student and graduate research fellow), is the crux of the problem facing a field that is increasingly considered one of the great hopes for closing America's achievement gap between rich and poor students: early care and education.
"The ECE teaching workforce enables children to learn, families to work, and the American economy to thrive," the authors write in The Early Care and Education Teaching Workforce at the Fulcrum: An Agenda for Reform (Teachers College Press, 2008). "But the fulcrum is precarious; the ECE teaching workforce…is characterized by low entry criteria, limited growth opportunities, low compensation and high turnover" even though "investments in early care and education are at an all-time high, as are fiscal commitments from policymakers at local, state and federal levels."
In fact, according to Kagan, Kauerz and Tarrant, nearly two-thirds of the nation's children under the age of five spend time in "non-parental care," and nearly "5 million individuals other than parents" care for and educate them. With a growing body of research demonstrating that "early childhood is the crucial period when positive interactions with adults can have the greatest impact on children's lifelong outcomes," the skills and knowledge that ECE teachers should ideally possess include comprehensive understanding of typical and atypical child development, including the role of cultural pluralism; adult learning; the transformation of written curricula into effective practice for youngsters; the ability to reflect upon and improve teaching practice; and much more. Yet study after study demonstrates "a paucity of high-quality ECE teachers," a state of affairs that owes to the wholesale lack of consistency "across states or even within states regarding the way ECE programs are funded, regulated, monitored or improved."
The authors call this "classic market failure" and argue that it is exacerbated because "consumers do not have adequate knowledge of the product or service they are consuming, so they cannot easily discern quality."
The book concludes with a series of recommendations for improving ECE, beginning with "definitional clarity" around key terms and concepts that will enable the field to speak a common language. The authors also call for a workable delineation of responsibility among federal, state and local governments around the delivery of ECE services; the development of consistent data across ECE program types; greater attention to data on child outcomes; research that codifies key knowledge and skills for ECE teachers – including the identification of particular thresholds of formal education or training that matter to child outcomes; funding for projects that take promising ECE policies and programs to scale; creation of a national ECE teacher education compact that would foster effective and consistent ECE teacher preparation and licensure; increases in ECE teachers' compensation and benefits; and much more.
"The ECE workforce is in a precarious state, caught in the balance between creating a new, equitable and systemic approach to professional development, and languishing even more deeply into a quality crisis," the authors write. "We conclude with appreciation for what has been accomplished and, based on this, with fervent optimism that what can and should be done, will be achieved."
Talking Past One Another
TC's Jeffrey Henig looks at what happens when researchers becomes pawns in ideological battles
In 2004, when the New York Times spotlighted research showing that students at conventional public schools were outperforming their charter school counterparts, it triggered a firestorm of claims and counter-claims by education scholars. To TC's Jeffrey Henig, this exchange exemplified a disturbing trend: the failure of supposedly objective research to transcend ideology and settle important policy questions of the day.
"Despite high hopes about its potential to promote collective learning and a more informed democracy, research often seems to appear on the public stage in a swirl of political sloganeering that defies reason, fogs understanding, and runs the risk of reducing scientific evidence to the status of Madison Avenue advertising claims," writes Henig in Spin Cycle: How Research Gets Used in Policy Debates, the Case of Charter Schools.
In private, Henig notes, researchers in each camp have conceded that charter schools are a mixed bag. So why hasn't there been more consensus in their public dialogue? Henig at least partly blames "the echo chamber of [our] overly partisan and ideologically polarized society" – conservatives' framing of the charter school debate "in terms of market versus government;" the tendency of funding organizations to avoid studies that could support unwelcome conclusions; ideologically-driven decisions by the media in allotting space to the subject.
Ultimately, though, the Internet may be the biggest culprit. "Even preliminary findings often get tremendously broad dissemination within incredibly short periods," Henig writes. Peer review is a frequent casualty. "Arguably [researchers] would be better off bearing politicians irritation with our tentativeness and disdain for our deliberateness than losing touch with the norms and procedures that over the long run set research apart and give it what authority it deserves."
Writing the Book on Language
After 40 years of teaching kids to speak, TC's Doug Greer has some new numbers that help validate his work. He's also got a new book that lays out his methodology.
"The world was so new that there were no names for many things; so all the people could do was point."
That line, from Gabriel Garcia Marquez's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, is one of Doug Greer's favorite analogies for how human beings develop language skills. For the past 40 years, Greer – Professor of Psychology and Education at TC, and a disciple of the late behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner – has quietly gone about the work of giving the gift of speech to young children with language delays resulting from either genetic causes (autism or other disorders) or environmental ones (the social deprivations that can attend severe poverty). He has founded schools in
Now he has produced two particularly compelling forms of validation for his work. The first is a book, Verbal Behavior Analysis: Inducing and Expanding New Verbal Capabilities in Children with Language Delays (Pearson Education, 2008), co-authored with his former graduate student (and former TC faculty member) Denise Ross, which provides a hands-on guide to teachers and parents who are trying to provide verbal capabilities to children. Like the CABAS method itself, the book offers a step-by-step process for imparting units of learning as seemingly basic as learning to ask for a cookie, using methods as seemingly primitive as leading a child through a "Simon says" series of movements that become associated with a word and the object it denotes. Yet these units, when absorbed, in fact represent huge leaps across a divide that separates learning, interacting children from those trapped by walls of silence.
Just as important as the protocols for teaching these behaviors is the system for documenting and measuring a child's progress – both over a sustained period of time, but equally as important, from task to task, hour by hour, day by day. Such documentation is a staple at the schools Greer has founded in
Perhaps even more compelling, at least for a lay audience, than Greer's book are new data on the progress of class of normally-developing second graders with whom he employed CABAS teaching methodology during the 2006-07 school year. The 17 children, who attended public school in
"These were supposed to be the toughest kids to teach because so many of them are poor, learning-disabled or speak English as a second language," Greer says. "With the results like these, the question is no longer, 'Can we close the achievement gap?', but 'Do we care enough to bother'?"previous page


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December 25, 2011
Pick up a copy of the Sunday, Dec. 25, 2011 issue of the Jefferson City News Tribune newspaper to see the Wedding Guide section, in advance of Thursday's Bridal Show. Or see it in our e-edition (link below).
Stories this photo appears in:
50 Bridal Show vendors poised to help create special day
The 2011 Bridal Show hosted by the Jefferson City News Tribune will be held from 5-8 p.m. Dec. 29 at the Capitol Plaza Hotel. This is the premier year for the show.
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The Journey of Bushky Bushybottom ~ Hopalong Jack and the Blue Bunnies
Written and Illustrated by Jeri Landers
91 Joppa Mt. Rd.
Rutledge, Tn. 37861
The Journey of Bushky Bushybottom
Hopalong Jack and the Blue Bunnies
are two very beautiful and creative children's books. Written and illustrated by Jeri Landers, these oversized hardback books are a feast for your children's eyes.
The Journey of Bushky Bushybottom
is the story of a young squirrel brother and his two sisters. Young Bushky is separated from his sisters during a storm "when a massive gust of wind lifted him up and carried him whirling and twirling through the sky, hither and yon!" He lands with a thud a goodly distance from his home and meets an owl. Bushky quickly realizes that to the owl, he might be considered dinner, so hides himself under a stump. Along Busky's journey to find his home he meets many animals: a possum family, a frog, a turtle, the twin raccoons (who love to rhyme), and Mrs. Webbytoes the duck, along with her children, who tell him to find Mr. Red Rooster. He introduces himself to the creature he thinks is Mr. Red Rooster, but Sir Percival the fox is most decidedly not Mr. Red Rooster! He is interested in Bushky because he might be a savory meal! Will Bushky make it home to his family? (Yes!)
Hopalong Jack and the Blue Bunnies
we find ourselves in Hopalong Holllow with a very dissatisfied bunny named Hopalong Jack. "Ever since Hopalong Jack was just a wee baby bun, his earliest memories were of brothers, sisters and cousins as far as the eye could see." Jack is surrounded by bunnies and longs to be different from the other bunnies. He tries all sorts of amusing ways of setting himself apart from the crowd, but the other bunnies like his changes so much they make them too! He even dyes himself with blueberry juice and of course, all the other bunnies decide to do it too--the "Blue Bunnies" of the title of course. Upon hearing some wonderful music made by other woodland creatures, Hopalong finds himself dancing in his own unique manner. On his way back to the Hollow, he is joined by other little bunnies that have picked up his rhythm, but have added to it. They discover they can all make creative melodies and that they enjoy it very much! Hopalong Jack comes to realize "...that being special comes from inside your little bunny self and that all bunnies are special in their own way." I like to add for my children that God is the giver of all good gifts and that it is He that makes us unique.
The lush scenery Jeri Landers offers our children in these full-color books is really beautiful to behold. The subtle color palette of Hopalong Jack is more subdued yet fills the pages with natural browns, greens, golds, and blues with highlights of brighter colors. She showcases the Scherenschnitte craft on the facing pages of this book. "Scherenschnitte (pronounced Sharon-sh-net, if German or Sharon-sh-net-ah if Swiss) is the German word for the art of scissors snipping or paper cutting." It is beautiful! Her website gives you instructions on how to do some of it with your children. This story was cute and enjoyable, but my favorite was
The Journey of Bushky Bushybottom.
The Journey of Bushky Bushybottom
has a brighter palette with the same beautiful base colors of varied greens, golds, browns, and blues, but she adds brighter colors more often with reds, pinks, yellows, and a lovely sky blue. (There are sample pages on her website.) It has a very wonderful Beatrix Potter feel to it yet it is a story all its own with vibrant creative characters and imaginative names. While the animals are depicted in a highly enjoyable anthropomorphic manner with beautiful clothing and clever conversation, they are realistically drawn. It is quite easy to tell that the villain is a fox and the central figure, a young squirrel. I read this one to a group of five young children, aged ten to four, and every one of them was trying to get closer to view the lushly covered pages. They were all silent as I read the delightful story. It was a wonderful read-aloud--especially with inventive voices--and the book offered wonderful vocabulary. She does not dumb down her stories, yet the children knew exactly what was going on. This book also comes with a CD of the story that they wanted to listen to before bed that same night! It is awfully refreshing to see such care and attention to detail and fine craftsmanship in books for children. These are definitely keepers!
Product review by Kate Kessler, Product Reviews Manager, The Old Schoolhouse
Magazine, LLC, March, 2009
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Mayor Kwasi Fraser
Fraser's distinguished corporate career includes significant bottom line contributions at AT&T, Sprint Nextel, Marriott International, and Verizon. In his current position and as a Lean Six Sigma Black Belt, he provides leadership in operational efficiency, revenue growth, and sustainability.
In addition to his corporate experience and strong work ethic, Fraser possesses an MBA in Finance from Rutgers University, an Executive Education certificate from Harvard Business School, a Bachelor of Engineering degree from Stony Brook University, and a Project Management Professional (PMP) certificate from the Project Management Institute.
As Mayor of Purcellville, Kwasi Fraser, along with his fellow town council members, is actively working to place the needs of Purcellville's citizens first to preserve their quality of life and also to create lasting value for the town.
Current Term of Office: July 1, 2014 - June 30, 2016
Vice Mayor Patrick McConville
Council Member John Nave
Council Member Joan Lehr
Council Member Karen Jimmerson
Karen Jimmerson moved to Northern
Virginia in 1992 while her husband was serving in the Marine Corps and in the
same decade became a resident of Loudoun County. After residing in Leesburg for
many years, Karen and her husband Richard chose Purcellville for the high
quality of living, great schools, and wonderful small town atmosphere.
Karen is a stay at home mom with three daughters who currently attend the
local public high school, middle school, and elementary school. She currently
serves as Secretary on the Old Dominion Valley HOA Board and is an active
school and community volunteer.
Council Member Doug McCollum
Council Member Melanie Fuller


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Under Armour Womens Waffle Henley - This waffle henley from Under Armour will be the perfect addition to your closet for this upcoming fall and winter season.
Under Armour Womens Waffle Henley - Made from 100% recycled polyester material, the spun polyester fabric gives you the feel of cotton but the performance of Under Armour®. Anti odor technology will help control odor causing bacteria to help you stay comfortable all day long.
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The Bureau of Land Management Sperry Grade/Blackfoot-Clearwater Game Reforestation Project in western Montana was the site for the planting of approximately 74,000 ponderosa pine and shrubs to help restore an area destroyed by wildfire in 1991. One of the goals of reforesting this area was to optimize foraging and enhance the winter range habitat for big game. The shrubs were planted for foraging purposes and the ponderosa pine will provide thermal cover. This planting will benefit mule deer, Rocky Mountain Elk, white tail deer, grizzly bears, wolves and mountain lions. Additionally, this site will be used for recreational activities such as hunting, fishing and photography and university research will be conducted on wildlife habitat management projects. Additional assistance for this project came from the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Western Montana Fish and Game Association, Boy Scouts, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks and volunteers who helped plant the trees.
This project was supported by our corporate partner, the Alcoa Foundation.
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Australian brewer Foster's posts $93M annual loss
Tuesday, August 23, 2011
SYDNEY (AP) — Australia brewer Foster's Group Ltd., which is the target of a hostile takeover bid by SABMiller, on Tuesday posted an annual loss of 89 million Australian dollars ($93 million) as beer sales fell.
The brewer also announced it would return AU$500 million to investors through a share buyback. The move comes a week after Foster's rejected a $10 billion cash takeover offer from London-based rival SABMiller PLC, saying the bid significantly undervalues the company.
Excluding one-time items, the Melbourne-based company reported profit of AU$494.9 million ($514 million) for the 12 months ended June 30, down 9 percent from a year earlier.
Australian beer sales fell 6 percent for the year, in part due to economic uncertainty and severe weather, including a cyclone and major flooding in the country's northeast earlier this year, the brewer said.
"Foster's expects that the rate of decline in the Australian beer category will moderate in the first half of fiscal 2012," it said in a statement.
Foster's declared a dividend of 13.25 cents per share.
The company's shares were up 1.5 percent to AU$4.98 around noon on Tuesday.
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Service members take Independence Day citizenship oath
July 14, 2013
By Sgt. Anita VanderMolen, 129th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment
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BAGRAM, Afghanistan --"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America," said more than 150 service members and civilians gathered together in a large tent at Bagram Air Field, Afghanistan July 4.
For many in attendance, saying the pledge of allegiance is nothing new, but for 37 of the service members, it was their first time as an American citizen.
Minutes earlier, they had taken the Naturalization Oath of Allegiance to the United States of America during a naturalization ceremony, hosted by Combined Joint Task Force-101, Regional Command-East.
Service members from all over Afghanistan came together to declare their allegiance to the United States of America. Individually, serving in the military and being deployed to a foreign country each provide a certain amount of honor. Immigrants who volunteer for military service and deploy to war for a country they do not yet belong, adds respect to that honor.
Military service by immigrants is nothing new. Since the time of the Revolutionary War, immigrants have been stepping up, volunteering to fight for freedom.
Thaddeus Kosciuszko is a prime example.
Kosciuszko, a Polish engineering officer, offered his services to George Washington during the war for American Independence. A bit hesitant, Washington asked, "What can you do?"
"Try me," was Kosciuszko's reply.
"Since that time our nation has been willing to take a chance when an immigrant reports to the recruiting station and says, 'Try me,'" said General Joseph F. Dunford, commander, International Security Assistance Force.
Military service members are a small part of the total American population. The 30 soldiers and seven Marines who declared their allegiance represent 22 different countries from around the world.
"Less than 2 percent serve in uniform. By your service here in Afghanistan, you've already done more than most Americans will do in a lifetime," said Dunford. "You chose to support and defend the Constitution that did not fully protect you. You chose to defend a people you didn't yet fully belong to. You chose to protect those values, ideals, and a way of life before it was yours."
After the attacks to the U.S. on Sept. 11, 2001, there was a need to protect our freedom. Spc. Sahib Singh, moved to the United States from India at age 14. He joined the Army in response to the terrorist attacks.
"I live in New York," said Singh, vender service technician, 4th Financial Management Support Unit, Bravo Detachment, Fort Bliss, Texas. "I have wanted to serve since 9/11."
The War on Terrorism brought the fight for freedom to the forefront.
"You have defended the American people against terrorism and you have played a role in the spreading the 'Spirit of '76' to the Afghan people," said Dunford.
Working side-by-side with Afghans, service members witness first-hand the struggles for a future with peace and freedom.
"We are in a country that for 30 years had suffered almost continued warfare. We work with people who are brave, and exhausted and who only want their share, their version, of what we have back home and they deserve here: peace and a chance of a better future for their children and for their country," said the Honorable Ambassador David M. Robinson, Assistant Chief of Missions, Kabul."
Regardless of their background, these service members are the face and future of America.
"You are deployed on behalf of the United States of America because we recognize what happens here in Afghanistan matters to us. It matters to our national interests and to our national values," said Robinson. "You are here because you are America's forward presence. You are the fact of America's strength and you are the symbol of America's resolve."
The tenacity of Kosciuszko's "Try me" spirit runs in the blood of the immigrant volunteers serving today.
"To me, if I can do my part, it's great," said Singh.
These service members did 'their part' and took on the responsibilities of a citizen, before they were eligible to receive a citizen's privileges.
"The uniforms you wear, your presence here in Afghanistan on a day when most Americans are safe and secure with their families and friends are eloquent testimony to your allegiance, to your courage and to your loyalty," said Robinson. "You are eloquent testimony to the best that America is. Having borne those hard responsibilities you are now about to enjoy the full rights of citizenship."
Benefits of American citizenship include the right to vote, option to bring family members to the U.S., keeping residency and eligibility for federal grants and scholarships.
"I am finally a U.S. citizen," said Spc. Gabriella Malsol, human resources specialist, Headquarters Headquarters Company, 1 Battalion-249th Infantry Regiment, Task Force Guam.
Malsol was born in the Republic of Palau.
"Today all the benefits of being an American are yours and the American Dream is now your dream," said Dunford.
Spc. Karlen Minasyan , combat engineer, 59th Mobility Augmentation Company, Fort Hood, Texas, plans to get a master's degree and become an officer through the Green to Gold Program offered by the Army.
U.S. citizenship is one of the requirements to become a U.S. Army officer.
Militarily, the major benefit of citizenship is the ability to acquire a security clearance, opening the door to further opportunities and advancement.
"It's a little start for my future goals, life and career," said Minasyan, a native of Gyumri, Armenia.
"I got one little piece of a big country," he said.


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A new reparations committee has been formed in Jamaica to determine if reparations should be given from Britain. The group is made of twelve academics, lawyers, Rastafarians and students. More than 600,000 Africans were shipped to the British colonies in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The conditions of Jamaican slaves on the sugar plantations were considered more brutal than those of America. In turn, Jamaica was said to have the highest number of slave revolts than any other island of the Caribbean. There were over twelve reported conspiracies. Even the freed slaves were used against the enslaved by the British government. They were looked upon to settle any protest.
Little Known Black History Fact: Jamaica Reparations
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Review Content
Coming up with a plan and executing it at full strength is a top priority. Sounds like theres a brewing war, right? The video game Apache: Air Assault, as you would have surmised, is a battlefield game. Shoot the targets and enemies perish. The game is all about the feeling of victory after you annihilate the enemies, since handling the AH-64 Apache isnt such the easy feat it seems. Gajin Entertainment, the game developer, has created a fantastic game that focuses on helicopter combat simulation that focuses on strategy, style and tactics. Now, are you ready to ride the AH-64 Apache?
There are two modes with varying degrees of difficulty in the game, namely the Training and the Realistic modes, both designed to gauge your capability in flying the helicopter during combat. The Training mode approach is more on providing you with assistance. When you are shot down, you get respawned automatically to continue blasting the enemies. This mode is especially suitable for new players, basically to get them acclimatized with the video game faster and more easily. On the other hand, things get a bit more difficult and challenging when you get to the Realistic mode. Here, youd be dealing with more helicopter maneuvers away from danger while still keeping the pace of firing at your enemies.
Needless to say, the two modes are vastly different, in a sense. The Training mode functions in an arcade style, which further restricts your movements and is really quite annoying. It feels like the helicopter is struggling to fly even in the most straightforward tasks, say when trying to gain altitude or fly over mountains. Now imagine how difficult it is in air-to-air combat! In the Realistic mode, movements are much more free-flowing; thus, more enjoyable. An auto-hover function has even been added to conveniently put you on the right track in a jiffy. Once you get the hang of it, you can do some sensational maneuvers that you dont have the capability of doing in the Training mode no sweat!
Lets go to combat, which is more of a premeditated confrontation in the Realistic mode. Youve got to have plans to maximize your limited ammunition (heat-seeking missiles) while also mastering the art of evading the volley of bullets and missiles if you want to survive make no mistake the enemy helicopters are quite accurate in hitting you! This kind of challenge you cannot find in the Training mode, as you probably guessed; the enemies in the Training mode are a little bit shy in gunning you down.
Upon finishing the Realistic mode, you get to play a bonus round in the Veteran mode; quite exaggerated really and only suitable to game addicts. In this mode, you get limited lives with limited ammos but unlimited enemy bullets, missiles and aircrafts.
One great thing about this video game is that the helicopters have been effectively developed to depict and convey the appearance of authentic war birds. The game boasts of remarkable realistic images to give you a total feel, including cockpit instruments and helipads. With the astounding sound effects that the game also provides, you definitely get one hell of a ride!
The game may be played by two players playing as pilot and co-pilot in the Cooperative mode, where your buddy plays as the gunner while you focus on flying the helicopter. Now, that makes the game more interesting and enjoyable. You and your mate must establish a real connection to synchronize your moves better and youd definitely be dominating the battlefield in no time at all. Your expertise as a team allows you to level up to the customizable Mission mode. This is where you can fully test your abilities and coordination skills. Another option once youve mastered these Apache skills is to take the game online.
The only glaring negative aspect of the game is the aged storyline that has seen better days, in a manner of speaking. It has been recycled from past helicopter video games where pilots have been caught by terrorists or get trapped in a distressed situation with drug cartels, and the likes. In the general perspective, the game also suffers from a minor glitch of failing to establish the real essence of the storyline.
By and large, however, Apache: Air Assault ultimately delivers a very exciting, and breathtaking experience any gamer would love to have in a game.


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UH fellows up in arms on stipendApril 2, 2013 Updated: April 2, 2013 10:48pm
Teaching fellows from the University of Houston's Creative Writing Program, one of the university's most prestigious graduate programs, plan to stage a sit-in Wednesday morning outside Chancellor Renu Khator's office.
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2006 Oklahoma State Cowboys Basketball Preview
2006 Oklahoma State Cowboys Basketball Predictions
Sean Sutton starts his first year as a head coach of a NCAA basketball team. Well, sort of. Eddie Sutton, Sean's dad, coached the Cowboys for 36 seasons. However, in 2004 son Sean was named head coach designate and during that time, slowly, he took over various responsibilities. Now he's in complete command and things look hopeful for Oklahoma State.
Junior shooting guard JamesOn Curry (13.5 PPG, 2.0 RPG, 0.8 APG, 46.7 FG%, 75.5 FT%) fell into a sophomore slump last season. If he can revive the tremendous play he exhibited as a freshman, when he hit numerous clutch shots and hit 51% from the field in Big 12 play, this team will be in good stead. Point guards Jamaal Brown (5.5 PPG, 1.6 RPG, 3.1 APG, 34.1 FG%, 75.6 FT%), a senior, and Byron Eaton (7.8 PPG, 2.3 RPG, 3.2 APG, 45.9 FG%, 72.9 FT%), a sophomore, were turnover crazy in 2005 -06. They simply must do a better job when they've got the ball.
Forward/center Mario Boggan (14.8 PPG, 5.7 RPG, 1.0 APG, 58.1 FG%, 82.1 FT%) has been prone to fouls. If the senior can play more disciplined ball, he'll be a major rebounding and scoring threat this season. Marcus Dove (3.8 PPG, 4.4 RPG, 1.9 APG, 65.1 FG%, 75.7 FT%), who has difficulty on offense, is a fine defender, while sophomore Kenny Cooper (2.0 PPG, 1.8 RPG, 0.3 APG, 48.1 FG%, 66.7 FT%) may put it all together this year, becoming an unstoppable center.
Sutton's style includes intense pressure on defense and an up tempo offense. Run and gun doesn't quite describe it, but it comes close. This is a young and talented team that offers a good mix of experience and untapped potential. They should do well in the conference.
Look for Sean Sutton to guide this team to the upper echelon of the Big 12 and a NCAA Tournament appearance. Scoring should not be a problem for the Cowboys, but they must also be able to closeout the close ones, which was something they could not do last season.
If you want more info on the 2006 Oklahoma State Cowboys College basketball team check out the NCAA's official basketball team page of the program or check out some rival previews from Maddux Sports of schools like the Texas Longhorns and Texas Tech Red Raiders.