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Friday, January 21, 2011
Lunch With Ilona
It is Snowy here in New York so Ilona and I hopped in a taxi to meet or wonderful friend Lori Goldstein for lunch. I hope you enjoy the ride and remember to keep up with me on twitter AriSethCohen .
9 comments:
- Edwina@FASHION+ART said...
Pearls of wisdom from Ms. Ilona. And thank you Seth. You are a fine and patient escort.
- January 21, 2011 at 6:39 PM
- NYC, Style and a little Cannoli said...
great post..looked like fun!!
- January 21, 2011 at 8:25 PM
What a fabulous person Ilona is. Thanks for bringing her to my
attention as well as all the other
wonderful people you have highlighted here.
- January 21, 2011 at 8:42 PM
- Helga! said...
You meet the most wonderful people on your blog!!! Bless!
Thanks for visiting my humble blog,Ari!You're a doll,and I LOVE your blog!
- January 21, 2011 at 11:17 PM
- Funky Fraîche said...
Love, L
- January 22, 2011 at 12:29 AM
- Pepi said...
You have great ladies around you :)
- January 22, 2011 at 3:50 AM
- sacramento said...
Fantastic the two of you.I wish I could meet you all for luch one they...Fingers crossed...
Dreams are made of energy that becomes reality.
Mil besos siempre.
- January 22, 2011 at 4:36 AM
- Stella Rose said...
A friend of mine told me she once met an older woman who dyed her hair red and wore faux lashes that she hand made out of her own hair. I wonder if this is her?
- January 23, 2011 at 1:41 PM
- Lily said...
You're a peach and this blog is the whole pie! In other words: I really love this blog; thanks and please continue the great work!
- January 25, 2011 at 12:28 AM


text:
Freeway proximity and autism?
This study examined the association between autism and proximity of residence to freeways and major roadways during pregnancy and near the time of delivery, as a surrogate for air pollution exposure.
This research article, written by Heather E. Volk, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Lora Delwiche, Fred Lurmann, and Rob McConnell* appeared first in Environmental Health Perspectives—the peer-reviewed, open access journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
The article is a verbatim version of the original and is not available for edits or additions by Encyclopedia of Earth editors or authors. Companion articles on the same topic that are editable may exist within the Encyclopedia of Earth.
Residential Proximity to Freeways and
Autism in the CHARGE Study
Background: Little is known about environmental causes and contributing factors for autism. Basic science and epidemiologic research suggest that oxidative stress and inflammation may play a role in disease development. Traffic-related air pollution, a common exposure with established effects on these pathways, contains substances found to have adverse prenatal effects.
Objectives: We examined the association between autism and proximity of residence to freeways and major roadways during pregnancy and near the time of delivery, as a surrogate for air pollution exposure.
Methods: Data were from 304 autism cases and 259 typically developing controls enrolled in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study. The mother's address recorded on the birth certificate and trimester-specific addresses derived from a residential history obtained by questionnaire were geocoded, and measures of distance to freeways and major roads were calculated using ArcGIS software. Logistic regression models compared residential proximity to freeways and major roads for autism cases and typically developing controls.
Results: Adjusting for sociodemographic factors and maternal smoking, maternal residence at the time of delivery was more likely be near a freeway (≤ 309 m) for cases than for controls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–3.45]. Autism was also associated with residential proximity to a freeway during the third trimester (OR = 2.22; CI, 1.16–4.42). After adjustment for socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics, these associations were unchanged. Living near other major roads at birth was not associated with autism.
Conclusions: Living near a freeway was associated with autism. Examination of associations with measured air pollutants is needed.
Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by significant deficits in social interaction and communication, accompanied by repetitive behaviors (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Data from family and twin studies have long supported the role of genetics in autism etiology (Abrahams and Geschwind 2008; Muhle et al. 2004). Results from linkage, copy number variation, and genomewide association studies further support the importance of genetic risk in this disease (Abrahams and Geschwind 2008; Ma et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2009). Over the last 10 years, the prevalence of diagnoses of autism, and all autism spectrum disorders, has increased (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007a, 2007b, 2009). Although changes in diagnostic criteria and improved ascertainment have been thought to contribute to this increase, recent reports suggest that these factors may not fully explain the rising incidence of autism spectrum disorders (Hertz-Picciotto and Delwiche 2009; King and Bearman 2009). Therefore, it is likely that environmental factors may augment the strong genetic risks implicated in autism etiology.
Air pollution exposure during pregnancy has been reported to have physical and developmental effects on the fetus. High levels of air pollution, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ambient particulate matter (PM), have been associated with very low and low birth weight, preterm birth, and infant mortality (Currie et al. 2009; Ritz and Yu 1999). Specific pollutants, including ozone, sulfur dioxide, PM, and carbon monoxide, have also been associated with significant differences in biparietal diameter and head circumference measured both during pregnancy and at birth (Hansen et al. 2008; Vassilev et al. 2001). Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during pregnancy has been associated with impaired cortical function and cognitive developmental delay (Bocskay et al. 2005; Perera et al. 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007).
Exposure to air pollution and its components, not only in the prenatal period but also in early postnatal life, has been linked to poor developmental outcomes as well. A recent epidemiologic study reported that use of gas appliances and increased nitrogen dioxide in the home during the first 3 months of life are associated with decreased cognitive test scores and increased inattention at 4 years of age (Morales et al. 2009). In a separate study, Suglia et al. (2008) estimated lifetime residential exposure to black carbon, a proxy for traffic-related PM, among 8- to 11-year-old children and reported decreased performance on intelligence and memory tasks with increasing black carbon levels. Additionally, autism has been associated with estimated regional concentrations of hazardous air pollutants, including arsenic and nickel, and with diesel PM exposure in early childhood (Windham et al. 2006).
Thus, an emerging literature suggests that near roadways, traffic-related air pollutants, possibly influenced by specific components such as PM or PAHs, affect neurodevelopment. However, the role of timing for this exposure during pregnancy or early life is not clear, nor has the relationship between traffic-related air pollutants and autism been tested. In this study, we examined the relationship between autism and traffic proximity (a marker of traffic-related air pollution) during the prenatal period and at the time of birth.
Materials and Methods
We used data from 304 autism cases and 259 typically developing general-population controls from the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study, a population-based case–control study of preschool children. The study design is described in detail elsewhere (Hertz-Picciotto et al. 2006). Briefly, CHARGE subjects were between 24 and 60 months of age at the time of recruitment, which occurred during 2003–2009; lived with at least one English- or Spanish-speaking biological parent; were born in California; and resided in one of the study catchment areas at the time of enrollment. Recruitment was facilitated by the California Department of Developmental Services (DDS) and the regional centers with which they contract to coordinate services for persons with autism and other developmental disabilities. Population-based controls were recruited from the sampling frame of birth files from the State of California and were frequency matched by sex, age, and broad geographic area to the autism cases. All births were between 1997 and 2006.
Each participating family was evaluated in person. Children with a DDS diagnosis of autism were evaluated using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedules (ADOS), and parents were administered the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (ADI-R) (Le Couteur et al. 2003; Lord et al. 2003). Children with a diagnosed developmental delay and general population controls were given the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) to screen for the presence of autistic features (Rutter et al. 2003). If the SCQ score was ≥ 15, the ADOS was then administered to the child and the ADI-R to the parent. In our study, autism cases were children with a diagnosis of autism from both the ADOS and the ADI-R. All children were also assessed using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales to collect information on motor skills, language, socialization, and daily living skills (Mullen 1995; Sparrow et al. 1984). Controls were children sampled from the general population with typical development, defined as having received a score ≤ 15 on the SCQ and who scored in the normal range on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, thereby showing no evidence of other types of delay (cognitive or adaptive).
Parents were also interviewed extensively to evaluate household exposures and demographic and medical information and to assess reproductive, occupational, and residential histories. The residential history captured addresses and corresponding dates the mother and child lived at each location beginning 3 months before conception and extending to the most recent place of residence. Further details about the collection of clinical and exposure data have been previously reported (Hertz-Picciotto et al. 2006).
We examined associations of autism with traffic-related pollutant exposure using two broad proxies: distance to the nearest freeway and distance to the nearest major road. In accord with our previous research, a freeway was defined as a state highway or interstate highway (Gauderman et al. 2007). A major road was defined as a state highway, interstate highway, or major arterial (McConnell et al. 2006). Mother's residential address at birth, as recorded on the birth certificate, was geocoded, and distances to the nearest interstate highway, state highway, and major arterial road were estimated based on the shortest distance from the residence to the middle of the nearest side of each of the three road types using ArcGIS software (version 9.2; Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., Redlands, CA). For each subject, freeway distance was then assigned as the shorter of the distances from the birth residence to a state or interstate highway. Similarly, major road distance was assigned as the shortest of the three distances: from a state highway, interstate highway, or major arterial. Under these definitions, it was possible for freeway and major road distances to be the same should the same road type (e.g., state highway) provide the shortest distance measure for a given address. For freeway and major road distances, we examined the distribution of values among the 563 subjects in our study and determined exposure cut points based on the top 10%, next 15%, and subsequent 25% of distance values for freeways and for major roads. The remaining 50% served as a reference category in each analysis.
Information from the residential history was used to estimate exposure to residential traffic during the first, second, and third trimesters of gestation for a subset of subjects with complete data (n = 485; 257 cases and 228 controls). We determined the conception date for each child using gestational age from ultrasound measurements or the date of last menstrual period, as determined from prenatal records. Then we calculated dates corresponding to each trimester and selected the appropriate address from the residential history. If more than one address fell into a trimester, we chose the address where the subjects had spent the most time. Addresses were geocoded and distances estimated as described above.
We used logistic regression to estimate the association between distance to the nearest freeway or major road and autism. Pertinent covariates were included in the model to adjust for potential confounding due to sociodemographic or lifestyle characteristics. Specifically, we included child's sex and ethnicity, maximum education level of the parents, maternal age, gestational age at birth, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. We obtained 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as measures of precision and determined statistical significance using an alpha level of 0.05.
Description of sample. The study population was 84% male, and most participants were Caucasian (51%) or Hispanic (29%). We found no significant differences between cases and controls for any demographic or socioeconomic variables examined (Table 1). For most participants, geocoded birth certificate addresses (mother's residence at delivery) indicated that residences at birth were concentrated in the areas around Sacramento, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco East and North Bay.
Table 1. Click for Larger Image.
Demographic characteristics of CHARGE cases with autism and controls with typical development (n = 563).
Distance to freeway. We examined the distribution of distance from the nearest freeway among subjects in our study and determined exposure cut-points to define the closest 10% (< 309 m), the next 15% (309–647 m), and the next 25% (647–1,419 m) as exposure groups. The remaining 50% (> 1,419 m) served as the reference group in our analysis. Living within 309 m of a freeway at birth was associated with autism [odds ratio (OR) = 1.86; 95% CI, 1.04–3.45]. This association was not altered by adjustment for child sex or ethnicity, maximum education in the home, maternal age, or maternal smoking during pregnancy (Table 2). When we categorized our distance measure into deciles, only the top 10%, corresponding to the < 309-m category, showed evidence of an increased autism risk compared with those living farthest from the freeway (lowest decile, > 5,150 m; unadjusted OR = 2.48; 95% CI, 1.17–5.39).
Table 2. Click for Larger Image.
Among the subset of subjects with available residential history data, measures for distance to the freeway were highly correlated across trimesters, reflecting the limited number of subjects who changed residence during pregnancy (n = 17 between first and second, 13 between second and third, 30 between first and third). In each trimester, living closest to the freeway (< 309 vs. > 1,419 m) was associated with autism, but the OR reached statistical significance only during the third trimester (adjusted OR = 1.96; 95% CI, 1.01–3.93). Effect estimates for the first and second trimesters were slightly lower in magnitude (first trimester: adjusted OR = 1.66; 95% CI, 0.91–3.10; second trimester: adjusted OR = 1.65; 95% CI, 0.85–3.28). After restricting the sample with birth certificate addresses to those with residential history data for all three trimesters (n = 485; 257 cases and 228 controls), the OR for autism was more than doubled among those living within 309 m of a freeway versus > 1,419 m (adjusted OR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.16–4.42), consistent with a late-pregnancy or early-life effect.
Distance to major road. The distribution of distance from a major road among subjects in our study was reflected in exposure cut-points corresponding to ≤ 42 m (the closest 10%), 42–96 m (subsequent 15%), and 96–209 m (next 25%) as exposure groups. The remaining 50% (> 209 m) served as the reference group in our analysis. We found no consistent pattern of association of autism with proximity to a major road, and results were changed only slightly after adjusting for distance to the freeway (Table 3). Inclusion of child sex or ethnicity, maximum education in home, maternal age, or prenatal smoking in the model did not alter these associations. Results were similar for the three trimesters.
Table 3. Click for Larger Image.
We observed an increased risk of autism among the 10% of children living within 309 m of a freeway around the time of birth. Our findings appeared to be limited to only this group because analysis of further distances did not demonstrate associations. Analysis of trimester-specific residential information yielded associations of roughly similar magnitude, although only the effects for the third trimester and at birth reached statistical significance. The high correlations across trimesters, and lack of analysis of postnatal residences, imply that we cannot precisely define a potentially critical window.
The association of autism with proximity to freeway, and not to major road, may be related to the larger volume of traffic and concentrations of pollutants observed near freeways. In Los Angeles, for example, some freeways have more than 300,000 vehicles daily and high concentrations of traffic-related pollutants with steep gradients extending several hundred meters from the traffic corridor (Caltrans 2008; Zhu et al. 2002, 2006). Specifically, studies measuring concentration and size distribution of ultrafine PM near a major California freeway demonstrate that the PM is high nearest the freeway and becomes closer to background levels at distances ≥ 300 m (Zhu et al. 2002). Thus, our findings are consistent with the relationship between freeway proximity and PM exposures in California. Our study did not find evidence of associations with residential proximity beyond the 300-m range, and we currently lack adequate sample size to estimate the effect of living in even closer proximity to the freeway (< 100 m) where high concentrations of PM have been detected. To examine the effects of proximity at closer distances to major roadways, we estimated autism risk among subjects living within 96 m (the top quartile of exposure vs. > 96 m) and among those living within 300 m (corresponding to the region of highest exposure vs. > 300 m) and found slightly elevated non-statistically significant risks (within 96 m: OR = 1.17; 95% CI, 0.80–1.72; within 300 m: OR = 1.19; 95% CI, 0.84–1.68).
The traffic volumes on the classes of other major roadways used in this analysis are likely to be highly variable across California, so exposure to traffic-related pollutants on the spatial scale of interest may be less well classified by residential proximity to other major roadways than by proximity to freeways. For example, we found that the average distance to a freeway among subjects living in the second major road exposure group (42–96 m), with slightly increased risk of autism, was much shorter (mean ± SD = 1,481 ± 1,761 m) than in other major road categories (major road < 42 m, 2,643 ± 2,245 m to freeway; major road 96–209 m, 1,917 ± 3,946 m). Residential traffic proximity has been associated with childhood asthma and lung function growth in previous studies we have conducted in Southern California, and some of these associations have been restricted to freeway proximity or traffic modeled from freeway traffic volume (Gauderman et al. 2005, 2007; McConnell et al. 2006, 2010).
We found little evidence of confounding by the socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics included in this analysis. We hypothesized these confounders a priori based on literature reporting increased autism rates in higher socioeconomic areas, whereas lower socioeconomic areas are more likely to have higher levels of air pollutants (Sexton et al. 1993). In our study, we observed no difference in level of education in the home among autism cases and controls, and adjusting for these factors had little effect on the traffic and autism association, suggesting that our results were not biased by such factors. In California, clusters of autism tend to have higher levels of parental education, and in countries with highly variable access to health care, diagnosed cases of autism tend to be in families with higher socioeconomic status than the general population; at the same time, controls that participate in studies are almost always of higher socioeconomic status than nonparticipants (Van Meter et al. 2010).
To date, little research has examined the association of air pollutants and autism. Using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Hazardous Air Pollutants monitoring network, Windham et al. (2006) identified an increased autism risk with modeled estimates of regional census tract ambient exposure to diesel exhaust particles, as well as metals (mercury, cadmium, and nickel) and chlorinated solvents, in the San Francisco Bay Area of northern California. Additional research using models from the Hazardous Air Pollutants program found associations between autism and air toxics at the birth residence of children from North Carolina and West Virginia (Kalkbrenner et al. 2010). Our analysis builds on this work by examining associations with individual-level indicators of exposure based on traffic proximity, prenatally and at birth.
Toxicologic studies suggest a biologically plausible role of air pollution in disrupting brain development and function during critical time points in gestation and early life. Diesel exhaust particles present in traffic-related pollution have been shown to have endocrine-disrupting activity and to transplacentally affect sexual differentiation and alter cognitive function in mice (Hougaard et al. 2008; Watanabe and Kurita 2001). Prenatal exposure to ozone in rats has been seen to alter monoamine content in the cerebellum, which may then alter neural circuitry formation (Gonzalez-Pina et al. 2008). Recent work examining the effects of benzo[a]pyrene, a common PAH, indicates that prenatal oral exposure in mice results in decreased neuronal plasticity and behavioral deficits (Brown et al. 2007). Specifically, prenatal exposure was associated with reduced glutamate receptor development when synapses are formed. Additionally, exposure to benzo[a]pyrene via breast-feeding in mice during the early postnatal period, corresponding to the rapid human brain development taking place during the third trimester, affected neuromaturation as measured by classic developmental behavior tests and to reduce expression of the serotonin receptor 5HT1A (Bouayed et al. 2009; Pan et al. 2009).
Traffic-related air pollutants have been observed to induce inflammation and oxidative stress after both short-term and long-term exposures in toxicologic and human studies, and these pathways are thought to mediate effects of air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and perhaps on neurologic outcomes (Block and Calderon-Garciduenas 2009; Calderon-Garciduenas et al. 2009; Castro-Giner et al. 2009; Gilliland et al. 2004; Künzli et al. 2010). The emerging evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation are also involved in the pathogenesis of autism may suggest a biologically plausible rationale for the observed associations in our study (Boso et al. 2006; Enstrom et al. 2009a, 2009b; James et al. 2004, 2006, 2009). In particular, research examining serum biomarkers reported increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and colony-stimulating factor II, as well as two markers of T-helper 1 immune response (interferon-γ and IL-8), in postmortem brain tissue of autism cases compared with controls (Li et al. 2009). Additional research from the CHARGE study has shown increased plasma levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G-4 and reduced concentrations of tumor growth factor-β, related to immune response and inflammatory processes, in plasma of children with autism compared with typically developing controls and children with developmental delay (Ashwood et al. 2008; Enstrom et al. 2009a, 2009b). Other recent work indicates that exposure to air pollution exposure during pregnancy is associated with changes in IgE and in lymphocytes measured from cord blood, supporting the idea that maternal exposure to air pollution is associated with altered immune profiles in the fetus (Herr et al. 2010a, 2010b). Moreover, published evidence links maternal antibodies to fetal brain tissue with a subset of autism cases (Braunschweig et al. 2008).
Genetic variation in oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways has also been associated with autism. Oxidative stress endophenotypes and corresponding genotypes related to metabolism of methionine transmethylation and transsulfuration were significantly decreased in children with autism compared with controls, indicating increased susceptibility to oxidative stress (Boso et al. 2006; James et al. 2004, 2006). Markers of lipid peroxidation have also been associated with autism, as have increased levels of nitric oxide and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be related to the formation of reactive oxygen species (Chauhan and Chauhan 2006; Filipek et al. 2004; Ming et al. 2005; Sogut et al. 2003; Yao et al. 2006). Polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), which modulate the response to oxidative stress, have been associated with increased autism risk (Buyske et al. 2006; Ming et al. 2009; Williams et al. 2007). These genetic variants have also been shown to modify the association between exposure to air oxidant pollutant associations and respiratory outcomes (Islam et al. 2009; Salam et al. 2007). Examination of the interaction between these oxidant-associated genes and environmental exposures may help to clarify susceptibilities to environmental pollutants among children with autism.
We recognize that the moderate relative risks associated with freeway proximity in our study may have been attributable to chance or bias. The study is currently limited by sample size and potential exposure misclassification. Analysis of larger data sets would provide additional valuable insight into these findings and the potential for replication. Although we used a residential history questionnaire (available for a subset of the study participants) to choose the appropriate address for trimester, there still may be misclassification of exposure in these data due to inaccurate date reporting on the part of the mother, or in our choice among multiple addresses in each trimester. We could not distinguish the potential effect of noise from that due to pollutant exposures, both resulting from residential location near a freeway or other road in this study. Addresses on the birth certificate could also be in error, but this would probably be less likely. We were not able to examine specific pollutant concentrations in this study, and the traffic proximity metrics were subject to misclassification of exposure because they did not account for traffic volume or prevailing wind speed and direction. However, this exposure misclassification was unlikely to have been systematically related to disease, and our results may therefore have underestimated the magnitude of a true causal association.
Despite these limitations, this study has several strengths. We assessed autism through well-validated instruments that are recognized as the gold standard in the field. We examined exposure prenatally and at birth, two pivotal times in gestational development, whereas prior work on air pollution has been limited to the birth address or a cumulative lifetime exposure measure. To our knowledge, these results are the first to show an association of autism with residential traffic proximity.
Little is known about potential environmental contributions to autism. The observed associations with traffic proximity merit further research to determine whether these results are reproducible in populations with improved estimates of exposure to specific ambient air pollutants. Examination of gene–pollution interactions may also help us learn about causal pathways involved in autism and identify potentially susceptible populations and may lead to prevention strategies. Our analysis is the first step in examining a hypothesized relationship between air pollutants and autism. It has been estimated that 11% of the U.S. population lives within 100 m of a four-lane highway, so a causal link to autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders would have broad public health implications (Brugge et al. 2007).
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- 2006. Effect of prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on neurodevelopment in the first 3 years of life among inner-city children. Environ Health Perspect 114:1287–1292. Find this article online
- 2007. Relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon–DNA adducts, environmental tobacco smoke, and child development in the World Trade Center cohort. Environ Health Perspect 115:1497–1502. Find this article online
- 1999. The effect of ambient carbon monoxide on low birth weight among children born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993. Environ Health Perspect 107:17–25. Find this article online
- 2003. A Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
- 2007. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase P1, traffic and childhood asthma. Thorax 62(12):1050–1057. Find this article online
- 1993. Air pollution health risks: do class and race matter? Toxicol Ind Health 9(5):843–878. Find this article online
- 2003. Changes in nitric oxide levels and antioxidant enzyme activities may have a role in the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in autism. Clin Chim Acta 331(1–2):111–117. Find this article online
- 1984. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Interview Edition Expanded Form Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services Inc.
- 2008. Association of black carbon with cognition among children in a prospective birth cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 167(3):280–286. Find this article online
- 2010. Geographic distribution of autism in California: a retrospective birth cohort analysis. Autism Res 3(1):19–29. Find this article online
- 2001. Outdoor exposure to airborne polycyclic organic matter and adverse reproductive outcomes: a pilot study. Am J Ind Med 40(3):255–262. Find this article online
- 2009. Common genetic variants on 5p14.1 associate with autism spectrum disorders. Nature 459(7246):528–533. Find this article online
- 2001. The masculinization of the fetus during pregnancy due to inhalation of diesel exhaust. Environ Health Perspect 109:111–119. Find this article online
- 2007. Risk of autistic disorder in affected offspring of mothers with a glutathione S-transferase P1 haplotype. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161(4):356–361. Find this article online
- 2006. Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous air pollutants in the San Francisco Bay Area. Environ Health Perspect 114:1438–1444. Find this article online
- 2006. Altered vascular phenotype in autism: correlation with oxidative stress. Arch Neurol 63(8):1161–1164. Find this article online
- 2002. Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 52(9):1032–1042. Find this article online
- 2006. Comparison of daytime and nighttime concentration profiles and size distributions of ultrafine particles near a major highway. Environ Sci Technol 40(8):2531–2536. Find this article online
Editor's Notes
- Citation: Volk HE, Hertz-Picciotto I, Delwiche L, Lurmann F, McConnell R 2011. Residential Proximity to Freeways and Autism in the CHARGE Study. Environ Health Perspect 119:873-877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002835
- Received: 06 August 2010; Accepted: 13 December 2010; Online: 16 December 2010
- Address correspondence to H.E. Volk, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St. CHP 209G, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Telephone: (323) 442-5101. Fax: (323) 442-3272. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
- This work was supported by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grants ES019002, ES009581, ES013578, ES007048, ES11269, ES015359, and RD831861; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science to Achieve Results (STAR) grants R-823392 and R-833292; the MIND Institute matching funds and pilot grant program; and Autism Speaks.
- F.L. is employed by Sonoma Technology Inc., which provided expert services in exposure assessment for this work. The other authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests. The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.

subset: commoncrawl


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Poipu Bed & Breakfast
- 51 reviews of The Kauai Inn in Lihue
Step back in time to the Hawaii of yesterday
The Kauai Inn is family ran and owned. With rates starting at $119 a night, it's the perfect getaway! Check out our Affordable Rates & Availability
Tucked away on three tropical acres where the Nawiliwili Bay meets the Huleia River, this charming 48 unit plantation style Inn was the first on Kaua'i and retains a sleepy old world charm. In the early 60's John Wayne, Lee Marvin and the cast of Dovovan's Reef relaxed around the pool sharing stories and adventures with other guests.
Nawiliwili Bay is the center of history and activities from surfing or swimming at Kalapaki Beach to charter fishing, kayaking, sailing, scuba diving, golfing, windsurfing, great shopping and convenient to Lihue Airport. Kauai Inn is perfect for your Hawaiian vacation or honeymoon and affordable quality for visitors and Kama`ainas.
What we have to offer our guests
The Kauai Inn offers complimentary coffee, teas and lemonade throughout the day under our covered ramada area. Beverage, ice machine, and a guest computer with free high speed internet are located in our extented lobby.
Our rooms include a small refrigerator, mircowave, ceiling fan, air condiontioning, hair dryer, and an iron with an ironing board. Several of our ground floor rooms have patio lanais to relax outside on while enjoying the tropical scenery.
While visiting you may find yourself bathing poolside or cooling off in the pool. We also have a pavilion area out back to relax in while gazing at the Hula'eia Mountains. Here you can socailize while taking advantage of our complimentary guest barbeques.


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Nursing Shoes
1 Item(s)
Crocs Shoes: Unisex Bistro Slip On 10075 410 Slip Resistant Work Shoes
$40.00 1 Review 20
The number of Rewards Points earned by Rewards Program members when purchasing this product.
Rewards Points can be used to redeem gift codes that are used as currency on a future order.
1 Item(s)
Your EXCELLENT customer service is to be commended. I am the Vice President/General Manager of a catalog company myself and I hope our customer service representatives are as pleasant and helpful as you were when they are dealing with our customers. When a company is as pleasant to deal with as you have been, that goes a long way in retaining customers. Thank you for your assistance and your customer service skills are to be commended."
Linda D. from Chatsworth, California


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June 8th, 2011, Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie (FHH)
Jaeger-LeCoultre supports the Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie (FHH) in the campaign to show the true face of counterfeiting and raise public awareness. The Foundation's latest campaign tackles counterfeiting from a new angle and asks: "Do you have a choice? Don't be a partner in crime." It appeared in the British Financial Times newspaper today on June 8th, media partner of the FHH. The campaign features a picture of a watchmaker at the Manufacture Jaeger-LeCoultre. As part of its action to inform the public on the risks and dangers of counterfeiting, the "Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie" (FHH) organised a competition for first-year students at Lausanne University of Art and Design (ECAL) and the public at large. As part of their studies at the university's school of visual communication, students were invited to make a 30-second infomercial. The winner of ECAL 2nd Prize and Prize for "Best Production" Ovidé Lo Castro was rewarded with Jaeger-LeCoultre's Reverso Grande Taille for the film "Don't be an accomplice". Don't play with appearances; Crime thanks you for your donation; You can't fake expertise… These were just some of the messages that hit home during the evening as the films, which ranged from cartoons to fictions and montages, were shown. Click here to watch the film by Ovidé Lo Castro. You deserve a real watch Since 1833, Technical innovation, experience and inventive genius have consistently characterised Jaeger-LeCoultre timepieces and represent a unique association between a prodigious watchmaking heritage and the use of cutting-edge technologies. This highly demanding approach has given rise to exceptional blends of modernity and tradition, such as in the recently launched Reverso Gyrotourbillon, the Master Compressor Extreme LAB and the Duomètre line with its models housing two separate movements controlled by a single regulating organ. A Jaeger-LeCoultre watch represents an accomplishment combining elegance and discretion with a natural aura of serene confidence.
World Anti-Counterfeiting Day


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Topic: Hearing Loss is Not Invisible!
Air Date: November 12, 2013 at 7:30PM on WPTA-TV 21 Alive
The average person waits 7-10 years before picking up the phone and asking for help for hearing loss. In the meantime, the energy it takes to hide hearing loss takes its toll. People with hearing loss admit to lower confidence and mounting embarrassment. Join Summit Hearing Solutions' Ted Blanford and Joy Conley-Fulk as they share stories of how hearing loss impacts patient's lives and how the proper hearing device and support changes lives. Learn more and information on other hearing questions on this Docs on Call show.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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100 Promises to My Baby
As a new mother, I rediscovered the spiritual values taught to me by my own parents, Rita and Deepak Chopra.
When I found out that I was pregnant several years ago, it was one of the happiest and most exciting moments of my life. I was awed by the fact that I had a living being growing inside of me. I spent hours visualizing what my baby would look like, talking and singing to her, caressing her, and beginning to plan for our new family with my husband, Sumant.
However, as my love for my baby grew with each new day, so did my apprehension about whether or not I would be a good mother. Would I know how to take care of my baby? How would I contribute to her happiness or unhappiness? How could I make sure that she treated others well, that she felt secure, that she was on the right path? What was the right path? I became overwhelmed thinking about the responsibility of being a good parent.
It was at this time that I appreciated, probably at the deepest and most sincere level, how grateful I was to my parents, Rita and Deepak Chopra, for the security, patience, love, and support they had given me growing up. For much of my life, people have asked me, "What was it like growing up as Deepak Chopra's kid?" or "How did your parents teach you and your brother, Gotham, spiritual values and ideas when you were children?" Of course, for Gotham and me, our father was always just our father, and Mom was Mom. We never analyzed what it was like to grow up with them or how that was different from others.
But in the context of becoming a parent, I started to think more about the way in which my parents taught us, how they made us feel loved, and how easy it was for us to communicate. Because of my father's work as a spiritual teacher and writer and his eagerness to impart his knowledge to us, I understood at a young age how love and compassion set the foundations for everything else in life.
Gotham and I did have a wonderful childhood-not only because of the fascinating people we met, but because we were taught to look at the world with magical eyes, curiosity, and passion. Perhaps because of this background, during my pregnancy I was inspired to make commitments to myself about how I could emulate what I had learned from my parents, as well as from other family members, ancestors, friends and from my own experiences in life. My hope was to give Tara a childhood filled with wonder, magic, adventure, and mystery. And I felt intuitively that the time to start was while she still a part of me-I somehow knew she would be listening.
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The Power of Independent Thinking
Ivan Eland on Ranking US Presidents
Recorded: Sunday, October 26, 2014
Ivan Eland, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, appears on Fox & Friends to discuss his updated version of "Recarving Rushmore."
To order copies of "Recarving Rushmore: Ranking the Presidents on Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty," click here.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Defense and Foreign Policy, Democracy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Fiscal Policy/Debt, Freedom, Government Power, Government Secrecy, Government Waste/Pork, History (U.S), Nationalism, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics, Regulation and Deregulation, Terrorism and National Crises, Trade
Ivan Eland on the Russia/Ukraine Ceasefire
Recorded: Friday, September 5, 2014
Ivan Eland, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute and author of "The Failure of Counter-Insurgency: Why Hearts and Minds are Not Always Won," analyzes the Russia/Ukraine ceasefire.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Government Power, Nationalism, Politics, Terrorism and National Crises
Lawrence McQuillan on the Fed's Zero Interest Rate Policy
Recorded: Thursday, July 17, 2014
Senior Fellow Lawrence McQuillan appeared on The Rob Schilling radio show to discuss the Fed's zero interest rate policy (ZIRP) and how this effects the economy.
Experts: Lawrence J. McQuillanType: RadioIssues: Banking and Finance, Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt
William F. Shughart Discusses the Import-Export Bank on The Gary Nolan Show
Recorded: Wednesday, July 9, 2014
Sr. Fellow William F. Shughart II appeared on The Gary Nolan radio show to discuss the Export-Import bank. In a recent syndicated Op-Ed, Shughart wrote that the Export-Import bank distorts prices and it interferes with the free flow of international commerce.
Experts: William F. Shughart IIType: RadioIssues: Banking and Finance, Business, Economic Policy, Labor and Employment, Trade
Whither America: A Foreign Policy Debate Among Realists, Nationalists, and Internationalists
Recorded: Tuesday, May 6, 2014
May 6, 2014
George Washington University, Washington D.C.
"The long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have sparked renewed debate about foreign policy within both political parties. William Kristol recently said that while Republicans generally agree on domestic policy, the real debate would be on foreign policy. Likewise, in the Democratic party, the more hawkish Clinton wing of the party continues its clash with the more dovish McGovernite wing. To focus on these differences, The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. and The Independent Institute in Oakland, California are hosting a debate among the various foreign policy traditions. Please join us for this necessary and timely debate."
Ivan Eland is the Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute.
Henry R. Nau is the Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University.
Michael Lind is co-founder of the New America Foundation.
Type: Other EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Defense and Foreign Policy, Government Power, Immigration, Nationalism, Political Ideology and Philosophy
Ivan Eland: Obama Calls for United Front Against Russia
Recorded: Thursday, April 24, 2014
Ivan Eland, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, appears on CTV to discuss Obama's call for a united front against Russia in response to instability in Ukraine.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Defense and Foreign Policy, Government Power, Nationalism, Politics, Terrorism and National Crises, Trade
Robert Higgs - Crisis, Leviathan, and the National Security State
Recorded: Thursday, February 27, 2014
"Crisis, Leviathan, and the National Security State" by Robert Higgs was a speech sponsored by The Future of Freedom Foundation February 15, 2014 at the 2014 International Students for Liberty Conference in Washington D.C.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Constitutional Law, Defense and Foreign Policy, Economic Policy, Free Speech, Freedom, Government Power, History (U.S), Nationalism, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics, Privacy, Terrorism and National Crises
Alvaro Vargas Llosa on WLRNs Tropical Currents show
Recorded: Wednesday, September 4, 2013
Senior Fellow Alvaro Vargas Llosa, author of Global Crossings, appeared on WLRN radios Tropical Currents show, hosted by Joseph Cooper and Bonnie Berman in Miami, Florida. The author talks about how America has gone from a nation of immigrants, to become skeptical, even critical of receiving others on our shores and borders.
Experts: Alvaro Vargas LlosaType: RadioIssues: Culture/ Society, Latin America, Nationalism, Political Ideology and Philosophy


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COMMERCE CITY — Jurgen Klinsmann didn't seem to have any blood pouring out of open wounds Thursday. Listening to him the day before his 0-1 United States soccer team hosts 0-0-1 Costa Rica in a World Cup qualifier, it sounded as if he was fully recovered from getting stabbed multiple times in the back.
A recent story in The Sporting News quoted unnamed players in the national team pool questioning the second-year coach's leadership. It apparently had no effect. At 8 o'clock Friday, a packed Dick's Sporting Goods Park and an ESPN audience will see if it had any effect on an injury-plagued, inexperienced U.S. team.
Among the complaints players had, as referenced in The Sporting News story, was that Klinsmann favored German-American players whom Klinsmann invited. There were also complaints about the lineup he used in the 2-1 loss at Honduras on Feb. 6 and that he was spending more time talking about fitness than tactics.
"I always said we are a team in transition," Klinsmann said. "I always said we're between cycles. It's normal that we have players outside their comfort zone. We have to use different methods to make it better. If we do exactly the same way it was done before, we're not improving. It's our job to get these guys to another level. The way we do it is by using different methods."
Clint Dempsey, whom Klinsmann named captain to replace Carlos Bocanegra, in another controversial roster omission, did not address the team about the story. But he did defend his coach.
"It's important to keep moving forward as a country and be the best we can be and try to do something special," Dempsey said. "So you have to think outside the box. Try new methods. You have to try new players."
New players? Due to injuries and Bocanegra's idleness in Spain's second division, the six defenders on the U.S. roster have only 12 caps between them in World Cup qualifiers. Tony Beltran, Matt Besler and Justin Morrow will make their World Cup debuts.
They'll go against a Costa Rica team that is on a nine-game unbeaten streak and boasts Alvaro Saborio, whose 53 goals for Real Salt Lake is a club record and whose seven goals in two stages of World Cup qualifying lead the entire hemisphere. Coach Jorge Luis Pinto, in his second stint as national coach, caused a stir when he called Saborio "doubtful" for the game after he hurt his knee in Wednesday's practice but Saborio said Thursday, "I am 110 percent."
Los Ticos have gone 3-0-2 against the U.S. in its last five games, but they've never played the U.S. in 21 degrees with possible showers, which is Friday's forecast. However, Saborio plays in Salt Lake City and eight others play in Northern Europe, including six in Scandinavia.
John Henderson: 303-954-1299, firstname.lastname@example.com or twitter.com/johnhendersondp
FIFA world cup qualifier
8 p.m. Friday: United States vs. Costa Rica, at Dick's Sporting Goods Park, ESPN and KTVJ-14 (Spanish)


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Can the U.S. Withdraw from Afghanistan and Iraq?
Recorded: Wednesday, December 9, 2009
Part 1 |
Part 2
Civil strife in Iraq continues and instability may only increase after the January elections. U.S. withdrawal has become an acceptable strategy in Washington, but will it be tenable if violence escalates and Iraq unravels again?
Experts: Ivan Eland, Peter Galbraith, Charles V. PeñaType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Democracy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Freedom, History (International), Politics, Terrorism and National Crises
Ivan Eland on Cold War Mentality of NATO Expansion
Recorded: Thursday, October 15, 2009
Originally aired 10/15/09 on Russia Today. Ivan Eland, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, shares his opinion of the bi-partisan support for NATO expansion.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid
Ivan Eland on Missile Defense System
Recorded: Saturday, September 19, 2009
Originally aired on 9/19/09. Ivan Eland, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, discusses Democratic support for a linked NATO-Russia-U.S. missile defense system in an interview on Russia Today.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Diplomacy and Foreign Aid
Charles Peña on Missile Defense Program
Recorded: Thursday, September 17, 2009
Originally aired on 9/17/09. Charles Peña, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, discusses Obamas decision to shelve the European missile defense plan in an interview on CTV News.
Experts: Charles V. PeñaType: TelevisionIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid
Ivan Eland on Joseph Bidens Comments on Russia
Recorded: Monday, July 27, 2009
Originally aired on July 27, 2009, Ivan Eland discusses Joe Bidens comments about Russia in an interview on Russia Today.
Ivan Eland on North Korean Nuclear Tests
Recorded: Wednesday, May 27, 2009
Ivan Eland, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, discusses the implications of North Korea's latest nuclear tests in a Russia Today interview.
A Gala for Liberty: The Independent Institutes Gala Reception and Dinner
Recorded: Tuesday, September 16, 2008
On September 16, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, actor and director Andy Garcia, and entrepreneur William K. Bowes, Jr. were honored at the Independent Institutes A Gala for Liberty. Each honoree received the Alexis de Tocqueville Award in recognition of their contributions to advancing the ideas and ideals of liberty, entrepreneurship, innovation, and peace.
Experts: George B. N. Ayittey, Michael J. Boskin, William K. Bowes, Jr., Andy Garcia, Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu, Alvaro Vargas LlosaType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Business, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Collectivism, Culture/ Society, Democracy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Economic History and Development (International), Free Market Economics, Free Speech, Freedom, Government Power, History (International), Latin America, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Race Issues, Religion, Taxes, Terrorism and National Crises, Trade
Is the War on Terror Creating Terrorism?
Recorded: Tuesday, April 15, 2008
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Is it possible that the U.S. governments response to the 9/11 attacks has served al-Qaeda interests? Despite the hype, U.S. law-enforcement officials have found little evidence of serious terrorist activities inside the country, compelling them to escalate their use of prosecution and entrapment to justify their enormous budgets.
Experts: Ivan Eland, Ian S. Lustick, D. Gareth PorterType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, History (International), Terrorism and National Crises


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You can be certain that you'll get lucky when wearing the St Patrick's Day Fever Women's Costume. This costume is the perfect piece to celebrate the Irish holiday with style this year. The outfit features a dress, hat, bow tie, and panties. The dress of the costume is satin and green, with a layered hem and ruffles on the chest. Attached is a green velvet jacket which accents the rest of the costume perfectly. The green bow tie and mini top hat are the perfect pieces to complete this cute costume. You can be sure that you'll have some free beers to chug down when you enter the pub in this cute costume piece. Don't pass up the chance to have the best St. Patty's Day yet when you're in this costume.
Our Price: $39.99
Our Price: $5.97
Our Price: $39.97
Our Price: $5.99


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After beating Morty, Ash and co. take a break from their journey at a local retaurant. They find an Eevee and it's trainer, a young girl named Sakura and invites them to a tea ceremony. There Brock meets Sakura's other four sisters and he made the mistake of flirting with everyone of on them. Sakura dreams of being a strong trainer like her sisters but they say she lacks the experience necessary to do so. Can Sakura prove them wrong?
- Sakura
- Kimono Girls: Satsuki, Sumomo, Tamao and Koume
- The Kimono girls from the Generation II games appear in this episode as sisters.
- Misty and Sakura have two things in common: They are both the youngest in their families and they are both overshadowed by their older siblings.
- When Ash sends Totodile to battle Team Rocket, he sends it out of a regular Poke Ball instead of a Lure Ball.
- When Team Rocket blasts off the second time, Jessie's Wobbuffet is heard, despite it wasn't sent out.
|This article is an anime stub.
Please help the Pokémon Wiki by expanding it.
| This article has an incomplete plot or synopsis.
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Educational Resources: Search the CLEAN Collection
Scientifically and pedagogically reviewed digital resources for teaching about climate science, climate change, and energy awareness
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- Climate System 7 matches Includes natural processes within the climate system: orbital patterns, solar radiation, oceans, atmosphere, water cycle, the natural greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, regional climates and differences between climate and weather.
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- Measuring and Modeling Climate 7 matches Instrumental measurements, proxy data, climate model projections
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Heating it Up: The Chemistry of the Greenhouse Effect
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Thank you so much! I am honored to be featured here; there are some truly awesome artists on this site
Created in: Microsoft Windows Paint
I was originally drawn to this map because of the simplicity and old world feel as well as being hand drawn. What really inspires me about this map is not just the contents of the map itself, but it's means of production by the artist: Microsoft Windows Paint. Yes, you read that correctly.
This map proves that great maps have been, are, and always will be created by a skilled cartographer and not a software program. While every tool has it's own limitations, the skilled cartographer's only limit is his own imagination.
I greatly look forward to seeing more work from blkstone1 in the future.
Original threadsOriginally Posted by Author
Click here to view the Finished Map thread.
Thank you so much! I am honored to be featured here; there are some truly awesome artists on this site
Congrats Blkstone!, great job!
I am completely floored by your medium of choice and how beautiful it turned out! Hats off to you!
Nice work
That is awesome.
Nice job! Some good ideas from this
Pixel by pixel! Man, you is a myth to do this so well in MsPaint
Oh my GOD! Ms Paint... hahaha... I can believe, it's amazing man. A great work, hats off to you!


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DP016: A Gruff Act To Follow!
this wiki
After Paul dominated the Oreburgh Gym, Ash had to think about what pokemon he could use. Naturally he chose Turtwig, Aipom and Pikachu to go up against Roark's Rock Pokémon. Will this strategy work, or will history for Ash repeat itself?
- This is the second time Ash lost his first Gym Battle since IL005: Showdown in Pewter City.
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| This article has an incomplete plot or synopsis.
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Salted Caramel Cupcakes RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
- 1/2 cup butter, softened
- 1 cup packed dark brown sugar
- 1/2 cup sugar
- 2 large eggs
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1-1/4 cups all-purpose flour
- 3/4 teaspoon baking powder
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 cup 2% milk
- 1/3 cup sugar
- 4 teaspoons water
- 1/8 teaspoon salt
- 1-1/3 cups heavy whipping cream
- Preheat oven to 350°. In a large bowl, cream butter and sugars until light and fluffy. Add eggs, one at a time, beating well after each addition. Beat in vanilla. Combine flour, baking powder and salt; add to creamed mixture alternately with milk, beating well after each addition.
- Fill paper-lined muffin cups three-fourths full. Bake 18-22 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool 10 minutes before removing from pan to a wire rack to cool completely.
- In a large heavy saucepan, combine sugar, water and salt. Cook over medium-low heat until sugar begins to melt. Gently pull melted sugar to center of pan until sugar melts evenly. Cook, without stirring, until mixture turns an amber color.
- Remove from heat; gradually stir in cream until smooth. Transfer to a small bowl; cover and refrigerate for 4 hours. Beat until stiff peaks form. Frost cupcakes. Yield: 10 cupcakes.
Reviews for Salted Caramel Cupcakes
"These cupcakes turned out very moist. I don't buy heavy whipping cream so I made a light icing recipe. I did add the 1/8 teaspoon of salt to my icing so I got the "salted" taste."
"I was SO excited to make these because we have a local cupcake bakery that has this flavor so I wanted to recreate them. Boy was I disappointed!! The centers fell (like some others mentioned) and I had to make the frosting a second time because I didn't heat the heavy whipping cream the first time and my sugar turned into rocks like someone else mentioned. Thanks to someone's comment I figured out to heat the whipping cream (should probably be stated in the actual recipe!) I also didn't care for the flavor of the whole thing from the cupcake to the frosting. Now I have two dozen cupcakes sitting in my fridge that my husband won't even touch even though he gave me a half hearted "they're good" when he tried one. He hasn't eaten another one since. Oh well...there are many other wonderful recipes from TOH that have blown my socks off!!"
"The cupcakes turned out good, but they did fall-some more others. What they dont tell you, is that takes while for sugar mix turn amber, and if you add too much cream too fast , sugar rocks up. Better 2 warm it 1st. Maybe thats common knowledge- i didnt know!"
"Second batch fell only slightly. I filled each cupcake only half full instead of 3/4 full and that helped."
"So I just took the first batch out of the oven and they fell. :-( I will still make them again because they taste fabulous. I wonder if it's the baking powder as opposed to baking soda. That's the only thing I can think is different. I'm used to using baking soda and/or a combination of both, not just baking powder."


text:
12 CFR 144.1 - Federal mutual charter.
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A Federal mutual savings association shall have a charter in the following form, which may include any of the additional provisions set forth in § 144.2 of this part, if such provisions are specifically requested. A charter for a Federal mutual savings bank shall substitute the term "savings bank" for "association." The term "trustee" may be substituted for the term "director." Associations adopting this charter with existing borrower members must grandfather those borrower members who were members as of the date of issuance of the new charter by the OCC. Such borrowers shall have one vote for the period of time such borrowings are in existence.
Federal Mutual Charter
Section 1. Corporate title. The full corporate title of the Federal savings association is ____.
Section 2. Office. The home office shall be located in ____ [city, state].
Section 3. Duration. The duration of the association is perpetual.
Section 4. Purpose and powers. The purpose of the association is to pursue any or all of the lawful objectives of a Federal mutual savings association chartered under section 5 of the Home Owners' Loan Act and to exercise all the express, implied, and incidental powers conferred thereby and by all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto, subject to the Constitution and laws of the United States as they are now in effect, or as they may hereafter be amended, and subject to all lawful and applicable rules, regulations, and orders of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC").
Section 5. Capital. The association may raise capital by accepting payments on savings and demand accounts and by any other means authorized by the OCC.
Section 6. Members. All holders of the association's savings, demand, or other authorized accounts are members of the association. In the consideration of all questions requiring action by the members of the association, each holder of an account shall be permitted to cast one vote for each $100, or fraction thereof, of the withdrawal value of the member's account. No member, however, shall cast more than 1000 votes. All accounts shall be nonassessable.
Section 7. Directors. The association shall be under the direction of a board of directors. The authorized number of directors shall not be fewer than five nor more than fifteen persons, as fixed in the association's bylaws, except that the number of directors may be decreased to a number less than five or increased to a number greater than fifteen with the prior approval of the OCC.
Section 8. Capital, surplus, and distribution of earnings. The association shall maintain for the purpose of meeting losses the amount of capital required by section 5 of the Home Owners' Loan Act and by regulations of the OCC. The association shall distribute net earnings on its accounts on such basis and in accordance with such terms and conditions as may from time to time be authorized by the OCC: Provided, That the association may establish minimum-balance requirements for accounts to be eligible for distribution of earnings.
All holders of accounts of the association shall be entitled to equal distribution of assets, pro rata to the value of their accounts, in the event of voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the association. Moreover, in any such event, or in any other situation in which the priority of such accounts is in controversy, all such accounts shall, to the extent of their withdrawal value, be debts of the association having the same priority as the claims of general creditors of the association not having priority (other than any priority arising or resulting from consensual subordination) over other general creditors of the association.
Section 9. Amendment of charter. Adoption of any preapproved charter amendment shall be effective after such preapproved amendment has been approved by the members at a legal meeting. Any other amendment, addition, change, or repeal of this charter must be approved by the OCC prior to approval by the members at a legal meeting, and shall be effective upon filing with the OCC in accordance with regulatory procedures.
Secretary of the Association
President or Chief Executive Officer of the Association
Deputy Comptroller for Licensing
Comptroller of the Currency
Effective Date:
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Title 12 published on 2015-01-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 12 CFR Part 144 after this date.