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South Carolina Code of Laws
Current through the end of the 2015 Session
The South Carolina Legislative Council is offering access to the South Carolina Code of Laws on the Internet as a service to the public. The South Carolina Code on the General Assembly's website is now current through the 2015 session. The South Carolina Code, consisting only of Code text, numbering, history, and Effect of Amendment, Editors, and Code Commissioners notes may be copied from this website at the reader's expense and effort without need for permission.
The Legislative Council is unable to assist users of this service with legal questions. Also, legislative staff cannot respond to requests for legal advice or the application of the law to specific facts. Therefore, to understand and protect your legal rights, you should consult your own private lawyer regarding all legal questions.
While every effort was made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the South Carolina Code available on the South Carolina General Assembly's website, this version of the South Carolina Code is not official, and the state agencies preparing this website and the General Assembly are not responsible for any errors or omissions which may occur in these files. Only the current published volumes of the South Carolina Code of Laws Annotated and any pertinent acts and joint resolutions contain the official version.
Please note that the Legislative Council is not able to respond to individual inquiries regarding research or the features, format, or use of this website. However, you may notify the Legislative Services Agency at email@example.com regarding any apparent errors or omissions in content of Code sections on this website, in which case LSA will relay the information to appropriate staff members of the South Carolina Legislative Council for investigation.
Title 12 - Taxation
Suits to Clear Tax Titles
SECTION 12-61-10. Persons who may institute action to clear tax title.
Any county of this State, the forfeited land commission or other similar authority of any such county, any person or the executors, administrators, successors, assigns or grantees thereof, which has purchased at or acquired through a tax sale and obtained title to any real or personal property, may bring an action in the court of common pleas of such county for the purpose of barring all other claims thereto.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 65-3301; 1952 Code Section 65-3301; 1942 Code Section 2170-1; 1934 (38) 1563; 1941 (42) 58.
SECTION 12-61-20. Procedure; defendants.
Such action shall be commenced, conducted and concluded by decree as are similar actions in such court and there may be made defendants to the action the former owner of such property, his heirs, executors, administrators, successors or assigns and any other person or legal entity who has or claims any right, title, claim, interest or lien in or to such property, to the end that such rights, titles, interests, claims or liens may be adjudicated in such action and forever barred by the judgment and decree of the court if such are found to be junior or subsequent to the title of the county or any person purchasing at or acquiring title to property through a tax sale.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 65-3302; 1952 Code Section 65-3302; 1942 Code Section 2170-1; 1934 (38) 1563; 1941 (42) 58.
SECTION 12-61-30. Laws applicable to proceedings.
The proceeding authorized in this chapter shall be subject to the rules and laws governing the procedure and conduct of similar proceedings, including the laws governing service of process and the publication thereof against absent or unknown defendants.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 65-3303; 1952 Code Section 65-3303; 1942 Code Section 2170-1; 1934 (38) 1563; 1941 (42) 58.
SECTION 12-61-40. Judgment for defendant may be conditioned on payment of taxes.
In any decree or judgment of the court in an action brought by the county, the forfeited land commission or other similar authority wherein it may be found that a person has a superior title to that of the county, the forfeited land commission or other similar authority, the judgment in favor of such person shall be upon condition that the taxes and penalties thereupon on account of which the property was sold and all taxes which have accrued since such sale and the penalties thereupon be paid in full within sixty days after the date of such judgment and the court shall order the sale of the property in the manner of other judicial sales in default of such payment. From the proceeds of such sale such taxes, costs and penalties shall be first paid.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 65-3304; 1952 Code Section 65-3304; 1942 Code Section 2170-1; 1934 (38) 1563; 1941 (42) 58.
SECTION 12-61-50. Costs when property was purchased for less than one thousand dollars.
Whenever an action shall be brought under the provisions of this chapter relating to property for which the plaintiff paid less than the sum of one thousand dollars, all costs due shall be only one half of those ordinarily allowed.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 65-3305; 1952 Code Section 65-3305; 1942 Code Section 2170-1; 1934 (38) 1563; 1941 (42) 58.
SECTION 12-61-60. Construction.
This chapter shall be liberally construed to the end that it shall afford a complete remedy to any plaintiff claiming property by forfeiture unto him for nonpayment of taxes or by acquisition at or through a tax sale, so that he can under this chapter obtain a final and complete adjudication of the nature and extent of the title thereto and, in any event, procure a valid sale of the property from the proceeds of which the unpaid taxes shall be paid.
HISTORY: 1962 Code Section 65-3306; 1952 Code Section 65-3306; 1942 Code Section 2170-1; 1934 (38) 1563; 1941 (42) 58.


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English artist John Hersey began hand-making his own pastels over a decade ago. Gently hand-rolled and air-dried, each stick is as much an organic sculpture as it is a tool. Look closely and see the fine lines and fingerprints of the pastels' creator.
® Unison is a registered trademark.

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Things to see and do - Viang Chan
Leaving for Laos
Viang Chan :
Unmissable tourist sites
Where to sleep?
Viang Chan Hotel tips
Chaleunxay Hotel from26 $Book
Mandala Boutique Hotel from80 $Book
New Rose Boutique Hotel from46 $Book
Viang Chan Travel guide
Viang Chan : Michelin's recommendations
The architecture and atmosphere of the Laos capital, Vientiane, which extends along a meander of the Mekong, tell the story of its history, which has been marked by successive periods of occupation. The French influence is strong here, as seen along Lan Xang, the "Champs-Élysées" of Vientiane, embellished with its very own triumphal arch.
Tourist attractions Viang Chan : Things to see and do
Pha That Luang
LAO - Vientiane
The national symbol and the largest temple in Laos. The tall gilded silhouette of the stupa at Pha That Luang (16C) is particularly impressive. The site is best visited in November, when the country's most important religious festival takes place her..
Buddha Park
LAO - Vientiane
A place for meditating and walking, with a playground for children, Buddha Park was laid out in the 1950s. It is home to a number of huge cement statues of Hindu and Buddhist divinities, as well as a monument in the shape of a giant pumpkin, which re..
Hotels Viang Chan
Chaleunxay Hotel
Khounboulom Road LAO - 01000 Vientiane
Chaleunxay Hotel is a 5-minute drive to Si Muang Temple. It offers air-conditioned rooms with free Wi-Fi and free public parking on site. The hotel features luggage storage and laundry services. The hotel is a 10-minute drive to Patuxay. It is a 20-..
KP Hotel
Heng Boune Road No.59 Ban Haysok Vientiane Laos LAO - 01000 Vientiane
Prix Prices from : 35 $
Located in the centre of Vientiane, KP Hotel features comfortable rooms with a cable TV. Guests enjoy free WiFi, which is available throughout the property. KP Hotel is approximately a 10-minute ride from That Luang Temple. A 15-minute ride takes gu..
Mandala Boutique Hotel
Ban Phiawat, 33 Unit 10, Sisatanak District LAO - 01000 Vientiane
Featuring French Colonial architecture, Mandala Boutique Hotel boasts stylish and well-appointed rooms with en suite bathrooms. It offers free parking and free Wi-Fi, which covers the entire residence. Night Market along Mekong Riverfront and Patuxa..


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Events Calendar
Mass of the Children, Sage Singers and Capital District Youth Chorale
Bringing together the voices of adults and children, John Rutter's Mass of the Children is scored for mixed choir, soprano and baritone soloists, orchestra, and the irresistible charm of a children's choir.
Date: Saturday, April 5th, 2014
Time: 7:00 pm
Duration: 2 hours
Location: Bush Memorial Center - Troy Campus
Rutter's skillful writing for these forces together with his sensitive interweaving of both the Latin Mass texts and Thomas Ken's renowned morning and evening hymns for Winchester College, gives the whole work the framework of a complete day, from waking to sleeping, This has resulted in one of his finest and most moving works to date.
The Sage Singers is directed by Michael Musial and accompanied by Barbara Musial and is composed of Sage faculty and students as well as area community members. For more, visit www.sage.edu/singers


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Chiquibaby's isn't trying to be anything but a bar
An evening of obscure karaoke corridos and two buckets of beer
Chad Deal 6:30 p.m., April 27
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Chad Deal 6:30 p.m., April 27
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Jeff Smith 11:30 a.m., April 27
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Pioneer Baseball Alum and Now MLB All-Star Steve Delabar
Submitted on July 12, 2013 at 10:35 AM
Former Vol State Pioneer baseball player Steve Delabar is officially a Major League Baseball All-Star. He was voted in by fans in the final round for the 2013 American League All-Star team. The honor is well-deserved for Steve, but also a testament to the strength of the Vol State baseball program. Congrats to Coach Michael Crossland, Athletic Director Bobby Hudson and all of the folks who work so hard to make Pioneer baseball such a hard-playing and competitive program.
Here's a link to the ESPN story mentioning Vol State: http://mms.tveyes.com/Transcript.asp?StationID=3515&DateTime=7%2F11%2F2013+8%3A27%3A23+PM&Term=Volunteer+State+Community+College&PlayClip=TRUE
Here's a story we did back in 2001, when he was signed to the Seattle Mariners. Steve does have an incredible story:
College athletes may dream of the day they get a call from a professional recruiter. Vol State alumni Steve Delabar got that call twice and the latest is providing a big second chance with the Seattle Mariners. It's a story right out of the movies.
Delabar pitched for the Pioneers ten years ago. He blew out his elbow in the 2001-2002 baseball season and there were grave concerns about his major league hopes. In 2004, he finally made it to the San Diego Padre's minor league team and spent the next five years working through his injury in single A ball. The final straw came after he broke his elbow. Doctors wired it together using screws and a plate. Delabar left baseball and returned to his home of Elizabethtown, Kentucky. He worked as a substitute teacher and coached baseball for the local high school. All the while, he never stopped chasing the dream of pitching in the majors.
"I'm telling you, when it comes to baseball he is obsessed. Whether playing, working, or watching it on TV, it is all he thinks about," said Joel Lynn, assistant baseball coach at Vol State. "He had already blown his elbow out before I got here. He was good, but he was not what he is now. During rehab he struggled throwing strikes, and by the fifth inning he was out of the game. If you watch him now. . . he pounds the strike zone, and I would attribute that to maturity."
"When he was here his velocity was probably 91-93 mph, but now he is pitching in the big league at 97-100 mph," said Vol State Baseball Coach Mike Crossland.
If it all sounds familiar, it should be. The story mirrors that of Jim Morris who was the subject of a 2003 movie called "The Rookie".
The 28 year-old Delabar was signed by the Seattle Mariners in 2001 and made his major league debut in September of that year. The broadcast announcers talked breathlessly about the amazing second chance for Delabar as he took to the mound for the first time. The real moment came a few minutes later as Delabar blew 96 mile per hour pitches past the Kansas City Royals, retiring the side.
"He's a good kid from a good family," said Crossland. "This is good for him and his wife Jamie."
For more information about Pioneer Baseball visit: www.volstate.edu/athletics
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.


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San Francisco 49ers NFL Logo Crop Neo 39THIRTY Cap
Made of 60% Polyester, Woven, 37% Nylon, Woven, 3% Spandex, Woven
This San Francisco 49ers NFL Logo Crop Neo 39THIRTY Cap features an embroidered San Francisco 49ers logo on front, stitched New Era® flag at wearer's left side and embroidered team logo on the rear. Interior includes branded taping as well as a moisture absorbing sweatband. Stretch fit on closed back. Specialty team logo graphics featured on the visor.
- 20619203
- Color:
- Gray
- Availability:
- In Stock
International shipping available to Canada - info


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What is RM Cash
Overall customer review score:
Return to Blue-Job Metal Polish Product Page
Reviews by real power sport enthusiasts...your opinion counts to us and fellow riders! Make the best purchasing decision by getting the latest reviews.
Each review submitted enters you into a $100 gift card monthly drawing, and a $500 gift card quarterly drawing!
Comments On Dec 26, 2010:works great, needs to use a lot of elbow grease
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Comments On Dec 22, 2009:didnt clean pipes up to expectations, lightened the discoloration at best.
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Golden Fluid Acrylics are wonderfully versatile, professional-quality acrylic colors with the consistency of heavy cream.
Highly pigmented, their excellent tinting strength produces strong color even when mixed with acrylic mediums or when thinned with water for staining effects. This allows the artist to create surfaces from heavy impasto to thin glazes without having to break down the thick binder that is in Heavy Body Acrylic Paints.
Golden Fluid Acrylics are lightfast, durable, and flexible, with good adhesion. They're a must-have for any acrylic painter.
Set of 8 — The colors in this set are recommended for
Watermedia Set — This set includes one each of the following 10 colors in 1 oz bottles: Hansa Yellow Medium, Pyrrole Red, Quinacridone Magenta, Ultramarine Blue, Phthalo Blue (Green Shade), Phthalo Green (Blue Shade), Yellow Oxide, Burnt Sienna, Carbon Black, and Titanium White.
see also ...


text: Developed through a unique collaboration between Calphalon and Williams-Sonoma, the Elite cookware collection sets a new standard for nonstick performance. Metal utensils won't damage the release performance of the durable, triple-layer nonstick interior, and the specially textured surface excels for searing foods—two key features that set this collection apart from other nonstick cookware. Made in the USA and exclusively ours, Elite cookware is also PFOA-free and dishwasher safe. This deep-sided pan ideal for everything from stir-frying and sautéing to simmering and braising.


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All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age during adulthood. Aging changes occur in all of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems.
Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure. Tissues are layers of similar cells that perform a specific function. The different kinds of tissues group together to form organs.
There are four basic types of tissue:
Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together. This includes bone, blood, and lymph tissues, as well as the tissues that give support and structure to the skin and internal organs.
Epithelial tissue provides a covering for deeper body layers. The skin and the linings of the passages inside the body, such as the gastrointestinal system, are made of epithelial tissue.
Muscle tissue includes three types of tissue:
Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry messages to and from various parts of the body. The brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves are made of nerve tissue.
Watch this video about:Nerve conduction
Cells are the basic building blocks of tissues. All cells experience changes with aging. They become larger and are less able to divide and multiply. Among other changes, there is an increase in pigments and fatty substances inside the cell (lipids). Many cells lose their ability to function, or they begin to function abnormally.
As aging continues, waste products build up in tissue. A fatty brown pigment called lipofuscin collects in many tissues, as do other fatty substances.
Connective tissue changes, becoming more stiff. This makes the organs, blood vessels, and airways more rigid. Cell membranes change, so many tissues have more trouble getting oxygen and nutrients, and removing carbon dioxide and wastes.
Many tissues lose mass. This process is called atrophy. Some tissues become lumpy (nodular) or more rigid.
Because of cell and tissue changes, your organs also change as you age. Aging organs slowly lose function. Most people do not notice this loss immediately, because you rarely need to use your organs to their fullest ability.
Organs have a reserve ability to function beyond the usual needs. For example, the heart of a 20-year-old is capable of pumping about 10 times the amount of blood that is actually needed to keep the body alive. After age 30, an average of 1% of this reserve is lost each year.
The biggest changes in organ reserve occur in the heart, lungs, and kidneys. The amount of reserve lost varies between people and between different organs in a single person.
These changes appear slowly and over a long period. When an organ is worked harder than usual, it may not be able to increase function. Sudden heart failure or other problems can develop when the body is worked harder than usual. Things that produce an extra workload (body stressors) include the following:
Loss of reserve also makes it harder to restore balance (equilibrium) in the body. Drugs are removed from the body at a slower rate. Lower doses of medications may be needed, and side effects become more common.
Medication side effects can mimic the symptoms of many diseases, so it is easy to mistake a drug reaction for an illness. Some medications have entirely different side effects in the elderly than in younger people.
No one knows how and why people change as they get older. Some theories claim that aging is caused by injuries from ultraviolet light over time, wear and tear on the body, or byproducts of metabolism. Other theories view aging as a predetermined process controlled by genes.
No single process can explain all the changes of aging. Aging is a complex process that varies as to how it affects different people and even different organs. Most gerontologists (people who study aging) feel that aging is due to the interaction of many lifelong influences. These influences include heredity, environment, culture, diet, exercise and leisure, past illnesses, and many other factors.
Unlike the changes of adolescence, which are predictable to within a few years, each person ages at a unique rate. Some systems begin aging as early as age 30. Other aging processes are not common until much later in life.
Although some changes always occur with aging, they occur at different rates and to different extents. There is no way to predict exactly how you will age.
As you grow older, you will have changes throughout your body, including changes in:
Baynes JW. Aging. In: Baynes JW, Dominiczak MH, eds. Medical Biochemistry. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 43.
Masoro EJ. The physiology of aging. In: Boron WF, Boulpaep EL, eds. Medical Physiology. Updated 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 62.
Sergiev PV, Dontsova OA, Berezkin GV. Theories of aging: an ever-evolving field. Acta Naturae. 2015;7:9-18. PMID: 25926998 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926998.
Walston JD. Common clinical sequelae of aging. In: Goldman L, Schafer Al, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 25.


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We oversee a broad range of activities in support of student enrollment, course registration, academic history and transcript maintenance, services to faculty, and other related activities from enrollment to graduation. See forms and information
Welcome!The purpose of the Registrar's Office is to ensure the accuracy, integrity, and security of the academic records of Oregon Health & Science University. We provide academic record services to students, faculty, staff and alumni, and other constituents in support of the OHSU's mission statement, "Where Healing, Teaching & Discovery Come Together", through proactive outreach and communication.
Contact Information for Office of the Registrar:
Oregon Health & Science University3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd Mail Code: L109 Portland, OR 97239 503-494-7800
StudentsAccess and Update Your Student Record Online
- View Student Holds
- View Advisor's Name
- View your Class Schedule
- Browse the Schedule of Classes
- Add, Drop, and Edit Classes
- View Your Personalized Degree Audit
- View Unofficial Transcript/Grades
- Order Official Transcripts
- Pay account online
- Update Address and Phone Numbers
- Update Email Addresses
- View Applied Transfer/AP Credits
- Use your Academic Planner
Faculty and AdvisorsAccess and Update Your Faculty Records Online
- View Detailed Schedule
- View Detailed Class Roster
- Post Online Syllabus
- Post Grades
- View Student's Degree Audits
- Email Students
Equal Opportunity/Non-Discrimination Policy Statement
OHSU provides equal opportunities to all individuals without regard to race, color, religion, national origin, disability, age, marital status, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, military service, or any other status protected by law. It does not discriminate on any status protected by law. This policy applies to all employment, education, volunteer, and patient care related activities or in any other aspect of OHSU's operation. Such compliance efforts are coordinated by the OHSU Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity (AAEO) Department.
OHSU complies with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and 34 CFR Part 106 by prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex or gender in education programs, activities, employment, and admissions. Inquiries about Title IX compliance or sex/gender discrimination may be directed to the OHSU Title IX Coordinator:
Michael Tom, AAEO Director
503 494-5148
Email: email@example.com
AAEO Mailing address:
3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
Mail code MP240
AAEO Office Location:
Marquam Plaza Suite 240, 2525 SW 3rd Ave, Portland, OR 97201.
AAEO email: email@example.com
website: http://www.ohsu.edu/aaeo
Title IX inquiries may also be directed to the U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
Please call: 1 800 421-3481.


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Scoliosis Screening
Topic Overview
A doctor may test a young person for scoliosis during a routine physical exam. In schools, screening may be provided annually for students between the ages of 10 and 14 (grades 5 through 9). The exam takes about 30 seconds and may be done by a school nurse or physical education teacher.
- The examiner first views the child from behind, looking for uneven shoulders, hips, or waistline or for shoulder blades that stick out or are uneven.
- The child then bends forward from the waist, with the arms hanging down loosely and the palms touching (forward-bending test). The examiner looks for any unevenness, such as one side of the rib cage that is higher than the other. The examiner may also view the child from the side to detect a hump on the upper back (kyphosis).
- Also, the examiner may measure the angle of trunk rotation (ATR) with a device called a scoliometer.
Some states require screening for scoliosis by law. But health experts don't agree with whether or not to screen for scoliosis.1, 2 Screening can lead to early treatment and may prevent curves from getting worse, but screening can also lead to more testing or treatment for children who would not have needed it. Some experts believe that children (especially daughters) of women who have scoliosis should be screened for scoliosis regularly throughout their late childhood and teen years.3 If you are concerned about screening for scoliosis, talk to your child's doctor.
For more information, see the topic Scoliosis.
Related Information
- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2004). Screening for Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents: Recommendation Statement. Available online: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsaisc.htm.
- Richards BS, Vitale M (2007). SRS/AAOS Position statement: Screening for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. An information statement. Available online: http://www.aaos.org/about/papers/position/1122.asp.
- Hu SS, et al. (2006). Lumbar disc herniation section of Disorders, diseases, and injuries of the spine. In HB Skinner, ed., Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Orthopedics, 4th ed., pp. 246–249. New York: McGraw-Hill.
|Healthwise Staff
|Primary Medical Reviewer
|John Pope, MD - Pediatrics
|Specialist Medical Reviewer
|Robert B. Keller, MD - Orthopedics
|Last Revised
|July 26, 2013
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Previous Section:Topic Overview
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Last Revised: July 26, 2013
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: John Pope, MD - Pediatrics & Robert B. Keller, MD - Orthopedics
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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Search Swinburne Research Bank
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/198551
- Title
- Judging web page visual appeal: do east and west really differ?
- Author(s)
- Lindgaard, Gitte; Litwinska, Justyna; Dudek, Cathy
- Abstract
- Two studies exploring potential cultural difference in taste are presented in which visual appeal is rated for a set of North American and Taiwanese/Chinese web pages each seen for either 500- or 50 milliseconds. Study 1 confirmed the universality of the mere exposure effect, reflecting a physiologically-based more or less intense feeling of pleasure. Chinese/Taiwanese participants rated visual appeal significantly more highly than Canadians when judging web pages representing their native culture, but no differences emerged in visual appeal ratings of North American web pages. The results are ambivalent with respect to the issue of localization vis à vis globalization of web pages. The studies identify a preliminary set of attributes of visually appealing web pages.
- Publication type
- Conference paper
- Source
- Proceedings of the 2008 IADIS International Conference Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 25-27 July 2008
- Publication year
- 2008
- Keyword(s)
- Cultural differences; First impression; Mere exposure effect; Visual appeal
- Publisher
- 9789728924591
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2008 IADIS.
- Peer reviewed


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Money Talks Even with Global Warming
You would think that out of all the industries in the world, the one that would be most concerned with climate change would be the insurance industry. Take a look at the costs for Superstorm Sandy alone. The extreme hurricane caused damage estimated at nearly $75 billion. According to a press release last month by the Property Casualty Insurers Association of America, 2012 cost insurers $35 billion in privately insured property losses, which is $11 billion more than the average over the last decade.
Insurers, and the reinsurance companies that shoulder much of the ultimate risk in the industry, heavily rely on scientific thought and not which way the political wind is blowing on global warming. They are comfortable with the scientific consensus that the rampant burning of fossil fuels is the main cause of climate change. Despite their confidence, the question remains, what is the insurance industry doing about global warming considering the problem directly impacts their own interests?
Surprisingly, the answer is not much. Insurers mainly focus on zoning regulations and disaster alleviation since the industry is disinclined to enter energy policy's controversial fray. Furthermore, insurers are more insulated from climate change's devastation than at first meets the eye. The federal government covers flood insurance, which is an enormous risk during extreme weather. Additionally, insurers adjust to higher risks by raising premiums or dropping coverage. So successfully that despite Superstorm Sandy and the protracted drought that ravaged the Midwest Corn Belt, property and casualty insurance in the United States was more profitable in 2012 than in 2011.
However, there are signs that the insurance industry is looking increasingly favorably on a carbon tax. The true costs are placed on the polluters with a carbon tax rather than being passed on to the rest of us. Also, they're encouraged to pollute less. Most insurers would prefer a carbon tax over a host of additional regulations from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Although the industry is warming to the idea of a carbon tax, they're still hesitant to throw all of their weight behind it. Again, money talks; insurers haven't yet experienced heavy losses from climate change. The exception is 2004 and 2005 when a series of hurricanes including Katrina, the costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States, caused damage worth more than $200 billion.
So the bottom line is that if these storms continue to hit people and businesses in the wallet, then eventually even the staunchest global warming disbelievers will admit the obvious. However, we need to do what we can in the meantime to avert global disaster. We don't want to pass the point of no return.
Wakeup Call – Frightening Global Warming Gas Milestone Reached
Last week our planet reached a scary milestone for carbon dioxide, the most important global warming gas. The average carbon dioxide reading exceeded 400 parts per million at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawaii for the 24 hours that ended at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time on Thursday, May 9, 2013. Earth hasn't had this much carbon dioxide concentrated in the air for at least three million years, which is before human life on the planet.
This should be a wakeup call that major and potentially catastrophic global weather changes are coming and a sign we're not doing enough to tackle climate change.
We've seen carbon dioxide levels above 400 parts per million in the Arctic last year and even in some hourly readings at NOAA's MLO. However, this is the first time we've seen the average reading for an entire day exceed that level. Carbon dioxide levels do rise and fall along with the seasons. As foliage grows over the summer in the Northern Hemisphere, 10 billion tons of carbon will be pulled out of the air. But it's only a temporary pardon in a situation that's becoming direr by the moment.
We simply must invest in alternative energy technologies and begin curbing our dangerous global appetite for fossil fuels. Otherwise, the time will come soon where no measurement of the ambient air anywhere on earth, in any season, will produce a reading below 400.
The official target to limit the damage from global warming is 450 parts per million (PPM), which is generally agreed to be the maximum level compatible with that goal. Our relentless, long-term increases in carbon dioxide emissions are likely get us to 450 PPM in well under 25 years. The time to slow down global warming is dwindling quickly. Twenty five years may seem like a long time, but our planet is huge. It will take more time than that to right the ship.
Not every country has agreed to set binding emissions targets, either. Unfortunately, the United States count among those shirking their responsibility. Now greater efforts are necessary, and are all but impossible without severe economic disruptions.
Can we live on a planet that is warmer and wetter? Probably, but billions of people are going to suffer as we make the transition. It's a better plan to lower our carbon footprints and speedily move to no and low carbon energy sources. The price is going to be high either way, and it's only getting steeper as we hurtle towards the point of no return.
ACE Fills Climate Education Need in US High Schools Now
In a blog post last month, I wrote about how climate change science is set to be taught unevenly in the US curriculum. It's great that middle and high school age kids in the US are going to learn about climate change. Unfortunately, the Next Generation Science Standards are voluntary and could take years to implement. So is there an option if we want our children to learn about global warming now?
The non-profit Alliance for Climate Education (ACE) fills this need. Their mission is to, "educate high school students on the science behind climate change and inspire them to take action to curb global warming". One look at their website and you can see they are on the right track in reaching their target audience. It's packed with social media links and interactive blog entries.
Since the fall of 2009, ACE has reached more than a million high school students at over 1,550 schools. While this is impressive, there are some teachers and parents who oppose the presentations, believing climate change to be a controversial and/or political issue. However, all of the climate science ACE presents comes from peer-reviewed published science articles, with a focus on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4). The IPCC AR4 is one of the most heavily researched science reports in history.
ACE's efforts don't end with their presentations. They also offer Student Action Programs to help get kids started right away. Then ACE grooms student environmental leaders who influence peers and lead change.
With the help of an ACE grant, Daniela Lapidous and Shreya Indukuri installed energy monitoring technology at their school. Saving both energy and money led them to expand the project to other local schools. Their project's success brought them to the White House's attention, where a mere two years after their first ACE presentation, they advised Energy Secretary Steven Chu on their smartmeter project that reduced their school's electric bill by 13%. Daniela wrote about her experience on ACE's blog, "Hot and Bothered" and is a co-founder of SmartPowerEd.org.
It's inspiring to see the ripple effect that climate change education can bring about. And getting information about global warming to high school aged kids is critical and a conscious choice. "They're going to be the generation to feel the impacts [of climate change] hardest and first," says Matt Lappe, ACE's education director. "And so in some sense we target high-schoolers and young people in general, because they really have a right to know climate science."
We should all take a page out of the next generation's book. Not only are they learning about global warming, but they are taking the next steps to do something about the problem. Taking charge of the future is what it is all about since they're the ones that will have to live with the consequences if we don't.
Over Half of Americans Connect Extreme Weather and Climate Change
In a previous blog post about The Art of Climate Change Communication, I covered the six American publics and how they perceive climate change. The Dismissive is one of the smallest groups, making up a mere eight percent of the American public. They do not believe climate change is happening, nor do they believe it is human caused or a serious problem. Although small, they are very vocal. Sometimes it's easy for climate change communicators to be discouraged by this group. Nonetheless, now there is evidence that more than half of Americans (58%) say, "global warming is affecting weather in the United States."
The Extreme Weather and Climate Change in the American Mind report is based on findings from a nationally representative survey – Climate Change in the American Mind – conducted by the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication and the George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication. These two organizations interviewed 1,045 adults between April 8 and 15, and found that "many Americans believe global warming made recent extreme weather and climatic events 'more severe,' specifically: 2012 as the warmest year on record in the United States (50%); the ongoing drought in the Midwest and the Great Plains (49%); Superstorm Sandy (46%); and Superstorm Nemo (42%)." The survey has a margin of error of +/- 3 percentage points.
Typically, climate scientists avoid making a connection between climate change and the day-to-day weather. Their stance used to be that no single weather event is caused by climate change. In recent years, however, climate science has advanced to the point where researchers can see climate change's impact on individual heat waves, droughts, hurricanes and other storms. At the very least, many are ready to admit that climate change makes extraordinary weather worse. And most of the American public agrees.
The report released this week also highlighted that, "overall, 85 percent of Americans report that they experienced one or more types of extreme weather in the past year, most often citing extreme high winds (60%) and extreme heat (51%)." It is part of The Psychology of Climate Change that humans need to tangibly experience phenomena in order to connect with it on a deeper level. We comprehend global warming is a serious threat more easily when we see the effects of extreme weather events such as Superstorm Sandy.
While it is vindicating to climate change communicators that our country is beginning to make the important connection between climate change and extreme weather, I am hoping the knowledge coalesces into further global warming realizations and ultimately stimulates a grass-roots movement that engenders meaningful change. Knowing there is a problem is an important first step. Doing something about the problem is an even more important next step.
Legislation Could Level the Playing Field for Renewable Energy
For decades, fossil fuel companies have enjoyed the benefit of master limited partnerships (MLPs). A MLP is a business structure that acts like a corporation with its corporate stock trading on the open market, but is taxed as a partnership rather than at the corporate tax rate. This allows investors to buy and sell their shares in the public markets, and project developers to access cheaper capital through the markets. It's an attractive tax benefit to be a MLP; an advantage that is inaccessible currently to renewable energy investment.
Since the 1980s, Congress has enabled investors to bundle energy projects like oil and gas pipelines and other fossil fuel developments from companies that extract, process or transport "depletable" natural resources and exempted them from corporate income taxes. The word "depletable" specifically excludes renewable energy.
U.S. Senator Chris Coons, a Delaware Democrat, introduced a bill last year that would give wind, solar and other renewable projects the same tax benefit. The Master Limited Partnerships Parity Act was re-introduced this week by a bipartisan group of senators.
In order to effectively combat climate change, renewables need to be priced at, or better yet, lower than fossil fuels. It's easier to sell shares to individuals and institutional investors such as pension funds when renewable projects are set up as MLPs. Widening the pool of potential investors adds new competition, which could lower the cost of financing projects, and in the end reduce the cost of renewable power.
Is leveling the playing field for wind, solar and other renewable projects the magic bullet to renewable energy investment? No, but it is a step in the right direction. The Master Limited Partnerships Parity Act is actually part of a broader toolkit, one that the federal government has used successfully in the past to develop domestic energy resources. Tax benefits such as the Production Tax Credit and Investment Tax Credit remain essential tools within the renewable energy industry.
Other tax reforms the industry and its supporters say will help level the playing field with fossil fuels include allowing renewable companies to organize as real estate investment trusts (REITs) and letting renewable tax credits be claimed by more types of investors. In December of 2012, a bipartisan group of 29 U.S. lawmakers sent a letter to the President calling for changes to both MLPs and REITs.
Even with bipartisan support in a deeply divided Congress, the bill faces some serious obstacles. A 2011 Congressional Research Service report estimated that extending MLPs to renewable energy companies would cost the U.S. Treasury about $2.8 billion between 2010 and 2014. At the moment, the broad political momentum in Congress involves eliminating loopholes and exemptions in order to raise revenue and lower tax rates. The report suggests that if leveling the playing field is the endgame, the alternative is closing the tax loophole for oil and gas companies.
Personally, I want to stop global warming and move into a sustainable energy future. Let your Congressional Representatives know you want them to support the Master Limited Partnerships Parity Act.
The Transition to Renewable Energy and the Role of Natural Gas
Sometimes the sun doesn't shine or the wind doesn't blow, temporarily stalling renewable energy production. When that happens, what fuel source fills in the energy gap? Traditionally the answer was coal, but due to increased supply and low prices, the answer of late has been natural gas. Coal is certainly the dirtier of the two fossil fuels, but natural gas is not a perfect choice either. The increased supply in natural gas was achieved through the process of hydraulic fracturing (called fracking), which can be harmful to the environment.
Last spring natural gas prices fell to all-time lows of $2 to $3 per thousand cubic feet in the United States. This spring natural gas prices are on the rise. In fact, they've doubled to just over $4 per thousand cubic feet, but the bottom line is natural gas is still pretty cheap. Experts say prices in the $4 or $5 range won't affect the increasing use of the fuel by consumers and the energy industry since the price was $8 just a few years ago. In Europe and Asia prices are even higher; think $10 to $14.
According to a Citibank research report, "Gas and renewables could in fact be the making of each other in the short term." Expect renewables to cost about the same as conventional fuels in many parts of the world "in the very near term." Mark Brownstein, an associate vice president at the Environmental Defense Fund, noted that the price of renewable energy has declined substantially in recent years, and that's expected to continue, making them even more competitive. As demand for renewables builds, it will in turn "drive demand for more gas-fired" power plants to be used as backup.
Meanwhile, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) missed an April 13 deadline to issue much-anticipated new rules limiting carbon dioxide emissions from new power plants. Proposed a year ago, the rules were first to set limits on greenhouse gas emissions from new plants. Once a limit is set for new facilities, the EPA is legally obligated to address existing plants, which pose the true climate threat at the moment. The US' power plant fleet is the single biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the world. Acting EPA Administrator Bob Perciasepe said last week that the agency expects to propose new rules on greenhouse gases from existing plants in fiscal 2014.
The draft rule for new power plants sets a limit of 1,000 pounds of carbon dioxide per megawatt-hour of electricity. That cutoff point would be easy for natural-gas-fired plants to meet, but not conventional coal plants. Already, power companies build natural gas plants almost exclusively because of the low price of gas.
There is speculation that the EPA's indefinite delay on the new rules limiting carbon dioxide emissions from new power plants is due to second thoughts at the EPA and the White House over the single standard. The EPA is said to be contemplating setting two standards, one for coal plants and the other for natural gas, which might make the new rule more legally defensible in an attempt to avert the inevitable legal wrangling that goes on whenever the EPA sets a new rule including limitations.
Environmental groups argue that separate standards make little sense. "Setting a separate standard for coal- and natural-gas-fired plants would greatly weaken the standard's ability to ensure a transition away from building high-carbon electricity-generation sources," said economist Rachel Cleetus of the Union of Concerned Scientists.
Natural gas may be the interim answer as we build our renewable energy infrastructure and then the backup once we move to a sustainable energy future. For the sake of slowing down climate change, the EPA needs to set the rules on new electricity generation plants posthaste. Then they should tackle existing power plants without delay. Global warming won't wait.
Climate Change Science to be Taught Unevenly in US Curriculum
A national multi-state effort to create new standards in science education was announced this week. For the first time, science curriculum identifies climate change as a core concept and emphasizes the role that human activity has on climate systems.
The Next Generation Science Standards for state education curriculums is a joint effort of the National Research Council, the National Science Teachers Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the nonprofit group Achieve. The new standards are the first extensive national recommendations for science instruction since 1996. They were developed by scientists and experts in 26 states, but they are optional.
So this means some middle and high school students enrolled in the American public school system will soon be required to study climate change as a scientific occurrence. About 40 U.S. states are expected to identify global warming as a man-made problem. Environmentalists are cheering, but unfortunately the issue is just as charged in the educational arena as the political one.
"Climate change is not a political issue and climate change is not a debate. It is science," Mario Molina, deputy director at the Alliance for Climate Education, told the Guardian. "It is strongly supported heavily researched science, and our hope is that teachers will not see this as a political issue or a political debate."
Unfortunately, some very vocal Americans do not consider climate change scientific. They see it as a controversial issue that shouldn't be taught in schools. "It's a shame that American school kids are being taught claims of certitude on an issue that continues to unravel before our eyes," Marco Morano, communications director for Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow, told The Washington Examiner, while referencing studies that suggest global warming has nothing to do with human actions. "To teach kids there's a consensus… is a major disservice to children, and a disservice to education," he added.
Here's how the New York Times describes the new standards: "Educators involved in drawing them up said the guidelines were intended to combat widespread scientific ignorance, to standardize teaching among states, and to raise the number of high school graduates who choose scientific and technical majors in college, a critical issue for the country's economic future."
"The focus would be helping students become more intelligent science consumers by learning how scientific work is done: how ideas are developed and tested, what counts as strong or weak evidence, and how insights from many disciplines fit together into a coherent picture of the world."
Meanwhile, The UK Department of Education has introduced a proposal that would completely ban climate change from educational discussions, due to its controversial nature. Children under 14 will no longer be able to learn about the human impact on climate change.
So the battle to educate Earth's children about global warming rages on, but at least it will soon be an option in the U.S.
The Politics of Climate Change
Global warming has become a highly charged political issue. The players in the climate change drama cast into different roles. It seems like you must be a Democrat to be interested in combating global warming, or if you're a Republican, you cannot be environmentally motivated.
"The Earth's climate does not care whether you are a Democrat or a Republican. It doesn't care whether you're liberal or conservative. Climate change will affect all Americans no matter what your political beliefs, your religious beliefs, your race, class, creed, et cetera, okay. And in the end, the only way we're going to deal with this issue is if we come together as a country and have a serious conversation, not about is it real. But what can we do about it," Anthony Leiserowitz, Director of the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication and a Research Scientist at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University said in an episode titled, "Encore: Ending the Silence on Climate Change" this month on Bill Moyer & Company.
For many years fossil fuel company interests have waged an active disinformation campaign that has borne fruit for them. They learned well from tobacco war strategy, which was to make people believe the science isn't clear and that the experts do not agree. This leads the average person to reserve judgment on climate change. They aren't likely to take global warming seriously until it seems that the experts reach a conclusion. Unfortunately that day will be long coming because these big, powerful companies will continue to spread misinformation.
The climate change disinformation campaign has spread so far that it's even affected politics. In last year's presidential election the question was, "If we focus on protecting the environment, won't that harm the economy?" The truth is that there is no inherent contradiction. The U.S. could, in fact, lead the Green Industrial Revolution.
What is also interesting is that Republicans weren't always painted with the not caring about global warming brush. They actually led the charge on issues such as acid rain. President George H.W. Bush passed cap and trade legislation on sulfur dioxide. It was one of the most successful environmental programs in American history, and it was accomplished at a cost far below even best guess estimates at the time.
The answer to the politicization of climate change is that the U.S. needs a groundswell of grassroots movement for environmental change. We need to get organized and demand change of our politicians. This country's political system simply is not conducive to making the changes itself to deal with the global warming crisis we desperately need. Let's take partisan gridlock out of the picture. We can begin by mobilizing and directing the 16 percent of Americans that are the Alarmed, defined in my last post on climate change communication, but are unsure what to do to make a difference in climate change.
The Art of Climate Change Communication
My last blog post covered the psychology of climate change. The post closed questioning whether or not the public will heed global warming's warning signs. One of the dilemmas facing climate change educators is that research has shown that there is no single American public. There are actually six distinct audiences that need to be communicated with differently regarding climate change.
Anthony Leiserowitz, Director of the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication and a Research Scientist at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, says in an episode titled, "Encore: Ending the Silence on Climate Change" this month on Bill Moyer & Company, "There are multiple publics within the United States. In fact, what we've identified are six Americas."
Leiserowitz goes on to outline, "Six different Americas that each respond to this issue in very different ways and need different kinds of information about climate change to become more engaged with it." He cautions those of us that want to educate others about global warming, "if we were to do a true engagement campaign in this country we would need to recognize that there are very different Americans who need to be engaged in very different ways who have different values and who trust different messengers."
Here are the six publics that Leiserowitz refers to:
The Alarmed
This group comprises roughly 16 percent of the public and is made up of people who believe global warming is happening. They acknowledge that it is primarily a human caused, serious and urgent problem, and they want to begin implementing solutions as quickly as possible.
However, they aren't always certain what the solutions are. This is coupled with an uncertainty as to what they can accomplish as individuals as well as society at large. There are things we can do on both fronts, but there remains a communication gap climate change educators need to begin addressing.
The Concerned
This group composes about 29 percent of the public. Like the Alarmed, the Concerned believe climate change is happening, it's human caused and serious. Where the two groups differ is on the urgency of the problem. The Concerned tend to think of global warming as a distant problem.
Distance is perceived by this group on two levels: in time and space. The Concerned think of climate change impacting their children or other future generations. Spatially, they think global warming is affecting Arctic animals or island nations such as the Philippines. In essence, climate change is a serious problem to this group, but they think there will be plenty of time to address it in the future.
The Cautious
Approximately a quarter of the public make up the Cautious group. This group is undecided. They question whether or not global warming is happening and what is causing it. They aren't sure it's even a serious threat, but at least they're listening. Climate change educators need to engage this group on some of the basic facts of global warming.
The Disengaged
This group comprises around eight percent of the public. These people have heard about global warming, but know nothing substantial about it. Climate change educators should begin by elevating the Disengaged's basic awareness of the issue. Then they need to outline global warming's causes, consequences and potential solutions.
The Doubtful
The second to last group makes up roughly 13 percent of the public. This group doesn't think climate change is really happening, and if it is it is natural and not human caused. This leads the Doubtful to believe there is nothing that we can do about the issue. These people pay scant attention to global warming, but even if they do they're inclined to believe it is not a problem.
The Dismissive
This last group comprises a mere eight percent of the American public, but they are very vocal. These people do not believe climate change is happening, nor do they believe it is human caused or a serious problem. Many of the Dismissive are conspiracy theorists who claim global warming is a hoax. They loudly and openly question the validity of climate science data, claiming it's some sort of plot to further other countries and/or people's gains.
As you can see from the six distinct publics, there are some definite climate change communication challenges, but the first step is certainly knowing your audience. Perhaps we should also consider looking at statistics in a different way, one that addresses humans' visual nature.
Seeing Climate Change from a Different Perspective
Chris Jordan is a digital photographic artist best known for his large scale works portraying mass consumption, consumerism and waste. Jordan imbeds the message in his art. For example, the photograph above titled, "Caps Seurat" is made up of 400,000 plastic bottle caps, which is equal to the average number of plastic bottles consumed in the United States every minute. Jordan has said of his art, "There's this contrast between the beauty in the images and the underlying grotesqueness of the subjects. And it's something that I put there intentionally. Because I was using beauty as a seduction, to draw the viewer in to sit through the piece long enough that the underlying message might seep in."
Now that you see the art of climate change communication, I'll explore the political nature of the issue in my next blog post, which is the final in this three-part series.
The Psychology of Climate Change
Regular readers of this blog are all too aware of the dangers that are starting to manifest regarding global warming. Given the reality of 2012 being the hottest year on record, and other climate change related disasters such as Superstorm Sandy, why isn't more being done domestically and globally to avert this crisis? The answer is in our psychology as humans.
Anthony Leiserowitz, Director of the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication and a Research Scientist at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, specializes in human behavior, in particular the psychology of risk perception and decision making as it relates to global warming. He is an expert on U.S. and international perception of climate change risks, support and opposition for climate policies, and willingness to make individual behavioral change. Leiserowitz points to humans' needs to tangibly experience phenomena in order to connect with it on a deeper level. The first problem with the issue is that we cannot see carbon dioxide. Perhaps if we could see blue smoke, for example, billowing around us we would be more motivated to immediately tackle global warming.
The climate change problem is further complicated by its faceless nature. There isn't one country or person we can point to as causing global warming. We are all responsible on a daily basis. Then add to that there's the fact that climate change is not an immediate threat. It's certainly becoming one, but it takes time for the planet to heat up and we are fast approaching the point of no return.
Many people do not understand how a few degrees one way or the other will make a difference to the planet. Leiserowitz likened it to a fever in an episode titled, "Encore: Ending the Silence on Climate Change" this month on Bill Moyer & Company. "People often will say, 'Wow, you know, four, five degrees, that doesn't sound like very much. I mean, I see the temperature change more from night to day.' But it's the wrong way to think about it. I mean, think about when you get sick and you get a fever, okay. Your body is usually at, you know, 98.7 degrees."
He continued to say, "If your temperature rises by one degree you feel a little off, but you can still go to work. You're fine. It rises by two degrees and you're now feeling sick, in fact you're probably going to take the day off because you definitely don't feel good. And in fact, you're getting everything from hot flashes to cold chills, okay. At three you're starting to get really sick. And at four degrees and five degrees your brain is actually slipping into a coma, okay, you're close to death. I think there's an analogy here of that little difference in global average temperature just like that little difference in global body temperature can have huge implications as you keep going. And so unfortunately the world after two and especially after three degrees starts getting much more frightening, and that's exactly what the scientists keep telling us. But will we pay attention to those warning signs?"
My next blog post will discuss how to effectively communicate about climate change to overcome some of the psychological challenges humans face outlined in this post. There are ways to get the public to pay attention to, and in fact, engage on the issue of global warming. However, there is an art to it.


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I awake and reach over for my pill case that holds medication for each day of the week. Medication to be taken in the morning and evening in conjunction with activities that today I hope in earnest will continue to save my life. Recovery is about asking for help and accepting hope is possible.
I share openly and publicly so that those in the shadows, in the darkness, may feel less alone.
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Grand Designs
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- From the back cover
- These are the voyages of the U.S.S. da Vinci. Their mission: to solve the problems of the galaxy, one disaster at a time. Starfleet veteran Captain David Gold, along with his crack Starfleet Corps of Engineers team lead by former Starship Enterprise™ engineer Commander Sonya Gomez, travel throughout the Federation and beyond to fix the unfixable, repair the irreparable, and solve the unsolvable.
- Whether it's an artificial planetary ring that was damaged during the Dominion War, an out-of-control generation ship, a weapons inspection gone horribly wrong, shutting down a crashed probe, solving a centuries-old medical mystery, or clearing a sargasso sea of derelict ships, the S.C.E. is on the case!
- But the problems they face aren't just technical; Tev must confront the demons of his past, Lense must confront the demons of her present, Gold faces a crisis of leadership on his own ship, and Gomez must lead an away team into the middle of a brutal ground war. Plus the da Vinci crew must find a way to work with their Klingon counterparts in a deadly rescue mission.
- Excerpts of copyrighted sources are included for review purposes only, without any intention of infringement.
Ring Around the Sky
- E-book #37 (March 2004, ISBN 0743476115)
- by Allyn Gibson
- The Tellarite colony world of Kharzh'ulla is a planet of many wonders, but its greatest feature is the Ring, a massive orbital construction, serviced by a series of "space elevators." During the Dominion War, the elevators were damaged by a Jem'Hadar attack. Now, a year and a half later, the elevators have weakened to the point that the entire Ring may collapse, endangering the planet's population – unless the crew of the U.S.S. da Vinci can save them.
- But Kharzh'ulla also contains several deadly secrets from Lieutenant Commander Tev's youth. In order for the S.C.E. to save the planet, Tev must face more than one demon from his past...
- E-book #38 (April 2004, ISBN 0743480856)
- by Kevin Killiany
- A colony ship careens out of control through space on the border between the Federation and the Klingon Empire. A joint rescue mission made up of both Klingon and Starfleet engineers is sent to investigate. But the S.C.E. team from the U.S.S. da Vinci and their Klingon counterparts soon find themselves with a more difficult problem than they realized. The colony isn't just out of control – it's dying.
- The inhabitants of the colony ship are a pre-industrial society that has no inkling of their deadly fate. Can Federation and Klingon engineers work together to save the colony ship from total destruction?
Grand Designs
- E-book #39 (May 2004, ISBN 0743480864)
- by Dayton Ward & Kevin Dilmore
- Tensions between two planets in the Rhaax system have abated to the point where the sides have agreed to disarmament. The S.C.E. crew on the U.S.S. da Vinci is sent along with a Federation diplomat to act as weapons inspectors to make sure that the terms of the cease-fire and disarmament are followed.
- But soon the S.C.E. learns that neither side has any intention of truly disarming – and then Tev, P8 Blue, and Soloman are captured by one side. Captain Gold must find a way to rescue his crew, and keep the peace, before both planets explode!
- E-book #40 (May 2004, ISBN 0743480872)
- by David Mack
- When a cultural observation probe malfunctions and crash-lands on a pre-warp world, the S.C.E. is sent in to destroy it before the technology falls into the hands of a civilization not prepared for it. Unfortunately, when Commander Gomez and her team arrive, they find that the device has already been captured by terrorist forces who intend to reverse-engineer the technology into a weapon that will change the balance of power on their world to deadly effect!
- Now it's a race against time for the S.C.E. to find and destroy the probe before it's too late!
Bitter Medicine
- E-book #41 (June 2004, ISBN 074349685X)
- by Dave Galanter
- A routine salvage operation becomes a desperate rescue mission, as the U.S.S. da Vinci encounters a failing abandoned ship – that isn't so abandoned! There is one survivor aboard the derelict vessel: a boy who carries a most deadly disease.
- Even as the S.C.E. works to salvage the ship, Dr. Lense must race the clock to find a cure for the boy – or condemn him to live out his days alone on the dying vessel!
Sargasso Sector
- E-book #42 (July 2004, ISBN 0743493672)
- by Paul Kupperberg
- The assignment seemed mundane enough: clear away a "junk pile" of abandoned ships that are adrift in a region of space that is in the way of a convoy of colony vessels en route to a new world. But the S.C.E.'s missions never stay routine for very long...
- Odd occurrences start happening all over the U.S.S. da Vinci, compounded by the fact that none of their solutions for clearing the ships seems to be working. Soon, the very nature of reality becomes endangered, and Soloman must interface with a powerful alien computer to keep the da Vinci from falling victim to the...
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January 16th, 2013
Shrimp pasta, steak and eggs, maybe a bacon cheddar double cheeseburger.
Sound good?
Those dishes, as prepared by restaurant chains, may look and taste good, but they're loaded with calories, saturated fat, sodium and sugar - enough to earn them the dubious distinction of being named Xtreme Eating "dis-honorees" on this year's list from the Center for Science in the Public Interest, known as the CSPI.
For the last six years, the CSPI has released Xtreme Eating Awards winners in its Nutrition Action Healthletter.
But "we think this year that this is the worst of some of the worst," said Jayne Hurley, CSPI senior nutritionist. "They top the list for being extremely high in calories, saturated fat and salt or sugar."
To find out all nine finalists for 2013, read the full story - Gut-busting restaurant meals named 'dis-honorees' - on CNN Health.
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43 U.S. Code § 1737 - Implementation provisions
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(a) Investigations, studies, and experiments
The Secretary may conduct investigations, studies, and experiments, on his own initiative or in cooperation with others, involving the management, protection, development, acquisition, and conveying of the public lands.
(b) Contracts and cooperative agreements
Subject to the provisions of applicable law, the Secretary may enter into contracts and cooperative agreements involving the management, protection, development, and sale of public lands.
(c) Contributions and donations of money, services, and property
The Secretary may accept contributions or donations of money, services, and property, real, personal, or mixed, for the management, protection, development, acquisition, and conveying of the public lands, including the acquisition of rights-of-way for such purposes. He may accept contributions for cadastral surveying performed on federally controlled or intermingled lands. Moneys received hereunder shall be credited to a separate account in the Treasury and are hereby authorized to be appropriated and made available until expended, as the Secretary may direct, for payment of expenses incident to the function toward the administration of which the contributions were made and for refunds to depositors of amounts contributed by them in specific instances where contributions are in excess of their share of the cost.
(d) Recruitment of volunteers
The Secretary may recruit, without regard to the civil service classification laws, rules, or regulations, the services of individuals contributed without compensation as volunteers for aiding in or facilitating the activities administered by the Secretary through the Bureau of Land Management.
(e) Restrictions on activities of volunteers
In accepting such services of individuals as volunteers, the Secretary—
(1) shall not permit the use of volunteers in hazardous duty or law enforcement work, or in policymaking processes or to displace any employee; and
(f) Federal employment status of volunteers
Volunteers shall not be deemed employees of the United States except for the purposes of—
(g) Authorization of appropriations
Effective with fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1984, there are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of subsection (d) of this section, but not more than $250,000 may be appropriated for any one fiscal year.
[1] So in original. Probably should be subchapter "I".
Source(Pub. L. 94–579, title III, § 307,Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2766; Pub. L. 98–540, § 2,Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2718; Pub. L. 101–286, title II, § 204(c),May 9, 1990, 104 Stat. 175.)
1990—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–286amended subsec. (f) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (f) read as follows: "Volunteers shall not be deemed employees of the United States except for the purposes of the tort claims provisions of title 28 and subchapter 1 of chapter 81 of title 5, relating to compensation for work injuries."
1984—Subsecs. (d) to (g). Pub. L. 98–540added subsecs. (d) to (g).
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The Power of Independent Thinking
A Gala for Liberty: The Independent Institutes Gala Reception and Dinner
Recorded: Tuesday, September 16, 2008
On September 16, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, actor and director Andy Garcia, and entrepreneur William K. Bowes, Jr. were honored at the Independent Institutes A Gala for Liberty. Each honoree received the Alexis de Tocqueville Award in recognition of their contributions to advancing the ideas and ideals of liberty, entrepreneurship, innovation, and peace.
Experts: George B. N. Ayittey, Michael J. Boskin, William K. Bowes, Jr., Andy Garcia, Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu, Alvaro Vargas LlosaType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Business, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Collectivism, Culture/ Society, Democracy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Economic History and Development (International), Free Market Economics, Free Speech, Freedom, Government Power, History (International), Latin America, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Race Issues, Religion, Taxes, Terrorism and National Crises, Trade
Don Kates on the San Francisco Gun Ban Lawsuit
Recorded: Wednesday, September 10, 2008
Don B. Kates discusses his support for the lawsuit challenging San Francisco's public housing gun ban in a KRON 4 report.
Experts: Don B. Kates Jr.Type: TelevisionIssues: Constitutional Law, Gun Control
What the Second Amendment Means Today
Recorded: Wednesday, July 2, 2008
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Experts: Robert Higgs, Don B. Kates Jr., David J. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Constitutional Law, Gun Control, History (U.S)
What the Second Amendment Means Today
Recorded: Wednesday, July 2, 2008
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
The Second Amendments right to keep and bear arms has been among the most controversialand least understoodrights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Did the Founders intend to safeguard an individual right or a collective right?
Experts: Stephen P. Halbrook, Don B. Kates Jr.Type: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Crime, Culture/ Society, Defense and Foreign Policy, Gun Control, Law Enforcement
Is the Second Amendment an Individual Right?
Recorded: Monday, June 9, 2008
An Independent Policy Forum held on 6/09/08. Joyce Lee Malcolm and Stephen Halbrook discuss the history of the Second Amendment and its interpretation in American law.
Experts: Stephen P. Halbrook, Joyce Lee Malcolm, David J. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Constitutional Law, Gun Control, History (U.S)
Is the Second Amendment an Individual Right?
Recorded: Monday, June 9, 2008
Last year, a federal appeals court overturned the District of Columbias ban on handguns. Now the U.S. Supreme Court will decide the case after nearly seventy years of silence on the Second Amendment.
Experts: Stephen P. Halbrook, Joyce Lee MalcolmType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Constitutional Law, Gun Control
Is the War on Terror Creating Terrorism?
Recorded: Tuesday, April 15, 2008
Is it possible that the U.S. governments response to the 9/11 attacks has served al-Qaeda interests? Despite the hype, U.S. law-enforcement officials have found little evidence of serious terrorist activities inside the country, compelling them to escalate their use of prosecution and entrapment to justify their enormous budgets.
Experts: Ivan Eland, Ian S. Lustick, D. Gareth PorterType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, History (International), Terrorism and National Crises
Stephen Halbrook on Supreme Court D.C. Handgun Ban Case
Recorded: Tuesday, March 18, 2008
Stephen Halbrook makes a statement to the press after the U.S. Supreme Court hears the D.C. handgun ban case (Heller case). Halbrook filed an Amicus brief for the case on behalf of 300 members of Congress.
Experts: Stephen P. HalbrookType: TelevisionIssues: Constitutional Law, Gun Control


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December 20, 2010
Matthew Hatfield
Bayside star DB Demetrious Nicholson, will announce his college destination on Wednesday afternoon at a 2:30PM press conference. See details on the five schools he's considering and much more! ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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I am verry new here
And I choose starter so it will take me some time to set up my wn deck and start playing in the arena.
I played against lev1 NPCs twice for now - and lost of couse - I am still learning the basics.
But anyway - my question is - should I go at least once to fight someone in the arena to get 10 gran on this monday when I am sure that I WILL LOOSE???
Is there any penalty when you loose too many times (I mean I know I wont get -1 so even if I loose I will get 10 gran - but wont I go badly in the statistics or something?)
I am asking because I am not sure if I will be able to learn everything and set up a good deck before monday comes...


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It's an honor to stand within the wedding of a close friend or relative, yet the wedding party additionally must organize occasions for the couple and offer support. Bridesmaids will be responsible for getting a bride dressed and organize the bachelorette party and bridal shower. The groomsmen will be responsible for the bachelor party and they'll help the groom on his wedding day. Display your appreciation to the bridal party using personalized wedding party gifts. It's an excellent gift idea as they're special and possess sentimental value.
Read More About Wedding Party Gifts
Personalized Wedding Gifts
Brides may discover various affordable personalized wedding party gifts to fit all personalities within the wedding. An outstanding wedding gift idea includes name stamps. They're affordable and may be personalized for every individual. The name is placed in a fancy font and placed on a rubber stamp using an ink pad. This rubber stamp may be utilized on envelopes, Christmas cards, and invitations. Personalized coffee tumblers, wine glasses, and iPad cases include an exceptional choice, too.
More Personal Touch
A craft makes fun gifts and may be personalized for the receiver. It's possible to make jams or homemade cookies and place them inside a jar using a personalized label. Personalized labels may involve a personal message or event details. Scrapbook lovers may make miniature scrapbooks using stories and pictures. An additional option includes taking the groomsmen and bridesmaids on an outing. The ladies could get manicures one day prior to the wedding and the men may meet at a barbershop for haircuts.
Additional Ideas for Wedding Party Gifts
Additional wedding party gift ideas comprise of personalized shot glasses, beer mugs, pens, flasks, lighters, money clips, candles, flip flops, robes, tee-shirts, cell phone cases, tote bags, as well as travel toiletry bags. Getting married includes a special occasion for the loved ones, friends, and couple. Show appreciation by performing something special for everybody who participated in the wedding event. Everybody involved within a wedding puts in time; wedding party gifts show appreciation.
Popular wedding related gifts. Bridesmaid Gifts | Groomsmen Gifts | Ring Bearer Gifts | Flower Girl Gifts | Honeymoon Gifts


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Show Details:
Experience an exhilarating raft ride down the Colorado River with a team of explorers including renowned river advocate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and anthropologist Wade Davis. This movie explores the spiritual, artistic and life-sustaining powers of water as it brings awareness to global water issues. Get inspired and see the world in new ways as you participate in every twist and turn of this adventured conversation about global crisis and individual responsibility.


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Revision history of "Funtoo Linux"
There is no edit history for this page.
This page has been deleted. The deletion and move log for the page are provided below for reference.
- 04:31, December 28, 2014 Threesixes (Talk | contribs) deleted page Funtoo Linux (Author request: content was: "== Introduction == === Meta-Distribution, Optimized === Funtoo Linux is a ''meta''-distribution, which means that it is built automatically from source code and is customized with the functionality that ''you'' want it t...)


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The mood this Halloween has to be dark and frightening. It is your job to decorate the outside and inside of your house with freaky props. There aren't many things that are creepier than walking into a spider web and feeling it on you for minutes after. Set up this Rope Spider Web with a Spider, and make your guests feel uneasy. The spider can be placed anywhere on the web that you want to put it.
Our Price: $8.99
Our Price: $3.97
Our Price: $39.97
Our Price: $2.97


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- Home
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To the editor:
Within the last two or three months there has appeared in the "Curious Journal," Oldham Neighborhood section, articles extremely critical of our County GOP chief.
I know Ann Gernstein, but only casually. I believe the "Curious Journal" is a liberal newspaper, and the ammunition the CJ is using may be true but in my view, it seems to be an underhanded use of sour grapes and deceit.
I would ask that any readers of the Louisville paper consider the sources of the information.
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Search Swinburne Research Bank
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/167107
- Title
- Ballistic impact of metallic sandwich panels with aluminium foam core
- Author(s)
- Hou, W.; Zhu, F.; Lu, G.
- Abstract
- Metallic sandwich structures with aluminium foam core are good energy absorbers for impact protection. To study their ballistic performance, quasi-static and impact perforation tests were carried out and the results are reported and analysed in this paper. The results concerned include experimental observations and quantitative assessments, in which the effects of several key parameters, i.e. impact velocity, skin thickness and thickness and density of foam core, on the ballistic limit and energy absorption of the panels during perforation are identified and discussed in detail. A simplified perforation model is proposed to calculate the energy dissipation during quasi-static perforation, and based on the model, a semi-empirical equation is suggested to approximately estimate the energy enhancement during dynamic perforation.
- Publication type
- Conference paper
- Source
- Futures in Mechanics of Structures and Materials: proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM20), Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, 02-05 December 2008 / Thiru Aravinthan, Warna Karunasena and Hao Wang (eds.), pp. 617-622
- Publication year
- 2008
- Keyword(s)
- Aluminium foam core; Ballistic impact; Ballistic performance; Metallic sandwich panels
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- 9780415491969, 0415491967
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2008.
- Peer reviewed


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May 6, 2016
Facebook users have just under a week to vote on proposed changes to Facebook's policy.
The social networking website proposed revisions to its Data Use Policy and Statement of Rights and Responsibilities on November 21st. The proposal sparked outrage from privacy groups who sent an open letter to Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg objecting to the proposal.
Facebook is using a customized voting app to collect the votes and a third party will tally the results. Voting ends Monday, December 10th at noon.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
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40 U.S. Code § 8901 - Purposes
prev | next
The purposes of this chapter are—
(1) to preserve the integrity of the comprehensive design of the L'Enfant and McMillan plans for the Nation's Capital;
(2) to ensure the continued public use and enjoyment of open space in the District of Columbia and its environs, and to encourage the location of commemorative works within the urban fabric of the District of Columbia;
(3) to preserve, protect and maintain the limited amount of open space available to residents of, and visitors to, the Nation's Capital; and
(4) to ensure that future commemorative works in areas administered by the National Park Service and the Administrator of General Services in the District of Columbia and its environs—
Source(Pub. L. 107–217, Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1227; Pub. L. 108–126, title II, § 203(a),Nov. 17, 2003, 117 Stat. 1349.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|Pub. L. 99–652, § 1, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3650.
2003—Par. (2). Pub. L. 108–126substituted "Columbia and its environs, and to encourage the location of commemorative works within the urban fabric of the District of Columbia;" for "Columbia;".
Effective Date of 2003 Amendment
Pub. L. 108–126, title II, § 205,Nov. 17, 2003, 117 Stat. 1353, provided that: "Except for the provision in the amendment made by section 202(b) [amending section 8908 of this title] prohibiting a visitor center from being located in the Reserve (as defined in section 8902 of title 40, United States Code), nothing in this title [see Short Title of 2003 Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title] shall apply to a commemorative work for which a site was approved in accordance with chapter 89 of title 40, United States Code, prior to the date of enactment of this title [Nov. 17, 2003]."
Pub. L. 108–126, title II, § 202(a),Nov. 17, 2003, 117 Stat. 1349, provided that: "Congress finds that—
"(1) the great cross-axis of the Mall in the District of Columbia, which generally extends from the United States Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial, and from the White House to the Jefferson Memorial, is a substantially completed work of civic art; and
"(2) to preserve the integrity of the Mall, a reserve area should be designated within the core of the great cross-axis of the Mall where the siting of new commemorative works is prohibited."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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WASHINGTON (WUSA9) -- A man has been arrested after allegedly "fondling the breasts" of a woman who was sleeping in the seat next to him on a flight from Miami to Reagan National, according to a report by The Smoking Gun.
According to the report the man is 39-year-old Saurabh Agarwal of Sterling, Va.
"In a sworn affidavit, FBI Agent David Wiegand reported that (the victim) was seated next to Agarwal on American Airlines Flight 1142 which departed Miami around 5:45 P.M.," The report reads. "After falling asleep following departure, the woman awoke to find Agarwal 'hugging her body, with his hand inside her bra, fondling her breast.'"
"'Because of fear,' however, the woman 'pretended to be asleep.' Wiegand noted that Agarwal 'kept squeezing R.C.L.'s body tighter' and 'squeezed her nipple,'" The report continued. "The woman, who was in the window seat, told investigators that she 'did not show that she was awake due to being scared of' Agarwal."
Read the full story on Smoking Gun.


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At the core of the College are its rigorous academic programs. Whether studying at the undergraduate or graduate level, each student is guided through the intellectual and technical aspects of artmaking and discourse. To provide the best experience for learning, small classes (typical studio class size is 12–15) are prepared and offered by a faculty of artists and scholars, all dedicated to the personal growth and development of each student.
MCA also has several extra-curricular opportunities for students to expand their learning environment beyond the formal classroom:
- MCA belongs to a consortium of local colleges that allows full-time students to take classes at other local colleges, at no additional cost, where you can study practically any subject that interests you or may help you in your career, from marketing to metaphysics.
- Museum seminar trips to foreign and domestic cities such as Paris, Rome, London, Berlin, Moscow, Mexico City, New York and Chicago afford students the chance to whet their experiential palettes.
- The truly adventuresome and hearty spirits may want to travel to Mississippi's Horn Island to live for a week: camping, communing and creating art in a pristine environment. There are no modern amenities; only creatures, sand and the Gulf. When you return from Horn Island, you'll create work for the largest exhibition of the year. The Horn Island Workshop has attracted the interest of writers from Smithsonian, The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Associated Press.
- Through programs in conjunction with the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD), you can spend a semester studying at any of the 30 participating art colleges, from the Gulf to the Great Lakes, and earn credit toward your degree at no additional cost.


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May 6, 2016
The driver of a bus en route from North Carolina to New York that crashed killing four passengers has been sentenced.
Kin Yiu Cheung was ordered to serve 6 years in prison.
The 38 year old driver was convicted last November of four counts of involuntary manslaughter in the May 2011 crash on I-95 in Virginia.
Witnesses described Cheung's driving as erratic before the bus swerved off the interstate, hit an embankment and overturned.
A state trooper had testified at trial that Cheung nodded when asked whether he'd fallen asleep behind the wheel.
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This cute tomato costume is perfect for your child this Halloween. This unisex kid's costume works just as well for Halloween as it does for a school production that encourages healthy eating. The Child's Tomato Bodysuit Costume features a tomato body foam overlay in a bright red color with green leaf accents. You will also receive a fun stem hat, also in red and green. This outfit comes in a standard one size fits all. You can achieve the look shown on the model example by browsing through our accessories page and checking out our comically oversized white mitts and various tights, leggings, and stockings options. The Child's Tomato Bodysuit Costume is a lot of fun and its a bright and eye catching outfit. Don't miss out and order yours today.
Our Price: $3.97
Our Price: $1.97
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That looks like some serious fun.
I had a good laugh at the "policewoman" on the far left of the third pic.
GonFreeces31 wrote:fargone wrote:I realise this is completely off topic, but Icy deserves the limelight more than others. Some of whom dominate the forums with their endless posts.
What, I make legit points too...
Khiruki wrote:
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Episode Plot
As they arrive in a new city, Ash and his friends quickly learns the info from Looker that Team Plasma is there and is using their technology to once again manipulate Pokemon. In doing so, a Haxorus (who's being mind controlled) starts destroying the city. Iris protests at this, claiming there's no way a Dragon-type Pokemon can be that bad. In trying to stop the rampage, Iris' Dragonite soon falls to Team Plasma's manipulation with the work of Dr. Colress and N can no longer hear the Pokemon's hearts. N is worried and tries to stop the Pokemon, but ends up becoming their next target as soon as he gets injured in the process. Will they be able to stop Team Plasma's plans and free them from Colress' control? Yes.
- Who's that Pokemon?: Deerling (Summer Form).


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Youth Division Titles Decided At The 44th Annual ESA Easterns—Despite Torrential Rains
The 2011 Easterns faced plenty of adversity: Relocation after Hurricane Irene, a week of strong NE winds, and a seemingly endless rain. But thanks to a staff of dedicated, committed, hard working ESA officials and a great group of competitors and their families, the 2011 championship event is in the books.
A few notes from the final day:
-Daniel Glenn, an ESA All-Star team captain at just 14 years of age, is a talented young surfer. Saturday he won the Boys final in the first 5 minutes of the heat with arguably the two best rides of the day. In fact, he was so confident in his scores that he left the final with 12 minutes remaining in order to surf his second round heat at the WRV/Hurley Outer Banks Pro on the other side of the pier. "I caught those first couple waves and they felt good, so I decided to get out and run over for my pro heat." And how did he go there? "I was really close, I actually missed advancing to the money round by 7/10 of a point on my last wave. It's okay though, I'm stoked I won Easterns! That was the main goal."
-14-year-old Jazmine Dean—competing in her first Easterns, won the Women's longboard title but ended up getting DQ'ed because her board was two inches short. "I was riding an 8'10 and I guess the minimum length requirement is 9'0." After the heat they measured my board and decided to give me 4th. I'm bummed, but oh well." It's unfortunate but Jazmine remained in high spirits. She'll be back and hungrier for the win next September, on a regulation length board this time. "I definitely won't make that mistake again," she joked afterwards.
-In his last amateur event Keto Burns handily won the Jr. Men title, bringing the trophy back to Saint Augustine, Florida for the first time since Chris Ropero won back in 2003. As a bonus, he finished runner up to Corey Howell in the Open final. "I really wanted to win both divisions, but I'm happy with the Jr's title. I just want to thank the ESA for all of the fun years and it feels great to go out on top."
Speaking of Corey—with his victory over Keto he also has a coveted Easterns title to his name, at last. "I finally won one!" he said, excitedly, after the result was announced. "I appreciate what the ESA has done for me and all of my family's support. Thanks!"
-Luke Gordon, one of the East Coast's most stylish youngsters, narrowly defeated rival Stevie Pittman to take the Menehune title. It's funny to say Luke/Stevie are already locked in a rivalry at 10 years of age, but it's clear that at the moment they are the best in their brackets.
-In Junior Women's Nikki Viesins took the win with smooth, frontside snaps on small windswell rights under the day's most torrential rains. If you weren't watching the webcast or huddled under the pier, you most likely missed the best female surfing of the week.
-Over the course of the 7-day event $25,000 in goods and cash donations were collected to go towards Hurricane Irene relief for the devastated Hatteras Island—exactly the sort of help the ESA hoped to collect by running the contest in Nags Head this week.
There's much work left before Hatteras reverts from its current state of decimation and returns to being a beautiful, quiet stretch of sandbar, but at this point every bit helps. Next year the Easterns and Outer Banks will be stronger than ever.
Hopefully, at least. After a rough month, they certainly deserve it.
Youth Results
For additional results/information visit the ESA website HERE.
1st-Luke Gordon
2nd-Stevie Pittman
3rd-Boyd Brown
4th-Bo Raynor
1st-Daniel Glenn
2nd-Cobie Gittner
3rd-Addison Miles
4th-Andrew Rooney
Junior Men
1st-Keto Burns
2nd-Conner Lester
3rd-Shane Burn
4th-Merrick Cunningham
1st-Piper Austin
2nd-Katie Gordon
3rd-Maddie Peterson
4th-Rossi Klein
Junior Women
1st-Nikki Viesins
2nd-Grace Muckenfuss
3rd-Kayla Durden
4th-Caroline Duerr
Menehune Longboard
1st-Fisher Grant
2nd-Canon Embrey
3rd-Thomas Horner
4th-Chad Bruce
Junior Longboard
1st-Bradley Rose
2nd-Partick Nichols
3rd-Sam Duggan
4th-Steve McLean
Menehune Bodyboard
1st-Thomas Carlson
2nd-Nick Cox
3rd-Noah Fiedler
4th-Simon Hetrick
Open Bodyboard
1st-Joey Rosadio
2nd-Jackson Lewis
3rd-Noah Fiedler
4th-Thomas Carlson
Open Shortboard
1st-Corey Howell
2nd-Keto Burns
3rd-Daniel Glenn
4th-Julian Payne
Women's Longboard
1st-Susan Duggan
2nd-MT Bourque
3rd-Addie Gibson
4th-Jazmine Dean


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