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There has been some good news here in our neck of the woods. Towards the end of last week press reports had it that Tanzania and Britain had at long last agreed on how the billions of shillings recovered from the controversial purchase of radar equipment would be spent. This radar equipment was contentiously bought from BA Systems of the United Kingdom.
The money will be ploughed into the education system in the country. This is a sagacious decision.
The education system needs all the assistance it can get. Indeed, not only in Tanzania but in most other African countries. And good decisions like this one of using the radar money to improve education in the country deserve to be applauded.
After all, it is generally agreed that no economic development can take place in a society until the people embrace values favourable to modernization and progress, as well as being trained in the basic skills needed in a transitional society.
It is worth noting that during the early 1960s economists found in their studies that, there was a correlation between the level of education and economic growth.
Africa needs to put infinitely more emphasis on the quality of our children's education. We cannot afford to take the foot off the pedal because education is very much a sine qua non for development.
We need to borrow a leaf from other countries' practice. India, for example has made progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two- thirds of the population.
India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of the country and its growing braggadocio on the world stage.
Therefore, Africa would be well advised to take the education of her children seriously, otherwise we shall surely remain forever underdeveloped as we have already been dubbed.
Authorities here should do everything possible to ensure that the radar money is actually spent on education as it has been decided. There are certainly some corrupt individuals who are already designing all manner of ways to ensure that some of that money ends up in their pockets. This must, by all means be prevented.
Consider the case of South Africa where millions of Rand have been invested in the education sector, all to little effect.
For instance, according to the 2010 Global Corruption Barometer of the international corruption watchdog, Transparency International (TI), when respondents were asked how they viewed corruption in their country's education system (one, being not corrupt and five, being very corrupt), South African respondents gave an average score of 2.6.
And in the West African country of Cameroon, the average score was 3.5. It seems then that not enough is being done for education and just like in every other facet of human endeavour in Africa, corruption plays an influential role here.
Since we have already established that education is a prerequisite for development, it is imperative for African governments to ensure that education receives the attention that such an important sector of the economy deserves.


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Deltana DSBP45U5
Antique Brass 4.5" x 4.5" Solid Brass Square Corner Plain Bearing Mortise Hinge - Pair
Item # BCI1477612 | Model # DSBP45U5
Questions about Deltana DSBP45U5?
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Solid Brass Collection Deltana Square Corner 4.5" x 4.5" Solid Brass Plain Bearing Mortise Hinge - Pair
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- Sold as Pair
- Plain Bearing Hinge
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- Removable Pin: Yes
- Wood Screws Included
- Square Corners
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- Arc Hole Pattern
Plain Bearing Hinge: Plain bearing hinges feature knuckles that are machined to a smooth surface, allowing them to move against one another without bearings. Plain bearing hinges are not recommended for heavy use on high traffic entrance ways, but meet the need of a standard residential door.
Material - Solid Brass: Solid brass is made from copper and zinc and is prized for its resilience, durability, and beauty. Solid brass can always be polished back to its original sheen and is highly resistant to rusting. Solid brass is often available in finishes that other hinge materials are not.
Mounting: The standard corners for mortised door hinges are 1/4" radius, 5/8" radius and square corner. It is recommended that three hinges be used on doors up to and including 7.5 feet with one additional hinge for each additional 2.5 feet. Make sure you check your current hinges before making a purchase.
- 4.5 Inch Height
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subset: commoncrawl


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WASHINGTON – The Washington Nationals are honoring the man behind the team, manager Davey Johnson, with a new bobblehead.
The first 15,000 fans at Nats Park will be greeted with the nodding head of the Davey Johnson figurine on July 20 when the Nationals take on the Dodgers.
It's the last in the Nats 2013 bobblehead series, reports The Washington Post.
Before managing the Nats and the Mets, Johnson played for the Baltimore Orioles, Atlanta Braves, Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs. He started managing the Nationals in June 2011 but has been in the team's front office since 2006.
Follow @WTOP on Twitter.
Check out the next group of inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame plus a few contenders who've yet to be nominated.


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Love to travel, take photos and meet new people. Before I am 35 I want to do the Grand Northern in the USA. I also like to edit my own Holiday & Contiki Videos to music.
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IBM Collaboration Solutions Community - November Meeting Replay - Topic: OpenNTF.org
Joyce Davis 06000019G0 email@example.com | | Tags:  openntf community event
0 Comments | 4,685 Visits
Lotusphere and IBM Connect abstract submission deadline extended to November 11th
Joyce Davis 06000019G0 firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  ibm-connect abstracts lotusphere
0 Comments | 4,039 Visits
By Joyce Davis IBM Collaboration Solutions community managerAttention speakers! Due to overwhelming response, IBM is extending the abstract submission date for Lotusphere and IBM Connect 2012! We'll keep the system open until Friday, November 11th, so get your abstracts in today!Click here to access the abstract submission site ... [ + Read more ]
Lotus Education launches an OpenCourseware Pilot with XPages Introductory course
Megan Moyer 110000GJAE firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  ocw_movement opencourseware
0 Comments | 2,915 Visits
By Sonia Malik Education Product Manager I am pleased to announce an OpenCourseWare Pilot with which ISSL Education joins a prestigious group of organizations already participating in this movement. The OpenCourseWare (OCW) movement, part of the larger Open Educational Resources (OER) movement, was pioneered 10 years ago when the ... [ + Read more ]
IBM Collaboration Solutions Community Meeting - Nov. 15th 10AM ET US - Topic: OpenNTF.org
Joyce Davis 06000019G0 email@example.com | | Tags:  meeting opensource openntf community
0 Comments | 2,366 Visits
By Joyce Davis IBM Collaboration Solutions community managerJoin our monthly IBM Collaboration Solutions community meeting to learn about upcoming activities, connect with other members, and hear about topics relevant to the community. This month community members Bruce Elgort and Niklas Heidloff will share the OpenNTF.org success story. The mission of the ... [ + Read more ]


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Dear Comrade Dick,
I first of all never want to hear about Dubbs Gets Defeated, or "Here Come the Black Helicopters." Yes, I know Hillary and the Dems are going to try to pry our guns out of our hands, give all of our rights away to the United Nations, and basically flip the conservatives off of the SCOTUS. I know all of that.
Dick, you're fired from the national stage. I do mean this. Effective immediately, you are fired. You were about the only one that saw a path to victory for John McCain, and you called this one a "landslide" when the only true landslides happened last week as a result of Hurricane Sandy (Oh, sorry, Megastorm Sanday – I always forget the new politically correct lingo as I just can't do the global warming thing).
Yes, Dick, from this point forward I will zap you off of my TV when you pop-up. When Newsmax sends something about you or from you, I will unsubscribe.
You sell Kool-Aid in order to sell crappy little books. I fully understand why Bill Clinton threw you out. I would encourage Fox News to give you the same courtesy!
I will not be able to write you a letter of recommendation. I would suggest you call Stephanie Cutter and see if the Obama 2012 Campaign has a place for you. I know they will not let some poorly written 22nd amendment stop them from running Obama a third, fourth and fifth time. That would give us another 12 years of blaming Bush.
Most Sincerely,
Comrade John of Nobama.com


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What is RM Cash
User Tip: If you're unsure of your vehicle type, you may skip the machine type selection box.
Select type, make, model and year above
"Customer service is priority #1 at Rocky Mountain ATV/MC. We value our customers and strive to be the best shopping experience- when you buy from us, you are buying lifetime service."
-Dan Thomas, CEO and Founder
We take pride in offering no hassle returns. In the event of a return, please call, email or chat with us to receive a solution to the problem. For apparel that doesn't fit quite right, Click here to see our Fit Guaranteed Program.
We will stand behind all products we sell with regards to manufacturing defects in workmanship and material. Most products are limited to the manufacturer's warranty. However, we will do everything in our power to take care of the problem.
Each review submitted enters you into a $100 gift card monthly drawing, and a $500 gift card quarterly drawing!
Comments On May 16, 2013:i would recommend this to anyone that wants a nice looking and durable and easy to install.. it looks awsome on my kfx400. the only thing is the bumper comes in 2 days after you oder your brackets and its easy to put on it just takes 5 mins to put my on .awsome buy
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Comments On Apr 02, 2012:The bumper is nice and light....i snapped one of the bolts i think they should use a stronger grade bolts
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Comments On Sep 14, 2009:looks great. Seems ok so far. haven't hit any trees yet and I don't plan on trying.
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Comments On Sep 04, 2009:If your looking at this bumper, I suggest you look somewere else... Poor product, paint chips off after being on the bike a month and the mounting brackets are a joke. Save yourself the time and find yourself a better bumper...
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Comments On Jan 30, 2009:Great bumber, but the brackets look like they were machined by a 2 year old. Do yourself a favor, buy some lock washers before you put the brackets on too. Not to bad for the price though.
Additional Comments On Mar 27, 2009:After owning this thing for a few months. I'd say go with another bumper. Brackets give you more problems that it's worth. Iv'e gone through to many bolts on this thing. Thats with lock washers on it. The little bolts that hold the front on are a joke. Don't buy it.
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Comments On Mar 03, 2009:great bumper for the price looks good on the front of my 03 raptor L.E.
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Comments On Mar 20, 2008:really nice bumper like the look of it, could of made better brackets. good for the money
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Comments On Oct 23, 2007:Looks great on the front of my Raptor and takes a beating while protecting the front, it has held up well for over a year now.
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Posted on 2/3/2012
Kelli Cox
Join us for a Presentation by the Tanglewood Nature Education Department.Join us at the Clemmons Library for a presentation by the Tanglewood Nature Education Department. Enjoy a PowerPoint presentation displaying some of the park's most colorful winter residents, featuring the photography of Forsyth Audubon Society member David Disher. Engage in kid-friendly activities designed to identify and bring birds into your own backyard. Find out how to participate in the Great Backyard Bird Count, a 4-day event (February 17-20)
that gathers data from birdwatchers of all ages and experience levels.
Bring the family and discover the many bird-watching opportunities available at Tanglewood Park. For additional information, contact the Tanglewood Nature Education Department at 336-703-6439 or email@example.com.
Wednesday, February 15th (6:30 - 8:00 pm)
Clemmons Branch Library Auditorium
3554 Clemmons Road
Clemmons, NC 27012
4201 Manor House Circle
Clemmons, NC 27012
(336) 703-6400
Mailing Address
4061 Clemmons Road
Clemmons, NC 27012
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Leading you to an educated decision.
A rare earth metal which has a bright, silvery metallic sheen. It oxidizes quickly with the air. When that happens, the oxide layer falls off which compounds the problem by allowing even more oxidation. Although it belongs to "rare earth metals," neodymium is not rare at all, it constitutes 38 ppm of the Earth%u2019s crust


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What is RM Cash
Overall customer review score:
Return to Muc-Off Quick Dry Chain Cleaner Product Page
Reviews by real power sport enthusiasts...your opinion counts to us and fellow riders! Make the best purchasing decision by getting the latest reviews.
Each review submitted enters you into a $100 gift card monthly drawing, and a $500 gift card quarterly drawing!
Comments On Oct 29, 2013:This cuts through your greasy gunky chain lube after each race or hard trail ride, and allows you to re lube with minimal effort. Get this.
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Comments On Aug 04, 2013:Works fine. I prefer a foaming cleaner over this. However, it does the job.
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Comments On Oct 24, 2012:try it, use it, buy it again
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Comments On Jun 04, 2012:Hung my chain from an old tree and cleaned with a brush before spraying. Visibly cleaned the chain. I used the whole can for one chain.
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Junior Service League of Gallatin Scholarship Donation to College Foundation
Submitted on July 10, 2012 at 11:37 AM
The Junior Service League of Gallatin presented a check to the Volunteer State College Foundation for a scholarship designated for a female student residing in Gallatin and enrolled as a full-time or part-time student at Volunteer State Community College. Presenting the check (left) was Rachel Perry, President of the Junior Service League of Gallatin, and her daughter, Morgan. Accepting the check (right) was Lori Johnson, Resource Development Specialist for the Volunteer State College Foundation. For more information on scholarships at Vol State visit: www.volstate.edu/foundation.
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.


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Joe Gillis (William Holden): You're Norma Desmond. You used to be in silent pictures. You used to be big.
Norma Desmond (Gloria Swanson): I am big. It's the pictures that got small.
Sunset Boulevard (1950)
The notorious Avenues gang in Los Angeles is finding itself caught in a giant gang compactor. The screen is not getting smaller. The gang is.
A federal RICO (racketeering) indictment — handed up Thursday, September 17th and sealed until a massive raid was carried out Tuesday, September 22nd — named 88 members of the gang, which has an estimated 400 members in total. That's 22 percent of the gang in this round alone.
Among the crimes alleged in the current indictment is the August 2008 murder of 27-year old Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department deputy Juan Abel Escalante. Wholly aside from the moral degradation apparent in that tragic and ruthless murder of a father of three, it was a serious mistake by the gang's genius bar.
The latest in a series of coordinated attacks on this violent criminal entity by federal law enforcement agencies and the City of Los Angeles have demonstrably affected the gang and its overlords, the "big homies" of the Mexican Mafia (EME) prison gang. Although some of the faces have changed on the side of civil society, the new players are sticking to a well-honed game plan and putting unrelenting pressure of the worst of the gangs. [The history of how that game plan developed is laid out in my latest book, No Boundaries: Transnational Latino Gangs and American Law Enforcement (University of Michigan Press, 2009).]
In concert with the federal indictment, the new Los Angeles City Attorney, Carmen Trutanich, has also filed 3 new civil abatement actions against the Avenues, under his office's Project T.O.U.G.H. (Taking Out Urban Gang Headquarters). These civil lawsuits ask for injunctions against owners of property in notorious use by gangsters, and demand that the properties undergo physical and managerial improvements. The court is also asked for "stay-away" orders against known gang members named in the lawsuits. These filings bring to 15 the total of such actions against the gang since an injunction was won in 2002 by former City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo.
On the federal side, Acting United States Attorney George S. Cardona is continuing to use the gang-busting RICO hammer that former USA Thomas O'Brien used to great effect.
Earlier posts of Fairly Civil laid out some of this civil action history in the context of the Drew Street clique (of which more below). You can read those posts here and here.
Another excellent source on the history of the Avenues gang and its relationship to the Mexican Mafia can be found in Tony Rafael's book, The Mexican Mafia. Rafael (a non de plume) is reported to have a "green light" on him because of his research. Here is what the Southern Poverty Law Center's Intelligence Report wrote about him in 2006:
Whenever Tony Rafael leaves home, he carries a .45-caliber handgun nestled in a holster just below his armpit. A Cold Steel Recon-1 knife is stashed elsewhere on his person. Concealed weapons permits are hard to come by in Los Angeles County, but Rafael is a special case.
Okay, to each his own. Other good sources are Chris Blatchford's engaging profile of former ("flipped") EME member Rene Enriquez, The Black Hand, and Mundo Mendoza's Mexican Mafia: From Altar Boy to Hitman, available only in Word format on a CD-ROM.
But several things distinguish Rafael's book in the context of this case.
First, as the SPLC Intelligence Report describes, Rafael was all over the EME-policy driven anti-Black murders by the Avenues gang and some other Latino gangs — at a time when the Los Angeles Times and other "main stream media" simply refused to admit that such things as local "ethnic cleansing" were happening and simply would not report on them (until federal indictments put the elephant on the news conference table).
Second, Rafael puts a well-informed finger right on the astoundingly obtuse Los Angeles media coverage in general about the Mexican Mafia and its suzerainty over Southern California Latino gangs, a dominance that is being consolidated and extended elsewhere in the United States (see this Fairly Civil post for an example).
In Yogi Berra's inimitable words, "This is like deja vu all over again." In two lead stories in the Los Angeles Times on the law enforcement action, here and here, the Mexican Mafia was mentioned in one sentence! Moreover, the paper appears oblivious to the significance of the RICO law as a gang-fighting tool, instead focusing its coverage on "style section" type gangster and cop profiles, like a film noir script. The federal investigative effort was key in this case — primarily from agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration working on the Los Angeles High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) task force, using Title III wiretaps among other sophisticated tools.
Given the media grey-out in Los Angeles, of all places, about the nature of gangsters and organized crime, it is no wonder that many probably well-intentioned activists still insist on seeing the gang problem only as the "disorganized crime" of marginalized youth. (Of course, some less-than-well-intentioned are in the mix, and Fairly Civil will not need smelling salts if and when the public corruption indictments start coming down).
Of course, intervention, prevention, and spiritual redemption all have their place.
But nothing stops a violent criminal conspiracy like a RICO indictment.
Speaking of which, here are relevant and extremely informative excerpts from United States v. Aguirre, the case at hand.
The first section not only describes the history of the Avenues, but articulates the relationship between the Avenues and the Mexican Mafia, and the impact of the hammering the Drew Street clique took:
2. The Avenues gang is a multi-generational street gang that was formed in the 1940s and claims the area roughly between Colorado Boulevard to the north, the 3200 Block of Griffin Street to the east, San Fernando Road to the south, and Drew Street to the west as its "territory" in Northeast Los Angeles. The Avenues gang has been divided into a number of smaller groups, or "cliques," based on geography and associations in the neighborhood controlled by the gang. The original Avenues cliques were the Cypress Avenues, the Avenues Assassins, Avenues 43rds, and most recently the Drew Street clique. After its formation was formally authorized by the Mexican Mafia in August 2007, the Drew Street clique became the most active and violent clique within the Avenues gang and produced the most significant revenues for the Mexican Mafia from narcotics trafficking, robbery, the extortion of local business owners, "staged" car accidents, identity theft, and other crimes. Revenues in the form of "taxed" proceeds from the crimes of the organization were collected by Avenues leaders and paid to Mexican Mafia leaders who directed, and continue to direct, the activities of the Avenues gang from within the California State Prison system, in particular the California State Prison at Pelican Bay, California. In June 2008, the federal investigation and prosecution of the Drew Street clique of the Avenues gang dismantled the Drew Street clique and removed its leadership, in particular Francisco "Pancho" Real, Maria "Chata" Leon, and the Real/Leon family. After the federal indictment, Mexican Mafia leaders have attempted to re-organize and re-establish the Avenues presence in Northeast Los Angeles by ending the "clique" divisions within the gang and naming new leaders of the Avenues gang, specifically defendants VELASQUEZ, RODRIGUEZ, and, later, SOLIS. Mexican Mafia leaders meet with Avenues gang leaders at California State Prison facilities and speak by telephone in order to instruct and direct the crimes of the Avenues gang, and to coordinate the collection of illegal proceeds from gang activity.
Following sections illuminate gang "culture," including the key role of "tagging," which some probably well-intentioned people prefer to see as the creative expressions of frustrated youngsters:
3. Avenues gang members generally identify one another through the use of hand gestures, or gang "signs." They typically display the letter "A" for Avenues or the interlocking "L-A" for "Los Avenidas." Members refer to one another as "skulls" and frequently wear the "Skull Camp" or "Skull Wear" brand clothing to identify themselves as members and associates of the Avenues gang. The clothing depicts images of human skulls in various forms, such as a human skull depicted as part of the logo for the Oakland Raiders football team and, oftentimes, the depiction of a human skull wearing a fedora hat, with a bullet hole in the side of the skull. Gang members also frequently wear baseball caps for teams such as the Oakland Athletics, Atlanta Braves, and Los Angeles Dodgers, whose team insignia includes an "A" or "L-A," for Avenues and Los Avenidas. Gang tattoos, gang names, and slogans are also used to identify members and territory controlled by the gang.
4. The Avenues gang also uses spray-painted "tagging" to demonstrate its control of its neighborhoods to rival gang members and the local community. Gang "tagging" frequently appears on street signs, walls, buildings, and portions of the 110 Freeway, Interstate 5, and Highway 2 in the areas controlled by the gang. Members will also often use the number 13 in various forms (i.e., 13, X3, or XIII) to demonstrate loyalty to the Mexican Mafia ("m" being the 13th letter in the alphabet) and to signal that the gang has "sureno" (Southern California) loyalty. The letters "NELA" are used to identify Northeast Los Angeles gang members, and the number 187 is frequently used by the gang to take "credit" for a murder that has been committed by the gang. "Tagging" is used in this way to issue challenges to rival gang members and to communicate among Avenues gang members. More importantly, it is a public demonstration of the authority of the gang, because it not only identifies territory claimed by the Avenues gang to rival gang members, but also serves as a warning or means to terrorize members of the public and law-abiding residents of the neighborhoods with threats that the neighborhood is under the control of the Avenues gang.
Of course, the most innocent victims are the ordinary people who live in gang-infested neighborhoods. It's odd that "activists" often seem less concerned about these boringly "straight" people than the thugs who terrorize them:
5. Persons living in the neighborhoods controlled and "tagged" by the Avenues gang have had to live with the knowledge that they may be subject to violent retaliation, even death, if they try to remove or clean the gang's marks from their buildings and homes or try to remove pairs of sneakers that are frequently thrown across telephone and power lines as a display of gang control of the neighborhood. Those actions would be seen as defying the gang's authority and its control over the neighborhoods it has claimed. The gang's tactics, which include wearing "Skull Camp" clothing, shaved heads, display of weapons, tattoos, "tagging," and even posting items on websites, are designed to intimidate and terrorize the residents of the neighborhoods controlled by the Avenues gang. In addition, residents in the neighborhood have been attacked by Avenues gang members for maintaining security systems and cameras in the neighborhoods.
Confronting and murdering law enforcement personnel is not just an expression of "la vida loca." It is a violent manifestation of the gangs' imperative to control territory, gauzily recalled by gangster advocates as barrio-love.
6. As part of the gang's control over neighborhoods, Avenues gang members direct violent attacks against law enforcement officers and brag about those attacks in Internet communications. In particular, Avenues gang members and leaders post antagonistic attacks directed at law enforcement on Internet websites, such as "Fuck the police," and mottos, including "Avenidas don't get chased by the cops. We chase them." As to the general public, Avenues gang members warn, "Avenidas don't just hurt people. We kill them." Threats of violence against law enforcement have been repeatedly demonstrated in armed attacks by Avenues gang members on law enforcement officers, including a February 21, 2008 attack in which Avenues gang members opened fire on Los Angeles Police Department ("LAPD") officers with handguns and an assault rifle, and an August 2, 2008 attack in which Avenues gang members murdered Los Angeles County Sheriff's Deputy Juan Escalante in front of his home in Cypress Park.
Here follows reference to the gang's campaign against Africa-Americans, the subject Tony Rafael convincingly demonstrates in his book was … um … whited-out by the news media in Los Angeles:
7. The organization is also hostile to the presence ofAfrican-Americans in Avenues gang territory. Neighborhoods controlled by the Avenues gang are frequently "tagged" with racist threats directed against African-Americans that are intended to intimidate African-Americans and prevent African-Americans from living in the neighborhood. Avenues gang members also confront African Americans with threats of violence and murder in order to intimidate and prevent African-Americans from residing in or entering neighborhoods controlled by the Avenues gang.
Oh, yeah, did we mention drug-trafficking? This is the core of the organized criminal enterprises that gangs have morphed into since the sepia-toned days gang "advocates" are stuck in. Most gangsters today are workers inthe drug sweat shops, while the "big homies," "shot callers," and drug lords" live lives of filthy wealth.
8. The Avenues gang is continually engaged in the distribution of cocaine base in the form of cocaine, crack cocaine ("crack cocaine"), methamphetamine, heroin and other narcotic drugs. In particular, Avenues gang leaders obtain narcotic drugs and control the distribution of narcotic drugs by providing "street-level" distribution amounts (typically a few grams of crack cocaine at a time) to numerous gang members and associates in the area controlled by the gang. Avenues gang leaders, in turn, collect extortion payments, referred to as "taxes" or "rent," from drug traffickers in the neighborhood. Avenues gang members also extort payment from persons who live and maintain businesses in the area controlled by the gang under threat of physical violence, including the threat that individuals who do not adhere to the gang's demands will be "green-lighted" by the Mexican Mafia, that is, they will be targeted for murder. The authority to collect "taxes" represents an elevated position within the gang, one that is authorized by the Mexican Mafia leaders as a "shot-caller." The "shot-caller" who has authority to collect "taxes" may then delegate the responsibility for collections to other gang members under his authority.
What makes this all work? Guns. The militarization of the U.S. civilian firearms market in the 1980s (assault weapons) and the rise of high-capacity semi-automatic pistols was the wind under the wings of the criminally consolidating gangster empires.
9. Avenues gang members maintain a ready supply of firearms, including handguns, shotguns, automatic assault rifles, and machineguns, in order to enforce the authority of the gang. Such weapons typically are stolen or unregistered, so that their use cannot be readily connected to the gang member who either used the weapon or maintained it. Weapons often are discarded or destroyed after having been used to commit acts of violence on behalf of the organization. Therefore, gang leaders frequently need to maintain a source of supply for additional unregistered or non-traceable firearms. The Avenues gang also controls the activities of its members and enforces its authority and internal discipline by killing, attempting to kill, conspiring to kill, assaulting, and threatening its own members or others who would present a threat to the enterprise. Avenues gang members and associates typically continue to plan and execute crimes even after arrests and during periods of incarceration, by telephone calls from inside detention facilities, prison notes (known as "kites") and meetings among inmates within an institution, where they coordinate offenses to be carried out within the institutions and upon their release from custody.
More on gang "culture" — youth programs, activities for women, and neighborhood "work":
10. Leaders of the Avenues gang recruit and initiate juveniles to join the gang and direct them to commit acts of violence and drug-trafficking crimes on behalf of the gang. New members frequently are recruited through their participation in a younger "tagging" unit or from a different sect of the larger organization. New members ordinarily are then "jumped in" to the gang. This initiation process ordinarily requires that the new member is physically beaten by senior, established members of the gang and must demonstrate his resilience during the beating. The new member is then expected to put in "work" for the gang, which includes the distribution of narcotics, "hunting" rival gang members, posting up" in the neighborhood (acting as a "look-out"to alert members to the presence of law enforcement), and "tagging" in the neighborhood.
11. Females are commonly disparaged and addressed derisively in the gang. However, female members and associates play a vital role in the operation of the Avenues gang and its relationship with the Mexican Mafia. Female associates are frequently active in narcotics trafficking, weapons distribution, the maintenance of cellular telephones, and the collection and transfer of "tax" payments and narcotics proceeds. Female associates are frequently relied on to smuggle narcotics into the state penitentiaries and provide cellular telephones to gang members in and out of custody. Female associates also play an integral role in directing and maintaining communications within the organization, in particular, communications with incarcerated gang members and leaders of the organization, as well as the distribution of collected drug proceeds and "taxed" payments from the neighborhood.
12. Avenues gang members enforce the authority of the gang to commit its crimes by directing acts of violence and retaliation against non-compliant drug-traffickers and rival gang members, as well as non-compliant members. Gang members frequently destroy surveillance cameras installed in the neighborhood pursuant to court orders and to protect the neighborhood from the crimes of the Avenues gang. Avenues gang members also commonly threaten witnesses whom they suspect might testify or provide information to law enforcement about the crimes committed by the gang, or other public officers, such as school teachers or fire department officers who might come into conflict with the goal of the Avenues gang to control and terrorize the neighborhoods in Northeast Los Angeles.
Here is a tutorial on the relationships between EME and the Avenues:
13. The Avenues gang is loyal and committed to the "Mexican Mafia," also known as "La Eme." The Mexican Mafia is a prison gang that was organized within the California State Prison system in order to control and direct the activities of Southern California street gangs. "Made" members of the Mexican Mafia have assumed authority for different regions in Southern California. Typically, a "made" member is an inmate within the California State Prison system and exercises his control and direction over the region from within the state prison facility where he is housed. The Mexican Mafia leaders issue directions and orders, including orders to kill rival gang members, members of law enforcement, and members of the public, which are referred to as "green-lights." Those orders are to be executed by Avenues gang members and are understood by Avenues gang members as opportunities to gain elevated status within the organization or potentially become a "made" member of the organization.
14. The Mexican Mafia has established rules to govern acts of violence committed by local street gang members, including Avenues gang members. The Mexican Mafia thus requires Avenues gang members to adhere to protocols for the conduct of violent attacks, narcotics trafficking, and murders, including the issuance of "green light" authorizations for murder. Failure to adhere to Mexican Mafia rules can lead to the issuance of a "green light," directing an attack on the offending member, or the requirement that money be paid. "Green lights" are also frequently issued in retaliation for a perceived "disrespect" to a Mexican Mafia leader, to punish the unauthorized collection of "tax" payments in a neighborhood controlled by the Avenues gang, or to sanction individuals who traffic in narcotics without the gang's authorization or without paying the required tax to the Avenues and Mexican Mafia.
15. Mexican Mafia and Avenues gang members and associates regularly exploit prison visits, telephone calls, policies concerning letter-communications with attorneys, and prison monetary accounts in order to generate income from narcotics trafficking and other crimes of the enterprise, so as to promote the criminal enterprise and direct the operation of the Avenues gang from within the California State Prison system. Mexican Mafia leaders also require weekly payments from prisoners incarcerated in the Los Angeles County Jail system.
16. Avenues gang leaders extort money from local drug traffickers, members of other gangs, prostitutes, residents, and persons who maintain businesses in the area controlled by the gang. A portion of the "taxes" collected by the Avenues gang leaders is then paid to the Mexican Mafia leadership incarcerated within the California State Prison system. Avenues gang members also raise funds for the organization by conducting armed home invasion robberies, in which they target individuals believed to maintain large sums of cash or valuables in their homes.
17. Currently three Avenues gang members are also validated Mexican Mafia members. They are Mexican Mafia Member #1, Mexican Mafia Member #3, and Alex "Pee Wee" Aguirre, and they have authority over Northeast Los Angeles, which is the territory controlled by the Avenues gang. The Mexican Mafia members use Mexican Mafia leaders and associates, including defendants RUDY AGUIRRE, JR., RICHIE AGUIRRE, RUDY AGUIRRE, SR., and P. CORDERO, to communicate orders and authorizations to Avenues gang leaders and members, and to receive information about the activities of the Avenues gang.


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this wiki
Gobstones is a popular game played with special stones, similar to the Muggle game of marbles except that when a player loses a point, the gobstone then spits a putrid liquid at the player.
There are three variants of Gobstones: "Classic" Game (where you have to knock seven Gobstones out of the circle before your opponent does), "Jack Stone" Game (where after four snaps your Gobstone must be the one closest to the Jack Gobstone) and the "Snake Pit" Game (which is similar to "Jack Stone", however instead of a Jack Gobstone there's a hole on the centre of the circle).[1]
Clubs, Associations and Leagues
There currently exist numerous Gobstones clubs and leagues. Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry has various Gobstones Clubs. Most students own their own set of gobstones. Hogwarts' competitive Gobstones Team even held matches with other wizarding schools. Eileen Prince, mother of Severus Snape, was Team Captain in her time. There is also an International Gobstones League, officiated from the Official Gobstones Club Offices, on the Department of Magical Games and Sports (level seven of the Ministry of Magic). There is also a National Welsh Gobstones Team, which competed in the Gobstones competition, the Gobstones Tournament.
National Gobstones Teams
Gobstones Clubs at Hogwarts
- Slytherin Gobstones Club
- Gryffindor Gobstones Club
- Hogwarts Gobstones Team
- Ravenclaw Gobstones Club
- Hufflepuff Gobstones Club
Behind the scenes
- In the July 31 1998 edition of the Daily Prophet one reader wrote a letter complaining about the paper's lack of coverage of gobstones.[2]
- Harry Potter once contemplated buying a solid gold set of gobstones at Diagon Alley.[3]
- Flavius Belby was the president of his local Gobstones club, as seen in his story in the Lethifold portion of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. It was a happy memory used by Belby to produce his Patronus to chase the Lethifold.[4]
- Eileen Prince was the club captain of Hogwarts' Gobstones club
- The wizarding game of Gobstones is similar to the Muggle game called Marbles played with glass-balls (or similar) called marbles.
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game) (Nintendo DS version)
- Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (Mentioned only)
See also
Notes and references


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Payment for Mercy School of Nursing (MSON) tuition and fees must be made by 3 p.m. on the first class day of each semester. These charges exclude food, lodging, transportation and personal expenses. Books and uniforms are purchased separately through an approved vendor.
Official withdrawal from school during the first four weeks of the term entitles a student to a refund of tuition charges on a graduated scale. No refunds are made after the fourth week. Other fees, books, supplies and uniforms are not refundable/returnable. The refund policy for students receiving federal financial aid is available by request.
MSON reserves the right to make necessary adjustments in charges without extended notice. Any changes will apply to all enrolled students.Additional costs may be incurred in the completion of required general education courses (consult the curriculum listed in the catalog (PDF). These courses are available at Carolinas College of Health Sciences (CCHS) and/or area community colleges during the student's enrollment at MSON. Consult the college catalog for cost information. Payment for general education coursework is made directly to the chosen college. Charges for courses taken at CCHS during enrollment at MSON are included with the tuition bill from MSON. Students will be given assistance in scheduling general education courses prior to enrollment. Students who successfully complete general education will receive transfer credit.
*Nursing courses are $240 per credit hour. The above charges pertain to nursing courses only.


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Toolbar buttons missing after upgrade
From Joomla! Documentation
After performing an update it is ESSENTIAL to clear your web browser cache to reload the admin template css.
If you do not do this then the user will not see the toolbar buttons.
Refreshing the browser cache solves this immediately.
[Note : some browser especially chrome can have very sticky browser cache and its not enough to do a ctrl+f5]
If the problem persists you may want to check to see if your server has google_pagespeed enables. If it does, and you want to keep using mod_pagespeed you'll need to flush the server side cache on upgrading to 3.1.4. You do this by logging into the server and then executing
typical command and location:
sudo touch /var/cache/mod_pagespeed/cache.flush


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This is a pack of ten ProTek R/C 3x6x1mm Engine Mount Washers. These washers have a 3mm inner diameter, with a 6mm outer diameter and are 1mm thick. These can be used in a variety of applications, but are intended to be used as engine mount washers.
This product was added to our catalog on February 16, 2011.
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F-1 OPT STEM Extension
Information and Forms for STEM Extension:
STEM 17-month extension: The current 12-month limit on OPT will be extended by 17 months, for a total of 29 months for certain STEM degree holders ONLY. Note: the employer must be registered in E-Verify. See below for information regarding E-Verify.
Forms you will need:
What is STEM?: S = Science T = Technology E = Engineering M = Mathematics
STEM Fields include:
* Actuarial Science
* Computer Science Applications
* Engineering
* Engineering Technologies
* Biological and Biomedical Sciences
* Mathematics and Statistics
* Military Technologies
* Physical Sciences
* Science Technologies
* Medical Scientist (MS, PhD)
Certain fields that many would regard as being part of science or engineering are not included in the STEM list. The allowable fields are designated by CIP (College Instructional Program) codes. A complete list of STEM designated degree programs can be found at: http://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem-list.pdf
1. Additional Requirements for 17-Month Extension of OPT
Besides having to be enrolled in a "STEM" field of study, there are many additional requirements for the 17-Month Extension of OPT:
The student must be currently authorized for a 12-month period of OPT and working for a US employer in a job directly related to the student's field of study.
The student must have successfully completed a bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree in a field on the DHS STEM Designated Degree Program list, from a SEVIS-certified US college or university.
At the time of application for the 17-month extension, the student must have a job-offer or be employed by an employer registered with the "E-Verify" federal employment verification system. For more information on "E-Verify," see the next section.
The student must not have previously received a 17-month OPT extension after earning a STEM degree.
The student must apply for the 17-month extension through their former school's international student office. The school's Designated School official must recommend the extension and issue a new I-20 with the recommendation noted.
The student applies for the extension using form I-765 with fee (currently $380.00) to the US Citizenship and Immigration Services Processing Center having jurisdiction over the student's current place of residence.
The student must file the extension application in a timely manner, generally 90 days before the current period of OPT expires.
A student who files the application timely may continue employment while the extension application is pending, until a final decision is made, or for 180 days, whichever comes first. The employer must agree to report the termination or departure of the student to the International Student Office of the student's former school, or through any other process chosen by the Department of Homeland Security.
The student must agree to report the following information to the International Student Office of his former school:
* Change of name
* Change of residential or mailing address
* Name and address of employer
* Change in the name or address of employer
* When employment changes or terminates
The student must also agree to provide a report every six months to the International Student Office of his former school to verify the above information.
What Is E-Verify?
E-Verify was formerly known as the Basic Pilot/Employment Eligibility Verification Program. E-Verify is an Internet-based system operated by the Department of Homeland Security in partnership with the Social Security Administration.
E-Verify allows participating employers to electronically verify the employment eligibility of their newly hired employees. E-Verify is free and voluntary. However, there are concerns whether employers will want to join E-Verify. Currently, less than one percent of all US employers are enrolled in E-Verify. If an employer joins, the employer will have to verify ALL new employees, including US citizens, in E-Verify.
There have been reports of significant discrepancies in the databases currently being used that result in verification errors, indicating that a worker is ineligible for employment when that is not accurate. Participating employers must permit visits by Homeland Security and the Social Security Administration to review their employment records and interview employees.
Remember that a F-1 student seeking to extend his or her OPT by 17 months can only do so if at the time of filing, the student is employed by, or has a job offer with, an E-Verify participating employer.
There is not enough information known at this writing to determine if the E-Verify requirement will have a negative impact on employer participation, and thus prevent many students on OPT in STEM fields from seeking the 17-month extension.
For more information on E-Verify, visit: http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/gc_1185221678150.shtm


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Show all pages
Subjectshowing only Education Show all Subject
Subject Show all Subject
- Assessment 4 matches
Education2 matches General/Other
Results 1 - 6 of 6 matches
Geological Map Problem part of Cutting Edge:Student Learning: Observing and Assessing:Activities
This is a lab activity that is designed to help introductory, non-science majors integrate their geological knowledge near the end of the course. In this activity, students work in self-selected groups of up to four per group on the history of a sketch geological map.
Lab using Volcano Scenarios: Hazard Maps and Communicating Risk part of Cutting Edge:Student Learning: Observing and Assessing:Activities
This is a lab activity in which small groups of students work with maps, rocks, photographs of volcanic deposits, and textual data to construct a hazard map and a risk communication plan for a specific volcano. Each group is assigned a "volcano scenario," which is based on real volcanoes.
Collaborative Research Project: Geoscience Undergraduate Curricula part of Integrate:Workshops:Teaching the Methods of Geoscience:Activities
Collaborative research project in which undergraduate geoscience curricula at Research 1 institutions are compared. This project uses the methods of science to explore a topic that beginning students can understand. This project uses rubrics for self, peer, and instructor assessment.
Earthquake Analysis Paper part of Cutting Edge:Student Learning: Observing and Assessing:Activities
This activity requires students to link what they have learned in class to current earthquakes around the world. They are required to analyze two different earthquakes, and then compare the two for similarities and differences.
U.S. Population Growth: What Does the Future Hold? part of Pedagogy in Action:Library:Interactive Lectures:Examples
College Algebra or Liberal Arts math students are presented with a ConcepTest, a Question of the Day and a write-pair-share activity involving U.S. population growth. The results are quite revealing and show that while students may have learned how to perform the necessary calculations, their conceptual understanding concerning exponential growth may remain faulty. Student knowledge (or lack thereof) of the size of our population and its annual growth rate may also be surprising.
Characterization of Freshwater Ecosystems: Group Collaborative Learning and Peer review part of MnSCU Partnership:PKAL-MnSCU Activities
Field based characterization of freshwater ecosystems using group collaborative learning and peer review in an undergraduate research class. Students work in teams to collect data, evaluate and synthesize results to generate and present a scientific poster.


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Apply Now!
Academic Programs
Troy University has been recognized by Princeton Review, U.S. News and World Report, Military Times and more as having some of the best undergraduate programs in the Southeast and nation. Whether you are graduating from high school, transferring from a two-year school, or completing your degree as a working adult, TROY offers a wide variety of associate and baccalaureate degrees that will open doors to career opportunities.
Graduate study can help you achieve your career goals! Holders of advanced degrees will be in high demand in the next 10 years, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and U.S. Census data shows that advanced degrees increase pay and prosperity Troy University's Graduate School offers advanced degrees in all five of the University's academic colleges: education, business, arts and sciences, health and human services, and communication and fine arts. In addition, TROY's commitment to flexibility means that you have in-class, online and blended options. Plan for your next career by completing your graduate education at TROY. Innovation, knowledge and creativity are all elements for success. Get started today!
Graduate Programs
Online learning provides the ultimate in convenience and flexibility for today's busy adult learners. For those having their educational options limited by time or place, online classes offer the prime resolution. TROY Online programs are designed with you in mind and student support is our top priority.
Proceed to TROY Online
Troy University's Global Campus delivers in-class educational opportunities outside Alabama, at one of our 25 learning locations or through one of our international partners.
Proceed to Global Campus Page
Schedule your campus visit today and start getting to know TROY.
Campus visits are the most important aspect of the college decision making process. Visits give you the opportunity to discover what makes our unique University the right fit for you. TROY welcomes you to come and see what makes our campus different, one that you will want to consider your home away from home.
We invite you to register for a visit Monday - Friday at 10:00 a.m. or 2:00 p.m. or on specified Saturdays for a TROY Tour or Trojan Day event.
*Students interested in visiting other Alabama campuses must contact the specific campus for visit information and registration as available dates and times vary.
Find A Location Near You
Global Campus meets the needs of working adults, including military, government agency civilians, teachers and future business leaders who want the opportunities that come with earning a degree. Because adult learners often have different educational needs than traditional students, courses are provided at times and in formats designed around people who work and have other commitments for their time.
Global Campus
Are you curious about learning in the online environment? Would you like to take an online class, but feel that you need more information? Discover more about learning in the online environment, the skills and technologies that are required, as well as some helpful tips on how to become a successful online student.
TROY Online


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[♪music♪] [On May 17, the winners of the University of Missouri Reynolds Journalism Institute Interaction Design Competition came to Adobe San Francisco to present their work and meet the people behind Adobe "Flash" Catalyst™.] [man #1] I feel like I'm Charlie in the Chocolate Factory right now. I'm meeting all these people at Adobe like--I've been using Adobe products for most of my young adulthood, so to come here and meet people who are very actively involved in it--that's just incredible. [man #2] It's the first time I have taken a plane, and it's an international flight, so I'm very happy and I'm very excited. [man #3] To come here from Missouri has been a really neat experience. It's having this real world experience being in the heart of Adobe is really beneficial for us to see how programs work, see how things function--in particular, to see how things like Flash Catalyst™ are developed. [Team Copper - University of Missouri] [man #4] It was a really good experience, working with Catalyst™, and Flash, and the coolest thing is all the years as a developer, I had a hard time creating those experiences or the images which normally a designer would do in AI, and replicate it into Flash builder, but now since Flash Catalyst™ in there, I can directly import those designs into Catalyst™ and take them into Flash-built stuff and concentrate on my business and rest of the site. [man #5] And especially with Catalyst™, it was great to be able to talk to the developers about design decisions and things like that, and just have that kind of conversation, because--I mean--you don't get that chance when you're using enterprise software. I mean, you're just making something and hoping that it works the way that you want it to. You don't go up there and get to say, "Hey, it would have worked a little bit better if I could do this," and the ability to do that is just-- it was so cool to just talk to the developers. [Team Recommendation Engine - University of Missouri] And the idea of States--we like going in there and knowing is the user going to be in this state? Is the user going to be in this state? What's gonna happen when he or she clicks on this button? What's gonna happen when the user clicks on another button-- mouses over something--and you can plan for that all in Catalyst™ without having to write a single line of code. You have that ability to design a user experience from the ground up, without coding things, and that's just amazing. [Team Fudan University - Fudan University, China] [woman #1] So I'm really happy about this because I can do something not only for the new software Flash Catalyst™, but also for Shockwave or X-box. [man #6] I find it very easy to use, and I use this software to create our websites in just 6 days. [man #7] We like to compare the Catalyst™ to the Magic Brush. That is to say, we can get a real house as in the lines as we draw it. But if we want to get anything--some other complicated software that will be difficult. You may lay the bricks little by little. [man #8] Personally, I don't have any developer experience, and on the flip side, our developers don't have any design experience. Sometimes, it's even hard for us to talk about the same project and we just have to sit down to use Flash Catalyst™, and just show each other what we're talking about. [Adobe Flash Catalyst™] [♪music♪]
Winning Student Teams Present Their Flash Catalyst Projects
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About This Episode
Winners of the interaction design competition from the University of Missouri School of Journalism and Fudan University in Shanghai come to Adobe San Francisco to present their projects and meet the team behind Adobe Flash Catalyst CS5, the software at the center of their projects.
Runtime : 00:03:02 Added : 06/24/2010
About this show
Rich Internet Applications 101
Learn RIA design and development skills from how-to-tutorials and subject experts. For more on teaching these skills, see the free teaching resources at adobe.com/go/riaeducation.
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This lesson covers solving systems by multiplying one equation by a constant to eliminate a variable.
Explains how to solve a system of equations by eliminating one variable first using a sample problem.
Set purpose for reading mathematical problems while providing a structure to organize notes, processes, and supporting vocabulary for each concept subsection.


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A heated battle that caused rifts in the Brownsboro community is over — for now.
A special-appointed judge ruled against proposed incorporation of the Village of Brownsboro Sept. 27, just hours after hearing the case in Jefferson circuit court.
In his ruling, Senior Judge Martin McDonald ruled against the petition to incorporate for what he called "four independently sufficient reasons."
Those reasons closely mirrored an objection filed by residents opposed to the incorporation filed Sept. 24.
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A hand-tufted cocktail ottoman with grey linen upholstery.
With a beautiful blending of contemporary and retro styles, the Belle grey linen ottoman offers chic style for the modern living space.Constructed in the U.S.A., it stands on wooden spindle legs that bring a classic look to the hand-tufted design. Spot clean only. Easy to assemble.
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River Patrol issues 'Light the Night' boating rules
ELKHART — The Elkhart Police Department's River Patrol unit has issued rules and safety tips to help boaters stay safe in the lead-up to July 4.
Be aware of the capacity limits of your vessel. You can find this number on a plate near the steering wheel. Your vessel must come with life vests for all passengers. Vessels that are 16 feet or longer must have one United States Coast Guard-approved personal flotation device on board.
If you are taking part in the July 4 flotilla "Light the Night" event, be sure to check your lights are in working order before you leave the dock. All boats must have red and green side lights that are visible to any vessel approaching from the side or head on. Power-driven vessels under 39.4 feet long must carry a white stern light that is visible 360 degrees around the vessel. Docking lights on the front of pontoons should only be used when docking and not while the vessel is moving. If you do not have proper working lights you'll be told to return to the dock or risk a citation.
No vessel can be operated at 10 or more miles per hour between sunset and sunrise.
Finally, don't drink and boat. Operating a boat under the influence of alcohol or drugs carries the same penalties as driving while intoxicated.
For more information visit www.riverpatrol.org.


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Share your thoughts at the Reading Together Coffee Shop.
Have you read the books? If so, what did you think of them? Have you attended any Reading Together programs? If so, which one(s)? Any other comments?
Title: Farm City. Comments: I found Farm City to be a huge disappointment and was very confused KPL picked this novel to bring readers "together." Between weird racial comments, pervasive privilege, and lack of taste, I found it barely readable. To me, there was nothing truly insightful or groundbreaking about this book - plenty of others have approached this topic, and written more eloquently about it, without such a demeaning approach.
* = required


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US Army Sergeant Who Killed 16 Afghan Civilians Was On Controversial Drug Prescribed By The Army
Though it took over a year for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to finally do so, the regulatory agency has issued a stern warning regarding serious neurological and psychiatric side effects associated with mefloquine hydrochloride, a controversial antimalarial drug. This was the medication prescribed, by the Army, for Sergeant Robert Bales. Last year, while on this medication, Bales attacked and murdered 16 Afghan civilians. | Read More »


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Winsor & Newton's Artisan Filbert is ideal for use with water mixable oils or acrylics. Artisan brushes are designed especially to go with Winsor & Newton Artisan Water Mixable Oils, but they can be used with other paints.
The white polyester hair is designed to mimic the performance of hog bristle, yet retain its spring after contact with water. This blend of synthetic white bristles offers better performance and greater longevity with water-based or water soluble paints.
Perfectly balanced for comfort and ease of handling, this long handled brush features a nickel plated ferrule and a silver lacquered handle.
Shipping Note — Due to manufacturer distribution restrictions, Winsor & Newton products cannot be shipped to addresses outside of North America.
™ Winsor & Newton is a trademark. ™ Artisan is a trademark.


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Count on these sauces to help you whip up elegant dinner-party fare—or an impressive weeknight meal. Each is prepared using classic recipes and the best natural ingredients. They're slowly simmered with fine wine, savory stock and spices to create rich, complex flavor. For a fabulous finishing touch, just heat your preferred sauce, then drizzle over roasted or sautéed meats, poultry, seafood or vegetables.
Pinot Noir Shallot Peppercorn is a robust, French-inspired sauce that blends Pinot Noir wine and beef demi-glace with roasted garlic, shallots, rosemary and black peppercorn.
Lemon Chardonnay showcases the classic French pairing of Chardonnay wine and tangy lemon, simmered with chicken demi-glace and fragrant thyme
Champagne is a delicate, French-inspired reduction crafted from Champagne, onions, garlic and thyme.
Piccata is a light, lemony Italian-style reduction made with Chablis wine, capers and lemon juice.
Black Currant combines the rich, fruity flavors of tart black currants with red Burgundy wine, shallots and chicken stock.
Marsala blends beef broth, herbs, spices and oak-aged Marsala—a sweet, fragrant fortified wine made only on Sicily's west coast.
Truffle combines French black truffles and aromatic truffle oil with Burgundy wine, shallots, chicken stock and demi-glace.
Wild Mushroom features the savory flavors of wild porcini and cremini mushrooms, slow-simmered with Burgundy wine, shallots and chicken stock.
Bordelaise is a legendary French combination of red Burgundy wine and savory beef demi-glace, accented by a classic blend of spices.


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49 U.S. Code § 31301 - Definitions
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In this chapter—
(1) "alcohol" has the same meaning given the term "alcoholic beverage" in section 158 (c) of title 23.
(2) "commerce" means trade, traffic, and transportation—
(A) in the jurisdiction of the United States between a place in a State and a place outside that State (including a place outside the United States); or
(3) "commercial driver's license" means a license issued by a State to an individual authorizing the individual to operate a class of commercial motor vehicles.
(4) "commercial motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle used in commerce to transport passengers or property that—
(A) has a gross vehicle weight rating or gross vehicle weight of at least 26,001 pounds, whichever is greater, or a lesser gross vehicle weight rating or gross vehicle weight the Secretary of Transportation prescribes by regulation, but not less than a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,001 pounds;
(C) is used to transport material found by the Secretary to be hazardous under section 5103 of this title, except that a vehicle shall not be included as a commercial motor vehicle under this subclause if—
(ii) the vehicle is transporting material listed as hazardous under section 306(a) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. 9656 (a)) and is not otherwise regulated by the Secretary or is transporting a consumer commodity or limited quantity of hazardous material as defined in section 171.8 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and
(5) except in section 31306, "controlled substance" has the same meaning given that term in section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 802).
(6) "driver's license" means a license issued by a State to an individual authorizing the individual to operate a motor vehicle on highways.
(7) "employee" means an operator of a commercial motor vehicle (including an independent contractor when operating a commercial motor vehicle) who is employed by an employer.
(8) "employer" means a person (including the United States Government, a State, or a political subdivision of a State) that owns or leases a commercial motor vehicle or assigns employees to operate a commercial motor vehicle.
(9) "felony" means an offense under a law of the United States or a State that is punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year.
(10) "foreign commercial driver" means an individual licensed to operate a commercial motor vehicle by an authority outside the United States, or a citizen of a foreign country who operates a commercial motor vehicle in the United States.
(11) "hazardous material" has the same meaning given that term in section 5102 of this title.
(12) "motor vehicle" means a vehicle, machine, tractor, trailer, or semitrailer propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used on public streets, roads, or highways, but does not include a vehicle, machine, tractor, trailer, or semitrailer operated only on a rail line or custom harvesting farm machinery.
(13) "serious traffic violation" means—
(C) a violation of a State or local law on motor vehicle traffic control (except a parking violation) and involving a fatality, other than a violation to which section 31310 (b)(1)(E) or 31310 (c)(1)(E) applies;
(D) driving a commercial motor vehicle when the individual has not obtained a commercial driver's license;
(E) driving a commercial motor vehicle when the individual does not have in his or her possession a commercial driver's license unless the individual provides, by the date that the individual must appear in court or pay any fine with respect to the citation, to the enforcement authority that issued the citation proof that the individual held a valid commercial driver's license on the date of the citation;
(F) driving a commercial motor vehicle when the individual has not met the minimum testing standards—
Source(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e),July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1014; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, § 4011(a),June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 407; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, § 201(a)(3), (c),Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1759, 1760; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, § 32203(a),July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 784.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|49 App.:2716(1), (13).
|Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, § 12019(1)–(4), (6)–(15), 100 Stat. 3207–187, 3207–188.
|49 App.:2716(3).
|49 App.:2716(4).
|49 App.:2716(6).
|49 App.:2716(7).
|49 App.:2716(2).
|49 App.:2716(8).
|49 App.:2716(9).
|49 App.:2716(10).
|49 App.:2716(11).
|49 App.:2716(5).
|Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, § 12019(5), 100 Stat. 3207–188; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, § 133(c)(2), 101 Stat. 172; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, § 4010, 105 Stat. 2156.
|49 App.:2716(12).
|49 App.:2716(14).
|49 App.:2716(15).
In clause (1), the text of 49 App.:2716(13) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.
In clause (4)(A), the words "at least 26,001 pounds" are substituted for "26,001 or more pounds", and the word "prescribes" is substituted for "determines appropriate", for consistency in the revised title.
In clause (4)(B), the words "at least 16 passengers" are substituted for "more than 15 passengers" for consistency.
Clause (4)(C)(i) is substituted for "and which has a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 26,001 pounds (or such gross vehicle weight rating as determined appropriate by the Secretary under subparagraph (A))" to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (iii), the words "deny the application of this exception" are substituted for "waive the application of the preceding sentence" for clarity and because of the restatement.
In clause (11), the words "public streets, roads, or" are added for consistency in the revised title.
In clause (12)(C), the words "involving a fatality" are substituted for "arising in connection with a fatal traffic accident" to eliminate unnecessary words.
2012—Pars. (10) to (15). Pub. L. 112–141added par. (10) and redesignated former pars. (10) to (14) as (11) to (15), respectively.
1999—Par. (12)(C). Pub. L. 106–159, § 201(a)(3), inserted ", other than a violation to which section 31310 (b)(1)(E) or 31310 (c)(1)(E) applies" after "a fatality".
Par. (12)(D) to (G). Pub. L. 106–159, § 201(c), added subpars. (D) to (F) and redesignated former subpar. (D) as (G).
1998—Par. (4)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, § 4011(a)(1), inserted "or gross vehicle weight" after "rating" first two places that term appears and ", whichever is greater," after "26,001 pounds".
Par. (4)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 105–178, § 4011(a)(2), inserted "is" before "transporting" in two places and before "not otherwise regulated".
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) ofPub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
Program To Assist Veterans To Acquire Commercial Driver's Licenses
Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, § 32308,July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 794, provided that:
"(a) Study.—
"(1) In general.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) ofPub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], the Secretary [of Transportation], in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, and in consultation with the States and other relevant stakeholders, shall commence a study to assess Federal and State regulatory, economic, and administrative challenges faced by members and former members of the Armed Forces, who received safety training and operated qualifying motor vehicles during their service, in obtaining commercial driver's licenses (as defined in section 31301 (3) of title 49, United States Code).
"(2) Requirements.—The study under this subsection shall—
"(A) identify written and behind-the-wheel safety training, qualification standards, knowledge and skills tests, or other operating experience members of the Armed Forces must meet that satisfy the minimum standards prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation for the operation of commercial motor vehicles under section 31305 of title 49, United States Code;
"(B) compare the alcohol and controlled substances testing requirements for members of the Armed Forces with those required for holders of a commercial driver's license;
"(C) evaluate the cause of delays in reviewing applications for commercial driver's licenses of members and former members of the Armed Forces;
"(D) identify duplicative application costs;
"(E) identify residency, domicile, training and testing requirements, and other safety or health assessments that affect or delay the issuance of commercial driver's licenses to members and former members of the Armed Forces; and
"(F) include other factors that the Secretary determines to be appropriate to meet the requirements of the study.
"(b) Report.—
"(1) In general.—Not later than 180 days after the commencement of the study under subsection (a), the Secretary shall submit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives that contains the findings and recommendations from the study.
"(2) Elements.—The report under paragraph (1) shall include—
"(A) findings related to the study requirements under subsection (a)(2);
"(B) recommendations for the Federal and State legislative, regulatory, and administrative actions necessary to address challenges identified in subparagraph (A); and
"(C) a plan to implement the recommendations for which the Secretary has authority.
"(c) Implementation.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and in cooperation with the States, shall implement the recommendations identified in subsection (b) and establish accelerated licensing procedures to assist veterans to acquire commercial driver's licenses.
"(d) Accelerated Licensing Procedures.—The procedures established under subsection (a) shall be designed to be applicable to any veteran who—
"(1) is attempting to acquire a commercial driver's license; and
"(2) obtained, during military service, documented driving experience that, in the determination of the Secretary, makes the use of accelerated licensing procedures appropriate.
"(e) Definitions.—In this section:
"(1) Commercial driver's license.—The term 'commercial driver's license' has the meaning given that term in section 31301 of title 49, United States Code.
"(2) State.—The term 'State' has the meaning given that term in section 31301 of title 49, United States Code.
"(3) Veteran.—The term 'veteran' has the meaning given that term in section 101 of title 38, United States Code."
Exemptions From Requirements of This Chapter for Certain Farm Vehicles
For provisions relating to exemptions from certain requirements of this chapter with respect to certain farm vehicles and individuals operating those vehicles, see section 32934 ofPub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 31136 of this title.
Grant Program for Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators
Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, § 4134,Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1744, as amended by Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, § 422(h),Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, § 2202(h),Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3525; Pub. L. 112–5, title II, § 202(h),Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 17; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, § 122(g),Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 349; Pub. L. 112–102, title II, § 202(g),Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 274; Pub. L. 112–140, title II, § 202(g),June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 395; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, § 32603(g),July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 808, provided that:
"(a) Establishment.—The Secretary [of Transportation] shall establish a grant program for persons to train operators of commercial motor vehicles (as defined in section 31301 of title 49, United States Code). The purpose of the program shall be to train operators and future operators in the safe use of such vehicles.
"(b) Federal Share.—The Federal share of the cost for which a grant is made under this section shall be 80 percent.
"(c) Funding.—From amounts made available under section 31104 (i) of title 49, United States Code, the Secretary shall make available $1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2014 to carry out this section."
CDL Task Force
Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, § 4135,Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1744, provided that:
"(a) In General.—The Secretary [of Transportation] shall convene a task force to study and address current impediments and foreseeable challenges to the commercial driver's license program's effectiveness and measures needed to realize the full safety potential of the commercial driver's license program, including such issues as—
"(1) State enforcement practices;
"(2) operational procedures to detect and deter fraud;
"(3) needed improvements for seamless information sharing between States;
"(4) effective methods for accurately sharing electronic data between States;
"(5) adequate proof of citizenship;
"(6) updated technology; and
"(7) timely notification from judicial bodies concerning traffic and criminal convictions of commercial driver's license holders.
"(b) Membership.—Members of the task force should include State motor vehicle administrators, organizations representing government agencies or officials, members of the Judicial Conference, representatives of the trucking industry, representatives of labor organizations, safety advocates, and other significant stakeholders.
"(c) Report.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 10, 2005], the Secretary, on behalf of the task force, shall complete a report of the task forces [sic] findings and recommendations for legislative, regulatory, and enforcement changes to improve the commercial drivers [sic] license program and submit such the [sic] report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.
"(d) Funding.—From the funds amounts made available by section 4101(c)(1) [119 Stat. 1715], $200,000 shall be available for each of fiscal years 2006 and 2007 to carry out this section."
Exemptions From Requirements Relating to Commercial Motor Vehicles and Their Operators
For provisions relating to waiver of requirements of this chapter with respect to vehicles used for snow or ice removal, see section 229(a)(5) ofPub. L. 106–159, set out as a note under section 31136 of this title.
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49 U.S. Code § 40116 - State taxation
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(a) Definition.— In this section, "State" includes the District of Columbia, a territory or possession of the United States, and a political authority of at least 2 States.
(b) Prohibitions.— Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section and section 40117 of this title, a State, a political subdivision of a State, and any person that has purchased or leased an airport under section 47134 of this title may not levy or collect a tax, fee, head charge, or other charge on—
(c) Aircraft Taking Off or Landing in State.— A State or political subdivision of a State may levy or collect a tax on or related to a flight of a commercial aircraft or an activity or service on the aircraft only if the aircraft takes off or lands in the State or political subdivision as part of the flight.
(d) Unreasonable Burdens and Discrimination Against Interstate Commerce.—
(1) In this subsection—
(A) "air carrier transportation property" means property (as defined by the Secretary of Transportation) that an air carrier providing air transportation owns or uses.
(C) "assessment jurisdiction" means a geographical area in a State used in determining the assessed value of property for ad valorem taxation.
(A) A State, political subdivision of a State, or authority acting for a State or political subdivision may not do any of the following acts because those acts unreasonably burden and discriminate against interstate commerce:
(i) assess air carrier transportation property at a value that has a higher ratio to the true market value of the property than the ratio that the assessed value of other commercial and industrial property of the same type in the same assessment jurisdiction has to the true market value of the other commercial and industrial property.
(ii) levy or collect a tax on an assessment that may not be made under clause (i) of this subparagraph.
(iii) levy or collect an ad valorem property tax on air carrier transportation property at a tax rate greater than the tax rate applicable to commercial and industrial property in the same assessment jurisdiction.
(e) Other Allowable Taxes and Charges.— Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, a State or political subdivision of a State may levy or collect—
(1) taxes (except those taxes enumerated in subsection (b) of this section), including property taxes, net income taxes, franchise taxes, and sales or use taxes on the sale of goods or services; and
(f) Pay of Air Carrier Employees.—
(1) In this subsection—
(B) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and a territory or possession of the United States.
(C) an employee is deemed to have earned 50 percent of the employee's pay in a State or political subdivision of a State in which the scheduled flight time of the employee in the State or subdivision is more than 50 percent of the total scheduled flight time of the employee when employed during the calendar year.
(2) The pay of an employee of an air carrier having regularly assigned duties on aircraft in at least 2 States is subject to the income tax laws of only the following:
(3) Compensation paid by an air carrier to an employee described in subsection (a) in connection with such employee's authorized leave or other authorized absence from regular duties on the carrier's aircraft in order to perform services on behalf of the employee's airline union shall be subject to the income tax laws of only the following:
(B) The State or political subdivision of the State in which the employee's scheduled flight time would have been more than 50 percent of the employee's total scheduled flight time for the calendar year had the employee been engaged full time in the performance of regularly assigned duties on the carrier's aircraft.
Source(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e),July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1111; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, § 112(e), title II, § 208,Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1576, 1588; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, § 149(b),Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3226; Pub. L. 104–287, § 5(66),Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3395.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|49 App.:1513(d)(2)(E).
|Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 1113(d); added Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, § 532(b), 96 Stat. 701.
|49 App.:1513(f) (words in parentheses).
|Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 1113(f); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, § 9125, 104 Stat. 1388–370.
|49 App.:1513(a).
|Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 1113(a); added June 18, 1973, Pub. L. 93–44, § 7(a), 87 Stat. 90; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, § 9110(1), 104 Stat. 1388–357.
|49 App.:1513(f) (less words in parentheses).
|49 App.:1513(d)(1), (2)(A)–(D), (3).
|49 App.:1513(b).
|Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 1113(b); added June 18, 1973, Pub. L. 93–44, § 7(a), 87 Stat. 90; Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, § 532(a), 96 Stat. 701.
|40116(f) (1)(A), (B)
|49 App.:1512(c).
|Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 1112; added Dec. 23, 1970, Pub. L. 91–569, § 4(a), 84 Stat. 1502; restated Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, § 402, 94 Stat. 57.
|40116(f) (1)(C)
|49 App.:1512(b).
|49 App.:1512(a).
Subsection (a) is made applicable to subsections (b) and (e) of this section to avoid having to repeat the term being defined. In subsection (a), the words "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "territory or possession of the United States" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The word "authority" is substituted for "agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
In subsection (b), before clause (1), reference to 49 App.:1513(f), restated as subsection (c) of this section, is added for clarity. The words "directly or indirectly" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1513(a) (words after "subsection (e) and") is omitted as surplus.
In subsections (d)(2)(A), before clause (i), and (f)(1)(C) and (2), the word "political" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.
In subsection (f)(1)(A), the word "pay" is substituted for "compensation" for consistency in the revised title and with chapter 55 of title 5, United States Code. The words "rendered by the employee in the performance of his duties and shall include wages and salary" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (f)(1)(B), the words "means a State of the United States" are substituted for "also means" for clarity.
In subsection (f)(1)(C), the words "of a State" are added for clarity.
In subsection (f)(2), before clause (A), the words "as such an employee" are omitted as surplus.
Pub. L. 104–287
This amends 49:40116(d)(2)(A)(iv) to conform to the style of title 49 and to set out the effective date for this clause.
1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–264, in introductory provisions, substituted "a State, a" for "a State or" and inserted ", and any person that has purchased or leased an airport under section 47134 of this title" after "of a State".
Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 104–287, which directed substitution of "August 23, 1994" for "the date of enactment of this clause", was executed by making the substitution for "the date of the enactment of this clause" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Pub. L. 104–287substituted "levy" for "Levy".
1994—Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 103–305, § 112(e), added cl. (iv).
Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 103–305, § 208, added par. (3).
Effective Date of 1996 Amendment
Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 ofPub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Trusted Traveler Programs
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has several Trusted Traveler programs which provide an improved passenger experience, while enhancing security and increasing system-wide efficiencies. The programs are customized based on travel needs and many of them have reciprocal benefits. See below for guidance on which program may be best for you or click here for a comparison chart.
How Do You Travel?
TSA Pre✓®
I primarily fly within the U.S.
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I fly both within the U.S. and internationally
I primarily travel between the U.S. and Canada
I primarily travel by land into the U.S from Mexico
Last Published Date: August 3, 2015