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By Charles Hallman
Staff Writer
A City of Minneapolis survey found that 82 percent of residents have computers with Internet access at home. However, only 65 percent of Near North residents have such access, and 25 percent of Blacks have no Internet access at home. "Eighty-two percent of [Minneapolis] households have access to the Internet," explained Minneapolis Information Technology Chief Information Officer Otto Doll on the 2012 "Minneapolis Community Technology Survey" results. "But that 18 percent that doesn't [have access] represents close to 30,000 households. If we could spread all of those households out evenly across all those [estimated 18,000 public access sites, such as libraries and city parks], we still could only give an hour a week of time per household on the Internet. Continue Reading →


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subset: commoncrawl


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- "I'm going to make you both very rich men."
- ―Yusuf Amir.
Sexy Time is a mission in The Ballad of Gay Tony. It is the first mission given to protagonist Luis Fernando Lopez by Yusuf Amir.
Mission objectives
In order to complete the mission the player must:
- Get a boat from the marina
- Get on board the yacht
- Steal the chopper
- Take the chopper to the helipad
- Destroy the yacht
- Take out the fleeing arms dealers
- Take the chopper to the helipad
100% Objectives
Complete the mission in 6:00
Take 0% damage.
Destroy four enemy boats by the player. (Patrol boats count)
- Frickie Van Hardenburg
- Arm Dealers
Yusuf wants to take an attack helicopter called the Buzzard. This aircraft belongs to a group of arms dealers, and is located on a yacht. Luis makes its way to the boat using Yusuf's speedboat. He infiltrates the yacht without being seen by security, and then steals the helicopter. While Luis is returning to the Yusuf's heliport, Yusuf calls him and requests that he go back and destroy the yacht with the Buzzard, killing Frickie Van Hardenburgin the process. After spectacularly sinking Frickie's yacht, some of the arms dealers flee in speedboats, so the final task is to eliminate them. If you have trouble by taking them out, just follow them, as they will eventually stop on the beach near the Alderney Casinoand try to escape on foot. Simply land the Buzzard and kill them.
Video Walkthrough
- Frickie Van Hardenburg - Killed by Luis Lopez when his yacht is destroyed.
- The name of the mission likely comes from one of the catchphrases of Sacha Baron Cohen's character Borat.
- During multiplayer, it is possible to find the yacht.
- If the player fails the mission before the yacht explodes, it will remain available unless the game is saved, allowing the player to explore the yacht.
- Another way to infiltrate the yacht is to spawn a Buzzard (or Annhilator) with cheats then fly towards the yacht. The patrol boat will not see you, and the cutscene will play.
- In the opening cutscene at the start of the mission, the ending credits of GTA IV can be seen on the television.
- The music played inside the yacht can also be heard on Integrity 2.0.
- After this mission, Tony calls you about the boating accident that went down.
- Although the boat can be destroyed during the mission, it cannot be destroyed in multiplayer.


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Inside the new Megadeth album with Dave + Kiko [Exclusive Video]. Dave and Kiko listen back to a new track plus some pics from inside the studio and of Dave's amp settings. Check it out at pledgemusic.com/megadeth.
Club members!! Dave Mustaine will take part in a special online chat at the Megadeth Cyber Army chat room on Sunday, May 24 @ 2 p.m. Central Time (19:00 GMT). You must be a Cyber Army club member to participate in the chat. Not a member of the club yet? Enlist today!
Congratulations to Monday's #MegadethMondays Twitter winners! @flammifer_, @74trooper, @darrylperrett, @_SimplyyVee! Check back every Monday to twitter.com/megadeth for random #MegadethMondays prize giveaways and Megadeth may just follow you on Twitter!
Pre-order the new Megadeth album now and get access to exclusive behind-the-scenes content leading up to the album's release and much more! Check it out at pledgemusic.com/megadeth.
Vic on the electric chair exclusive t-shirt available! New design - only 300 left! Hurry and get yours today at
On this day in 2007, Megadeth's eleventh studio album United Abominations was released. The album was Megadeth's most musically pointed and lyrically poignant effort of the 2010s, debuting at #8 on U.S. Billboard charts, #5 in Canada and #23 in the U.K.. Download it on iTunes or get the album at Amazon.
On this day in 2001, Megadeth's ninth studio album The World Needs A Hero was released. This album debuted at #16 on U.S. Billboard charts, and was marked as a welcome return to Megadeth's more heavy metal roots. Download it on iTunes or get the album at Amazon.
Richard Bienstock for Rolling Stone recently conducted an interview with Dave Mustaine. "Now, in his first extensive interview since the lineup changes, Mustaine is ready to talk. And, being Dave Mustaine, he has plenty to say. The 53-year-old thrash legend recently called from his home in Nashville to update Rolling Stone on all things Megadeth." Read the entire interview at RollingStone.com.
Enter to win a Megadeth "Countdown To Extinction" Vinyl Picture Disc at BigMusicGeek.com! Five lucky winners to be chosen. Enter now at BigMusicGeek.com.


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Newly appointed national soccer team coach Kim Poulsen has been shocked by poor attendance of the players he selected to join the camp ahead of next month's World Cup qualifier first leg tie against Cote d'Ivoire in Abidjan.
Among the absentees includes Simba's controversial midfielder Haruna Moshi and of all the players, Azam's most expensive striker Mrisho Ngassa.
Only eleven players turned up at the Karume Memorial Stadium camp as Kim issued an ultimatum for the other players to join the camp within 24 hours.
Those who managed to attend yesterday's training session includes goalkeeper Juma Kaseja, John Bocco, Shomari Kapombe, Mwinyi Kazimoto, Amir Maftah, Simon Msuva, Frank Domayo, Ramadhani Singano 'Messi', Jonas Mkude, Edward Christopher and Salum Aboubakar.
Azam's new goalkeeper Deogratius Munishi who featured for Mtibwa Sugar in the previous premiership season reported late in the morning.
Most of the players called to join the camp are believed to be outside Dar es Salaam for holiday after wining up the premiership season.
TP Mazembe striking duo of Thomas Ulimwengu and Mbwana Samatta are expected to join the camp before the team plays friendly encounter against Malawi on May 26at the national Stadium in Dar es Salaam.
Stars players who have so far not reported to the camp include Erasto Nyoni, Nassor Masoud, Aggrey Morris, Shabani Nditi, Mwadini Ally, Wazir Salum, Kelvin Yondani, Juma Nyosso and Nurdin Bakari.


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Notebook: Duke gets assist from Campbell
WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS - Ken Duke had a lot of help in his corner Sunday as he took aim at his first PGA Tour victory.
Earlier this week, Duke flew legendary swing coach Bob Toski, 85, to town to help steady his game.
Before playing on Sunday, though, Duke tapped into another limitless source of good information, state golf icon Bill Campbell of Huntington.
The 89-year-old Campbell, a World Golf Hall of Fame member, captured 15 West Virginia Amateur championships and three State Open titles.
Duke, a Palm City, Fla., resident, said he wasn't aware of Campbell's storied background before Sunday.
"I didn't know that, but now I do,'' Duke said following a round of even-par 70 that left him tied for seventh at 11-under 269.
"I had lunch with them today and these two guys go back a long way. Just hearing some stories that they had to talk about was pretty impressive.
"That's kind of the way I took [it] into the day - to try and have fun and be relaxed like those guys are. It seemed like that's the way they played back in that day. Maybe [Ben] Hogan [wasn't], but everyone else was pretty loose. It was a great day.''
Interestingly, it marked the fifth tie for seventh place this season for Duke. His best finish was a tie for fifth in the Transitions Classic.
He was near the lead at 14 under through 14 holes on Sunday, but back-to-back double bogeys on the 15th and 16th knocked him out of contention.
"I hit some good shots and I hit a couple bad ones,'' Duke said, "but that's the way it goes. But I felt good about my game, and played good.
"It's always good to finish in the top 10, and [I enjoyed] coming here - I've never been here before.''
Watson's words
Webb Simpson said he received a lot of texts and emails from older golfers bearing good advice following his U.S. Open victory in June.
"The best piece of advice I got was from [Tom] Watson,'' Simpson said, referring to The Greenbrier's pro emeritus. "He said winning a major championship is great, but it doesn't really change the way you are as a golfer aside from the experience.
"So I took that to heart and I kind of put it in my mind that I was going to work harder than I did leading up to the U.S. Open. I didn't want to settle or become complacent after winning a major. I wanted to stay hungry. It's easy to do. It's easy to win a big tournament and kind of get a little lazy, so it's been a good motivator for me to work a little harder.''
No world-wide Webb
Simpson decided a few weeks ago to skip the July 19-22 British Open in order to stay with his wife Dowd and await the birth of their second child.
Dowd Simpson is due in late July. Their first child, 16-month-old James, arrived before his due date.
Webb Simpson thus passes on the chance to become the seventh man to win both the U.S. Open and British Open in the same year. After competing in the Greenbrier Classic, he plans to be home for three weeks.
"The British Open will always be there,'' Simpson told the Charlotte Observer. "This may be the last child we have. It's a decision I haven't thought twice about.''
Act your age
After succeeding where golf superstars such as Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson failed this week - that is, making the cut at the Greenbrier Classic - the 62-year-old Watson can start picking on someone his own age.
Watson completed his tournament with a 5-over 75 Sunday, his worst round of the week that left him tied for next-to-last place among those who made the cut with a 4-over 284. Arjun Atwal (at 286) was the only four-round golfer with a higher score.
Still, The Greenbrier's golf ambassador took away some positives from a rare appearance in a PGA Tour event.
"I drove the ball well this week, and that portends well for the U.S. Senior Open next week,'' Watson said, "and on to the British Open and the Senior British Open in the next three weeks. And I started putting the ball very well today, made an adjustment in my putting. So there were some real good signs for maybe next week.
"That's what you have to take from a week like this week. You know, the hospitality here at The Greenbrier, the great food, all the amenities that you have to come and enjoy here. It's just a very, very special place. I'm glad to be associated with it.''
Chip shots
Reach Rick Ryan at 304-348-5175 or email@example.com.


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VMware Continuent provides data replication between relational databases, and to data warehouses and analytics engines. In addition, VMware Continuent provides globally redundant disaster recovery, commercial-grade high availability and performance scaling.
VMware Continuent for Replication
Provides core data replication for Oracle and MySQL, supporting replication from Oracle to Oracle, Oracle to MySQL, MySQL to Oracle, and from MySQL to MySQL.
VMware Continuent for Analytics and Big Data
Provides replication from Oracle and MySQL to Hadoop (all distributions), HP Vertica, and Amazon Redshift.
VMware Continuent for Disaster Recovery
Enables replication to secondary Oracle or MySQL database server, within a datacenter or cloud environment, to a separate site to support disaster recovery scenarios.
VMware Continuent for Clustering
Provides full clustering support for MySQL databases including load balancing, failover, and multi-primary, multi-site deployments.


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Roger Bernard
Revision as of 19:03, December 9, 2012 by Berniemueller (Talk | contribs)
1,798pages on
this wiki
this wiki
Roger Bernard is the originator of the Solar Panel Cooker (the forerunner of the CooKit). He also invented the first version of the Nelpa panel cooker, which has developed into the Primrose by Roger Bernard himself. The worldwide rights to distribute the Primrose as DIY kit was given to Mueller Solartechnik. They modified it again slightly to make the kit be shippable by regular parcel post world wide.
See also
External links
- The Big Adventure of a Little Solar Cooker - Roger Bernard
See this article in other languages
- Voyez cet article dans le wiki en français: Roger Bernard


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TANEYTOWN, Md. (WUSA) -- An officer is on administrative leave after shooting and killing a suspect Taneytown police say advanced towards the officer with a hammer.
Tuesday night, the parents of 26-year-old Edward L. Becker, Jr. reported that he had been drinking and was acting disorderly, smashing windows out of a truck with a hammer.
Three officers arrived at a home on Commerce Street in Taneytown and saw Becker walking down the street toward them, say police. He had the hammer in his hand and officers shouted for him to drop it and surrender. Police say, however, that Becker continued to walk towards the officers, who were now out of their patrol cars. The officers went down the street and behind their cars, continuing to shout for Becker to drop the hammer and surrender, according to police.
Police say Becker continued to ignore the officers and keep walking. About an arm's length away from an officer, Becker reportedly raised a hammer and the officer fired his pistol. Becker was hit in the upper torso.
Becker was then taken to Carroll Hospital Center where he was later pronounced dead.
The officer who shot Becker is a four and a half year veteran of the Taneytown Police Department and is on administrative leave while an investigation into the incident continues.
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Baby Songs & Nursery Rhymes
The 100 Greatest Kidsongs Collection [Album Download]
This 4 album set contain more than 100 favorite kid's Songs that your children will enjoy over and over again. The 4 CDs of well know kid's songs range from nursery rhymes to kid's classics, include perennial favorites like: "Old MacDonald Had a Farm", "Bingo", "Mary Had A Little Lamb", "Turkey in the Straw", "Little Bo Peep" and 99 more!


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this wiki
|This is the article on the anime-only character. If you are looking for the article on Sunagakure elder, head to Chiyo.
|千代 Chiyo
|Naruto Shippūden Episode #309
|Appears in
|Voice Actors
Chiyo (千代, Chiyo) is the daughter of the daimyō of the Land of This.
Chiyo was an eating contest's viewer alongside her father and Shū. Chiyo watched the Shū's training with Tatewaki. She told Tatewaki that he had to calm down and don't be so rude.
While in the Land of That, Chiyo used to have literature classes along with Shū and Naruto while disguised as Shū, those classes were ordered by her father. When the Land of This was attacked by Akatsuki, she was saved by Naruto and Tatewaki, unfortunately her father died during the invasion. She managed to leave the country safely with Shū and went to the Land of That.
Chiyo is shown to be a polite and caring person, frequently referring to Shū with the suffix "-sama" and showing concern for his well-being, physical and emotional, as she later reprimands Tatewaki for his training methods, which she called too strict. Aside from that, Chiyo, alongside her father, is shown to be impressed by the final contestants as they struggled to finish their portions in the last part of the eating contest.
While seldomly shown, Chiyo could also be fierce and decisive, as seen when she threatened Naruto after Tatewaki caught him impersonating Shū.
Chiyo has brown eyes and long brown hair with a red ribbon. While reminiscent of the Hime hair-style, she also kept two bangs framing her face that are curled up in the ends.
While not explicably shown, Chiyo was confident in the use of a naginata, certain that she could cut of "an arm or leg or two" of a cornered shinobi. However, perhaps expectedly due to her status, she showed very little experience in stressful situations, falling on her butt after being startled by a smoke bomb.
- Her name being Chiyo and nearly getting killed by one of Sasori's puppets is a reflection to Sasori going to fight his grandmother Chiyo in the future.


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Branson, Missouri - United States
Property ID: 4058
Print Page
This resort property is family-friendly and has something for every member of the family. On-site is a full-service marina. Spend a day by fishing or waterskiing. Enjoy paddle boating on the water. A picnic area is available for a relaxing afternoon. Play a game of tennis, volley ball, horseshoes, or shuffleboard. Take a dip in one of the outdoor pools. A kiddie pool and playground with bench swings is available for younger visitors. End the day with a meal in the on-site restaurant.Check-in Time: 16:00Check-out Time: 10:00Check-in Days: SaturdayImportant InformationPet Information: Animals are not permitted; could result in forfeiture of the unit and/or other penalties.Multi Floor With No Elevator Access: YesAmenities and area attractions are seasonal.Restaurant will be closed from 10/191/3-10/26/13Housekeeping fee: Housekeeping Fee for Reservations less than 7 Nights: There may be a $35 U.S. dollars for all units, weekly.


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Why would you be crazy enough to scrap under pressure like a time crunch? Because it's so much fun!!! And do we ever do anything that doesn't give you participation bonuses? And you could be the one lucky random participant to win a $5 gift card to the store!
What is a speed scrap??? Everyone meets in our forum at the designated time. You receive an instruction at the start time and then a new instruction every ten minutes for a total of seven instructions/prompts. After the last prompt is given you have one hour to complete your LO and upload to the our gallery and link to it in the forum thread.
To accomodate our international community, we will have 2...yes 2...speed scraps so mark your calendars for the following:
Saturday, June 28th, 8pm eastern (request email reminder)
Wednesday, July 2nd, noon eastern (request email reminder)
These will be two totally different speed scraps with two totally different sets of rules.
For those of you who participate in one of these speed scraps you will receive my Dudes with Attitude AddOn.
For those of you crazy enough to do both speed scraps you will get my Sweet Elegance page kit!


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Table Reservations
Please click HERE and send us a quick message letting us know how many guests are coming and at what time your party will arrive. We will confirm your reservation by email. Please be sure to include your preferred seating of "inside" or "outside" when making a table reservation to help expedite the simple process. If you are looking to make a table reservation for today, please call the venue at 407-849-5200.
Reserve a Private Area/ Larger Parties
We love large parties, because we have the perfect venue for just about any size event. Ember has hosted over 1,200 large party events including corporate events for Audi, Microsoft, SAP, Widmer Brothers, PowerGen, Lockheed Martin and even the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year Party. Ember is an extremely flexible venue and is perfect for just about any type of event: convention, corporate, VIP, birthday, anniversary, high school reunion, networking, bridal shower, post reception party and so much more.
Please send us a quick message by clicking HERE so we can learn more about your event and we'll send you the large party information packet that includes our large party menu selections, drink packages and the venue floor plan. We're happy to help you with suggestions and general planning of your event at Ember. Please share your vision with us including the name of your event, the preferred date, the start time, number of guests and any other information you may have. We're excited to work with you and we look forward to making your event a great one at one of Orlando's most celebrated venues.
FAQ Regarding Events
What is the capacity of the venue?
Ember is one of downtown's largest venues with a capacity of 1,273 guests. A capacity of 931 guests on the huge outdoor terrace and 342 guests in the main room. The venue is setup in such a way that we can accommodate very large parties as well as smaller intimate gatherings.
Does Ember require a deposit for private parties?
Smaller parties with a reserved area generally do not require a deposit. Some larger parties with a full or partial buyout may require a deposit.
Does Ember allow outside catering?
Ember does NOT allow outside catering to be brought into the venue. Ember has an award winning Executive Chef and a full catering menu. Ember does allow desserts to be brought in for large party celebrations. We'll even provide the plates and flatware for your cake just to make your life a little easier.
Can I decorate my reserved area for a large party?
Yes, you can decorate for your special event. However, glitter, confetti and plastic punch-out confetti are not permitted in the venue. We also ask that decorations are not taped to our fixtures as nearly all of our fixtures are custom made and tape can harm the finish on our fixtures.
Can I bring in a DJ or a live band for my event?
Ember only allows outside talent to be present within the venue during a partial buyout or a full venue buyout. Outside entertainment is not permitted for parties reserving a small area within the venue. Ember features DJs on Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. There is always music playing at the venue even when a DJ is not present.
Are guests under the age of 21 permitted in the venue?
Guests under the age of 21 are permitted in the venue until 9PM. Ember is strictly 21 and up after 9PM.
How many full service bars are in the venue?
Ember features FOUR (4) full service bars. THREE (3) are located on the large outdoor terrace and ONE (1) is located in the main room.
What kind of Audio/Video features are available for events?
Ember features THIRTEEN (13) high definition 42″ plasma TVs throughout the venue and ONE (1) large projector screen. Ember features a built in DJ booth along with live music performance capabilities with several staging areas. Note that live music and staging is only available during a full or partial buyout for private parties.
Many of our large party events choose to have a DVD slideshow looping during their event. See below for a quick and easy guide to ensure your slideshow compatibility with our equipment.
- Use a PC and select the program "Windows DVD Maker"
- Insert your JPEG slides into the program.
- Select "Options" in the bottom right corner.
- Select "Play in continuous loop"
- Burn your DVD slideshow.
- We always recommend that you test your DVD slideshow at Ember prior to your event to ensure compatibility.
Can I bring in a PA for announcements during my event?
PA announcements during private events are permitted with prior approval from the General Manager of the venue. Upon approval of the use of a PA system large parties may bring in a PA system. Ember also has a small PA system that can be used during your event for a $75 usage fee. The venue wide house PA system is included for partial or full buyout events at no charge, but may not be used for smaller parties without exclusive use.


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Spring Class Schedule Available
Submitted on November 21, 2011 at 10:44 AM
Vol State classes for the spring semester start on January 12 and the class schedule is available now in a number of formats. We offer the most updated class information in the online database. We also have printable quick-glance schedules available, including sheets for each off-campus site. For access to all of the spring schedule formats visit www.volstate.edu/schedule.
Registration is open now for currently enrolled students and opens on November 28 for new and readmit students. New students will need to apply to the college first: www.volstate.edu/admissions
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.


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1-800-369-4669 | Live Chat | Contact Us
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Ecoregions of Wyoming (EPA)
Firehole River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. @ C.Michael Hogan
The ecoregions of Wyoming include a diversity of biomes, and span a wide array of landforms, such that the elements include dense forests, rocky talus, steppe, riverine plains, grassland and other diverse landscape types.
Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources; they are designed to serve as a spatial framework for the research, assessment, management, and monitoring of ecosystems and ecosystem components. By recognizing the spatial differences in the capacities and potentials of ecosystems, ecoregions stratify the environment by its probable response to disturbance (Bryce and others, 1999). These general purpose regions are critical for structuring and implementing ecosystem management strategies across federal agencies, state agencies, and nongovernment organizations that are responsible for different types of resources within the same geographical areas (Omernik and others, 2000).
The approach used to compile this classification scheme is based on the premise that ecological regions can be identified through the analysis of the spatial patterns and the composition of biotic and abiotic phenomena that affect or reflect differences in ecosystem quality and integrity (Wiken, 1986; Omernik, 1987, 1995). These phenomena include geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, soils, land use, wildlife, and hydrology.
The relative importance of each characteristic varies from one ecological region to another regardless of the hierarchical level. A Roman numeral hierarchical scheme has been adopted for different levels of ecological regions. Level I is the coarsest level, dividing North America into 15 ecological regions. Level II divides the continent into 52 regions (Commission for Environmental Cooperation Working Group, 1997). At level III, the continental United States contains 104 ecoregions and the conterminous United States has 84 ecoregions (United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA], 2003). Level IV is a further subdivision of level III ecoregions. Explanations of the methods used to define the USEPA's ecoregions are given in Omernik (1995), Omernik and others (2000), Griffith and others (1994), and Gallant and others (1989).
Wyoming is made up of semiarid shrub- and grass-covered plains, alluvial valleys, volcanic plateaus, forested mountains, woodland- and shrubland-covered hills, glaciated peaks, lava fields, and wetlands. Ecological diversity is enormous. There are 7 level III ecoregions and 39 level IV ecoregions in Wyoming and many continue into ecologically similar parts of adjacent states.
The level III and IV ecoregion map on this poster was compiled at a scale of 1:250,000 and depicts revisions and subdivisions of earlier level III ecoregions that were originally compiled at a smaller scale (USEPA, 2003; Omernik, 1987). This poster is part of a collaborative project primarily between USEPA Region X, USEPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (Corvallis, Oregon), Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (WDEQ), United States Department of Agriculture–Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture–Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), United States Department of the Interior–Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and United States Department of the Interior–Geological Survey (USGS)–Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center.
The project is associated with an interagency effort to develop a common framework of ecological regions. Reaching that objective requires recognition of the differences in the conceptual approaches and mapping methodologies applied to develop the most common ecoregion-type frameworks, including those developed by the USFS (Bailey and others, 1994), the USEPA (Omernik, 1987, 1995), and the NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture–Soil Conservation Service, 1981). As each of these frameworks is further refined, their differences are becoming less discernible. Regional collaborative projects such as this one in Wyoming, where agreement has been reached among multiple resource management agencies, are a step toward attaining consensus and consistency in ecoregion frameworks for the entire nation.
12. Snake River Plain
The Snake River Plain is a broad intermontane valley. It is lower, drier, and less rugged than surrounding ecoregions. However, irrigation water is plentiful in most areas, and many alluvial valleys bordering the Snake River are in irrigated cropland agriculture. Outside of the agricultural areas and occasional barren lava fields, the sagebrush plains and low hills of the Snake River Plain are grazed by native bison, pronghorn sheep and domesticated livestock such as cattle.
|12d. The Dissected Plateaus and Teton Basin is a high, cold valley west of the Teton Range. Its climate makes Ecoregion 12d an atypical part of the Snake River Plain, which is lower and drier over much of its extent in Idaho. The potential natural vegetation is sagebrush steppe with mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, slender wheatgrass, and bluebunch wheatgrass. Although Ecoregion 12d is similar in vegetation and climate to Jackson Hole on the east side of the Teton Range (Ecoregion 17n), it has a higher water table and its soil contains more moisture-holding loess. And, unlike Jackson Hole, much of Ecoregion 12d, with its more productive soil, has been converted to barley fields. During the growing season, the water from mountain streams is diverted to the alluvial fans for irrigation. Recreation is also an important land use and there is increasing development of resort condominiums, lodges, and vacation ranches.
Irrigated agriculture is extensive in the Dissected Plateaus and Teton Basin (12d). Barley is planted up to the base of the western foothills of the Teton Range.
17. Middle Rockies
The Middle Rockies ecoregion, like the Northern Rockies (15), is composed of steep-crested, high mountains that are largely covered by coniferous forests. However, the mix of tree species is different in the two regions. The Middle Rockies commonly contain lodgepole pine but lack Western white pine, grand fir, and Western red cedar of the Northern Rockies (15). Forests of the Middle Rockies are more open-canopied than those of the Northern Rockies (15). Foothills are partly wooded or shrub- and grass-covered. Intermontane valleys are grass- and/or shrub-covered and contain a mosaic of terrestrial and aquatic fauna that is distinct from the nearby mountains. Many mountain-fed, perennial streams occur and provide water resources for the more arid ecoregions of the Wyoming Basin (18) and the Northwestern Great Plains (43). The Black Hills are an outlier of the Middle Rockies and share with them a montane climate, hydrography, and land use pattern. Recreation, logging, mining, and summer livestock grazing are common land uses.
|17a. The Black Hills Foothills ecoregion is composed of two contrasting landscapes, the Hogback Ridge and the Red Valley (or Racetrack). It is characterized by a ring of foothills surrounding the Black Hills mountainous core (17b and 17c). The Dakota Hogback separates the foothills from the plains. The Red Valley (Racetrack) inside the hogback encircles most of the Black Hills dome. Potential natural vegetation includes ponderosa pine woodlands with an understory of little bluestem, blue grama, buffalo grass, and leadplant. In addition, some burr oak is found in the north and Rocky Mountain juniper occurs in the south. Land use is mainly cattle grazing and ranching. Bison, antelope, deer, and elk still graze in some of the grasslands found in the Black Hills Foothills.
The Middle Rockies contain mountains with many different substrate types. This photo is of the southern end of the volcanic alpine zone of the Absaroka Range. The Absaroka Range is unlike the other major mountain ranges in Wyoming, which are uplifts of ancient granite. The Absarokas are the remains of a chain of at least 25 large volcanoes active between 40 and 50 million years ago. (Photo: Kristen Green, WDEQ)
In the headwaters of the Little Bighorn River (Ecoregion 17ap), geology is primarily Bighorn dolomite and Madison limestone. Forests are subalpine fir. (Photo: Jack Smith, WDEQ)
The peaks of the Teton Range (Ecoregions 17k and 17h) form a giant wall of granite that separates the high mountains and basins of Wyoming from the volcanic lowlands of the Snake River Plain (12) to the west. The Tetons are the youngest mountains in Wyoming at 10 million years old.
The andestic rock in the Absarokas is very erodible. After storm events and heavy snowmelt streams flowing through the region have high sediment loads and appear brown and turbid.
The Gray Wolf, Canis lupus, once common in most of North America became nearly extinct in the lower 48 states in the early part of the 20th Century because settlers believed wolves caused widespread livestock losses. The wolf was federally listed as endangered triggering a recovery effort under the Endangered Species Act. Reintroduction into Yellowstone National Park began in 1995. Since that time the introduced population has expanded from the original 35 to about 560 wolves. (Photo: USDA)
The Pine grosbeak, Pinciola enucleator, prefer the open coniferous forest habitat of the Middle Rockies (17). (Photo: Alan Cole)
Recreational use and wildlife habitat can be at odds in regions of the Middle Rockies (17). Snow-mobile use in areas like Yellowstone National Park is a controversial issue and there have been efforts to restrict their use.
Yellowstone cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri, inhabit high mountain lakes with cold, clear water and small gravel-bottom mountain streams. The cutthroat and its sub-species are the only trout species native to Wyoming. (Photo: Caribou-Targhee National Forest fisheries program, USFS)
Fire is an important element of forest ecology. Many plant species, such as lodgepole pine, are fire adapted and need fire to regenerate. The Yellowstone fire of 1988 burned 793,000 acres (about 36% of the parks total acreage). A combination of severe drought and years of fire suppression contributed to the large fuel base for the fire. In the aftermath of the 1988 fire, a better understanding of fire ecology emerged and fire management practices have been revised to better reflect the natural ecosystem process. (Photo: Jack Smith, WDEQ)
The American grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, is a federally listed threatened species. Historically these large mammals had an extensive range throughout the Middle Rockies. Habitat loss and human disturbance have contributed to the reduction in grizzly populations. A federally mandated recovery plan is currently in effect.
|17b. The Black Hills Plateau ecoregion is a relatively flat, elevated expanse, with broad ridges and entrenched canyons, covering the mid-elevation slopes of the Black Hills. In the metamorphic areas, highly dissected, tilted rock faces, and steep canyon slopes are common. The limestone areas have caves, springs, and consistent yearly stream flow. The Black Hills, a mountainous outlier in the Great Plains, have a highly diverse vegetative cover, with an overlap of eastern, boreal, and Rocky Mountain species. Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine dominates the landscape; it blends with eastern boxelder and burr oak and boreal paper birch and white spruce in moist areas. The understory includes little bluestem grasses and shrubs. Similarly, western bird species such as the western flycatcher and the western tanager are at the eastern limits of their range in the Black Hills; they share habitats with eastern bird species, such as the ovenbird and indigo bunting. Logging, farming, ranching, and tourist development are competing land uses in this ecoregion.
17c. Mountainous topography with highly eroded outcrops and broad valleys typify the Black Hills Core Highlands ecoregion. Ecoregion 17c includes the higher portions of the limestone plateau above 5,000 feet and the granitic intrusions that form the major peaks to elevations greater than 7,000 feet. Ponderosa pine forests interspersed with high
meadows predominate; white spruce, paper birch, and aspen grow on north slopes and in moist canyons. Some of the common tree species found elsewhere in the Middle Rockies (17), such as Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and Douglasfir, are absent from the Black Hills. Mining for aggregates occurs in the metamorphic areas surrounding the intrusive core.
|17g. The Mid-Elevation Sedimentary Mountains ecoregion includes sections of the Teton and Wyoming ranges, and areas in the overthrust belt underlain by faulted and folded Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (limestone, dolomite, shale, and sandstone). Stream water quality, water availability, and aquatic biota are affected by carbonate substrates that are soluble and nutrient rich. Soils are generally finer-textured than those found on granitic substrates such as those in Ecoregions 17c and 17k. Because of higher precipitation levels in Ecoregion 17g, the water-holding capacity of soil is higher than in the Dry Mid-Elevation Sedimentary Mountains (17m); as a result, some of the largest areas of Douglas-fir in Wyoming are found in this ecoregion.
|17h. The Alpine Zone includes disjunct high elevation, glaciated mountainous areas above timberline across all of Ecoregion 17. The Alpine Zone is expressed physiographically as rockland, talus, tundra, and glacial lake (tarn) basins. Ecoregion 17h characteristically receives higher amounts of precipitation than surrounding mountains, as much as 50 to 70 inches annually. However, wind and snowdrift distribution are the limiting factors that influence upper tree line (defined as the elevational extent of upright trees). In alpine areas above 10,000 feet, krummholz vegetation clings to windswept areas above the mosaic of meadow and subalpine forest. Alpine tundra plants, including alpine forbs, sedges, and grasses, support nomadic groups of mountain bighorn sheep and mountain goats. Spring snow melt feeds area streams and serves as an important summer water source for inhabitants at lower elevations.
|17i. Fifty million years ago, the collision of oceanic and continental plates created the Absaroka-Gallatin Volcanic Mountains, one of the only volcanic ranges in western Wyoming. Steep-sided mountains, ash beds, and volcanic mudflows are common. In unglaciated terrain, landslides on failed ash beds have occurred, producing rounded hills. Resultant clay weathering products as well as dissolved calcium and magnesium tend to make the streams of this ecoregion turbid, particularly after intense or prolonged rainfall. The andesitic volcanic material has higher nutrient content and water holding capacity than the rhyolitic soils of the neighboring Yellowstone Plateau (17j). As a result, Ecoregion 17i has greater forest vegetation diversity than that in the monotypic lodgepole pine forest at the same elevations in Ecoregion 17j. Deer, elk, and moose frequent the forested valleys and riparian wetlands.
|17j. The Yellowstone Plateau has a more subdued topography than other mountainous portions of the Middle Rockies. Geologically, the Plateau is composed of Quaternary extrusive rocks, mostly rhyolite, basalt, and tuff. The presence of numerous geothermal features, such as mudpots and geysers, indicate the Yellowstone Plateau is still volcanically active. On the high plateaus, lodgepole pine dominates forest vegetation on rhyolitic substrates, which are droughty, coarse-textured, and poor in nutrients. The lower western slopes of the Yellowstone Plateau have a coniferous forest-shrubland mosaic. Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and aspen cover north-facing slopes and flatter uplands, while southfacing slopes support mountain big sagebrush and mountain shrubs. Subalpine meadows are rare on rhyolitic substrates. The greater Yellowstone ecosystem is largely intact and protected in parks and wilderness. It supports a high concentration of wildlife: ungulates such as elk, moose, and bison, and their major predators, cougar, lynx, and reintroduced wolves. Recreation activity is high in Yellowstone National Park and surrounding National Forest areas. Mining, grazing, and logging occur outside National Park boundaries.
|17k. The glaciated, granitic cores of the Bighorn and Beartooth mountains, and the Wind River and Teton ranges, comprise the Granitic Subalpine Zone. The sedimentary layers of these mountains have been eroded away to expose the Precambrian igneous core. Pleistocene glaciation created broad glacial basins, particularly in the Beartooth Mountains and Wind River Range, where numerous glacial lakes (tarns) dot the landscape. Although granitic soil is coarse, acidic, and low in nutrients, the shallow bedrock is rather impervious; it holds snowmelt moisture and allows the growth of drought-intolerant trees in higher elevations where precipitation levels exceed 25 inches per year. Snow melt moisture, absorbed and released throughout the spring and summer, provides water for humans and wildlife living at lower elevations in the droughty, sedimentary fringes of these mountains. Lodgepole pine is abundant; at the lower elevation range of Ecoregion 17k, it may be considered a climax species. At higher elevations, it is seral to subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce. Understory growth is not luxuriant, consisting mostly of grouse whortleberry, Oregon grape, and birchleaf spirea. The subalpine spruce-fir zone is not as heavily grazed by livestock as mid-elevation areas; it serves as summer range for mule deer and elk.
|17m. The Dry Mid-Elevation Sedimentary Mountains ecoregion includes the mid-elevation Bighorn Mountains and the drier northeastern portion of the Wind River Range that are underlain by sedimentary rocks. The natural droughtiness of the soil in ecoregion 17m is enhanced by its location in the rain shadow of the two mountain ranges. The various sedimentary rock types have a distinctive topographic expression: rounded shale hills, limestone bluffs, and sandstone flatirons. Forested canyons slice through the more soluble limestone layer. Upland forest cover is open and patchy because of the droughty conditions. The vegetation cover is a combination of grasses, dry, open forest, and shrubland, including mountain big sagebrush and mountain mahogany. Forest cover is more extensive on the east slopes of the Bighorns where there is more summer precipitation. A ponderosa pine/juniper/mountain mahogany association exists here similar to one in the Black Hills (17b) to the east, but it is of limited extent. The forest of the eastern Bighorn Mountains lacks enough precipitation to support the eastern deciduous species and boreal vegetation present in the Black Hills (17b). Some quaking aspen groves occur in Ecoregion 17m, particularly in the Wind River Range; the fact that aspen groves in the Bighorns are heavily grazed may account for low aspen reproduction there.
|17n. The High Elevation Valleys ecoregion includes Jackson Hole and Star Valley and to the north in the greater Yellowstone area, the Lamar, Hayden and Pelican valleys. These valleys include wet bottomlands, marshes, stream terraces, alluvial fans, and lower foothill slopes. Elevations range from 5,000 to 8,000 feet with an annual precipitation of 12 to 30 inches. Terraces and foothill slopes are covered with sagebrush (big, mountain, and some silver) with an understory of Idaho fescue and bearded wheatgrass. Douglas-fir with an understory of snowberry and pinegrass grows in mesic areas and on north-facing slopes. Some aspen groves also occur. Pasture, non-irrigated winter wheat, spring barley, hay, and livestock grazing are the most common land uses in developed areas. However, the cold climate and short growing season limits the extent of agriculture. In the Yellowstone region, elk and bison use the cold valleys as winter range. Elk still use Jackson Hole as a wintering ground, mostly within the confines of the National Elk Refuge.
|17o. The dry, steep, Partly Forested Mountains ecoregion in Wyoming occupies the eastern extent of a much larger region in Idaho. Soils are rocky and shallow, which limits the extent of tree growth. The natural vegetation is a mosaic of conifers, shrubs, sagebrush, and grassland. Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, quaking aspen, and mountain mahogany occupy the north-facing slopes. Southerly slopes support mountain big sagebrush, mountain mahogany, snowberry and rose with an understory of Idaho fescue. The forest cover of this ecoregion is more open than the neighboring Mid- Elevation Sedimentary Mountains (17g), where soil texture and water-holding capacity allows denser tree growth.
|17ao. Due to the steepness of the terrain, the areal extent of the Absaroka Volcanic Subalpine Zone is limited compared to subalpine areas in the sedimentary and granitic substrate mountains (Ecoregions 17k and 17ap). Like other subalpine regions in the Middle Rockies, subalpine fir, Englemann spruce, and limber pine are the dominant tree species. The highly dissected landscape is a result of erosion as these mountains are composed of loosely consolidated volcanic material. Soils are derived from a mixture of ash, tuff, basalt, and pumice. Sagebrush and grass grow in these droughty soils on open ridge tops where high wind and drifting snow limit tree growth. Mule deer, elk, bighorn sheep, and, on the eastern slopes, pronghorn antelope graze the high mountain meadows.
|17ap. The Sedimentary Subalpine Zone ecoregion is found southeast of Yellowstone National Park, in the overthrust belt, and in the northwest corner of the Bighorn Mountains in areas underlain by faulted and folded Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (limestone, dolomite, shale, and sandstone). Elevations range between 8,500 feet and 10,000 feet. Relatively high precipitation amounts, areas of heavy snowpack, and snow with high water content provide enough moisture to support spruce-fir forest on the normally droughty sedimentary substrates. Potential natural vegetation includes subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce, with lodgepole pine as a seral species. However, tree growth is limited in fine-grained shale-derived soils which results in a landscape that alternates between forest groves and open grassy slopes.
18. Wyoming Basin
This ecoregion is a broad arid intermontane basin interrupted by hills and low mountains and dominated by grasslands and shrublands. Nearly surrounded by forest-covered mountains, the region is drier than the Northwestern Great Plains (43) to the northeast and does not have the extensive cover of pinyon-juniper woodland found in the Colorado Plateaus (20) to the south. Much of the region is used for livestock grazing, although many areas lack sufficient forage to support this activity. The region contains major natural gas and petroleum producing fields. The Wyoming Basin also has extensive coal deposits along with areas of trona, bentonite, clay, and uranium mining.
|18a. The semiarid Rolling Sagebrush Steppe is a vast region of rolling plains with hills, cuestas, mesas, terraces, and near the mountains, footslopes, ridges, alluvial fans, and outwash fans. Overall, this region is less hilly than the Foothill Shrublands and Low Mountains (18d) ecoregion. Average annual precipitation is 6 to 16 inches and varies with elevation and proximity to mountains. The region has a continental climate with cold winters and mild summers. Potential natural vegetation is mostly sagebrush steppe, with the eastern edge of the region having more mixed grass prairie. Wyoming big sagebrush is the most common shrub with silver and black sagebrush occurring in the lowlands and mountain big sagebrush in the higher elevations. Frequent fires have affected the sagebrush steppe and, in some places, European annual grasses have replaced it. Most of the land is in rangeland, cattle and sheep ranches, or wildlife habitat. Oil, gas, and coal deposits are scattered throughout the region and oil shale deposits are found in the southwest. Uranium mining occurs in areas in the Red Desert and the Shirley Basin.
The sagebrush dominated grassland of the Wyoming Basin (18) covers a large portion of the state. It is surrounded almost entirely by mountainous areas and is in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains, so it receives very little precipitation. The ecoregion contains a diverse mix of arid basins, badlands, and foothills. (Photo: Jeremy ZumBerge, WDEQ.)
The Wyoming toad, Bufo hemiophrys baxteri, is found only in the Laramie Basin (18f). It is one of the nation's most endangered species. It is estimated that only 100 to 150 of these toads live in the wild. Scientists believe that the Wyoming toad is the victim of pesticides used to control the mosquito population in and around the toad's habitat. (Photo: Amy Hopperstad, US Fish and Wildlife Service)
Wild horse herds are found in several areas of the Wyoming Basin. Their populations are managed primarily by the Bureau of Land Management. The Pryor Mountain herd is managed by the National Park Service. (Photo: BLM)
These foothills (18d) in the Red Canyon, south of Lander, are representative of the diversity of landscapes in the level IV ecoregions of the Wyoming Basin (18). (Photo: Dr. Dennis Knight, University of Wyoming)
The prairie falcon, Falco mexicanus, makes its home in the deserts, plains, and foothills of the Wyoming Basin (18). (Photo: Larry Ridenhour, BLM)
|18b. The Bighorn Basin is an arid depression in the rainshadow of the Beartooth Mountains, Absaroka Range, and Pryor Mountains. This region receives more precipitation, between 8 to 14 inches a year, than the neighboring Bighorn Salt Desert Basins (18g) that lie at lower elevations. The soils, formed from sedimentary rocks, such as shale, sandstone and siltstone, are also not as alkaline as those found in Ecoregion 18g. This higher portion of the greater Bighorn Basin forms a transition from arid desert shrubland to semiarid shrubland dominated by Wyoming big sagebrush that grows best in slightly wetter, more permeable soil. Large oil, gas, and coal deposits occur in this ecoregion.
|18c. The Sub-Irrigated High Valleys are wet meadow systems located in areas of high drainage density beneath surrounding mountain ranges. The term sub-irrigated refers to the high water table that keeps the soil moist much of the year. Physiographically, Ecoregion 18c includes floodplains, low terraces, riparian wetlands, and alluvial fans. Willows, alders, cottonwoods and hydrophilic wetland plants, such as horsetail, spikerush, sedges, and tufted hairgrass, line the drainages. Man-made irrigation projects have increased the areal extent of Ecoregion 18c.
|18d. The Foothill Shrublands and Low Mountains ecoregion includes isolated dry mountain ranges and foothill slopes scattered across the Wyoming Basin. It has a more rugged topography than the Rolling Sagebrush Steppe (18a). Elevations range between 5,000 to 7,000 feet in foothill areas to over 9,000 feet on a few isolated ranges. Tertiary sedimentary rock including sandstone and conglomerate are most extensive, but shale, siltstone, and limestone also occur. Big sagebrush, rabbitbrush, prickly pear, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue dominate on fine-textured soils; Rocky Mountain juniper, Utah juniper, and mountain mahogany woodlands occur on rock outcrops. Small forested areas occur at higher elevations in the Owl Creek, Pine, Green, Ferris, and Shirley mountains. Land use is mostly livestock grazing and wildlife habitat.
|18e. The arid Salt Desert Shrub Basins ecoregion includes disjunct playas and sand dunes scattered throughout the Wyoming Basin. Soils in Ecoregion 18e tend to be more alkaline and less permeable than soils in the Rolling Sagebrush Steppe (18a). Vegetation is a sparse cover of arid land shrubs such as shadscale, greasewood, and Gardner saltbush. Plant life is more diverse on sand dunes, which provide greater moisture, higher permeability, and lower alkalinity than the basin floor. This arid landscape is very sensitive to grazing pressure which may promote the invasion of weeds such as Russian thistle, cheatgrass, and the toxic halogeton.
|18f. The Laramie Basin ecoregion is a wide intermontane valley, dominated by mixed-grass prairie. Potential natural vegetation includes needle-and-thread grass, western wheatgrass, blue grama, Indian ricegrass, and other mixedgrass species. Although the Laramie Basin has some moist riparian alluvial flats, it is generally drier than the Sub-Irrigated High Valleys (18c). Ecoregion 18f is too dry for big sagebrush to grow, except where snow accumulates. Land cover is primarily rangeland used for seasonal grazing.
|18g. The Bighorn Salt Desert Shrub Basins comprise two large, arid, alkaline depressions surrounded by mountains. Ecoregion 18g was distinguished from the other salt desert shrub basins (Ecoregion 18e) because it forms a larger contiguous area that is somewhat geographically isolated from the scattered small basins and playas in southern Wyoming. It also experiences greater human influence because of its proximity to major rivers (Bighorn, Shoshone, and Greybull rivers) that provide water for irrigation. Soils are alkaline or gypsum bearing and are derived from sedimentary rocks such as shale, sandstone and siltstone, or windblown material. The arid climate (just 6 inches of precipitation per year) supports desert shrubs and grasses: greasewood, Gardner saltbush, shadscale, alkali sacaton, and saltgrass. Oil, bentonite, and coal deposits are extensive throughout the basin.
19. Wasatch and Uinta Moutains
The Wasatch and Uinta Mountains ecoregion is composed of high mountains, dissected volcanic plateaus, and flanking valleys. In Wyoming, Ecoregion 19 includes the northern slopes of the heavily glaciated Uinta Mountains. Elevational banding of the vegetation occurs and the pattern is similar to that of the Southern Rockies (21). Streams draining the quartzite-dominated Uinta Mountains tend to be acidic, low in nutrients, and low in total dissolved solids.
|19c. The Mid-Elevation Uinta Mountains ecoregion is characterized by forested, glaciated mountains with extensive morainal deposits. The northern slopes of the Uinta Mountains are not as steep as the southern slopes. Average annual snowfall exceeds about 70 inches and average annual precipitation ranges from about 20-30 inches. Perennial streams, originating from glacial basins above, flow through deep canyons. Potential natural vegetation is Douglas-fir forest. Today Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine are common, along with lodgepole pine and some aspen parkland with a sagebrush and forb understory. In riparian areas, cottonwood, willow, and Engelmann spruce are common. Logging, seasonal range, recreation, wildlife habitat, and water supply are major land uses.
A typical landscape in the Mid-Elevation Uinta Mountains can include Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and Ponderosa pine forests with open grassland meadows.
|21. Southern Rockies
|The Southern Rockies are characterized by rugged, steep mountains, intermontane depressions and open meadows, and high-elevation plateaus composed of dissected, horizontally layered rocks. Forests tend to be patchier than those of the Middle Rockies (17) to the north. Alpine tundra gives way to various coniferous forests often with aspen intermixed. Ponderosa pine is at lower elevations, pinyon-juniper below that, and grasslands are in the lowest areas. Lodgepole pine is more common in the Middle Rockies; white pine, grand fir, and cedar, prevalent in the Northern Rockies (15), are absent from Ecoregion 21. A greater portion of the Middle Rockies (17) is used for summer grazing of livestock. Recreation and logging are major land uses.
|21a. The Alpine Zone is found on the mountain tops above treeline, beginning at about 10,500 to 11,000 feet. It includes alpine meadows as well as steep exposed rock and glaciated peaks. Annual precipitation ranges from 25 to greater than 50 inches, falling mostly as snow. Potential natural vegetation includes low shrubs, cushion plants, and wildflowers and sedges in wet meadows. The forest-tundra interface is sparsely colonized by stunted, deformed Englemann spruce, subalpine fir, and limber pine. Land use includes wildlife habitat and recreation. However, use is limited by inaccessibility. Ecoregion 21a is snow-free only 4 to 6 weeks annually. The use of snowmobiles and four wheel all terrain vehicles has increased in recent years, making the area more accessible for recreational use. This practice is controversial and some have pushed to eliminate their use in this and other mountain regions.
The Snowy Range has the treeless Alpine Zone (21a) and fir and spruce forests found in the Subalpline Zone (21b) of the Southern Rockies (21).
The abandoned Ferris-Haggarty copper mine is in the Medicine Bow National Forest in the Subalpine Forests (21b) ecoregion. Discharge into Haggarty Creek from the mine has turned the water the bright aqua color, due to copper contamination. Haggarty Creek is listed on the Wyoming federal 303d list of impaired waters. (Photo: WDEQ)
The Southern Rockies (21) marks the southern range for the threatened Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis. This larger cousin of the bobcat was once common throughout the mountainous regions of the West. Now they only number in the hundreds and are rare in the Southern Rockies. (Photo: Erwin and Peggy Bauer, US Fish And Wildlife Service)
The mountain bluebird, Sialia currucoides, breeds in the high mountain meadows, with scattered trees and bushes, of the Southern Rockies (21). It winters in the lower elevation plains and grasslands of neighboring level III ecoregions. (Photo: NatureWorks)
|21b. The Subalpine Forests ecoregion is a forested zone occupying a narrow elevational band found on the steep forested slopes of the Medicine Bow and Sierra Madre mountains, becoming more extensive on the north slopes. The elevation range of the region is 8,500 to 10,800 feet, just below the Alpine Zone. The dense forests are dominated by lodgepole pine, Englemann spruce and subalpine fir; some areas are locally dominated by aspen. Whortleberry dominates the forest understory. Subalpine meadows also occur in some areas. Soils are weathered from a variety of crystalline and sedimentary materials and include areas of rock outcrops. Average annual precipitation is 26 to 46 inches for most of the region, including several feet of snow which remains on the ground well into summer months. Land use includes wildlife habitat, recreation, logging and historic mining. Grazing is limited by climatic conditions, lack of forage, and lingering snowpack.
|21c. The Mid-Elevation Forests and Shrublands ecoregion is found in the 7,500 to 9,000 feet elevation range within the Laramie, Medicine Bow, and Sierra Madre mountains. Potential natural vegetation from southwestern to northeastern areas of the ecoregion includes aspen (especially on the west slope of the Sierra Madre), Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, limber pine, and ponderosa pine. Ponderosa pine grows mainly on the eastern slopes of the Laramie Mountains, as it does on the eastern Bighorn Mountains (17m), because of the availability of summer moisture. Forested areas are denser than they would have been historically because of fire suppression. Land use includes wildlife habitat, livestock grazing, mineral extraction, and recreation. Perennial streams are diverted for irrigation in lower elevations (21d) and are often dry in their lower reaches in the summer.
|21d. The Foothill Shrublands ecoregion is a transition from the higher elevation forests of the Laramie, Medicine Bow, and Sierra Madre mountains to the more arid grassland and sagebrush regions in the Wyoming Basin (18) and the High Plains (25). This semiarid region has rolling to irregular terrain. On the east side of the Laramie Mountains, Ecoregion 21d is a continuation of high plains prairie grasslands of blue grama, prairie junegrass, and western wheatgrass interspersed with mountain big sagebrush and mountain mahogany shrubland. Pockets of aspen, limber pine, and Douglasfir are often found on north-facing slopes. Riparian vegetation along the water courses originating in higher mountains include willow species and narrowleaf cottonwood, with boxelder and wild plum in the north. Land use is mainly livestock grazing and some irrigated hayland adjacent to perennial streams.
25. High Plains
The High Plains ecoregion is a landscape of rolling plains and tablelands formed by uplift and the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. Moisture is a limiting factor in the rainshadow of the Rocky Mountains; as a result, drought resistant shortgrass and some mixed-grass prairie dominate the plains vegetation. Seasonal precipitation in this region generally falls during the growing season. Dryland farming, once dependent on rainfall only, has been supplemented by irrigation water from the Ogallala Aquifer. However, irrigation in Ecoregion 25 will be limited over the long term due to constant lowering of the aquifers water table. Ecoregion 25 occupies the southeastern corner of Wyoming where three level III ecoregions meet. The boundaries of these regions fade into one another and some characteristics of each region can be found near the borders, making the level III boundary of the High Plains in Wyoming a transitional area.
|25c. Irregular plains formed by fluvial deposits and eroded gravels from the Laramie Mountains compose the Moderate Relief Rangeland ecoregion. Natural prairie vegetation includes needle-and-thread, prairie junegrass, winter fat, and scattered yucca. Patches of mountain mahogany and skunkbush sumac grow on bluffs and hilltops. The plains surface steadily increases in elevation as it rises to a subtle boundary transition with the Laramie Mountains (21c and 21d). Land use is commonly livestock grazing in contrast to cropland agriculture in neighboring Ecoregion 25d. The differences in land use between Ecoregions 25c and 25d are related more to topographic differences than to differences in soil capacity.
The High Plains are characterized by smooth to rolling short-grass and mixed-grass prairie. Cattle grazing mixed with areas of cropland agriculture are the common land uses.
The black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicanus, is a keystone species in the short-grass and mixed-grass prairie ecosystems. Their populations have been reduced by an estimated 99 percent, from historic levels, through habitat destruction by urban sprawl, conversion to agriculture, and more than 100 years of poisoning. Prairie dog
Livestock grazing is common throughout the High Plains (25). (Photo: BLM)
Crops, such as winter wheat, are grown in many areas of the High Plains (25). (Photo: USDA)
|25d. The plains of the Flat to Rolling Cropland ecoregion are more level and less dissected than in the adjacent Moderate Relief Rangeland (25c). Soils are generally silty and loamy and in Wyoming they are similar to soils in Ecoregion 25c. Some areas of loess occur in the southeast corner of the state. Dryland farming with areas of irrigated cropland agriculture are extensive throughout the ecoregion. Winter wheat is the main cash crop, with smaller acreage in forage crops.
|25f. The Pine Bluffs and Hills ecoregion is composed of light colored sedimentary rocks eroded into escarpments, bluffs, and badlands. Ponderosa pine woodland and open grasslands alternate along the rocky outcrops. The Hat Creek Breaks near Lusk are an extension of the Pine Ridge of Nebraska and South Dakota. Numerous springs flow from the fractured rock on the north side of the Hat Creek Breaks. The Hartville Uplift north of Wheatland is also included in Ecoregion 25f. Although the underlying geology of the Hartville Uplift contains dolomite and limestone in addition to sandstone, the topography, vegetation, and land use are similar to the pine escarpments. Land use includes cattle grazing, limited farming for hay and feed crops, and some timber cutting.
|25g. The Sandy and Silty Tablelands ecoregion is characterized by tablelands with areas of moderate relief. The fine sandy and silty loams are formed from weathered Oligocene and Miocene sandstone (Ogallala and Arikaree Formations, and upper White River Groups). As in other parts of the eastern Wyoming plains, the prairies in Ecoregion 25g were once home to vast herds of bison that were the mainstay of the plains Indians, the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Sioux. The bison was also central to the prairie ecosystem that included prairie dog, black-footed ferret, burrowing owl, gray wolf, and pronghorn antelope. By 1889, 30 to 70 million plains bison had been reduced to just 1000 animals. Since the 1880's Ecoregion 25g has been mainly used for livestock grazing.
|25h. The Platte Valley and Terraces ecoregion, also known as Goshen Hole in Wyoming, is part of the extensive Platte River system. Historically, large volumes of water from spring snowmelt deposited silty and sandy alluvium in the floodplain, creating a wide alluvial valley and associated terraces. Potential natural vegetation is mostly mixed-grass prairie, with riparian vegetation of cottonwood, snowberry, wildplum, and silver buffalo-berry along the North Platte River. The Platte River is a major stopover point for migratory birds traveling the Central Flyway. Dams and irrigation water withdrawals have reduced the scouring power of the river, increased the amount of riparian woody vegetation, and decreased the area of wet meadows and open sandbars that attract migrating ducks, geese, sandhill and whooping cranes.
43. Northwestern Great Plains
The Northwestern Great Plains encompass the Missouri Plateau section of the Great Plains. They are semiarid rolling plains of shale and sandstone derived soils punctuated by occasional buttes and badlands. For the most part, it has not been influenced by continental glaciation. Cattle grazing and agriculture with spring wheat and alfalfa farming are common land uses. Agriculture is affected by erratic precipitation and limited opportunities for irrigation. In Wyoming, mining for coal and coal-bed methane production is prevalent, with a large increase in the number of coal-bed methane wells drilled in recent years. Native grasslands and some woodlands persist, especially in areas of steep or broken topography.
|43e. The Sagebrush Steppe ecoregion is more extensive in Montana and in the Dakotas with only a small area extending into Wyoming. This region has a sparse cover of big sagebrush, Nuttall saltbush, and short grass prairie. Salt pans punctuate the expanse of shortgrass prairie and dusky gray sagebrush. Potential natural vegetation also includes dwarf sagebrush, western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, blue grama, Sandberg bluegrass, and buffalograss. The shrub vegetation of ecoregion 43e is transitional between the grasslands of the Montana Central Grassland (43n) and the woodland of the Pine Scoria Hills (43p). Soils are heavy and alkaline, with a frigid temperature regime that contrasts with the mesic soils of the Semiarid Pierre Shale Plains (43g).
The Northwestern Great Plains has a mix of rolling grasslands, sagebrush steppe, dissected plains, and foothills. Rivers and streams have wide, flat streambeds and broad floodplains. Isolated flattopped buttes, mesas, and ridges are common. Oil, coal, and coalbed methane extraction are big industries in this ecoregion. (Photo: Don Despain, USGS)
The western rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis, is found throughout the region and is an important food source for many raptor species as well as other predatory birds. (Photo: Jeremy ZumBerge, WDEQ)
Livestock grazing, including buffalo, is common throughout the Northwestern Great Plains (43). The buffalo pictured here are grazing in the Sagebrush Steppe (43e) in Crook County, Wyoming. (Photo: Ron Nichols, USDA)
Coalbed methane development is extensive in the Powder River Basin (43w) and the Mesic
Dissected Plains (43q). This practice has increased significantly in the past several years and concerns over water quality and land use issues have become a controversial topic between ranchers, land owners, and the mining companies. (Photo: BLM)
This ecoregion contains one of the largest coal deposits in the United States. Coal mining is extensive, especially in the Powder River Basin (43w). (Photo: BLM)
|43g. The mostly treeless Semiarid Pierre Shale Plains is characterized by heavy, mesic soils derived from underlying Cretaceous Pierre shale as well as calcareous Niobrara shale, Carlile shale, Mowry shale, and Belle Fourche shale that are generally not common in the Sagebrush Steppe (43e). The potential natural vegetation is mixed-grass prairie which includes a prevalence of shortgrass species, such as buffalograss, and it lacks the sagebrush component found in the neighboring Sagebrush Steppe (43e). Land use is primarily livestock grazing, with some isolated areas of dryland farming in winter wheat and alfalfa. This region also has extensive bentonite deposits.
|43n. The Montana Central Grassland ecoregion is found mainly in Montana with only a small area continuing into northern Wyoming. Frigid soils are often clayey, and derived from residuum. They are a contrast to the more mesic soils of the Mesic Dissected Plains (43q) and the Powder River Basin (43w). Sheet-wash and gully erosion can be prominent. Potential natural vegetation is grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass; it lacks a shrub or woodland component found in the Sagebrush Steppe (43e) and Pine Scoria Hills (43p).
|43p. Rugged, broken land and stony rough hills covered by open ponderosa pine-Rocky Mountain juniper forest or ponderosa pine savanna are characteristic of the Pine Scoria Hills. Coal, sandstone, and shale bedrock of the Tongue River Member of the Tertiary Fort Union Formation underlie the region. Porcellanite (also called scoria or clinker) forms from the natural burning of coal beds; it caps the hills with distinctive red-orange rock. Soils are often gravelly and poorly developed with rock outcrops common. Savanna and extensive open grassland are found in areas with less available moisture. Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, western wheatgrass, blue grama, and Sandberg bluegrass are the principal forage species. Skunkbush sumac and western snowberry are common shrubs. Land use includes woodland grazing and areas of historical small-scale coal mining.
|43q. Steep grassy hills and verdant alluvial valleys characterize the Mesic Dissected Plains ecoregion in Wyoming. Ecoregion 43q receives more precipitation than the neighboring Powder River Basin (43w). In addition, numerous perennial streams flow off the northern Bighorn Mountains and wet meadows are common in riparian areas. As a result, riparian tree and shrub growth is more extensive than in other Northwestern Great Plains (43) ecoregions; boxelder, snowberry, serviceberry, and bullberry grow along streams and up north-facing slopes. Areas of irrigated agriculture are found along more level alluvial valleys.
|43v. The Pryor-Bighorn Foothills ecoregion in Wyoming includes semi-arid, sedimentary foothills, alluvial fans, and high benches adjacent to the carbonate-rich Bighorn Mountains. The erosional material composing these foothills is coarser than the fine sediments of the adjacent Mesic Dissected Plains (43q). Shrub and tree covered canyons descend into Ecoregion 43v from the mountains above. Potential natural vegetation is mostly foothill prairie and is characterized by the predominance of fescues and wheatgrasses with some scattered ponderosa pines on the east side of the Bighorns. In addition, curlleaf mountain mahogany grows on rocky carbonate substrates. Average annual precipitation ranges from less than 10 to 20 inches depending on the rain shadow effect from the Bighorn Mountains.
|43w. The Powder River Basin ecoregion covers rolling prairie and dissected river breaks surrounding the Powder, Cheyenne, and upper North Platte rivers. The Powder River Basin has less precipitation and less available water than the neighboring Mesic Dissected Plains (43q). Mule deer, pronghorn antelope, and sage grouse share the plains with livestock. However, oil, gas, and coal deposits are scattered throughout the ecoregion, and mining is exerting a powerful influence on the character of the landscape. Roads and pipelines feed coalbed methane wells placed in grids 80 acres apart, and vast amounts of underground water reserves are pumped to the surface and wasted in coalbed methane drilling. The mining fuels conflicts over surface/subsurface property rights and water management in a semiarid region.
|43x. The Casper Arch ecoregion is a transitional region between the Northern Great Plains (43) and the Wyoming Basin (18). Soils are weathered from sodic Cody shale; they are generally well drained to slowly permeable, and are moderately to very shallow. Soils can be saline and strongly alkaline, which limits vegetation growth more than the low annual precipitation of 10 to 14 inches. Potential natural vegetation is mainly Gardner saltbush, western wheatgrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, Indian ricegrass, birdfoot sagebrush, and Sandberg bluegrass. Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat are the common land uses.
Literature Cited:
Bailey, R.G., Avers, P.E., King, T., and McNab, W.H., eds., 1994, Ecoregions and subregions of the United States (map) (supplementary table of map unit descriptions compiled and edited by McNab, W.H. and Bailey, R.G.): Washington, D.C., USFS, scale 1:7,500,000.
Bryce, S.A., Omernik, J.M., and Larsen, D.P., 1999, Ecoregions – a geographic framework to guide risk characterization and ecosystem management: Environmental Practice, v. 1, no. 3, p. 141-155.
Commission for Environmental Cooperation Working Group, 1997, Ecological regions of North America – toward a common perspective: Montreal, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 71 p.
Gallant, A.L., Whittier, T.R., Larsen, D.P., Omernik, J.M., and Hughes, R.M., 1989, Regionalization as a tool for managing environmental resources: Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/3-89/060, 152 p.
Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Wilton, T.F., and Pierson, S.M., 1994, Ecoregions and subregions of Iowa – a framework for water quality assessment and management: Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science, v. 101, no. 1, p. 5-13.
Omernik, J.M., 1987, Ecoregions of the conterminous United States (map supplement): Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 77, no. 1, p. 118-125, scale 1:7,500,000.
Omernik, J.M., 1995, Ecoregions – a framework for environmental management, in Davis, W.S. and Simon, T.P., eds., Biological assessment and criteria-tools for water resource planning and decision making: Boca Raton, Florida, Lewis Publishers, p. 49-62.
Omernik, J.M., Chapman, S.S., Lillie, R.A., and Dumke, R.T., 2000, Ecoregions of Wisconsin: Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, v. 88, p. 77-103.
U.S. Department of Agriculture–Soil Conservation Service, 1981, Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States: Agriculture Handbook 296, 156 p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003, Level III ecoregions of the continental United States (revision of Omernik, 1987): Corvallis, Oregon, USEPA – National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Map M-1, various scales.
Wiken, E., 1986, Terrestrial ecozones of Canada: Ottawa, Environment Canada, Ecological Land Classification Series no. 19, 26 p.
PRINCIPAL AUTHORS: Shannen S. Chapman (Dynamac Corporation), Sandra A. Bryce (Dynamac Corporation), James M. Omernik (USEPA, retired), Donald G. Despain (USGS), Jeremy ZumBerge (WDEQ), and Mark Conrad (WDEQ).
COLLABORATORS AND CONTRIBUTORS: Dennis Knight (University of Wyoming), Tony Selle (USEPA), Jack Smith (WDEQ), Darrell Schroeder (NRCS), Bill Daniels (BLM), Tom Enright (BLM), Jerry Freeouf (USFS), and Jeffrey Comstock (Indus Corporation).
REVIEWERS: Kurt King (WDEQ) and Myron Brooks (USGS, Wyoming).
CITING THIS POSTER: Chapman, S.S., Bryce, S.A., Omernik, J.M., Despain, D.G., ZumBerge, J., and Conrad, M., 2004, Ecoregions of Wyoming (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,400,000).
This project was partially supported by funds from the USEPA– Office of Research and Development's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program through contract 68-C6-005 to Dynamac Corporation.


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What is RM Cash
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Donna & Scott DonnaFollow Donna & Scott
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Donna & Scott <3 She is a law student, he loves sports. She's scared of heights, he's an adrenaline junkie. They both work in the airline industry & they are both addicted to travel. Last year we travelled to LA, NYC, Vegas, Hawaii, Indonesia. This year we are doing Hawaii & Euro Vista The year after Asia & South America. Wanderlust ... <3
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Joomla! Doc Sprints
From Joomla! Documentation
Revision as of 19:28, 29 December 2007 by Chris Davenport (Talk | contribs)
Welcome to the first world-wide Joomla! Doc Camp. Following on from the huge success of the Joomla! 1.5 bug squashing event, please join us for a weekend of authoring and locations around the planet. We have tasks for everyone; coders and non-coders alike. Our aim is to dramatically increase the volume of documentation available for Joomla! 1.5.
This wiki will be used as the central resource for coordinating efforts and accumulating results from this event. After the event it will become a new central hub for the official Joomla! documentation.
- Vancouver, Canada 9AM to 6PM local time on 19 January 2008.
- Brussels, Belgium (details to be confirmed) on 21 January 2008
- IRC (details to be determined) from 19 to 21 January 2008, all times, all timezones.
for write access to this wiki
To get write access to this wiki you will need to register here first. Please be aware that the registration process requires a valid email address. If you are travelling to one of the physical locations you are advised to ensure that you have registered on this wiki and have a valid login before you travel. You don't need access to your email account after registration.
at a physical location
If you wish to be present at one of the physical locations listed above then you must register in advance as space is limited. Registrations are the responsibility of the individual location organisers and you should click on the appropriate link above for more information.
- All contributions must be made available under the Joomla! Electronic Documentation License. Further information on the JEDL is available in the JEDL Frequently Asked Questions
- No advertising or self-promotion will be allowed. This includes backlinks to your website or anyone else's. The one exception is that if you have made a contribution then feel free to add your name and an optional link to your website to the Doc Camp Contributors List
- All contributions must be in English. Note that the official language of the Joomla! project is British/Australian English.
- If you are new to MediaWiki then you should consult the User's Guide for information on using the wiki software.
- Please read the Joomla! Editorial Style Guide
- The Geshi syntax-highlighter extension has been installed on this wiki. For PHP code use <source lang="php">Your PHP code here</source>. Further information can be found here.
Where to go next
Once you have read the above then please click the link below to begin:


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September 26, 2007
Chris Karpman
Arizona State is off to a 4-0 start and numerous players are playing extremely well on both sides of the football. Here is an updated edition of our ASUDevils.com Hot 11, which tracks and ranks the team's top performers. 1. Robert James -- The unquestionable No. 1 star of the defense through four games, James is 6th in the Pac-10 and 39th in the nation in total tackles, with 39. He is leading the Pac-10 and 5th in the nation in solo tackles with 29. He is averaging 9.8 tackles per game. James is also 10th in the Pac-10 with two sacks. He leads the conference and is 19th in the country with six tackles for loss. He has three interceptions and two pass breakups. The Sun Devils haven't even blitzed him that much, which is one of his strengths. He's played like an all-conference performer. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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Friday, October 29, 2010
The Carter Burden Center for the Aging Annual Fashion Show
I attended The Carter Burden Center for the Aging 9Th annual fashion show where stylish seniors strutted down the runaway in their most fashionable attire. It was great fun watching these vital ladies and gentleman dance their way down the red carpet strutting their stuff for other senior members and staff. The Carter Burden Center for the Aging is an incredible organization that seeks to change the face of aging. The center," promotes the well-being of individuals 60 and older through a broad array of direct social services and volunteer programs oriented to individual, family and community needs" and they are "dedicated to supporting the efforts of older people to remain in their own homes living independently, safely and with dignity." Check out their website for more information on the center on the programs they have to offer http://burdencenter.org/ .
Posted by Ari at 12:11 AM
5 comments:
- Prêt à Porter P said...
This is fabulous!!
- October 29, 2010 at 7:18 PM
- KATIE DOYLE said...
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- November 3, 2010 at 12:56 AM
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- November 5, 2010 at 1:04 PM
Love this post and I love Carter Burden!
- November 5, 2010 at 1:04 PM
- Sandi said...
Wow! The Burden Center has it going on. It's nice to see seniors who still enjoy a sense of style.
- November 5, 2010 at 5:57 PM
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New web site has Tennessee college and university information in Spanish and English
Submitted on July 13, 2010 at 12:20 PM
Avancemos Juntos is the name of a new web site designed to help Hispanic families in Tennessee get information about going to college. The web site is written in Spanish and English. The creators hope that it will be used by students and parents.
"We thought that teenagers could sit down and discuss college with their Spanish speaking parents," said organizer Eric Melcher, communications coordinator with Volunteer State Community College. "We have tips on applying to college, financial aid and the different types of colleges and universities in Tennessee."
The web site is part of a non-profit grant program. The purpose of the program is to provide college information to Hispanic families in the state, with much of that information specific to Tennessee.
"There can be confusion about how the American higher education system works and what types of schools are in Tennessee. We think this web site can help students and families get ready for college."
The web site can be viewed at www.avancemosjuntos.org
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.


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Gibson Group
Practical Course on Sequence Analysis
WWW Database Searching Practical
by Toby Gibson, Chenna Ramu and Christine Gemünd, Nov. 98, May '99
In this practical we will run some database search tools provided by EMBL and available through the web. Examination of the outputs may reveal some differences between the results, depending on the type of algorithm used in the sequence comparison. We will also modify the query and search set ups to illustrate the importance of a little thought in advance of (or during...) database searching. Rule No. 1 is "Know your sequence!"
WWW DB search Tools
We will use:
Step 1 Choosing an snRNP SM protein as query
SM proteins are found in snRNP complexes. There are quite a number in Swiss-Prot and they are fairly divergent, so it is difficult (or impossible) to detect them all in a search with a single query sequence. All SM proteins share a small globular domain, but many have a C-terminal non-globular domain too. This will be used to illustrate the problems of searching with multi-domain proteins.
You now have the sequence of human SM-B protein available in a form that can be cut and pasted into the DB query forms.
Step 2 BLAST2 searching with human SM-B protein
BLAST2 is an upgraded version of BLAST, one of the most widely used database search packages. The BLAST programs find the best matching ungapped sections in a sequence comparison. The most important modification for the user to note in BLAST2 is that neighbouring ungapped segments can now be concatenated by allowing gaps between them. This improves both sensitivity and interpretation of the results.
Step 2B BLAST 2 search with SM-B and a filter
Now repeat the search but filter out segments of "reduced sequence complexity".
Step 3 Bic_SW search with human SM-B protein
The Bioccelerator is fast dedicated hardware exclusively designed to speed up dynamic programming (i.e. slow but sensitive) sequence comparison. It is built by the Israeli company Compugen. It can perform a number of search permutations including basic Smith-Waterman, profile searches and Protein v. DNA frame-shifting comparisons. The Smith-Waterman search finds the best matching segments between any two sequences, allowing for gaps to be inserted at any position.
The search will take a couple of minutes (unless the Bic is busy). When it is finished you can look at the high-score list and alignments in the output and compare the results with BLAST2.
Step3B Bic-SW search with the SM Domain only
Now repeat the search but use the globular N-terminal domain only.
Step 4. Bic_profilesearch based on an alignment of SM proteins
Profile searches are one of the most sensitive search tools currently available. The raw materials for profile searching are a multiple sequence alignment in conjunction with a residue exchange matrix (e.g. the Gonnet Pam250 matrix). A profile scores the amino acids at each position in the alignment: conserved positions score more strongly than unconserved ones (whereas in a single sequence, they are all equally significant). We can compare the sensitivity to the searches with a single sequence as query.
Step 4A. Preparing a profile from an SM alignment
(We have prepared an alignment for you as there is not enough time to do a multiple alignment today).
Step 4B. BIC_Profilesearch with an SM domain profile prepared with the Gonnet Pam250 matrix
The search will take a couple of minutes (unless the Bic is busy). When it is finished you can look at the high-score list and alignments in the output. Use the SRS links to learn about the top hits.
Take Home Lessons
Hopefully the exercise of varying the query type has illustrated that the way a search is set up is very important. The queries here illustrate the effect of different sequence types. There are other parameters that often influence the search sensitivity. For example when a globular domain is longer, the Gonnet Pam250 matrix would be expected to outperform the default Blosum62 in the detection of divergent homologues, because it is less stringent and so gives longer optimally matching segments. (Over short matches it is noisier and could perform worse). In fact we used the Gonnet matrix to make the profiles: because of the extra information in the alignment, profiles usually perform better with Pam250 than Blosum62. Also, gap penalties are critical parameters in dynamic programming and should always be tested by trial and error. In other words, it pays to try several variations in the searches, not just accept the results of the first search.


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PassWallet - Passbook + NFC
Travel & Local
by Above Mobile Limited
Download this app if: you want support for your mobile tickets.
Developer Notes
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