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About a Career in Planning
Frequently Asked Questions about Urban Planning
Download a brochure from the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning,
"Choosing a Career In Urban Planning"
What is urban planning?
What do urban planners do?
How do urban planners spend their days?
In what sorts of settings do urban planners work?
What impacts do planners have on the communities in which they work?
What is the job outlook or placement rate for planners?
What career progression is possible in urban planning?
What do professionals say about the field of urban planning?
How much do planners earn?
Who are some famous planners?
Return to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is urban planning?
Urban planning or city planning (the terms are interchangeable) is hard to define because it can mean so many different things. Urban planning is the profession that concerns itself with the health and quality of life in urban places-cities and their suburbs, small towns and rural villages. Just as veterinarians care for animals as different as dogs are from iguanas, urban planners care for cities as different as New York City is from Boscobel, Wisconsin. And just as a veterinarian needs to be able to work with the circulation, digestion, respiration, the skeleton, and nervous system of an animal to diagnose and prescribe an appropriate treatment to maintain or restore health, urban planners need to work with the transportation system, the economy, the environment, urban design and physical facilities, and the culture and politics of a city to maintain (or restore) the quality of life in a city. Finally, to carry this analogy one step further, just as a veterinarian or physician monitors a patient's health and lifecycle changes on a regular basis, anticipating problems and prescribing diet, exercise or other changes to protect the patient's future health, urban planning is future-oriented. Planners look five, twenty, and even fifty years into the future to anticipate the future consequences of current trends and activities. Urban planning is about considering the consequences of present actions on the future quality of life in the city.
What do urban planners do?
Given the diversity of our profession, urban planners do a great variety of things. "The most important role for the planner is to work with the public to identify a community's goals, then help to marshal resources-community organizations, developers, and elected officials-to accomplish them" (Marjorie Macris, former director of planning for the City of Berkeley, quoted in Planners on Planning by Bruce McClendon and Anthony Catanese).
The planner's special niche, however, concerns problems with a spatial (or geographic) dimension. Almost all of the work planners do concerns the idea of "place." Planners shape the physical layout of cities by zoning specific areas for different types and intensity of development (residential, commercial, industrial; high-rise, low-rise) and working with engineers and architects to plan for the location of major public facilities, such as transportation corridors and utilities. Planners also work to preserve and improve the spatial and visual character of places.
Urban planners anticipate how a city will function and how it will look as it develops (or redevelops) in the future. Planners anticipate, for example, how a series of buildings will fit together aesthetically; how they will be linked to the infrastructure of streets, sewers, water lines and electricity; how will they fit into the local economy and what the demand will be for the types of services provided by the buildings that get built. Who are the potential users of the buildings and the spaces between the buildings? How will users get to and from the area? How will the presence of the buildings affect the natural environment of the area? How will the development as a whole affect the neighborhood residents in terms of job opportunities, shopping options, noise, community character, and cost of living?
The list can go on. Some urban planners specialize in just one or two of the areas just described. For example, some planners specialize in transportation planning, urban design, or economic development. Most planners, however, work as generalists, drawing on specialists as needed to solve specific problems, but always having as central to their work a holistic approach to analyzing problems and prescribing solutions. As generalists, planners "help to bring the talents of many specialists to bear on the problem at hand. . . . The planner may know barely enough to have a decent technical conversation with any of those specialists; however, as a generalist, the planner can bridge gaps between the different disciplines ensuring that the program benefits from everyone's input" (Planners' Casebook, Winter 2001, American Institute of Certified Planners).
This holistic approach means that planners examine the big picture, taking a step back from the immediate concerns to put each issue into a broader perspective. Planners attempt to make connections between individual elements and a bigger whole. Without planning, for example, economic development may harm the environment, roads may not lead to where housing and shopping are going to be located, and buildings for the rich may proceed without considering dislocations of the poor. Planners link knowledge to action. Planners apply what they know to specific issues and problems. They are problem solvers. Planners attempt to foresee the future, emphasizing to others how present actions can be used to build a better future.
Finally, planners communicate. Professional planners have no legal authority to put their plans into effect. Everything a planner proposes will get done only if the planner persuades others that it is the right thing to do. Planners need to communicate in language understandable to many different types of people with different values and experiences, and planners need to get all these different people communicating with one another.
How do urban planners spend their days?
The day to day activities of a planner take them from their offices to the "field" and to meetings of many types. At the office, the planner reviews maps and drawings, makes calculations using tools like spreadsheets, writes memoranda and reports, and responds to inquiries from citizens, developers, and public officials. Planners also spend time in the field, taking surveys, talking with citizens, and observing physical situations. Planners also spend their time preparing for meetings and presentations. Planners meet with planning commissioners (citizens who are appointed to the planning board in the community). Planners also meet with neighborhood groups. During major planning projects, such as revising a comprehensive plan, the planner will coordinate public meetings.
In what sorts of settings do urban planners work?
As one might expect from the terms "urban planner" and "city planner," that the majority of planners work for municipalities, and that alone covers a lot of ground. Planners work in the central cities of metropolitan area cities such as New York, Boston, Sacramento, New Orleans, and Indianapolis; they work in suburbs large and small within metropolitan areas. They also work in medium-sized and smaller cities that serve as the hub of activity for a larger rural area. And planners also work in county government, for regional planning agencies, and in state government.
A significant number of planners work in the private sector as well. Some work for planning consulting firms whose clients are primarily cities and counties that need additional professional assistance with special planning projects or problems. Here are some additional examples of the settings where one may find planners working:
Architecture firms hire planners to help them design more functional neighborhoods.
Banks hire planners to assist them in making community investment decisions.
Economic development agencies hire planners to help them better understand the linkages between public policies and employment and to better communicate with employers about the competitive advantages of specific locations.
Non-profit community organizations hire planners to operate housing, mortgage assistance, or economic development programs.
Real estate developers hire planers to help them negotiate development terms that meet the developers' needs while addressing the concerns of neighborhoods and city councils.
School districts hire planners to help with resource allocation decisions or initiatives dealing with new approaches to service delivery.
Transportation agencies (such as state highway departments and local transit agencies) need urban planners to help them better integrate proposed transportation improvements with new residential and commercial development.
A planners' skills, gained through a professional planning degree and work experience, create many professional opportunities. Their approach and preparation give them skills that are sought by many types of employers.
What impacts do planners have on the communities in which they work?
Because of the work planners do, a city functions more smoothly. Housing is more affordable and of higher quality. Commercial areas have more vitality. Jobs are more plentiful and pay better. People waste less time in traffic congestion. Taxes are lower. Parks are greener and more spacious. Residents and visitors enjoy better lives. Life is beautiful!
OK, maybe this is an exaggeration, but it serves to suggest the kinds of impacts that planners have. Of course, planners can accomplish none of these positive impacts on their own. Planners almost always work in coordination with other professionals and with residents and local businesses to plan and implement policies and programs that are expected to lead to the kinds of positive impacts described above.
Sometimes the impact of a planner's work is immediate and obvious. For example, planners in the city of Milwaukee worked with planners and engineers in the state department of transportation to propose the demolition of an underused section of freeway that cut through the north side of Milwaukee's downtown. After the legislature and the governor agreed to tear down the freeway, property values in the adjacent areas rose immediately in anticipation of new development opportunities. When the new development is complete property values will increase, the city's tax base will increase, and more people will have reasons to go downtown to work, to shop, to play, or to live.
Planners across southeastern Wisconsin have been working with developers and businesses to clean up and redevelop former industrial sites that had been abandoned by companies that either went bankrupt or left the area during the "deindustrialization" period intensifying in the 1980s. Every time a new business opens its doors and hires new employees on a site that just a few years earlier stood as an eyesores in the community, the impact is immediately apparent.
Planners need to be patient. Often, planners need to wait for decades to see the impacts of their work. Because planners are often working behind the scenes as part of a team, and because they are working to prevent bad things from happening, the impact of the planner is often unknown when things go well for a city.
Marjorie Macris, former planning director for the City of Berkeley, notes that planners often work "quietly and inconspicuously" and often planners never know whether their recommendation was the "right" one.
What is the job outlook or placement rate for planners?
The U.S. Department of Labor predicts jobs in planning will grow 10-20 percent between 1998 and 2008. The number of positions in private consulting firms will probably grow more quickly than public sector jobs in planning.
Several factors are leading to a strong market for planners in the future. Growing concern, even discontent, with the quality of life in rapidly growing suburban areas has resulted in a renewed interest in city planning. Policy makers and the public are taking planning more seriously. A large number of states have created new mandates for local planning and are providing funding for local planning activity. While the booming development cycle of the 1990s has abated during the first decade of the 21st century, the recognition of planning as critical to the long-term health of urban areas is unlikely to be forgotten soon. The U.S. Department of Labor predicts that most new jobs will be located in affluent, rapidly growing urban and suburban communities.
U.S. News Cites Urban Planning as Top Career
Urban planning as one of the top careers
What career progression is possible in urban planning?
Typically, a planner begins in a position such as assistant planner or associate planner. Initially, the beginning planner will spend time evaluating building permit applications, locating maps and ordinances for citizens and developers, and responding to questions. The beginning planner who possesses a masters degree is also likely to be given specific tasks to complete, such as conducting a survey of vacant properties, designing a questionnaire for a community survey, analyzing retail market demand, preparing a presentation for a community meeting, or other tasks that require specialized training to complete.
As the planner progresses to greater levels of autonomy and responsibility, the planner will eventually become the director of planning or director of community development. The director makes decisions about what tasks subordinates need to do and how the other planners in the office will go about their work to achieve the goals of the planning agency.
What do professionals say about the field of urban planning?
An excellent resource for learning about planners from planners is the book by McClendon and Catanese entitled, Planners on Planning. Here are a few excerpts.
Norman Whitaker: "Successful planners are pragmatic but visionary, assertive but sensitive, focused on the big picture but also the fine details, self-confident but humble, action-oriented but reflective."
Sergio Rodriguez: "I believe no other group of professionals in government today is as well trained as planners to think comprehensively, to synthesize complex problems, and to arrive at clear solutions while taking into account their short-and long-range effects. Planners can consider the needs of many individuals and groups, translating them so they are understood by both policy makers and the people that will be affected by planning decisions. And planners have access to high-level decision makers, enabling them to do good things for the community."
Richard C. Bernhardt: "One of the most common complaints I hear from other professionals is that they do not have the time to do thorough research. There is never enough time to do all the research that we think is appropriate. Planners must balance the information available to do the job at hand. If we listen, and I mean truly listen, we can effectively blend research, community input, and our training and experience for an effective response. A wealth of information and research skill is usually available if you have designed your project in a way that truly encourages participation by the people affected. . . . Planners do not have all the answers. Citizen assistance in research is one of the best ways to get real community involvement in planning."
Jim Reid: "Planners, especially in the public sector, have a tendency to disparage the political part of the decision-making process that inevitably surrounds such matters as land use, capital programming and budgeting, and development policy. They may adopt a "don't rock the boat" philosophy, or may propose policy choices that in reality appeal only to the lowest common denominators in a politically charged situation. These are mistakes. Planners who work with public officials must provide them with bold alternative courses of action and a clear statement of the consequences and benefits each alternative might bring. Only this enables officials to do what they were elected to do: set public policy based on analysis and impact."
Keith L. Cubic: "If you lead a planning program, or aspire to do so, you must deal with policy, be visionary and see the big picture, set goals, do the right thing, have high standards, demonstrate respect, master a package of behaviors that you can adapt to particular situations, and list and speak well. It's a long list. Fundamentally, planners must use their expertise, their knowledge, and the excitement they feel for the profession to demonstrate their leadership."
How much do planners earn?
The median entry-level salary for planners in Wisconsin (those with less than 5 years experience) was $33,400 in 1998. In interpreting these figures, keep in mind that entry-level planners who possess a masters degree typically earn between $2000-4000 more than planners who lack the masters degree. This salary premium for the masters degree continues even among planners with more experience.
Who are some famous urban planners?
(Sources: Except as noted otherwise, excerpts about famous urban planners are quoted from the American Planning Association.)
Daniel Burnham: Director of Works for the Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1893); chairman of the McMillan Commission Plan for Washington (1902); chairman of the committee that produced the Cleveland Group Plan, the first "civic center" plan in the United States (1903); producer, with Edward H. Bennett, of the Plan of San Francisco (1906) and the Plan of Chicago (1909), America's first metropolitan regional plan; commonly referred to as "The Father of American City Planning."
John Nolen: Many Wisconsin residents recall hearing the name "John Nolen" because a graceful parkway in Madison, Wisconsin, bears his name. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, John Nolen came to planning late. Like Frederick Law Olmstead, Nolen came to the planning field through his work as a landscape architect. He was 34 when he entered Harvard to study landscape architecture in 1903. In 1904, a year before he graduated, he opened an office on the Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Rapidly expanding his scope beyond the landscaping of individual properties, Nolen promoted city-wide plans emphasizing the physical environment. Between 1906 and 1926, he produced 35 city plans, more than any other American planner, including plans for San Diego, La Crosse, Montclair, Madison, Roanoke, and Reading. Nolen may well be best known for his new towns: Kingsport, Tennessee (1915), Venice, Florida (1926), and Mariemont, Ohio (1926). He was undoubtedly the most productive city planner of his time.
Catherine Bauer: After receiving a degree from Vassar (1926) and European travel, Catherine Bauer took a job with a publisher where association with Lewis Mumford led her to study housing and to free-lance writing on housing and architecture. Additional research in Europe resulted in publication of Modern Housing (1934) in which she suggested a national housing policy. In the mid-30s she worked as a researcher for Clarence Stein, assisted in founding the National Association of Housing Officials, and promoted support for a federal housing program. Modern Housing became a foundation for the Wagner-Steagall Act (1937), the first federal legislative commitment to a housing program for America. Bauer served the USHA as director of research and information (1938-40), and then lectured at the University of California-Berkeley and at Harvard. She rejoined the University of California faculty in 1950. Catherine Bauer advised three American presidents on housing policy. Her promotion of city planning inspired the creation of many public planning authorities, particularly on the West Coast.
Rexford Guy Tugwell: Rexford Guy Tugwell was president Franklin Delano Roosevelt's chief advisor on public works. His views on national economic planning, focused on raising workers' wages, reducing hours, and increasing recreational opportunities, became the directional undercurrent for progressive government in mid-twentieth century America. His farsighted plan to resettle the poor in the suburbs in homes of quality with proximity to new jobs and superior educational opportunities was embodied in the work of the Resettlement Administration of the Department of Agriculture, which he directed, resulting in construction of Greenbelt (Maryland), Greenhills (Ohio), and Greendale (Wisconsin). Following a brief period as chairman and head of the New York City Planning Department, Tugwell became governor of Puerto Rico, where he drafted innovative planning laws that guided the island's postwar development. In 1946 he founded the Institute of Planning at the University of Chicago that became an incubator for a generation of influential planning educators and other leaders of the profession. Frustrated by the politics of democracy, which built 3 Greenbelt Towns when he believed 3,000 were needed, and by the perversion of democratic control in the assumption of regulatory authority by those intended to be regulated, Tugwell devoted his final years to reconsideration of the U.S. Constitution which he believed was about to be fatally abused in the interests of private wealth and power.
Jane Jacobs: Jane Jacobs has no professional training in the field of city planning, nor does she hold the title of urban planner anywhere. However, she has used her own observations about cities to formulate her philosophy about them. Though some of her views go against the traditional views on planning, her work is well respected by practicing planners and planning students alike. Born in 1916 in the coal mining town of Scranton, PA, Jacobs has never been afraid to stand on her own. After graduating high school, where she claims she "didn't listen much in class. I would try to, but I would just get bored with it. . . . I just did enough to get by, really" (Feeney, 10), she took an unpaid position as the assistant to the women's page editor at the local newspaper. Shortly after that, and in the middle of the Depression, she left Scranton for New York City. After residing in New York City for thirty years, Jacobs moved with her family to Toronto in 1968, where she still lives and writes. She has written a variety of books over the years, including The Death and Life of Great American Cities, her first published work, Cities and the Wealth of Nations, and Systems of Survival, her most recent effort. It is through these writings that she expresses her ideas about cities. She advocates "mixed-use" in the urban fabric, meaning no separation of the different types of buildings, whether residence or business oriented, old or new. She also sees cities as being "organic, spontaneous, and untidy," (Trueheart, C2), and that diversity and activity are crucial to their survival over the centuries. (Source: Lauren Rawlins, "Biography of Jane Jacobs,†produced in conjunction with a course about Jane Jacobs work at the University of Virginia.)
Ian McHarg: Ian McHarg, received Bachelor's and Master's degrees in landscape architecture, and the Master of City Planning degree, from Harvard. In 1954, he initiated a long-term association with Philadelphia, rising to the chairmanship of the department of landscape architecture at the University of Pennsylvania and establishing a professional practice in landscape architecture, architecture, and planning (1962). McHarg became the primary successor to Rachel Carson as leader of the American ecology movement and as a nationally recognized proponent of the primacy of natural systems over the man-made. His book, Design with Nature (1969), became both a call to action and a seminal text on environmentally conscious design. The inventor of ecological planning approaches and environmental impact analyses, McHarg's graphic analysis techniques created the foundations for the geographic information systems (GIS) concept that became an integral part of professional planning practice.
Norman Krumholz: Norman Krumholz earned his Master of Urban Planning degree at Cornell University and has served as a planner in Ithaca, New York; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Cleveland, Ohio, where he was planning director from 1969 to 1979. Krumholz is the "father of equity planning," a movement during the 1960s that greatly influenced the way planners approached their work in the late 20th century and to the present day. Krumholz argues that planners, in pursuing the "public interest," have a special responsibility to promote policies that will address the needs of the poor and working-class city residents. His book, Making Equity Planning Work, written with John Forester, won the Paul Davidoff Award from the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning. Since 1985, he has been professor of urban planning at Cleveland State University. (Source: Planners on Planning, McClendon and Catanese)
What knowledge and skills do urban planners need?
Urban planners are trained as problem solvers. In order to find a solution to a specific problem, a planner may draw upon tools derived from economics, statistics, engineering, and architecture-among other fields.
Perhaps the key skill that planners bring to their work is the ability to see the inter-connections between different facets of urban living. For example, if a suburban community restricts development of low-cost housing, allowing on only expensive housing to be built, how will the community provide enough workers to fill a range of jobs that will be needed by employers in the future? What will be the cost to attract employees-affordable housing, public transportation, private buses for employers? Or will a community fail to take action and pay the price by losing employers? What may initially appear to be separate problems-housing, land use, and economic development-planners see as closely linked.
Planners learn to take a step back, to take a broader view of any subject. Planners are trained to deal with complexity and uncertainty as well as interpersonal and group dynamics needed to resolve disagreements.
A related skill is a planners' ability to persuade others through strong communication skills, both oral and written. Planners need to be effective in communicating with many different kinds of people in a range of contexts.
A recent analysis by C.A. Keithley, reported in Florida Planning (March 2001), of planning jobs advertised in the American Planning Association's Job Mart suggests the skills areas that employers look for when hiring planners at the entry level and at more advanced levels. At the entry level, four sets of skills were most highly sought: (1) administration and enforcement of codes, (2) verbal and written communication skills, (3) computer applications, public presentation skills, and GIS applications, and (4) plan preparation, data collection, and land use knowledge.
If I'm good at SimCity, will I make a good urban planner?
SimCity deserves a lot of credit for increasing non-planners' awareness of how cities grow and change over time. Anyone who plays SimCity becomes aware of the many interconnections that planners need to understand to be effective. A poor transportation system will mean that parts of the city decline. Excessive taxation will make some residents move away. Too little land available for industrial development, and the city will not be able to provide jobs for all its residents. Too little investment in maintaining and upgrading infrastructure, like the electricity supply, will result in a decline in the city's health. SimCity teaches players to understand some of the trade-offs between future investment and present-day consumption.
One limitation of SimCity is that it does not allow solutions to problems that go beyond what the designers of the game included as options. In addition, a SimCity champion may have mastered the technical details of managing a city within the constraints of SimCity, but still lack the crucial interpersonal communication skills that make real planning successful.
Do I need a masters degree in urban planning to be an urban planner?
A masters degree is required for about half the entry-level jobs in planning and more than half of the more advanced positions. Even when the degree is not required, job candidates holding a masters degree profit from a number of competitive advantages.
In C.A. Keithley's review of jobs published in the American Planning Association's Job Mart (reported in Florida Planning, March 2001), 46 percent of the entry-level positions required a masters degree, 60 percent of the Planner 2 positions required a masters degree, and 65 percent of the senior planning positions required masters degree.
In addition, employers often allow job candidates who hold the masters degree to substitute the degree for required work experience. For example, while entry-level positions required an average of 2- 2.5 years of experience, for those jobs for which the masters degree was not required, the degree probably could be substituted for some or all of the required experience.
Another advantage of the masters degree is that job candidates who hold the degree may have a competitive advantage in securing the better jobs in planning. Salary data from the American Planning Association shows that planners who hold the masters degree generally earn higher salaries than planners without the degree. Entry-level planners who possess a masters degree typically earn between $2000-4000 more than planners who lack the masters degree. This salary premium for the masters degree continues even among planners with more experience.
What sorts of courses should I take as an undergraduate that would be good preparation for studying urban planning as a graduate student?
Take courses that will give you a broad education rather than focusing too narrowly on a single specialization as an undergraduate. Because planning is about seeing interconnections and taking a broad view, the more exposure a planner has had to different fields of study, the better prepared the planner is.
Most students will find a few courses particularly useful, however, as students move through a planning curriculum. An undergraduate course in economics-especially one designed for non-economics majors-is likely to be useful. A course in statistics in any of the social sciences and a course that covers how local government works can be very useful. A course in public speaking and courses that require students to polish their writing skills are also recommended.
Where can I go to get more information about urban planning as a career?
The Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) provides information about urban planning as a career and about specific academic programs designed to prepare individuals for a career in planning. Information on careers in planning are published on the ACSP website at www.acsponline.org.
The American Planning Association, an organization of practicing planners, also provides a wealth of information to individuals interested in a career in planning. The APA webpage is at www.planning.org, and information specifically related to career planning can be found at http://www.planning.org/aboutplanning/.


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(WUSA) -- Twitter announced on Friday afternoon that approximately 250,000 of its users were hacked by an unknown source.
Developers of the social media giant said they caught the hackers during a "live attack," and were able to stop the attack before any more damage could be done.
"... Our investigation has thus far indicated that the attackers may have had access to limited user information - usernames, email addresses, session tokens and encrypted/salted versions of passwords - for approximately 250,000 users," Twitter developers said.
Twitter recommends that everyone take the time to practice "proper password hygiene." Meaning, change your password to a more powerful one, by including characters and numbers.
"This attack was not the work of amateurs, and we do not believe it was an isolated incident. The attackers were extremely sophisticated, and we believe other companies and organizations have also been recently similarly attacked. For that reason we felt that it was important to publicize this attack while we still gather information, and we are helping government and federal law enforcement in their effort to find and prosecute these attackers to make the Internet safer for all users," Twitter said in an email to its users.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dozens of Mainers converged at the State House today to stand up for the state's so-called clean election system, which they say is under attack. The group Maine Citizens for Clean Elections is urging state lawmakers to reject Gov. Paul LePage's proposed $4 million budget cut to public campaign funding, and to endorse a resolution calling for a national constitutional amendment. A.J. Higgins has more.
More than 50 people packed a State House reception room loaded up with piles of postcards that Maine Citizens for Clean Elections Executive Director Andrew Bossie (above at podium) says were intended to send a clear message.
"Today, we're presenting more than 11,000 postcards from Maine individuals that say we need to put people back in the driver's seat of our democracy," Bossie said.
Bossie and supporters of state's taxpayer-financed campaign program chose to launch their event on the three-year anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC. The ruling concluded, among other things, that corporations could accept anonymous donations to fund political advertisements.
Bossie says the decision paved the way for unlimited spending to influence elections nationally, and in Maine. In an effort to counter the effects of that court decision, communities and states are attempting to force a vote on a proposed 28th Amendment that would remove the legal personhood status from corporations, and strike the court's ruling that says that money is analogous to free speech.
Bossie wants the Maine Legislature to adopt a resolution in support of the proposed amendment.
"More than 25 towns have passed resolutions in Maine calling for a U.S. constitutional amendment on campaign finance and already we have 11 state legislatures that have urged Congress to pass a constitutional amendment, and we're hoping to make Maine the 12th state," Bossie said.
"A constitutional amendment may seem impossible -- but all amendments seemed impossible until they became reality," said Malory Shaughnessy, co-chair of the greater Portland affiliate to the National Move to Amend Coalition.
Shaughnessy says that in the last 130 years, the United States has seen the passage of court decisions that added more power and rights to corporations. Shaughnessy says when corporations achieved the status of personhood, more and more rights were accorded to them under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments, culminating with a First Amendment court ruling asserting that money was equivalent to speech.
Few candidates felt the impact of that ruling in Maine more than state Sen. Geoff Gratwick, a Bangor Democrat who wound up defeating a Republican incumbent after special interest groups on both sides spent more than $500,000 to influence the outcome of the race. Although he prevailed, Gratwick says the experience shook his beliefs in the state's political system.
"The crux of the matter is that government by the people, for the people, and of the people is in danger," Gratwick said. "Our elections are in danger of no longer being democratic but rather becoming a way of concentrating the power of the very wealthy."
In addition to forcing a national vote on a new constitutional amendment, Maine Clean Elections proponent Andrew Bossie and his supporters are urging Maine lawmakers to reject a $4 million budget cut that Gov. Paul LePage has proposed for the dozens of state lawmakers and gubernatorial candidates who rely on the system for their campaigns.
"Should the governor's biennial budget be passed as currently proposed, the $4 million cut to the clean elections fund would essentially gut the program for 2014," Bossie said. "There would be absolutely - or practically - no funds to run the clean elections system for legislative or gubernatorial candidates."
Republicans had mixed reactions to Bossie's proposal, and efforts to reach Republican state Chair Rich Cebra for comment by air time were unsuccessful.
Photo by A.J. Higgins.


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A Springs woman is pretty shaken up after a man burst into the pizza shop she is employed at, and robbed her.
The woman was opening for Papa John's Monday morning, and was the only person at the restaurant when the man came inside. Police say he threatened her, demanded cash, and then took off in a brown or gold sedan.
The suspect has been described as a thin black man, about 5-foot-6, dressed in a black hat, tan scarf over face, black coat, and dark hat and gloves.
The incident happened at the Papa John's on Union and Willamette in downtown Colorado Springs.
If you have any information on this crime, call police at 444-7000 or Crime Stoppers at 634-STOP.
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The Sacred Lives of Objects
Seeing and Being Seen in the Modern Museum
Objects are not usually thought to possess their own power. Indeed, when people are disempowered we say that they are "objectified." But everyday objects, as well as objects of devotion, act upon us in powerful ways.
This exhibit seeks to explore the potential for power, movement, and action in devotional objects. We challenge you to remain open to the possibility that objects have complex lives of their own. As you look at them, they might be looking back.
Natalie Gummer and her RLS 210 Religious Studies class curated the "Objects of Devotion Exhibit." Click on the small images to read the sub-themes and view the individual objects.
This exhibit runs through November 10 in the North Gallery.
The life of an object isn't sustained by a heartbeat. It can be determined by ritual, belief, treatment, or deterioration. Just as a heartbeat doesn't define its life, a lack thereof does not define its death. The three objects before you are in ambiguous states of life and death. Look into their eyes: without the relics and devotional practices that once animated them, are they still alive?


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WASHINGTON (AP) - Vice President Joe Biden is the flag-bearer today for the administration's gun control efforts and he's heading to Virginia, a state with an avidly pro-gun tradition.
Biden plans a roundtable discussion in Richmond with experts who worked on gun safety following the 2007 shooting at Virginia Tech.
State lawmakers have been debating a bill to require that private sellers conduct criminal background checks at gun shows.


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Enjoy a delicious hickory smoked boston butt- Dreamland style! In this package for shipping orders only, you'll get a 4lb boston butt, a quart of our legendary sauce and a loaf of white bread. The boston butt comes fully cooked yet cold. Each butt has a bone in it and serves around 12.
While shipping is not included, bibs, wetnaps, toothpicks and reheating instructions come with every package.


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UESC Samples and Templates
Samples and templates are available in the UESC Guide to help contracting officers implement task orders for UESCs under existing General Services Administration areawide contracts.
UESC Training
$2 Billion Commitment Includes UESCs
Read the full memorandum and the Office of Management and Budget guidance on qualifying.
UESC Reporting
Find legislation and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) guidance on reporting to the Federal Energy Management Program and OMB.
Utility energy service contracts (UESCs) offer Federal agencies an effective means to implement energy-efficiency, renewable-energy, and water-efficiency projects.
Under 42 U.S.C. 8256, Federal agencies are authorized and encouraged to participate in energy-efficiency, water-conservation, and electricity-demand programs offered by gas, water, or electric utilities. In a UESC, the utility will provide the analysis, design, and installation and when necessary, arrange financing. Agencies may implement a UESC with no initial capital investment or may use appropriated funds strategically to maximize the impact of their projects.
Section 432 of 42 U.S.C. 8253 authorizes agencies to combine appropriations and financing. When a project is financed, the financed amount is repaid over the contract term from cost savings generated by the project.
Learn about:
Types of Utility Energy Service Contracts: Read about contract and model agreements to expedite UESC project development and negotiations.
Laws and Regulations: Look up enabling legislation and executive orders encouraging Federal agencies to conduct UESCs.
Getting the Best Value: Read lessons learned and tips to get the best results from UESC projects.
Federal Utility Partnership Working Group (FUPWG): Find out about FUPWG meetings and activities.
Case Studies: Read Federal agency success stories about projects funded through UESCs.
Resources: Find a host of helpful publications and information about UESCs.
Contacts | Web Site Policies |
U.S. Department of Energy | USA.gov
Content Last Updated: 10/28/2013


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May 5, 2016
ARGYLE (WIFR) -- A local farmer who dedicated his life to preserving history gets one of his last wishes granted during his funeral on Sunday.
Warren Paulson, 90, died of congestive heart failure. He's the founder of the Agriculture Museum of Argyle. His family says a hearse from the 1800's sat inside the museum for years, and a sign nearby told visitors: "Paulson's last ride". That's what it was Sunday. He was taken to the cemetery in the hearse drawn by a team of horses. His family says the facility will stay open in his memory.
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Is this for your project you've been posting on Deviant Art, with the different pieces you can buy?
I'd think that simpler is better if that's the case; if you get too fancy, there's more room for disparity and inconsistency across map segments. Have you tried something as simple as just a dark red or maroon line, maybe drawn with a soft round 1 or 2 pixel brush to avoid pixellation?


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Is U.S. Justice Broken?
Recorded: Thursday, December 9, 2010
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
From fingerprinting to criminal sentencing, from lawyer licensing to judicial selection, and from eminent domain to wealth transfers via class-action lawsuits, how do perverse incentives impact the law and what reforms would create a more just and efficient legal system?
Experts: David D. Friedman, Alex Kozinski, Edward J. López, David J. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Crime, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Law Enforcement
Gore Vidal on Understanding Americas Terrorist Crisis
Recorded: Thursday, April 18, 2002
Filmed before a live audience on April 18, 2002, renowned author Gore Vidal rejects the blind patriotism expected by government officials and the mainstream media, and investigates U.S. foreign policy throughout recent history, showing how it has contributed to the terrorist crisis. With his famous wit and insight, Vidal also demonstrates the ways in which the War on Terrorism is being used to curtail civil liberties and shred the Bill of Rights.
Experts: Gore VidalType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Defense and Foreign Policy, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Terrorism and National Crises
Will Strong Encryption Protect Privacy and Make Government Obsolete?
Recorded: Tuesday, April 24, 2001
Many people have wondered how technological progress will affect political, economic, and civil freedoms. With the rise of encryption software, the National Security Agency's Echelon worldwide surveillance system, and the FBI's Carnivore e-mail snooping program, this subject is no longer the exclusive domain of speculative thinkers or futurists, it is the subject of intense public-policy debate. Will privacy-enhancing technology improve faster than privacy-threatening technology? Should the government mandate privacy standards? Should it enforce contracts in cyberspace, or would private law do a better job? Economist, physicist, and legal scholar David Friedman discussed these and related questions about technological change and the case for and against government involvement.
Experts: David D. FriedmanType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Government Power, Law Enforcement, Technology


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Durable and timeless, stainless steel sinks are popular for their clean, modern look as well as their resilience. From contemporary to classic, stainless steel works well with any type of décor and complements almost any countertop or work surface. It's also the ideal choice for coordinating with professional style appliances. Stainless steel not only looks sleek and professional, but it wears well too. It's hygienic and easy to maintain. More durable than porcelain or cast iron, stainless steel is highly resistant to heat, most household stains, and rust. Because stainless steel is a forgiving material, it's easy on dropped dishes and glassware. Stainless steel sinks are easy to care for. Water spots and mineral deposits can be prevented by rinsing thoroughly after each use and wiping dry with a clean, soft cloth. Non-abrasive cleaners such as BlancoClean are ideal for regular maintenance. Stainless steel sinks will show day-to-day wear, including minor scratches. Over time this wear will become uniform with the sink's grain, creating its own unique character, much like the patina on fine silver.BLANCO pioneered the use of stainless steel for kitchen sinks in 1952 and has since produced more than 30 million sinks. Today, BLANCO offers the most extensive line of premium quality sinks in North America. From design, style, and dimensions, to number of bowls, configuration, bowl depth, and installation style, you're sure to find just the right sink for your specific needs.
Dimensions & Weight: Overall Width: 32" Left Bowl Width: 14 3/16" Right Bowl Width: 14 3/16" Overall Depth: 20 7/8" Left Bowl Depth: 18 1/2" Right Bowl Depth: 18 1/2" Drain Diameter: 3 1/2" Required Interior Cabinet Space: 33" Cutout Size: Template provided with approximate 1/8" revealActual Weight: 30 lbs


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A prolactinoma is a noncancerous (benign) pituitary tumor that produces a hormone called prolactin. This results in too much prolactin in the blood.
Prolactin is a hormone that triggers the breasts to produce milk (lactation).
Prolactinoma is the most common type of pituitary tumor (adenoma). It makes up at least 30% of all pituitary adenomas. Almost all pituitary tumors are noncancerous (benign). Prolactinoma may occur as part of an inherited condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1)
Prolactinomas occur most commonly in people under age 40. They are about five times more common in women than in men, but are rare in children.
At least half of all prolactinomas are very small (less than 1 cm or 3/8 of an inch in diameter). These small tumors are more common in women. They stay small and never get larger.
Larger tumors are more common in men. They tend to occur at an older age. The tumor can grow to a large size before symptoms appear.
The tumor is often detected at an earlier stage in women than in men.
Medicines that treat low thyroid function (hypothyroidism) and mental illnesses can raise prolactin level. This can cause symptoms similar to prolactinoma or an actual prolactinoma.
In women:
In men:
Symptoms caused by pressure from a larger tumor may include:
There may be no symptoms, especially in men.
The doctor will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. The doctor will also ask about medicines you are taking to treat conditions such as low thyroid or mental health problems.
Tests that may be ordered include:
Medicine is usually successful in treating prolactinoma. Some people have to take these medicines for life. Some people can stop taking them, especially if their tumor has disappeared from the MRI. But there is a risk that the tumor may grow and produce prolactin again, especially if it is a large tumor.
A large prolactinoma can sometimes get larger during pregnancy.
Surgery is done in some cases when symptoms are severe such as sudden worsening of vision.
Radiation is usually only used in patients with prolactinoma that continues to grow or gets worse after both medication and surgery. It may be given in the form of:
The outlook is usually excellent, but depends on the success of medical treatment or surgery. Getting tested to check whether the tumor has returned after treatment is important.
Treatment for prolactinoma may change the levels of other hormones in the body, especially if surgery or radiation is performed.
High levels of estrogen or testosterone may be involved in the growth of a prolactinoma. Women with prolactinomas should be followed closely during pregnancy. They should discuss this tumor with their health care provider before taking birth control pills.
See your health care provider if you have any symptoms of prolactinoma.
If you have had a prolactinoma in the past, call your health care provider for a general follow-up, or if your symptoms return.
Review Date:
Reviewed By: Brent Wisse, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.


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It's Official . . . Lance Armstrong Has Admitted to Using Performance-Enhancing Drugs
During Part 1 of their interview last night, LANCE ARMSTRONG admitted to OPRAH WINFREY right up front that he used performance-enhancing drugs during all seven of his Tour de France wins.
--He was relatively straightforward in admitting he had no excuse . . . but at the same time, he did play the "everybody else was doing it" card a few times.
--In this little lightning round of yes or no questions, we learned that Lance did indeed use performance-enhancing drugs to win ALL SEVEN of his Tour de France titles.
--Those drugs included EPO . . . testosterone, cortisone and human growth hormone. He also used "blood doping" and blood transfusions.
--And he admitted that he did not believe it would have been possible to win all those titles without doping.
--One thing Lance readily admitted to was that he ruined a lot of people who tried to call him out on his doping over the years. And he said he's trying to make amends.
-One of the people he has already spoken to personally is BETSY ANDREU, the wife of Armstrong's former teammate FRANKIE ANDREU. And while she hasn't quite forgiven him yet, he did set one thing straight with her.
--Apparently, she believed that he had called her, quote, "a fat, crazy [B-word]." But he says during their recent conversation, he told her, quote, "Listen, I called you crazy. I called you a [B-word], I called you all these things, but I never called you fat." (What?!???)
--Lance also said he'd help clean up cycling if asked . . . and yes, he knows how hypocritical that sounds.
Ozzy Osbourne Was Injured in a House Fire After His Wife Fell Asleep With a Candle Burning
OZZY OSBOURNE suffered minor injuries in a house fire yesterday morning, that was started by a candle that was left burning too long.
On "The Talk" yesterday, SHARON said, quote, "Ozzy's front of his hair from (his ear down is), gone! His eyebrows (are gone) . . . he's got like, skinned cheeks."
--The fire broke out around 5am at their Beverly Hills home. It started because Sharon fell asleep with a CANDLE still burning.
--Luckily, firefighters showed up before things got out of hand. But Ozzy did suffer some minor injuries. Sharon described those injuries yesterday on "The Talk".
--She said, quote, "My husband had an operation on his hand yesterday so he's in a complete cast . . . He comes down and goes, 'Oh, the fire, the fire!' (and tries to put it out) with his hand in the cast.
--"Then he opens the French doors and I go into the kitchen and throw water on it and it erupted.
--"Ozzy's front of his hair from (his ear down is), gone! His eyebrows (are gone) . . . he's got like, skinned cheeks. We are, like, two idiots, it was like The Three Stooges.
--"Everything you are not meant to do . . . go to bed with candles alight, open the doors and put water on . . . we did it all."
--She added, quote, "I apologize to my husband because he put himself out. He made his hand worse, it started to bleed, the whole nine yards, and I'm sorry and I love you and I will never light a candle again."
Michael J. Fox Doesn't Want His Son to Date Taylor Swift
At the "Golden Globes", TINA FEY and AMY POEHLER made a joke about TAYLOR SWIFT going after MICHAEL J. FOX'S 23-year-old son Sam. Would Michael be okay with that? Apparently not.
--He was asked about it at an event in New York City the other day and he said, quote, "No, no . . . just back off."
--Although he added that he hardly even knows who she is . . . quote, "I don't keep up with it at all. Taylor Swift writes songs about everybody she goes out with, right? What a way to build a career."
"Ted 2" is Happening
Since "Ted" is the highest-grossing R-rated comedy of all time internationally, a sequel is pretty much a no-brainer.
--On ANDERSON COOPER'S show today, MARK WAHLBERG says, quote, "Seth [MacFarlane] is writing now and I've never done a sequel before, but I have just so much confidence in Seth. He's such a talented and funny guy."
--He added that he and Ted, the computer-animated bear, will appear at the Oscars.
DJ Skrillex Caught His Hair on Fire While Blowing Out His Birthday Candles
SKRILLEX . . . the Dubstep DJ that Smiley loves . . . celebrated his 25th birthday on Tuesday with a private get together.
--The highlight of the night was when he blew out the candles on his cake . . . and briefly set that long, greasy hair of his ON FIRE. At least he was able to laugh about it.
"American Idol's" Season Premiere Ratings Were Down 19% from Last Year
The 12th season premiere of "American Idol" averaged 17.9 million viewers on Wednesday night. That's down 19% from last year's premiere, which attracted 21.9 million viewers. It's also an ALL-TIME LOW for a season premiere . . . assuming you're not counting Season One, when no one knew what "Idol" was.


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Well, just start with drawing a general shape of the continent and the major land features, like mountains and rivers. There's some great tutorials for The Gimp on this forum.
Feedback and tips are easier to get when you have posted your first work in progress, so just throw something at us.


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Search Swinburne Research Bank
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/218935
- Title
- E-moderating: turning the e-learning fantasy into reality
- Author(s)
- Salmon, Gilly
- Abstract
- Working online is becoming increasingly common and desirable but e-learning changes the practice of teaching. It should add value and some additional magic - but many attempts have resulted in disappointment so far. Successful online learning and knowledge construction through collaboration depends on trainers and teachers (here called e-moderators) acquiring new competencies, on their becoming aware of the enormous potential and appropriate approaches and on their inspiring the learners, rather on merely mastering the technology. This paper explores a well-researched model of how effective collaboration can not only be set up but also sustained and developed over time. It details the skills needed by the e-moderators for success in the online environment.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Source
- Malaysian Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Jun 2001), pp. 19-27
- Publication year
- 2001
- FOR Code(s)
- 1303 Specialist Studies in Education
- Keyword(s)
- Educational technologies; E-learning; E-moderating; Online learning
- Publisher
- Malaysian Educational Technology Association
- 1675-0292
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2001.
- Peer reviewed


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November 18, 2009
Rick Kimbrel
For the seniors, Saturday will be the last time they will play in the Rose Bowl as UCLA Bruins. It appears that the whole team understands this and really put forth a good effort on Tuesday. It also helps the focus for a young team to also have bowl game ramifications on the line. Everything is that much more important.As always UCLA head coach, Rick Neuheisel spoke to the media after practice.Neuheisel: "Very pleased with the practice. It was crisp, the kids were into it all around - offense, defense, scouts, special teams. It was a complete practice and it's exactly what you need if you're going to play your best football at the end of the season. Now, the challenge is to do it tomorrow. Not take it for granted, but to make sure we have the same kind of effort and focus tomorrow and if we can that will be a gr3eat start to the week."For the rest of the story, please log onto BruinBlitz.com... ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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really good product
By Ray
from Powhatan VA
About Me Avid Cyclist
Comments about Clif Bar Clif Shot Energy Gel - 24 Pack:
Great for long rides where space is an issue
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
Comment on this review
Terrific product!
By Cycologist
from Indiana
Great product. Taste great and gives me a quick yet sustained boost of energy.
(0 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Clif Shot Mocha Gel
By Alan
from Kentucky
About Me Casual/ Recreational
See all my reviews
Mighty tasty, but messy and sticky when using on the go. Clif Shot should not have discontinued the tubes with a cap. I have to put the gel in my "gel flask" when I'm taking it with me when I'm riding.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Happy with purchase
By Alan the Cyclist
from Baltimore, MD
Good product, performs well because it digests quickly and replenishes much of what you work off as you work out!
By PSU Tim
from Philadelphia
I have always loved the taste of these mocha shots, unlike some other nutritional supplements. Gos down easy. Just use before heavy riding for that extra burst of energy.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Best tasting gel
By Harry the greek
from New berlin,wi
Take one 10-15 minutes before rideAnd one half way .For rides longer then 50mileYou will need another one
Great tasting
By Ghostfisher
from Sutter Creek, CA
The double espresso is a terrific flavor. I only use caffeine on rides, the double shot is quite a kick, so be careful if you are sensitive. It is best to have some non caffeinated gels as well so you don't overdo it. I like the consistency of these better than GU.
Fast Energy - Good Taste
By Splashboy
from Hobe Sound, FL
Taking one of these energy packs half-way through my typical thirty-mile ride makes a big difference in how strong I feel. The Razz has a good taste and contains no caffeine, which I really do not need.
good to hold you over.
By M
from Michigan
Use for my longer rides. Compact size is just right amount.
Love mocha with caffeine! Citrus is good
By Karin biking
from Spokane, Wa
I really enjoy the mocha with caffeine flavor, the citrus with caffeine is fine but the caffeine gives it a weird after taste. These are great for quick energy and I love that its mostly organic. I think the trash leash is kind of a joke though, it's never worked right for me unless I'm very delicate with it. I don't have time for delicate when I'm riding! None the less I love these products and highly recommend them.
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Home> Email A Friend
Tell a Friend About
Western Fleur-de-Lis Circle Frame Sunglasses
- Super trendy and fashion forward
- Made of lightweight acrylic
- UV400 protection
- Each pair comes with microfiber cleaning cloth
- Includes protective zippered hard storage case with clip
- Approx. Dimension: Frame measures 5.5" wide side to side & 2.25" tall top to bottom. Arm measures 1" wide at widest point.


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FAIRFAX CO. Va. (WUSA9) -- They've been maturing below our feet for the last 17 years. They're getting ready for their grand entrance this month above ground.
But according to entomologists and other urban forestry experts, there are places in our area that could be spared from the sights and sounds of Brood II, the red-eyed orange winged periodic cicadas.
"Cicadas are well known for their singing buzzing sound."
Monica says, "I think it sounds like something is wrong with your TV."
Laura says, "It's like an overwhelming chrrrrr."
But not to worry, says Allen, but the invasion of Brood II may not be that bad.
"It will be spotty at best. We may not notice them at all."
VA Tech entomologists predict the insects will start appearing next week. The concentration is in central and southern Virginia.
But only pockets of them will emerge from Northern Va. to New York, with concentrations in Leesburg and Western, Maryland.
Allen says, "They don't bite, sting, they're not poisonous. They're defenseless."
Allen says don't worry about your flowers and plants.
She does say you may have to watch out for your young trees because the female cicadas will lay 4-500 eggs in tree limbs.
"When the eggs hatch it splits the whole branch and you may see dead branches."
Entomologist say this year's infestation won't be anywhere close to the outbreak of Brood X, in our are, when they emerge in 2021.
The cicadas will live for 4-6 weeks above ground and die.
Fairfax County does not recommend using insecticides because that will kill other beneficial insects.


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Ancient Health Secrets: Ayurveda Diet
By Tawnya Manion | May 9, 2013
For over 5,000 years, people in India have followed the Ayurveda diet to promote wellness and vitality. This ancient medicinal practice originated from the Hindu scriptures called the Vedas. The word stems from the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit; ayur meaning life, and veda meaning knowledge. People who follow this diet philosophy consider it a sacred way to nourish the body, mind, and soul. In short, they believe food that enters the digestive system not only effects how the physique feels but the spirit too.


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May 5, 2016
Police have arrested a man suspected of stabbing another man in New Bern.
Tony Williams, 31, is charged with assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill in Craven County. He is accused of stabbing Jimmy Priestly on Poplar Street in New Bern early Monday morning, that's according to the New Bern Sun Journal. The paper says the victim's injuries were non-life-threatening.
Williams is due in court today.
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Funny brothers Shawn and Marlon Wayans
Shawn and Marlon Wayans attend the L.A. premiere of "A Haunted House." (Photo: PRPhotos)
Marlon Wayans, Essence Atkins and Cedric the Entertainer star in the funny horror film 'A Haunted House". We've got the red carpet photos for the movie that hits theaters January 11.
Copyright ©2016, Interactive One, LLC . All Rights Reserved Powered by WordPress.com VIP


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Bone County is the desert region spanning the northern and northeastern portions of San Andreas. This arid region is the largest continuous land mass in the entire state, and suffers from frequent sandstorms. The general sentiment is one of rugged isolationism, juxtaposed against the one bustling, sparkling oasis in this vast desert, Las Venturas. Bone County is home to large public works projects, such as Sherman Dam and The Big Ear; tourist traps like Regular Tom; large rock formations like El Castillo del Diablo and Arco del Oeste; ghost towns such as Las Brujas; a quarry; and a top-secret government research facility, Area 69. It is possibly inspired by Nye and Lincoln counties in Nevada while many of the rock formations may be inspired by Arizona, New Mexico and California desert rock formations. Bone County is the second most populated county in San Andreas with a total population of clearly estimated 455, while the most populated county is Red County with a population of 702, while the poorest populated area is Flint County, with a population less than 31.
The radio station K Rose broadcasts from somewhere in this desert, as does the Area 53 radio show, featured on WCTR. On the radio show Gardening with Maurice, a woman from Bone County inquired as to why she can't grow flowers, to which Maurice replied, "Get out of the desert, you moron." Bone County is also home to three myths, namely the mass grave, a serial killer, and UFOs. Some players have also reported ghosts to appear in the area, however this is extremely rare and may be a coding error.
Unnamed area
- Ammu-Nation
- Arco del Oeste
- El Castillo del Diablo
- Hunter Quarry
- Green Palms
- Lil' Probe'Inn
- No Fly Zone (Area 69)
- Octane Springs
- Regular Tom
- The Big Ear
- The Big Spread Ranch
- Verdant Meadows
- The name Bone County is possibly a reference of the word boner, a slang term for an erection.
| San Andreas | Los Santos | San Fierro | Las Venturas
Red County | Flint County | Whetstone | Tierra Robada | Bone County
|Carl Johnson (CJ) | Sean "Sweet" Johnson | Big Smoke | Frank Tenpenny | Cesar Vialpando | Wu Zi Mu | Mike Toreno
|Radio Stations
|K-Rose | Radio X | Radio Los Santos | Playback FM | SF-UR | K-JAH Radio West | WCTR | K-DST | Master Sounds 98.3 | CSR 103.9 | Bounce FM
|Driving School | Pilot School | Bike School | Boat School
|Gang Tags | Snapshots | Horseshoes | Oysters | Unique Stunt Jumps
|Other Resources
|Missions | Weapons | Safehouses | Cheats
|Related titles and mods
|Hot Coffee | Multi Theft Auto | San Andreas Multiplayer


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Star Wars
There's a galaxy of boy's Star Wars costumes to choose from, so your boy is going to have a tough time picking out his favorite. We have costumes from the original trilogy, the prequels, and the Clone Wars TV shows. The three Star Wars prequels tell the story of how Anakin Skywalker grew up to become Darth Vader, and how the Republic became the dreaded Empire. Anakin was a child in the first and a teen in the second, so kids can relate to him and his struggles. Obi Wan was still a young man, and Yoda ran the Jedi Council. There were some memorable villains in these movies, like Jango Fett, Darth Maul, and General Grievous. These costumes and many more are available for children of all ages.
Star Wars Episode VII Kylo Ren Costume Child
Boy's Boba Fett Deluxe Costume
Deluxe Child's Anakin Skywalker Costume
Star Wars Stormtrooper Costume for Boys
Star Wars Rebels Deluxe Zeb Costume for Boys
Jedi Robe Deluxe Boy's Costume
Deluxe Child Star Wars General Grievous Costume
Child's Obi Wan Kenobi Deluxe Costume
Boy's Deluxe Battle Damaged Darth Vader Star Wars Costume
Child's Clone Trooper Deluxe Costume
Tusken Raider Star Wars Costume for Boys
Star Wars Rebels Tie Fighter Costume for Boys
Star Wars Rebels Kanan Deluxe Costume for Boys
Darth Vader Muscle Chest Shirt Set Costume for Boys
Ezra Bridger Muscle Chest Shirt Set Costume for Boys
Deluxe Darth Vader Boys' Costume
Star Wars Rebels Ezra Costume for Boys
Star Wars Rebels Inquisitor Costume for Boys
Star Wars Deluxe Jedi Costume for Boys
Star Wars Rebels Inquisitor Deluxe Costume for Boys
Star Wars Stormtrooper Deluxe Costume for Boys
The Clone Wars take place in between the second and third prequels and follow the adventures of Anakin and Obi Wan as they fight in this long and difficult war. New heroes, like Commander Cody and Rex, are costumes any Clone Wars fan will love wearing. Other great characters also have costumes your boy might want, including Pre Vizsla and Cad Bane. The original series of Star Wars movies are actually the final episodes of the total story. Anakin has grown up and fallen to the Dark Side of the Force, becoming the evil Darth Vader. His son is Luke Skywalker, who is a young man struggling to learn the Jedi ways while he joins forces with the Rebel Alliance and tries to defeat the Empire. There are costumes for both of them, as well as characters from Luke's home world, like a Jawa or a Tusken Raider. There are also stormtrooper costumes and even Boba Fett, Jango's son.


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What is RM Cash
"Customer service is priority #1 at Rocky Mountain ATV/MC. We value our customers and strive to be the best shopping experience- when you buy from us, you are buying lifetime service."
-Dan Thomas, CEO and Founder
We take pride in offering no hassle returns. In the event of a return, please call, email or chat with us to receive a solution to the problem. For apparel that doesn't fit quite right, Click here to see our Fit Guaranteed Program.
We will stand behind all products we sell with regards to manufacturing defects in workmanship and material. Most products are limited to the manufacturer's warranty. However, we will do everything in our power to take care of the problem.
Each review submitted enters you into a $100 gift card monthly drawing, and a $500 gift card quarterly drawing!
Comments On Mar 28, 2011:Great price on this hard to find part. A++
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Comments On Feb 16, 2008:I can't notice a difference when i'm on the bike, but people who travel to the track with me say my bike is much quieter than the other bikes. I do not notice any power loss, can still pull holeshots!!
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Comments On Jan 15, 2008:Easy to install. worked well. Very happy. I wish it was quieter.
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Other items of interest


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Ace Monster Toys is getting featured on Make: Live's Hackerspace Roadshow stream. Read details and links to watch below:
Join us for a Hackerspace Roadshow tonight on Make: Live! This time, we have our passports ready to be stamped because we're taking the show international. We'll be checking in with Perth Artifactory in Australia and Tokyo Hackerspace in Japan. In the US, we'll hear from Ace Monster Toys in Oakland, CA, Hive13 in Cincinnati, OH, and NYC Resistor right here in Brooklyn, NY. Each hackerspace will give us a tour and show off a few of their members' projects. Perth Artifactory has a 30,000 volt MIDI instrument they call the Arcophone, which they'll play for us. Tokyo Hackerspace will show off their LOL Shield builds and how how they melt lead for their radiation detection experiments. Ace Monster Toys will show us their huge 100 watt laser cutter, LED blinking art, and a Minecraft Creeper bot. Hive13 will take us around their impressive space, will talk about their lock picking forensics group and their RGB LED window. And NYC Resistor members will demo their projects, including an Inspector Gadget inspired pop up book, a TV-B-Gone NES Light Gun, remote controlled HAM radio base station, and stylish RFID-blocking wallets. We'll have all that, a giveaway from Digi-Key, and so much more tonight on Make: Live.
Details about this episode:
Make: Live 21: Hackerspace Roadshow II
Wednesday November 30th at 9pm ET/6pm PT
Watch at makezine.com/live or on UStream
Please join us in the UStream chat or mark tweets with #makelive to interact live with the show.
Thank you and I hope we'll see you in the chat tonight!


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Cambadillac wrote:Making the SS flow from left to right is how it SHOULD be. Having it the opposite way is just confusing and stupid for new players. It should flow the same way you order it in the file editing page. Consistency is important. I remember when i first started how confused i was at the reversing of the order. It was sloppy that it was never mentioned anywhere. I've even played new people who have made the same mistake. Good catch MM.
I would prefer if the 1st SS was on the top left part of the screen, the 2nd SS was by the cemetary pile, the 3rd in the middle of the game board, the 4th under the "set card" slot, and the last SS next to my avatar.


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The original Clash of the Titans movie is a fun, campy, silly adventure movie based on the Perseus myth. With the Deluxe Clash of the Titans Boys' Perseus Costume, your son can become this classic hero and save the world in style. This officially licensed costume features a dark tunic, molded armor chest plate, silver gauntlets, and shin guards. In the film, Perseus travels to many locations and fights mythical creatures like Medusa, and the legendary Kraken. Get him a pair of gladiator sandals and a sword and shield, and he'll look just like this warrior of old. Hopefully his trials and tribulations on Halloween night won't match Perseus's over the course of the film, but you never know. At least this way, he'll be prepared for whatever comes his way.
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How? Add two items to your cart and enter the code BOGO4MOM during checkout, 50% BOGO discount will be applied to the lesser priced item!
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Get FREE SHIPPING if you order today with coupon code SHIPSFREE
Our shiny high gloss clear finish that rivals the reflection of automotive paint or glass. Our matte/satin finish has a smudge-proof, silky smooth feel that reduces glare & fingerprints. Check it out:
Since 2003, we've taken great pride in the quality, fit and ease of installation of our skins. Having one of them on your device is the best advertisement we have.
If you damage your skin during installation, let us know. We'll send you a new piece for free - you just cover the shipping charge.
Here are some other sweet skins you might like:
Remember, we offer over 1000 pieces of art as skins for your Apple iPod Touch.
Are you rocking one of these skins? Tell us - and earn reward points!


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CAPE CANAVERAL, FL (Florida Today) -- NASA's Voyager 1 is zipping along a newly detected "magnetic highway" that will lead the spacecraft out of the solar system within the next few years, scientists said Tuesday.
Some 11 billion miles from the sun, the new region is at the farthest reaches of the solar system and probably is the last one the spacecraft will cross before entering interstellar space.
But scientists still aren't exactly certain when the spacecraft -- which was launched from Cape Canaveral 35 years ago -- will exit the solar system and become an enterprizing starship.
"We don't know exactly how long it will take. It might take several months. It could take several more years," said Voyager Project Scientist Edward Stone of California Institute of Technology.
"But we do believe this might be the very last layer between us and interstellar space," he said. "It is that magnetic highway that is really connecting us to the outside."
Discovery of the far-out freeway was serendipitous. Data beamed back from Voyager 1 in late July and August showed the spacecraft was in a region that was like a divided highway.
Spacecraft instruments detected low-energy particles streaming out of the solar system. At the same, time, high-energy cosmic rays were streaming into the solar system from interstellar space. So scientists think Voyager 1 is in a region that connects the solar system with outer space.
Voyager 1 and its twin, Voyager 2, were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station 16 days apart in August and September 1977.
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and Saturn. Its twin flew by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune and is nine billion miles from the sun. Both spacecraft are probing the boundaries of the solar system, and Voyager 1 is expected to be the first man-made spacecraft to exit the solar system and enter interstellar space.


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Library Services for Faculty
Instruction Resources
- Request Library Instruction
Request an instruction session for your face-to-face or online class.
- E-Resources: Linking to E-Books and Journal Articles
How to create links to Library resources for your classroom.
- Information Literacy Resources
- Open Educational Resources
A guide to assist faculty on finding and using Open Educational Resources in the online classroom.


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The mission of the Finance Department is to provide sound business, financial and risk management support to internal and external customers, ensuring continuation of public services to the residents, visitors and businesses of Santa Monica through the protection of financial resources.
Alternating Fridays – 8:30am to 4:30pm
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The Issuer is currently represented by, and will rely on the advice of (in the sense that it will seek and consider the advice, analysis and perspective of, before making a determination), Public Resources Advisory Group, in considering information (other than general information that does not involve a recommendation) that you provide to us regarding municipal financial products and the issuance of municipal securities.
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To renew online, click here: www.smgov.net/blrenew.
For a new license: Please call 310-458-8745
Payment for utility bills, parking citations, and business license renewal may be placed in the blue drop box located in the courtyard in the back of City Hall at 1685 Main Street, Santa Monica or by visiting our public counter during regular business hours. The public counter is located on the ground floor at 1717 4th Street, Suite 150.
Phone: 800-214-1526 (touchtone citation payment) Website: http://paytickets.smgov.net
Phone: 310-458-8999 (touchtone bill payment) Website: https://waterbill.smgov.net/ecare/login.asp


text: If you love kids, and you've been wanting to do something that could make a difference in their lives. This could be the volunteer opportunity for you. CASA needs about 300 additional volunteers because there are 700 children without a dedicated volunteer. There is an information session tonight from 6p-7p at the Westlake Hils Presbyterian Church. You can find out more about CASA, and if you'd be a good fit here!


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This is the land of the free, so show your love for the nation with the American Uncle Sam Patriotic Costume. This costume comes included with a jacket, pants, bow-tie, and hat. The jacket to this costume is longer in the back than the front. It is blue and features a red and white stripe pattern. The pants are also striped in red and white, to resemble the American flag, as well as the bow tie and hat. The large hat also has a blue band with white stars on it to really top off the look. This is the perfect costume for the 4th of July, Memorial Day, or any other patriotic holiday. Become the symbol of this country by purchasing this costume that is full of fun and pride.
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One fact about Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. that many people are perhaps not aware of is that at the height of the civil rights struggle, in May, 1964, he came to deliver a couple of sermons in Maine - his one and only visit to the state that we know about. In the first in a new series on Maine Things Considered looking at the state's hidden history, we hear from local historian and former state legislator Herb Adams, who's written about this little-known event. Adams spoke with Maine Things Considered host Tom Porter.
Maine Things Considered host Tom Porter speaks with Maine historian and former state legislator Herb Adams (left) about Martin Luther King, Jr.'s only known visit to the state, in May of 1964.


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Robert Higgs on The Peter Schiff Radio Show on Economic Intervention
Recorded: Thursday, December 15, 2011
Fill-in host Tom Woods on the Peter Schiff Radio Show interviews Senior Fellow Robert Higgs. They discuss the history of government economic interventions during the Great Depression and World War II and how those lessons apply today. Check out some of Robert Higgs books mentioned on the program.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: RadioIssues: Banking and Finance, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt, History (U.S), Labor and Employment, Regulation and Deregulation, Taxes
Financing Failure? The European Debt Crises
Recorded: Monday, December 12, 2011
Vern McKinley, author of Financing Failure: A Century of Bailouts discusses the current fiscal crisis in Europe. Recorded in English and Chinese at SOH Radio.
Experts: Vern P. McKinleyType: RadioIssues: Banking and Finance, Business, Economic Policy, Free Market Economics


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Alban Berg: Wozzeck. Georg Nigl, Mardi Byers, Paster; Migunov; Tcherniako. Bolshoi Theatre Orch. & Chorus, Teodor Currentzis [DVD]
1 DVD Video / Bel Air Classiques / 2012-10-30Works: Alban Berg: Wozzeck, Op. 7
Performers: Byers, Mardi; Nigl, Georg
Conductors: Currentzis, Teodor
Ensemble: Bolshoi Theatre Chorus; Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra
In 2010, for the first time in its history, the Bolshoi Opera presented Alban Berg's masterpiece Wozzeck. This bold, sensitive, and truly historic production by...continue...
Run Time: 135 min.
Region: 0
Picture Format: NTSC, 16:9, Color
Sound Format(s): PCM Stereo, DD 5.1
Subtitles: English, German, French, Spanish
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May 5, 2016
Wednesday, March 20, 2013
ATLANTA (AP) -- Forecasters are warning of freezing temperatures across much of Georgia as a blast of winter weather approaches the state.
The National Weather Service issued a freeze warning, which goes into effect at 4 a.m. Thursday and runs through 11 a.m. Thursday. It covers much of northern and central Georgia, and includes the cities of Athens, Atlanta, Blairsville, Dalton, Gainesville, LaGrange and Eatonton.
Temperatures are expected to range from the lower- to mid-20s in the higher elevations of north Georgia and from the upper 20s to lower 30s in other areas included in the freeze warning.
In metro Atlanta, forecasters predict a chance of snow and sleet in the early morning hours Friday.
(Copyright 2013, The Associated Press)
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This Digi Code 5062 / DC5062 is a 310 MHz garage or gate remote control that willl control two different Stanley or Digi Code 310 MHz radio receivers. The unit is compatible with your existing Stanley 1050, 1050-15, MCS105015, or 1082 remote control. Programming is a snap just match the dip switches to your existing remote or receiver.


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Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Mission Statement:The mission of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology is to provide strong educational programs for undergraduate, graduate, and professional students, to conduct high quality research in biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology, and to effectively transmit scientific knowledge to the general public.
Meet the faculty who contribute to our program's success.
All Degree Programs
View the several degree programs that the Biochemistry Department has to offer.
Scientific Research
Our research is application based science in a vast amount of fields ranging from agriculture to human diseases.
Student Resources
Information for prospective Biochemistry and Molecular Biology students.