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Home List of Titles Bacterial attachment onto the surfaces of sputter-prepared titanium and titanium-based nanocoatings
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/222618
- Title
- Bacterial attachment onto the surfaces of sputter-prepared titanium and titanium-based nanocoatings
- Author(s)
- Ivanova, Elena P.; Wang, James Y.; Truong, Vi Khanh; Kemp, Anna; Berndt, C. C.; Crawford, Russell J.
- Abstract
- Titanium is commonly used in indwelling devices because of its high biocompatibility, low toxicity and high corrosion resistance. Titanium can be used either as a pure metal, an alloy or as a coating in medical applications; including orthopeadic and dental prostheses and cardiac valves, maxiofacial surgery and vascular stents. The use and diversity of these implants is increasing. As a result, research into the use of bioactive surface modified titanium, modified to enhance its biocompatibility, is also increasing. Thin film technologies are available that enable the creation of different surface morphologies, and these morphologies strongly influence the extent of growth and adhesion of osteoblast cells.
- Publication type
- Book chapter
- Research centre
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Source
- Advances in nanotechnology, vol. 8 / Zacharie Bartul and Jerome Trenor (eds.), Chapter 4, pp. 195-224
- Publication year
- 2011
- Keyword(s)
- Bacterial attachment; Surfaces of sputter-prepared titanium; Titanium-based nanocoatings
- Publisher
- Nova Science
- 9781613240625, 1613240627
- Publisher URL
- none
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2011.
- Peer reviewed


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Peaceful and pure, this cologne radiates warmth. Botanically enhanced, it soothes skin with jojoba oil and aloe vera, while leaving a comforting presence that helps you navigate your day with grace and ease. View All Ingredients.
A fragrant palette of boundless inspiration.
Velvety lavender. Warm rosewood. Fresh clary sage. Flirty violet leaf.
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Lavender Memories
Mom used to tuck fresh lavender sachets under my pillow when she made up my bed with sheets fresh from the clothesline, windblown and full of sunshine. The feeling of the smooth white sheets and the delicious scent of lavender was unforgettable. Thymes Lavender takes me back. Happy memories.
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Lovely fragrance
I love this! I usually do not wear fragrance because they are so heavy. This is lightly scented, but very lovely.
Always a winner
Although I rotate fragrances, the Lavender Cologne is one I always enjoy using again and it will never leave my rotation. It is fresh, calming and beautiful all at the same time! I especially like to use the Lavender Collection items during the spring and summer and find they add joy to the lovely spring days and the uber hot days of August here in Houston. Lavender will remain a 10 for me!
Favorite fragrance.
It's hard for me to find a fragrance that doesn't grow and overwhelm me after a few minutes. This one is perfect! It settles into the perfect amount of fragrance on my skin. I hope they continue this fragrance for a long long time. It is definitely my cologne of choice.
Soft and Soothing Lavender
I love this fragrance because it's so therapeutic and calming. If I feel stressed I just spritz this on my wrists and take a moment to calm my nerves. I also spray a little on my pillows and sheets for sweet dreams. Very nice fragrance to add to your Thymes collection.
Alcohol Denat.¹,
Lavender Oil,
Rosewood Wood Oil,
Clary Oil,
Violet Leaf Oil,
Aloe Vera,
Jojoba Seed Oil,
Tocopheryl (Vitamin E) Acetate,
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Benzyl Alcohol,
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Cinnamyl Alcohol,
Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone,
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What is RM Cash
User Tip: If you're unsure of your vehicle type, you may skip the machine type selection box.
Select type, make, model and year above
"Customer service is priority #1 at Rocky Mountain ATV/MC. We value our customers and strive to be the best shopping experience- when you buy from us, you are buying lifetime service."
-Dan Thomas, CEO and Founder
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Comments On Oct 07, 2014:I installed this on my sons bike and followed all the instructions. The decal template is not good. I took care and time to lineup template and drill holes and it still did not lineup perfectly. Luckily it was close enough that I was able to make it work. If you do this be careful and a lot some extra time. The device worked great once installed!
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Comments On Aug 07, 2014:The anodized fork ring gives it a nice look, it's very durable . It is a bit tricky to install but very straight forward. Definately a must have for those who want to get the holeshot
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Comments On Mar 13, 2013:Bought 2 of these. On Hondas the mounting position that Hammerhead designed there device to mount is the larger part of the leg where the seal is. I had a constant problem with the device getting knocked off that larger section and then flopping around. Other companies mount it higher eliminating this problem. Also the button that actually catches the notch on the leg vibrated out. Not a typical screw. So frustrated took the one off the spare bike and threw them both away. Junk.
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Comments On Jun 01, 2012:I give full credit for not a single lost holeshot all season to this thing. It is settable (with a little coordination) on your own its been on there for 2 seasons now and looks like new. comes easy to set up. GET A COPY OF THE STICKER THAT IT COMES WITH! Its easier then emailing the company and having them email the picture to you and having to crop it to work. hope this helps you :)
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Respect and protect.
Commercially harvested openly in places, and killed under the guise of research in others - the giants of the oceans are awe-inspiring even in pictures. They are not alone in being pursued by hunters though.
Legal hunting seasons, abuse of indigenous hunting rights, by-catch and poaching for profit - these all lead to the deaths of thousands of sea turtles, dugongs, rays and seals. It's no longer acceptable to sit back and do nothing whether we live near an ocean or miles inland. The oceans' problems are our problems. In order to survive, we need to respect and protect them and the marine life that depends on them as much as we do. It's time to stop talking and start doing.
Marine conservation - uniting people all over the world.
Things have changed. Now it's the sharks that should be afraid to be in the water. Top of the food chain, apex predators, crucial to the ocean's eco-system, and yet 100 million are killed each year, 73 million for their fins alone.
Marine conservation is uniting people all over the world. With an almost tribal urge, the sense of belonging and personal contribution is strong; people are willing to sacrifice much more in support of their tribe than ever before.
Power and strength in numbers.
The oceans cover over 70% of the earth's surface, and provide us with half the oxygen we need to breathe. From industry waste and emissions to throwing away a single plastic bottle that will leave its mark for ever, and from the great ocean garbage patches to toxic fish and marine mammals, we are all responsible for the state it's in today. The scale of the problems is vast, but there is power and strength in numbers. Add you voice to ours and we will do amazing things together.
Achieve amazing things for dolphins.
Find someone who doesn't love dolphins, and you'll be eye to eye with one of the people who still hunts them, drives them into coves to be killed for food, or equally senselessly, captures and sells them for entertainment. Our tribe is young, but together we can grow a powerful, global marine conservation movement that can and will achieve amazing things for dolphins and other marine life. We salute the numerous other tribes that have been battling to save the oceans for many years. We look forward to fighting alongside them.


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Sweet Corn Pheromone Trap Network for Western New York, 2005
This is a seasonal scouting report giving growers in the Western New York area information on the presence of sweet corn pests and recommendations on scouting and thresholds. The report is written by Abby Seaman, NYS IPM's Area Extension Educator for Vegetables.
For 7/12/05
The ECB situation is similar to last week, with ECB-E trap catches remaining low across the area, and ECB-Z still being caught moderate numbers in a couple of areas. ECB infestations in the field are low in areas with low trap catches, and some fields are not over threshold at tassel emergence. I found lots of new egg masses in Trichogramma trial fields in Tioga county last week. CEW were caught again this week in low numbers at a few locations. It looks like a few may have been brought up with the remains of the tropical storm, but because numbers to our south are still relatively low, we didn't get many. To monitor trap catches in the states to our south go to the PestWatch web site.
Fields started under plastic or row cover will be very attractive to egg-laying moths because the plants are larger than those in bare ground fields. We have found that using the usual tassel emergence scouting and thresholds do not work in corn started under plastic or row cover. John Mishanec has had good results in trials in which pheromone trap catches were used to time sprays in row cover or plastic corn. Growers waited until there was a significant increase in the ECB trap catches in their area and then timed sprays to coincide with egg hatch. ECB eggs require 100 degree days (base 50) from oviposition to hatch.
For bare ground plantings, fields should be first scouted for ECB and FAW larvae at early tassel emergence. Even at a location with high ECB populations, insecticide applications in bare ground fields to whorl stage corn did not result in improved control when compared with one or two well-timed applications at tassel emergence. Larvae feeding in the whorl are protected from insecticide applications and mortality will not be as high as at tassel emergence, when larvae feeding in the emerging tassel are exposed to the spray. Larvae will leave the tassel as it opens up and no longer provides a moist, protected feeding environment, and move down the plant looking for protected places to feed. Insecticide applications need to be timed to kill larvae before they bore into a new feeding location where they will be again protected from sprays. In fields with very uneven development, two applications may be necessary, one when approximately 25-50% if the tassels have emerged, and again after 75-100% of the tassels have emerged, if the field is still over threshold.
The threshold for ECB and armyworms at tassel emergence is 15% infested plants. For corn borers, look down into emerging tassels for tiny larvae or frass (white to brown material about the size of fine sand). For armyworms look for ragged feeding holes and frass pellets the texture of coarse sawdust. Before any insecticides have been applied, scouting is fast and easy because any sign of feeding is an almost sure sign of live larvae, so it's not necessary to spend time finding the larvae. After the initial insecticide application, feeding damage may be from a larva that has already been killed, so finding the critter is more important for an accurate estimate of the number of infested plants.
Once a field is silking, the threshold drops to 5% infested plants. Scout the ear zone (roughly from two leaves above and one leaf below the ears) for ECB egg masses and ECB or FAW larvae. Egg masses are found most frequently on the underside of leaves near the midrib, and consist of approximately 10-20 flattened eggs overlapping like fish scales. Eggs are white when first laid, turning cream colored after a couple of days, and show the black head capsules of the tiny larvae through the surface of the eggs when within 1 day of hatching (the "black head" stage). Egg masses can also sometimes be found on the flag leaves of the ears or on the husk itself. Eggs take approximately 100 base 50 degree days to hatch. When temperatures are in the 70's during the day and the 50's at night egg masses will take about a week to hatch. When temperatures are in the 80's during the day and the 60's at night, they could hatch in only 4 days. Look down into the tops of the silks for newly hatched larvae, and pull the ear away from the stalk slightly to look for larvae feeding between the stalk and the ear.


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CTAE culinary event postponed to April 11
Published: Wednesday, April 3, 2013 at 2:30 p.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, April 3, 2013 at 2:30 p.m.
The Cuisine and Culture Expo at the Community Technical & Adult Education center, originally scheduled for Thursday, has been postponed for a week due to expected severe weather tomorrow evening, the school reported today.
In an email, CTAE noted the culinary event will take place instead beginning at 5 p.m. the following Thursday, April 11.
The National Weather Service has forecast an 80 percent chance of severe thunderstorms Thursday afternoon and evening.
The annual expo is a food-related journey through various lands, with CTAE's culinary students preparing bite-size samples of dishes from each. Admission is free; each sample is $1. For questions or additional information, contact CTAE at 671-7200.
Contact Rick Allen at 867-4154 or rick.allen.@starbanner.com.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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June 23, 2013
Blake Alderman
This weekend Florida received huge news along the recruiting front when Hollywood (Fla.) Chaminade Madonna Rivals250 defensive tackle Khairi Clark gave his verbal commitment to the Gators. Inside the Gators will now take a closer look at what this out-of-the blue commitment means ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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From Edmunds.com
The automotive world is filled with myths and misconceptions. Many are encouraged by carefully worded advertisements. Others originate from Olympic-level leaps of imagination and assumption. And some, particularly those concerning how a car actually works, are created when complex subjects are oversimplified. Here, we'll debunk 10 of the most common mechanical myths.
Now you can separate fact from fiction in the automotive world.
Copyright Edmunds.com, Inc. All rights reserved. First published on www.edmunds.com and excerpted with permission.


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Good morning, Washington area — Here are five stories to keep you informed and get you going:
Dulles Rail project may be in jeopardy — again: A bill that has passed the Virginia General Assembly may prevent any state money from being used for the project. The measure prohibits state funding for projects mandating or giving preferential treatment to contractors who use union labor. http://bit.ly/A8gEw7
Frederick Co. makes English its official language: Frederick County has become the first county in Maryland to make English the official language of the government. http://bit.ly/wghlD5
Jurors getting murder case of former U.Va. lacrosse player: Jurors in the murder trial of a former University of Virginia lacrosse player will decide whether he fatally battered his ex-girlfriend in a drunken, jealous rage or if his intent to simply talk spiraled out of control, leaving her bleeding and dying in her bedroom. http://bit.ly/wlFWQu
D.C. Council approves measure to clean up language: The D.C. Council has passed a measure banning members from using profanity during public meetings. http://bit.ly/wubDsa
Syria shelling of Homs kills 2 Western journalists, including American: A French photojournalist and an American working for a British newspaper were killed Wednesday by Syrian government shelling of the opposition stronghold of Homs, France's government said. http://bit.ly/zdteP5
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(Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.)
The red carpet sizzled as Hollywood and media elite met at the 2016 White House Correspondents' Dinner. See Photos from the Washington Hilton.


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May 5, 2016
Authorities say they've busted a heroin pipeline from New Jersey to Greenville and put three people behind bars.
Members of the Greenville Regional Drug Task Force and DEA Raleigh arrested Derrick Howard and Chauncey Green, both of Greenville, and charged them with numerous heroin trafficking offenses.
Law enforcement say they seized 60 grams of heroin being transported from Newark, New Jersey to Greenville.
Officials also arrested Eddie Taylor, who they say is the main supplier of the heroin source in Newark.
According to the investigation, Green is responsible for distributing 5 kilograms of heroin in Greenville.
Green and Howard are held in the Pitt County Detention Center under a $2 million secured bond.
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Falling in love with someone from another country can present a whole host of challenges: long distance, visa issues - and sometimes, a decision over which person is going to move abroad. U.S. citizens who marry a foreign citizen can sponsor their husband or wife for a green card. But Americans in same-sex relationships don't have that option. And as Samantha Fields reports, some lawmakers - including Maine Sen. Susan Collins - think it's time for that to change.
When Rene Bernard crosses the Canadian border to visit his partner, David Cohan, in the U.S., he always makes sure to have a dossier of papers on hand: things like recent utility bills, and proof that he owns both a home in Alberta and a successful business.
He hasn't had to show them yet, but it's something that Cohan says immigration officials recommended, "so that he can prove to them that he has no intention of abandoning his home and his life and his business in Canada to stay in the U.S."
Bernard doesn't have any intention of staying in the U.S. illegally. But he would move here permanently if he could - if he and Cohan could get married, and Cohan could sponsor him for a green card. The couple has been doing long distance ever since they met, two years ago, shuttling back and forth regularly between their homes in Alberta, Canada, Peaks Island, Maine and Palm Springs, California.
Bernard is only allowed to be in the U.S. 182 days out of the last 365, so they keep meticulous count. But they're at the point where they'd like to move in together. And though they could get legally married in Canada, which would allow Cohan to move there, they would rather live in the United States.
"We like the life that we have here," Cohan says. "And where he lives in Canada is a very small rural town, and he's kind of done with living in a small, rural place."
So for now, they're holding out, and keeping a close eye on two developments here in the U.S.: the legal challenge to the Defense of Marriage Act, which the Supreme Court has agreed to hear this spring, and the current push for immigration reform.
"In Washington, we are talking a lot about doing comprehensive immigration reform, and I believe this should be part of the discussion," says Maine Republican Sen. Susan Collins. Collins has introduced legislation, along with Vermont Democratic Sen. Patrick Leahy, that would allow U.S. citizens to sponsor their same-sex partners for immigration benefits.
President Obama says he supports the idea. But Collins acknowledges that there has been significant opposition to such proposals in the past. And she thinks the bill may be unlikely to pass on its own. She says it's more likely that a law affecting same-sex couples will be part of wider immigration reform.
"I think as more and more people meet individuals that are being forced to choose between the people they love and the country they love, it puts a human face on it," Collins says.
Two of the people that have put a human face on this issue for Collins are Connie Scanlon and Lia de Bruyn. Scanlon is originally from Maine, but she's been living in the Netherlands with de Bruyn, her partner, since the 1970s.
After they mostly retired several years ago, they decided they wanted to move back to Maine permanently, partly to be near Scanlon's family, and partly because they love the state. They bought a home in Lee, and moved their things here. But it turned out the 10-year visa de Bruyn got only allowed her to be in the U.S. six months out of any given year. And recently, she was stopped at the border.
"What's a strange feeling is, there's a country in the world I am not welcome," she says. "And that feels very strange, it feels like you're a criminal."
The couple is back in the Netherlands for now. They are optimistic that something will change soon that will allow them to come back to Maine, whether as a result of a Supreme Court decision, or of legislative action on immigration reform. If not, Scanlon says they'll have to sell their home in Lee, and remain in the Netherlands -- something they don't want to do.
David Cohan and Rene Bernard are also in a holding pattern, waiting on action from Washington. In the meantime, Bernard errs on the side of caution when he's coming and going, telling U.S. immigration officers that he's visiting a friend.
"I'm never sure of how accepting the immigration officers would be of same-sex couples, and if I would be discriminated against," he says. "So I don't really disclose that I'm going to see my partner, we've been together for two years, he has a home there, I stay with him."
The couple has set a November deadline. By then, they've decided, it's time to be done with long distance, and begin building their lives together in the same country - whether here or in Canada.


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It's quite nice. Some sort of vertical scale would be good as would a stellar class/size chart of some sort. Also, depending on travel tech in your setting, some notation for distance between major systems, jump routes, etc. would be cool for GMs and players.
Is this going to cover just habitable/explored stars? I don't immediately see any of the less-hospitable stellar classes and don't see any special features like black holes, pulsars, and whateverelseinhabitsspace. Always good to have some sort of "mystery" world somewhere in there.
I expect you'll get to some of these things but thought I'd point them out. I loves me some star maps so looking forward to seeng this one develop.
Edit: Oh, yeah, some indication of where this falls in your galaxy and its orientation (viz. galactic north, spinward, coreward, whatever)


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With high-quality construction and imperial design, this board will serve you well for years to come.
This board has a satin anodized finish and two sliding glass doors with heavy-duty locks. The perimeter is made of extruded aluminum. The inside case depth is 1½".
Boards are available with or without a translucent acrylic head panel. Boards with the head panel are also available with fluorescent lighting.
The poster panels are available in Natural Cork or Fabricork (fabric with cork underlay). Durable and washable Fabricork resists abuse from tacks and pins, and its punctures self-heal.
The Natural Cork colors available are Tan, Denim Blue, and Black.
Fabricork colors available are Dawn, Gray, Pacific, and Sterling.
Note on Personalization — When ordering, please state copy desired in head panel and specify color of cork or color of Fabricork. Place this information in the Shipping Comments field that accompanies the Billing and Shipping page during your check-out process.
Color Chart Note — Use this color chart as an approximation of the real color. If exact color matching is necessary, use actual samples of the materials.
Note — Items listed below are custom and are manufactured to order. As a result they are not returnable.
® Claridge is a registered trademark.


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What is RM Cash
"Customer service is priority #1 at Rocky Mountain ATV/MC. We value our customers and strive to be the best shopping experience- when you buy from us, you are buying lifetime service."
-Dan Thomas, CEO and Founder
We take pride in offering no hassle returns. In the event of a return, please call, email or chat with us to receive a solution to the problem. For apparel that doesn't fit quite right, Click here to see our Fit Guaranteed Program.
We will stand behind all products we sell with regards to manufacturing defects in workmanship and material. Most products are limited to the manufacturer's warranty. However, we will do everything in our power to take care of the problem.
Each review submitted enters you into a $100 gift card monthly drawing, and a $500 gift card quarterly drawing!
Comments On May 06, 2013:Easy to install and use and provides great traction in the ice, if you need traction on ice this is what you need.
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Comments On Nov 12, 2011:I'm pleased with the overall quality of these snow chains. I am running these on my 2005 quadsport 400 (Yes, a two wheel drive sport machine in the snow) with Kenda Road-Go 20x11-9 rear tires and these chains fit great using the 14.5" x 52" size.
I haven't had a chance to try these in the snow yet, (the season is still young), but I am impressed by the aggressiveness of these v-bar chains.
Install time for these chains is pretty short once your have a good handle on the routine. 1 minute per tire is a good estimate once you know exactly how these fit your atv/utv.
The install manual DOES recommend bungee cords and/or deflating the tire before installing and re-inflating after, to keep the chains tight, but I think I've got a great fit even without cords or deflating.
Also, the manual recommends a maximum speed of 5mph when these chains are installed, but I'll see if they become dangerous at higher speeds and post my findings. I think these were designed for low-speed plowing, not cross-country excursions in third gear.
It is not mentioned on the product page, but the product does include a black plastic storage container for the chains. This is helpful if you want to keep these on a front or rear rack until you reach the snow. DON'T USE ON BARE PAVEMENT!
I will edit this review once I have some fresh powder, compacted snow and ice to test these on.
One side note that's not a big deal, but was a pain for a few minutes, was a defect on the set I received. One of the lengths of v-bar chain was improperly twisted and as a result, some of the chain was facing back into the tire. This was remedied with a flat head screwdriver and a hammer. Thankfully this fix didn't require any welding. I'm not sure how common the problem is for this product, but would be interested to read if anyone else experiences this.
Additional Comments On Dec 01, 2011:I've had some time to test these chains thoroughly, and I must say, I am impressed!
These chains give amazing grip on snow covered ice, pavement, dirt and mud.
For my two-wheel drive sport quad, this gets me across all of the trails I want to ride on an ATV before the snow depth gets sufficient enough for a snowmobile. The grip of these chains is great, snowy hills that I used to need momentum to scale, can be easily crawled in first gear while the chains grip into the gravel, rocks and mud. An important advantage of chains for my machine is being able to hold lateral traction on the off-camber hills. Anyone who has trail ridden a 2WD sport quad can tell you, the rear tires will spin your quad down, against the slant, unlike a 4wheel-drive which will keep its course through the slant without the rear end sliding out. These chains help my back tires grip the slant better than my front tires. I was very cautious about the durability of these chains when I used them on my first trail ride, I was cringing every time I spun tires over the big rocks, but was pleasantly surprised that these chains held their fit and didn't break any links. Also, My original review promised me testing the chains at higher speeds than what the manufacturer recommends. I can say that it is possible to ride at about 35 mph, but the quad does get wobbly at that speed. Both of my tires are still intact, absolutely no damage from these chains.
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May 6, 2016
A power company says the cause of the Super Bowl blackout was a faulty device that had been installed to prevent a failure of electric cables leading to the Superdome.
Officials of Entergy New Orleans say the device, called a relay, had been installed to protect the stadium from a cable failure between the company's incoming power line and lines that run into the stadium.
Company officials said the device performed without problem during January's Sugar Bowl and other earlier events.
They said the device has been removed and replacement equipment will be installed.
The power failure cut lights to about half of the stadium for 34 minutes, halting play between the Baltimore ravens and San Francisco 49ers.
(Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
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Defining tyranny down
BY Steve Benen
The Rachel Maddow Show
President Obama told Americans last night, In the coming weeks, I will issue an Executive Order requiring federal contractors to pay their federally-funded employees a fair wage of at least $10.10 an hour because if you cook our troops meals or wash their dishes, you shouldnt have to live in poverty. Republicans arent taking it well.
Rep. Randy Weber (R-Texas), for example, called the president a Socialistic dictator and the Kommandant-In-Chef. He probably meant chief, but the point was clear.
And while Weber was more unhinged than most, he wasnt the only one outraged by the prospect of the president using an executive order to give thousands of Americans a raise. Some are demanding federal lawsuits; others are calling the policy tyranny. Rep. Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) appears to have forgotten what an executive order even is, complaining that Obama is trying to write laws.
All of these responses, on a substantive level, are misguided, but perhaps the most salient criticism came by way of Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.), who rejected the very idea of presidents pursuing policy goals outside of the legislative process. Ronald Reagan didnt think that and Bill Clinton didnt think that, McConnell said.
Its funny he should put it that way.
To hear Republicans tell it, Obamas willingness to rely on executive orders is not only outrageous, but represents some kind of new radicalism, far outside American traditions. Fortunately, this is a knowable, quantifiable thing, so its easy to check whether the far-right hysterics are grounded in fact.
Theyre not.
The American Presidency Project keeps a running tally of executive orders by president, starting with George Washington. Literally every president (except Harrison, who died a month after his inauguration) has made use of this tool, some more than others.
How does Obama stack up against his modern predecessors? Dan Amira put together a helpful chart over a year ago measuring recent presidents by the number of executive orders issued, and given the excessive, hair-on-fire outrage from Republicans this week, it seemed like it was time for an update.
I put together the above chart showing each president since the beginning of the 20th century and the average number of executive orders they issued while in office. I then ranked them, from least to most. (The data is up to date through last week, so it includes all of Obamas first five years.) Blue columns represent Democratic presidents; red columns represent Republican presidents.
Franklin Roosevelt was clearly the most ambitious president when it came to executive orders. And whos the least? That would be Barack Obama, who issued 168 executive orders in his first five years.
All told, Obama has averaged fewer executive orders, per year, than any president in the last 125 years. His totals may yet grow its tough to predict how many orders hell issue in his final three years but at least for now, Republican criticisms about Obamas excesses arent just wrong, theyre demonstrably ridiculous.


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Helping Your School-Age Child Learn About the Body
Topic Overview
As a parent, you are the ideal teacher to help your child learn about sex. Open communication about sexuality helps your child understand his or her feelings and encourages a positive attitude toward a natural process.
Your explanations should be honest and simple. Because children's cognitive growth is ongoing, a 6-year-old child often is not able to fully grasp the details about sexuality that a child who is about to enter puberty may need to have explained. A good way to gauge children's readiness for information is to first find out what they think the answer might be to their own question. Then provide as little or as much information as you think is needed. Keep your conversations ongoing, so that more sophisticated information can be given at appropriate times.
Some common behaviors and issues to discuss may include:
- Masturbation or playing doctor. As children begin to develop a clearer self-concept, they become curious about their bodies and others' bodies. They often satisfy this curiosity through exploration. Masturbation and games like "doctor" are common ways for children to learn about their own bodies and compare them to others. If you discover your child masturbating or playing doctor, try not to react with anger or outrage. That will only make your child feel ashamed and embarrassed. These are ideal times to teach your child about sexuality and about the differences between public and private activities.
- Where babies come from. By the time children are 6 years old, many have asked about where babies live before they are born. These questions can be answered with general conversation about how the baby grows in a special place inside mommy's tummy. Most younger school-age children are not ready to learn all the details about how the genitals relate specifically to sexuality and reproduction. They usually are not yet curious about how the baby got there in the first place. If your child asks more questions, you may want to give him or her an age-appropriate book on the subject to start, and be prepared to provide more explanation as well.
- Sex organs and their purpose. By the time girls are 8 or 9, they may ask questions about their genitals. Boys may wonder about morning erections. As children move closer to puberty, they should know the proper names of the sex organs and how the body changes during puberty. They should understand how babies are conceived.
- Respect and care for the body. Although children this age are naturally interested in knowing about their own genitals and sex, their outward attitude is that it is "yucky." In your discussions, try to stress that the body and sex are not dirty.
- Reassurance about their body shape. As they become more aware, it is common for children to feel that their own bodies are not right. School-age children often fret about their size or believe that they have some sort of physical defect. It is common for children around age 8 to become increasingly modest and to avoid situations in which they have to undress in front of others. It is often helpful for these children to understand that bodies come in a wide range of sizes and shapes and that nearly all children their age have the same concerns.
Many groups, such as Planned Parenthood or those sponsored by your local hospital, offer classes that you can attend with your older child that address sexuality, what to expect during puberty, and similar topics. Enrolling in such a class may make it easier for you to start an ongoing dialogue with your child.
Other Places To Get Help
|KidsHealth for Parents, Children, and Teens
|Nemours Home Office
|10140 Centurion Parkway
|Jacksonville, FL 32256
|(904) 697-4100
|Web Address:
This website is sponsored by the Nemours Foundation. It has a wide range of information about children's health—from allergies and diseases to normal growth and development (birth to adolescence). This website offers separate areas for kids, teens, and parents, each providing age-appropriate information that the child or parent can understand. You can sign up to get weekly emails about your area of interest.
|Planned Parenthood Federation of America
|434 West 33rd Street
|New York, NY 10001
(212) 541-7800
|(212) 245-1845
|Web Address:
The Planned Parenthood Federation of American provides comprehensive reproductive health care and consumer information about family planning, sexual health, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
The Teen Talk Web site (www.plannedparenthood.org/teen-talk) has information for teens about dating, teen pregnancy, sexual orientation, gender identity, how teens can protect themselves against STDs, and more.
Related Information
|Healthwise Staff
|Primary Medical Reviewer
|John Pope, MD - Pediatrics
|Specialist Medical Reviewer
|Louis Pellegrino, MD - Developmental Pediatrics
|Last Revised
|May 14, 2013
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Next Section:Other Places To Get Help
Previous Section:Topic Overview
- Top of Page
Next Section:Related Information
Previous Section:Other Places To Get Help
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Next Section:Credits
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Last Revised: May 14, 2013
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: John Pope, MD - Pediatrics & Louis Pellegrino, MD - Developmental Pediatrics
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


text: About the CE markingMarking of electrical equipment, machinery, gas appliances and heating boilers within the European UnionElectrical equipment, machinery, gas appliances and heating boilers to be marketed within the European Economic Area must bear the CE marking. It is a self declaration but mandatory. CE marking generally requires a Technical Construction File, which forms the basis for the Declaration of Conformity. The Technical Construction File indicates the product's conformity with the directives and includes the test reports for the product. The directives require that the manufacturer is capable of manufacturing products of consistent quality. SGS is a notified body and is able to support you to fulfil the requirements of the CE marking.Advantages of the CE markingThis is a declaration by the manufacturer or by an importer located within the European Economic Area that the product complies with the essential health and safety requirements of the relevant EU directives. Products being sold in or, respectively, imported into the European Union have to comply with this EU-directive and, for confirmation, have to carry a visible CE-marking. This applies to more than 80% of all industrial and consumer products. Sale without a CE-marking within the EU is not permitted.


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I've had these pictures waiting in my flickr account for a month, just waiting for things to slow down a bit so I could get back on the Year Of Pleasures train. This is the 20th week of 2011, meaning I have four more YOP posts to do before I am caught up. Oops.
So, year of pleasure #16: Becky's coat. This tableau plays out no less than 10 times a day. Becky finds her coat in the closet, tries to put it on, and then follows me from room to room with her coat, whining and crying until I give in and put it on her. Once she has on her coat, she will start bringing me shoes (any shoes, including high heels and Tom's work boots), and then, if she manages to convince me to put on her shoes, she stands at the door and whines pitifully until I get everyone else dressed and we head outside.
I'm 94% certain she learned all of this from the dog, who will bring me her leash when she wants to go on a walk just like a cartoon dog. These darn Aries, they are trouble.


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You are a fan of blackout truth ? Come to discover the best forums blackout truth on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of blackout truth . You can also build a forum blackout truth and create your online discussion.
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Animal Waste and Hazardous Substances
Pigs in a Concentrated Feeding Operation. Source: NOAA
The animal sector of agriculture has undergone major changes in the last several decades: organizational changes within the industry to enhance economic efficiency have resulted in larger confined production facilities that often are geographically concentrated.[1] Increased facility size and regional concentration of livestock and poultry operations have, in turn, given rise to concerns over the management of animal wastes from these facilities and potential impacts on environmental quality, public health and welfare.
Note: This article contains information that was originally published in the Congressional Research Service report Animal Waste and Hazardous Substances: Current Laws and Legislative Issues by Claudia Copeland. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the Congressional Research Service should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Animal manure can be and frequently is used beneficially on farms to fertilize crops and add or restore nutrients to soil. However, animal waste, if not properly managed, can adversely impact water quality through surface runoff and erosion, direct discharges to surface waters, spills and other dry-weather discharges, and leaching into soil and ground. It can also result in emission to the air of particles and gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile organic chemicals.
U.S. Environmental Laws
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), in 1997, 66,000 operations in the United States had farm-level excess nitrogen (an imbalance between the quantity of manure nutrients produced on the farm and assimilative capacity of the soil on that farm), and 89,000 had farm-level excess phosphorus.[2] USDA believes that where manure nutrients exceed the assimilative capacity of a region, the potential is high for runoff, leaching of nutrients, and other environmental problems. Geographically, areas with excess farm-level nutrients correspond to areas with increasing numbers of confined animals.
In the United States, federal environmental law does not regulate all agricultural activities. Some laws specifically exempt agriculture from regulatory provisions, and others are structured so that farms escape most, if not all, of the regulatory impact. Still, certain large animal feeding operations (AFOs) where animals are kept and raised in confinement are subject to environmental regulation. The primary regulatory focus on environmental impacts has been on protecting water resources and has occurred under the Clean Water Act. In addition, facilities that emit large quantities of air pollutants may be regulated under the Clean Air Act. Some livestock operations also may be subject to requirements of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, the Superfund law) and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA).[3] The issue of applicability of these laws to livestock and poultry operations — especially CERCLA and EPCRA — has been controversial and has drawn congressional attention.
Federal environmental law does not regulate all agricultural activities, but certain large animal feeding operations (AFOs) where animals are housed and raised in confinement are subject to regulation. The issue of applicability of these laws to livestock and poultry operations— especially the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, the Superfund law) and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)—has been controversial and has drawn congressional attention.
Both Superfund and EPCRA have reporting requirements that are triggered when specified quantities of certain substances are released to the environment. In addition, Superfund authorizes federal cleanup of releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants and imposes strict liability for cleanup and injuries to natural resources from releases of hazardous substances. Superfund and EPCRA include citizen suit provisions that have been used to sue poultry producers and swine operations for violations of those laws. In two cases, environmental advocates claimed that AFO operators had failed to report ammonia emissions, in violation of Superfund and EPCRA. In both cases, federal courts supported broad interpretation of key terms defining applicability of the laws' reporting requirements. Three other cases not dealing with reporting violations also have attracted attention, in part because of questions of whether animal wastes contain hazardous substances that can create cleanup and natural resource damage liability under Superfund. Two of these cases were settled; the third, brought by the Oklahoma Attorney General against poultry operations in Arkansas, is pending.
These lawsuits testing the applicability of Superfund and EPCRA to poultry and livestock operations have led to congressional interest in these issues. In the 109th and 110th Congresses, legislation was introduced that would have amended CERCLA to clarify that manure is not a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant under that act and that the laws' notification requirements would not apply to releases of manure. Proponents argued that Congress did not intend that either of these laws apply to agriculture and that enforcement and regulatory mechanisms under other laws are adequate to address environmental releases from animal agriculture. Opponents responded that enacting an exemption would severely hamper the ability of government and citizens to know about and respond to releases of hazardous substances caused by an animal agriculture operation.
In December 2008, EPA issued a rule to exempt animal waste emissions to the air from most CERCLA and EPCRA reporting requirements. The Obama Administration has told a federal court that it intends to revise the rule, which has been challenged by environmental groups and some in industry.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Both the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (the Superfund law, 42 U.S.C. §§9601-9675) and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. §§11001-11050) have reporting requirements that are triggered when specified quantities of certain substances are released to the environment.[4] Both laws, which are administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), utilize information disclosure in order to increase the information available to government and citizens about the sources and magnitude of chemical releases to the environment. In addition to reporting requirements, CERCLA includes provisions authorizing federal cleanup of releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants that may present an imminent and substantial danger to the public health or welfare (Section 104), and imposing strict liability for cleanup and damages for injury to, destruction of, or loss of natural resources resulting from releases of hazardous substances (Section 107). At issue today is how the reporting requirements and other provisions of these laws apply to poultry and livestock operations.
Superfund authorizes programs to remediate uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites and assigns liability for the associated costs of cleanup. Section 103(a) of CERCLA requires that the person in charge of a facility (as defined in Section 101(9)) that releases a "reportable quantity" of certain hazardous substances must provide notification of the release to the National Response Center.
EPCRA establishes requirements for emergency planning and notification for storage and release of hazardous and toxic chemicals. Section 304(a)(1) of EPCRA requires the owner or operator of a facility (as defined in Section 329(4)) to report to state and local authorities any releases greater than the reportable quantity of substances deemed hazardous under Superfund or extremely hazardous under EPCRA. Under Superfund, the term "release" (Section 101(22)) includes discharges of substances to water and land and emissions to the air from "spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injection, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment." Under EPCRA, the term "release" (Section 329(8)) includes emitting any hazardous chemical or extremely hazardous substance into the environment. Superfund excludes the "normal application of fertilizer" from the definition of release, and EPCRA excludes from the definition of hazardous chemicals any substance that is "used in routine agricultural operations or is a fertilizer held for sale by a retailer to the ultimate customer."
The CERCLA definition of "hazardous substance" (Section 101(14)) triggers reporting under both laws. Among the reportable substances that may be released by livestock facilities are hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and phosphorus. The reportable quantity (RQ) for both hydrogen sulfide and ammonia is 100 pounds per day, or 18.3 tons per year; the RQ for phosphorus is 1 pound per day. Section 109 of Superfund and Section 325 of EPCRA authorize EPA to assess civil penalties for failure to report releases of hazardous substances that equal or exceed their reportable quantities (up to $27,500 per day under CERCLA and $27,500 per violation under EPCRA).
Enforcement Against Animal Feeding Operations
EPA has enforced the Superfund and EPCRA reporting requirements against AFO release of hazardous pollutants in two separate cases. The first involved the nation's second largest pork producer, Premium Standard Farms (PSF) and Continental Grain Company. In November 2001, EPA and the Department of Justice announced an agreement resolving numerous claims against PSF concerning principally the Clean Water Act, but also the Clean Air Act, Superfund, and EPCRA. More recently, in September 2006, the Department announced settlement of claims against Seaboard Foods — a large pork producer with more than 200 farms in Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, and Colorado — and PIC USA, the former owner and operator of several Oklahoma farms now operated by Seaboard. Like the earlier PSF case, the government had brought complaints for violations of several environmental laws, including failure to comply with the release reporting requirements of CERCLA and EPCRA.
Both Superfund and EPCRA include citizen suit provisions that have been used to sue poultry producers and swine operations for violations of the laws (Section 310 of CERCLA and Section 326 of EPCRA). In two cases, environmental advocates claimed that AFO operators had failed to report ammonia emissions, putting them in violation of Superfund and EPCRA. In both cases, federal courts supported broad interpretation of key terms defining applicability of the laws' reporting requirements.
In the first of these cases, a federal district court in Oklahoma initially ruled in 2002 that a farm's individual barns, lagoons, and land application areas are separate "facilities" for purposes of CERCLA reporting requirements, rather than aggregating multiple emissions of pollutants across the entire site. This court held that Superfund's reporting requirements would only apply if emissions for each individual facility exceed 100 pounds per day. However, the district court's ruling was reversed on appeal (Sierra Club v. Seaboard Farms Inc., 387 F.3d 1167 (10th Cir. 2004)). The court of appeals ruled that the whole farm site is the proper entity to be assessed for purposes of CERCLA reporting and determining if emissions of covered hazardous substances meet minimum thresholds.
In the second case, a federal district court in Kentucky similarly ruled in 2003 that the term "facility" should be interpreted broadly to include facilities operated together for a single purpose at one site, and that the whole farm site is the proper entity to be assessed for purposes of the Superfund and EPCRA reporting requirements (Sierra Club v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 299 F.Supp. 2d 693 (W.D. Ky. 2003)). While Superfund provides that a continuous release is subject to reduced reporting requirements, and EPCRA provides an exemption for reporting releases when the covered substance is used in routine agricultural operations or is used on other farms for fertilizer, the court found that these exemptions did not apply to the facts of this case. The ruling was not appealed.
EPA was not a party in either of these lawsuits. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit invited EPA to file an amicus brief in the Seaboard Farms case in order to clarify the government's position on the issues, but EPA declined to do so within the time frame specified by the court.
Three other cases in federal courts, while they do not include reporting violations, also have drawn attention, in part because they raised the question of whether animal wastes that contain phosphorus are hazardous substances that can create cleanup and natural resource injury liability under Superfund.[5] Animal wastes typically contain low levels of phosphorus, and animal wastes are beneficially used as fertilizer on farms. Over the long term, however, the application of animal waste fertilizers may result in phosphorus buildup in soils which may be released to watersheds through surface runoff. In 2003, a federal court in Oklahoma held that phosphorus contained in poultry litter in the form of phosphate is a hazardous substance under Superfund and thus could subject poultry litter releases to provisions of that law (City of Tulsa v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 258 F. Supp. 2d 1263, (N.D. Okla. 2003)). This ruling was later vacated as part of a settlement agreement, but some observers believe that the court's reasoning may still be persuasive with other courts. The second case, City of Waco v. Schouten (W.D. Tex., No. W-04-CA-118, filed April 29, 2004), was a suit by the city against 14 dairies alleging various causes of action based on disposal of wastes from those operations. It was resolved by a settlement agreement early in 2006.
The third case, State of Oklahoma v. Tyson Foods, Inc. (N.D. Okla, No. 4:05-cv¬00329, filed June 13, 2005), is still pending. This suit, brought by the Oklahoma Attorney General, asserts various claims based on the disposal of waste from 14 poultry operations in the Illinois River Watershed. The state principally seeks its past and present response costs and natural resource injuries under CERCLA due to release of wastes from these facilities.
The net result of these lawsuits is growing concern by the agriculture community that other legal actions will be brought and that the courts will continue to hold that the Superfund and EPCRA reporting requirements and other provisions apply to whole farm sites, thus potentially exposing more of these operations to enforcement under federal law.
Administrative Reporting Exemption
In 2005, a group of poultry producers petitioned EPA for an exemption from EPCRA and CERCLA emergency notification requirements for releases of ammonia, arguing that such releases from poultry growing operations pose little or no risk to public health, while reporting imposes an undue burden on the regulated community and government responders. In 2007, EPA formed an internal workgroup to review information on animal waste as it relates to CERCLA and to possible exemptions from emissions reporting, and in February, EPA Administrator Stephen Johnson told congressional committees that the agency would propose a rule to exempt routine animal waste air releases from emergency notification requirements.
In December 2007, EPA issued a proposal in response to the poultry industry petition.[6] It proposed to exempt releases of hazardous substances to the air (typically during digestion or decomposition) from animal waste at farms from the notification requirements of CERCLA and EPCRA. The exemption would apply to releases to the air from manure, digestive emissions, and urea, including animal waste mixed with bedding, compost, and other specified materials. "Farm" was defined in the proposal as an agricultural operation from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products are sold annually (the same definition used by the Department of Agriculture). EPA explained that the rule is justified because of the resource burden to industry of complying with reporting requirements, since the agency could not foresee a situation where a response action would be taken as a result of notification of releases of hazardous substances from animal waste at farms.[8]
The proposal drew significant public response during the comment period. While the proposed exemption pleased many agriculture industry groups who seek a waiver or other means to limit possible liability under CERCLA and EPCRA, environmental advocates and other stakeholders opposed the exemption, saying that emissions from animal wastes are not trivial or benign. Critics noted that the EPA proposal would exempt releases of ammonia, as originally requested in the industry petition, plus hydrogen sulfide and all other hazardous chemicals, such as nitrous oxide and volatile organic compounds released from animal waste. Some argued that an exemption is premature, since EPA is moving forward with research on emissions levels, which could be undermined by a regulatory exemption. State air quality officials opposed blanket regulatory or legislative exemptions, and they recommended that if the agency considers any action, it should only be a narrow exemption, such as one based on a size threshold for farms.[9]
In September 2008, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report evaluating EPA's activities to regulate air emissions and water discharges from animal feeding operations. GAO found that EPA is unable to assess the extent to which pollution from feedlots may be impairing human health and the environment, because it lacks data on the amount of pollutants that CAFOs are releasing to the air and water. GAO recommended that EPA develop a comprehensive national inventory of CWA-permitted CAFOs and accelerate its efforts to develop protocols for measuring and quantifying air contaminants from animal feedlots. GAO noted that EPA has been criticized because its current air emissions monitoring activities are limited in scope and sample size and may not produce sufficient information to shape future regulation. Moreover, GAO questioned the basis for the CERCLA/EPCRA exemption that EPA proposed in 2007. "It is unclear how EPA made this determination when it has not yet completed its data collection effort and does not yet know the extent to which animal feeding operations are emitting
these pollutants."[10]
In December 2008, EPA finalized the CERCLA/EPCRA administrative reporting exemption with some modifications to the original proposal.[11] The final rule exempts hazardous substance releases that are emitted to the air from animal waste at farms from the notification requirement of CERCLA. As proposed, the final rule relieves all livestock operations of all size, not just poultry farms, from CERCLA's requirement to report hazardous substance releases to the air to federal officials. In addition, the final rule provides a partial exemption for such releases from EPCRA's requirement to report releases to state and local emergency officials. Partially responding to public comments, the final rule continues to apply EPCRA's reporting requirement to large animal feeding operations (those that are subject to permitting requirements under the Clean Water Act[12]), but exempts smaller facilities. A number of groups criticized the final rule, again raising concern about the toxicity of chemicals such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide that are emitted from animal waste facilities and arguing the CERCLA and EPCRA do not authorize administrative exemptions for specific industries.
A coalition of environmental advocates challenged the rule in federal court, as did the National Pork Producers Council (Waterkeeper Alliance v. EPA, D.C. Cir., Nos. 09-1017, 09-1104 (consolidated)). Environmental advocates continue to argue that the entire rule is deficient, while the pork producers group objects to the fact that the rule only partially exempted releases from EPCRA. Other industry groups such as the National Chicken Council intervened in the litigation in support of the final rule. As of mid-2010, the litigation is in abeyance pending efforts by the parties to mediate the issues. However, in June the federal government informed the court of its intention to seek a voluntary remand of the final rule for reconsideration by EPA in order to take further administrative action.
Policy Issues
Proponents of the exemption, representing the agriculture industry, especially livestock and poultryproducers, say that animal manure has been safely used as a fertilizer and soil amendment by many cultures all over the world for centuries and thus should not be considered a hazardous substance. Opponents — including environmental activists, public health advocates, and state and local governments — agree that when properly managed, manure has beneficial uses. Superfund's reporting and cost recovery requirements do not threaten responsible operators who manage manure as a valuable fertilizer, they say. However, these groups say that when improperly managed and in the massive amounts produced at today's large feedlot operations, animal waste can release a number of polluting substances to the environment. Releases to surface water, groundwater, and the atmosphere may include nutrients, organic matter, solids, pathogens, volatile compounds, particulate matter, antibiotics, pesticides, hormones, gases that are associated with climate change (carbon dioxide and methane), and odor.
Proponents also argue that neither Superfund nor EPCRA was intended by Congress to apply to agriculture and that the pending legislation would simply clarify congressional intent. CERCLA exempts "normal application of fertilizer" from the definition of "release" and also exempts releases of "naturally occurring organic substances." Animal waste arguably was intended to be covered by these existing exemptions, they say. Opponents respond that there is little firm evidence either way on this point, as there is limited legislative history concerning this language. The exemption for "normal application of fertilizer," enacted in CERCLA in 1980, applies to application of fertilizer on crops or cropland for beneficial use, but does not mean dumping or disposal of larger amounts or concentrations than are beneficial to crops.[14]
EPA has not issued guidance to interpret what constitutes "normal application of fertilizer," and the only court decision so far addressing this issue (the vacated 2003 City of Tulsa case discussed above) held that neither plaintiffs nor defendants in that case had presented evidence sufficient for a fact-based determination of what constitutes "normal application." Opponents of the legislation also argue that animal manure consists of a number of substances that are nutritional and pharmaceutical elements of the feed provided to animals (trace elements, antibiotics, nutrients), and releases are the result of inadequate waste disposal, not "naturally occurring" substances and activities.
Proponents argue that enforcement and regulatory mechanisms exist under the Clean Water Act (CWA) and other media-specific statutes, such as the Clean Air Act (CAA), making it unnecessary to rely on Superfund or EPCRA for enforcement or remediation. In particular, both the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act require that regulated facilities obtain permits that authorize discharges or emissions of pollutants. Enforcement of permit requirements has been an important tool for government and citizens to address environmental concerns of animal agriculture activities.
Opponents respond that enforcement under Superfund fills critical gaps in these other environmental laws, because not all pollutants are covered by other laws. For example, releases of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are listed under CERCLA but are not currently regulated as hazardous pollutants under the CAA. Clean Water Act AFO permits primarily address discharges of nutrients, but not other components of manure waste (e.g., trace elements, metals, pesticides, pathogens). Moreover, neither of these laws provides for recovery of costs for responding to or remediating releases, nor for natural resource injuries. Opponents also argue that, while "federally permitted releases" are exempt from CERCLA's reporting requirements, CWA and CAA permit requirements apply only to facilities that meet specified regulatory thresholds (for example, CWA permit rules apply to about 14,000 large AFOs, less than 6% of all AFOs in the United States).[15]
Finally, proponents of the legislation argue that if animal manure is considered to be a hazardous substance under Superfund, farm operations both large and small potentially could be exposed to costly liabilities and penalties. Opponents note that the purpose of release reporting is to keep federal, state, and local entities informed and to alert appropriate first responders of emergencies that might necessitate response, such as release of hazardous chemicals that could endanger public health in a community. The exemption proposed in pending legislation, they point out, would apply not only to CERCLA and EPCRA reporting requirements but also to other provisions (such as Superfund's authority for federal cleanup of releases, cleanup liability, and liability for natural resource injuries).
According to states and some other interest groups, liability, which arises when manure is applied in amounts that exceed what is beneficial to support crops, is necessary to bring about improvements in waste handling practices of large AFOs. Enacting an exemption would severely hamper the ability of government to appropriately respond to releases of hazardous substances and pollution caused by an animal agriculture operation, they argue. On the issue of penalties, opponents note that penalties are not available under Superfund for removal or remedial actions (except for failure to comply with information gathering and access related to a response action), regardless of whether initiated by government or a private party. CERCLA does authorize civil penalties for violation of the Section 103 reporting requirements (up to $27,500 per day), but neither of the two key citizen suit cases decided thus far (Sierra Club v. Tyson Foods, Inc., and Sierra Club v. Seaboard Farms Inc.) involved penalties for failure to report releases
- ^ For additional information, see CRS Report RL33325, Livestock Marketing and Competition Issues, by Geoffrey S. Becker.
- ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, "Manure Nutrients Relative to the Capacity of Cropland and Pastureland to Assimilate Nutrients: Spatial and Temporal Trends for the United States," Publication no. nps00-579, December 2000, p. 85.
- ^ For additional information, see CRS Report RL32948, Air Quality Issues and Animal Agriculture: A Primer, by Claudia Copeland.
^ For additional information on Superfund and EPCRA, see CRS Report RL30798,
Environmental Laws: Summaries of Statutes Administered by the Environmental Protection Agency, coordinated by Susan Fletcher, and CRS Report RL33426, Superfund: Implementation and Selected Issues, by Jonathan Ramseur and Mark Reisch.
- ^ Unlike the citizen suit cases discussed above, these lawsuits do not address what is a "facility," for purposes of determining whether a release has occurred. EPA also is not a party in any of these cases.
- ^ In 1998, EPA granted an administrative exemption from release reporting requirements for certain radionuclide releases. EPA cited authority in CERCLA sections 102(a), 103, and 115 for granting administrative reporting exemptions where "releases of hazardous substances that pose little or no risk or to which a Federal response is infeasible or inappropriate." See 63 Federal Register 13461 (March 19, 1998).
- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "CERCLA/EPCRA Administration Reporting Exemption for Air Releases of Hazardous Substances from Animal Waste," 72 Federal Register 73700 (December 28, 2007).
- ^ Ibid., p. 73704.
- ^ National Association of Clean Air Agencies, letter to the Honorable Barbara Boxer, chairman, Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, March 20, 2007.
- ^ U.S. Government Accountability Office, "Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, EPA Needs More Information and a Clearly Defined Strategy to Protect Air and Water Quality from Pollutants of Concern," September 2008, GAO- 08-944, p. 7.
- ^U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "CERCLA/EPCRA Administrative Reporting Exemption for Air Releases," 73 Federal Register 76948-76960, December 18, 2008.
- ^ For additional information, see CRS Report RL31851, Animal Waste and Water Quality: EPA Regulation of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), by Claudia Copeland.
- ^ U.S. Senate, Committee on Environment and Public Works, Environmental Emergency Response Act, Report to Accompany S. 1480, 96th Cong., 2nd sess., S.Rept. 96-848, p. 46.
- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Regulation and Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs); Final Rule," 68 Federal Register 7179, February 12, 2003.


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January 15, 2012
Tim Prister
In the third of a 13-part series, Tim Prister breaks down the Irish by position, evaluates future prospects, and looks to the future heading into Year Three of the Brian Kelly regime. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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Love And Glamour Perfume
By Jennifer Lopez for Women
Love And Glamour Perfume by Jennifer Lopez, Jennifer lopez added love & glamour to her line in the autumn of 2010 . This alluring scent opens with notes of italian mandain, nectarine pulp, and guava. The heart incorporates orange blossom, jasmine petals, coconut and water lily. The base finishes with sandalwood, amber, and musk. All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations. ... Read More
2.5 oz Eau De Parfum Spray
Item #479489
In Stock, Ships within 11 hours
$ 20.69Add To Cart
1 oz Eau De Parfum Spray
Item #497133
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$ 12.59Add To Cart
1.7 oz Eau De Parfum Spray
Item #524986
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$ 17.09Add To Cart
2.5 oz Eau De Parfum Spray (Tester)
Item #515189
Testers are even more discounted than the fancy boxed versions and are great if you don't have a need for the fancy packaging... Read more Testers are 100% authentic, fresh and completely full just like the original fragrance, however they are meant for the counter in a department store. Testers often come in a plain white box but sometimes they do not have a cap or box.The savings on the packaging means you save even more!
In Stock, Ships within 11 hours
$ 18.95Add To Cart
This product has 2 Out of Stock items |
Gift Set - 1.7 oz Eau De Parfum Spray + 2.5 oz Body Lotion + 2.5 oz Shower Gel
Item #492515
Gift Set - 2.5 oz Eau De Parfum Spray + 6.7 oz Body Lotion
Item #483137
Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought
About Jennifer Lopez
History and background of Jennifer Lopez. Jennifer Lopez was born in the USA on 24th July 1970. She is of Puerto Rican descent. Her debut was as a dancer for the TV show "In Living Colour". She is one of those rare people with multiple talents. She is a dancer, a successful film actress, a singer, and now a model. Her most successful film was "Selena". Read more about Jennifer Lopez
More Jennifer Lopez fragrancesfor Women: Still , Glow , Miami Glow , Live , Live Luxe , more
for Men: Deseo ,
See all Jennifer Lopez products
Customer Comments
Quick responsive service and good prices
J. Tillman (Los Alamos, CA)
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
- Great smell (3)
- Long-lasting (3)
Best Uses
- Anytime (3)
Reviewed by 4 customers
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- Draws Compliments
- Great Smell
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- Long Lasting Without Over
- Not Overpowering
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Best Uses
- Anytime
- Daily Use
- Signature Fragrance
Comments about Love And Glamour By Jennifer Lopez:
I can't say anything bad about this product! The fragrance is such that any age group can use it, in fact my granddaughter took one of my bottles because she loves the fragrance too!
- Fragrance Type:
- Herbal, Woody/Earthy
- Great Smell
- Long-Lasting
- Sexy
Best Uses
- Anytime
Comments about Love And Glamour By Jennifer Lopez:
I ordered it for a friend . She loves it !
- Clean & Fresh
- Draws Compliments
- Great Smell
- Long-Lasting
- Not Overpowering
Best Uses
- Anytime
- Daily Use
Comments about Love And Glamour By Jennifer Lopez:
The compliments you receive while wearing this fragrance make you feel special.
- Fragrance Type:
- Floral, Fresh/Aquatic
- Clean & Fresh
- Glamour
- Overpowering
Best Uses
- Signature Fragrance
- Special Occasions
Comments about Love And Glamour By Jennifer Lopez:
I really love this one, this is one of J.Lo best fragrance, i'm so in love with this :)
- Fragrance Type:
- Citrus/Fruity, Floral


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Be all that you can be with our Deluxe Child Navy SEAL Costume. This military uniform includes a camo jumpsuit, vest, holster, pouch, knee pads, and a hat. The tactical vest features many small pockets, snap buckles, and a logo that reads "Seal Team Special Warfare". This camouflage uniform is similar to the ones worn by real U.S. military soldiers. Seal forces are the Navy's number 1 fighting unit. Not just anyone gets to be a part of the SEALs. Navy commandos must go through extensive training to become a part of this exclusive group that functions on land, sea, and air. You can equip your soldier for battle with military accessories like toy guns, combat boots, and gloves. Other tactical gadgets like a compass, knife, or rope can enhance the authenticity of your ensemble. Prepare for action this Halloween in our boy's Navy Seal costume.
Our Price: $7.97
Our Price: $2.97
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Our Price: $6.97


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text:
Minister Nobby Leach was the British Minister for Magic between 1962 and 1968. He was the first Muggle-born Minister for Magic to ever hold office.
Early life
Leach was born into a Muggle family in Great Britain, sometime in or prior to 1945. He was somehow trained in the magical arts and eventually managed to become the Minister for Magic.
Later life
In 1962, Leach was the first Muggle-born to be appointed to the post of the Minister of Magic.
The major upheaval of his term in office were, most likely,[2] the Pure-blood riots during the Squib Rights marches, though it's equally possible that several of the oldest members of the Wizengamot walked out upon his appointment as Minister.[3]
He left his post in 1968 due to a shady plot. It was widely believed that Abraxas Malfoy was known to be part of the plot that made him leave his post prematurely. [1]
- Nobby is a diminutive form of the name Norbert, meaning both "north" and "bright".
- Leach could refer to a species of worm and an ingredient in Polyjuice Potion, the leech.
- Because of his name, he was likely an intelligent Minister and possibly Sorted in Ravenclaw, during his time at Hogwarts.
- J.K. Rowling's Official Site
- Pottermore (Mentioned only)
Notes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pottermore - The Malfoy Family
- ↑ Although unconfirmed, this is the most likely answer to the 6-4 question of the Third W.O.M.B.A.T.; Squib Rights marches and pure-blood riots (supremacy) fit with the timeframe of Leach's term (the turbulent 1960s). Pure-blood riots also add up to Abraxas Malfoy's "shady plot". However, the pure-blood supremacy issue also makes old (traditional) Wizengamot members walking out on learning of his appointment a possibility.
- ↑ Sixth question of the Third W.O.M.B.A.T. at J. K. Rowling's Official Site.


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Buckle Black Nine Jean
- Regular fit bootcut jean
- Stretch fabric
- Mid-rise, 19" bottom opening
- Embroidered back pieced pockets
- Hand sanding, whiskering and grinding details
- Zip fly
- 75% Cotton, 25% Lyocell.
- Machine wash separately in cold water. Do not bleach. Tumble dry low. Warm iron.
- This quality denim has been hand finished for a unique, individual look. It will wear like your old favorite jeans, with each abrasion continuing to wear over time. We hope you love the vintage appearance and comfort of wearing jeans that have the look and feel of years of wear. Thanks for making the Buckle your denim destination.
- Made in China.
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Men's Jeans
Men's Buckle Black Jeans
- Model Info: Height: 5'10" | Chest: 38" | Waist: 33" | Hip: 39" | Wearing Size: 31x32
|Slim Fit
|24-24 1/2" thigh
|Regular Fit
|25-25 1/2" thigh
|Relaxed Fit
|26-26 1/2" thigh
|Loose Fit
|27-27 1/2" thigh


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2008 Koenigsegg CCX
- $899,000
- Internet Price
- Exterior: Black
- Interior: Black
- Stock #: 123456789
- Engine: V8 Supercharged
- Transmission: Manual
- Warranty: Vehicle does NOT have an existing warranty
Other CCX Warranty Information
Vehicle does NOT have an existing warranty
- Mileage: 314
- This vehicle located at:
- Champion Porsche
- 500 W Copans Rd
- Pompano Beach, Florida 33064
- 954-946-4020
- Map this location »
- This vehicle located at:
- Champion Porsche
- 500 W Copans Rd
- Pompano Beach, Florida 33064
- 954-946-4020
- Map this location »
All advertised prices exclude government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer document preparation charge, and any emission testing charge. The price for listed vehicles as equipped does not include charges such as: License, Title, Registration Fees, State or Local Taxes, Dealer Prep, Smog Fees, Credit Investigation, Optional Credit Insurance, Physical Damage of Liability Insurance, or Delivery Fees. DEALER makes no representations, expressed or implied, to any actual or prospective purchaser or owner of this vehicle as to the existence, ownership, accuracy, description or condition of the listed vehicle's equipment, accessories, price, specials or any warranties. Any and all differences must be addressed prior to the sale of this vehicle.


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LOS ANGELES, Ca. (www.incnow.tv) – The long time owner of the Los Angeles Lakers and the man who brought "Showtime" to the forum has died.
Jerry Buss died Monday. He owned the Lakers since 1979 bringing the city ten NBA Championships. The phrase "Showtime" became a mark of the teams' high flying style on the court.
In recent years, Buss had turned over much of the day to day operation of the Lakers to his son Jim. Jerry Buss was 80 years old.
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Browse Patagonia fall styles. Fresh new looks from our top brand!
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