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this wiki
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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. Appetite exists in all higher lifeforms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs. It is regulated by a close interplay between the digestive tract, adipose tissue and the brain. Decreased desire to eat is termed anorexia, while polyphagia (or "hyperphagia") is increased eating. Disregulation of appetite contributes to anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, cachexia, overeating, and binge eating disorder.
The regulation of appetite has been the subject of much research. Breakthroughs included the discovery, in 1994, of leptin, a hormone that appeared to provide negative feedback. Later studies showed that appetite regulation is an immensely complex process involving the gastrointestinal tract, many hormones, and both the central and autonomic nervous systems.
The hypothalamus, a part of the brain, is the main regulatory organ for human appetite. The neurones that regulate appetite appear to be mainly serotonergic, although neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related peptide (AGRP) also play a vital role. Hypothalamocortical and hypothalamolimbic projections contribute to the awareness of hunger, and the somatic processes controlled by the hypothalamus include vagal tone (the activity of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system), stimulation of the thyroid (thyroxine regulates the metabolic rate), the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a large amount of other mechanisms.
The hypothalamus senses external stimuli mainly through a number of hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, PYY 3-36, orexin and cholecystokinin; all modify the hypothalamic response. They are produced by the digestive tract and by adipose tissue (leptin). Systemic mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukins 1 and 6 and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) influence appetite negatively; this mechanism explains why ill people often eat less.
In addition, the biological clock (which is regulated by the hypothalamus) modifies hunger. Processes from other cerebral loci, such as from the limbic system and the cerebral cortex, project on the hypothalamus and modify appetite. This explains why in clinical depression and stress, energy intake can change quite drastically.
Role in disease
A limited or excessive appetite is not necessarily pathological. Abnormal appetite could be defined as eating habits causing malnutrition on the one side or obesity and its related problems on the other.
Both genetic and environmental factors may regulate appetite, and abnormalities in either may lead to abnormal appetite. Poor appetite (anorexia) may have numerous causes, but may be a result of physical (infectious, autoimmune or malignant disease) or psychological (stress, mental disorders) factors. Likewise, hyperphagia (excessive eating) may be a result of hormonal imbalances, mental disorders (e.g. depression) and others.
Dysregulation of appetite lies at the root of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. In addition, decreased response to satiety may promote development of obesity.
Various hereditary forms of obesity have been traced to defects in hypothalamic signalling (such as the leptin receptor and the MC-4 receptor), or are still awaiting characterisation (Prader-Willi syndrome).
Mechanisms controlling appetite are a potential target for weight loss drugs. Early anorectics were fenfluramine and phentermine. A more recent addition is sibutramine (Reductil®, Meridia®), which increases serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the central nervous system. In addition, recent reports on recombinant PYY 3-36 suggest that this agent may contribute to weight loss by suppressing appetite.
Given the epidemic proportions of obesity in the Western world, developments in this area are expected to snowball in the near future, as dieting alone is ineffective in most obese adults.
See also
References & Bibliography
Key texts
- Neary NM, Goldstone AP, Bloom SR. Appetite regulation: from the gut to the hypothalamus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 2004;60:153-60. PMID 14725674.
Additional material
- Wynne K, Stanley S, Bloom S. The gut and regulation of body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2576–82. PMID 15181026.
External links
Further reading
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

subset: commoncrawl


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Well said
With regard to the Our View column in the Nov. 15 edition of the Brandon Sun, referring to the Nov. 11 services in the schools. We could not have said it better! Something is dreadfully wrong when a premier would think this way and we thank you for your excellent column.
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There's some institutional lunacy that defines the national television buying marketplace. What other buyer/seller dynamic exists where if sellers set their demands too high for a buyer's liking, the buyers walk away, only to come back to the same sellers later in the year— and usually will be paying more?
When you think about it, it's really a very troubled relationship.
The networks risk the possibility that their shiny new shows aren't so shiny after all and that they're not delivering to their initial upfront expectations. Advertisers are risking their need for GRPs and a lack of inventory that might be sewn up by others by the time their Scatter needs arise.
What if advertisers had another choice other than this deeply flawed relationship? How impactful would a credible alternative be, having a real walk-away point that would pay off in more than just an empty negotiating threat?
They do – and it's been here all along. It's local television.
Local delivers a customizable, targeted national footprint at lower cost. And it delivers the content — and corresponding GRPs — that aren't available nationally. How much more credible of an alternative could there be?
The most justifiable reasoning is cost. An ongoing analysis of SQAD data by the TVB proves that Spot Television costs are lower than Scatter in most dayparts, and has been for several years. This includes Prime, where TSA-level costs are lower than Scatter by up to an average of about 25%. TSA includes the homes reached by an affiliate's entire signal, not just what falls within the DMA. Essentially, it's with spill. Incidentally, this is also what you'd get by buying Network Scatter as well – it's not tidy geographically, either.
Other Spot dayparts, such as Early AM, Early News, and Late Night, are widely accepted as more cost effective than network. But it's clear now that you can have your prime and save money, too.
Another fundamental advantage that Local Spot Television holds over Network Scatter is in exclusive content, therefore increased inventory. A basic part of the broadcast day for many, if not most, TV viewers, is the local news. On an average day, 78% of Americans get news from their local broadcast stations. This content simply isn't available on a national basis. No network content finds people where they live, work, and shop as effectively and routinely as Local Spot Television.
Lastly, Spot Television allows "near national" advertisers the opportunity to be national in scale but regional in execution. For example, for a large chain that has nearly 200 locations in Texas but only 2 in New York – neither in New York City – a nationally distributed buy includes a vast amount of potential waste. By reallocating dollars where they will do the most good effectively weight-averages a national buy. It also mitigates the impact of advertising your product to viewers who can't geographically be your customers – but can certainly be driven to your competitors, influenced by your misdirected ad.
So it is possible to escape the "definition of insanity" of expecting a different outcome while taking the same action. Local Spot Television not only offers network content, but additional content that you can't get there. It offers targeting. It offers surplus. You get more, you pay less. It's called value.
Once you walk out of that network showroom, head down the block to Local Broadcast, where the prices are good, the customers are hungry, and there's always something in stock that you're looking for.


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Number Of Database Connections
From PostgreSQL wiki
You can often support more concurrent users by reducing the number of database connections and using some form of connection pooling. This page attempts to explain why that is.
A database server only has so many resources, and if you don't have enough connections active to use all of them, your throughput will generally improve by using more connections. Once all of the resources are in use, you won't push any more work through by having more connections competing for the resources. In fact, throughput starts to fall off due to the overhead from that contention. You can generally improve both latency and throughput by limiting the number of database connections with active transactions to match the available number of resources, and queuing any requests to start a new database transaction which come in while at the limit.
Contrary to many people's initial intuitive impulses, you will often see a transaction reach completion sooner if you queue it when it is ready but the system is busy enough to have saturated resources and start it later when resources become available.
The Need for an External Pool
If you look at any graph of PostgreSQL performance with number of connections on the x axis and tps on the y access (with nothing else changing), you will see performance climb as connections rise until you hit saturation, and then you have a "knee" after which performance falls off. A lot of work has been done for version 9.2 to push that knee to the right and make the fall-off more gradual, but the issue is intrinsic -- without a built-in connection pool or at least an admission control policy, the knee and subsequent performance degradation will always be there.
The decision not to include a connection pooler inside the PostgreSQL server itself has been taken deliberately and with good reason. In many cases you will get better performance if the connection pooler is running on a separate machine. Also, you can get improved functionality by incorporating a connection pool into client-side software. Many frameworks do the pooling in a process running on the the database server machine (to minimize latency effects from the database protocol) and accept high-level requests to run a certain function with a given set of parameters, with the entire function running as a single database transaction. This ensures that network latency or connection failures can't cause a transaction to hang while waiting for something from the network, and provides a simple way to retry any database transaction which rolls back with a serialization failure (SQLSTATE 40001 or 40P01).
Since a pooler built in to the database engine would be inferior (for the above reasons), the community has decided not to go that route.
Reasons for Performance Reduction Past the "Knee"
There are a number of independent reasons that performance falls off with more database connections.
- Context switches. The processor is interrupted from working on one query and has to switch to another, which involves saving state and restoring state. While the core is busy swapping states it is not doing any useful work on any query.
- Cache line contention. One query is likely to be working on a particular area of RAM, and the query taking its place is likely to be working on a different area; causing data cached on the CPU chip to be discarded, only to need to be reloaded to continue the other query. Besides that the various processes will be grabbing control of cache lines from each other, causing stalls. (Humorous note, in one oprofile run of a heavily contended load, 10% of CPU time was attributed to a 1-byte noop; analysis showed that it was because it needed to wait on a cache line for the following machine code operation.)
- Lock contention. This happens at various levels: spinlocks, LW locks, and all the locks that show up in pg_locks. As more processes compete for the spinlocks (which protect LW locks acquisition and release, which in turn protect the heavyweight and predicate lock acquisition and release) they account for a high percentage of CPU time used.
- RAM usage. The work_mem setting can have a big impact on performance. If it is too small, hash tables and sorts spill to disk, bitmap heap scans become "lossy", requiring more work on each page access, etc. So you want it to be big. But work_mem RAM can be allocated for each node of a query on each connection, all at the same time. So a big work_mem with a large number of connections can cause a lot of the OS cache to be periodically discarded, forcing more accesses to disk; or it could even put the system into swapping. So the more connections you have, the more you need to make a choice between slow plans and trashing cache/swapping.
- Disk access. If you do need to go to disk for random access, a large number of connections can tend to force more tables and indexes to be accessed at the same time, causing heavier seeking all over the disk.
- General scaling. Some internal structures allocated based on max_connections scale at O(N^2) or O(N*log(N)). Some types of overhead which are negligible at a lower number of connections can become significant with a large number of connections.
How to Find the Optimal Database Connection Pool Size
A formula which has held up pretty well across a lot of benchmarks for years is that for optimal throughput the number of active connections should be somewhere near ((core_count * 2) + effective_spindle_count). Core count should not include HT threads, even if hyperthreading is enabled. Effective spindle count is zero if the active data set is fully cached, and approaches the actual number of spindles as the cache hit rate falls. Benchmarks of WIP for version 9.3 suggest that this formula will need adjustment on that release. There hasn't been any analysis so far regarding how well the formula works with SSDs.
However you choose a starting point for a connection pool size, you should probably try incremental adjustments with your production system to find the actual "sweet spot" for your hardware and workload.


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Half Life 2 Episode 2
Radiator 1-1: Polaris
The first release of Radiator, a semi-episodic experimental short form single player mod for Half-Life 2.
A map from the WC map pack fixed for retail.
Tiger-I for Half-Life 2 Universe
Mecha Musume Tiger-I is an anime model for alyx replacement for all series (HL2, EP1, EP2) and for Gmod use
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Insolence Beta
A mod based on the original storyline. Very early in development at the moment, and I am confident and hopeful that we will release this mod without it crashing and burning like other leak mods.
Triage Part 1
You are Matthew, a citizen who lost his family and home during the invasion. After barely escaping with your life when the police raid your apartment, you are recruited into the resistance and must prove yourself on the wartorn streets of City 17.
HL2 Episode 2 Mod: Mesa - Fallback
You take on the role of a HECU Marine as you fight your way through different sections of the facility and carry out varied missions. This is not a rebuild of any game, but features areas from Half-life, Blue Shift & Opposing force in the Half-Life fashion.
Source Multicore Particle Simulation Benchmark
Particle simulation benchmark of The Orange Box branch of Source Engine.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Rabbit Hole
The mod is focused on massive combat and horror atmosphere. The gameplay is more quake-ish than classic half-life style, featuring massive zombie arenas and some experimental gameplay sections.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Below The Ice (Beta)
What are you looking for? What will you find? What price will you have to pay to know the truth?
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Santa\\\'s Revenge 2 v1.1
It\\\'s a mini/micro mod. It contains only 2 small maps and the old Santa\\\'s Workshop map as a bonus.
Half Life 2 Episode 2 Mod Post Script Episode 1
In Post Script, you'll explore a desolate town, its population eradicated by an unknown force. Post Script explores the ways in which people behave and interact when faced with unthinkable circumstances.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - The Citizen Returns
The story takes place shortly after a failed assassination attempt on Dr. Breen leads to the first ever use of the Overwatch Broadcast system by The Resistance, represented by former garage owner Larry Soderstrom. The Combine forces decide to capture him and try to use his public repentance and execution as a means to appease the emergent rebellion. The Citizens of City 17 however have other ideas in mind. Larry is now a symbol for the rebellion and a key asset in a bigger plot to deal a fatal blow to the Combine and its grip on humankind...
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Lost Under the Snow (Full)
You are a captured citizen who wakes up in a pod, stranded in unknown snowy surroundings, just after you were lost from a combine-dropship-pod-container. You discover a secret underground facility that are infested by headcrab-zombies. Later you find out that your\'e not alone in the facility: A mad group of dangerous humans with weapons are inhabiting the facility too. Lost in the snow will include: notes, keys, puzzles and more.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Aberration v1.0.1 Patch
Just a quick patch for Aberration. Adds auto saves, and fixes some bugs. To install, extract the maps folder into your Aberration folder.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - CUBE v1.0
Welcome to the world of SARMA Initiative!
Half-Life 2 mod Hammer Deluxe v. 1.03
Hammer Deluxe is an open source half-life 2 modification of the episode 2 engine.
HL2: Episode 2 Cyberscape SP Mod (1)
Cyberscape is a short singleplayer modification. It's been done in 3-4 months of work by the students of the NAD centre.
GM Urbex
A small comic map for Garrys Mod 10 or Ep2.
Half-Life 2 Episode 2 Mod - Bunker 66 Alpha
Developed by .Morgan
Half-Life 2 Episode 2 Mod - Deep Down v1.2
Updated version based on initial release feedback. Fixes known errors.
Half-Life 2 Episode 2 Mod - Spherical Nightmares v1.0
The full version of Spherical Nightmares, a Half-Life 2: Episode Two single-player mod.
Black Snow v1.01
Take the role of John Matsuda, an IT technician trapped in a Greenland research station - he might find his way out and struggle against unknown forces that inhabits the station.
Mission Improbable Part 2
Mission Improbable Part 2 (May 2010) Includes both parts 1 and 2. It is planned over three maps, with each map being released individually. Currently two out of the three maps have been released, Mission Improbable and Reverse Advance.
Master Chris's Models and Vehicles V1.3
Version 1.3 of my vehicle and model pack for Garrys Mod, contains two semi-trucks and two trailers with new sounds. More to come in later updates, use SVN for easier, quicker updating: http://svn2.assembla.com/svn/mastersmiscmodels
Black Snow v1.05
Includes fixes for indoor fog, missing textures, and config override. Recommended for those who have not played yet!
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Titan: XCIX Widescreen Patch
Titan: XCIX is a first person adventure that takes place aboard the ill fated star ship of the same name.
Half-Life 2: Episode Two Enhanced Mod First Release
Here is the first release of my Enhanced mod...replaced ALL effect with particles...feel free to post it in other sites...but gimme a credit
Half-Life 2: Episode Two mod Outpost 16 - RELEASE V2.0
This is an updated release that addresses some issues some players were having.
Renamon Alyx Replacement Model for HL2:Ep2
Renamon from "Digimon Tamers" as an Alyx replacement for Half-Life 2: Episode Two.
Drowned World
This a Mod for Half Life 2 Ep2 downloadable as a zip file.
Half Life 2 Research and Development Mod
Research and Development is a puzzle-centric mod for Half-Life 2: Episode Two featuring an unarmed player but plenty of violent mayhem.
Map mod for garrysmod10
This is a large map for garrysmod and features many new models cars and textures.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 - Home Made Wallpapers
These are Home-Made Wallpapers made from the last trailer submitted by VALVe.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Aberration Part 1
Aberration Part 1 is finally released! Requires HL2 EP 2 to play, extract to your steam/steamapps/sourcemods folder, then restart steam. Thanks to NH2 and Hen for an idea.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Centralia Part 1
The devs will also be adding lots of custom sounds. Some small changes will be made to the source code of the engine but this will remain largely unchanged owing to its complexity.
Jim Fletcher is a curious, young, local journalist looking to make a name for himself by landing an exciting story on the ever-burning Centralia. He will travel from his town to Centralia, where a coal mine fire has been burning for half a century. The town has been abandoned for decades, leaving the eerie shell of a community behind. What will Jim uncover on his quest to make that all important good story? Developed by Andrew Furniss & Oliver Davies
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Steam, Tracks, Trouble & Riddles Chapter One
It combines two types of game play: an adventure game with complex, 3D-interactive riddles in a fantastic environment and a simulator for track based vehicles.
UNION is a short single-player map pack for HALF-LIFE 2: EPISODE TWO set in the aftermath of Freeman's blow at Nova Prospekt.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Grey v1.1
Explore the grim world Grey lives in a completely new and unique world, and find clues to his shattered past.
Grey is a total conversion Half-Life 2 horror modification where the player must solve puzzles, fight to survive, and find out what is happening to the world around you. We have made a lot changes to the base Source engine and have added countless new mechanics in the mod such as the objective indicator, portable medkit, donator based extras, pickup animations, failed reloads, new picture based GUI elements and much, much more!
Half-Life 2 Mod - Insolence Build 2
new sounds for weapon_ar1
weapon_smg2 added
weapon_immolator now has the proper viewmodel
weapon_oicw added
npc_conscript will now follow you when used
Added Josh Zemlinsky\'s abriged storyline
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Titan: XCIX Part One
When an accident rips apart a lone ship on a routine mission, the crew find themselves fighting for survival, and each other in a unique Single Player experience, that's been in the making for the past two years. Developed single handedly by Robin "IZaNaGI" Molde (Jailbreak!: Source, Survival Mod II for JK:JA), Players will face many challenges that will test their brains rather than their trigger fingers.
Fakefactory CM8 Update to Beta 2 (8.0b2)
Fixed particlesystem crash in HL2 (gunship-shotdowns, barnacle mass kills etc...). Worked around a plotstopper in EP1 Level Citadel 04.
HL2: Episode 2 Mod - Whoopservatory Final Release
From the designer of Mission Improbable part 1 and part 2.
Half-Life 2: DM Overwatch Winter Storm Map (v1.0)
A new darker and snowbound look for the classic map "dm_overwatch" by Valve. Now loaded with fun new features and places to explore.
HL2: Episode 2 Maria Haunted Map (1.0)
A silly level I made with my little sister. You have to rescue her from the basement of a haunted house filled with zombies.
Half-Life 2: EP2 Canyon Outpost Map (v1.0) (1.0)
FakeFacotry's CM8 Jigglebone Test Video (1.0)
This video shows some early teststages of VALVE's jigglebones feature, that comes with CM8 final. It demonstrates secondary motion like flowing hair, bouncing clothes etc...
Episode Two: Combine Raid - Get out Alive Map
You're sitting in your bedroom playing some half life when you hear an explosion outside your window. You look outside and see the entire house surrounded by combine. You should be able to lose them by escaping into the reserve behind your house.
FF's Cinematic Mod 6 Hot Fix Patch (v1.1.2)
This is an update for FakeFactory's Cinematic Mod 6.
FF's Cinematic Mod 6 - Christmas Present (1/4)
This Full Version is his "thank u" for all the supporters in the community. This is part 1 of 4! Make sure you get part 2, 3 and 4 as well. As you need all 4 files!
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Extended Trailer
A new, extended version of the Episode Two trailer.
Half-Life 2: Episode Two 'Portal' Trailer
A video explaining the concept behind Portal, a mini-game to be included with Half-Life 2: Episode Two.
Half-Life 2 Episode 2 Mod - Station 51 v1.0
The full version of Station 51. Two expansive levels packaged as a mod. Just run the .exe and restart Steam to install!
Half-Life 2 Mod - Zombie Master 2 v1.0.0
One player is freed from the weak flesh of his peers. A being of limitless power, he controls the grotesque hordes of undead in a constant battle against what is left of humanity. His name is spoken only in whispers, for fear of drawing his attention. For once his gaze is upon you, the true test begins.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Silent Escape v1.0
The project, Silent Escape, was attended by the main character, Sean, and his partner, Thomas. Because of the Combine chase, they had to merge and stay in the basement, but soldiers found them. From this moment, they need to break into the lab. But they are waiting for an event about which they have not even thought of. In this modification you will find a lot spectacular scenes, a variety of locations, attention to detail, and an intriguing story. The main story of Silent Escape unfolds before the incident in Nova Prospekt. The main character, Sean, will visit many locations: the dark forest, an abandoned mine, evening forests and survive through many adventures. And have revenge...
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Mission Improbable (Full)
Mission Improbable is a single-player mod for Half-Life 2: Episode 2 that spans three maps. In it, Gordon Freeman is tasked with reactivating a Resistance listening post, which naturally doesn\'t go quite as intended.
Lost Story's Wallpapers
Some wallpapers for you. Silhouettes of new map. It's easy work. Here 3 wallpapers.
Half-Life 2 mod Unexpected Conclusion Full
Unexpected Conclusion is a Hl2 ep2 mod about a person whoes brother is taken by combine. And your mission to get your brother back ...
Radiator 1-2: Handle With Care
Radiator, vol. 1 issue 2 (July 2009): HANDLE WITH CARE. You're struggling to repress stressful memories while your worthless husband moans and whines to that equally worthless marriage counselor. (http://www.radiator.debacle.us)
Garrys Mod Map Pack
Half-Life 2: EP2 Bunker Map (v1.0)
This is the first map i have made from Valve's Source SDK. Please Give me feed Back about this map. There still may be some errors.
Half-Life 2: Find Gman Map
This map is actually a big maze where you have to find g-man. Be careful though, there are quite a lot of enemies in this map. But with all the weapons that have been scattered around the map, this map should easily for you.
HL2: Episode 2 'Team Fortress 2' Teaser Trailer
Valve has released a teaser trailer introducing you to the characters in Team Fortress 2, the class-based multiplayer game to be included with Half-Life 2: Episode Two.
Half-Life 2: Episode 2 Mod - Grey v1.1 (Steam Pipe Fix)
Explore the grim world Grey lives in a completely new and unique world, and find clues to his shattered past.
Grey is a total conversion Half-Life 2 horror modification where the player must solve puzzles, fight to survive, and find out what is happening to the world around you. We have made a lot changes to the base Source engine and have added countless new mechanics in the mod such as the objective indicator, portable medkit, donator based extras, pickup animations, failed reloads, new picture based GUI elements and much, much more!
Half-Life 2: EP2 - Xenoporph Map (v1.0) (v1)
This is the authors first map and he named it xenoporph. So basically the storyline is you traveled with a vortigaunt and now you fight combine and zombies.


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Arctic sea ice and climate
Figure 1: Geography of the Arctic Region
Surface snow/ice-albedo feedback mechanism
Sea ice plays an important role in our climate system through the snow/ice-albedo feedback mechanism by moderating global temperatures. Sea ice reflects a significant portion of incoming solar radiation and insulates the ocean from heat and moisture loss by moderating movement and mixing of the upper ocean in response to wind, with greatest impact observed during winter months. As sea ice extent and concentration are reduced, surface reflectivity decreases, allowing more sunlight to be absorbed by the surface and the atmosphere, leading to surface and atmospheric warming. Conversely, as sea ice extent and concentration increases, surface reflectance will increase and reduce the amount of sunlight absorbed by the surface and the atmosphere, leading to an overall atmospheric and surface cooling. Sea ice covered with snow can reflect between 85% and 90% of the solar radiation incident on its surface whereas open water reflects about 10%. Albedo values of a snow/ice covered surface undergoe significant seasonal variation. Reflectance values can be as low as 50% during July and August, and as high as 85% - 90% during the winter (e.g., Curry et al. 1995). The ice-albedo feedback mechanism (Figure 2) affects local surface energy budgets through internal processes that occur within a multiyear pack ice and are related to its thickness, distribution, lead fraction, and melt pond characteristics. The effect exhibits significant seasonal variation with solar insolation such that during winter when the amount of incoming sunlight dramatically decreases, the albedo effect is most suppressed.
Surface heat budget modifications
Its high reflectivity and low thermal conductivity, along with the high amounts of latent heat required to convert ice to liquid water make sea ice an important player in defining the unique local character of the Arctic climate. Sea ice effectively insulates the atmosphere from the underlying warm ocean water. In comparison to the open ocean, for instance, sea ice surfaces moderate surface heat and moisture fluxes, equilibrate relatively quickly, and especially during winter quickly cool and dry the overlying atmosphere. The most direct consequence of ice cover change, is the impact on surface energy fluxes that change the thermal regimes of the local atmosphere summarized in Figure 2.
Sea ice cover removal causes dramatic upward increase in the sensible and latent heat exchange between the ocean and atmosphere and an increases in longwave radiation or infrared radiative flux from the surface, that lead to an increase in the net surface radiation balance and local warming; sea ice expansion coincides with significant decreases all three heat flux exchanges leading to a decline in net surface radiation balance and local cooling. The sensible heat flux is dominant over the latent flux that exceeds the infrared radiative flux. The sensible heat flux anomalies have been estimated at approximately twice the latent anomalies and quadruple the longwave flux anomalies. The greatest increase in the flux anomalies typically occur in areas of greatest ice edge retreat; greatest decreases are observed in areas of largest advances. As well heat flux adjustments are most pronounced in winter when the ocean surface is significantly warmer than the overlying atmosphere producing strong vertical temperature gradients and winds are generally stronger. The geographic extent of the flux anomalies is relatively limited, very much confined to the location of the sea ice anomaly. This occurrence has been attributed to changes in sea ice distribution where a sudden presence of ice isolates the atmosphere from the ocean as the ice encroaches into regions where it was previously absent; the removal of ice exposes the atmosphere to the ocean in regions that were previously covered with ice, quickly changing the surface energy and radiation responses.
Atmospheric temperature
The dramatic changes in heat and radiation fluxes associated with the expansion or removal of sea ice influence boundary-layer temperatures (i.e., layers of the atmosphere close to the surface) over the immediate surface. Atmospheric warming is caused by vertical diffusion of increased fluxes of sensible and latent heat and of longwave radiation from the ice-free ocean surface; cooling is associated with a decrease in vertical diffusion of fluxes and radiation when sea ice cover increases. Largest temperature variances typically occur near the largest ice anomalies and coincide with lowered atmospheric pressures just above that surface. In their study, for instance, it was found that upon complete sea ice removal the atmospheric warming reached maximum amplitudes over areas that lost the most ice and in the high latitudes of North America and Asia. As well, projected sea ice loss to the end of the 21st century in the Arctic basin was found to be accompanied by a terrestrial warming found to be largest in coastal regions adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, with maximum change observed over Siberia and northern Canada and Alaska . Some found maximum warming of about 6.5ºC at the surface over land and 16ºC over the ocean as a result of Arctic sea ice loss by the end of the 21st century. The amplitude of temperature change is linearly associated with changes in sea ice cover and are typically much greater when sea ice declines than the amplitude of negative anomalies when sea ice expands. Spatial displacement of the anomalies is limited and emerges and increases vertically only in the upper atmosphere, above the 700 hPa level.
Changes in atmospheric temperature associated with sea ice fluctuations also are limited to the lower half of the troposphere, typically below 700-800 hPa. The positive tropospheric temperature anomaly (i.e., warming) present at the surface decays from the surface to the tropopause, with negative temperature anomalies (i.e. cooling) present in the stratosphere. Static winter stability (i.e., rise in temperature with height, or temperature inversion) of the lower atmosphere significantly decreases as Arctic sea ice melts. Some found the magnitude of the inversion to be reduced to virtually zero over the Ocean and by more than 50% over land, the overall effect leading to a more unstable atmosphere over the Arctic as sea ice continues to melt into the 21st century.
Greatest response of atmospheric temperature to varying sea ice conditions occur in autumn and winter and in areas where ice expands or shrinks, when much of the additional heat gained/lost in the previous summer can be released back to the atmosphere. The substantial impact on winter climate is attributed to the presence of large surface heat fluxes as a result of the enhanced ocean-atmosphere temperature gradients. During summer, changes in surface air temperature associated with reduced summer sea ice cover are much less extreme than observed in winter, even when sea ice cover is significantly reduced in the summer season due to the decreased stability of the atmosphere and increased radiative heating of the Arctic Ocean during the warm months.
The ensued changes in atmospheric temperature may be sustained for several months or seasons after the initial alteration to the sea ice extent. Some found that heavy ice in the Bering and Beaufort seas led to colder temperatures in the Alaskan sector one month later. Most recently it was found that summer ice conditions to be associated with changes in atmospheric temperature during the following autumn and winter. Sea ice decline during the summer months is typically followed by warmer-than-normal surface air temperaturess duirng the following winter throughout the Arctic.
Precipitation and cyclonic activity
Variations in sea ice conditions also affect local precipitation regimes throughout the high latitudes. The removal of ice that warms the sea surface enhances local evaporation and precipitation; the expansion of ice cools the surface reducing local evaporation and precipitation. Greatest modifications are typically observed directly over the areas of ice expansion/removal or downstream of the area that had ice removed or expanded. As with temperature, changes in precipitation are generally consistent with those of surface pressure. When sea ice declines, the associated rise in precipitation and snow fall typically is located in regions of surface pressure decrease associated with increased low-level convergence, upward motion, enhanced water vapor content in the boundary layer (i.e., lower atmosphere), and destabilization of the atmospheric boundary layer over land due to the intensified warming at the surface.
Fluctuations in sea ice coverage also are known to contribute to local changes in the character of cyclones including their path, density, and general activity. The position of storm tracks particularly can be affected by the position of the sea ice boundary, such that the storm track typically follows the new ice edge either poleward or southward depending upon whether sea ice has retreated or expanded, respectively. Others found, for instance, that the ice edge east of Greenland retracted poleward and the storm track expanded northwestward into the Greenland Sea in their low sea ice verses high sea ice composites. Some recent studies have shown the number of storms to typically increase directly over the reduced sea ice surface in the high Arctic as a result of the ice-induced variations in the surface energy fluxes into the atmosphere, whereas others found the displacement in cyclonic activity in the North Pacific a response to an adjustment of the baroclinic zone in the Pacific sector and to the development of a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the region upon sea ice removal. The removal of sea ice in the Arctic also has resulted, in some experiments, in significant decreases in the speeds and intensities of cyclonic systems north of about 55ºN, changes attributed to the moderation of the westerly flow.
Atmospheric circulation
Studies of the impact of sea ice cover on atmospheric circulation began with in 1924 with a researcher named Wise and continued into the 1970s with Schell. In 1973 it was discovered that the large heat flux modifications associated with changes in sea ice cover may be suggestive of atmospheric circulation's sensitivity to sea ice variations. Variations in sea ice influence the climate by affecting the exchanges of turbulent fluxes between the atmosphere and the ocean that in turn generate feedbacks to large-scale atmospheric circulations and are expressed through modifications in sea level pressure fields and surface wind patterns. The changes are known to be more significant than those associated with factors such as the albedo effect due to the presence of strong winds and vertical temperature gradients.
The atmospheric response is generally greatest over regions where the largest modifications in sea ice cover occur. A decline in Arctic sea ice cover most often is accompanied by decline in sea level pressure and the strength of polar easterlies along the circum-Arctic margins, and a shallowing of the Polar vortex (i.e., a large-scale cyclonic circulation pattern of the middle and upper atmosphere centered over the Arctic region); the expansion of Arctic sea ice is accompanied by a rise in sea level pressure and the strength of polar easterlies as well as a deepening of the polar vortex. The magnitude of the response scales nearly linearly with respect to the size but non-linearly with respect to the direction of the ice anomaly in the high latitudes. And, negative sea ice extent anomalies typically display larger impact on the general circulation of the atmosphere than do positive sea ice anomalies as noted by the changes observed in the mid-tropospheric heights.
The strength and nature of the atmospheric modifications varies throughout the year. They are strongest in winter and very limited in summer in accord with the responses to the magnitudes of the surface energy fluxes, and exhibit geographic complexity. In early winter, between November and December, the local component of the sea ice decline, for example, exhibits a baroclinic structure (i.e. consisting of negative geopotential height anomalies at the surface and positive anomalies at 500 hPa) over the Arctic basin in the lower troposphere with a surface trough over the ice anomaly and an upper level ridge in the free atmosphere over and slightly downstream of the ice anomaly. Outside of the immediate Arctic basin and more recently found the atmospheric response to be an equivalent barotropic (e.g. geopotential height anomalies amplifying with height) ridge over central and eastern Russia and through the Bering Sea. This change was attributed to adiabatic expansion by amplified ascending motion induced by increased low level convergence in areas of reduced surface pressure. In mid-winter, between January and February, the atmospheric response to sea ice loss becomes equivalent barotropic and resembles the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) when the Arctic becomes dominated by an upper-level ridge accompanied by equivalent barotropic troughs over the Atlantic and northeast Pacific. Some attribute the shallow baroclinic atmospheric circulation response over the Arctic in early and winter to a linear dynamical response to enhanced boundary layer heating induced by the loss of sea ice.
Variation in Arctic sea ice can influence local atmospheric circulation for several seasons after the expansion/removal of sea ice. In studying the interannual relationships between Arctic sea ice concentration and atmospheric circulation over Greenland and the Barents Sea, for instance, Slonosky et al. (1997) concluded that the Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA) event and the associated winter ice cover anomalies likely influenced the atmospheric circulation up to one year in advance. Positive winter sea ice anomalies in the North Atlantic and the Canadian Basin were found to be associated with high surface pressure and mid-tropospheric height anomalies over the same region on year later, and vice versa. More recently, it was found that summer sea ice extent conditions influencing large-scale atmospheric features during the following autumn and winter in and outside of the Arctic. Increased mid-tropospheric heights were observed during winter over much of the Arctic Ocean after summers with less ice than normal; decreased heights were observed after summers with increased ice extents.
Alterations in the geographic position of sea ice margin also may influence the level of atmospheric response and/or shift the position of large-scale pressure systems and associated atmospheric flow patterns. In 1974 it was found that a significant displacement of the Aleutian and Icelandic lows and the track of maximum midlatitude cyclone activity with a changing sea ice boundary. The reduction of ice cover in the North Atlantic often coincides with a northward-shifted and weakened Icelandic low and a strengthened Azores high. Others note that if the ice edge is collocated with the position of local storm tracks then sea ice anomalies can influence the low-level baroclinicity and impact the path and intensity of storms.
Distinct atmospheric responses to various characteristics of sea ice have been noted. The wintertime response to sea ice extent verses ice concentration anomalies, for instance, produced different mid-tropospheric circulation patterns. Although similar responses were recorded at the surface, in 2004 it was found that the response to be between 40% and 80% larger in the concentration than in the extent simulations over the Atlantic-Asian portions of the Arctic in the middle troposphere.
Arctic sea ice fluctuations pose significant impact on local climates. Changes in sea ice cover alter surface heat and radiation fluxes, surface and atmospheric temperatures, precipitation characteristics, storm tracks, cyclonic activity, as well as local and synoptic scale atmospheric circulation (Table 1). These modifications are known today to propagate to the lower latitudes with potentially significant consequences for global climates. The importance of this realization is underscored by the rapid decline in sea ice cover across the Arctic region that is expected to continue into the 21st century.
Further reading
Citations in text
- Alexander, M.A., Bhatt, U.S., Walsh, J.E., Timlin, M.S., Miller, J.S., Scott, J.D. 2004. The atmospheric response to realistic Arctic sea ice anomalies in an AGCM during winter. Journal of Climate 17: 890-904.
- Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), 2005. Eds. Carolyn Symon, Lelani Arris, Bill Heal. Cambridge University Press. New York.
- Bhatt, U.S., Alexander, M.A., Deser, C., Walsh, J.E., Miller, J.S., Timlin, M.S., Scott, J., Tomas, R. 2008. The atmospheric response to realistic reduced summer Arctic sea ice anomalies. in Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Observations, Projections, Mechanisms, and Implications, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 180, edited by E. T. DeWeaver, C. M. Bitz, and L.-B. Tremblay, pp. 91-110, AGU, Washington, D. C.
- Brooks, C.E.P. 1949. Climate through the ages. 2nd edition (revised). Dover Publications. New York.
- Budikova, D. 2009. Role of Arctic sea ice in global atmospheric circulation. Global and Planetary Change. 68: 149-163.
- Budyko, MI. 1974. Climate and life. (International Geophysics Series 18). Academic Press, New York. London.
- Chapin III, F.S., Sturm, M., Serreze, M.C., McFadden J.P., Key, J.R., Lloyd, A.H., McGuire, A.D., Rupp, T.S., Lynch, A.H., Schimel, J.P., Beringer, J., Chapman, W.L., Epstein, H.E., Euskirchen, E.S., Hinzman, L.D., Jia, G., Ping, C. –L., Tape, K.D., Thompson, C.D.C., Walker, D. A., Welker, J. M., 2005. Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summer warming. Science 310: 657-660.
- Chiang, J.C.H., Bitz, C.M. 2005. Influence of high latitude ice cover on the marine Intertropical Convergence Zone. Climate Dynamics 25: 477-496.
- Curry, J.A., Schramm, J.L., Ebert, E. E. 1995. Sea ice-albedo climate feedback mechanism. Journal of Climate. 8: 240-247.
- Deser, C., Teng, H., 2008. Evolution of Arctic sea ice concentration trends and the role of atmospheric circulation forcing, 1979-2007. Geophysical Research Letters 35: L02504, doi:10.1029/2007GL032023.
- Deser, C., Magnusdottir, G., Saravanan, R., Phillips, A., 2004. The effects of North Atlantic SST and sea ice anomalies on the winter circulation in CCM3. Part II: Direct and indirect components of the response. Journal of Climate 17: 877-889.
- Deser, C., Tomas, R.A., Peng, S., 2007. The transient atmospheric circulation response to North Atlantic SST and sea ice anomalies. Journal of Climate 20: 4751-4767.
- Deser, C., Walsh, J.E., Timlin, M.S., 2000. Arctic sea ice variability in the context of recent atmospheric circulation trends. Journal of Climate 13: 617-633.
- Dethloff, K., Rinke, A., Benkel, A., Køltzow, M., Sokolova, E., Kumar Saha S., Handorf, D., Dorn, W., rockel, B., von Storch, H., Haugen, J.E., Røed, L.P., Roeckner, E., Christensen, J.H., Stendel, M., 2006. A dynamical link between the Arctic and the global climate system. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L03703, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025245.
- Donn, W.L., Ewing, M. 1966. A theory of ice ages III. Science. 153, 1706-1712.
- Donn, W.L., Ewing, M. 1968. The theory of an ice-free Arctic ocean. Meteorological Monographs. 8 (30): 100-105.
- Donn, W.L., Shaw, D.M. 1966. The heat budgets of an ice-free and ice-covered Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research. 71: 1087-1093.
- Ewing, M., Donn, W.L. 1956. A theory of ice ages. Science. 123: 1061-1066.
- Fletcher, J.O. 1968. The influence of the Arctic pack ice on climate. Meteorological Monographs. 8(30): 93-99.
- Fletcher, J.O., Mintz, Y., Arakawa, A., Fox, T., 1973. Numerical simulation of the influence of Arctic sea ice on climate. In: Energy fluxes over polar surfaces. Proceedings of the IAMAP/IAPSO/SCAR/WMO Symposium, Moscow, 3-5 August 1971 (Technical note no. 129, WMO – no. 361) World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, pp. 181-218.
- Francis, J.A., Chan, W., Leathers, D.J., Miller, J.R., and Veron, D.E. 2009. Winter Northern Hemisphere weather patterns remember summer Arctic sea-ice extent. Geophysical Research Letters. 36: L07503, doi: 10.1029/2009GL037274.
- Grassl, H. (1999) The cryosphere: an early indicator and global player. Polar Research, 18(2), 119-125.
- Honda, M., Yamazaki, K., Nakamura, H., Takeuchi, K., 1999. Dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of atmospheric response to anomalous sea-ice extent in the Sea of Okhotsk. Journal of Climate 12: 3347-3358.
- Hurrell, J.W. 1995. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science. 269: 676-679.
- Kellog, W.W., 1973. Climatic feedback mechanisms involving the polar regions. Climate of the Arctic, G. Weller, and S.A. Bowling, Eds., Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK, 111-116.
- Kushnir, Y., Robinson, W.A., Bladé, I., Hall, N.M.J., Peng, S., Sutton, R., 2002. Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation. Journal of Climate 15: 2233-2256.
- Liu, Z., Alexander, M. 2007. Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climate teleconnections. Reviews in Geophysics 45: RG2005RG000172.
- Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Horton, R. M., Wang, C., Ren, X., 2007. Variability of North Pacific sea ice and East Asia-North Pacific winter climate. Journal of Climate 20, 1991-2001.
- Magnusdottir, G., Deser, C., Saravanan, R., 2004. The effects of North Atlantic SST and sea ice anomalies on the winter circulation in CCM3. Part I: Main features and storm track characteristics of the response. Journal of Climate 17: 857-875.
- McBean, G., Alekseev, G., Chen, D., Førland, E., Fyfe, J., Groisman, P.Y., King, R., Melling, H., Vose, R., Whitfield, P.H., 2005. Arctic Climate: Past and present. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Scientific Report. Cambridge University Press.
- Murray, R.J., Simmonds, I., 1995. Responses of climate and cyclones to reductions in Arctic winter sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 100: 4791-4806.
- Mysak, L.A., and Power, S.B. 1992. Sea-ice anomalies in the western Arctic and Greenland-Iceland Sea and their relation to an interdecadal climate cycle. Climatological Bulletin. 26: 147-176.
- Newson, R.L., 1973. Response of a general circulation model of the atmosphere to removal of the Arctic ice-cap. Nature. 241, 39-40.
- Parkinson, C.L., Rind, D., Healy, R.J., Martinson, D.G., 2001. The impact of sea ice concentration accuracies on climate model simulations with the GISS GCM. Journal of Climate 14: 2606-2623.
- Raymo, M.E., Rind, D., Ruddiman, W.F., 1990. Climatic effects of reduced Arctic sea ice limits in the GISS II General Circulation Model. Paleoceanography 5: 367-382.
- Royer, J.F., Planton, S., Déqué, M., 1990. A sensitivity experiment for the removal of Arctic sea ice with the French spectral general circulation model. Climate Dynamics 5: 1-17.
- Schell, I.I., 1970. Arctic ice and sea temperature anomalies inn the northeastern north Atlantic an their significance for seasonal foreshadowing locally and to the eastward. Monthly Weather Review. 98, 833-850.
- Singarayer, J.S., Bamber, J. L., Valdes, P. J., 2006. Twenty-first-century climate impacts from a declining Arctic sea ice cover. Journal of Climate 19: 1109-1125.
- Slonosky, V.C., Mysak, L.A., Derome, J., 1997. Linking Arctic sea-ice and atmospheric circulation anomalies on interannual and decadal timescales. Atmosphere-Ocean 35: 333-366.
- Walsh, J.E., Johnson, C.M., 1979. Interannual atmospheric variability and associated fluctuations in Arctic sea ice extent. Journal of Geophysical Research 84: 6915-6928.
- Warshaw, M., Rapp, R.P., 1973. An experiment on the sensitivity of a global circulation model. Journal of Applied Meteorology 12, 43–49.
- Wiese, W., 1924. Polareis un Atmospharische Schwankungen. Geografiska Annaler 6, 273-299.
- Williams J, Barry R.G., and Washington W. 1974. Simulation of the atmospheric circulation using the NCAR global circulation model with ice age boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 13: 305-317.
- Zhao, P., Zhang, X., Zhou, X., Ikeda, M., and Yin, Y., 2004. The sea ice extent anomaly in the North Pacific and its impact on the East Asian summer monsoon rainfall. Journal of Climate 17: 3434-3447.
Additional resources
- Arctic Climate Change (University of Illinois) - Includes latest imagery of the state of Arctic sea ice. http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/
- Arctic Climatology and Meteorology (National Snow and Ice Data Center Education Center) - http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/


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Adam James Lingner
Position: C
Height: 6-4 Weight: 268 lbs.
Born: November 2, 1960 in Indianapolis, IN
High School: Alleman
College: Illinois (school history)
Drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 9th round (231st overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 10 (7143rd overall since 1950)
Sponsor this page for $5 and help Pro-Football-Reference.com provide this service. Your message will replace this ad.
1988 Game Log: Regular Season · Playoffs · vs.


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ST. LOUIS (KSDK) - Some people think of it like the Loch Ness monster of Forest Park. A monstrous piece of steel from another time that could be right underfoot, only no one knows exactly where.
"I think it's the intrigue of not knowing," said Sharon Smith at the Missouri History Museum.
The mystery is centered around the massive ferris wheel from the 1904 World's Fair in Forest Park. It stood 26 stories high and each of the 36 cars on the towering attraction was as big as a metro bus. The cars could hold 60 people. Some booked the cars for wedding parties, another man went onto the ferris wheel on horseback!
Two thousand passengers could ride the ferris wheel and it took a full 20 minutes for it to make a round trip.
The only question historians have about the ferris wheel today:
Where is it?
It's a question that has motivated conspiracy theories and unlawful treasure hunters to Forest Park.
"'What would we do if we found it?" Smith asks rhetorically with a smile."Then we can't talk it about it anymore."
This much we know for sure. The giant ferris wheel came from Chicago after that city hosted the World's Fair in 1893.
After the 1904 fair in St. Louis, demolition crews turned the majestic observation wheel into a pile of steel and cables. That's where the real mystery begins.
Most experts believe the majority of the ferris wheel was sold off for scrap materials. All except the hefty 72 ton axle to the ferris wheel. That crucial cog is still here...we think.
(You can images of the ferris wheel and the axle in question by clicking the player window on this page.)
Sharon Smith is pretty certain the axle is buried somewhere in the vicinity of Skinker Boulevard and Wydown Boulevard. That theory is mainly based on the fact that there are no pictures or accounts of anyone taking the axle away.
"Wouldn't we know? Wouldn't we have pictures? Wouldn't people be pretty excited about it being pulled out of the earth?" asks Smith. "So, I think it's still there and I really believe it's just going to stay there forever."
St. Louis was the 4th largest city in America in 1904. Memories of the World's Fair continue to loom large in the collective psyche of St. Louisans.
"People are still fiercely proud of this city," said longtime resident and World's Fair enthusiast Samuel DiLorenzo. "That's why any concrete--or steel-- connection to the fair, buried or not, still hits a nerve."


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Boston to Paris - Music for Saxophone / Arno Bornkamp, et al
1 CD / Ottavo / 2007-01-01Works: Claude Debussy: Rhapsodie for Saxophone and Orchestra; Vincent D'Indy: Choral varié, Op. 55; André Caplet: Impressions d'Automne; Légende; Florent Schmitt: Légende, Op. 66; Charle...
Performers: Bornkamp, Arno
Conductors: Pommier, Jean-Bernard
Ensemble: Netherlands Radio Symphony
Contemporary works for saxophone and orchestra are common in these times, commissioned by and performed by many stellar players, including this disc 's soloist, the...continue...
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22 U.S. Code § 1472 - Department of State and other Government agencies
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(a) Authority of agencies
In carrying on activities which further the purposes of this chapter, subject to approval of such activities by the Secretary, the Department and the other Government agencies are authorized—
(2) to make contracts, including contracts with governmental agencies, foreign or domestic, including subdivisions thereof, and intergovernmental organizations of which the United States is a member, and, with respect to contracts entered into in foreign countries, without regard to section 6306 of title 41;
(3) under such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, to pay the transportation expenses, and not to exceed $10 per diem in lieu of subsistence and other expenses, of citizens or subjects of other countries, without regard to the Standardized Government Travel Regulations and the Subsistence Expense Act of 1926, [1] as amended; and
(b) Contracts for telecommunication activities, etc.; availability of appropriations; cancellation costs
(1) Any contract authorized by subsection (a) of this section and described in paragraph (3) of this subsection which is funded on the basis of annual appropriations may nevertheless be made for periods not in excess of 5 years when—
(A) appropriations are available and adequate for payment for the first fiscal year and for all potential cancellation costs; and
(B) the Director of the United States Information Agency determines that—
(i) the need of the Government for the property or service being acquired over the period of the contract is reasonably firm and continuing;
(ii) such a contract will serve the best interests of the United States by encouraging effective competition or promoting economies in performance and operation; and
(2) In the event that funds are not made available for the continuation of such a contract into a subsequent fiscal year, the contract shall be canceled and any cancellation costs incurred shall be paid from appropriations originally available for the performance of the contract, appropriations currently available for the acquisition of similar property or services and not otherwise obligated, or appropriations made for such cancellation payments.
(3) This subsection applies to contracts for the procurement of property or services, or both, for the operation, maintenance, and support of programs, facilities, and installations for or related to telecommunication activities, newswire services, and the distribution of books and other publications in foreign countries.
(A) Notwithstanding the other provisions of this subsection, the Broadcasting Board of Governors is authorized to enter into contracts for periods not to exceed 7 years for circuit capacity to distribute radio and television programs and is authorized to enter into contracts for periods not to exceed ten years to acquire local broadcasting services outside the United States.
[1] See References in Text note below.
Source(Jan. 27, 1948, ch. 36, title VIII, § 802,62 Stat. 12; Pub. L. 97–241, title III, § 304(b),Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 292; Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 225,Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 423; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title V, § 503,Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1392.)
References in Text
The Subsistence Expenses Act of 1926, as amended, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), was repealed and superseded by the Travel Expense Act of 1949, which is covered by subchapter I of chapter 57 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Section 9(a) of the 1949 Act provided in part: "All Acts . . . applicable to civilian officers or employees of the departments and establishments, providing for reimbursement of actual travel or transportation expense, and all other Acts, general or special, which are in conflict with the provisions of this Act . . . are hereby modified, but only to the extent of inconsistency or conflict with the provisions of this Act . . .".
In subsec. (a)(2), "section 6306 of title 41" substituted for "section 3741 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 22)" on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, § 6(c),Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.
2002—Subsec. (b)(4)(A). Pub. L. 107–228substituted "Broadcasting Board of Governors" for "United States Information Agency" and inserted before period "and is authorized to enter into contracts for periods not to exceed ten years to acquire local broadcasting services outside the United States".
1994—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 103–236added par. (4).
1982—Pub. L. 97–241designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).
Transfer of Functions
United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title.
Ex. Ord. No. 10477. Authority of United States Information Agency
Ex. Ord. No. 10477, Aug. 1, 1953, 18 F.R. 4540, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 10822, May 20, 1959, 24 F.R. 4159; Ex. Ord. No. 12292, Feb. 23, 1981, 46 F.R. 13967; provided:
Section 1. Determination. It is hereby determined that it is necessary, in order to carry out the functions transferred to the Director of the United States Information Agency (hereinafter referred to as the Director) by the provisions of subsections (a), (b), and (c) ofsection 2 of the said Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953, to authorize the Director to exercise, in relation to respective functions so transferred, the authority specified in sections 2 and 3 hereof.
Sec. 3. Authority under various other statutes. The Director is authorized to exercise the authority available to the Secretary of State or the Director of the Foreign Operations Administration, as the case may be, under the following-described provisions of law:
(a) The Foreign Service Buildings Act of 1926, as amended [22 U.S.C. 292 et seq.], regarding the acquisition, construction, alteration, repair, furnishing, exchange, and disposal of buildings and grounds in foreign countries.
(b) The act of July 9, 1949 [see 22 U.S.C. 2681 to 2683], regarding the transfer, acquisition, use, and disposal of international broadcasting facilities.
(c) The act of August 3, 1950, regarding the importation of sound recordings.
(d) The provisions under the first heading "Salaries and Expenses" of the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1954, regarding (1) employment of aliens, by contract, for services abroad, (2) purchase of uniforms, (3) cost of transporting to and from a place of storage and the cost of storing the furniture and household effects of an employee of the Foreign Service who is assigned to a post at which he is unable to use his furniture and effects, under such regulations as the Secretary of State may prescribe, (4) dues for library membership in organizations which issue publications to members only, or to members at a price lower than to others, (5) examination of estimates of appropriations in the field, (6) purchase of ice and drinking water abroad, (7) payment of excise taxes on negotiable instruments abroad, and (8) procurement, by contract or otherwise, of services, supplies and facilities, as follows: (i) maintenance, improvement, and repair of properties used for international information activities in foreign countries, (ii) fuel and utilities for Government-owned or leased property abroad, and (iii) rental or lease for periods not exceeding ten years of offices, buildings, grounds, and living quarters, and the furnishing of living quarters to officers and employees engaged in international information activities abroad [22 U.S.C. 291].
(e) The provisions of the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1954, regarding (1) exchange of funds for payment of expenses in connection with the operation of information establishments abroad without regard to the provisions of section 3651 of the Revised Statutes [section 543 of former Title 31], (section 103 of the General Provisions of the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1954), (2) payment of travel expenses outside the continental limits of the United States from funds available in the fiscal year that such travel is authorized and actually begins (section 104 of the General Provisions of the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1954), (3) granting authority to the chief of each information Field Staff to approve, with the concurrence of the Chief of Mission, use of Government-owned vehicles for travel under conditions described in section 105 of the General Provisions of the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1954, and (4) purchase with foreign currencies for use abroad of passenger motor vehicles (exclusive of buses, ambulances, and station wagons) at a cost not to exceed the equivalent of $2,200 for each vehicle (section 106 of the General Provisions of the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1954).
(f) Section 202 of the Revised Statutes of the United States [see 22 U.S.C. 2656], so far as it authorizes the Secretary of State to keep the American public informed about the international information aspects of the United States foreign affairs.
(g) Section 504(d) of the Mutual Security Act of 1951, as amended (relating to reduction in personnel) [section 1655d of this title], with respect to personnel transferred from the Mutual Security Agency or the Foreign Operations Administration to the United States Information Agency.
(h) Section 161 of the Revised Statutes of the United States [see 5 U.S.C. 301], and section 4 of the act of May 26, 1949 [see 22 U.S.C. 2658], regarding the promulgation of rules and regulations and the delegation of authority.
Sec. 4. Effective Date. This order shall become effective on August 1, 1953.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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GAITHERSBURG, Md. (WUSA) -- Gaithersburg Police say their investigative section and the Montgomery County Police Major Crimes Unit arrested 25-year-old Justin Tirell Anderson of Ashburn, Va. for shooting a man on Tuesday evening.
At 5:04 p.m. Gaithersburg and Montgomery County police went to the 1000 block of Westside Drive to investigate a reported shooting. They saw a man on the ground suffering from apparent gunshot wounds. He is currently in critical condition at a hospital.
Anderson is charged with attempt second degree murder and use of a handgun in the commission of a felony. He is being held at the Montgomery County Detention Center.


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Exercise and Fitness
What is the connection between physical activity, exercise, fitness, and pregnancy?
What kind(s) of physical activity/exercise should I do?
Do you recommend joining a gym?
What is the connection between physical activity, exercise, fitness, and pregnancy?Physical activity is about moving around and being less sedentary. Exercise is a more systematic, routine form of physical activity. Both or either can lead to all-around improved health and fitness, and by extension, to a healthier pregnancy.
Specifically, physical activity, in appropriate amounts can decrease the risk of developing conditions and their complications such as heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, some forms of cancer, and osteoporosis.
Physical activity and exercise can help to:
What kind(s) of physical activity/exercise should I do?Current research suggests all-around fitness requires three types of activities:
Do you recommend joining a gym?What we recommend is increased physical activity - you can do it on your own or through a gym.
The good news is you can get many of the health benefits of exercise simply by adopting a more active lifestyle. An active lifestyle includes a total of 30 minutes or more a day of moderately strenuous activities such as walking the dog, gardening, or doing housework.
Some more ideas for staying active are:
Most recent page update: 10/26/2012
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Hi! What Do You Want To Do Today?
Pick one to get started:
- Listen to an audio story
- Listen to a free children's song
- Download a printable coloring page
- Watch a kids music video
- Play a brain-teaser game
- Click to color an animal
Hi! I'm Chuck Brown...and that's my face over there to the right (well, it's not exactly my face... but people think it looks a lot like me!). I'm your host for this site. Light Up Your Brain is about inspiration, creativity, and the fun of being a kid. I've created and assembled some great resources to help kids have fun while learning and developing. Comments or suggestions? Use the form on the Contact page to reach me. En-Joy!
Since our last update, we'd added four fun new games for your enjoyment:
And, we've continued to post new kids music videos every single morning at 8am ET for the past several weeks…and will be continuing at least through the month of August. If you've got kids who love music, check 'em out!
And finally…if you haven't seen this video yet of a kid being interviewed after a fair ride…we thought you'd get a kick out of it:
Apparently. En-Joy! 😉
We've been hard at work looking for some great new brain-teaser games for you to play…and we've found 5 of them. Come check 'em out when you've got a little time to play around!
Oh…and by the way…we're posting a new kids music video every morning….7 days a week…for the next month or so. You can pop in to the site every day (or a couple times a week) to check it out…or follow us on Facebook (click Like on the page, but also choose Get Notifications, or you will miss most of our posts), Twitter or Google Plus to be notified…or you can even get email notifications of just those videos by signing up at this link.
En-Joy! 😉
We hope you enjoy it!


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Who the hell do these faketriot domestic terrorists think they are?
Cliven Bundys Militias Now Terrorizing Small Town With Armed Checkpoints (Images)
John Prager
Americans Against The Tea Pary
April 29, 2014
The militias who have been loafing around noted racist and admitted domestic terrorist Cliven Bundys ranch defending their bigoted welfare cowboy from attempts to force him to comply with multiple (thus far ignored) court orders that he remove his cattle from taxpayer land have gone from armed presence to full-blown occupation.
Democratic Rep. Steven Horsford sent a letter to Clark County Sheriff Doug Gillespie expressing concern for the safety of residents in the Bunkerville area. In the letter, he explained that his constituents have become uneasy with the presence of armed militiamen from across the country.
Horsford Letter
In fact, they no longer just camp out around the Bundy Ranch. According to Horsford, his constituents have said the militiamen (we would include women, but they are only human shields to these people) have set up checkpoints and require residents to prove that they live in the area before they are allowed to passyou know, Show me your papers, and all that.
The armed domestic terrorists have also set up a persistent presence along federal highways and county roads. Some say they have even set up an armed presence in the community.
This is just one more example of the growing concerns surrounding Bundys army of militiamen. Federal officials are currently investigating threats made by the group toward Harry Reid after he called them domestic terrorists and Bundy a hateful racist.
As the situation escalates, we wonder when action against the terrorists will finally be taken. If an armed standoff with government officials and threats against political figures are not enough, perhaps an armed occupation will be.


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Dark Night Of My Soul
Your life will have highs and lows but it's all part of God's plan.
Excerpt from the book Filling My Life With Joy by Dr. Larry Manley
My spirit was dead and life had eluded me. Everything had become unbearable. God had made me to be simple and to serve Him, but I made such a mess of things. The whole idea of life was now confusing, and in this forest of my life I learned many things while forgetting most of them. The price of my forgetting would cost me dearly over the years.
My experiences in life have been so disjointed and counterproductive, yet ironically they've helped me grow into a vibrant, spiritual awareness that couldn't have been possible without them. This book documents my journey through both pain and pleasure and will show you through my own actions how pain can become inspiring and pleasure can become destructive. When we neglect our spiritual duties, our lives can come crashing down faster than a rotten tree hit by lightning. Yet when we follow our spiritual duties, we receive joy far beyond anything we could ever hope for.
You will follow me through some of my most humiliating adventures, yet you will also watch me embrace the Lord with a new reverence as I grip the essence of my pain and despair while searching out the true meaning of my life.
Yes, I'm a preacher, a man who speaks the Word of God. Yet I was tempted, often, by enchanted whispers from voices within myself that wanted to lead me off my rightful path. Foolishly, I listened, forgetting my lessons about worshipping false gods.
Born on September 1, 1954, in Seneca, South Carolina, the younger of two boys, my mother, Fannie Mae, was crippled and sickly most all of her life. But by God's grace she lived to be eighty. She somehow always had a laugh, and she was such a beautiful lady.
My addictions have tormented me for over thirty-five years, and I'm still in occasional torment by them. The insanity people experience in situations like mine is sometimes permanent. It also causes many people who I thought were my friends to separate themselves from me, and I'm okay with that!
My genetic makeup was that of a habitual nature, but I had no idea what I was in for. I guess it all started back in 1971 when I went into the military. Before then, I was just a lonely little country boy who thought he wanted to see the world and leave all of his poverty and loneliness behind. My grandparents who raised me were poor. My mother was sick. And I lived in a forlorn world isolated from city or town life. When I look back on all of this, I can see clearly how it affected the essence in me.
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text: Richard John Thompson OBE (born 3 April 1949, Notting Hill, London) is a British songwriter, guitarist and recording and performing musician. Highly regarded for his guitar techniques, Thompson was awarded the Orville H. Gibson award for best acoustic guitar player in 1991. Similarly, his songwriting has earned him an Ivor Novello Award and, in 2006, a lifetime achievement award from BBC Radio. Artists who have recorded Thompson''s compositions include such diverse talents as Robert Plant, Del McCoury, R.E.M., Bonnie Raitt, Christy Moore, David Gilmour, Mary Black, Elvis Costello, The Corrs, Sandy Denny, June Tabor, Joel Fafard, Maria McKee, Shawn Colvin, Norma Waterson, Martin Carthy, Nanci Griffith, Maura O''Connell, Los Lobos, John Doe, Greg Brown, Bob Mould, Barbara Manning, Loudon Wainwright III, and The Blind Boys of Alabama. Richard Thompson made his debut as a recording artist as a member of Fairport Convention in September 1967. He continues to write and record new material and performs live frequently throughout Canada, the United States, Europe and Australia.


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It's sometimes the simplest things, isn't it, that make us smile. Last night, we witnessed a charming conversation between Paz de la Huerta and the photographer who hung out with her for long enough to make The Birds Didn't Die Over the Winter, Alexandra Carr.
The two women seemed an unlikely pair, but when it comes to a working relationship with an ingénue as outspoken as this one, sometimes the softer the presence of the documentarian, the brighter the documentary. Carr followed de la Huerta around her own apartment building on Gaye Street, to Coney Island, and to restaurants to mooch off of her famous friends while the two were super broke one winter. The pictures are as raw and real as New York kicking its own to the cold. They're fun, too, because living in the city with no money isn't all heartbreak and devastation: it famously energizes artists.
This dress-up game and photo shoot took place after Gaspar Noé's Enter the Void and Jim Jarmusch's The Limits of Control (both 2009) were done filming, and the actress slash socialite was looking for work. An unnamed boyfriend, apparently, was making this hard, "hiding scripts that he thought were about him, even though the director had never met him," said de la Huerta during the talk, which took place at No. 8 after a book signing. "So I wasn't working, because I wasn't reading my scripts."
She wore a black Hervé Léger dress, impossibly high, brass-plated heels, chandelier earrings, and a ponytail. The crowd whispered as she arrived and trotted straight towards the bathroom. Instead of the blinding flashbulbs that often follow her, the Café No. 8 Society and its invited guests were made up of fans and fashion bloggers, but just in case, a golden rope on two posts was erected in front of the subject and photographer as they chatted over drinks.
"I was coming out of a very… destructive… relationship. Watching a ton of movies, playing Paris, Texas on repeat, and Last Tango in Paris on repeat. Wait; what are my three go-to-bed movies? Paris, Texas, Last Tango in Paris and The Passenger. But, I was so blessed [to meet Alexandra Carr]. I don't wanna know what the future holds for me but I really felt lost and this was a way for me to create and express what I needed to. Alexandra is so incredible to work with because she is like… it's like being with someone but being alone. Theses are the best photographs anyone has ever taken of me."
Carr expressed a similar gratitude for their time together, calling this book an expression of friendship. And when it was brought up that the book took a while to be released, de la Huerta jumped on another delightful tangent.
"I have a huge… well, I guess you can call it a disdain, for the modern-day society we live in, and what has happened to art. Art, photography, films… I can go on and on. Alexandra is… like I said… these photographs are… She captures me. But, you know, she's not a hustler. She's not the type of woman who's gonna… You know, everyone has their forte. Some people really lack talent, but they make all their connections, and then they're starring on Broadway. Or, they, you know, fuck somebody, fuck Harvey Weinstein, and get a Golden Globe. But Alexandra, and I would like to say myself, we're both real artists. Why didn't it come out for a year? I would say: She's not the things I listed before. You know? Everyone would say 'Oh my god, amazing, they're the best,' but then there was nothing about it. The name might not be Annie Leibovitz, or Terry Richardson, or Ellen von Unwerth. She's an unknown, but she's fucking brilliant."
images courtesy of distributed art publishers, inc. and artbook llc


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By Mike Stanley
Originally posted on Freescale's The Embedded Beat Blog
When I first joined Freescale's Sensors team, I did what I usually do when I start working in an area of technology that's new to me: ask lots of questions, do lots of reading and tinker with the technology. I got a lot of use out of my DEMOQE128 development board, which included an MMA7260Qaccelerometer on the PCB. There's nothing like looking at the raw data, running it through an algorithm and viewing the results to cement an understanding of the technology.
Later, I gathered an appreciation for the need to be able to reproduce my results from one run to the next. I needed to be able to clearly differentiate the effects of a subtle software change versus simple random input variation of one experiment to the next. I started caching experimentally captured data sets onto my hard drive. I invested in a 3rd party inertial measurement unit and the data sets started piling up. Eventually, I developed a standard set of Matlab scripts and consistent ways to view my data. I showed my data set to my immediate manager, and his reaction was "we should share this."
Today, we are doing just that: "Sample Data Sets for Inertial and Magnetic Sensors" is now available on Freescale's web site. The company is releasing raw data files, Matlab scripts, and full report under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You can download the entire package as a zip file here.
Sample Data Sets for Inertial and Magnetic Sensors – View 1
I'll be using various data sets from this collection in future blog discussions. Today, I would simply like to walk you through the organization of the data. I've annotated a screen dump of the collection web page in the "View 1″ graphic above. Items labeled in the figure include:
- Data sets are groupled into one of five categories:
- Actions – example: picking up an object
- Environment – examples: freefall, orientation
- Events – example: laptop falling from desk
- Gestures – examples: tap, double tap
- Locomotion – example: pedometry
Sample Data Sets for Inertial and Magnetic Sensors – View 2
View 2 above illustrates a few more features present in reports:
- We've calculated minimum, maximum and range (= maximum – minimum) for X, Y & Z orientations for acceleration, angular velocity and magnetic sensors.
- Some brief notes are included that describe what was being measured.
- Some of the data sets will include one or more illustrations to further elaborate on the measurements. In the example above, the IMU was lying stationary in the back seat of my car while my wife and I ran some errands. The figure gives an indication of the route we traveled.
Sample Data Sets for Inertial and Magnetic Sensors – View 3
And finally, we get to the data plots:
- Acceleration versus time
- Power spectral density plot of acceleration readings
- Magnetic sensor readings versus time
- Power spectral density plot of magnetic sensor readings
- (not shown) Angular velocity versus time
- (not shown) Power spectral density plot of angular velocity readings
Future postings will explore the various data sets in this collection. A lot of people know what accelerometers, gyros and/or magnetometers are in theory. But many of you haven't had the chance to actually see what the sensor output signals look like. So let's address that! Please use and share the information you find here. Play with the data, apply your own filters, and let your imagination run wild with ideas for new applications.
Original post: http://blogs.freescale.com/2011/06/10/online-data-sets-for-inertial-and-magnetic-sensors-part-1/


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Birdfinger wrote:http://espn.go.com/espnradio/play?id=8901864This is a Radio interview done today with Sherm on SVP & Russillo. Still lookin' for the Hannah Storm piece.
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Part 1: A minute-by-minute look at the horrific shooting in an Aurora, Colo. movie theater.
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Elizabeth Griffin-Hall tells her side of the story exclusively to ABC News.
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November 14, 2014 5:47 pm
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WASHINGTON – Virginia Gov. Bob McDonnell believes the U.S. will not avert sequestration and automatic spending cuts will go into effect on March 1.
"Everyone knew this was coming for 18 months," he said on Tuesday while a guest on WTOP's "Ask the Governor" show. "It looks like it's going to happen."
McDonnell, a Republican, was strongly critical of President Barack Obama, saying the president "shouldn't be running around doing press conferences. He should be locked in a room figuring this thing out."
He says his state has been preparing for what he calls "haphazard" spending cuts and has allocated money to help localities cope with the changes. But, he does not support raising taxes to help the federal government pay its bills.
"I'd rather have them do what they said they were going to do," McDonnell said. "The bills are now due, and we need to figure out how to cut."
McDonnell says the sequester will affect Virginians disproportionately, and that the first thing they'll notice is furloughs in the Department of Defense, which he expects to happen immediately.
The governor answered questions on a range of topics Tuesday, including the state's transportation bill, school reform and voter ID.
To listen to the full show, click the audio box on the right. A live blog of the show is below.
Ask The: Va. Gov. Bob McDonnell
Follow @WTOP on Twitter.
The red carpet sizzled as Hollywood and media elite met at the 2016 White House Correspondents' Dinner. See Photos from the Washington Hilton.


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May 6, 2016
ROCKFORD (WIFR) -- Rockford Police are looking for three teenage suspects who robbed a man at gunpoint around 9 p.m. Wednesday evening. It happened on the 100 block of North Henrietta.
The victim was standing in his garage when three teenagers rode up on bicycles and pointed a gun in his face demanding his cellphone. The suspects stole the cellphone and took off.
If you have any information on this crime please contact Rockford Police at 815.987.5824.
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