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A private event at the Oregon Zoo is one that guests won't ever forget. From a family reunion on the concert lawn to a wedding reception in the Cascade Crest Banquet Center, the zoo offers one-of-a-kind venues for a variety of private events.
The Oregon Zoo offers a full range of event venues from a Cascadian-themed indoor banquet facility to outdoor naturalistic spaces adjacent to some of our most popular exhibits.
Birthdays celebrated at the Oregon Zoo offer multiple activities and educational opportunities in a fun, unique setting. Schedule a birthday party now.
Activities and Rentals
The zoo is the only local venue where your private event benefits animal care and conservation while providing your guests with a unique experience. Consider any of the following activities to complement your event:
- Animal Displays and Shows
- Zoo Experiences and Attractions
- Mother's Day Brunch
- Sunset at the Zoo
- ZooLights Festival


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Police say a Springs man was set up by an acquaintance early Saturday morning, resulting in an assault and carjacking.
The victim's acquaintance lured him into trap by calling and asking for a ride to the area of Market Street and Wheeler in Colorado Springs. When they got there, a man confronted them with a gun and demanded the victim get out of the car. The victim turned to his companion, only to find that he, too was aiming a gun at him.
When the victim refused to get out of his car, both suspects began beating him with their guns, then dragged him out of the car and left him on the ground while driving off in his vehicle. The victim told police the man he knew was the one who drove off in his car, while the second suspect drove away in a separate vehicle.
The victim was treated at the hospital with non-life threatening injuries.
Police have not released suspect descriptions at this time, but say that the unknown suspect drove away in a black pickup truck with a silver toolbox in the bed. The victim's car is a 2002 silver Grand Prix, license plate unknown.
If you have any information that can help police, call the Colorado Springs Police Department at 444-7000 or Crime Stoppers at 634-STOP.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
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subset: commoncrawl


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The professional look of these presentation and storage boxes will enhance your presentations, while their archival qualities will ensure preservation of the contents.
Constructed of rigid, durable, 80-point board, they feature a linen-finish exterior made of an exclusive acrylic-coated bookcloth that is mildew- and stain-resistant. Their sophisticated black paper interior is both acid-free and lignin-free.
The cover extends the full height of the box, offering additional protection against deterioration and warping. Convenient thumb-notches make it easy to remove the lids. Choose from a variety of sizes and colors.
® Resource International Cargo is a registered trademark.


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I should NOT have to tell that lvl9 iczer that he gets a Starter Switcher, and can exchange it for ALL 4 starterfiles. It should be in the welcoming message to new iczers. The guy was shocked to hear. He also had no idea where he could exchange it and that it was for all 4. (and i've heard this before from other low lvls)
Go edit it in the email. Go put it up as advertising somewhere. Mention increased exp upon beating higher leveled iczers aswell somewhere. It's these little things that take a minute, but can mean alot. Go sell your product.


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May 7, 2007
Bryan Lazare
With the May recruiting period for college football underway, one would expect the traffic not to be as great around John Curtis Christian School as it was 12 months ago.There is no Joe McKnight getting ready for his final year of high school this spring at Curtis.The two headliners in the Patriots' senior class are a couple of defensive backs - Robby Green, Jr. and P.J. Smith. According to Curtis, many BCS schools have offered scholarships to the two defensive backs.LSU has offered scholarships to both players. Curtis also mentioned LSU coach Les Miles' former school, Oklahoma State, and former LSU coach Nick Saban's new school, Alabama, have also made scholarship offers to both players. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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The Power of Independent Thinking
Charity vs Government
Recorded: Thursday, December 18, 2014
Sr. Fellow David T. Beito appears on the Fox Business News' "Stossel" to debate whether government or private charity is a better way to abolish poverty. Beito, editor of the book The Voluntary City says that government is outdated and its War on Poverty is a failure.
Experts: David T. BeitoType: TelevisionIssues: Culture/ Society, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Labor and Employment, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Welfare
The Roots of Government Failure: An Interview
Recorded: Wednesday, November 30, 2011
William Shughart interviews Economist Randy T. Simmons, author of Beyond Politics: The Roots of Government Failure.
Experts: William F. Shughart II, Randy T SimmonsType: Independent Institute TVIssues: Democracy, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Public Choice Theory
David Beito on the 1930s Tax Revolt
Recorded: Monday, April 18, 2011
David Beito, Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, discusses an episode in the 1930s in which many Americans initiated a series of strikes and revolts against rising property taxes.
Experts: David T. BeitoType: TelevisionIssues: Economic History and Development (U.S.), History (U.S), Taxes


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Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
Research and Clinical TrialsSee how Mayo Clinic research and clinical trials advance the science of medicine and improve patient care. Explore now.
Visit Our SchoolsEducators at Mayo Clinic train tomorrow's leaders to deliver compassionate, high-value, safe patient care. Choose a degree.
Professional ServicesExplore Mayo Clinic's many resources and see jobs available for medical professionals. Get updates.
Give to Mayo ClinicHelp set a new world standard in care for people everywhere. Give now.
Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations.
Subscribe to Housecall
Our general interest e-newsletter keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics.
Achilles tendinitis is an overuse injury of the Achilles (uh-KILL-eez) tendon, the band of tissue that connects calf muscles at the back of the lower leg to your heel bone.
Achilles tendinitis most commonly occurs in runners who have suddenly increased the intensity or duration of their runs. It's also common in middle-aged people who play sports, such as tennis or basketball, only on the weekends.
Most cases of Achilles tendinitis can be treated with relatively simple, at-home care under your doctor's supervision. Self-care strategies are usually necessary to prevent recurring episodes. More-serious cases of Achilles tendinitis can lead to tendon tears (ruptures) that may require surgical repair.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Proceeds from website advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse non-Mayo products and services.
Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic.
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A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here.


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order by phone... 1-800-828-4548
order by item number...add items to my cart
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These brushes from Princeton feature a clear acrylic handle. The synthetic hair holds a reservoir of color and can be used to create beautiful points and precise edges.
Hint — click a thumbnail to enlarge.
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™ Princeton is a trademark.
Dick Blick Art Materials®, Blick®, Blick Studio®, and Artists Pick Blick® are registered trademarks of Dick Blick Holdings Inc.
© Copyright 1999-2016 Dick Blick Holdings Inc. All rights reserved.


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June 14, 2012
Brad Champoux
The big boys battled the end at the Nike NFTC Camp and we caught it on film for Rivals.com. It was a great showing by many of the Regions Best! ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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The Tanzania High Commission in Abuja, Nigeria paid Naira 3,600,000, the equivalent of Sh37,152,000 between July 2011 to June 2013 in house rent for a flat which was never occupied, the Controller and Auditor General (CAG) has revealed.
The payment is in respect of house rent for the residence of the Administrative Attaché in that period but the embassy official had actually returned home by 12/07/2011, the 2010/2011 CAG report on the Audit of the Financial Statements of the Tanzania Embassies/Missions said.
"Thus the flat is vacant and the government received no value on the paid amount," the report said.
In financial year 2010/2011, some missions and embassies have overspent over three billion shillings, whereas revenue they collected amounted to Sh16 billion against approved estimates of Sh13billion resulting in over collection of three billion shillings.
Apart from the over expenditure revelations, the report recorded a number of other financial irregularities in different embassies. Bujumbura Embassy, for instance, is reported to lack internal audit services, contrary to the Public Finance Regulations Act of 2001, Reg 28-35, which requires Accounting Officers to establish an effective Internal Audit.
The CAG also discovered that the mission had never submitted to the ministry headquarters any revenue collected during the year, whereas it collected about Sh25,551,348.
The embassy is not supposed to retain any amount from the collection account. However, the remaining balance from the collection was found to be only Sh16,403,527.70 implying that the embassy has spent over nine million shillings to finance different activities. CAG also found that the embassy in Abu Dhabi spent more than Sh78 million without permission from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
"Audit examination of the accounting of collected revenue from visa, attestation and other miscellaneous collections noted that an amount totaling Sh191,700, the equivalent of Sh78,213,600, were transferred from Revenue Account No. 0157283097 to local vote Account No. 0156086392 all opened in the National Bank of Abu Dhabi for the settlement of various bills and other expenses," read part of the report The Muscat Oman Embassy is spotted to have not banked more than Sh47million. The audit noted that revenue amounting to OMR 93,250 was collected from visa, attestation and other miscellaneous collections.
"Out of the amount collected, a revenue totalling Sh47,588,845.50 was under banked contrary to Re. No. 78(1) of the Public Finance Regulations, 2001 (Revised 2004)" notes a report
In recommendation, the CAG said: "The decision of the Paymaster General in collaboration with the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation to allow embassies and missions abroad to retain 100 percent of revenue collected has resulted to misappropriation of funds by some sub-warrant holders."


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Receptions and Diploma Cover Distribution
Receptions for members of the graduating class, their families, and faculty and administrators will be held after the Commencement ceremony at the locations stated below. Diploma covers and a memento from President Rochon will be distributed at the receptions between 11:30 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Your official diploma will be mailed to your permanent address approximately four weeks after graduation. Please make sure that the Office of the Registrar has your correct permanent address on file.
Towers Dining Hall (reception location)
Towers Concourse (diploma distribution location)
Hill Center Gymnasium
Fitness Center Gymnasium
H&S (Anthropology, Art, Art History, Gerontology, Sociology)
Handwerker Gallery, Gannett Center
H&S (Biology, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Computer Science, Environmental Science/Studies, Mathematics, Physics, Psychology)
Center for Natural Sciences
H&S (Economics, English, History, Modern Languages, Planned Studies, Politics, Writing)
Emerson Suites, Campus Center
H&S (Philosophy/Religion, Communication Studies-including Culture and Communication, Theatre Arts)
Dillingham Center Lobby
McHenry Lobby, Whalen Center (reception location)
Hockett Family Recital Hall, Whalen Center (diploma distribution location)
Graduate (including DPT)
Respective School Locations


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May 7, 2012
Lucas Trickle
With limited scholarships available in their 2013 recruiting class, Minnesota will likely take one quarterback. Chris Streveler is hoping that he can be that quarterback. Streveler talks about his interest the Minnesota football program. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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text: Be the man that broke Batman's back when you put on this Deluxe Batman Men's Adult Bane Costume. This set comes with a jumpsuit, molded belt and gauntlet, and a mask. Modeled after Bane's costume in The Dark Knight, this short-sleeved army-green jumpsuit is printed to look like Bane's mobile life-support system. The highly-detailed molded belt fastens around the waist and has connected, adjustable shoulder straps. The gauntlet sits comfortable at the wrist. Molded knee pads are built into the jumpsuit's gray painter pants. To finish the costume you can wear the faithful movie replica of Bane's famous muzzle. Ra's al Ghul may have died long ago, but you're here to fulfill his prophecy. No one will stand in your way when you wear this outfit to this year's Halloween party. Have someone show up in the Deluxe Muscle Adult Dark Knight Batman costume and let the showdown begin.


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It is every parent's dream to raise well behaved and well adjusted children. Day in day out, parents struggle to find the best ways of raising well balanced children. We try to analyse and assess the things that we believe to be the causes of bad children.
Has it ever occurred to us that at times we are our own enemies; we are the root cause of problem children? It is surprising to note that most of us are very much worried about our children and how they behave but at the same time we are the reason why other people's children misbehave.
Why am I saying all this? Just hang on a second and you will soon get a clear picture of what's happening on the ground. On Sunday afternoon, my husband and I went out with some relatives of ours who were in Dare s Salaam for a business meeting. Sunday was their last day here so we decided to take them to one of the beach clubs to spend the afternoon.
Whilst there, we learnt that one of the popular group of musicians was going to play there later in the evening so we decided to extent our stay there and enjoy ourselves a bit.
As the night got older, more and more people started pouring into the venue. We also called a certain couple we are friends with so that we could share the joy.
Whilst on the dance door, we noticed that there were quite a number of men who were dancing and caressing young girls, young enough to be their daughters if not granddaughters and the same applies to women. They also were doing the same to young boys young enough to be their grandsons or sons in other cases.
This thing really irked my nerves and I was kind of surprised by what these elderly people were doing. I asked myself whether the same people would be happy to find their kids in relationships with elderly men or women and if not, why then were they abusing other people's children? Food for thought I suppose.
I also wondered whether we will be able to harness teen pregnancies, early motherhood, HIV/Aids and all the problems associated with it if the very men and women who should be protecting children are the ones abusing them.
As grown up people, we should treat all young children like our own children and strive to protect them instead of viewing them with lust.
We cannot end these problems as long as we would like to consider any young boy or girl that we see as our sex partner and start thinking of ways to rush them to bed.
There is need for grown up people to take stock of their actions and stop preaching water and drinking wine when it comes to issues pertaining to behaviour of teens. Honestly, how do we expect our own teens to behave well when we as parents are going out with other people's teenagers doing the unimaginable?
I strongly believe that tougher measures should be instituted against individuals who are in the habit of engaging in affairs with young children.
This should be discouraged at all costs and there should be no turning back. We would like our children to behave well and the starting point is for us to behave well.
Charity begins at home so it is said. Where will we get the guts to correct our own children if we are not exemplary as parents? I believe we should go a step further than just correcting our individual behaviour and start talking to adults who are not behaving rightly so that they too change and help us foster balanced children.
Silence will not take us anywhere. All men and women abusing young children should be exposed and brought to book. They should not be allowed to walk Scott free.
We cannot sit back and watch women and men of age destroy young lives by luring them with money and other worldly goodies. Children need to be taught that life is not all about money and material things but more to do with upholding one's values and commanding respect.
Before we point fingers at our children for misbehaviour, we should first correct ourselves and ensure hat we are behaving the right way.
Children learn by seeing and imitating therefore we have to be sure about what we are doing because that's exactly what our children will follow. I will leave you with this question today, will you be happy to let your family witness some of the things you do when you are out there or you will be ashamed? Happy parenting!


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Shop By Category
Game Tables
We offer a large selection of foosball tables and multi-game tables from leading manufactueres Garlando, Playcraft, and Danbury. We carry the traditional foosball tables as well as coin operated table soccer games and outdoor foosball tables. Please note all foosball tables ship via truck freight.
Game Tables


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Mission Bay Collection by The Great Outdoors
The Mission Bay Collection by The Great Outdoors features four lamps with antique bronze finishes and clear seeded glass. These lamps are visually interesting with candelabra-style bulbs. Select between flush mount, wall mount and post mount options, with selections available for ever budget. For quality transitional or traditional lighting, this collection delivers.


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Brunswick County, NC -- County officials recently made gun permits more accessible for residents with a new online system Tuesday.
In Brunswick County, residents can now apply for handgun purchase permits through an online application.
The county saw the changes as a way to make getting a permit easier, but also to make processing the applications easier for county employees.
More than 1,300 pistol permit applications were issued in Brunswick County in 2012, and more than 800 have been submitted this year, according to Star News Online.
While the online process would not cut down much on the time it takes office workers to process applications, it would cut down on the number of paper applications county employees would have to handle.
All state laws still apply to the county's online process.
Applicants must be 21 years old, have a valid form of identification and have lived in the county for at least a month. Also, anyone applying must also sign a release allowing the sheriff's office to determine the qualifications and competencies of the person trying to purchase a handgun.
People without internet access can still apply for permits at the sheriff's office.
Star News Online


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Rembrandt, the world's most popular soft pastels,have an unsurpassed purity and intensity. Rembrandt Pastels are made from the best quality, finely ground, pure pigments in an extra-fine kaolin clay binder. They contain no hard bits or sharp edges.
Color Swatch created using heavy to light application and was applied on 100 lb (163 gsm) drawing paper material.
bismuth orthovanadate or bismuth vanadium oxide
Bismuth Yellow is an intense, light value, semi-opaque yellow pigment with good tinting strength.
Bismuth Yellow has excellent lightfastness.
Bismuth orthovanadate is harmful if swallowed. It is irritating to the eyes, respiratory system, and skin. Exposure may cause conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and reversible irritation of the respiratory tract. More severe cases may cause bronchitis, bronchospasms, and asthma like disease. It may cause polycythemia, red blood cell destruction and anemia, albuminuria and hematuria, gastrointestinal disorders, nervous complaints, and severe cough. However, bismuth vanadium oxide is completely insoluble in water. This limits absorption and biological activity. In waterbased paints, it must be suspended in a binder vehicle. Because of low absorption, such clinical symptons are primarily limited to cases of long-term occupational exposure.
Bismuth orthovanadate occurs naturally in several minerals. Although it was synthesized in the 1920s, it was not developed as a commercial pigment until the 1970s.
Permanent Lemon Yellow, Vanadium Yellow.
organic synthetic, quinoline, vat
Quinophthalone Yellow is a transparent pigment classified as a vat pigment. It has high tinting strength and an average drying time.
Quinophthalone Yellow has excellent lightfastness.
Quinophthalone Yellow is not considered toxic.
® Rembrandt is a registered trademark.


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Our hotel-inspired collection is sewn in Italy from crisp 300-thread-count white Egyptian-cotton percale. Satin stitching edges each piece in a two-line style on the sheeting and shams, which may also be monogrammed with your initials.
Monogrammed items cannot be returned, except when due to defect. Once placed, your order for these items cannot be cancelled.


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Police are investigating the discovery of a body of a man under the overpass at I-25 and Cimarron.
Our crew on scene says the body appears to have been found either in or next to the creek bed under the northbound on-ramp. Police were called just before 11 a.m.
They are considering the death suspicious at this time and say the man had obvious signs of trauma.
The coroner removed the body just after five o'clock on Monday after crime scene investigators spent hours of collecting evidence.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
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The Power of Independent Thinking
Is the War on Terror Creating Terrorism?
Recorded: Tuesday, April 15, 2008
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Is it possible that the U.S. governments response to the 9/11 attacks has served al-Qaeda interests? Despite the hype, U.S. law-enforcement officials have found little evidence of serious terrorist activities inside the country, compelling them to escalate their use of prosecution and entrapment to justify their enormous budgets.
Experts: Ivan Eland, Ian S. Lustick, D. Gareth PorterType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, History (International), Terrorism and National Crises
Private Solutions for Reducing Road Congestion, Fuel Costs, Travel Time, and Waste
Recorded: Thursday, September 28, 2006
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 10
Congestion is not a fact of life, declared Mr. Mineta, We need a new approach, and we need it now. Such an approach is presented in the new Independent Institute book, Street Smart: Competition, Entrepreneurship and the Future of Roads.
Experts: Daniel B. Klein, Gabriel Roth, Alexander T. TabarrokType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Privatization, Transportation
Innovative Solutions for Iraq
Recorded: Thursday, February 16, 2006
The recent elections in Iraq have not resolved the main problems therea constitutional crisis, continued terrorism, a potent Sunni rebellion, and fighting between religious and ethnic groups that could result in a full-blown civil war. Is the Iraq war a hopeless quagmire that has been lost, or can the U.S. still foster a united, peaceful and prosperous Iraq?
Experts: Peter Brookes, Ivan Eland, Lawrence J. Korb, Lt. Gen. William E. Odom (Ret.), D. Gareth PorterType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy


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Green Empire Clock Widget
by Magic4works
Developer Notes
Green Empire Clock Widget gives your homescreen a brand new luxury look and makes your smartphone to a unique designer piece.
An elegant blend of classic and modern design style makes the Green Empire desktop Clock a special addition to any sophisticated wardrobe.
NOTE: This app contains only...


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Pickled green tomatoes, Italian style.
The garden was crazy this year, thanks to our big ol' raised garden bed. So when things started to get super cray cray, I decided that the best thing to do once I had a harvest of more than just two tomatoes at once, was make salsa & bruschetta.
But of course, sometimes you just see those green tomatoes hanging out there… and you wanna pluck 'em off & use them, too. They're so cute & small & round. And then there's all that fresh basil & oregano that's just waiting for you to keep picking it…
A girl's gotta do what a girl's gotta do.


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News Home
Saturday, November 03, 2012
Shoreline Community College Converted on Skagit Valley College Penalties for a 4-1 Win
It was an exciting day at Dolphin Field right from the start. The Shoreline Community College Women's Soccer Team took on Skagit Valley College for their final match of the season. SCC needed a win in order to secure a playoff spot.
The Dolphins came out ready with Rebekah Tenbroek-Hansen converting a header from a corner by Angela Celedon in the 2nd minute of play. Although there was no score again until the 37th minute the intensity of play continued. The next score came from Ashlann Wood, her first of the season, on a free kick from mid-field!
SCC was not done for the half even with a 2-0 lead. They kept the pressure on Skagit Valley goalie Jordan Bougher in the box. On a very controversial hand ball call against SVC in the box Sara Gilmore of SCC was given a penalty kick. Gilmore converted to put SCC up 3-0 going into the half.
In the second half both teams came out very aggressive but were not able to convert. In the75th minute SVC was finally able to convert. Sarah Tuemmler scored on a cross from Cody White. In the 77th minute SCC goalie Lauren Schoonover received a yellow card in the box giving Skagit Valley a chance to score and make it a 3-2 game. SVC was not able to convert hitting the sidebar of the goal. With this relief the Dolphins were able to extend their lead to 4-1 when Elle Blume converted on a corner kick from Sara Gilmore.
Penalties were a major issue for SVC in this game and SCC was able to covert for a comfortable 4-1 win. This win puts SCC in 3rd place in the Northern Region and qualifies them for NWAACC Playoffs. SCC will take on Highline Community College on Wednesday, November 7th. Times and location are yet to be determined. Be sure to check online at shoreline.edu/athletics for updates.
Posted At 9:20 PM •
Comments are locked for this post.
Check here for updates on Shoreline Community College Women's Soccer
Latest Stories
SCC Men's and Women's Soccer Open Season On Tuesday
SCC Summer Camps Start June 24 - 2 Soccer Camps Are Scheduled
SCC Women's Soccer Players of the Week (Catch Up Time)
SCC Women's Soccer Match Vs Clackamas Community College Now Available On YouTube:
SCC's Angela Celedon Is Named NWAACC All-Star For Women's Soccer
Lady Dolphins Soccer Ends Season In Overtime at Clackamas
Lady Dolphins Defeat Highline CC 1-0, Advance To Play On Saturday:
SCC Women's Soccer Will Play Highline Community College
Shoreline Community College Converted on Skagit Valley College Penalties for a 4-1 Win
Shoreline Community College Women's Soccer Shuts Out Green River Community College 3-0
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This outfit is all about peace, love, and bright, dramatic color. The Women's Hippie Love Costume features a colorful and flashy jumpsuit and gloves. The jumpsuit is sleeveless and has a wide collar and deep neckline. It's tight fitting all the way down to the knees, where the legs flare out into pleated bell bottoms. The entire suit is covered in a psychedelic flower pattern of blues, yellows, oranges, and all kinds of other bright colors. And if that wasn't bright enough, there are a pair of fingerless opera gloves with matching patterns. Shoes and the peace sign necklace, along with all kinds of other 60s and 70s accessories, are available separately. The Women's Hippie Love Costume makes a brilliant hippie or disco outfit that will get you noticed wherever you go.
Our Price: $24.99
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aden + anais Jungle Jam Dream Blanket in Monkey & White by aden and anais
Give your child the gift of sweet dreams with this plush and warm cotton muslin Dream Blanket. For generations, mothers around the world have appreciated the durable, soft, and warming properties of cotton muslin and with four layers combined in this baby blanket, your little one is sure to have a peaceful night's sleep. Exceptional size of 47" x 47" makes the Dream Blanket ideal for infants and toddlers alike.
Swaddling, a worldwide, centuries-old tradition, has a natural ability to recreate the warm and cozy feeling of the womb, due to the self regulating properties and gentle feel of the 100% cotton muslin. This finely-woven, breathable fabric is durable, stretchy, and ideal for creating a comfortable swaddling wrap for your baby. Used by ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman societies, this fabric has stood the test of time with its ever-increasing softness and strength and remains forever trusted by those who use it to warm, protect, and comfort their precious little ones.
aden + anais, a company born out of necessity, began producing high-quality muslin swaddling cloths when owner Raegan Moya-Jones moved to the U.S. from Australia and could not find the nice muslin swaddling cloths she so fondly remembered. Today aden + anais has continued this long tradition of swaddling and shaped it with fashion-forward style and fun prints for babies. Even the fussiest of babies will seem to sleep better once swaddled in this amazing line of muslin products.
SIZE: 47" x 47"
Category: Gifts, Gifts $30 to $50
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Bobby Avey, piano
Miguel Zenon, alto sax
Ben Monder, guitar
Thomson Kneeland, bass
Jordan Perlson, drums
Tickets: $20/$10 students
Authority Melts From Me is a suite inspired by events surrounding the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1803. It was the only time in recorded history that slaves have eradicated slavery and subsequently been able to declare their independence from their imperial colonizer. Oral tradition holds the slave involvement in the uprising commenced following a secret Vodou ceremony at Bois Caïman in the northern mountains of the island.
Bobby Avey has done a study of Haitian Vodou drumming rhythms including a trip to Haiti earlier this year to record a Vodou ceremony in the small village of Soukri. He has meticulously transcribed excerpts from the ceremony in Soukri as well as music from the Drummers of the Societe Absolument Guinin, a Vodou drum ensemble from Port-au-Prince. The rhythmic relationships between the drummers in these ensembles serve as the foundation for Authority Melts From Me.
In addition to his regular trio of bassist Thomson Kneeland and drummer Jordan Perlson, Avey will be joined by guitarist Ben Monder and 2008 MacArthur Fellow Miguel Zenón.
The creation and realization of Authority Melts From Me has been made possible by the Chamber Music America 2011 New Jazz Works: Commissioning and Ensemble Development grant funded through the generosity of the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.
Bobby Avey bio
Praised by the New Yorker magazine as, A young pianist of invention and refinement, Bobby Avey has established himself as an emerging star in the jazz community. In 2011, he won the esteemed Thelonious Monk Competition for composition. This award followed his 2010 debut record as a leader, A New Face,lauded by the NY Times as A promising debut. In 2005, while a student at the Purchase Conservatory of Music, he was invited by NEA Jazz Master David Liebman to adapt and arrange art songs from the Classical and Romantic eras for reinterpretation, creating a vehicle for improvisation. The project, which culminated with the album Vienna Dialogues, was released in 2006 on ZOHO to rave reviews. Avey graduated from Purchase Conservatory of Music summa cum laude in 2007.
"Intense, forceful, fearless...if there's been a better jazz debut album this year, we haven't hear it. Avey's ceiling is pretty much as high as he wants to go with it." - Lucid Culture
"With his potent debut, Avey deserves recognition as one of the most promising musicians of his generation." - Ken Dryden
A young pianist of invention and refinement. - The New Yorker
Miguel Zenon
Multiple Grammy Nominee and Guggenheim and MacArthur Fellow Miguel Zenón represents
a select group of musicians who have masterfully balanced and blended the often
contradictory poles of innovation and tradition. Widely considered as one of the most
groundbreaking and influential saxophonists of his generation, he has also developed a
unique voice as a composer and as a conceptualist, concentrating his efforts on perfecting a
fine mix between Latin American Folkloric Music and Jazz. Born and raised in San Juan,
Puerto Rico, Zenón has released seven recordings as a leader including Rayuela (2012) and
the Grammy Nominated Alma Adentro (2011). As a sideman he has worked with jazz
luminaries such as The SFJAZZ Collective, Charlie Haden, David Sánchez, The Mingus Big
Band, Bobby Hutcherson, Fred Hersch, Kenny Werner and Steve Coleman.
Zenón has been featured in articles on publications such as The New York Times, The Wall
Street Journal, The Los Angeles Times, as well as gracing the cover of Downbeat Magazine.
He has also toped the Rising Star Alto Sax category of the Downbeat Critic's Poll on four
different occasions. As a composer he has been commissioned by SFJAZZ, The New York
State Council for the Arts, Chamber Music America, The John Simon Guggenheim
Foundation, and many of his peers. Zenón has given hundreds of lectures and master classes
at institutions all over the world, and is a permanent faculty member at New England
Conservatory of Music. In 2011 he founded Caravana Cultural, a program which presents
free Jazz concerts in rural areas of Puerto Rico.
In April 2008 Zenón received a fellowship from the prestigious John Simon Guggenheim
Foundation. Later that year he was one of 25 distinguished individuals chosen to receive the
coveted MacArthur Fellowship, also known as the Genius Grant.www.miguelzenon.com
Ben Monder
A musician in the New York area for 25 years, he has performed with a variety of artists, including Jack McDuff, Marc Johnson, Lee Konitz, George Garzone, Tim Berne, and Kenny Wheeler. He is a regular member of the Maria Schneider Jazz Orchestra and the Paul Motian Octet, as well as many other projects. He has conducted clinics and workshops around the world, and served on the faculty of the New England Conservatory from 2002-2005. Ben continues to perform original music internationally with his own quartet, trio, and in a duo project with vocalist Theo Bleckmann. He has appeared on over 100 CDs as a sideman, and has released 4 as a leader: Oceana (Sunnyside, 2005), Excavation (Arabesque, 2000), Dust (Arabesque, 1997), and Flux (Songlines,1995). http://www.benmonder.com/
Thomson Kneeland
Acoustic bassist and composer Thomson Kneeland has established himself as a formidable sideman and leader since moving to New York City in 2003. He quickly found himself working with such established musicians as Ted Rosenthal, Kenny Werner, Billy Drummond, Lynne Arriale, Paul Bollenback, Peter Leitch, Jed Levy, and many others, as well as leading his own groups. Kneeland has established himself as an in demand bassist with a rock solid swing feel and a unique virtuousic and rhythmic voice; but while delving deep into the jazz history, Kneeland also brings a variety of musical interests to the table from classical counterpoint and 20th century chamber music, to Indian Karnatic music, Indonesian gamelan, Balkan folk music, electronica, heavy metal, and more. Kneeland has released 5 albums as a leader, most recently Mazurka for a Modern Man and The Voice of Silence, featuring a quintet of his peers making their mark on the NYC scene. In 2012, as a member of the Jed Levy Quartet, Kneeland was selected to participate in the Rhythm Road Abroad program sponsored by Jazz at Lincoln Center and the US State Department.
Besides composing for various jazz and improvisational idioms, Kneeland has delved into two electronica projects (Grid-X and the movie soundtrack for Magdalena's Brain-2004) and composes chamber music; he was commissioned to write three pieces for the Longy School of Music Jazz Ensemble and has arranged for the Sherman Chamber Ensemble. As a leader, sideman, and composer, Kneeland has appeared on over 40 recordings to date and performed with such luminaries as Jerry Bergonzi, Kenny Werner, George Garzone, Chris Potter, Ted Rosenthal, Lynne Arriale, Rick Margitza, Darcy James Argue's Secret Society, Joe Maneri, Gunther Schuller, Peter Leitch, Paul Bollenback and many others. He has performed internationally at such venues as The Kennedy Center, Medellin University in Colombia, the Toronto Jazz Festival, the Perth Jazz Festival, the Vancouver Jazz Festival, and more. http://www.thomsonkneeland.com/
Jordan Perlson
Jordan Perlson was born in the suburbs of Philadelphia, where he began drumming at the age of 10. Jordan studied privately with numerous teachers throughout his childhood, but it was not until he began studying with famed drummer Joe Morello, at the age of 17, did he really begin to develop his technique and sound. On scholarship, Jordan attended Berklee College of Music where he graduated with a dual degree in Performance and Music Business.
A now long time resident of New York City, Jordan keeps a busy touring and recording schedule, including tours through the U.S., Canada, Central America, Europe, Japan, Korea, China and Mongolia. He has shared the stage with such musicians as Kaki King, Trevor Hall, Hiromi David Liebman, Gary Burton, Chris Potter, Greg Osby, Cuong Vu, Henry Hey, Donny McCaslin, Brad Shepik, Chris Cheek, George Garzone, David Binney, Wayne Krantz and many others. Jordan also spent two years drumming for the New York cast of Blue Man Group.
Jordan has composed music for and can be heard on commercials for Powerade, Nissan, The New York Rangers, Netflix and other major commercial market products/companies.
The young drummer also recently opened a home recording studio, built specifically for drum tracking. More info on that here He is currently working on several instructional books as well as his first solo project of original material. He can be contacted via jordanperlson.com or directly at email@example.com.


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Full Video of The Independent Institutes 25th Anniversary Gala for Liberty
Recorded: Tuesday, November 15, 2011
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Full Video of The Independent Institutes 2011 25th Anniversary Gala for Liberty held November 15, 2011.
Part 1: Introductory Remarks and Tribute to Robert Higgs
Part 2: Tribute to Mario Vargas Llosa
Part 3: History of The Independent Institute and Fund for the Future
Part 4: Tribute to Lech Walesa
Part 5: Special Tributes, Sponsors, and Credits
Experts: Leszek Balcerowicz, Price V. Fishback, Robert Higgs, Ron Paul, Jorge Quiroga, David J. Theroux, Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu, Mario Vargas Llosa, Lech Wałęsa, Yuri Yarim-AgaevType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Business, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Defense and Foreign Policy, Democracy, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Government Power, History (International), History (U.S), Latin America, Nationalism, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics, Privatization, Property Rights, Terrorism and National Crises
Highlights from the Independent Institutes 25th Anniversary Gala for Liberty
Recorded: Tuesday, November 15, 2011
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Highlights from the Independent Institutes 2011 25th Anniversary Gala for Liberty held November 15, 2011.
Part 1: Robert Higgs accepting the Alexis de Tocqueville Award
Part 2: Tribute from Ron Paul
Part 3: Tribute from Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Part 4: Tribute from Leszek Balcerowicz
Experts: Leszek Balcerowicz, Robert Higgs, Ron Paul, Archbishop Desmond M. TutuType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Government Power
Robert Higgs Interviewed: The Expanding Pork for Military Pay and Towns
Recorded: Friday, August 27, 2010
Independent Institute Senior Fellow Robert Higgs is interviewed by Scott Horton of Antiwar Radio on the widening gap between public and private sector pay, the increasing affluence of military towns compared with others, the disappearance of traditional checks on government power, and the predation and incremental ratchet effect of expanding governmental powers that increase temporarily during wartime but never really recede.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: RadioIssues: Economic History and Development (U.S.), Government Power, Labor and Employment, Terrorism and National Crises
Robert Higgs Interview on Growth of Big Brother
Recorded: Friday, July 9, 2010
Senior Fellow Robert Higgs talks about his book, Neither Liberty nor Safety: Fear, Ideology, and the Growth of Government, on The Holistic Survival Show with Jason Hartman. Higgs sheds light on the history of institutionalized violence implemented by a bloated federal state, caused by a misguided faith in larger government to ensure a freedom from fear. The Necessary and Proper Clause? People have been trying to loosen the bounds of the Constitution virtually from the time it was ratified to the present, Higgs cautions.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: RadioIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Government Power, Terrorism and National Crises
Robert Higgs on Government Obstruction of Liberty
Recorded: Wednesday, April 14, 2010
Originally aired on 4/14/10 on FoxNews.coms Freedom Watch. Robert Higgs discusses the extent to which the federal governments policies inhibit freedom.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Economic History and Development (U.S.), Government Power, Taxes, Terrorism and National Crises
Why Are Politicians Always Trying to Scare Us?
Recorded: Thursday, December 6, 2007
Experts: Robert Higgs, David J. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Government Power, Politics, Terrorism and National Crises
Robert Higgs on How the State Leads People to Their Own Destruction
Recorded: Friday, October 12, 2007
Lecture presented by Robert Higgs at the Ludwig von Mises Institute's 25th Anniversary Celebration in New York City; 12-13 October 2007. This celebratory event discusses the legacy of Ludwig von Mises, his students such as Murray Rothbard, and the movement Mises inspired. http://mises.org
Check out Higgs' book Crisis and Leviathan.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Freedom, Government Power, Government Waste/Pork, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Regulation and Deregulation
The 2006 Thomas S. Szasz Awards and An Evening With Robert Higgs
Recorded: Wednesday, December 6, 2006
The reception and presentation of the Thomas S. Szasz Awards for Outstanding Contributions to the Cause of Civil Liberties to Robert Higgs and Robert Spillane, followed by a special forum featuring Dr. Higgs on Liberty and Leviathan.
Experts: Robert Higgs, Robert Spillane, Thomas S. SzaszType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Government Power, Terrorism and National Crises


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New Masters Classic Acrylics are the realization of a dream held by Professor Theo
This line was developed specifically to complement Old Holland's existing oil and watercolor ranges, yet incorporate the finest new pigments available today. A pure acrylic binder sourced from a "boutique" European manufacturer, while more costly, imparts a unique characteristic to these paints, ensuring excellent adhesion, color retention, and working properties.
The combination of high pigment load and a proprietary binding system results in colors that uniquely exhibit the characteristics of the individual pigments. They dry to a satin gloss and offer minimum brush drag, making them ideal for a variety of techniques, from
Other hallmarks of the New Masters line include the absence of extenders or fillers and minimal
Extensive development, consultation with professional artists, and years of field trials have resulted in a selection of opaque and transparent colors that include a range of metallic, pearlescent, iridescent, and interference colors.
Color Chart Note — Use this color chart as an approximation of the real color. If exact color matching is necessary, use actual samples of the materials.
see also ...
® Old Holland is a registered trademark. ® New Masters is a registered trademark.


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Lattice Percale Comforter Cover
Overview & Details
- Girls' duvet cover with pretty lattice design.
- 100% cotton percale duvet cover for kids.
- All kids' duvet covers come with corner ties that attach to the loops on our comforters to hold both in place (comforter sold separately).
- Coordinated sheets and pillowcases also available.
- Lattice girls' duvet cover available in Cotton Candy (pink) or Mint (green).
- Machine wash.
- Imported.
- Exclusively ours.
This simple, yet super pretty lattice kids' duvet cover is perfect for girls' bedrooms. Turn her bedroom into the beautiful space she's been dreaming about with our soft and inviting Lattice duvet cover, available in pink or mint green hue. A lattice design in soft pastels is printed all over soft, 200-thread count pure cotton. Interior corner ties can be attached to your comforter to hold it in place (comforter not included). Matching sheets and pillowcases also available, exclusively at Company Kids.


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Wordnik has recently gained $8 million worth of new funding with the help of new investor Lucas Venture Group as well as the participation of Baseline Ventures, Roger McNamee, Mohr Davidow Ventures, and FLOODGATE. There were also other private investors.
Joe Hyrkin, Wordnik's CEO, shares more about the company and this recent funding through this e-interview with Lead411:


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Mountaineering expedition has changed its
meaning, scope and objective over many decades starting from the idea of
reaching the highest summits in remote mountain ranges to being a recreational
sport today. Mountaineering expedition today is a social high altitude trekking
activity with the goal to summit a Himalayan peak as result. Still today like
in early days mountaineering expedition requires high fitness level,
determination, ability to cope with weeks of isolation and psychological
ability to collaborate with a small group of people over 4-6 weeks.
Many expedition climbs are not highly technical but operating on high altitude increases level of difficulty and even non-technical aspects at sea level turn in to complex, difficult
- Mountainering
- Peak Climbing
- Trekking
Everest Expedition
The Sagarmatha (forehead of the sky) in Nepali is known as Mt. Everest in the world. Mt. Everest with the altitude of 8848m, is the highest peak in the earth, so, it is also known as the roof of the world. The South face of this recognized mountain lies in Nepal where as the North face is said to be laid in China's autonomous state Tibet.
Cho Oyu Expedition
The sixth highest mountain in the world is Cho Oyu (8201m). Cho Oyu Expedition is a classic Himalayan climb and considered the easiest 8000m peak to climb via its Northwest Ridge, with no technical climbing, big snowfields, and little objective danger. Mt. Cho Oyu is easily accessed by 4-wheel-drive vehicle from Tingri, often guided, and is the first 8,000-meter peak for most climbers.
Shishapangma Expedition
Shishapangma is the 14th highest peak of the world with an altitude of 8012m. This mountain is considered as one of the easiest 8000m mountains to climb. Shishapangma is also the highest peak in the Langtang Himal area.
Island Peak Climbing
One of the most popular trekking peaks for Peak Expedition in Khumbu Region of Nepal is Island Peak which is listed as NMA Trekking Peak and technically simple to climb. Island Peak Climbing offers superb panorama views of Khumbu area from its summit.
Chulu East Peak Climbing
Chulu East Peak (6,584m) is comparatively a smaller Peak for Climbing lies south east of Chulu West. The Peak Chulu East provides breathtaking views of the mountains like Annapurna II, III and IV, Gangapurna, Glacier Dome, Dhaulagiri, Tilicho Peak and Mt. Manaslu.
Mera Peak Climbing
Mera Peak (6476m) lies within the Himalayas of the Everest Region of Nepal, is one of the popular mountain peak. Mera Peak is classified as one of the NMA trekking peak for peak climbing in Nepal.
Everest Base Camp Trek
The Everest Base Camp trek is a classic Himalayan trek with incredible views and rewards. The Khumbu region is the home of Mount Everest with an elevation of 8,848m the world's highest mountain
Annapurna Base Camp Trek
The Annapurna range has a Base Camp in the heart of the mountains and the beginning of Modi Khola just above the Machhapuchhare (The Fishtail) Base Camp in north-west of Kaski district in Nepal.
Annapurna Circuit Trek
The Annapurna Circuit Trek is also known as Round Annapurna Trek among the lovers of Mountain trekking. This trek begins from Bhulbhule after Besishahar with an overland journey toward Pokhara
Ghorepani Poon Hill Trek
Ghorepani Poonhill Panorama Trek is suited for beginner of trekking with limited time expecting real experience of Trekking in Nepal. This trekking package route is a colorful short route
Best Agency, Snowy Horizon
I planned to climb Naya Kanga Peak in March and Snowy Horizon helped me a lot - I got a great guide who has done an impressive List of ascents of high mountains. He was a real fighter when it came to struggle against a hell lot of snow - yet we had to give in before reaching the High Camp.
Walking up and cycling down Annapurna, October 2011
It was a long time ago when me and my friends had a lively conversation about Himalaya mountains and Nepal resulting in decision to go and explore the roof of the world ourselves. Last year I started to search plane tickets for Kathmandu and a company which could provide all service there. As usually I asked Mother Google for activities in Nepal and she found for me the Snowy Horizon.
- 3 reviews of Snow Horizon Treks & Expedition - Day Tours in Kathmandu


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Voli per Roma
Fly non-stop from London to the Italian capital with British Airways and arrive ready to discover the ancient city.
Voli con British Airways e potrà godere di un servizio pluri-premiato e di tariffe con un ottimo rapporto qualità-prezzo senza spese nascoste.
Fly non-stop from London to the Italian capital with British Airways and arrive ready to discover the ancient city.
Jet from one iconic capital to another with flights from London direct to Rome. Fly with British Airways and relax on your short flight to the Italian capital, before taking in Rome's awe-inspiring history and cosmopolitan atmosphere. From world-famous museums and monuments to architectural gems, unbeatable shopping, mouth-watering cuisine and that enviable Italian culture, Rome is really a city that has it all - a must-see destination for any traveller.
And thanks to fast, direct flights from two London airports, Rome is the perfect destination for a short break as well as a longer holiday. Save time with online or mobile check-in and relax on board with our complimentary food and drink service to get your Italian adventure off to a flying start.
The average flight duration from London to Rome is 2 hours 30 minutes, where our flights depart from two London airports - London Heathrow (LHR) and London Gatwick (LGW) arriving at Rome Fiumicino (FCO).
You can fly to Rome with British Airways direct from London Heathrow or Gatwick Airports. We operate a number of direct flights to Rome Leonardo da Vinci Fiumicino Airport every day, so you will have plenty of flight options to choose from. Choose to fly with hand baggage only or pick a price that includes a 23kg checked baggage allowance and free seat selection 24 hours before you fly - both options include complimentary on-board drinks and snacks.
Rome Fiumicino Airport is located 35 kilometres from Rome's historic centre, which is easily reached by train or taxi. Trains depart half-hourly from Fiumicino Airport, taking around 30 minutes to reach the city centre. Numerous licensed white taxis can also be found waiting outside the arrivals concourse.
Get ready for your stay in Rome with some useful facts to make your arrival stress-free.
Time Zone: UTC/GMT + 1 hour
Currency: Euro (€)
Country Code: +39
Local Area Code: 06
Electricity: 230 V, 50 Hz, European 2 pin plug
Classificazione BA
Classificazione TripAdvisor
852 recensioni
Classificazione BA
Classificazione TripAdvisor
988 recensioni
Classificazione BA
Classificazione TripAdvisor
701 recensioni


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Tahoe Lakeshore Lodge & Spa, South Shore's only all lakefront property, offers hotel and condominium lodging all with an incredible lake view and cozy fireplace. Revitalize and rejuvenate yourself in our full service day spa or relax by our heated pool and hot tub. Centrally located to area activities, restaurants, casinos and sitting on 500 feet of private beach, you'll receive a true Tahoe experience. The only South Lake Tahoe Hotel and Condominium property with a full lake view from every room. Lodging options include a variety of accommodations in either our hotel lodge or in the privately owned condominiums adjacent to the lodge.
This is a one bedroom, one bathroom condominium with a queen sized bed in the master bedroom, two twin beds in the loft, full kitchen and living area, wood burning fireplace, private balcony and view of Lake Tahoe.
Photos are representative of the property and may differ from the actual unit that is reserved.
For more detailed information about the amenities for this property please call one of our
Destination Experts at 800.976.4302
NOTE: Calendar displays standard nightly rates. Please see above for our best pricing applied to the dates you selected.
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Looking for more information on this property or have questions on planning your vacation? Our friendly
Destination Experts are here to help. They will usually respond to your request within 5 minutes
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Our agents live, work and play in the destinations we offer, ensuring you benefit from local expertise while planning your trip.
They went the extra mile to offer me the most up to date rates and availability for my vacation.
Their staff was very knowledgeable and quick in response to all my questions. I would book with them again!
-Shauna K.


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The approach to idealism by Western philosophers has been different from that of Eastern thinkers. In much of Western thought (though not in such major Western thinkers as Plato and Hegel) the ideal relates to direct knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images. It is then usually juxtaposed with realism in which the real is said to have absolute existence prior to and independent of our knowledge. Epistemological idealists (such as Kant) might insist that the only things which can be directly known for certain are ideas. In Eastern thought, as reflected in Hindu idealism, the concept of idealism takes on the meaning of consciousness, essentially the living consciousness of an all-pervading God, as the basis of all phenomena. A type of Asian idealism is Buddhist idealism.
Idealism names a number of philosophical positions with quite different tendencies and implications.
Idealism in the East
Several Hindu traditions and schools of Buddhism can be accurately characterized as idealist. Some of the Buddhist schools are called "Consciousness-only" schools as they focus on consciousness without any deity.
Idealism in the West
In his chief work Truth, Antiphon wrote: "Time is a thought or a measure, not a substance". This presents time as an ideational, internal, mental operation, rather than a real, external object.
- Main article: Platonic idealism
Plato proposed an idealist theory as a solution to the problem of universals. A universal is that which all things share in virtue of having some particular property. So for example the wall, the moon and a blank sheet of paper are all white; white is the universal that all white things share. Plato argued that it is universals, The Forms, or Platonic Ideals that are real, not specific individual things. Confusingly, because this idea asserts that these mental entities are real, it is also called Platonic realism; in this sense realism contrasts with nominalism, the notion that mental abstractions are merely names without an independent existence. Nevertheless, it is a form of idealism because it asserts the primacy of the idea of universals over material things.
Plato's Allegory of the Cave relates to epistemological idealism. The mental images, or ideas, that are immediately and directly known are not the same as the exterior objects in the real world.
This world that appears to the senses has no true being, but only a ceaseless becoming; it is, and it also is not; and its comprehension is not so much a knowledge as an illusion. This is what he expresses in a myth at the beginning of the seventh book of the Republic, the most important passage in all his works … . He says that men, firmly chained in a dark cave, see neither the genuine original light nor actual things, but only the inadequate light of the fire in the cave, and the shadows of actual things passing by the fire behind their backs. Yet they imagine that the shadows are the reality, and that determining the succession of these shadows is true wisdom.
— Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, Vol. I, Appendix
Schopenhauer wrote of this Neoplatonist philosopher: "With Plotinus there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught (Enneads, iii, lib. vii, c.10) that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time, with the explanation: 'For there is for this universe no other place than the soul or mind' (neque est alter hujus universi locus quam anima), indeed the ideality of time is expressed in the words: 'We should not accept time outside the soul or mind' (oportet autem nequaquam extra animam tempus accipere)." (Parerga and Paralipomena, Volume I, "Fragments for the History of Philosophy," § 7)
Similarly, professor Ludwig Noiré wrote: "For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus (Enneads, iii, 7, 10), where he says, "The only space or place of the world is the soul," and "Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul." [1]
Writing about Descartes, Schopenhauer claimed, "… he was the first to bring to our consciousness the problem whereon all philosophy has since mainly turned, namely that of the ideal and the real. This is the question concerning what in our knowledge is objective and what subjective, and hence what eventually is to be ascribed by us to things different from us and what is to be attributed to ourselves." (Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. I, "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real") According to Descartes, we really know only what is in our own consciousnesses. We are immediately and directly aware of only our own states of mind. The whole external world is merely an idea or picture in our minds. Therefore, it is possible to doubt the reality of the external world as consisting of real objects. "I think, therefore I am" is the only assertion that can't be doubted. This is because self-consciousness and thinking are the only things that are unconditionally experienced for certain as being real. In this way, Descartes clearly presented the main problem of philosophical idealism, which is awareness of the difference between the world as an ideational mental picture and the world as a system of external objects.
Malebranche a student of the Cartesian School of Rationalism disagreed that if the only things that we know for certain are the ideas within our mind, then the existence of the external world would be dubious and known only indirectly. He declared instead that the real external world is actually God. All activity only appears to occur in the external world. In actuality, it is the activity of God. For Malebranche, we directly know internally the ideas in our mind. Externally, we directly know God's operations. This kind of idealism led to the pantheism of Spinoza.
Leibniz expressed a form of Idealism known as Panpsychism in his theory of monads, as exposited in his Monadologie . He held Monads are the true atoms of the universe, and are also entities having sensation. The monads are "substantial forms of being" They are indecomposable, individual, subject to their own laws, un-interacting, and each reflecting the entire universe. Monads are centers of force; substance is force, while space, matter, and motion are phenomenal. For Leibniz, there is an exact pre-established harmony or parallel between the world in the minds of the alert monads and the external world of objects. God, who is the central monad, established this harmony and the resulting world is an idea of the monads' perception. In this way, the external world is ideal in that it is a spiritual phenomenon whose motion is the result of a dynamic force. Space and time are ideal or phenomenal and their form and existence is dependent on the simple and immaterial monads. Leibniz's cosmology, with its central monad, embraced a traditional Christian Theism and was more of a Personalism than the naturalistic Pantheism of Spinoza.
George Berkeley
Bishop Berkeley, in seeking to find out what we could know with certainty, decided that our knowledge must be based on our perceptions. This led him to conclude that there was indeed no "real" knowable object behind one's perception, that what was "real" was the perception itself. This is characterised by Berkeley's slogan: "Thier esse est aut percipi aut percipere" or "To be is to be perceived or to perceive", meaning that something only exists, in the particular way that it is seen to exist, when it is being perceived (seen, felt etc.) by an observing subject.
This subjective idealism or dogmatic idealism led to his placing the full weight of justification on our perceptions. This left Berkeley with the problem, common to other forms of idealism, of explaining how it is that each of us apparently has much the same sort of perceptions of an object. He solved this problem by having God intercede, as the immediate cause of all of our perceptions.
Schopenhauer wrote: "Berkeley was, therefore, the first to treat the subjective starting-point really seriously and to demonstrate irrefutably its absolute necessity. He is the father of idealism...." (Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. I, "Fragments for the History of Philosophy," § 12)
Arthur Collier
Arthur Collier published the same assertions that were made by Berkeley. However, there seemed to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. Collier claimed that the represented image of an external object is the only knowable reality. Matter, as a cause of the representative image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world, as absolute matter, unrelated to an observer, does not exist for human perceivers. As an appearance in a mind, the universe cannot exist as it appears if there is no perceiving mind.
Collier was influenced by John Norris's (1701) An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World. The idealist statements by Collier were generally dismissed by readers who were not able to reflect on the distinction between a mental idea or image and the object that it represents.
Jonathan Edwards
Jonathan Edwards, an American theologian, went to Yale University in 1716 at the age of thirteen. After reading Locke's doctrine of ideas, he kept a notebook entitled "Mind." In it, he wrote, at the age of fourteen, that the only things that are real are minds. He contended that matter exists only as an idea in a mind. Due to his theological manner of thinking, he asserted that space is God, due to its infinity. After adolescence, he never elaborated on these early idealistic notes.
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant held that the mind shapes the world as we perceive it to take the form of space-and-time. Kant focused on the idea drawn from British empiricism (and its philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley, and Hume) that all we can know is the mental impressions, or phenomena, that an outside world, which may or may not exist independently, creates in our minds; our minds can never perceive that outside world directly. Kant emphasized the difference between things as they appear to an observer and things in themselves, "… that is, things considered without regard to whether and how they may be given to us … ."[2]
… if I remove the thinking subject, the whole material world must at once vanish because it is nothing but a phenomenal appearance in the sensibility of ourselves as a subject, and a manner or species of representation.
— Critique of Pure Reason A383
Kant's postscript to this added that the mind is not a blank slate (contra John Locke), but rather comes equipped with categories for organising our sense impressions. This Kantian sort of idealism opens up a world of abstractions (i.e., the universal categories minds use to understand phenomena) to be explored by reason, but in sharp contrast to Plato's, confirms uncertainties about a (un)knowable world outside our own minds. We cannot approach the noumenon, the "Thing in Itself" (German: Ding an Sich) outside our own mental world. (Kant's idealism goes by the counterintuitive name of transcendental idealism.)
Kant distinguished his transcendental or critical idealism from previous varieties:
The dictum of all genuine idealists, from the Eleatic school to Bishop Berkeley, is contained in this formula: "All knowledge through the senses and experience is nothing but sheer illusion, and only in the ideas of the pure understanding and reason is there truth." The principle that throughout dominates and determines my idealism is, on the contrary: "All knowledge of things merely from pure understanding or pure reason is nothing but sheer illusion, and only in experience is there truth."
— Prolegomena, 374
Johann Fichte denied Kant's noumenon, and made the claim that consciousness made its own foundation, that the mental ego of the self relied on no external, and that an external of any kind would be the same as admitting a real material. He was the first to make the attempt at a presuppositionless theory of knowledge, wherein nothing outside of thinking would be assumed to exist outside the initial analysis of concept. So that conception could be solely grounded in itself, and assume nothing without deduction from there first, what he called a Wissenschaftslehre. (This stand is very similar to Giovanni Gentile's Actual Idealism, except that Gentile's theory goes further by denying a ground for even an ego or self made from thinking.)
Hegel, another philosopher whose system has been called idealism, argued in his Science of Logic (1812-1814) that finite qualities are not fully "real," because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining, and hence would have a better claim to be called fully real. Similarly, finite natural things are less "real"--because they're less self-determining--than spiritual things like morally responsible people, ethical communities, and God. So any doctrine, such as materialism, that asserts that finite qualities or merely natural objects are fully real, is mistaken. Hegel called his philosophy absolute idealism, in contrast to the "subjective idealism" of Berkeley and the "transcendental idealism" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based (like Hegel's idealism) on a critique of the finite. The "idealists" listed above whose philosophy Hegel's philosophy most closely resembles are Plato and Plotinus. None of these three thinkers associates their idealism with the epistemological thesis that what we know are "ideas" in our minds.
In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what comprise the ideal. Schopenhauer emphasized that we are restricted to our own consciousness. The world that appears there is only a representation or mental picture of objects. We directly and immediately know only representations. All objects that are external to the mind are known indirectly through the mediation of our mind.
Schopenhauer's history is an account of the concept of the "ideal" in its meaning as "ideas in a subject's mind." In this sense, "ideal" means "ideational" or "existing in the mind as an image." He does not refer to the other meaning of "ideal" as being qualities of the highest perfection and excellence. In his On the Freedom of the Will, Schopenhauer noted the ambiguity of the word "idealism" by calling it a "term with multiple meanings."
[T]rue philosophy must at all costs be idealistic; indeed, it must be so merely to be honest. For nothing is more certain than that no one ever came out of himself in order to identify himself immediately with things different from him; but everything of which he has certain, sure, and therefore immediate knowledge, lies within his consciousness. Beyond this consciousness, therefore, there can be no immediate certainty … . There can never be an existence that is objective absolutely and in itself; such an existence, indeed, is positively inconceivable. For the objective, as such, always and essentially has its existence in the consciousness of a subject; it is therefore the subject's representation, and consequently is conditioned by the subject, and moreover by the subject's forms of representation, which belong to the subject and not to the object.
— The World as Will and Representation, Vol. II, Ch. 1
British idealism
British idealism enjoyed ascendancy in English-speaking philosophy in the later part of the 19th century. F. H. Bradley of Merton College, Oxford, saw reality as a monistic whole, which is apprehended through "feeling", a state in which there is no distinction between the perception and the thing perceived. Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism.
J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist, and that they only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are for McTaggart unreal. He argued, for instance, in The Unreality of Time that it was not possible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events in time, and that therefore time is an illusion.
American philosopher Josiah Royce described himself as an objective idealist.
Karl Pearson
In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists." This book influenced Einstein's regard for the importance of the observer in scientific measurements. In § 5 of that book, Pearson asserted that "...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind...." Also, "...the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world."
Criticism of Idealism
Immanuel Kant
In the 1st edition (1781) of his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant described Idealism as such.
We are perfectly justified in maintaining that only what is within ourselves can be immediately and directly perceived, and that only my own existence can be the object of a mere perception. Thus the existence of a real object outside me can never be given immediately and directly in perception, but can only be added in thought to the perception, which is a modification of the internal sense, and thus inferred as its external cause … . In the true sense of the word, therefore, I can never perceive external things, but I can only infer their existence from my own internal perception, regarding the perception as an effect of something external that must be the proximate cause … . It must not be supposed, therefore, that an idealist is someone who denies the existence of external objects of the senses; all he does is to deny that they are known by immediate and direct perception … .In the 2nd edition (1787) of his Critique of Pure Reason, he wrote a section called Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's Dogmatic Idealism. In addition to this refutation in both the 1781 & 1787 editions the section "Paralogisms of Pure Reason" is an implicit critique of Descartes Problematic Idealism, namely the Cogito. He says that just from "the spontaneity of thought" (cf. Descartes' Cogito) it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object. In his Notes and Fragments ( 6315,1790-91; 18:618) Kant defines idealism in the following manner:
— Critique of Pure Reason, A367 f.
" The assertion that we can never be certain whether all of our putative outer experience is not mere imagining is idealism "
Søren Kierkegaard
Kierkegaard attacked Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, but most succinctly in Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846). In the Postscript, Kierkegaard, as the pseudonymous philosopher Johannes Climacus, argues that a logical system is possible but an existential system is impossible. Hegel argues that once one has reached an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world, one has also reached an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind. Climacus claims Hegel's absolute idealism mistakenly blurs the distinction between existence and thought. Climacus also argues that our mortal nature places limits on our understanding of reality. As Climacus argues: "So-called systems have often been characterized and challenged in the assertion that they abrogate the distinction between good and evil, and destroy freedom. Perhaps one would express oneself quite as definitely, if one said that every such system fantastically dissipates the concept existence. ... Being an individual man is a thing that has been abolished, and every speculative philosopher confuses himself with humanity at large; whereby he becomes something infinitely great, and at the same time nothing at all."
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche was the first to mount a logically serious criticism of Idealism that has been popularised by David Stove (see below). He pre-empts Stove's GEM by arguing that Kant's argument for his transcendental idealism rests on a confusion between a tautology and begging the question, and therefore is an invalid, improper argument.
In his book Beyond Good and Evil, Part 1 On the Prejudice of Philosophers Section 11, he ridicules Kant for admiring himself because he had undertaken and (thought he) succeeded in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics."
Quoting Nietzsche's prose:
- "But let us reflect; it is high time to do so. 'How are synthetic judgements a priori possible?' Kant asked himself-and what really is his answer? 'By virtue of a faculty' - but unfortunately not in five words,...The honeymoon of German philosophy arrived. All the young theologians of the Tübingen seminary went into the bushes all looking for 'faculties.'...'By virtue of a faculty' - he had said, or at least meant. But is that an answer? An explanation? Or is it not rather merely a repetition of the question? How does opium induce sleep? 'By virtue of a faculty,' namely the virtus dormitiva, replies the doctor in Moliére."
In addition to the Idealism of Kant, Nietzsche in the same book attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes via a similar argument to Kant's original critique of Descartes. Quoting Nietzsche:
- There are still harmless self-observers who believe that there are "immediate certainties"; for example, "I think," or as the superstition of Schopenhauer put it, "I will"; as though knowledge here got hold of its objects purely and nakedly as "the thing in itself," without any falsification on the part of either the subject or the object. But that "immediate certainty," as well as "absolute knowledge" and the "thing in itself," involved a contradictio in adjecto, (contradiction between the noun and the adjective) I shall repeat a hundred times; we really ought to free ourselves from the seduction of words!
G. E. Moore
The first criticism of Idealism that falls within the analytic philosophical framework is by one of its co-founders Moore. This 1903 seminal article, The Refutation of Idealism. This one of the first demonstrations of Moore's commitment to analysis as the proper philosophical method.
Moore proceeds by examining the Berkeleian aphorism esse est percipi: "to be is to be perceived". He examines in detail each of the three terms in the aphorism, finding that it must mean that the object and the subject are necessarily connected. So, he argues, for the idealist, "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow" are necessarily identical - to be yellow is necessarily to be experienced as yellow. But, in a move similar to the open question argument, it also seems clear that there is a difference between "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow". For Moore, the idealist is in error because "that esse is held to be percipi, solely because what is experienced is held to be identical with the experience of it".
Though this refutation of idealism was the first strong statement by analytic philosophy against its idealist predecessors this argument did not show that the GEM (in post Stove vernacular, see below) is logically invalid. Arguments advanced by Nietzsche (prior to Moore), Russell (just after Moore) & 80 years later Stove put a nail in the coffin for the "master" argument supporting idealism.
Bertrand Russell
Despite his hugely popular book The Problems of Philosophy (this book was in its 17th printing by 1943) which was written for a general audience rather than academia; few ever mention Russell's critique even though he completely anticipates David Stove's GEM both in form and content (see below for David Stove's GEM). In chapter 4 (Idealism) highlights Berkeley's tautological premise for advancing idealism.
Quoting Russell's prose (1912:42-43):
- "If we say that the things known must be in the mind, we are either un-duly limiting the mind's power of knowing, or we are uttering a mere tautology. We are uttering a mere tautology if we mean by 'in the mind' the same as by 'before the mind', i.e. if we mean merely being apprehended by the mind. But if we mean this, we shall have to admit that what, in this sense, is in the mind, may nevertheless be not mental. Thus when we realize the nature of knowledge, Berkeley's argument is seen to be wrong in substance as well as in form, and his grounds for supposing that 'idea'-i.e. the objects apprehended-must be mental, are found to have no validity whatever. Hence his grounds in favour of the idealism may be dismissed."
A.C. Ewing
Published in 1933 A.C. Ewing according to David Stove mounted the first full length book critique of Idealism, entitled Idealism; a critical survey. Stove does not mention that Ewing anticipated his GEM.
David Stove
The Australian philosopher David Stove argued in typical acerbic style that idealism rested on what he called "the worst argument in the world". His critique of Idealism is perhaps the most devastating critique of subjective idealism in philosophy. From a logical point of view his critique is no different from Russell or Nietzsche's -- but Stove has been more widely cited and most clearly highlighted the mistake of idealist proponents. He named the form of this argument - invented by Berkeley -- "the GEM". Berkeley claimed that "[the mind] is deluded to think it can and does conceive of bodies existing unthought of, or without the mind, though at the same time they are apprehended by, or exist in, itself". Stove argued that this claim proceeds from the tautology that nothing can be thought of without its being thought of, to the conclusion that nothing can exist without its being thought of.
The following is Stove's version of Berkeley's GEM (1991:139):
1) You cannot have trees-without-the-mind in mind, without having them in mind.
2) Therefore, you cannot have trees-without-the-mind in mind.
1) Is a tautology (self-referential statement); therefore the premise of this argument is trivially true.
2) Is not a trivially true conclusion. The logic flowing from 1) to 2) is valid (as this premise cannot lead to a false conclusion), but unsound because tautological premises can bring only tautological conclusions.
Refer to Stove's 1991 book The Plato Cult & Other Philosophical Follies chapter 6 Idealism: A Victorian Horror Story for numerous elucidations and numerous GEM's quoted from the history of philosophy and GEM's reconstructed in syllogistic form.
John Searle
In The Construction of Social Reality John Searle offers an attack on some versions of idealism. Searle conveniently summarises two important arguments for idealism. The first is based on our perception of reality:
- 1. All we have access to in perception are the contents of our own experiences
- 2. The only epistemic basis we can have for claims about the external world are our perceptual experiences
- 3. the only reality we can meaningfully speak of is the reality of perceptual experiences (The Construction of Social Reality p. 172)
Whilst agreeing with (2), Searle argues that (1) is false, and points out that (3) does not follow from (1) and (2).
The second argument for idealism runs as follows:
- Premise: Any cognitive state occurs as part of a set of cognitive states and within a cognitive system
- Conclusion 1: It is impossible to get outside of all cognitive states and systems to survey the relationships between them and the reality they are used to cognize
- Conclusion 2: No cognition is ever of a reality that exists independently of cognition (The Construction of Social Reality p. 174)
Searle goes on to point out that conclusion 2 simply does not follow from its precedents.
Alan Musgrave
Alan Musgrave in an article titled Realism and Antirealism in R. Klee (ed), Scientific Inquiry: Readings in the Philosophy of Science, Oxford, 1998, 344-352 - later re-titled to Conceptual Idealism and Stove's GEM in A. Musgrave, Essays on Realism and Rationalism, Rodopi, 1999 also in M.L. Dalla Chiara et al. (eds), Language, Quantum, Music, Kluwer, 1999, 25-35 - Alan Musgrave argues in addition to Stove's GEM, Conceptual Idealists compound their mistakes with use/mention confusions and proliferation of unnecessary hyphenated entities.
stock examples of use/mention confusions:
- Santa Claus (the person) does not exist.
- 'Santa Claus' (the name/concept/fairy tale) does exist; because adults tell children this every Christmas season.
The distinction in philosophical circles is highlighted by putting quotations around the word when we want to refer only to the name and not the object.
stock examples of hyphenated entities:
- things-in-itself (Immanuel Kant)
- things-as-interacted-by-us (Arthur Fine)
- Table-of-commonsense (Sir Arthur Eddington)
- Table-of-physics (sir Arthur Eddington)
- Moon-in-itself
- Moon-as-howled-by-wolves
- Moon-as-conceived-by-Aristotelians
- Moon-as-conceived-by-Galileans
Hyphenated entities are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave is because they over emphasis the epistemic (ways on how people come to learn about the world) activities and will more likely commit errors in use/mention. These entities do not exist (strictly speaking and are ersatz entities) but highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world.
In Sir Arthur Eddington's case use/mention confusions compounded his problem when he thought he was sitting at two different tables in his study (table-of-commonsense and table-of-physics). In fact Eddington was sitting at one table but had two different perspectives or ways of knowing about that one table.
Richard Rorty and Postmodernist Philosophy in general have been attacked by Musgrave for committing use/mention confusions. Musgrave argues that these confusions help proliferate GEM's in our thinking and serious thought should avoid GEM's.
Philip J. Neujahr
"Although it would be hard to legislate about such matters, it would perhaps be well to restrict the idealist label to theories which hold that the world, or its material aspects, are dependent upon the specifically cognitive activities of the mind or Mind in perceiving or thinking about (or 'experiencing') the object of its awareness." (Kant's Idealism, Ch. 1)
Idealism in religious thought
A broad enough definition of idealism could include most religious viewpoints. The belief that personal beings (e.g., God and the angels) preceded the existence of insentient matter seems to suggest that an experiencing subject is a necessary reality. Also, the existence of an omniscient God suggests, regardless of the actual nature of matter, that all of nature is the object of at least one consciousness. Materialism sees no incoherence in a scenario of there being a cosmos where no sentient subject ever develops; a wholly unknown universe where neither any subject, nor any object of a subject's experience ever exists. Historically, Mechanistic Materialism has been the favorite viewpoint of Atheist philosophers. Still, idealistic viewpoints that have not included God, supernatural beings, or a post-mortem existence have sometimes been advanced.
While many religious philosophies are indeed specifically idealist, for example, some Hindu denominations view regarding the nature of Brahman, souls, and the world are idealistic, some have favored a form of substance dualism. Mahayana Buddhist denominations have usually embraced some form of idealism, while some Christian theologians have held idealist views, substance dualism has been the more common view of Christian authors, especially with the strong influence of the philosophy of Aristotle among the Scholastics.
Several modern religious movements, for example the organizations within the New Thought Movement and the Unity Church, may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation.
The theology of Christian Science includes a form of subjective idealism: it teaches that all that exists is God and God's ideas; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality.
The West is inundated with physicalistic monism. There is widespread belief that everything will be explained in terms of matter/energy by science. Since we are constantly taught this it may make the idea of mentalistic monism hard to grasp. One way to begin to grasp the idea is through analogy. One analogy is the movie screen. If we next consider "Star Trek's holodeck" it takes us a step further as what appear to be physical objects are not. Next consider the movie "The Matrix". In "The Matrix" even people's bodies and identities are projected. Then replace the machine with a vast and powerful mind. A last analogy is our dreams at night. We seem to be in a world filled with other objects and other people and yet nothing of it is real. Although this is not a strict philosophical argument it does allow us to begin to think along these lines.
Idealism is based on the root word "Ideal," meaning a perfect form of, and is also described as a belief in perfect forms of virtue, truth, and the absolute. (i.e., Webster's Dictionary says "conforming exactly to an ideal, law, or standard: perfect."). idealism in comparison to pragmatism
Other uses
In general parlance, "idealism" or "idealist" is also used to describe a person having high ideals, sometimes with the connotation that those ideals are unrealisable or at odds with "practical" life.
The word "ideal" is commonly used as an adjective to designate qualities of perfection, desirability, and excellence. This is foreign to the epistemological use of the word "idealism" which pertains to internal mental representations. These internal ideas represent objects that are assumed to exist outside of the mind.
See also
- Anti-realism
- Determinism
- German idealism
- Ideals
- McTaggart, John The Unreality of Time, available at wikisource:The Unreality of Time
- Practical idealism
- Solipsism, which is related to epistemological idealism
- Transcendental idealism
- ↑ Ludwig Noiré, Historical Introduction to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
- ↑ Critique of Pure Reason, A 140
- Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason with an historical introduction by Ludwig Noiré, available at [1]
- Neujahr, Philip J., Kant's Idealism, Mercer University Press, 1995 ISBN 0-86554-476-X
External links
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Instead, the exceptionally talented footballer looked like a man sentenced to a year of community service when he announced yesterday he would join the Sydney Roosters on a one-year deal.
Williams acted like he was doing us a favour by coming back to the NRL. He didn't even have the decency to talk in glowing terms about rugby league, or how he missed the game he grew up playing.
Instead he spoke at length of his "love" for rugby union and how it was a tough decision to leave the other code.
He couldn't even feign interest in playing for New Zealand in next year's World Cup because, "I have to see how my boxing commitments are going".
If not for an agreement he made with his "mate" and Roosters chairman Nick Politis three years ago, Williams would never have returned to league and would have been happy to continue playing as an outside back in union.
Williams thinks honouring a handshake with a mate makes up for walking out on a signed legal document four years ago.
Walking out on Canterbury is the hot topic he refuses to discuss. Greats like Hazem El Masri, who won a premiership with Williams in 2004, don't want him back in the NRL and believe he should apologise for the way he abandoned his teammates.
"Haz is entitled to his opinion and that is what I have to say about that," Williams said.
$BW should not have been taken back into the RL family, skilled no doubt, as a person? not for me or many NRL Fans.
Edited by AndyCapp, 14 November 2012 - 05:07 AM.