text:
If you've been flying privately for a while, you can probably name a few missions that stand out as being particularly memorable. Maybe it was a whirlwind business trip when you packed a lot of important–and profitable–visits into very little time. Or perhaps it was an impromptu ski trip you dialed up just because your favorite resort was reporting fresh powder.
February 26, 2013
February 25, 2013
The robust Eurocopter EC145 light/medium-twin helicopter, which has long been popular with EMS operators and the military (see box), is increasingly being ordered for executive transport.
February 25, 2013
It was his third try, and the first two hadn't gone well. The man was seated in a bus-like facsimile of an airplane cabin suspended above what looked like an Olympic-size swimming pool. At the command of the leader of the exercise, the big blue "fuselage" plunged into the water and slowly turned upside-down.
February 8, 2013
While most aircraft completion and refurbishment centers these days can provide clients with a one-dimensional, computer-generated virtual cabin walk-through in various design phases, some centers now offer much more advanced 3-D virtual interiors. Others are creating real, full-scale mockups that let customers literally enter a replica of the cabin.
January 30, 2013
Hawker Beechcraft, which filed for bankruptcy protection last May, is now expected to shed its jet lines before emerging with its crown jewels intact: its line of King Air twin turboprops. Some 7,000 remain in service, making it the most ubiquitous business aircraft of all time. Of those 7,000, nearly one third are 200 series.
January 28, 2013
Paella had its Western origin in Spain around the 10th century, when Moorish Muslims occupied much of the Iberian Peninsula and brought with them the cuisine of their native North Africa. There are probably as many paella recipes today as there are chefs who make the dish, according to Amina Halim, owner and founder of JetFinity, a San Francisco-based business aviation caterer.
January 23, 2013
When you board a private jet, where should you sit? The question may seem silly, until you pick the wrong seat someday. No, I'm not talking about being "safer near the tail," or any of the other nuggets of flying safety wisdom that have passed through the ages. It has more to do with making a prudent choice based on etiquette–social or corporate.
December 11, 2012
VistaJet has placed a firm order for 56 Bombardier Global aircraft, with options for up to another 86. At $7.8 billion, the deal represents the largest single transaction in the history of business aviation.
December 5, 2012
Perhaps you own a business jet and have been thinking about making it available for charter. That's not always a great idea (see below) but if it makes sense for you, it can offer a rather painless way to recoup some operating costs. Here's how to proceed.
December 5, 2012
You've probably seen ads and articles that suggest you can fly privately for prices that rival first-class airline fares and even coach prices. Last year, for example, Forbes headlined a story "How to Fly Private Jets at Airline Prices," while The New York Times ran "Try a Private Jet, at Public Prices."
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this wiki
|Original Airdate:
|Production Number:
|November 12
|Written by:
|Michael Sussman & Andre Bormanis
|Directed by:
|David Straiton
Enterprise journeys to Babel with a Tellarite ambassador on board for peace talks with the Andorians, when a distress call from Shran is received.
Part 1 of 3
On the bridge of the Andorian warship Kumari, Commander Shran crawls out from under the damaged wreckage of his destroyed ship. He hails engineering, but no-one answers - Shran is one of the few survivors on board. Running over to the communications station, he sends a message to Andorian Imperial Command, informing them that the Kumari has been attacked by a Tellarite vessel. The computer announces a warp containment breach in two minutes - the ship is about to explode. Shran goes to another station and orders the crew to abandon the ship in escape pods.
Act 1
In Captain Archer's quarters aboard the starship Enterprise, Archer and Hoshi Sato roleplay that Sato is a Tellarite ambassador, in preparation for the real ambassador's arrival. They discuss the Tellarites' frequent arguing, and Sato tells the captain to keep Porthos out of site during their stay - they consider canine a delicacy.
- "Captain's starlog, November 12, 2154. We've arrived in orbit of Tellar Prime. Starfleet's ordered us to transport their ambassador to a neutral planet, designated as Babel, where Earth's mediators will try to settle a long standing trade dispute between the Tellarites and the Andorians."
While Archer and Trip walk through a corridor, Trip tells the captain that the engineering staff are busy trying to finish a mud bath which the Tellarites requested. He also asks why the Enterprise is transporting the Tellarites to Babel, since they have warp capability. Archer responds by explaining that Babel is on the far side of Andorian space, and that the Andorians won't allow Tellarite ships to pass through their territory. Archer reminds Trip that the conference is urgent - if it fails, it may mean war between Andor and Tellar. They enter a turbolift on their way to the launch bay.
Meanwhile, a shuttlepod docks with Enterprise, carrying the Tellarite delegation. Archer, T'Pol, Trip, Hoshi Sato and a group of MACOs arrive. Archer introduces himself, as does the representative of the Tellarite group, Ambassador Gral. Gral complains about the size and temperature of the ship, which Archer argues with, as Hoshi instructed him to do. The group exit the launch bay.
In Enterprise's mess hall, Trip some of the Tellarites tells a joke which they fail to understand. When Archer enters, T'Pol tells him that Gral requested another increase in the temperature. Trip is pleased by the honest nature of the Tellarites and comments that he finds it refreshing. Archer asks why Trip doesn't feel free to speak his mind with the crew of Enterprise and makes a comment about Trip's excessive smell. After Trip leaves, T'Pol tells the captain that the Tellarite ambassador has asked to speak with him. At the viewport, Archer tells Gral that the starship has just entered Andorian space. Gral recalls the last time he was in their territory, on the command deck of a Tellarite cruiser. He asks why his race should trust Starfleet to settle the dispute between the Andorians and Tellarites, when the Andorians helped save Earth from the Xindi. Archer reassures Gral that Starfleet's intention is to establish peaceful relations between the two races, which won't happen if they choose sides. When Gral argues that humans have no experience in interstellar affairs, Archer reminds Gral that the Tellarites' options are limited. Archer is called to the bridge.
There, Hoshi reports that Enterprise has recieved an Andorian distress call, which she repeats for Archer to hear. At the helm, Travis Mayweather notifies Archer that there are no other Andorian ships within range of the vessel that sent the distress call. After he tells the captain that Enterprise would take two hours at maximum warp to intercept the Andorian ship, Archer orders Mayweather to change course and asks Hoshi to notify Babel that Enterprise will be later than expected.
Enterprise arrives at the source of the distress call. Judging by the debris pattern left by the Andorian vessel, Malcolm Reed determines that the vessel's reactor breached. T'Pol detects large amounts of duranium alloy and concludes that the ship was probably an Andorian combat vessel. When Reed reports that he's found multiple bio-signs aboard escape pods launched from the ship, Archer orders that they are brought into Enterprise's launch bay. In order to prepare for casualties, he requests that Doctor Phlox is notified of their arrival.
In sickbay, Phlox is attending to Lieutenant Talas' injuries when Archer and T'Pol enter. When Archer tells Shran that nineteen of his crew were brought aboard, the Andorian commander informs Archer that the complement of the Kumari was eighty-six. Shran also Archer that he believes they were attacked by Tellarites. The Kumari was escorting the Andorian ambassador's ship to Babel when they were both attacked. The ambassador's vessel was instantly destroyed and the Kumari shortly after that. Shran is surprised at the attacking vessel's maneuverability. He suspects that the Tellarites have been improving their warships. T'Pol comments that Shran's theory is illogical. She wonders why the Tellarites would agree for Earth to mediate their dispute with the Andorians, if they had been planning the attack on the Andorian vessels. Shran tells T'Pol to ask the Tellarites the same question. He suggests that Enterprise scan for the Kumari's data recorder, a device which contains the sensor logs of the attack. Archer signals for T'Pol to continue with Shran's suggestion. When he tells Shran that a Tellarite delegation is aboard Enterprise, the Andorian becomes agitated. Archer reminds Shran that he's on board Archer's ship. The Andorian commander warns that if the two groups' proximities are significantly reduced, it will result in bloodshed.
In engineering, Malcolm Reed reports that he's analysed hull fragments which were brought aboard Enterprise and that the damage seems to have been caused by Tellarite particle canons. T'Pol tells Archer that the memory core of Andorian data recorder was damaged, but that she was able to reconstruct the last few seconds of sensory data that it recorded. She plays back a visual record of a Tellarite vessel firing. Archer orders Enterprise to Andoria at maximum warp speed.
In Gral's quarters, the ambassador denies that the Tellarites attacked the Andorian vessels. Archer offers the Kumari's sensor logs as proof, but Gral replies that they could have been fabricated. He tells Archer that he's not happy with so many Andorians on board and demands that the captain talk to his superiors at Starfleet so that they can dispatch another vessel to ferry the Andorian delegation to Babel. Archer reminds Gral that he's in command of the ship and that he doesn't take orders from the Tellarite ambassador. When Archer tells Gral that his intention is to transport the Andorians back to their homeworld, the Tellarite responds that his delegation will be arrested by the Andorians and held responsible for the incident. Archer replies that if the Tellarites are innocent, they should not be worried. As Gral growls after him, he exits the Tellarite's quarters.
In his quarters, Shran makes a toast to his ship. He tells Archer that he was the Kumari's commanding officer for twelve years. He regrets the deaths of his crew, which were extremely personal to him, and his relieved that Lieutenant Talas survived. He can't imagine the loss he would feel if she died. Archer is surprised to learn that Shran and Talas have developed intimate relations. Shran says that, in the past, he never would have considered a relationship with a member of his crew, but Talas made an overture. As a result, he could have either ordered her arrest, or mated with her. He chose the latter. Archer and Shran took about the Tellarites. Shran is convinced that they attacked the Kumari and the Andorian ambassador's vessel. T'Pol hails Archer and informs him that Enterprise has detected an Andorian ship on an intercept course.
Act 2
On the bridge, Hoshi fails to contact the Andorian vessel, which soon attacks Enterprise. Travis reports that they have lost warp velocity and are now travelling at impulse speed. Shran attempts to tell the attacking vessel to cease hostilities, but with no success. Eventually, Archer orders Malcolm to open fire on the attacking ship. With a fluctuating power grid, the vessel retreats, but Malcolm is confused. He claims he didn't target their power grid, and can find no explanation for the damage the power grid apparently took.
In the briefing room, Archer asks Shran why the Andorians are attacking Enterprise when their government requested Starfleet's assistance. Ambassador Gral is convinced that the Kumari sent out a distress call to lure Enterprise into a trap, but Shran assures Archer that the Andorians do not wish to begin hostilities with Starfleet. Gral suspects that the Andorian Imperial Guard may have taken action without consulting their government first. Shran theorises that the vessel which attacked Enterprise may not have been Andorian in design. He noticed that its shield matrix had a completely different configuration to any of the other ships in their fleet. He argues that there have been several reports of Andorian ships going missing, and that the Tellarites could have commandeered such a vessel, enhancing its systems. Gral claims that Shran is suffering from paranoia. Eventually, their verbal arguing becomes physical and Archer and two MACOs have to hold them back from each other. The captain threatens that if they continue to fight, he'll have arrested them and held in the brig.
In the Tellarites' quarters, Gral tells the other members of his delegation that Archer claims to be impartial, but Gral believes the captain is more inclined to trust the Andorians. One of the other Tellarites comments that a MACO has been posted outside their quarters and that it's evidence to believe that they are being held prisoner. He offers the possibility that Archer is conspiring with the Andorians.
When Shran arrives on the bridge, Archer and T'Pol show him that the energy signatures of the vessel which destroyed the Kumari and the ship which attacked Enterprise are identical. Shran finds it hard to believe and still thinks that the Tellarites are behind the attacks. Trip contacts the bridge from engineering with the news that warp power is almost ready to go back online and that hull plating will be ready to use within an hour. Archer tells Shran that Enterprise has detected the attacking vessel's warp trail and his intention is to follow it. Shran argues that some of his crew require urgent medical attention from Andorian physicians, but Archer replies that if they continue to Andoria, the vessel will have disappeared again.
In the captain's mess, Archer and T'Pol eat alone. Archer thinks it may have been a mistake for Starfleet to involve itself in the continual feuding between Andoria and Tellar, a dispute which has lasted for more than a century. Perhaps Starfleet should have allowed the Vulcans to mediate the conference. T'Pol informs him that the Andorians still do not trust the Vulcans, even though relations have improved between them. Archer struggles to find much that the Andorians and Tellarites have in common, but T'Pol answers that similar statements have been made concerning humans and Vulcans. She tells Archer that she recieved a personal message from Koss on Vulcan. Their marriage has been officially dissolved. Archer says that he's sorry to hear that, but T'Pol replies that his apology is unneccessary. Malcolm Reed contacts Archer and tells the captain that the Andorian ship has been detected.
In space, a gigantic, black, alien vessel, which the Romulans call the Raptor, continues on its course through Andorian space.
In a large, darkened room, two Romulan officers detect a vessel approaching. One, Valdore, orders the other, Nijil, to display the approaching ship on a viewscreen. It's Enterprise, on an intercept course.
Act 3
On the bridge of the Starfleet vessel, Archer and Malcolm Reed are puzzled. Enterprise has followed the warp trail to its present location. There is a ship on the main viewscreen, but it looks nothing like the Andorian ship that attacked earlier. Hoshi hails the vessel, but there is no response. When Archer asks what the spikes on the vessel are, T'Pol replies that they appear to be [[subspace transcievers. She determines that its hull is also lined with multispectral emitters, but she doesn't wish to guess their function. Archer orders Malcolm Reed to take a couple of MACOs aboard the alien ship. The security officer reports that life support is off-line, on board the vessel, so Archer orders him to take Trip too. Perhaps the engineer will be able to fix it.
The away team beam on board the alien ship and begin their work.
In the darkened room, Nijil reports that the propulsion matrix is still not operating. Valdore seems impatient when he asks how much longer it will take to be fixed, but all Nijil says is that it's being repaired. Valdore orders Nijil to prepare a core overload, he won't Starfleet to gain possession of the ship.
Tucker contacts Enterprise from the alien vessel. He reports that the away team hasn't met with any resistance, yet, and that he's found a computer interface. The only problem is that there's no power on the ship, the away team requires T'Pol's assistance to bring it on-line. She tells Trip to uplink his scanner.
Suddenly, the away team are thrown to the deck as the alien ship lunges forward and fires on Enterprise.
Archer calls for evasive maneuvers on the bridge of his ship as his crew attempt to retrieve the away team. T'Pol reports that the away team has reinforced the hull plating of the alien ship and that Enterprise is only able to transport one member of the away team at a time. Both of the MACOs are beamed off the ship before the primary phase coil is fused and the transporter goes off-line. The transporter will take several hours to repair and Enterprise is beginning to suffer heavy damage. Archer contacts the away team and explains the situation to Trip before Enterprise withdraws from the engagement at maximum warp.
The alien ship pursues Enterprise, as Malcolm Reed begins to run out of oxygen. Trip shares his supply of air with Reed, but Malcolm comments that Trip's supply won't last forever. The engineer tries to get life support on-line.
On the bridge of Enterprise, Travis struggles to outrun the alien vessel, but with the help of new injectors, he eventually manages it.
In the Andorian's quarters, Shran is still slightly suspicious of Gral. He wonders how Archer could be fooled by the Tellarite's deception. He tells Talas that he won't entrust the security of Andoria to the humans, even though Talas believes Shran has little choice but to allow Archer to deal with the situation. Shran promises never to trust the Tellarites again. He wants Talas to bypass the security protocols so that he can interrogate Gral.
On the alien vessel, Trip is struggling with the environment controls when Malcolm asks if life support is operational yet. Trip wonders if the ship has life support at all but Reed is sure that the bridge must have an environment, so both officers head to the bridge.
Nijil reports that Enterprise has moved out of sensor range of the Romulan ship. Valdore thinks that the humans must not be allowed to escape as too much has been revealed to them. Nijil argues that the Raptor is only a prototype which wasn't ready for combat. Valdore orders that the Romulans search for the humans.
- "Captain's starlog, supplemental. Our battle damage has been repaired and we've resumed our search for the alien vessel. "
In Archer's quarters, T'Pol has determined that the alien vessel is neither Andorian or Tellarite in origin, but there's an extreme possibility that it's Romulan in design. When Archer asks why the Romulans would be in this area of space, T'Pol replies that they have been known to act against species which they view as a threat but the captain answers that he doesn't know anything about Starfleet, the Andorians or Tellarites having threatened the Romulans. He thinks it's possible that the Romulans feared an alliance between all three species, which is why they interfered. He tells her that the conference on Babel has been postponed for the foreseeable future. T'Pol reports that Enterprise is too far away from the alien ship to contact Trip.
On the Romulan vessel, Trip and Reed are having difficulty locating the bridge. Trip suggests following data conduits that run throughout the ship, he tells Malcolm that they probably lead to the bridge. They find a chemically-fuled maneuvering thruster, powered by liquid hydrogen and oxygen. Reed suggests that they refill their air tanks.
Outside the Andorian's quarters, Talas tries to seduce the MACO on duty there. When the officer tells to return to her quarters, Talas and the MACO fight. Talas eventually wins, knocking the MACO to the ground. She and Shran escape from their quarters.
Nijil detects a problem with one of the fuel tanks on board the Romulan ship. He's certain that it's not the result of another malfunction, but that the starboard transfer valve has manually been opened. Valdore orders Nijil to activate the Raptor's internal sensors. While Trip and Malcolm work on restoring their air supplies, they are detected by the ship's internal sensors. Valdore asks if the inertial stabilizers are off-line, to which Nijil replies affirmatively. Valdore orders the Pilot to begin evasive maneuvers, knocking Trip and Malcolm to the deck of the Romulan ship.
Talas and Shran make their way through Enterprise's corridors. After firing at a pair of MACOs, they enter the Tellarites' quarters. Talas assaults Gral's aide, Naarg, while Shran points a phaser rifle at the Tellarite ambassador.
On Enterprise's bridge, T'Pol and Hoshi have determined that the function of the emitters on the Romulan vessel's hull is to act as holographic projectors. The vessel is designed to use the emitters to mimic a wide variety of different ships. The vessel's disrupter uses triphasic emitters which can simulate the effects of different kinds of weapons. The ship is unable to mask its power signature, however. An officer hails the bridge, reporting weapons fire outside the Tellarites' quarters on G deck. Archer rushes off the bridge, calling for a team of MACOs to go to the Tellarites' quarters and for that deck to be sealed off.
In Gral's quarters, Shran insists that the Tellarites were the reason for the disappearance of several Andorian ships, but Gral argues otherwise.
Fighting Andorians on the way, Archer and several armed MACOs run towards the Tellarites' quarters. The captain enters and convinces Shran to give his weapon to Archer. Just as Shran does, though, Gral's aide fires at Talas. Archer returns fire at the Tellarite, who he kills. The captain sends for Doctor Phlox, but Talas' injuries are only superficial.
On the Romulan ship, Malcolm and Trip arrive at the bridge, only to find it deserted.
Nijil reports that the away team have entered the bridge of the Raptor, as Valdore gazes out a window on Romulus.
Background Information
Babel One refers to the first Babel Conference, held in 2154. There was at least one other conference held on the planet Babel, as it is featured in TOS: Journey to Babel.
Memorable Quotes
"I was told this ship was the pride of Starfleet. I find it is small, and unimpressive."
"Funny, I was about to say the same thing about you."
- Gral, Archer
Links and References
Guest Stars
- Jeffrey Combs as Shran
- Lee Arenberg as Gral
- Brian Thompson as Valdore
- J. Michael Flynn as Nijil
- Molly Brink as Talas
- Kevin Brief as Naarg
Andorians; Babel; data recorder; Andorian Imperial Guard; inertial dampeners; Kumari class; Tellarites; primary phase coil; Romulans;
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There doesn't seem to be a week that passes at Scarleteen where we're not helping a user who is in some kind of crisis -- and often a whopper -- with an older male partner: pressured sex or sexual abuse, a pregnancy scare (usually due to the guy having any and every reason why other guys can use condoms, but he's the great exception to every rule), a newly-acquired STI (again with the condom refusals, sometimes paired with lies about testing and sexual history), an abusive relationship (and often combined with a pregnancy scare, pregnancy or STI), isolation from friends, family or other adults (often because said boyfriend is doing the isolating), or trouble doing things that enable life goals like getting through college or finishing an important project because Mr. Wonderful sabotages those efforts.
I'm aware -- including in my personal life, having been in more than one healthy age-disparate relationship with an older partner -- that not every older boyfriend is abusive, exploitive or a waste of breatheable air. Your older boyfriend may well be someone who is a stand-up guy, who is aware that age does matter and treads lightly to avoid exploiting you in any way. He may be someone who does care deeply for you, has all the respect in the world for you, and demonstrates that clearly and consistently in your relationship.
Someone simply being older, all by itself, is not the core issue here, but rather, how that older person chooses to behave.
By no means do I feel it is impossible for any man to be a good guy in relationships with an age gap. If I thought men were simply incapable of being decent human beings at any age, I'd probably be a lot less pissed off at the guys who aren't, because it wouldn't be a choice. But it is, and some make the choice to be much less than decent.
So unfortunately, I'm also all too aware -- as is every reproductive health and teen advocacy group worldwide -- that the rule, rather than the exception, is that your older boyfriend is more likely to be bad news than good. And the younger you are, the more statistically likely it is that your older partner is going to spell major league disaster for you.
It's my responsibility to manage feelings I experience when doing my job. There are times when working in this field leaves me feeling sad, troubled, worried, irritated or steaming mad, and I do my best not to dump those feelings unto those who talk with me or vent them inappropriately. But I also think it's my responsibility to earnestly treat you like the mature person I think you are or can be, like the adult you are becoming. Sometimes that means, as we do with people we care for and respect, saying things I feel need to be said which might not be what you want to hear, and which also may arise out of some not-so-pretty feelings working as your advocate and ally can leave me with.
So, your older boyfriend who is NOT the exception to the rule? Or the one you think is, but for some strange reason no one else seems to think so, and all the parts of your life he has his fingers in seem to keep running amok?
As of late, I have to admit that I am becoming seriously pissed off at that guy, for a whole lot of reasons I want to tell you about.
I feel like he chose you because he thinks you can be convinced he's as good as you're going to get: when the truth is that you are the one who is as good as HE is going to get. I feel like dating someone as smart, gorgeous, fabulous and awesome as you are is something he does in part to make himself feel more important than he actually is. I feel like he thinks it's okay to use you to make others think better of him than he actually deserves. I feel like he chose you because he thinks "getting" you is an achievement all about him, not a partnership about both of you.
I feel like he chose you because he thinks that he can be held to lower standards by you than someone closer to his age would hold him to. I hear you when you tell me that you value his picking you, that someone older and wiser choosing to be with you makes you feel important, but I don't understand why when he doesn't act like someone older and wiser. I know he tells you how mature for your age you are, and how your maturity puts you "on the same level." The part he always seems to leave out is that if you are on a similar level of maturity, it's only because he is immature for his age.
I feel like he chose you because he thinks you're stupid. Which particularly sucks because you're not.
But why else would he tell you things like how different from other girls you are, like that he's sterile -- and isn't it wacky that so many guys who are apparently sterile are ALSO the guys who refuse to use condoms, or who don't want you to have any sexual boundaries? (Isn't it even wackier still how many of those apparently sterile guys wind up miraculously getting girls pregnant?)
Why else would he tell you you're the first girl he really liked when you aren't, or you're the first person he's done this or that sexual thing with when he's done it with others before? Why else would he tell you that your friends and family aren't thinking in your best interest when they point out crummy things to you about him which he knows are true? Why else would he tell you that guys your age can't do the things he does when many of them can... and then some? Why else would he tell you he's thisclose to getting a job, thisclose to getting his own place, thisclose to paying you back the money he owes you when he's not gotten off the couch and logged off World of Warcraft for days or given you five minutes of guilt-free time with your friends to even be within a 50-mile radius of those things?
Why would he tell you any of these things and earnestly expect you to believe them if he knew you were smart? And I feel like he doesn't care one whit when he lies to you, because it seems worth whatever it gets him.
I feel like he chose you because he thinks you'll never amount to much. Enough, perhaps, for him to enjoy the fruits of your efforts or labors, but not enough for him ever to feel like you're his equal or that you might surpass him in any way.
I feel like some of why he chose you is because you're isolated in some way, feel a bit like an outsider, or are without enough support in your life from others. I've watched him choose you because you belong to more than one oppressed group, and thus seem easier for him to lord over: because you are female, because you're of color, because you are poor, because you haven't completed your education, because you have an addiction, because abuse has been your norm, because you are an immigrant, because you are already a teen parent.
I feel like he chose you because he sees or senses something in you that makes you more vulnerable to his bullshit: like that your parents aren't around, seem to be clueless, or set their standards for themselves so low that they also have low standards for you. Like that you're already wounded in some way that makes it tougher for you to recognize danger when it's whispering sweet nothings in your ear. Like that you think you aren't thin enough, pretty enough, sexy enough or aren't enough of anything at all, not even enough for a jerk like him, so you feel lucky he chose you while he's busy making you unlucky as hell. Like that you're in one of those states of limbo we often find ourselves in in our teens where we get lost for a while and have trouble with school, family or our own goals and dreams. Like because he knows someone younger has limited life experience which makes it harder to see when something or someone is bad news.
I feel like he chose you because he thinks that the biggest rebellion you have in you isn't changing an unjust rule or law, fighting for the rights of people who need a voice, advocating for yourself when no one else will, winning something everyone said you couldn't, or telling the whole freaking world to piss off when that's what needs to be said, but... just dating some creep who will irritate your parents.
I feel like he knows -- and enjoys -- that he has more power than you do right now due to his age or gender, and that rather than seeking to share it, or helping you nurture and own your own power, he wants to keep his power, and take yours from you to have it all for himself.
And I know that he knows that age matters, despite his telling you, or agreeing with you, that it doesn't.
He knows that because he's been your age before, and knows that things are different for him at the age he is now. When you're his age, you'll know that, too, but he also knows you don't know that yet.
One reason I get so deeply angry is that I am tired of watching your "mature" boyfriend turn you into a statistic, like one of these:
The reason I feel so angry, and dislike him so, so very much is that time after time after time, I watch him put all of you in the same textbook places. I tell you I see this stuff every day but his slick manipulations tend to carry more weight than the truth. I watch him give you a pile of excuses as to why he won't use a condom. I hear him explain away how having sex with you isn't his selfish pleasure (even though he usually gets off and you usually don't), but an expression of a love he isn't even capable of feeling. I talk you through the STI he gave you, after he told you he's had no risks (often because he's only "slept with virgins") or gets tested religiously (and often has never been tested even once). I observe him convincing you that, at 14 or 16 you should really have a baby with him even though he can't even parent himself yet and is not going to help you co-parent, no matter what he's telling you now. I see how he isolates you from other people who truly care about you. I hear him say he's all about making you feel great out one side of his mouth while the other side assures you feel lousy enough to stay with the likes of him. I try and support you when he has belittled or usurped your goals and dreams -- finishing school, going to college, pursuing your art -- and try and replace them with himself as your only dream.
I get so angry with him when I see what he puts you through: I feel so tired of the endless pregnancy scares due to unprotected sex and all the ways he convinces you to have it. I'm tired of watching you race to the doctor for birth control or infection treatments when he won't do the same. I'm tired of hearing you be the one worried that when he chooses to break the law by having sex with you, it's your responsibility to protect him somehow by keeping what he's been doing with you secret -- even when that puts you at risk of dangers -- rather than his responsibility to be the adult that he is and be responsible for himself and his own choices.
I am tired of listening to all the excuses you make for him and the ways you defend his behavior even though there is no excuse for what he does, and even though he'd be unlikely to defend you if you treated him the same way. I get angry with him when I see you do everything and anything to love him as best you can, when you make huge sacrifices for him, and all for someone who either can't or just won't do the same for you.
I get angry with him when you tell me the way he guilt-trips you into thinking he'll kill himself if you leave him (he won't), that despite being the one with more agency, he's unable to take care of himself without you (he's not), that all the crap he does is not because he's a rat, but because you don't do enough for him (you do too much by even giving him five minutes of your time). I get angry with him when, in those moments you have felt able to voice feeling lousy because of the things he does, or state you need a change, he says anything and everything he possibly can to convince you that it's you to blame for everything he chooses to do or not do (it isn't), and that you just need to lower your expectations to his level (you don't).
I get so angry with him because the way he treats you hurts you so much and leaves you feeling so bad.
I get so angry about him because I know you deserve so much better, and I know he's nothing close to as good as it gets for you: not in a partner, not in the sphere of the whole of your life, and all your life could offer you, especially when you're not held back by some jerk like him. I get so angry with him because I know that you're so much more than someone's status object, or something that can get a guy a high-five from his friends. I get so angry with him because I know you are deserving of, and entitled to, real love, not the empty platitudes he's convinced you love is.
I get so angry at him because I don't think you're stupid: I know you're not stupid at all. I get so angry because I hate seeing you lied to so that he can get what he wants, at your expense, and with you often paying the biggest price. I get so angry because I resent anyone using your love and need to be loved as a way to pull the wool over your eyes for their own personal gain. I get so angry with him because I am a person of maturity who recognizes that you are, too, and who is mad as hell that someone so utterly lacking in maturity targets your need to have that recognized and manipulates you with it.
I don't think you're a piece of crap. I don't think that you won't amount to much. I think you have a bigger, more powerful rebellious energy than just picking a guy to be with who is 24 and still lives in his parent's basement.
I get so angry with him because he seems to think so very much less of you than I do. The reason I get so angry with him is that sometimes, I think he sees exactly the kind of potential in you I do, but rather than nurturing it to help you thrive and grow, he wants to squelch it to convince you to put all that great energy into him and him alone, in part so that he doesn't have to do it for himself, and have to improve himself to be worthy of people like you.
The reason I get so angry with him is that I think he's idiotic for thinking your power, might and value is so small that he's the best you can do, and for keeping you, and the rest of the world, from all the amazing stuff that you've really got in you. The reason I get so angry with him is that I know you're going to be far more powerful than he is, and I also know you're going to use your power for incredible, wonderful things, not for manipulating people who allow themselves to be vulnerable with you.
The reason I might even feel angry with you is because, deep in my bones, I know, without doubt or question, that if you could just get the heck away from guys like him, you'd get to the place where everything I'm saying here is obvious and move on to the kind of life, and real partnership with people, that is worthy of you. I know that you can and will find the kind of big, real love that makes what this guy have to offer you look like the raw deal that it is.
Do you think he sees you like I see you? Not just now and then, not just when who you are fits with what he wants from you, but all the time? If he does, why on earth does he treat you like you're someone else entirely -- someone less powerful, less talented, less smart, less amazing, less worthy of respect and real love?
Do you think that if someone who thought and felt the way I do about you were to walk up to him and make him face up to some of these things he's done or is doing, and the crummy ways he thinks about and regards you, that he'd take responsibility and do everything in his power to make radical changes? Or would he make excuses or denials, try and be cute or perhaps even just toss you over for another young girl without someone to have her back, who's a lot less trouble because she's got less to lean on?
Months, years or even decades from now when you look back on this relationship, how do you think you're going to feel about it, especially if it left you with an unwanted pregnancy, an STI, an abiding sense of distrust, sex you didn't want, self-esteem you had to reconstruct, friends and family you had to try and repair relationships with, abuse or just a pack of lies and betrayals? If it -- as these tend to -- tossed one or more areas of your life into total disarray or put big things you wanted on hold, if it caused you to miss valuable opportunities, do you think you might wish then that you ditched this dupe earlier? Do you think that, at that point, were you able to reach back in time and talk to the you-of-now, you might not want to grip your shoulders and say "Wake the heck UP, girl!" as loud as you could?
I say some of these things because I feel you are my sister, in the capital-S way, and I care about you a whole lot, in the way a Sister does. Which begs this question: is this guy the kind of guy, is this the kind of relationship, you'd want for your sister? It's sure not what I want for mine.
All of this leaves me with the other thing, the bigger thing I want to ask you.
Do YOU see yourself like I see you...or do you see yourself like he sees you? Do you WANT to become the kind of person he sees you as, or the kind of person I see you as?
Would the kind of powerful person I see you as -- who you and I both know you really are, even at times when some fool manages to convince you you are not -- give a dude like this even two minutes of her time? For real? Which idea of you -- which reality of you -- do you think is going to result in your having an amazing life?
Age alone does not determine how much power or empowerment we do or don't have. For sure -- particularly because of the way the world is structured in terms of privileging older people with rights and agency not given to younger people -- someone older than you is usually going to have more power than you in that respect. But that alone doesn't leave that person with all the power and you with none, because you've got other powers, some of which he may also have, many of which he probably does not.
You have your power of reason, for instance. You have power you can derive through the people who love and care for you and have your back, unconditionally. The power of your goals and dreams, the power of knowing the you you were so looking forward to growing up to become when you were a little girl. The power of your own unique talents and your own unique beauty, inside and out. The power of your own self-esteem. The power of your intuition, the things you deeply know. The power of your own two feet, and how they can walk away, in firm steps, from things that are beneath you. Aw hell, the plain power of knowing -- and you know some part of you you have buried away does -- that this guy and this relationship are just plain crappy, and most of the efforts you put into him are leaving you with less of yourself, not more, and are making you less of the person you are and wanted to be before you had the misfortune of meeting him.
I'm writing all of this to you, rather than him, not because all of this is your responsibility or fault, but because I'm afraid there's just not a darn thing I can do to change your older boyfriend's mind. All the more since a hard truth is that, right now, there are too many other young girls out there just like you he can prey on, and he'll find them.
My lousy opinion of your older boyfriend isn't set in stone, or based on me or you. It's all about his behavior, his actions, the way he chooses to view and treat you. If your older boyfriend, say, just forgot to use a condom on accident once, or didn't realize that one time he was pushing for sex that he was being pushy, or has had such low self-esteem of his own that he hasn't been able to see how that's playing out in his relationship to you, and when limits are set, the mistakes he's made stated and acknowledged, he accepts responsibility for them and does all he can to make a big change? I might feel very differently.
But you know what? He knows what he's doing: he's the older and wiser one, remember? And he probably won't change one bit, especially if there are folks available to him who'll put up with the craptastic louse he chooses to be.
Some of why he's choosing to be with someone who is not closer to his same age, nearer to his same place in life is so that he doesn't have to change. The way he acts and the things he does might hurt you, and your age difference and the dynamics being played out in all that may well be doing you real harm. But, the thing is, in order for him to change he'd have to want to do that work, and to want to do that work, he'd have to care at least as much about you as he cares about himself. And chances are good that he just plain doesn't. I know that hurts like hell, but I also know that so much of why it hurts is because you're still trying to get blood from a stone rather than kicking the empty rock that he is aside and saving your love for the care of someone who earnestly wants to care for it. They're out there, I promise: but they are not this guy. Changing this can't rest on him, because he's just not going to do it.
He may be older but he's not wiser, and he's not acting like a grownup. He doesn't want to grow up, which is part of why he's dating people he perceives as not grownup themselves. He also doesn't have the bad stuff that happens to you because of him happen to him to make him want to change: if he was in your shoes, he'd ditch him in a heartbeat.
This rests on you. Because so many of these guys are so irredeemable, changing what's going on all seems to boil down to cutting off their resources: in a word, you.
Changing this rests on you because it benefits him for things to stay exactly as they are. What benefits you is to make damn sure that they don't.
So, it's on you to be every bit of the kickass person you are and aim to be at your very best, so much that you dislike your older boyfriend even more than I do. And the next time he sees you coming? He's not going to smile, wink, pat your head, try to soften you up with lines that feed all your insecurities, or see in you the opportunity to get everything while giving absolutely nothing. Instead, he's going to get one look at that powerful look in your powerful eyes that tells him you know better, you ARE better, and he's going to run like hell because he knows you see exactly what he is and knows that the few years he has on you isn't anything close to enough to overpower the power that you are.
On you to dump these chumps, and ideally, never get involved with them in the first place. On you to be the mother, the sister, the teacher, the ally, the best friend to some other girl and be able to look these guys straight in the eye and say, "Don't even THINK about it. I KNOW what you are, and I've got her back."
On you to get as deeply, righteously steaming mad at these guys as you need to in order to make it as obvious as the sun in the sky to them that they're just no match -- not at 19, not at 25, not at 50 -- for the likes of you.
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Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson
Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson Talking About Eloping — Report
Breaking Dawn? More like, tying the knot!
Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson are reportedly more in love than ever these days, and rumor has it that the couple has been talking about eloping, according to Hollywood Life.
Sources say that K-Stew and R-Patz took a romantic trip to Palm Springs in October 2013 and talked about the fact that they both want to spend their lives together.
"They went away to discuss their future and and decided they can't live without each other," a source says. "Marriage was definitely a topic of conversation. They are inseparable and 100-percent back on — I wouldn't be surprised if they just suddenly eloped!" Exciting times.
"Kristen is fully adamant that they should fully commit and move forward," the insider adds. "Of course, she was the one who suggested running off to get married."
And how does Rob feel about the possible marriage plans? "Knowing he can't live without her, he's come around," says the source.
However, Rob's friends are apparently less-then-enthused. "Rob's addicted to her, even though he knows she's bad for him," says a different source. "Their relationship was so toxic. All his friends are praying he doesn't give her what she wants. His buddies are begging him to not do anything stupid and take time to think about his future." Yikes.
That said, Rob and Kristen are reportedly spending Thanksgiving dinner together tonight, with Kristen said to be cooking all of Rob's favorite English specialities for him. Sounds pretty darn romantic to us!
Do you think Rob and Kristen will get married? And do you want them to?
Source: Hollywood Life


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McDonald Ganisyeje
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Last updated: October 5, 2012
In April 2007 McDonald Ganisyeje reported that a solar cooker construction workshop has opened in Nkhotakota, with three employees. Solar CooKits cost about $5.40 to produce, using heavy cardboard that is cut by hand. Ganisyeje hopes to open additional workshops in the Chiradzulu District and the Mchinji-Lilongwe area.
News and recent developments
- August 2010: Former African Parks Network volunteer, Pierre de Winter and his friend Mijntje van Kemenade returned to Majete Wildlife Reserve in July this year to introduce a solar cooking project to the boundary communities of Majete. The aim of the project is to train a group of women in solar cooking and the use of CooKit, demonstrating an alternative to traditional unsustainbable methods of cooking with firewood. In August, two trainers, McDonald Ganisyeje and Justin Namizinga, held the first session to train one woman selected from each CBO, and the community extension of staff of Majete.
- August 2008: I just had a successful solar cookers workshop at Chapananga area in Chikwawa District, a community surrounding Majete Game Reserve. This was organised through Africa Parks who are managing the Game Reserve. I trained three women trainers and 5 Africa Parks Extension staff on the first day. The following day 28 women turned up for the training, and five AP Extension staff including Stella Mzumara - Africa Parks Extension Co-ordinator. The three ladies, Trainers- Beauty, Beatrice and Selina did a wonderful demonstration of their capabilities to teach and explain some of the issues about solar cooking to the other group of women. The response was very good. Chikwawa District is one of the hottest areas in Malawi, lying along the great rift valley also known as "the lower shire". Sunshine is plenty, which is good for solar cooking. We boiled tea, cooked vegetables, eggs were well boiled (even cracked), and the sweet potatoes well cooked. The rice and beans were the only dishes that didn't cook very well. Rice because of inadequate water was added and the beans needed more than 4 hours. That was a good lesson for the women! All the 28 ladies were given a Cookit each, a heat resistant plastic bag and a black pot which were painted during the workshop. During the training I was assisted by Justin Namizinga, based in Blantyre, is one of the trainers I trained some time back and he is doing a great job! More follow up workshops will be conducted up to December.
- June 2008: A tree nursery is being established at the workshop site where fruit trees and nutural trees will be grown to replace the deforested areas. The solar cookers, bio enrgy stoves production and forestry / fruit tree nursery establishment will also act as an income generating activity and job creation for the youth and and the proceeds go towards the orphanage centre.
- May 2008: McDonald trained students from Kasungu Teachers Training College in solar cooking and are very enthusiatic about it when they will be posted in the primary schools in the villages they will spread solar cooking technology to the pupils and the rural communities.
- March 2008: A workshop was opened in Lilongwe under a local NGO Care & Support Network who have an Orphanage Centre in Area 23 / Lilongwe. Care & Support Network is a Local NGO carrying out Environmental conservations projects, HIV/ Aids programmes, Orphan Care,Youth programmes & Gender programmes. Solar cookers and Bio Energy stove production is one the main projects being carried out. The Bio energy stove does not use firewood and charcoal and this is ideal for use during the rainy season as an alternative source of fuel when a solar cooker can not be used. Only biomass rice husks, twigs, maize stocks, bricketts, saw dust etc. can be used. McDonald Ganisyeje is Co-ordinating the project with Care and Support Network on voluntary basis.
- November 2006: McDonald Ganisyeje of Malawi teamed up with Dr. Jan Snyder of United States in mid-2006 to build 53 panel-type solar cookers similar to the CooKit. These cookers will be sold, with the proceeds used to purchase supplies to build greater numbers of solar cookers to reach ever greater numbers of families. The project will target the Lilongwe and Nkhotakota areas first, and if all goes well will expand to other areas. Contact: McDonald Ganisyeje, Land & Lake Safaris, Box 2140, Lilongwe, Malawi. E-mail: email@example.com
See also
McDonald Ganisyeje
Care and Support Network
P. O. Box 20381
Kawale, Lilongwe 2
Tel: +265 88 8 319 096 - or +265 999 624 039
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Only real in game PC income for players who do not want to spend and pinpoint cards. Come on, old time players who are tired of mindless grinding want some incentive in PC. Loss of it contributed to the overall reduction of interesting files and strategies, including "some people" who resorted to mindless grinding.
PC is good as it actually encourages people to play interesting files and make them work with rarely seen cards. Now it does not punish losing which is very good for gran but cannot compensate for pinpointing key cards. It was like taking 1 step forward and loss of Under Dog Achievement was 2 steps back.
Credit to alteil as now all four starters are easily accessible with some targeting in pre-builts, but now it takes frikkin forever to save up PC to pinpoint certain key cards. This will further put off serious file-builders who cannot afford to splurge in the RNG. Larger DEDICATED playerbase will further encourage big/moderate spenders to continue spending as even me a low to moderate one time spender have doubts about spending again on a game with such a low player base. No offence you also seem very cheap and stingy by closing the only reliable way to gain PC.
Very hard for serious players especially poor ones to compete in folrart and get competitive. Daily lotto is not bad temporary go to but is a joke too, because RNG. I am sure there is a busy schedule for people where sometimes it takes too long to collect the PC even with the FM conversion.
Make it second priority to fix Under Dog Achievement. One of the main things that will keep the masses away from alteil is the lack of pinpoint (until we see the Auction House anyway). Also don't punish me for reporting my extensive "testing" of the mirage master bug, punishing me won't help.
My three cents
Logress will always be open for pm I have some suggestions for alteil just to give you a few ideas especially about auction house to make it work for players and alteil equally well and less exploitable. As relatively long term player and regular forum contributor I feel I can give the player view at least for a good bunch of players.


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"These materialistic moneygrabbing schlemiels are giving us a bad name..."
You Don't Mess with the Zohar is a 2008 action movie, staring Adam Kadmon as ex-Mosad agent Moshe ben Shem-Tov (משה בן שם-טוב די-ליאון) who is charged by a secret cabal of Rabbis to attack celebrity "Kaballists". The film was released on 1st August 2008 by Ein Sof Productions.
Spiritual Stripmining
The movie begins with Moshe (Adam Kadmon), a Mossad agent, on vacation at a Tel Aviv beach, attracting several women and capturing the attention of every beach-goer with his wisdom of the esoteric teachings which define the inner meaning of both the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), as well as his extensive knowledge of traditional Rabbinic literature. As he finishes a discussion on the Halakha, an Israeli Defense Forces helicopter arrives, stealing him away from his presumed well-earned vacation.
During a subsequent briefing, Moshe agrees to participate in a mission of recapturing a key Hollywood terrorist (known only as "the Madge"). Going undercover, Moshe takes a job at a hairdressing and beauty salon on Santa Monica Boulevard called "The Sexy Sephiroth", frequented by many of Hollywood's leading A and B list celebrities.
Over time Moshe infiltrates the group, attending movie premiers and official book launches. Just as he is about to confront the Madge directly his cover his blown by a former member of the Golden Dawn. Moshe manages to utilise his skills in beating a large number of minnions, confining their eternal souls to the pits of the Qliphoth.
Moshe attacks the Madge in her secret lair, but even his hightened powers prove to be ineffective against the talismanic power of he red string bracelet (available for £29.99 from all good Kaballah Stores). Just as all seems lost Moshe realises that her power only functions within the Malkuth of Asiyah (the World of Action), whereupon he calls upon the Archangelic forces of Beri'ah (the World of Creation) who kick her butt.
Film Quotes
- Michael: What are you? Bionic?
- Moshe: No, I am seeking to achieve the state of Ruach HaKodesh (רוח הקודש) .
Controversy and Criticism
Many celebrity members of the Kaballah Centre have been very vocal in their condemnation of the film. Madonna, Britney Spears, Ashton Kutcher, Demi Moore, and numerous others with no understanding of the expression "cultural misappropriation" have all been scathing in their attacks on the movie. "I am appalled by all this", stated 50 year old former Catholic Madonna in a recent interview, "The way we are being attacked for our beliefs is a travesty. I don't know who these Hasidic rabbinical organizations are, they all look like terrorists to me, but my Guru Rabbi guy, Ben Fogle, says they are worse than Hitler."
See Also
- Happy Goldsberg


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Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text: Available for Chevrolet & GM, these die-cast air cleaner center nuts are offered in two styles, "Bowtie" shape and the "Hi-Tech" spinner, in large and small sizes. The large size is recommended for 14'' and 10'' air cleaner kits, the small for 6-3/4'' and 4-7/16'' air cleaner kits. They fit both 1/4''-20 and 5/16''-18 studs.


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In addition to what has been reported in the Brandon Sun this week, the following is a summary of other items addressed at the Brandon City Council meeting on Feb. 19:
• City council held public hearings for and subsequently gave final approval to by-laws for the designation of properties at 662 11th St. and 706 Lorne Ave. as municipal heritage sites. As per a report from the municipal heritage advisory committee, the property at 662 11th St., owned by Keith Michael Maluga and Susan Angele Marie Lauzon, displays an architecture rich in Italianate features and has a history dating back 119 years. The property at 706 Lorne Ave., meanwhile, is owned by Caitlyn Yacucha and is a 2.5-storey home built in 1898 and boasts an impressive array of Queen Anne style building features. The designation of 706 Lorne Ave. also includes a number of the interior features of the building, such as its staircase and veranda door.
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You'll be at the head of the class with our Women's Red Sexy School Girl Costume. This schoolgirl outfit includes a white midriff bearing top and red plaid skirt. This school uniform certainly isn't up to code, but it is sure to make you look up to no good! The plaid mini skirt and blouse style shirt are a great design inspired by traditional school uniforms but given a spunky twist. Whether you need a fun look for a night out or you want to spice things up at home, this private school uniform is sure to score good grades. Complement your look with school supplies and accessories like hair bows, Mary Jane pumps, thigh high stockings, apples, jumbo pencils, and pigtail wigs. Using a backpack instead of a purse can help you match this younger style. Go back to school with our sexy schoolgirl costume.
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What is the IGMG?
IGMG is an Islamic community which comprehensively organises the religious lives of Muslims. The IGMG not only aims at maintaining the Islamic teachings, proclaiming the Islamic creed and communicating religious duties resulting from that proclamation. Other than that the IGMG addresses all issues regarding Muslims while at the same time representing their interests. It is the goal of the IGMG to improve the living circumstances of Muslims as well as to provide for their fundamental rights.
The IGMG's interpretation of Islam is based on the teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. It is these two sources which constitute the guiding principles for both the community and its members. Islam is a social and individual way of living, the influence of which certainly does not end at a mosque's doorstep. Beyond that it entrusts Muslims with moral values and duties and therefore plays a significant role in their everyday lives as well. However, it is not the preservation of specific regional-cultural forms of religiosity which the IGMG aims at, but rather the exercise of a faith based on the Qur'an and the prophetic tradition. In doing so, the IGMG explicitly advocates the cultural diversity sustained by the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The IGMG is convinced that the plurality of religious practises is a positive aspect of social life and that therefore Islam cannot be confined to the culture of a certain region.
The vast majority of the members of the IGMG have come to accept that their stay in the Western-European countries will be permanent. Although they do not question the importance of an ongoing relationship with their countries of origin, they do not feel as "guests" any more, either. Rather they consider themselves to be Muslim citizens and therefore an integral part of the societies they live in. The IGMG is aware of its own responsibilities and it is committed to contribute to the wellbeing of the societies in which it operates. Moreover, the IGMG avows itself to its responsibilities regarding the world wide Muslim community (ummah) and it actively addresses the solution of the ummah's problems. Being a member of humankind, the IGMG also carries out its duties supporting the socially disadvantaged and oppressed people of the world.
The IGMG encourages a life that is bound to values and principles such as helpfulness, unselfishness, and solidarity. Thus it participates in social discourses that conduce to finding solutions to the society's economic, political, and social problems. Concerning these topics, the IGMG – while orienting by the Islamic sources – continuously seeks dialogue with political as well as other social groups.
The IGMG and its activities are first of all guided by the following divine principles: "strive together (as in a race) in all virtues and in the fear of Allah", "make things easy for the people, do not make them difficult". In its relationship with other groups it is important for the IGMG to focus on common grounds, more so than on differences.
Beside the Islamic commandments which are to be fulfilled individually, there are also many spheres in a Muslim's life that only unfold their meaning when accomplished in a community, such as congregational prayers, Friday prayers, and pilgrimage. Furthermore, a joint effort and an organised structure are a necessity when protecting the poor and the needy, opposing injustice, disseminating what is good and rejecting what is bad, and establishing justice in social relations. This need for collective action induced many Muslims in Europe to come together into one whole, i.e. the IGMG.


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Bodianus mesothorax, Marova Logoon, Solomon Islands. Source: EOL/Fishwise Progessional/Sally Polack
Parrotfishes (Family Scaridae), which derive their name from their beak-like jaws, include approximately nine genera and 83 species. They are abundant in tropical reefs around the world, and often form one of the most dominant species biomass on such coral reefs; moreover, they are well known to divers for their striking coloration and noisy feeding as they scrape epiphytic algae from dead coral. Parrotfishes exhibit several types of complex mating systems that vary by geographic location, even within a single species. They also have considerable ecological impacts on coral reefs through herbivory and bioerosion.
Parrotfishes are characterized by their distinctive beak-like jaws, in which the teeth are fused together in most species, and a pharyngeal apparatus, which acts as a second set of jaws in the throat. In the pharyngeal apparatus, the teeth are arranged in rows and are highly specialized to grind, crop, and crush food as it is processed. Parrotfishes have large scales, usually with 22 to 24 scales along the lateral line. Some parrotfishes have a complex socio-sexual (socially influenced sexual change) system punctuated by three phases, and each phase change results in a different color pattern . For instance, juveniles tend to have a drab mixture of browns, grays and blacks, but as they mature a distinct coloration emerges with the addition of red tones.
A third set of colors is donned by males and by females that have recently undergone sex change into males. As these males mature, they exhibit bright, intricate patterns of reds, greens, and blues. This type of color change has been documented in Scarus, Sparisoma, Nicholsina, Bolbometapon, and Cryptotomus, but there are some monochromic (fishes that do not exhibit sexual color change) species that exhibit different types of sexual dimorphism. Scarus coelestinus and Scarus coeruleus in the eastern Pacific and Scarus niger in the Indo-West Pacific exhibit no color differences. However, mature males of Scarus coelestinus and Scarus coeruleus are larger and develop more squared-off and prominent foreheads than younger males, while Scarus niger exhibits no physical differences other than size. Finally, fleshy tips on the upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin can be observed in mature males of Scarus rubroviolaceus, but are poorly developed on small males and females.
Parrotfishes are found primarily in tropical waters throughout the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. However, some species inhabit subtropical waters, and some, such as Scarus ghobban, may venture far from reef environments.
Most parrotfishes exclusively inhabit offshore coral reefs in tropical regions. However, a few species feed primarily on sea grasses and are most common in the Caribbean Basin. Two other species, Nicholsina denticulata and Sparisoma cretensis are common over rocky reefs of the Gulf of California and Mediterranean Sea, respectively.
Feeding Behavior
Parrotfishes are primarily herbivorous, grazing intensively on dead, algae-coated coral, vegetable material, and in some species sea grasses. Bolbometopon muricatum in the Pacific, and Sparisoma amplum in the South Atlantic, exemplify an interesting exception; both consume significant amounts of live coral. Key to the success of parrotfishes is their ability to take up plant material, detritus and calcareous sediment and process it through the action of the pharyngeal jaw. This chewing mechanism grinds ingested material into a fine paste and breaks down algal cells, releasing the cellular material for digestion. This process makes available to parrotfish a broad menu of algae not available to other grazers.
Like Acanthuridae, parrotfishes can form large feeding groups, sometimes with multiple species.
Parrotfishes are most well known for their complex social structures. Most are organized into male-dominated harems but others breed cooperatively or in pairs. Some parrotfishes are highly territorial while others are mainly nomadic, with the home range increasing as the size of the fish increases. Large foraging groups of up to 500 individuals can form for spawning. Parrotfishes feed continuously throughout the day and seek shelter in reefs at night. Most known forms of communication in parrotfishes are related to reproduction and are discussed below. However, in some species male coloration intensifies when defending its territory, which suggests that visual cues are used to deter invaders.
A unique feature of some parrotfishes is the production of a mucous envelope at night before resting. The envelope takes about 30 minutes to construct and is open at both ends to allow water flow. The secreted envelope is foul smelling and tasting, which may serve to deter nighttime predators that hunt by scent. Reef-dwelling parrotfishes seek out caves and ledges in the reef for protection at night; some seagrass grazers such as Cryptotomus roseus bury themselves in the sand like Labridae. After creating a hole in the sand Cryptotomus then produces its mucous nightgown.
Parrotfishes utilize some of the most complex and unusual reproduction systems known to fishes. Males can be either primary, i.e. born male, or secondary, i.e. females that have undergone sex change. In some species there are no secondary males while in others all individuals are born female (monandric) and change sex when necessary. In the most complex systems, species are diandric – both primary and secondary males exist in the population. In these species, individuals proceed through three distinct phases, marked by color differences.
In fact, the color differences are so pronounced that for over 200 years researchers regarded some phases as distinct species. Sexually immature and drab colored juveniles represent the first phase. The second, known as the initial, phase (IP) can include sexually mature males or females, which are impossible to tell apart without internal examination or observation during spawning. The terminal phase (TP) includes only mature males, which display brilliant colors. TP males usually dominate reproductive activity through a harem-based social system. The death of a TP male serves as a social cue for an IP female to change sex and behavior. The morphology and behavior of IP males may also change in response to the death of a TP male.
In some cases IP males attempt to infiltrate a TP male's harem by masquerading as a female. In the so called "sneak spawning" attempt, IP males follow spawning pairs into the water column and release a large cloud of gametes at peak spawning in an attempt to overwhelm fertilization by the TP male. IP males are well equipped to perform "sneak spawning" as they have larger testes and so are able to produce more gametes, while TP males have smaller testes and rely on aggression to deter other males.
The type of reproductive behavior described above and whether it involves paired, foraging group or mass spawning depends on a complex set of behavioral and geographic factors. For instance, some species, such as Scarus croicensis, exhibit a wide range of reproductive behaviors depending on the area in which they are found. In Panama, Scarus croicensis employs a system involving three classes of individuals: territorials, stationeries and foragers. Territorials are organized into groups that consist of a dominant female, several subordinate females and usually, but not always, a terminal (TP) male. Paired spawning occurs within the territory, which both males and females defend. Stationaries consistently use the same area for spawning but do not defend it, and foragers include groups of up to 500 individuals, mostly females. In Puerto Rico, initial phase (IP) and terminal phase (TP) individuals migrate to temporary spawning areas in deep water, usually in pairs. Finally, in Jamaica Scarus croicensis emphasizes aspects of the foraging group system and spawning only takes place in groups. These three examples illustrate the flexibility of the socio-sexual mating systems found in parrotfishes. The reasons that different aspects of the basic spawning system manifest in different areas range from population density to competition for spawning sites and other resources to geographic factors like seasons and water temperature.
In general, parrotfishes spawn year-round, usually at dusk. However, peak spawning occurs in summer for many species and there is evidence that some species have defined non-spawning periods. As discussed above, many species migrate to the outer edges of the reef to spawn but some spawn within defined territories. There is evidence that some scarids respond to the lunar cycle during spawning, but in others, spawning correlates closely with high tide, regardless of the time of the lunar month. In species that spawn several times during the day, the tidal cycle is followed closely since this is the optimal time for egg dispersal. There is no evidence of parental behavior in parrotfishes
The maximum age of most parrotfishes is less than 20 years and most live less than five years. There is a general trend in the scarids for larger species to live longer. Subsequently, the largest scarid, Bolbometopon muricatum, is the one exception to the 20 year maximum age.
Parrotfishes have a major impact on coral reefs through intensive grazing and associated bioerosion, as their digestive process grinds coral skeletons into sediment. The grazing patterns of large schools of parrotfish have the effect of selecting for certain species of corals and algae, and preventing algae from choking out corals. Many parrotfishes feed on calcareous algae (hard algae that contain calcium carbonate, like corals do) growing on dead, exposed coral by biting off chunks of algae and coral substrate. This type of grazing contributes significantly to the process of bioerosion and the creation of sediment on reefs. For instance, it has been calculated that a single large parrotfish, Bolbometapon muricatum (bump-head parrotfish), consumes approximately one cubic meter of coral skeletons per year, and turns it into fine sediment.
In this way large schools of Bolbometapon muricatum determine the fine-scale topography of coral reefs. A separate ecological consequence of intense herbivory in parrotfishes is the conversion of plant material into fish flesh. The success of parrotfishes in consuming plant material unavailable to most other fishes and the large size of parrotfish populations makes them an important link in the food chain.
Conservation Status
Parrotfishes are naturally abundant, but because of their complex mating systems, the impact of fishing pressure, which is heavier on large individuals, can be difficult to predict. Parrotfish harvest is often largely sportfishing and subsistence fishing and goes largely unreported, complicating the prediction further (Westerns Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, 2008). They are not a major commercial catch and their flesh tends not to keep well, but they are a popular fresh catch in some areas. Territorial populations, since they are more localized, may be more vulnerable (FAO, 2002). One scarid, Scarus trispinosus (Greenback parrotfish), is listed as Endangered. Bolbometopon muricatum is listed as Vulnerable, and Chlorurus bowersi and Scarus hypselopterus are Near Threatened. (The World Conservation Union, 2011).
Further Reading
- Bellwood DR (2002) Scaridae. FAO identification guide to the Western Central Pacific 6: 3468-3492. FAO Rome
- Böhlke, J., C. Chaplin. 1994. Fishes of the Bahamas and Adjacent Tropical Waters. Wynnewood, PA: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Livingston.
- Choat, H., D. Bellwood. 1998. Wrasses & Parrotfishes. Pp. 209-210 in W. Eschmeyer, J. Paxton, eds. Encyclopedia of Fishes. second edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Choat, J., D. Robertson. 2002. Age-Based Studies. Pp. 63-67 in P. Sale, ed. Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Encyclopedia of Life. 2012. Scaridae (Parrotfishes).
- Foy, Sally; Oxford Scientific Films. 1982. The Grand Design: Form and Colour in Animals. Lingfield, Surrey, U.K.: BLA Publishing Limited for J.M.Dent & Sons Ltd, Aldine House, London. 238 p.
- Francini-Filho, R., Moura, R., Ferreira, C., Coni, E. 2008. Live coral predation by parrotfishes (Perciformes: Scaridae) in the Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil, with comments on the classification of species into functional groups. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6(2):191-200
- Harmelin-Vivien, M. 2002. Energetics and Fish Diversity on Coral Reefs. Pp. 268-269 in P Sale, ed. Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Hawaii Cooperative Fisheries Unit. 2008. Biology of Parrotfish in Hawaii. A report prepared for the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council.
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web
- Nelson, J. 1994. Fishes of the World – third edition. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
- Opitz S. 1996. Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs. ICLARM Tech Rep 43, Manila, Philippines
- Parenti, Paola, and John E. Randall. 2000. An annotated checklist of the species of the Labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae. Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, no. 68. 97
- Robertson, R. and Warner, R. 1978. Sexual Patterns in the Labroid Fishes of the Western Caribbean II: the Parrotfishes (Scaridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 255: 26 pages.
- Streelman, J., Alfaro, M., Westneat, M., Bellwood, D., Karl, S. 2002. Evolutionary history of the Parrotfishes: Biogeography, ecomorphology and comparative diversity. Evolution, 56(5):961-971
- The International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2011. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011.2" (On-line). http://www.iucnredlist.org/


text:
Former voice of Charlie Brown pleaded guilty in April to charges including stalking
A former child actor who voiced the "Peanuts" character Charlie Brown in the beloved cartoons of the 1960s was placed Wednesday on five years' probation for threatening his girlfriend and stalking a La Jolla plastic surgeon.
Peter Robbins, 56, pleaded guilty last month to felony charges of making criminal threats and stalking. He faced a possible prison sentence of up to three years.
San Diego Superior Court Judge Dwayne Moring indicated at the time of the plea that Robbins might be placed on probation, provided he submitted proof of his participation in substance abuse and mental health treatment programs.
Robbins, who lived in Oceanside, was arrested in January at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. He was driving a Mercedes-Benz C230 when a U.S. Customs and Border Protection officer waved him to another area for further inspection.
Authorities learned that he was wanted by the San Diego County Sheriff's Department.
On Dec. 31, Carlsbad police responded to a report of domestic violence between Robbins and his 33-year-old girlfriend at a motel. Robbins demanded a refund on his girlfriend's breast augmentation surgery, done by Dr. Lori Saltz, a prosecutor said.
Deputy District Attorney Elizabeth McClutchey said that Robbins began hitting his dog and told his girlfriend he would keep doing so until he got his money back.
Robbins injured the woman, leaving a mark on her neck.
According to court records, Robbins called Saltz's answering service that night and left a message saying she needed to bring $12,000 to a hotel by midnight or he would kill her.
A threatening note signed with Robbins' name was left on the door at the La Jolla Cosmetic Surgery Centre, where Saltz practices. The note read: "I will break you in half today, and all the kings men won't put you back together again."
Authorities said Robbins also left 45 phone messages for his now ex-girlfriend. In one message, he threatened to kill her son.
U-T San Diego has not named the woman because she is the victim of domestic violence.


text:
Master Grande Tradition Grande Complication
ref. 5023580
With the creation of this grand complication watch in the Master Grande Tradition line, Jaeger-LeCoultre has once again demonstrated its profound attachment to its historical roots, while expressing its ambition to adapt watchmaking expertise to the latest research developments. A triple complication to convey the perfect blend of haute horlogerie and advanced technology...
Flying Tourbillon – a whirling hour-hand
The Master Grande Tradition Grande Complication is the only high-end watch to use a flying tourbillon to indicate sidereal time. This extraordinary feature is controlled by a complex mechanism beneath the dial, which is itself divided in three different levels: the lowest is a disc turning once every 24 hours with a sun marking the hour at the outer end. On top of this circles a second blue lacquered disc depicting the star chart of the northern hemisphere, on which the flying tourbillon is mounted. In this construction, the flying tourbillon hovers above the movement with the sky-chart- – which itself is mounted on a ball-bearing mechanism and eight jewels to ensure smooth operation. Contrary to traditional construction comprising both lower bridge and upper bridges, a flying tourbillon is fixed to the movement side only and thus features only one pivot. In all, the tourbillon of the Grande Complication comprises 73 parts, measures 12.42 millimetres in diameter and is 3.85 millimetres thick. Built of ultra-lightweight titanium, the cage is reduced to its bare functional essence, providing an unobstructed view at the escapement system and mounted on a lubricant-free ceramic ball bearing. The 10-millimetre monometallic balance-wheel with its regulation screws and its Breguet-type overcoil balance-spring has an inertia of 11.5 mg x cm2 and beats at a high frequency of 4 Hertz. The silicon parts of the escapement are therefore clearly visible, like the lever with its integrated pallets and the escape wheel. This latter features a completely new design for reasons of lightness and operating efficiency. The lever with integrated pallets has a straight shape for better aerodynamics. Using silicon parts that require no lubricants not only improves the long-term precision of the watch, but also reduces the inertia of the components by about a third in comparison to the classically used steel, yielding a 15 percent increase in the efficiency of the whole movement.
Technical details
- Reference:
- 5023580
- Case material:
- White Gold
- Strap/bracelet:
- Alligator Leather
- Jaeger-LeCoultre Calibre
- 945
- Movement
- Hand-winding
- Number of pieces : 527
- Vibrations per hour : 28800
- Power-reserve : 40 Hours
- Jewels : 49
- Barrel : 2
- Height : 12.62 mm
- Functions
- Hour - Minute
- Tourbillon
- Voûte céleste
- Minute Repeater
- Month
- 24-hour display
- Case
- White Gold
- Water resistance : 5 bar
- Diameter : 44mm
- Thickness : 15.8mm
- Dial
- Aventurine
- Hands
- Dauphines
- Strap/bracelet
- Alligator Leather
- Buckle
- Pin Buckle 20.0 mm


text:
Our major initiatives are school leadership, after school, summer and extended learning time, arts education and audience development for the arts.
Learn more ›
Our searchable database contains the names and locations of grantees going back some 20 years.
In most cases, we identify prospective grantees and invite them to submit applications for grants.


text:
Women's Carhartt Sweatshirts
There are no products matching the selection.
I called your customer service about an order for work boots for my son, as a Christmas gift. I informed them it was a gift. She assured me that she would get my order to me before Christmas. Once she got the package in-route, she emailed me, to inform me of such. And, I did recieve the package before Christmas. It's a pleasure to do business with companies who have caring employees. I look forward to continued business with WPS in the future. Thank you."
Thomas L. from Pell City, AL


text:
FORT WAYNE, Ind. (21ALIVE) --- With the 2014-15 school year bearing down on us, we spoke Monday with the head of IPFW about major challenges facing the regional campus.
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text:
What a great idea!!!
Well, we've been utilizing the Thread Rating function to pretty good success over at the Tutorials forum, and its helped prompt more and more tutorial development which is a HUGE draw to the site.
This thread rating system is actually quite helpful for other reasons as well...For example, as of now, the community leaders keep an eye on the Finished Maps forum and choose maps to feature based on their own personal opinions. But you, the guild members, can help "influence" their decisions by rating Finished Maps threads in this forum the same way we do over at the Tutorials forum.
Just click on a thread, and up at the top portion of the thread right there to the right of the original post of the thread is a Rate Thread menu. Click it, and be honest in your ratings. Don't just go around throwing 5's around. I'd like to see all the finished maps get rated.
All Hail FlappyMap! Long Live MapFeed!
Robbie Powell - Site Admin
Just when I thought that I was gonna have a night to sit back and play some Sacred...why have I never thought of rating finished maps? Looks like gaming will have to wait another night or two. I won't be rating my own maps but I'll try to get all of the others done this weekend.
If the radiance of a thousand suns was to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the Mighty One...I am become Death, the Shatterer of worlds.
-J. Robert Oppenheimer (father of the atom bomb) alluding to The Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 11, Verse 32)
My Maps ~ My Brushes ~ My Tutorials ~ My Challenge Maps
In other news...any thread in any of our forums can be rated...this caan be used to just specify which threads are "successful" lol
All Hail FlappyMap! Long Live MapFeed!
Robbie Powell - Site Admin
I gave this thread 5 of 5 compasses
Check out my City Designer 3 tutorials. See my fantasy (city) maps in this thread.
Gandwarf has fallen into shadow...
So how come the index of the Finished Maps isn't showing the ratings like the Tutorials index does? Is this still in the works?
It is not down in any map; true places never are. (Herman Melville)
A good map is both a useful tool and a magic carpet to far away places." (unknown)
There's a minimum of votes that are needed before a rating shows. I think it's 5 but it might be larger. So chip in on the threads and the ratings should show up soon enough.
Is it possible or allowed to post finished maps from a challenge thread in the Finished Maps thread, too?
I hope that's not the wrong thread to ask this question.
I don't see why it would be a problem, but I woudl wait til the challenge is over and voting is complete before doing so.
What ever happened with rating finished maps and threads?
All Hail FlappyMap! Long Live MapFeed!
Robbie Powell - Site Admin


text:
Tramping and Trailing with the Girl Scouts
1927 - Girl Scouts - 103 pages
From inside the book
4 pages matching cloth in this book
Where's the rest of this book?
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What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
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text: This classic Gucci watch is in PRE-LOVED condition (light use). It features a sleek stainless steel band brilliantly accented with two rows of diamonds along the bezel. A white mother of pearl face and eleven diamond hour markers complete the look of this casually elegant timepiece. Swiss made. There are a few small marks on the band, bezel, and clasp. This item includes four additional links.


text:
The Power of Independent Thinking
New Directions for Peace and Security
Recorded: Tuesday, November 6, 2007
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
For more than a century U.S. foreign policywhether conducted by Democrats or Republicanshas been based on the assumption that Americans interests are served best by intervening abroad to secure markets, fight potential enemies far from American shores, or engage in democratic nation building. But, what is the record of such policies, including now in Iraq?
Experts: Carl P. Close, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, James L. Payne, Edward P. StringhamType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy
Innovative Solutions for Iraq
Recorded: Thursday, February 16, 2006
The recent elections in Iraq have not resolved the main problems therea constitutional crisis, continued terrorism, a potent Sunni rebellion, and fighting between religious and ethnic groups that could result in a full-blown civil war. Is the Iraq war a hopeless quagmire that has been lost, or can the U.S. still foster a united, peaceful and prosperous Iraq?
Experts: Peter Brookes, Ivan Eland, Lawrence J. Korb, Lt. Gen. William E. Odom (Ret.), D. Gareth PorterType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy
The Civil War: Liberty and American Leviathan
Recorded: Wednesday, November 17, 1999
The Civil War was a great turning point in American history. It abolished the evil of slavery, established federal power over the states, andparadoxicallycreated precedents that restrict individual freedom today. The ideas and personalities of the Civil War are forever etched in our memory, but they are not merely of historic interest. Based on their acclaimed books, Henry Mayer and Jeffrey Rogers Hummel will discuss the abolitionists, political and business interests, war mobilization and conduct, etc.and how they continue to shape American society.
Jeffrey Rogers Hummel
Professor of Economics, Golden Gate University
Henry E. Mayer
National Book Award Finalist
Author, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery
Experts: Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Henry E. MayerType: Independent Institute EventIssues: History (U.S)


text:
When operating watercraft, it's important to have a plan that covers where you are going to launch and land your boat, as well as an estimate of when you expect to return from your hunting trip. A safe hunter shares this plan with a family member or friend and keeps a copy in their car or truck.
Before embarking on a hunting trip, make sure that your watercraft is large enough to safely carry all hunters in your party, as well as all equipment. Also check local laws to see if a boating course is required before operating watercraft for hunting.
Do you have enough Personal Flotation Devices for all members of your hunting party? What type should you have?
If you are hunting alone, place all of the firearms and equipment in the watercraft before boarding. Also be sure to put on your Personal Flotation Device before boarding. For groups, start by having one hunter board the watercraft while a second holds and steadies the watercraft. Once the first hunter is seated, the other can hand over all firearms and equipment for stowing.
Just like in a vehicle, all firearms transported in any watercraft should be unloaded, actions open, cased and pointed in a safe direction.


text:
|This article is written from a
Real World perspective.
This article is dedicated to the Trivia in TRON and facts about the movie, its cast and crew, and just about every thing else involved with the movie.
Random trivia, facts and continuities about...
The Programs
- There are three close-up shots of Tron that are exactly the same, with the exception of differences in the background and the fact that one of the shots is played in reverse. These shots appear chronologically in TRON at 1:04:06, 1:19:52, and 1:20:15.
- Tron mysteriously disappears in thin air at time-mark 1:25:17.
- At time-mark 1:23:50, The MCP's forehead is missing.
- According to Richard Taylor, Sark's brains was a pile of clock parts.
- Yori usually wears a skullcap, but for reasons unknown, she wears a regular male helmet instead while on the Solar Sailer.
Sark's Lieutenant
- Sark's Lieutenant has computer circuitry on the outside of his suit and on his skin.
The Production
- During the ENCOM exterior shooting (where the giant door was), there had been radioactive spillage near the shoot. Cindy Morgan even stepped in a contaminated area and had to have her shoes decontaminated.
The original circuitry colors
The original plan was to have the circuit lines of the "good" programs glow yellow, and the "bad" programs would have blue circuit lines. At one point this was changed to where good programs are blue, and evil ones are red. Some of the original coloring remains, mostly in tank programs (Clu has yellow lines on his uniform, and all of Sark's tank commanders are pale green). But Flynn takes on this greenish tint after he crashes the recognizer and gets knocked out, shortly after he gets up he returns to the normal blue.
There was no explanation by the filmmakers about why there was a color change, but one explanation by the President of The Electronics Conservancy, Keith Feinstein, said that:
|It was the game makers that decided on who would be red and who would be blue because the movie crew was undecided and they had to finish the game.
The Animation
- At the time, computers could generate static images, but could not automatically put them into motion. Thus, the coordinates for each image, such as a light cycle, had to be entered for each individual frame. It took 600 coordinates to get 4 seconds of film. Each of these coordinates was entered into the computer by hand by the filmmakers.
- Many Disney animators refused to work on this movie because they feared that computers would put them out of business. In fact, 22 years later Disney closed its hand-drawn animation studio in favor of CGI animation.
- Despite the use of CGI throughout the movie, there is some traditional animation in the movie, most noticeably the Gridbugs that briefly appear near the end of the movie. Other instances include the moving background when Flynn is flying the recognizer and the parts of the destroyed bridge during the light cycle chase.
The reason why traditional animation was used instead of CGI for backgrounds was because the technology didn't exist yet to matte live-action footage onto CGI animation.
- Triple-I created many complex shots for Tron and one of them was the scene of Sark's Carrier derezzing. According to Richard Taylor on Tron 20th Anniversary DVD's audio commentary, Triple-I didn't have the capability to create vector outlines (unlike MAGI), so when Sark's Carrier derezzed into vector outlines, each line had to be modeled into a solid object, which was very pain-staking.
- The face choreography for the MCP was mostly done by Triple-I's Bill Dungan, Larry Malone, Malcom McMillan and Art Durinsky and features some of the earliest CGI human-like facial animation in history, which was quite a major feat in 1982.