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|This is the article on the character. If you are looking for the article on chapter 620, head to Hashirama Senju.
|editHashirama Senju [1][2][3][4]
|千手柱間 Senju Hashirama
|Volume #14, Naruto Chapter #118
|Naruto Episode #69
|The Last: Naruto the Movie
|Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 2
|Naruto Shippūden: UNSG anime cutscenes
|Appears in
|Anime, Manga, Game, Movie
|Voice Actors
|October 23
|Blood type
|Kekkei Genkai
|Ninja Rank
Hashirama Senju (千手柱間, Senju Hashirama), renowned as the God of Shinobi (忍の神, Shinobi no Kami), was a legendary ninja who hailed from the Senju clan that together with the Uchiha clan, established the first shinobi village: Konohagakure. He would later go on to become the village's First Hokage (初代火影, Shodai Hokage, Literally meaning: First or Founding Fire Shadow).
During the Warring States Period, Hashirama first came across Madara Uchiha at the edge of a river as a child where the young Uchiha was attempting to skip a stone all the way across. Easily getting a rock to the other side, Hashirama introduced himself to Madara as his rival in stone skipping, and noted that he was clearly leading.[6] Neither Hashirama nor Madara revealed their surnames, as it was unwise in such an era.[7] Unbeknownst to them, their clans had been in a bloody feud for ages, hired constantly by opposing factions to counterbalance the other.[8] The two knew that the only way for them to survive was to befriend their enemies. As they skipped stones together, the two boys discovered the corpse of a member of the Hagoromo clan.[9]
Soon afterward, Hashirama attended the burial of his younger brother, Kawarama, who had been murdered by members of the Uchiha clan.[10] Saddened by Kawarama's passing, Hashirama got into a brief altercation with his father over what he considered to be the pointless death of his brother.[11] That moment convinced Hashirama, with his brother, Tobirama's support, that there would have to be peace amongst ninja. Not long passed before Itama, Hashirama and Tobirama's other younger brother, also fell to the perils of war.[12] The event led Hashirama to return to the riverbank, where he met with Madara once more, and with him discussed the death of Itama.[13] Finding solace in each other's company, the two continued to meet by the river, where they sparred, shared techniques and talked over prospects for the future.[14] It was during one of these meetings that Hashirama revealed his dream to create a new village where people could live in peace, and more importantly, where children could grow up and study together.[15] It would be a place where shinobi would be assigned missions based on their level of skill and not out of necessity to fill a battlefield with forces, learned or not.[16] Madara agreed, and the two children decided to build their dream village below the very cliff where they talked.[17]
However, Hashirama's friendship with the young Uchiha was not long to last, as Butsuma soon discovered from Tobirama that his son had been meeting with Madara.[18] Revealing to Hashirama that Madara was in fact an Uchiha who had killed several of the Senju's strongest shinobi, he ordered his son to use his meetings with Madara to spy on him and, if necessary, to kill him.[19] Still, Hashirama could not stand to betray his friend; when the two boys met again they warned each other that a trap had been set for the other, but as they fled, they looked back in shock to find their fathers and younger brothers standing across from each other, fully ready for combat.[20]
After Hashirama and Madara intervened to protect their respective younger brothers, Hashirama was devastated to see Madara end their friendship and declare them mortal enemies.[21] As the years passed, Hashirama was forced to battle his once-friend many times before they eventually became the leaders of their clans.[22] Hashirama attempted repeatedly to convince Madara to cease fighting, but Madara objected.[23] After Madara obtained his Eternal Mangekyō Sharingan, Hashirama defeated the jaded Uchiha and approached him once more to create peace between their clans; however, Madara once again refused to accept, and stated that he would not trust the Senju unless Hashirama either took his own life, or that of his younger brother.[24] Choosing suicide, Hashirama asked his brother to accept the Uchiha as allies and end their feud, but was stopped by Madara, who then accepted the truce.[25]
After the truce, the Uchiha and Senju made preparations for their village to finally be founded.[26] Hashirama expressed his desire for Madara to be made the first Hokage, and even carve his likeness onto the cliffside overlooking the village.[27] Tobirama, however, convinced him that the villagers would never follow Madara, and that the should be given the choice of who should lead them.[28] Hashirama reluctantly agreed.[25] The villagers selected Hashirama over Madara for the title of First Hokage.[29] Afterwards, Hashirama and Madara met at the Naka Shrine, where Madara expressed his fear of Tobirama becoming the Second Hokage, and announced his plan to make his dream become a reality.[25] At one time point, Hashirama gained control of several tailed beasts.
Some point after becoming Hokage, Hashirama convened the very first meeting of the five Kage, accompanied by his brother and future successor Tobirama. Overwhelmed that the leaders of the Five Great Shinobi Countries actually attended the meeting, Hashirama lowered his head thankfully to his equals and while admonished by his brothers and peers alike, he noted he could not help it. As the meeting got under-way and Tobirama explained that the Kage would have to pay for the tailed beasts they would receive, Hashirama questioned his brother asking whether giving them away for free wasn't all right. Silenced by his brother, he listened on as the proceedings continued. As infighting broke out among the Kage due to what they believed to be the First Kazekage's brazen demand, Hashirama made his plea to them to preserve the future of their children. He also expressed concern that the peace agreement between the five of them would not last long but he dreamed of a future where everyone would be united under one cause.[30] Eventually, he shared the tailed beasts to other villages in an attempt to maintain peace and equalise the power between the nations thus ending the dispute between them.
Madara departed the village.[31] Soon afterwards, Konohagakure began to prosper as Hashirama and Madara had dreamed it would in childhood, causing other nations to adopt Konoha's Shinobi Nation system.[32] Later, Madara returned, having acquired control over the Nine-Tailed Fox, intent on challenging Hashirama once again.[33] During the battle Hashirama attempted to reason with Madara to stop fighting and come to his senses, but realising that Madara would not back down, Hashirama entered Sage Mode to end the battle.[34] With his augmented power, Hashirama was able to destroy Madara's Susanoo and subdue the Nine-Tails, forcing Madara to confront Hashirama directly.[35] The battle waged on well into the night, leaving both Shinobi battered and exhausted.[36] In a final clash, Madara was the last one standing.[37] Looking back at Madara, Hashirama tried one more time to reason with Madara, noting how far their former shared dream had come.[38] When Madara scoffed at the remarks, Hashirama resolved to finish Madara off, revealing himself behind Madara and stabbing him through the chest.[39] As Madara realised the Hashirama he had clashed with was a clone, Hashirama bitterly accepted that Madara had truly relinquished his ties to their village, and declared that he would always protect it.[40] Madara vowed that one day the village would become shrouded in darkness before finally collapsing.[41]
In the aftermath of intense battle, the defeated Madara faked his death and went into hiding,[42] while Hashirama's wife, Mito Uzumaki, became the Nine-Tails' first jinchūriki by sealing the beast within herself.[43] The devastation to the terrain which ensued from this battle were so great that it created an entire land formation that eventually became known as the Valley of the End.[44][45]
During his time as Hokage, Hashirama came into possession of a scroll filled with — amongst other skills — various kinjutsu, which he sealed away in order to keep the techniques within it a secret.[46] At some point in time, he also defeated Kakuzu, who had been sent to assassinate him by Takigakure.[47] Thinking about the future of Konoha, he also trained the young Hiruzen Sarutobi, one of his brother's team members. He lived long enough to meet his first grandchild, Tsunade, and noted that he had spoiled her a great deal, even going as far as to teach her how to gamble.[48] Hashirama died some time after the founding of Konoha in one of the many wars that were raging during this revolutionary era, but not before passing on the title of Hokage to Tobirama.[1]
Hashirama was a kind and caring person with a deep sense of loyalty, great charisma, and skill in negotiation. He saw the people of Konoha as a part of his own family, and his legacy took a firm root in the village. He was also shown to be a very wise and insightful man, as he passed on great teachings to Hiruzen. It was he who first believed that all Konoha shinobi should show true loyalty to each other, and that a Kage must be willing to put his life on the line for his village to set an example for all others. This belief of his is known as the "Will of Fire". Hashirama also seemed to have a sense of honour regarding his opponents and, despite their rivalry, possessed great respect for Madara Uchiha, and considered him a friend, even a brother.[49][50] Hashirama even referred Madara as a "long-time friend" when expressing joyous curiosity about what Madara has been up to all this time,[51] and even greeted Madara with jovial banter rather than with hostility.[52] When they were kids, Hashirama and Madara cared about each other so much that they purposely leaked information to each other about a trap that their respective clans laid out.[53][54]He went on to offer a truce after already defeating the Uchiha and forbade Tobirama from finishing Madara, even asking what would it take for Madara to trust him again.[55][56] Due to the chaotic era he underwent as a child, Hashirama disagreed on children being sent to the battlefield and cultivated the ideals of a shinobi Academy and a shinobi organisational system in order to avoid having children as meaningless war casualties.[57]
Hashirama was an idealist by nature, and always looked towards the prospect of peace and a time where children would not be sent to war because of it.[58] He always gave people the benefit of the doubt witnessed when he proposed a truce with the Uchiha, considering them allies immediately, even when Madara attacked the village, Hashirama did not allow this to colour his view of the other Uchiha in the village even still considered Madara a brother. This put him in odds with his brother, who was more of a realist and was still wary of the Uchiha, seeing them as a threat to Konoha because of their unpredictable emotional states, despite the fact that Hashirama told his brother to not discriminate against the Uchiha countless times.[59] This was due to the fact that in Hashirama's vision for the creation of the village system, he believed that this would naturally break down the mentality that persons had to look out for their clans.[60] Hashirama was also very modest, and is by no means above praising other shinobi as he lauded Itachi Uchiha when told of his feats by Sasuke, and claimed Itachi to be a better shinobi than himself.[61] He also praised Hiruzen for raising Orochimaru by calling him a skilled shinobi, despite of the crimes he committed against Konohagakure and stopping Tobirama from leaving the shrine.[62] Later when Obito became the jinchūriki of the Ten-Tails, he remarked that he was stronger than him despite of his title as the God of Shinobi.[63] During the meeting between the Kage, Hashirama lowered his head thankfully to the other Kage, showing that he was very humble and treated others equally.[64]
Contrasting somewhat with the expectations people had built up for the man known as one of the most powerful shinobi to have ever lived,[65] Hashirama is a quite jovial, laid-back, upbeat, carefree and exuberant goof with an interest in gambling. This was displayed after he was reincarnated a second time with his personality left intact as he was barely able to contain his excitement upon learning that there was a Fourth Hokage, taking it as a sign of his village's longevity,[66] and later when he actually saw the village once again.[67] He was later shocked, as well as worried when he learned that Tsunade had become the Fifth Hokage due to the fact he spoiled her as a child, even having taught her how to gamble.[48] The dynamics between him and his brother Tobirama are also quite intense and inverted, as Hashirama usually succumbed to his more authoritative younger brother's orders, as well as being reprimanded often by Tobirama for being too soft.[68] While in the same breath when necessary, he was capable of being overbearing and not above using force to make his decision clear, as seen when he forcefully reprimand Tobirama to stop him from attacking Sasuke and his group,[69] and some time before to stop him from killing Madara.[70] Hashirama is also very considerate, as he chose to delay his departure to the battlefield to tell Sasuke the truth he requested, noting that their actions on the battlefield would mean nothing if another Madara would just appear in the world, as well as creating a wood clone to combat Madara while he was dealing with the Ten-Tails.[71][72] He was also willing to sacrifice himself everything for the sake of the village, going as far as offering Madara the title Hokage and his own life to ensure peace between them.[25]
Hashirama was also prone to sulking whenever he was shouted at, accosted, or didn't agree with something. However, he would not sulk for long, and would return in an instant to his regular high-spirited nature.[73] One such instance was when he just met Madara Uchiha and the two were skipping rocks. After Madara accosted Hashirama, he began to sulk and told Madara that to atone for it, he would allow Madara to skip him across the river, but then grinned and noted that he prayed that he would make it across.[74]
In battle, Hashirama is calm and collected, showing great instincts and leadership skills as the former Hokage and leader of the Senju clan, providing assistant to the entire Allied Shinobi Forces with his wood clones as well as pushing all of them to face the Ten-Tails without fear, despite its overwhelming power.[75][76] Despite his free-spirited, and peaceful nature, he was also willing to make difficult decisions that go against his usual nature when forced to. During his final battle in life with Madara, Hashirama resolved to kill his best and childhood friend for the sake of protecting the village without hesitation.[77]
Hashirama was a tall man with tanned skin, dark eyes and waist-length black hair typically styled in a centre-parted fringe that framed his face, although sometimes he wore it combed-back with two single locks framing his face instead. In most cases, his attire took the form of the standard shinobi dress of his era, consisting of dark red traditional armour — similar to that of samurai — worn over a simple black suit. This armour was constructed from numerous metal plates, formed into multiple protective guards along his body, in particular: chest, shoulders, thighs and forearms. Each collar of his shoulder guards bore the Senju symbol emblazoned on them.[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87] For a time, he also wore a light-coloured cloth bearing his clan's symbol.[88][89][90] This clothing was accompanied by sandals and his village's forehead protector, after its formation. He often time also carried either a single large scroll strapped to his back or several large ones into battle.[91][92]
While in the village, Hashirama tended to wear the traditional Kage attire consisting of the customary hat and haori over a full-length gown, along with a simple red headband. Otherwise, he wore a light-brown, short-sleeved, kimono shirt with mesh armour underneath, held closed by a red sash, and navy blue pants. As a child, Hashirama's hair was shoulder-length and was more bowl-cut in style, hanging around his face. He wore a light-coloured attire with a short jacket, a light scarf around his neck, and a dark-coloured sash around his waist.[93]
In his youth, Hashirama had shorter hair which hung about his face. In terms of attire, he wore several different outfits which included the more traditional pinstriped kimono pants of his clan, with a dark kimono shirt and sleeveless haori, to a sleeveless kimono top and bottom with which he wore bandages on his arm. He also wore at times, a haori jacket as well as a full-length sleeveless one with a poncho-scarf around his neck.[94][95][96][97]
Hashirama is reputed as the most powerful shinobi of his era, his might being so vast that it earned him the title of "God of Shinobi",[5][98][99] and having been called the strongest shinobi even by his enemy Madara Uchiha who, on countless occasions admitted his inferiority to the legend.[100][92] With his overwhelming power, he was able to tame several tailed beasts and unify multiple clans together into the village under his leadership. His strength was so greatly respected by the shinobi world that Madara himself claimed Hashirama was the one person whom he most admired and detested,[101] as well as the only person capable of stopping him,[102] something that dated even back to their childhood.[103] Madara mentioned that fighting all five current Kage was trivial compared to his battle with Hashirama, and that with only one of them present, the landscape would not change as drastically — a reference to the battle between the two that created an entire valley.[104]
Kabuto Yakushi claimed that Hashirama's might was so vast, that there aren't any living shinobi in the current era that could match his level of power.[105] It was such that many considered his prowess to be a mere fairy tale much like the existence of the Sage of the Six Paths.[106] The most common example was his ability to not only fight on equal footing with Madara despite the latter possessing an Eternal Mangekyō Sharingan and having control of the Nine-Tails, but also survive the battle and ultimately achieve victory against his former comrade and adversary.
When Hashirama was later reincarnated during the Fourth Shinobi World War, he again clashed with Madara. Despite the mighty Uchiha gaining various enhancements since their last battle, including the Wood Release, Rinnegan and increased physical parameters well-beyond his prime, Hashirama was still able to fight evenly against Madara, further attesting to Hashirama's legendary combat prowess.
Life Force and Chakra Prowess
As a Senju, Hashirama inherited an extraordinary life force, as well as physical energy and stamina, so much so that he was able to fight Madara for 24 hours non-stop and still have enough energy to stand prime to deliver a final blow.[107] He was also able to resist the control of Orochimaru's Summoning: Impure World Reincarnation with relative ease when reincarnated with almost his full power, which greatly worried the Sannin.[108] Likewise, his chakra was also shown to be remarkably strong; a testament to its fortitude was witnessed through Hashirama's use of his chakra alone to deter his brother from attacking, which almost caused the Naka Shrine to collapse.[109] His chakra levels also made him suitable to learn senjutsu and enter Sage Mode. During the Fourth Shinobi World War after seeing Naruto, another shinobi known for unusually high reserves, distribute chakra to the entire Alliance, Hashirama's clone noted that the volume was on as impressive a level as his own.[110]
Nature Transformation
Hashirama was arguably most famous for his unique Wood Release techniques, a kekkei genkai formed through simultaneous use of earth and water-natured chakra. By converting chakra into the source of life, he was able to create wood and plants from the ground of or his very being, causing them to grow to great sizes and manipulate them to diverse shapes and battle uses at will and in an instant, he could shape the entire battlefield for his own uses. This ability appeared to be exclusively his, as no other known member of his clan has ever displayed its use thus far. Even those who obtained this power through unorthodox means, such as Yamato, have stated that their use of Wood Release was much weaker in terms of raw power.[111]
He could create massive forests[112] and gigantic flowering trees whose pollen can render a foe unconscious.[113] He could also make wood clones of himself. Madara later stated that he was the only one who could tell the difference between Hashirama and his wood clones with his ocular powers.[114] Hashirama could create a giant wooden dragon capable of restraining the Nine-Tails by using its immense serpentine body to constrict and absorb its chakra. He could also create a wood golem that works in conjunction with the dragon and is strong enough to catch a Tailed Beast Ball with its bare hands.[115] He could also create protective structures that are able to withstand the destructive force of a Tailed Beast Ball,[116] and could even create several giant wood hands that could block the sword of Madara's final Susanoo.[117]
Along with his kekkei genkai, Hashirama also possessed a unique ability to control tailed beasts.[118] Of all his considerable talents, it was this ability in particular that made Hashirama unparalleled in the shinobi world, so much so that he is regarded as one of the few people capable of completely controlling a tailed beast.[119] This ability was greatly amplified by his crystal necklace, which Yamato suggested that he required to control even Naruto's partial lapses into tailed forms.[120][121]
Hashirama was also extremely skilled in weapons use, especially in kenjutsu and wielded a myriad of swords, one such had a broad, cleaver-like blade.[122][123] He also could wield giant shuriken. In the anime, he displayed a creative combination of his weapon skills with his Wood Release techniques, having several roots wrapped around his weapons, allowing him to attack from a longer range with different angles.[124] Hashirama possessed several large scrolls that were roughly his height, presumably to store his weapons. His skill in weapons use was so great he could clash against Madara Uchiha, another highly-skilled weapons user at an equal level, forcing both to shift between using weapons and ninjutsu in order to break the stalemate.
Hashirama's chakra reserves were immense; great enough that he could train in the art of senjutsu and also enter Sage Mode. In this mode, he gains markings around and under his eyes as well as one in the middle of his forehead reminiscent of a third eye.
Sage Mode greatly increased the strength and scale of his techniques. A testament to this, was his Sage Art: Wood Release: True Several Thousand Hands technique, which created a gargantuan wooden statue that possesses a thousand hands which easily towered over mountains and even the Nine-Tails.[125] Then after creating it, Hashirama would then utilise the statue's thousands of hands to deliver a barrage of punches of such magnitude that they were able to completely destroy Madara Uchiha's final Susanoo, strip it off the Nine-Tails, while at the same time create a massive crater which became the Valley of the End.[44][126][127] The statue possesses extreme durability, as it was able to withstand a barrage of unexploded Tailed Beast Balls combined with Madara's final Susanoo blades.[128] It also possesses notable strength, as it was able to easily grab the beast with one of its hands.[129] Hashirama can also perform Sage Art: Gate of the Great God, a technique that can bind a titanic creature such as the Ten-Tails, making it unable to move due to the bulk of its current form.[130]
Other Skills
As the leader of the Senju clan, Hashirama held proficiency in a wide cross-section of shinobi skills, and possessed at least an understanding of those he did not. He was well-versed in genjutsu and could perform powerful illusions such as the Bringer-of-Darkness Technique, which locked the target in perpetual darkness for the duration of the technique.[131] According to Madara, Hashirama was also able to use medical ninjutsu. His skill with which was such that he could heal himself without forming seals, and from the medical ninjutsu that his granddaughter Tsunade — who is considered to be the greatest medical-nin in the world as it is — had displayed at that point in time, Madara surmised that his medical techniques were also on an entirely different level than hers are.[132]
He was also competent in the use of taijutsu, in his youth, he often sparred with Madara to hone his skills.[133] In the anime, Hashirama demonstrated great team-work in taijutsu with his brother, overwhelming Hiruzen with their prodigious speed and strength which forced him to summon Enma for assistance. He also showed great tactical skill and deceptive abilities, waiting until Madara became so exhausted that he couldn't maintain his Sharingan to create a wood clone for Madara to strike down so he could attack from behind without his opponent even realising it.[134] He is also very knowledgeable in the history and abilities of the Sage of the Six Paths, as he was able to recognise the Samsara of Heavenly Life Technique.
In the anime, he displayed aptitude in the art of fūinjutsu, using the Contract Seal to break Madara's control over Kurama.[124] Hashirama could use Summoning: Quintuple Rashōmon, which brings out five Rashōmon that can protect him from nearly any attack.[135] He is also adept at using barrier ninjutsu, capable of erecting a Kage-calibre barrier powerful enough to trap the Ten-Tails.[136]
Part I
Invasion of Konoha Arc
Both he and Tobirama were reincarnated by Orochimaru using the Impure World Reincarnation technique to fight Hiruzen during the invasion, although not at their full powers. While fully aware of what was going on, and saddened that he would have to fight his former student, Hashirama and his brother were robbed of their free will as a result of a seal employed by Orochimaru into the back of their heads. Hiruzen quickly resolved to kill his masters and used a very powerful fire technique that was easily countered by one of Tobirama's walls of water. It was then turned into an attack that was stopped by Hiruzen's own earth wall.
During the battle, he demonstrated great team-work and combination attacks with his brother. He also demonstrated his great Wood Release abilities using the Wood Release Secret Technique: Nativity of a World of Trees to completely alter the terrain they were sealed within. Before the branches can crush Hiruzen, however, he summoned Enma for assistance, and at the same time showed great taijutsu skills clashing with the Third at close range while the latter used the Adamantine Staff. His soul, along with his brother's, was eventually sealed by Hiruzen when he combined the Dead Demon Consuming Seal and the Shadow Clone Technique to extract both of their souls at the same time. Before his soul was completely removed, he and his brother apologised to their former student for the trouble they had caused him.[137]
Part II
Ten-Tails Revival Arc
During Sasuke Uchiha's quest to find answers, Hashirama's soul was freed from inside the stomach of the Shinigami, and subsequently reincarnated with the Summoning: Impure World Reincarnation by Orochimaru along with the other three Hokage that succeeded him using Zetsu's spore clones as sacrifices.
Reincarnated once more, Hashirama questions Tobirama as he curses Orochimaru before the two noticed Minato as he formally introduced himself to them, and was pleased that there was a Fourth Hokage. Learning that his granddaughter Tsunade is now the Fifth Hokage, he laughed off his apprehensions over if she is the right person to lead their village. He also learned of his younger brother's actions against the Uchiha Clan after his death and voiced his dismay towards both it and Tobirama's apparent disrespect towards Sasuke. It is not until he was addressed directly did Hashirama face Sasuke, who asked him what was the village and the purpose of shinobi.
Mulling over the question, and after hearing Sasuke declare that this would decide whether or not he sought revenge on the village, Hashirama was moved to forcefully stop his brother from attacking them, nearly collapsing the Naka Shrine in the process. Laughing off the event, Hashirama apologised before telling Sasuke that Itachi was a better shinobi even than himself.
Telling the young man that the story was a long one, Hashirama was exasperated to hear that the world was yet again plunged into another war with Madara leading the opposition. Though Orochimaru used his cells to strengthen his hold over the other reincarnated Hokage, Hashirama easily broke from his bonds while telling the wary Orochimaru that he first intended to answer Sasuke to ensure he would not end up like Madara before entering the battle. Taking a seat on the ground, Hashirama contemplated where to begin his story of his battle with Madara at the Valley of the End, and the history of their clans. Following the conclusion of his story, Hashirama noted that his decision influenced Itachi shouldering his burdens. Heavy-heartedly, Hashirama finally answered Sasuke's question by stating what his vision for the village was and that ninja are those who endured achieving their personal goals but may become entirely different people in the process.
Finishing his story, Hashirama inquired more about their passing mention of Madara. When told about the Infinite Tsukuyomi and the Eye of the Moon Plan, Hashirama listened on as his successors spoke and Sasuke came to his decision. Having decided to protect what his brother had sacrificed himself for, an elated Hashirama immediately signalled to Tobirama to prepare to transport them to the battlefield. However when his brother noted that with Orochimaru binding them, it would not be possible, with Orochimaru's cooperation, the group made their way outside the Naka Shrine. Barely able to contain his excitement upon seeing the village, Hashirama instructed his successors to their respective busts on the Hokage Monument, and as they prepared to make their way to the battlefield, Hashirama noted that he couldn't help but be curious as to what his long-time friend had been up to.
Arriving on the battlefield, Hashirama noted that they should begin immediately, and when Madara called out to him noting that he had been awaiting his arrival, Hashirama matched his rival's exuberance only to tell him that he would have to wait until they dealt with the Ten-Tails. Calling the other Hokage to action, they all took up their cardinal positions and was able to seal the beast within the Four Red Yang Formation. Entering Sage Mode, Hashirama also used the Sage Art: Gate of the Great God technique as an added measure to bind the beast. Later, when the young Konoha-nin had convened near him discussing Sasuke and his declaration to become Hokage, Hashirama reprimanded them, telling them that while he was glad there were so many possible Hokage candidates, now was not the time for that discussion and that they needed to mould their chakra in preparation for a concentrated attack.
Forming wood clones four of which moved to a side of the barrier, and the fifth to confront Madara, Hashirama tells the shinobi that he was going to make openings on the sides for them to attack. After the Ten-Tails sent out a barrage of clone minions, to defend its main body, Hashirama gave the signal to the others to attack. He watched on as Sakura Haruno decimated the battlefield, commenting on her fearsome strength. He himself later confronted several of these clones and was able to subdue them but noted that their numbers were a bit troublesome.
With his attention turned towards Obito who had just reappeared on the battlefield, Hashirama noted that Obito was being controlled by Madara's chakra. Realising that Madara was intent on reviving himself. Calling out to Sasuke and Naruto, he told the pair to stop Obito as they were the closest. Creating six wood clones, Hashirama lamented not being able to create more while maintaining the barrier. As clones arrived where Madara was, Minato was able to incapacitate Obito, stopping Madara's revival.
Realising that Obito had in fact successfully sealed the beast within himself, he noted that the situation had become very troublesome. When the Four Red Yang Formation is ripped apart, he and the other Hokage are sent reeling from the explosion, Hashirama tells the shinobi to stay on their guard as this was only the beginning. He attempted to once again bind Obito using his Sage Art: Gate of the Great God technique, but even this proved futile against the new jinchūriki. Hashirama and the other later rallied to where Minato, Naruto, and Sasuke were where Hashirama bluntly expressed that even he was outclassed by Obito in this state. As they tried to create a strategy to handle the situation, Hashirama and his brother are taken by surprise by the young Uchiha and their bodies are partially destroyed in the attack.
Though severely incapacitated, Hashirama's wood clone was able to create branches to restrain Obito at Tobirama's behest, giving his younger brother enough time to attack jinchūriki with his Mutually Multiplying Explosive Tags. Later, as Minato moved to create an opening for the others, the real Hashirama decided that he should also join the fray. However, his progression is hindered by Madara, who noted he would wait no longer on Hashirama. As their battle commenced, Hashirama exclaimed that Madara was in his way, but the Uchiha refused to back down noting that things had gotten out of hand and he needed to keep Hashirama a bit longer, much to the Senju's puzzlement. As Hashirama's battle continued with Madara, Hashirama beseeched that they pause their battle to deal with Obito's Tailed Beast Ball-firing tree. However, when the Uchiha refused to stop noting that they were merely reincarnated bodies, Hashirama's clone amongst the shinobi noted that he was still with them and began to formulate a strategy to deflect the attack. However, Obito, not ready to allow anyone to easily disrupt his plan, decided to barricade them with no escape.
After Naruto and Minato employed their strategy, Hashirama's clone watched on noting that the volume of chakra being distributed was as impressive as his own before realising what they intended to do. As the Shinju began to absorb the chakra of the shinobi around him sending the survivors spiralling even further into despair, Hashirama watched on as his original battled with Madara. After learning the role the Shinju would play in the Eye of the Moon Plan, Hashirama called for someone from the Yamanaka clan so he could inform everyone on the battlefield to which Ino responded. Connected to everyone telepathically, Hashirama is shocked when he realised that the five Kage were close by. Greeting his granddaughter, Hashirama pressed on with his message, passing on what he had learned while commanding the shinobi to not give up no matter what. While the shinobi still lamented their fate, Naruto's memories are conveyed to everyone via Ino's technique. Hashirama then watched on as Naruto and Sasuke prepared to launch another assault on Obito and the Shinju.
As the shinobi watched on as Naruto and Sasuke rushed forward still hesitant in their resolve, Hashirama decided to broadcast his own memories of the first meeting of the five Kage ever. When the memories of the meeting ended with Hashirama explaining his dream for a future where everyone was united, Hashirama called for all the shinobi to put all their burdens, fears, strength and resolve to help fight for that future. Almost as if in response to this, the five current Kage arrive on the battlefield once more, resolute in their decision to fight on.
After she healed some of the chakra-drained shinobi, Tsunade approached her grandfather where she began to apologise for the state of things. Hashirama however interrupted her, saying he was the only one at fault for the world turning out as it had. Acknowledging how Naruto's feelings reached everyone and hearing that his Will of Fire had also permeated this generation, Hashirama voiced his own feelings again to push everyone one.
Because of the heritage of the Senju — who are direct descendants of the Sage of the Six Paths — and the kekkei genkai that he possessed, Hashirama's DNA is highly coveted. During the battle at the Valley of the End where Madara Uchiha was thought to have died, the latter took the opportunity to collect his adversary's cells, using it to create a mindless living clone that produced the artificial life forms that became the White Zetsu Army. When he was reincarnated by Kabuto, Madara revealed that he had also integrated Hashirama's cells into himself which gained him access to the Wood Release kekkei genkai and the Rinnegan.[138][139]
Orochimaru, desiring Hashirama's unique abilities, exhumed the First Hokage's body for his own experiments where he infused sixty child test subjects with cells harvested from his remains, hoping that one would prove able to use Wood Release. Only Yamato survived the process.[140] This act also provided Orochimaru with a genetic sample that he used to reincarnate Hashirama years later, before Hiruzen sealed his mentor's soul away.
Danzō Shimura, using a similar experiment to Orochimaru's, infused his right arm with Hashirama's cells, and then had ten Sharingan embedded on it. This synthesis not only allowed Danzō to access Wood Release, but also use Izanagi for extended periods, and regenerate Shisui Uchiha's Mangekyō Sharingan after using Kotoamatsukami within a relatively short span of time compared to the decade it would've normally taken.[141] Obito also noted that it afforded Danzō the ability to control the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox.[142] Obito Uchiha, having been saved by Madara, was indirectly infused with Hashirama's DNA when the destroyed portion of the young Uchiha's body was replaced with artificial material from the living clone of Hashirama. Taking over for Madara, with the aid of the Akatsuki, Obito used the tailed beast chakra sealed within the Demonic Statue of the Outer Path as well as the DNA of Yamato who was later captured, to enhance the White Zetsu army prior to the start of the Fourth Shinobi World War.[143]
The most positive aspect of the legacy that Hashirama left behind is an ideal known as the Will of Fire, a belief held by most residents of Konohagakure. Through sharing Madara's disdain for him, Obito — while under the guise of Madara — admitted that he has a begrudging respect and admiration for Hashirama and saw Naruto Uzumaki as the heir to Hashirama's ideology while proclaiming that Sasuke Uchiha inherited their clan's hatred.[144]
Video Games
Hashirama Senju is a playable character in the following video games:
|Game name
|Japanese release
|English release
|Naruto Shippūden: Ninja Destiny 2
|24 April 2008
|15 September 2009
|Naruto Shippūden: Ninja Destiny 3
|28 April 2009
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja 4
|5 April 2007
|24 March 2009
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja 5
|20 December 2007
|27 November 2009
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 3
|18 April 2013
|5 March 2013
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4
|4 February 2016
|9 February 2016
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Generations
|23 February 2012
|13 March 2012
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Revolution
|11 September 2014
|16 September 2014
|Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 3
|22 December 2005
|25 March 2008
He is also featured as a support-only character in Naruto: Ultimate Ninja Storm.
- 'Hashirama' (柱間) is a Japanese word referring to the space between two pillars. This might be a play on the word 'pillar' (柱, hashira), as the Hokage is said to be the pillar that supports the village. '柱' is also the counter word for gods and buddhas.
- His face on the Hokage Monument has a crack across the bridge of the nose.[145] However, in flashbacks, no such scar is visible.[146][147] This may be due to simple damage as Hiruzen's face on the monument suffered similar damage.
- In the English dub version of the anime, his Wood Release was called "Secret Earth Jutsu" rather than "Wood Style". This was corrected in Shippūden with Yamato.
- In many of the games they are present in, Hashirama and Tobirama bear each others respective English voice actors, with Hashirama being voiced by Peter Lurie, and Tobirama being voiced by Jamieson Price.
- In the English version of Naruto Part I Hashirama is voice by Jamieson Price and Tobirama is voice by Peter Lurie, but in the English version of Naruto: Shippūden Hashirama is voice by Peter Lurie and Tobirama by Jamieson Price.
- Hashirama is one of three people to hold the title of "God of Shinobi" (忍の神, Shinobi no Kami), the others being Hiruzen Sarutobi and the Sage of the Six Paths.
- Hashirama, along with Tobirama, Minato, and the Konoha symbol, had his face appear in the ending omake of Shippūden episode 129 within the fireworks.
- In the chapter 238 a portrait of Hashirama and the other Hokage is seen, showing him using a kerchief. They can also be briefly seen in chapter 94.
- According to the databook(s):
- His hobbies were bonsai and wood sculpting.
- His desired opponent was Madara Uchiha.
- His favourite food was mushroom mixed soup.
- His favourite phrases were "The vast lands fertile" (大地豊饒, Daichi Hōjō) and "Heaven's garments are without seams" (天衣無縫, Ten'i Muhō). They refer to perfect beauty without any artificial elements.
- (To Hiruzen) "The fellow countrymen of the Konoha make up each part of my body… those of the village believe in me, and I believe in them… That's what it means to be Hokage!"[148]
- (To Madara) "No matter what happens I will protect our… no my village. I still believe that protecting the village is the best way to protect people, shinobi, and children…! Anyone who tries to harm it, whether they are my friends, siblings or my own children… I won't forgive them."[149]
- "Whenever you live, there will always be war."[150]
- (To Sasuke) "The village Madara and I originally desired was something that could connect clans. An important cornerstone to turn chaos into order and maintain it. Something to protect children and avoid useless quarrels… a place ruled by peace."[151]
- (To Sasuke) "Shinobi are people who endure to achieve their goals… but depending on what they choose as their goal they change… like Madara and I…"[152]
- (To the five Kage) "Indeed, so far we haven't been really been able to get along nicely. That's something we've been doing to protect our comrades and our clans. In some cases it was maybe unavoidable. Today… Even if our country agreement goes smoothly… I'm actually not sure how long it will last. But one day… In the future… I dream of a time when all shinobi will cooperate with each other… A time when everyone's hearts will be together regardless of their countries. That's my… dream of the future."[153]
- (To the Allied Shinobi Forces) "Please! Our dear children! Now, bring together your pain… Sufferings… Discouragement. Bring them together to show me… Our real dream!!"[154]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 First Databook, page 116
- ↑ Second Databook, page 142
- ↑ Third Databook, pages 160-161
- ↑ Fourth Databook, pages 162-167
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chapter 619, page 1
- ↑ Naruto chapter 621, pages 15-17
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, pages 1 and 8
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, page 2
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, pages 6-7
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, pages 8-12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, page 13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, page 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, page 17
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, page 1
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, page 10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, page 10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, pages 10-11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, page 13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, page 14
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, pages 9-10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, page 11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, pages 11-14
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Naruto chapter 625
- ↑ Naruto chapter 625, pages 8-11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 625, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 625, pages 14-16
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, pages 7-8
- ↑ Naruto chapter 648, pages 6-12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, page 9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, page 5
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, pages 9-11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 621
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, page 9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, pages 10-11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, page 11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, page 13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, page 13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 500, page 6
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Naruto chapter 234, page 9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, pages 11-13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 1, page 22
- ↑ Third Databook, page 57
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Naruto chapter 619, page 4
- ↑ Naruto chapter 625, page 19
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, page 2
- ↑ Naruto chapter 627, pages 16-17
- ↑ Naruto chapter 631 page 4
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, page 19
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, page 8
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, page 19
- ↑ Naruto chapter 625, page 1
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, page 10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 6220
- ↑ Naruto chapter 619, pages 11, 17
- ↑ Naruto chapter 627, page 4
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, pages 1-7
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, page 10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 638, page 16
- ↑ Naruto chapter 648, pages 12-13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 619, pages 4, 6
- ↑ Naruto chapter 619, pages 1-3
- ↑ Naruto chapter 627, pages 12, 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 619, pages 5-6
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, pages 4-5
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, pages 15-16
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, page 11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 632, pages 6-9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, page 5
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, pages 2-3
- ↑ Naruto chapter 631, pages 9-19
- ↑ Naruto chapter 632, pages 9-22
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, pages 13-14
- ↑ Naruto chapter 398, page 18
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, pages 1-2, 6,10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, pages 15-18
- ↑ Naruto chapter 621, pages 6-15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, page 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, page 16
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, pages 11-19
- ↑ Naruto chapter 625, pages 1-9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, pages 5-18
- ↑ Naruto chapter 627, pages 1-5, 6-18
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, page 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, pages 11-18
- ↑ Naruto chapter 625, pages 1-8
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, pages 2, 10
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Naruto chapter 576, page 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 621, page 17
- ↑ Naruto chapter 621, page 18
- ↑ Naruto chapter 622, pages 1-20
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, pages 1-18
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, pages 1-19
- ↑ Naruto chapter 619, pages 1, 4, 6
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, page 11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 398, page 17
- ↑ Naruto chapter 576, pages 13-16
- ↑ Naruto chapter 589, page 2
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, page 7
- ↑ Naruto chapter 589, pages 6-7
- ↑ Naruto chapter 575, page 3
- ↑ Naruto chapter 575, pages 3-5
- ↑ Naruto chapter 624, page 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, page 5
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, page 4
- ↑ Naruto chapter 644, pages 8-9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 297, page 9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 561, pages 12-13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 575, pages 3-6
- ↑ Naruto chapter 577, page 13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, page 16
- ↑ Naruto chapter 621, page 4
- ↑ Naruto chapter 621, page 6-7
- ↑ Naruto chapter 291, page 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 458, page 3
- ↑ Naruto chapter 296, page 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 297, pages 8-9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, pages 10-11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 620, pages 13-14
- ↑ 124.0 124.1 Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Generations OVA
- ↑ Naruto chapter 621, page 11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, pages 11-13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, pages 4-9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, pages 5-6
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, page 7
- ↑ Naruto chapter 631, pages 9-10
- ↑ Naruto chapter 122, page 14
- ↑ Naruto chapter 578, pages 6
- ↑ Naruto chapter 623, page 2
- ↑ Naruto chapter 626, page 10-12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 621, page 7
- ↑ Naruto chapter 631, pages 9-11
- ↑ Naruto chapter 123, pages 11-12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 561, pages 8-9
- ↑ Naruto chapter 606, page 13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 291, pages 14-15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 550, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 478, page 16
- ↑ Naruto chapter 512, pages 10-14
- ↑ Naruto chapter 462, pages 14-17
- ↑ Naruto chapter 1, page 4
- ↑ Naruto chapter 239, page 1
- ↑ Naruto chapter 399, page 8
- ↑ Naruto chapter 123, page 14
- ↑ Naruto chapter 526, page 12
- ↑ Naruto chapter 118, page 5
- ↑ Naruto chapter 526, page 15
- ↑ Naruto chapter 526, page 16
- ↑ Naruto chapter 648, pages 12-13
- ↑ Naruto chapter 648, page 13


text:
STAFFORD, Va. (WUSA) -- Stafford County Sheriff's Office says that the remains found in a wooded area behind the GEICO building on Warrenton Road are those of a man reported missing in May 2011.
Forty-five-year-old Timothy Wait was reported missing on May 12, 2011. He was last seen walking in the area of Mine Road Commuter lot on May 10, 2011 after leaving his house after a disagreement with his wife.
On December 31, 2012 two juveniles found remains in the woods behind GEICO. The Chief Medical Examiner's Office in Richmond positively identified the remains as Wait. At this point, nothing indicates that Wait's death was the result of foul play.

subset: commoncrawl


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26 U.S. Code § 6863 - Stay of collection of jeopardy assessments
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(a) Bond to stay collection
When an assessment has been made under section 6851, 6852,, [1] 6861 or 6862, the collection of the whole or any amount of such assessment may be stayed by filing with the Secretary, within such time as may be fixed by regulations prescribed by the Secretary, a bond in an amount equal to the amount as to which the stay is desired, conditioned upon the payment of the amount (together with interest thereon) the collection of which is stayed, at the time at which, but for the making of such assessment, such amount would be due. Upon the filing of the bond the collection of so much of the amount assessed as is covered by the bond shall be stayed. The taxpayer shall have the right to waive such stay at any time in respect of the whole or any part of the amount covered by the bond, and if as a result of such waiver any part of the amount covered by the bond is paid, then the bond shall, at the request of the taxpayer, be proportionately reduced. If any portion of such assessment is abated, the bond shall, at the request of the taxpayer, be proportionately reduced.
(b) Further conditions in case of income, estate, or gift taxes
In the case of taxes subject to the jurisdiction of the Tax Court—
(1) Prior to petition to Tax Court
If the bond is given before the taxpayer has filed his petition under section 6213 (a), the bond shall contain a further condition that if a petition is not filed within the period provided in such section, then the amount, the collection of which is stayed by the bond, will be paid on notice and demand at any time after the expiration of such period, together with interest thereon from the date of the jeopardy notice and demand to the date of notice and demand under this paragraph.
(2) Effect of Tax Court decision
The bond shall be conditioned upon the payment of so much of such assessment (collection of which is stayed by the bond) as is not abated by a decision of the Tax Court which has become final. If the Tax Court determines that the amount assessed is greater than the amount which should have been assessed, then when the decision of the Tax Court is rendered the bond shall, at the request of the taxpayer, be proportionately reduced.
(3) Stay of sale of seized property pending Tax Court decision
(A) General rule
Where, notwithstanding the provisions of section 6213 (a), an assessment has been made under section 6851, 6852, or 6861, the property seized for the collection of the tax shall not be sold—
(ii) before the issuance of the notice of deficiency described in section 6851 (b) or 6861 (b), and the expiration of the period provided in section 6213 (a) for filing a petition with the Tax Court, and
(iii) if a petition is filed with the Tax Court (whether before or after the making of such assessment), before the expiration of the period during which the assessment of the deficiency would be prohibited if neither sections 6851 (a), 6852 (a), nor 6861(a) were applicable.
Clauses (ii) and (iii) shall not apply in the case of a termination assessment under section 6851 if the taxpayer does not file a return for the taxable year by the due date (determined with regard to any extensions).
(B) Exceptions
Such property may be sold if—
(ii) the Secretary determines that the expenses of conservation and maintenance will greatly reduce the net proceeds, or
(iii) the property is of the type described in section 6336.
(C) Review by Tax Court
If, but for the application of subparagraph (B), a sale would be prohibited by subparagraph (A)(iii), then the Tax Court shall have jurisdiction to review the Secretary's determination under subparagraph (B) that the property may be sold. Such review may be commenced upon motion by either the Secretary or the taxpayer. An order of the Tax Court disposing of a motion under this paragraph shall be reviewable in the same manner as a decision of the Tax Court.
(c) Stay of sale of seized property pending district court determination under section 7429
(1) General rule
Where a jeopardy assessment has been made under section 6862 (a), the property seized for the collection of the tax shall not be sold—
(A) if a civil action is commenced in accordance with section 7429 (b), on or before the day on which the district court judgment in such action becomes final, or
(B) if subparagraph (A) does not apply, before the day after the expiration of the period provided in section 7429 (a) for requesting an administrative review, and if such review is requested, before the day after the expiration of the period provided in section 7429 (b), for commencing an action in the district court.
[1] So in original.
Source(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 836; Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, § 1204(c)(7)–(9), title XIX, § 1906(a)(38), (b)(13)(A),Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1698, 1830, 1834; Pub. L. 100–203, title X, § 10713(b)(2)(E),Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–470; Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6245(a),Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3750; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7822(d)(2),Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2425.)
1989—Subsec. (b)(3)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 101–239made technical correction to Pub. L. 100–203, § 10713(b)(2)(E)(iii), see 1987 Amendment note below.
1988—Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 100–647added subpar. (C).
1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–203, § 10713(b)(2)(E)(i), substituted "6851, 6852," for "6851".
Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 100–203, § 10713(b)(2)(E)(ii), substituted "6851, 6852, or 6861" for "6851 or 6861".
Subsec. (b)(3)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 100–203, § 10713(b)(2)(E)(iii), as amended by Pub. L. 101–239, substituted "6851(a), 6852(a), nor 6861(a)" for "6851(a) nor 6861(a)".
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §§ 1204(c)(7), 1906(b)(13)(A), inserted reference to section 6851, substituted "an assessment" for "a jeopardy assessment", struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary", and substituted "such assessment" for "the jeopardy assessment".
Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1204(c)(8), substituted "an assessment has been made under section 6851 or 6861," for "a jeopardy assessment has been made under section 6861" in provisions preceding cl. (i), added cl. (i), redesignated former cl. (i) as (ii) and substituted "before the issuance of the notice of deficiency described in section 6851 (b) or 6861 (b), and the expiration of the period" for "if section 6861 (b) is applicable, prior to the issuance of the notice of deficiency and the expiration of the time", redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii) and substituted "assessment), before the expiration" for "jeopardy assessment under section 6861), prior to the expiration" and "if neither sections 6851 (a) nor 6861(a) were applicable" for "if section 6861 (a) were not applicable", and inserted provisions following cl. (iii).
Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(38), struck out subpar. (C) which had limited the applicability of subpars. (A) and (B) to jeopardy assessments made on or after Jan. 1, 1955, with respect to taxes imposed by this title, and with respect to taxes imposed by the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1204(c)(9), added subsec. (c).
Effective Date of 1989 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239effective as if included in the provision of the Revenue Act of 1987, Pub. L. 100–203, title X, to which such amendment relates, see section 7823 ofPub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Effective Date of 1988 Amendment
Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6245(b),Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3751, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the 90th day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]."
Effective Date of 1976 Amendment
Amendment by section 1204(c)(7)–(9) of Pub. L. 94–455applicable with respect to action taken under section 6851, 6861, or 6862 of this title where notice and demand takes place after Feb. 28, 1977, see section 1204(d) ofPub. L. 94–455, as amended, set out as a note under section 6851 of this title.
Amendment by section 1906(a)(38), (b)(13)(A) ofPub. L. 94–455effective on first day of first month which begins more than ninety days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1906(d)(1) ofPub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 6013 of this title.
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The Healing Waters Fly Rod is as beautiful as it is functional. Project Healing Waters is a joint activity initiated by Trout Unlimited and the Federation of Fly Fishers offering wounded military personnel the opportunities to learn or enhance fly fishing skills on fishing outings. Project staff instructors and outgoing leaders include professional educators and fishing guides, as well as experienced fishers, who donate the their time and effort. Temple Fork Outfitters has designed two distinctive fly rods displaying the Project Healing Waters logo. PHW rods are built on translucent blue Professional Series blanks with gold lettering inscribed with the words "Healing Those Who Serve". For every one of these rods purchased, Temple Fork Outfitters donates $25 to Healing Waters.
Additional Info
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Work It
Home > Television > W > Work It
Ben Koldyke
Amaury Nolasco
Rochelle Aytes
John Caparulo
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Summary:This high-concept comedy centers on two unrepentant guy's guys who, unable to find work, dress as women to get jobs as pharmaceutical reps. Not only do they pull it off, but they might just learn to be better men in the process. With unemployment an ongoing issue and women now outnumbering men in the workforce, the new comedy series "Work It" follows two alpha males who realize the only way to beat the current "mancession" and land a job in pharmaceutical sales is to pass themselves off as women. Combining all the best elements of the workplace comedy, the buddy comedy and the family comedy, "Work It" centers on Lee Standish (Ben Koldyke) -- a quick-witted and likable family man who used to ... Full Summary >>


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2 Product Reviews
Lego funThese "block people" will go great with any Lego set. There are enough people to create a whole Lego city. My 7 year old son is definitely going through a huge Lego kick, so I bought him this set to create his own society, and he's loving them!
A little society!I bought this set of people for my son's Legos. He creates these cute buildings and cities with all of his blocks, so I thought it would be a good idea to populate his cities! He loves role-playing with all of the different types of people. Very creative product!


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Inside FI gives you exclusive access inside the training sessions of the Founder Institute. To get updates when we release new videos, follow us on Twitter or subscribe to our weekly newsletter here.
In this talk from the Sydney Founder Institute, Phil Morle explains how to find the right product-market fit, and how to determine the best time to implement branding. Inspired by the lean startup, Phil says branding can kill your business even before you get started, so develop your product first before spending a lot of time and money on your brand.
Phil Morle is the Co-Founder of Pollenizer, a full service startup investment machine. He was also recently named the best Startup Mentor in Australia for his dedication to local entrepreneurs in 2012. To hear more from Phil, apply now to the Sydney Founder Institute.
Following the lean method, Phil also advises founders to keep their business plans simple, and set up what he calls a "business canvas". This way, you will be much more open to change.
Don't miss this unique opportunity to launch a startup with the help of Australia's highest rated mentor, Phil Morle. Click here start your application for the Spring 2013 Semester.
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Investigate how you can work out what day of the week your birthday will be on next year, and the year after...
The picture illustrates the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = (4 x 5)/2. Prove the general formula for the sum of the first n natural numbers and the formula for the sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers.
Show that if three prime numbers, all greater than 3, form an
arithmetic progression then the common difference is divisible by
6. What if one of the terms is 3?
Note: if you have an iPod Touch, iPhone, or iPad, or have Safari on your phone, there's a webapp called 'Light Delights' that you can use instead of the machine below.


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Energy Storage -- Why Policymakers Should Proceed Carefully
However the high capital cost of storage technologies and a number of practical problems associated with storage implementation and operation are not quite as well documented. My purpose in writing this article is to point out some of the barriers and propose solutions. Rather than trying to address all possible storage applications, this article focuses on storage used to time-shift energy, provide ancillary services, provide peaking capacity, and act as long-term (multi-day) storage.
Perhaps the biggest obstacle to wider adoption of storage is its high capital cost. Pumped storage is probably the least expensive commercially available technology as well as one of the most efficient, but it has higher capital costs than gas-fired peaking plants and suitable locations are limited by geography and geology. Compressed Air Energy Storage is less site-specific and several conceptual designs have been proposed that could be even less costly than pumped storage, but these have not been proven at any scale. The diabatic9 process used at two existing sites employs gas-fired combustion turbines, costs about as much as pumped storage, and is relatively inefficient. Batteries and flywheels have no siting restrictions, but they currently cost significantly more to build than pumped storage, CAES or a gas-fired peaking plant. Lithium ion and sodium sulfur batteries are entering limited use in commercial applications, but while they are relatively efficient, they have very high capital costs. Flow batteries are less expensive to build, but they are also less efficient.
Many proponents are advocating for tax credits and other financial incentives to spur volume production in an effort to drive down costs. This is likely to waste enormous sums of money for several reasons. First, pumped storage costs won't be affected in any material way because most of their costs involve pouring concrete and moving dirt. Second, batteries and other, similar, technologies are still immature and unproven. Reductions in battery costs are likely to require advances in chemistry and materials science that increase the capacity and reduce the cost of existing chemical processes10. It makes more sense to invest money in R&D informed by technology roadmaps that identify obstacles to improving performance and reducing costs, with subsequent rounds of funding tied to cost reduction and performance improvement milestones. Particularly for the time-shifting and long-term storage applications, cost targets of $100/kWh or less have been mentioned in the literature11. For ancillary services applications, where one hour of storage capacity is sufficient, an overnight cost target of $300/kW12 would allow storage to compete with alternatives.
Markets and Prices
Even if storage intended for time-shifting, long-term storage or providing ancillary services could be built for free, it can't be operated cost-effectively in any of the organized wholesale (RTO and ISO) markets in the US. Organized markets employ incremental cost dispatch, which requires the operator of a generating plant to provide the grid or market operator with a price curve that typically reflects the generator's incremental running costs13. However a storage device's incremental costs depend on market prices that are unknown at the time bids (to buy energy) must be submitted to the market operator. Similarly, the prices a storage device would receive for energy it sells to the grid are unknown at the time offers (to sell) must be submitted. Consequently, a storage operator lacks the information it needs to formulate and submit price/quantity offers into the single clearing price auctions that form the basis for all organized electricity markets in the US. Instead, it must estimate next day prices and then blindly submit price and quantity offers without knowing whether their results from the auction are operationally and economically feasible14. As Xcel Energy discovered in the course of its wind-to-battery pilot, estimates are problematic because even small errors have a disproportionate impact on operating profits15.
The grid operator could accommodate storage devices by including them in its market optimization16 and producing an "optimal" charging and discharging schedule. PJM apparently does this for the pumped storage projects in its footprint. Since including storage in the optimization incurs a significant cost in terms of computational effort17, it is done only for the day-ahead time frame, and only for the largest storage projects18. None of the existing organized markets provides storage operators with a way to make beneficial adjustments to their day-ahead schedules in response to changes in grid conditions once the day-ahead market closes. The practical implication is that storage built for time-shifting or long-term storage will never be able to produce forecast levels of operating profits, because those forecasts implicitly assume the storage operator has perfect knowledge about market prices.
From the standpoint of a storage operator, the ideal market structure is one in which periodic or perhaps even continuous trading is allowed for each of the next 24 hours, and possibly longer for devices with multi-day storage capability. The grid operator's centralized market optimization software would be replaced by a system of decentralized decision-making and complex offer curves would be replaced with single-part bids and offers. Tradable commodities would include hourly energy, point-to-point or point-to-hub transportation (transmission), and options on energy (ancillary services). In 1996, the author and Dr. Edward Cazalet proposed this type of trading arrangement, which uses the same basic principles employed by commodity and equity markets around the world, as an alternative to the market ultimately adopted by California19.
Current prices for market services also act as an impediment to storage adoption. The amount of revenue a storage device can earn from selling capacity, ancillary (spinning reserves, non-spinning reserves and regulation) and time-shifting or long-term storage services is unlikely to be adequate to support most storage technologies at current market prices. With respect to capacity payments, prices for capacity in the centralized capacity markets20 have tended to clear well below the cost of new entry for a combustion turbine plant -- the highest price in PJM seems to be around $80/kW/year21 in a load pocket and the system-wide clearing prices is $45/kW/year or less22.
Although storage built for time-shifting and long-term storage can provide and receive standby payments to provide ancillary services, it can only claim those payments for hours in which ancillary services are less valuable because it is typically operating in either the charging or discharging mode in those hours when ancillary services are most valuable. Consequently, any added revenues from supplying ancillary services when the storage device is not otherwise engaged are likely to be relatively small unless the storage device is specifically built and operated only to provide ancillary services. However, even in this special case, ancillary services revenues are currently relatively meager and are likely to remain that way due to competition from flexible demand23 and fossil-fired generation. Beacon Power's recent bankruptcy filing was prompted in part by falling prices for frequency regulation in the New York ISO market that rendered its new Stephentown flywheel plant uneconomic24. While FERC's recent Order 755 changes the compensation mechanism for frequency regulation in ways that favor fast-acting resources like storage, increased competition is likely to maintain downward pressure on ancillary services prices even as demand increases. In California, for example, the peak need for frequency regulation in 2020 of around 1,100 MW can easily be met by more than 22,000 MW of regulation-capable fossil-fired, hydro and pumped storage capacity25.
Subsidies, Accountability and Performance
At least one analysis has justified subsidies for storage at levels that would make electricity consumers indifferent26, typically in the form of lump sum payments or tax credits once the project enters commercial operation. One of the drawbacks of this approach is that project developers and owners who are the likely recipients of any incentives can earn back their invested capital fairly quickly once the project is operational, while consumers are at risk for both the incentive payments and benefits that may not materialize in accordance with the developer's projections.
In fact, subsidies for storage may be unusually risky from the standpoint of the consumers who will be asked to fund it. Incentives tied to production create a perverse incentive to maximize production even if doing so produces operating losses (the efficiency -adjusted cost of off-peak charging is greater than the value of displaced on-peak generation). Incentives that are not tied to production may allow the developer to meet its financial return targets without ever actually running the storage device. To some extent, these same perverse incentives exist with subsidies for conventional generation, but they are rarely discussed.
Subsidizing storage also means too much of it is likely to be built, which will further weaken the economic rationale for storage and other resource options. In organized markets, subsidies for preferred resources depress market revenues for unsubsidized resources that may also be required to remain in the market for operational reasons, thereby triggering round after round of corrective subsidies to keep everyone whole.
Policymakers and regulators need to carefully consider the cost, performance and operational aspects of storage before they implement aggressive policies aimed at increasing deployment. Generally speaking, storage is still too expensive compared with available alternatives for time-shifting energy and for providing capacity and ancillary services. It is also a much more expensive alternative than fossil-fired generation for meeting demand during periods when renewable energy production simply isn't available. As currently structured, organized markets in the US don't provide the information and the trading opportunities storage operators to maximize their operating profits, and consequently the operating benefits of storage are unlikely to be realized.
Rather than providing direct subsidies to build storage, policymakers should work with manufacturers to develop technology roadmaps that focus on cost and performance improvements, and then fund research and development efforts with clearly defined cost and performance targets.
Storage is not necessary if generators can follow load cheaply which essentially requires that low cost generation like nuclear is required to operate both as base and peaking load without additional fuel costs. Some nuclear plant designs can do this although none of the currently operating designs can operated like that. The French have devised an ingenious fueling scheme that allows their reactors to perform limited load following since they have a very high nuclear percentage - far in excess of base load requirements. However most nuclear installations operate strictly as base load generators.
The solution of the storage problem will benefit nuclear generation more than any other since it would allow the grid to operate on 100% nuclear installations without need of gas turbine or coal plant peaking plants. A completely hydrocarbon free generation of electricity.
But, like you, I consider most of the technologies proposed to be prohibitively expensive and not competitive at present state of the technologies. It would be a wiser use of funds to develop load following nuclear reactors then there is no need for storage of any sort.
This is music to my ears Jack. By aggressively subsidizing building and deployment of storage technology but ignoring its research and development beforehand, the government is putting the cart before the horse. This is a common problem for governments when trying to push changes onto a regulated industry like utility companies that are totally separate from the unregulated technology manufacturers. It risks deploying technology prematurely that is not cost effective, at taxpayers' expense.
Here in Ontario it happened with our smart metering deployment. Our provincial government forced utility companies through legislation to deploy interval smart meters to all 5 million customers in the province by the end of 2010 with only minimum capability requirements to implement TOU billing. As such most of them now deployed are orphaned without the necessary added electronics functionality required for the envisioned smart grid (such as communications into homes for DR and energy monitoring, or with the emerging electric vehicles to properly bill vehicle owners to recharge.) Ontario faces the sad situation of having to swap out millions of smart meters from the field in the future to upgrade them to handle the emerging smart-grid applications.
Ontario and New York have ready access to massive pumped hydraulic energy storage capacity . . . between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. There is a control dam at Niagara and hydroelectric turbines that can be modified and exchanged for pumping turbines. There is ready potential to develop an additional 3,000MW to 4,500MW of overnight pumped hydraulic storage capacity at Niagara, using the existing and soon-to-be-opened hydro-tunnels. All that is needed is the political will to move forward with this.
With regard to seasonal storage, advances in air-over-water CAES can make this possible in many parts of the world, including around the Gulf of Mexico and several coastal locations around the Middle East.
Think of the infrastructure that is saved by the residential use of water heaters that store hot water! Yet the commercial building industry and HVAC designers still choos to provide over sized, just in time cooling systems. They have done a good job of increasing efficiency and so the return on investment for increasing equipment efficiency even further show a poor return. Lowering connected load and shifting load is the next logical step.
I realize that summer is not year round in most places so the grid sized storage technologies you mention are indeed an important part of the equation. However, TES can make a huge impact and is affordable. Subsidies are not needed unless the utility industry wants quick adoption. This industry is surviving with only a small percentage of cooling systems using storage today ASHRAE 90.1, LEED, and Demand response revenue opportunities like those you mention are causing TES applications to increase. A Manufacturer of HVAC equipment has recently announced a commercial pre-engineered HVAC storage system that includes pumps, controls, chiller, and storage further reducing costs and implementation barriers.
TES systems can last longer than 30 years, are reliable, are affordable, and are easily recycled. Its time to mention TES in the storage conversation.
Based on the proven principles of PSH, we eliminate much of the siting and permitting challenges of PSH due to our small footprint and not requiring the conventional geographical features needed for elevation changes with PSH. The powerhouse is at ground level, and most everything else in the technology is underground and not visible. The system is filled with clean water once and then closed; no use of navigable or natural waterways is included. GPMs can be sited next to generating assets or near the load, wherever the owners decide is most optimal for their system. GPMs also do not require decades to reach commercial operation, and, as each GPM comes online over a year or two, it is put into service. This eliminates the need to secure the standard $1 - $3 billion in upfront capital to construct PSH before one sees a Watt of service or a return on this capital over many years as one endeavors with PSH to find a site, get the permits, secure the financing and then build the plant.
Eventual capital costs projections show the GPM system competing well with simple cycle gas turbines, which will allow GPMs to replace these less efficient, slower responding and carbon emitting turbines seen as a $30 billion annual market. Once you have installed this fast responding, efficient, clean and flexibly-sited peaking capacity, we have energy storage-based power plants to work in tandem with renewable generation assets as they penetrate more and more of the world's power grids.
We see the strong near-term demand not in the U.S. or Canada, but in Germany, other parts of the EU, China, South Africa and a few additional select locations. Gravity Power will first seek to replace the proposed new, conventional and the emerging underground PSH programs we feel will be expensive and not result in any significant new capacity for decades. This while the need in these regions is much nearer-term.
As the GPM technology matures, we intend to replace or be the technology of choice for new peaking capacity and to work with renewable generation assets so they may be viewed as grid operators as capacity themselves.
Below are two tables extracted from my paper presented at the Electric Power Conference (May 2009): "Supporting Renewable Power Generation with Energy Storage – supply-side and demand-side storage that is practical and economical" by John S. Andrepont, President - The Cool Solutions Company. They compare actual suplly-side and demand-side examples of TES to other available or proposed Energy Storage technologies.
Table 1 – Comparison of Actual Supply-Side Energy Storage Systems
Turbine Inlet
Cooling (TIC)
Pumped Hydro CAES with CHW TES*
Location Michigan, USA Iowa, USA Riyadh, KSA
Year of Initial Operation circa 1990 201X ? 2005
Electric Power Peaking Capacity 1,200 MW 268 MW 180 MW
Energy Storage Peaking Duration 8 hrs 6 hrs 6 hrs
Electric Energy Storage Capacity 9,600 MWh 1,608 MWh 1,080 MWh
Round-trip Energy Efficiency ~70% <70% near 100%
Projected Life Expectancy 30+ yrs 20+ yrs 30+ yrs
Technology Status Commercial Developmental Commercial
Capital Cost per Unit of Power $2,000+/kW ~$900/kW ? $250/kW
Capital Cost per Unit of Storage $250+/kWh ~$150/kWh ? $42/kWh
* Note: Example includes performance and cost of entire Turbine Inlet Cooling and TES system.
Table 2 – Comparison of Actual Demand-Side Energy Storage Systems
"Utility-Scale" CHW TES for CHW TES for
Sodium-Sulfur Turbine Inlet District Cooling
Battery Storage Cooling (TIC)** Air-Conditioning
Location W. Virginia, USA Riyadh, KSA Florida, USA
Year of Initial Operation 2006 2005 2003
Electric Power Peaking Capacity 1.2 MW 48 MW 15 MW
Energy Storage Peaking Duration 6 hrs 6 hrs 8 hrs
Electric Energy Storage Capacity 7.2 MWh 288 MWh 120 MWh
Round-trip Energy Efficiency ~70% near 100% near 100%
Projected Life Expectancy 15+ yrs 30+ yrs 30+ yrs
Technology Status "Pioneering" Commercial Commercial
Capital Cost per Unit of Power $4,500/kW $83/kW $200/kW
Capital Cost per Unit of Storage $750/kWh $14/kWh $25/kWh
** Note: Example includes performance and cost impacts of only TES portion of the TIC system.
Neither TES nor any other Energy Storage technology is the "silver bullet" for all Energy Storage needs of the electric power system. However, TES should be considered and applied far more than it is currently, and on both the demand-side and the supply-side.
In other regions, it is definitely possible to cool the ground water in pockets of porous rock during winter, down to just above the freezing point of water. During summer, it can serve as a heat sink by which to cool buildings.
First, I echo and fully support the comments made by Paul Valenta above, regarding the overlooked value of cool TES (Thermal Energy Storage) as a commercially available, proven, high-efficiency and low cost means of multi-hour (daily) Energy Storage for addressing electric demand peaks driven by air-conditioning loads. But I wish to also emphasize that TES can be applied not only on the demand-side (by air-conditioning users), but also on the supply-side (as part of a Turbine Inlet Cooling (TIC) system at a simple-cycle, combined cycle, or Combined Heat & Power (CHP) gas-turbine power plant.
Below are data from two tables extracted from my paper presented at the Electric Power Conference (May 2009): "Supporting Renewable Power Generation with Energy Storage – supply-side and demand-side storage that is practical and economical" by John S. Andrepont, President - The Cool Solutions Company. The tables compare actual supply-side and demand-side examples of TES to other available or proposed Energy Storage technologies.
Table 1 – Comparison of Actual Supply-Side Energy Storage Systems
A) Pumped Hydro, Michigan, circa 1990, 1200 MW x 8 hrs = 9600 MWh, ~70% round-trip energy efficiency, 30+ yrs expected life, current technolgy status: commercial, total unit capital costs: >$2000/kW or >$250/kWh
B) CAES, Iowa, planned 201X?, 268 MW x 6 hrs = 1608 MWh, <70% effic, 20+ yrs life, tech status: developmental, ~$900/kW target? or ~$150/kWh target?
C) Turbine Inlet Cooling with Chilled Water TES*, Saudi Arabia, 2005, 180 MW x 6 hrs = 1080 MWh, near 100% effic, 30+ yrs life, tech status: commercial, $250/kW or $42/kWh
* Note: Example includes performance and cost of the entire Turbine Inlet Cooling and TES system.
Table 2 – Comparison of Actual Demand-Side Energy Storage Systems
A) "Utility-Scale" Sodium-Sulfur Battery Storage, West Virginia, 2006, 1.2 MW x 6 hrs = 7.2 MWh, ~70% effic, 15+ yrs life, tech status: "pioneering", $4500/kW or $750/kWh
B) Chilled Water TES for Turbine Inlet Cooling**, Saudi Arabia, 2005, 48 MW x 6 hrs = 288 MWh, near 100% effic, 30+yrs life, tech status: commercial, $83/kW or $14/kWh
C) Chilled Water TES for District Cooling Air-Conditioning, Florida, 2003, 15 MW x 8 hrs = 120 MWh, near 100% effic, tech status: commercial, $200/kW or $25/kWh
** Note: Example includes performance and cost impacts of only the TES portion of the TIC system.
Numerous other actual examples of large Chilled Water TES applied to District Energy Systems (demand-side) and to Turbine Inlet Cooling (supply-side) have shown similarly attractive results.
Neither TES nor any other Energy Storage technology is the "silver bullet" for all Energy Storage needs of the electric power system. However, TES should be considered and applied far more than it is currently, and on both the demand-side and the supply-side, for multi-hout stoarge applications.
I certainly do NOT recommend further centrally controlled subsidy programs which invariably primarily benefit those industries or firms with the best connected or best funded lobbyists, and invariably produce negative unintended consequences. Lets instead let the free market work (and succeed) again, as it did many times in the past.
If as a society we agree it's best to reduce our dependence on oil-based fuels, then we should tax them to get us to move from them. (Like cigarettes, liquor, and marijuana (if they were smart) ).
John, tables don't reproduce well in this format. Perhaps there's a link to the paper?
John and Paul, I'm familiar with thermal energy storage. Ice Energy has had a tough time selling its product to utilities for reasons I don't fully understand. Some commercial building operators have done the same thing by taking advantage of thermal mass, which eliminates the capital cost and space requirements for ice tanks and plumbing.
Chris, I'm afraid I'm not entirely persuaded by your arguments. Storage has to be cheaper than a peaking plant in order to be cost-competitive. It has to rely entirely on making up storage losses with renewable energy to be cleaner, which diminishes its cost-effectiveness.
Cost does matter. Consumers in Germany are only just beginning to feel the cost impacts of their government's aggressive stance on renewable energy, and the government is apparently worried. In Spain, above-market costs for solar are continuing to pile up on someone's balance sheet, which are eventually going to have to be paid by someone. Waiting only makes the problem worse.
I like to think of a hybrid car comparison. Standard cars have bigger engines in them for when there is a larger load or a burst of speed is needed for merging on highways. Hybrid cars have smaller engines which provide greater efficiency and power is adequate most of the time. When more power is needed, or during times of slow speeds, the storage is used to either provide that burst of power to merge or improve efficiency when crawling in traffic or on short commutes. Commercial cooling with energy storage is similar. Engineers design systems for peak design days and unanticipated cooling loads. This results in large cooling systems with large supporting infrastructure. Adding storage into these designs requires smaller cooling systems that are more efficient over a wider operating range. When prices are high, or the load is great and a boost is need, the storage provides capacity. Connected load is smaller, the safety capacity is provided by storage which is paid for by using a smaller electric chiller and support equipment.
According to a KEMA study, TES has provided about 1 GW of storage to the grid, more than double pumped hydro and more than all storage technologies combined, so I have to ask why is it never mentioned as part of the solution?
Consider what would be necessary if economical large-scale storage became practical. Our regulated price systems would become virtually obsolete. Independent retailers could set up their own businesses using large storage systems much in the same way automobile gas stations have, only instead of roads connecting them to customers, they would be connected by the grid's distribution and transmission wires to all local customers. In this scenario, only a truly "Independent Market for Every Utility Customer" with unregulated prices would work effectively, just as the free market does for many other commodities consumers purchase. Lo and behold, this is exactly what would be realized by Len Gould's IMEUC market system proposals.
Now combine an IMEUC market system with large numbers of micro-generators being connected to the grid. such as the growing renewables industry, all competing to sell their energy to the retailers with storage. I'll bet most of the existing large central generating stations on the grid wouldn't like this very much because of the unprecedented competition they would face.
I have news for the TV audience, this futuristic scenario is exactly where the electricity system is headed for over the coming decades. Ultimately such a market system would become very efficient where it would eventually make sense for ordinary residential consumers to buy storage systems and then sell their stored energy to anyone they want whenever they want, including to their neighbors on the same street.
Electric autos anyone? LOL.
With growing demand for electric power in many nations, perhaps a future power installation would include nearby grid-scale energy storage. Under this scenario, a nuclear power station may be built next to a hydro dam that includes pumped storage, or building the power station above a location where CAES would be possible.
Are you suggesting the large, well-known utilties and EPCs pursuing them should just be building more gas peakers? I am just trying to get clarity on your comment as it pertains to the market that is not the U.S. market which is an entirely different animal......Thank you....
I'm suggesting a) it's tough to justify storage over the other alternatives based on current capital costs, b) it's tough to get value out of storage built to participate in the RTO and ISO markets based on current market designs and business rules, c) policymakers should focus in the short-term on directing any public funding efforts toward improving efficiency and reducing capital costs.
Throwing subsidy money at storage deployments in an effort to drive down costs is probably a waste of money at this juncture because most storage technologies aren't even close to being cost-effective and even if they were shown to be cost-effective based on production cost simulations, the operating cost savings are too optimistic based on current operating practices.


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