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The problem of justice is the central problem for our country today and the realization of interpersonal justice is at the heart of the biblical message. To work justice is to know, that is, to love God. When justice does not exist among humans, God is ignored.
Where unjust social, political and economic injustices and inequalities are found, there is a rejection of the Lord's gift of peace, and even more, a rejection of the Lord Himself.
Justice, understood as holiness, a gift of the Lord, is the basic foundation of social justice. To struggle to establish interpersonal justice is to begin to be just before the Lord; the love of God and the love of neighbour are inseparable. One cannot claim to love the neighbour if one robs him of the means of survival and dignity. We all know that corruption is robbing our nation, our people, especially the poor, of scarce resources.
Corruption is a sin and has drastic evil effects. It is therefore not difficult to understand and appreciate Church leaderships who are eager to fight corruption using its social justice platform and that tackling corruption head-on is part of the fight for a just society.
Corruption is injustice and Christ's entire doctrine was devoted to fighting against injustice, abuse and the degradation of human beings.
Corruption is robbing our people, especially the poor, of a dignified life. Every day, a Tanzanian citizen loses his life due to corruption. As a result of corruption, our hospitals are not operating in an efficient and effective manner. Public funds are squandered, misapplied, misused, and misappropriated in all sorts of ways.
Our people are dying every day because of poor healthcare in the country. Money that should be used to look after the sick is being stolen. We also know that the state of most of our roads is very bad, very dangerous and every day, people are losing their lives due to poor roads. Some of these roads are in a poor state, in a dangerous condition because of corruption.
We know of contractors that have been given road maintenance contracts they have no capacity to fulfil. We also know that there are many contractors that have misused the money they were paid for road works and cannot today complete the projects.
They connived with civil servants and politicians to swindle the Tanzanian people. This is not a recipe for justice, for governing well. No fair-minded person can accept or tolerate these abuses, this corruption, this injustice, this humiliation of fellow citizens.
Well, there are some people in our country, some politicians who don't have many problems with corruption. When it's convenient for them, they oppose and denounce corruption. And it suits them; they defend the corrupt without hesitation.
An honest person cannot exhibit such a chameleon character. If you mix ethical values with a spirit of rebellion and rejection of injustice, you begin to appreciate and place a high value on a number of things that other people don't value at all.
A sense of personal dignity, honour and duty form the main foundation that enables people to acquire political consciousness. The ability to reason, think, analyze, meditate and develop feelings is what makes it possible for one to reject injustice, corruption and fight it.
Political ideas are worthless if they are not inspired by noble, selfless sentiments. Likewise, noble sentiments are worthless if they are not based on correct, just, humane and fair ideas.
The most horrible, most absurd things are today being invented by some characters in the opposition to poison the people against fighting corruption.
However, we can all see that the masses of our people are suffering from poverty, injustice, humiliation and inequality.
And their suffering isn't just material; it is moral, as well.
There is another sort of suffering too - social inequality, which makes you feel constantly debased and humiliated as a human being, because nobody thinks anything of you and you are treated like dirt, as if you didn't exist: somebody else is everything, but you are nothing.
Even people who have enriched themselves from government contracts or tenders, from stealing public resources are today boasting and lording over the poor - all the time boasting about how rich they are, how well-off they are, how much they don't need a government job, and so on and so forth when almost everything they have comes from government, comes from robbing the people.
It is clear why the Church has to come in and join the fight against corruption in defence of the poor, their lives and their dignity. It is your fellow human being, and especially the one who lacks life and needs justice, in whom God wishes to be served and loved. They are the ones with whom Jesus identified.
Therefore, there is no way the Church can stay away from the struggle for justice, the fight against corruption and the fulfilment of God's will. This is the best way to follow Jesus, especially in our country's present situation.
Everything that generates more life, that increases the dignity of life - from a gesture of love to the fight against corruption - is in line with God's scheme of things, in line with the construction of the kingdom, for life is the greatest gift given to us by God.
Corruption takes away life and it is therefore against God's scheme of things.
To Jesus' way of thinking, there is nothing more sacred than the right to life. And the fight against corruption is a collective effort to obtain better living conditions for the poor.
A church that places its patrimonial interests ahead of the demands of justice, life and the people among whom it is inserted is certainly a church that considers man less important than the Sabbath and, like the Pharisees, reverses evangelical priorities.
Similarly, a political leader who places his personal political interests ahead of the demands of justice and condones corruption and defends the corrupt simply because it's politically expedient for him to do so is certainly of no value to his people and should never be given a chance to govern them.
One of the reasons many people don't have what they want is neglect.
Neglect starts out as an infection and then develops into a disease. We must all wage an intense, life-long battle against corruption.
If we relax, the bugs and weeds of corruption will move into the garden and take away everything of value.


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July 1, 2011
Jake Brown
James Hearns has already seen his recruitment hit an elite level. The junior linebacker from Tallahassee, Fla., has offers from some of the top programs in the country, including Notre Dame. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Since it's not always clear what causes liver cancer, doctors do not always know how to prevent it. Even so, you should still avoid known risk factors as much as possible. Below are some ways to avoid risk factors that have been linked to liver cancer:
Avoid cirrhosis by seeking treatment before it develops. Make lifestyle changes such as losing weight, not drinking any alcohol, quitting smoking, and taking vitamin D supplements. taking statins has been shown to decrease the risk of developing liver cancer.
Avoid activities that increase the risk of exposure to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). These activities include using intravenous drugs, having many sex partners, and handling human blood or fluids without protection. Also, be sure to ask your doctor if you should get the hepatitis B vaccine. If you are at risk for HBV or HCV infection, ask your doctor about getting tested. For people who are infected, drugs are available that can keep the infections in check or even cure them in some people. This may lower your risk of liver cancer.
Avoid drinking a lot of alcohol to reduce your risk of cirrhosis, a disease of the liver that increases the risk of liver cancer.
Avoid any raw food that may contain the fungus Aspergillus flavus, which releases toxins that can lead to liver cancer.
Symptoms of liver cancer often do not appear until it is in later stages. Doctor's don't recommend screening tests for liver cancer for most people. If you have known risk factors, your doctor may advise testing. Risk factors include heavy alcohol use, cirrhosis, or hepatitis B or C infection.
If you have cirrhosis of the liver, your doctor will watch you closely. This may include repeated blood tests for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). AFP is a tumor marker for liver cancer. If it is high, it can be a sign of liver cancer and further tests may be done. Ultrasound imaging of the liver may be used to find liver cancer before it causes symptoms in people at high risk. An ultrasound machine uses sound waves to create pictures of the internal organs, including the liver. If you are at high risk, your doctor may do ultrasounds every 6 months.
MRI or CT scan may be done for diagnosis.
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BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//18.104.22.168//NONSGML kigkonsult.se iCalcreator 2.20// CALSCALE:GREGORIAN METHOD:PUBLISH X-WR-CALNAME:SARDAA X-WR-CALDESC:Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Alliance of America X-FROM-URL:http://www.sardaa.org X-WR-TIMEZONE:America/Chicago BEGIN:VTIMEZONE TZID:America/Chicago X-LIC-LOCATION:America/Chicago BEGIN:STANDARD DTSTART:20151101T020000 TZOFFSETFROM:-0500 TZOFFSETTO:-0600 RDATE:20161106T020000 TZNAME:CST END:STANDARD BEGIN:DAYLIGHT DTSTART:20160313T020000 TZOFFSETFROM:-0600 TZOFFSETTO:-0500 TZNAME:CDT END:DAYLIGHT END:VTIMEZONE BEGIN:VEVENT UID:email@example.com DTSTAMP:20160505T124752Z CATEGORIES: CONTACT: DESCRIPTION:
Treatment court professionals know t hat people with co-occurring disorders (COD) are among the most challengin g groups of participants in their programs\, and many are both "high risk and high need" offenders. NADCP and SAMHSA's GAINS Center recently collaborated on the Fact Sheet "Six Steps to Improve Your Drug Court Outcomes for Adu lts with Co-Occurring Disorders" to assist drug courts and other treatment courts in effectively working with persons with co-occurring substance us e and mental health disorders. This webinar features a nationally-recogniz ed expert on persons with COD in the justice system\, Dr. Roger Peters\, o f the University of South Florida\, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Healt h Institute. Dr. Peters has written numerous clinical and research article s on this topic and is a regular consultant to both NADCP and the GAINS Ce nter. Dr. Peters will discuss the newly-released Fact Sheet document from NADCP and the GAINS Center\, on which he is a co-author. This webinar addr esses common concerns across all types of adult treatment courts including drug courts\, mental health courts\, veterans' treatment courts\, and DWI courts. In addition to his presentation\, Dr. Peters will answer question s from webinar participants.\n
Participants will need to cal
l the number AND log-in to the link to join the webinar:
\nC all-in #: 888-677-3788
\nParticipant passcode: COD
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LG Electronics Joins Carbonfund.org to Introduce Carbon-Neutral ProductsWritten by Super User
- font size decrease font size increase font size
LG is First in Industry to Distribute Home Appliances, Solar Panels and Various Consumer Electronics with CarbonFree® Sustainability Label
Helping to educate consumers and retailers about environmental sustainability, LG Electronics and the Carbonfund.org Foundation announced today that LG products have earned the new CarbonFree® Certification label. The new CarbonFree LG products, including consumer electronics, home appliances and solar panels, will be available in the United States in early 2012.
Working with the Carbonfund.org Foundation, the leading nonprofit carbon reduction and climate solutions organization, LG completed a life cycle analysis (LCA) on six core products to determine their carbon footprints from raw material extraction and production to use and disposal. CarbonFree Certification is a transparent, meaningful label that distinguishes products that have undergone this rigorous third-party certification process.


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NatashaFox7 NatashaFollow NatashaFox7
Female living in Minneapolis, MN USA
I couldn't be more excited/terrified! I just booked European Whirl 8th May 2012 and I'm going by myself. I'd love to chat with anyone who is going on the same tour or has any advice for me! I have been wanting to travel in Europe for a long time and have many other places on my list. I'm ready for an adventure!
Level 1 Traveler
1 tour
10 countries


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Black Friday Extras
- Nov 23:
- Demonstrators march in Lakewood in support of Walmart workers
- Denver shoppers give mixed reviews to this year's Black Friday deals
- New concepts come into play in holiday shopping
- Nov 22:
- Colorado shoppers getting a jump on Black Friday deals
- Colorado retail staffers work Thanksgiving so others can shop
- Black Friday shopping tips from the experts
- Not all Black Friday deals are great
- Nov 21:
- Holiday shoppers pour into Denver Argonaut in overflow numbers
- Nov 20:
- Black Friday: Longmont teen already camping out at Best Buy
LITTLE ROCK, Ark. —Wal-Mart won't be able to get an injunction in time to halt hundreds of protests planned at its stores during Thanksgiving weekend, according to federal labor officials who are still evaluating a complaint the retailer filed last week.
The company filed a complaint against the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, which Wal-Mart said is behind the months of protests by the group OUR Walmart, or Organization United for Respect at Walmart.
The UFCW has been involved in previous efforts to represent Wal-Mart workers and said it provided financial support and advice when OUR Walmart started in 2010.
Now, OUR Walmart is funded through contributions from Wal-Mart employees, the group said. NLRB staff have been taking affidavits from witnesses and sifting through documents provided by Wal-Mart, as well as obtaining a response and evidence from the union, NLRB spokeswoman Nancy Cleeland said.


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April 17, 2012
Josh Helmholdt
Rivals.com Football Recruiting
The first days of the Spring Evaluation Period have brought another new scholarship offer for three-star Solon, Ohio, cornerback Darian Hicks, bringing the 6-foot, 175-pound prospect to a total of 13 offers. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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Pfister BTB-B1KK
Brushed Nickel Georgetown 18" Towel Bar
Item # BCI1701193 | Model # BTB-B1KK | Georgetown Collection
Questions about Pfister BTB-B1KK?
Contact us for advice or more details. Our product specialists are here to help.
Georgetown 18" Towel Bar
The traditional styling of Pfister's Georgetown collection will help elevate the décor of any bathroom. It's easy to see why this is one of Pfister's most popular product lines. The double handle bathroom faucet comes in centerset and widespread configurations, as well as your choice of handle styles. Complement the bathroom faucet with a Roman tub filler or tub and shower fixture for a coordinated look. A full host of accessories (like a towel bar, tissue holder, or towel ring) will help round out the bathroom. Available in up to six finishes.
- 18" center to center
- Extends 3 3/4" from installation surface
- All necessary mounting hardware included
- Fully covered under Pfister's Pforever Lifetime Warranty
About Pfister
Founded in 1910, Pfister (previously known as Price Pfister) is one of America's oldest and most experienced plumbing companies. As the first faucet manufacturer in the world to offer a lifetime warranty on their products, quality has always been the cornerstone of Pfister faucets. Brass bodies, ceramic disc valves, and lifetime PVD finishes name a few of the features you'll find in their product line. You will also find innovative designs. In the last 100 years, Pfister pioneered many of the faucet varieties that have helped to define the industry today. This kind of market presence has made Pfister one of the most trusted names in plumbing. Buy Pfister – you won't be disappointed.
Additional Pfister Links
This Pfister item can also be referenced by the following color/finish specific model #:
- Pfister BTB-B1KK
Brushed Nickel
- Pfister BTB-B1PK*
Brushed Nickel / Polished Brass
- Pfister BTB-B1CK*
Brushed Nickel / Polished Chrome
- Pfister BTB-B1PP*
Polished Brass
- Pfister BTB-B1CC*
Polished Chrome
- Pfister BTB-B1CB*
Polished Chrome / Polished Brass
*Discontinued model or finish
More Than Just a Store - Your Reasons to Shop
Discover the best online deals for the Pfister BTB-B1 and everything else for your home from the leading online home improvement store.
We're committed to providing you with the best assortment of Pfister products with over 400 warehouses across the country.
Our knowledgeable product specialists work to bring you the best prices on every product and provide unmatched customer service. Your satisfaction is our highest priority!
Manufacturer Resources
Product Videos
Do It Yourself: Installing a Towel BarThis step by step guide will show you how to install a towel bar in your bathroom


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June 1, 2013
By Dave Hirschman
Photography by Chris Rose
The eventual pairing of a capitalist King Air C90 made in the American heartland with engines designed and built behind the Iron Curtain would have been hard to imagine at the time they both were originally designed.
But the world has changed so much that one King Air, N4445W, which was made in Wichita during the depths of the Cold War in the 1970s, is now flying with engines and props built in the former Eastern Bloc (installed under an STC by Smyrna Air Center in Middle Tennessee). The updated airframe matched with a pair of 800-horsepower engines seems to provide the best of both worlds: Western refinement and Eastern ruggedness.
"I looked at all the options of new and refurbished aircraft and this one stood out as being head and shoulders above the rest," said Curt Drumm, owner of Lakeshore Aviation in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, an air charter operator who recently took delivery of this first King Air to undergo the Power90 conversion. "It has as much or better performance than a new airplane at a fraction of the cost. Now that it's part of our Part 135 fleet, I know our customers will love it."
Walter Engines was just beginning to manufacture turboprops in Prague, capital of what's now the Czech Republic, in the mid-1970s when N4445W was built half a world away in Wichita. The Cold War already had been a reality for almost 30 years then, and it would continue for another two decades. Walter's 650-shaft-horsepower M601 engine turned out to be a rugged standout that eventually came to power dozens of Eastern Bloc aircraft designs including agricultural airplanes, military transports, and regional airliners.
Jump ahead to the collapse of communism; American giant General Electric purchased Walter and, with it, the rights to the M601. By then, the M601 had logged millions of flight hours and had a reputation for reliability in harsh climates from Siberia to the Sahara. GE engineers spent several years reworking the internal components of the M601 to make it more efficient and increase its power.
The result is the GE H80, an 800-shaft horsepower remake that was first FAA certified in the United States last year on a Thrush 510G ag airplane, and it's now moving to the general aviation fleet ("Czechered Past," May 2013 AOPA Pilot). The engines are still manufactured in Prague, and Smyrna Air Center obtained an STC for 90-model King Airs (C90, A90, B90, and E90).
AOPA Pilot recently flew the refurbished aircraft with Lakeshore Aviation's Drumm, and the changes from the original airplane were noticeable as soon as it appeared on the AOPA ramp. Five-blade, scimitar-shaped Avia propellers now pull the aircraft along, and each engine cowl has two air intakes: one to feed the engine and a smaller one for the oil cooler.
The props themselves have shifted about 6 inches forward for weight and balance considerations. (The H80 engines are lighter than the Pratt & Whitney PT6As they replace.) In fact, the prop discs are so far forward they are almost flush with the tip of the King Air's radome. This particular airplane also has Raisbeck wing lockers (which aren't part of the engine STC) and Raisbeck dual aft body strakes (which are).
Other changes are more than skin-deep. The conversion involves full inspections (phase one through four) and all life-limited airframe parts are brought to zero time. New H80 engines replace the old ones (typically PT6A-21s rated at 550 shp), and the Avia props are added.
The instrument panel also is transformed. N4445W received dual Garmin G600 PFD/MFDs, a GTN 750 and GNS 530W, GWX/70 color radar, and a GTX/330ES transponder that provides ADS-B Out. Interestingly, the cockpit also has a portable but hardwired GPSMAP 750 and GDL 39 that provides ADS-B In subscription-free weather and traffic.
But the engines are the biggest change—and the main selling point.
The H80 has a 3,600-hour TBO (6,600 cycles) and doesn't require any nozzle or hot-section inspections during normal service. Instead of fuel nozzles, a slinger ring distributes fuel to the combustion chamber.
"The lack of nozzle and hot-section inspections alone will save more than $200,000 in maintenance costs and an untold amount of downtime during the lives of these engines," Drumm said. "The money and the time savings are huge considerations for a charter operator like us."
N4445W had logged about 100 flight hours since the conversion when it arrived at AOPA headquarters, and Drumm downloads data from every flight and sends it to GE engineers for analysis.
Drumm said the biggest advantage is improved climb performance, and that enhances speed and efficiency by allowing the airplane to spend more time at high altitudes—where true airspeeds are higher and fuel burn is lower.
At gross weight, Smyrna Air Center claims an H80-equipped C90 can reach FL280 in 17 minutes, climbing at a best rate of 130 KIAS. In normal operations, Drumm said it typically takes him about 23 minutes to climb to FL250 at a cruise climb of 150 KIAS.
"The rate of climb is exceptional," he said. "We can climb at 1,300 to 1,500 fpm into the mid-20s." (N4445W isn't RVSM equipped, so it isn't allowed above FL280.)
At FL250, redline torque (1,380 foot pounds), and max prop rpm (1,900), the airplane typically delivers 255 KTAS while burning 88 gph (590 pph) of jet fuel, according to Drumm's data. At the same altitude, economy cruise and 1,800 prop rpm nets 238 KIAS at 74.5 gph (500 pph).
Above FL250, the 740-degree ITT redline limits power.
"We expect excellent hot-and-high performance," Drumm said. "But I live in Wisconsin and took delivery of the airplane in the middle of winter, so I haven't seen that yet."
The biggest change that pilots will notice about the H80 is the automated start sequence. With electrical power on (and voltage checked), the pilot simply moves the condition lever to idle (there's no flight or ground idle) and pushes the start button. If the computerized engine monitor senses temperatures or pressures rising at abnormal rates, it diverts fuel from the engine to avoid damage from a hot start.
Once the 20-second start sequence is complete and the props are moved out of the feather position, the rest of the C90 checklist is unchanged.
Our demo flight took place on a 30-degree-Fahrenheit morning with calm surface winds. N4445W carried a relatively light load of four people and about 250 gallons of fuel. Initial acceleration was brisk, and we quickly caught up with the Mooney that served as our photo ship.
Handling qualities are unchanged from the refined mix of stability and control harmony that have been King Air hallmarks for a half century. And even though the props have moved forward, there's no noticeable change in visibility.
The cabin noise level seems reduced as a result of the five-blade props, but there was no way to quantify that on our flight.
In summary, the GE-equipped Power90 King Air appears to offer a compelling value to customers seeking a refurbished airframe and performance gains, but GE's commitment to general aviation is as yet unproven. The company has talent, resources, and staying power, and its jet engines set high standards in military aircraft and airliners. Hopefully, the company will take a long-term approach to GA and build the necessary parts, maintenance, and customer support networks that the GA market requires.
If so, the H80 could be the first in an entire family of new turboprops to power both new and retrofit airframes. GA manufacturers and aircraft owners stand to benefit from heightened competition, and demand for products made in places such as Wichita and Prague can grow. That may seem fanciful, but it's not nearly as outlandish as the notion of East and West flying harmoniously together on a King Air would have been in the 1970s.
Email [email protected].
Base price: $1,895,000
Includes two new GE H80 engines, two new Avia 5-blade propellers, Garmin avionics, new or like-new paint and interior, warranty on the engines, props, and avionics, available financing from GE Finance, and available GE OnPoint (power by the hour) program.
Powerplant | General Electric H80
Shaft horsepower (per engine) | 800 hp
Recommended TBO | 3,600 hrs
Length | 35.5 ft
Height | 14.3 ft
Wingspan | 50.3 ft
Cabin Length | 12 ft 8 in
Cabin Height | 4 ft 8 in
Cabin Width | 4 ft 8 in
Crew | 1
Passengers | 7
Pressurization (psi) | 5.0
Weight | 3,176 lbs
Fuel capacity standard | 474 gal
Max ramp weight | 10,160 lbs
Max takeoff weight | 10,100 lbs
Zero fuel weight | 9,074 lbs
Basic operating weight | 6,452 lbs
Max landing weight | 9,700 lbs
VSO landing | 77 kts
Normal cruise TAS | 260 kts
VMO (Max op) IAS | 226 kts
Normal climb | 1,870 fpm
Engine out climb | 470 fpm
Ceiling | 30,000 ft
Range | 1,375 nm
Hot section interval | None required
Fuel nozzle interval | None required
For more information, visit the website.
AOPA Pilot Editor at Large Dave Hirschman joined AOPA in 2008. He has an airline transport pilot certificate and instrument and multiengine flight instructor certificates. Dave flies vintage, historical, and Experimental airplanes and specializes in tailwheel and aerobatic instruction.
Aircraft Power and Fuel,
Part 23,
New Aircraft,
FAA Information and Services,
Aircraft Types
A bill to expand aircraft eligibility for a lower property tax rate is making its way before lawmake...
AOPA members met and mingled with advocacy staff representatives, Airport Support Network volunteers...
AOPA and eight other industry groups sent a letter urging the FAA to "work swiftly to implement" Par...


text:
See All Contributors »
Looks like a done deal:
Cyclones To Host Texas On Thursday Night - Iowa State University Athletics Official Web Site - www.CYCLONES.com - The home of Iowa State Cyclone Sports
Thursday night game on ESPN?
Originally Posted by AdamJGray
I'd get a Rascal Flatts tramp stamp for free.
Networks carrying the games and kickoff times will be announced at a later date.
This has to mean ESPN right?
It's nice to be on ESPN, but I'm getting sick of the Thursday night games. It makes the wait for the next week's game unbearably long.
Originally Posted by isuno1fan
An extra point is 20yds there Einstein
Originally Posted by CycloneSupt6
You don't like national attention?
Yeah, but Thursday are a hassle to attend the game.
Originally Posted by CycloneSupt6
I'm okay with this. We have a Thursday night game the week before, so will have a full game week to prepare.
We go the full conference slate without a bye week. So this at least gives us a mini bye after the first game.
Hopefully the team decides to show up this time. Texas has smacked us around the last couple years.
I honestly probably wouldn't mind it, if there was only one Thursday night game during the year.
If WV game moves to Friday, that's 3 non Saturday games for ISU.
Originally Posted by CycloneSupt6
Yeah, but Thursday are a hassle to attend the game.
For me, its not a hassle to attend, its tailgating.
National TV is good, but this blows for the fans.
Thursday Games suck; it can't be worth this amount of money to ruin the Sat experience for many fans who travel, let alone those who have jobs and family commitments during the week. Hope JP never agrees again.
As a student I love this. I realize it sucks for the 9-5ers.
Originally Posted by ISUCyclones2015
This has to mean ESPN right?
I have a feeling it could be the new FoxSports1 channel (I believe it is replacing Speed channel). This article talks about how they plan on televising Big 12 games on Thursdays and Saturdays.
FOX Sports announces FOX Sports 1 network - News | FOX Sports on MSN
Supposedly Fox thinks this will be ESPNs match.
"The greatest risk in life is not taking one"
Originally Posted by JP4CY
I honestly probably wouldn't mind it, if there was only one Thursday night game during the year.
If WV game moves to Friday, that's 3 non Saturday games for ISU.
Tulsa is an away game and the Friday after Thanksgiving is a holiday. SO while it looks bad at first glance only one of those games (Texas) really has an impact.
Forum Rules
All content owned by CycloneFanatic.com - All rights reserved 2005-09. By viewing this website you agree to the Terms of Service, Site Rules and Legal Disclaimer. The words, views, images and opinions expressed or provided by users do not reflect the opinions or views of CycloneFanatic.com or Iowa State University. The names, words, symbols, and graphics representing Iowa State University are trademarks and copyrights of the University protected by the trademark and copyright laws of the United States of America and other countries and are used on this web site under license from the University. Original site design, premise & construction by Jeremy Lind.


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The previous chapters explained how to create tables, how to fill them with data, and how to manipulate that data. Now we finally discuss how to retrieve the data from the database.
Please use this form to add your own comments regarding your experience with particular features of PostgreSQL, clarifications of the documentation, or hints for other users. Please note, this is not a support forum, and your IP address will be logged. If you have a question or need help, please see the faq, try a mailing list, or join us on IRC. Note that submissions containing URLs or other keywords commonly found in 'spam' comments may be silently discarded. Please contact the webmaster if you think this is happening to you in error.
Proceed to the comment form.


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Music City visitors have said such kind words about Nashville.Read What They Say. ➡
See what some of Nashville's artists have to say about Music City. See What They Say. ➡
Nashville consistently ranks high in all areas - music, family, meetings, and more.See How We Rank. ➡
Nashville is written about all over the world. Take a look at just some of the latest articles boasting the best Music City has to offer. Read More. ➡
A 24/7 radio station celebrating the Nashville sound -- Available exclusively at visitmusiccity.com.
Go to Radio Station


text:
Hello OmegaRasengan, greetings and welcome to the Narutopedia! Thanks for your edit to the Current Mizukage page.
We do hope that you will stay for a long time. Enjoy your stay as we work to become the best Naruto info site out there. BELIEVE IT!
If you're looking for something to do why not look over the Forums or more specifically Narutopedia Collaboration for a list of projects we're working on. And the Community portal has a lot of recent discussions and places to go listed on it.
Please leave a message on my talk page if I can help with anything! -- Jacce (Talk) 13:20, 16 July 2009
It is not specified that there weren't any other mizukage between the 4th and her.
New releases are recognized on this wiki the Friday of when it is released, regardless of when it was actually released overseas.
Is at the top of every article when someone goes to edit.--TheUltimate3 (talk) 14:39, November 26, 2009 (UTC)
Re: smart one
When you edit a page, it clearly says no spoilers until Friday. Rules are rules. Jacce | Talk 14:42, November 26, 2009 (UTC)
Lets make it simple so there are no mistakes: Follow the rules on this wiki or be blocked from it. Jacce | Talk 14:48, November 26, 2009 (UTC)
RE: Stop
I don't have to put something on myself, when I can just edit the incoherent additions typical annons put up to make them readable and in Wiki style. Point is however, as Jacce said, rules iz rules.--TheUltimate3 (talk) 14:44, November 26, 2009 (UTC)
Jutsu Page Creation
The proper way to create a jutsu page is Special:SpecialPages -> Special:Forms -> Form:Jutsu. Simant (talk) 17:54, November 29, 2009 (UTC)
- It is unnecessary to include Category:Jutsu at the bottom of jutsu pages, the infobox does that on its own. Simant (talk) 03:22, December 2, 2009 (UTC)
- It is also unnecessary to add category characters, while using the character infobox. Simant (talk) 03:34, December 2, 2009 (UTC)
Re: I apologize
No problem, it usually is hard at the beginning, before the rules becomes clear. Jacce | Talk 22:59, December 5, 2009 (UTC)
Being apart of a clan...
Doesn't mean they have it as their surname. Kimimaro isn't Kimimaro Kaguya. Tsunade of the Senju clan isn't Tsunade Senju.--TheUltimate3 (talk) 05:21, December 11, 2009 (UTC)
Chakra Natures
An administrator is currently fitting your images into the articles so I will oppose no further on this matter. I also ask for your forgiveness, I am rather sensitive to editing on the articles concerning the five basic natures. User:Master Shannara December 16, 2009
- Crystal was long ago agreed to be part Earth in past discussions, hence why it is listed as being part Earth in the nature transformation page. I listed Guren with Earth because of that, to uphold consistency of information between articles. As you can see from the time I added Earth nature to her page and the message I left in her talk page, there was more than enough time for anyone who disagreed with it to step forward. No one did, not a person voiced opposition, so I went ahead and changed it. If you don't like it, convince the rest of the community not to consider Crystal Release as part Earth and I'll remove that from her page, but for now, consistency between articles is all I care about. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 18:00, December 17, 2009 (UTC)
naruto shippuden kizuna drive
ino was confirmed along with shikamaru on silliconera as stated as ino being as recovery and shikamaru being a support role
ino and shikamaru in naruto kazuna drive
type in naruto shippuden ultimate ninja storm 2 on google then go to the one that has silliconera then look for yourself.
Re: Jutsu Translation
Just give me a link to a high-quality video where the name can be seen and the time index of when the name can be seen in the video and I'll be happy to help you. --ShounenSuki (talk | contribs) 18:29, December 24, 2009 (UTC)
- I did all those techniques. If you have any more, just drop me a note. There were a few moves in that one video that weren't in the list you gave me and I saw several videos with moves that weren't in that one video. --ShounenSuki (talk | contribs) 22:16, December 24, 2009 (UTC)
- Naruto's new Sexy Technique doesn't actually have a name, so there isn't much for me to translate ^^ --ShounenSuki (talk | contribs) 19:34, December 27, 2009 (UTC)
Could you add a timestamp to your signature ~~~~~. Simant (talk) 03:24, January 4, 2010 (UTC)
Ultimate Ninja Storm
Are you aware that Ultimate Ninja Storm, despite being an English game, gives Japanese names for its jutsu? The Japanese (or literal English) should be used for jutsu article titles, not the English translations. ~SnapperTo 18:56, January 5, 2010 (UTC)
Multiple Shadow Clone Rasengan
There is some doubt on the validity of this article. Since you created it, I would like to ask you to justify its existence here. --ShounenSuki (talk | contribs) 17:48, January 10, 2010 (UTC)
Edit Summaries
Read my edit summary, then tell me why you did that. Simant (talk) 22:52, February 18, 2010 (UTC)
Hang a bit before changing the caps back, there was a massive moving by Snapper which sparked a discussion on how we do some stuff, please give input at Forum:Title Case. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 23:36, April 19, 2010 (UTC)
Iron Cat
I dont know that Ibiki named it. If he did it, put the romaji or at least the English name when you create the page, because if you dont do it, it looks like an unamed technique.--Kind-Hearted-One (talk) 13:07, May 13, 2010 (UTC)
I'm getting the feeling you still don't understand how to make character pages with the infobox properly. - SimAnt 16:29, May 13, 2010 (UTC)
Hi omegorasengan.
Tatsuhiro Clan
Did you find any source saying that Kuroma and Akari's names actually had the clan name in them? That was the reason they were moved from the names you moved them to back to the ones you moved them from in the past, without the clan name. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 18:25, November 30, 2010 (UTC)
Orochimaru Mud Body
When did Orochimaru used this? Aren't you confusing whatever he did with the earth clone he used, like the one he used against Anko? Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 19:07, December 4, 2010 (UTC)
Lost Tower
I see you've added a bit of info about the movie. Is there a raw out or something? Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 17:29, December 24, 2010 (UTC)
Living Wall Fist: Style One
You're not being able to move the page because it already exists as a redirect to Living Wall Fist. Normally, that wouldn't be a problem (I think), but when a redirect has an edit history, or wasn't created by an article being moved, you have to delete it first, so the "new" article can have the edit history of the other article that is being moved to the new title. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 03:22, January 11, 2011 (UTC)
- Actually, you might want to have a sysop do that, this way you preserve the editing history of the article. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 03:42, January 11, 2011 (UTC)
by now you must've noticed that the site isn't functioning correctly...could you hold off on adding articles friend? Cerez365 (talk) 02:42, January 13, 2011 (UTC)
Episode 196 Title
Sorry about the incorrect translation. You see, I was in a rush to school and I have all the episodes' translations on a file on my computer. In the hurry I was in, I copied the wrong translation, so again, I apologize. ~ Fmakck - Talk - Contributions 23:44, January 27, 2011 (UTC)
Lost Tower
I see you added stuff about it. Is it online already, or up for download? Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 20:50, April 20, 2011 (UTC)
- Found it ten minutes after leaving you this. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 02:01, April 21, 2011 (UTC)
Omake trailer
Anything else on the new Omake trailer, the one in which Konohamaru uses Shuriken Shadow Clone? Btw, can you give me the link? Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 02:35, July 30, 2011 (UTC)
[1] OmegaRasengan 08:55, July 30, 2011 (UTC)
I am not the one who creates the pages. I wasn't the user who originally added the deletion tag. If you want it to stay, use talk page so others can give their opinion. I personally don't think it is necessary, as it can simply be mentioned in the hydrification technique article instead of creating another unnamed jutsu article.—This unsigned comment was made by Deva 27 (talk • contribs) .
Rushing on creating
I understand your point, particularly on Cerez365, who is in my opinion the most active member of the wikia, always doing something, always here when i check in. I also used to be a little annoyed but, this is a community and we are all trying to achieve the same goal.--Vecanoi (talk) 18:06, September 28, 2011 (UTC)
In regards to characters from ch. 305
I saw that you had edited the page of Unmo Samidare and I was wondering if you planned to add the two other deceased nin from the same chapter (305) on page 10 panel 3 on a later date? Should be possible since we can clearly see their names spelled over their pictures.
--Tzao (talk) 22:24, October 15, 2011 (UTC)
Re: Tobi article
Oh, I'm sorry then. The way it was written though made it sound like it all happened with Tobi in the treetops. Next time you can simply edit the article, there's no need to leave a message on my talkpage for something like this.
Best Regards,Cerez365™ 20:12, November 30, 2011 (UTC)
Hashirama CES
You think it's a valid point in adding it to Adamantine Power: Acala as well? Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 02:41, December 23, 2011 (UTC)
- I guess so.--OmegaRasengan (talk) 03:14, December 23, 2011 (UTC)
Link Mei Terumi
Hi, can you please give me the link you're talking about? Well Merry Christmas (if you're catholic). :D --Ilnarutoanime -NejiLoverr- 22:14, December 24, 2011 (UTC)
Anywhere that has the episode (other than crunchyroll)? All the usual places I watch don't have it yet. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 14:19, December 28, 2011 (UTC)
- Try [www.narutoget.com]. --Ilnarutoanime -NejiLoverr- 14:36, December 28, 2011 (UTC)
Rock Lee no Seishun Full-Power Ninden
Could you please explain to me why it's strange that a spin-off series takes place in a different setting than the one currently in the original? Neither manga is affiliated with the other except through the fact that they share the same characters.--Cerez365™ 10:50, January 10, 2012 (UTC)
Flying Thunder God Technique trivia
Uhm. I removed the trivia point simply because it's not necessary. Minato's whole fighting style (in the games as well as the manga and anime) revolves around him using the Flying Thunder God Technique (hence the name) and then attacking persons — which might be one of the reasons the Rasengan doesn't require the use of hand seals. Why does something that obvious need to be mentioned in the article?
As for the whole top dog bit and your caps lock rave, it's taking every ounce of restraint I possess not to address that, so please try to act/respond more civilly. Thanks in advance.--Cerez365™ 00:27, March 12, 2012 (UTC)
Naruto 6: Road to Ninja
Hi Omega, how do you do? I'd like to ask you where did you watch the second trailer of the movie? I didn't find it at all, even the official website of this movie hasn't released it. Thanks for your help ^__^ Shakhmoot (Talk) 19:02, April 6, 2012 (UTC)
Re: No life
It's really taking every ounce of self-restraint I have in this attempt not to be rude to you:
- First of all what edit are you referring to? I haven't undone any of your edits in a while. I made the conscious decision not to do that for some time now. You might want to go and check who it was that undid your edit.
- Where I am for whatever portion of a day/my time is none of your concern since I am not bonded to you.
- It's only because you think I'm high and mighty why I am. Try thinking of me as below you and all that will change.
- If Deva's just like me, then he must be a lovely individual.
- I am not a dictator, I'm a Gemini.
--Cerez365™(talk) 18:24, April 22, 2012 (UTC)
I also would like to know what edits ur talking about.--Elveonora (talk) 20:36, April 23, 2012 (UTC)
I never said that you were making up things. But I still think that your edit contains hasty information, because, as I said, the movie isn't released yet.--Spcmn (talk) 18:57, July 26, 2012 (UTC)
I get the fact that you don't like me or what have view since you feel I dog your edits. While that's fine and all I will ask you to kindly stop being an ass and act as though you're an independent component of the wikia instead of part of a community. People are saying they're unsure of how to proceed with things and you go right on ahead and start replacing Tobi with Obito in jutsu articles. Is it that you don't have access to Special:WikiActivity like the rest of us or something? --Cerez365™(talk) 14:03, August 29, 2012 (UTC)
- Same...Please don't replace Tobi with Obito and wait till our discussion is over...You may well respond to us in the forum created by Cerez. akz! 14:05, August 29, 2012 (UTC)
Maybe I wouldn't be an ass if you STOP ACTING like something YOU'RE NOT and quit stalking my edits now would I? Notice how majorly you are the only one to undo my edits? Some others don't seem to have an issue with my edits but most edits you see that aren't yours is useless. And I know you two are responding to me because you two don't want anyone to beat you to the punch and I know both of you are going to hurry on and change everything before someone else does once this is over because you two always have to hurry to make an edit before someone beats you to it. --OmegaRasengan (talk) 14:28, August 29, 2012 (UTC)
- It's funny the way you expect people to take you seriously. You constantly have a problem with anyone who troubles your edit in one way or another. You used to complain about the same thing with Deva and Omni like a deranged person. Now you're lumping Aditya in with me as well. Omega, if you want more to do on the wiki, all you have to do is ask, or lead the charge. Pointing fingers has gotten you nowhere thus far, you need to come with a new strategy. God knows I'd die if someone beats me to an edit. I would just whilt and die...--Cerez365™(talk)14:36, August 29, 2012 (UTC)
- I could care less if Omni and everyone else undo my edits. Know why? Cuz they act like you and Deva who did it to feel superior and like Aditya making adding new stuff like a race. And since when did I complain about Omni messing with my edits? --OmegaRasengan (talk) 14:50, August 29, 2012 (UTC)
hayate revived what?
Maybe I just got it wrong, but wut?--Elveonora (talk) 15:57, November 6, 2012 (UTC)
Chikara arc
Hi Omega and how are you? I wonder where did you get all the information about the story of this coming filler arc. I saw the promotion video (PV) of this arc about a week ago on its official website. but I haven't found a subbed version of it. —Shakhmoot (Talk) 20:19, November 6, 2012 (UTC)
- Thanks so much for the link and I watched it and understand the story of this arc in general. I have a page which talks about the arc and the main characters that will make their appearance on it. —Shakhmoot (Talk) 20:38, November 6, 2012 (UTC)
Cool, thanks for info 0_0--Elveonora (talk) 20:41, November 6, 2012 (UTC)
You may want to see Help:Common image pages.— UltimateSupreme ƒ(♫) 03:00 UTC, Monday, 26 November 2012
You need to clear your cache.— UltimateSupreme ƒ(♫) 12:51 UTC, Thursday, 29 November 2012
Re: We do form style, not infobox!
here's why. Kunoichi101 (talk) 21:46, January 21, 2013 (UTC)Kunoichi101
- i don't know who did this, but it'll mess up if using edit form. Kunoichi101 (talk) 21:57, January 21, 2013 (UTC)Kunoichi101
RE: Issues
I'm sorry if i offended you, but it's quite clear that you and Cerez-shi have something of a history, i was simply stating that you don't seem to get along with him. I never said that i know everything about you two's history with each other, all i know is that you two never really seem to get along very well. There is no need for you to insult me, as i have said before i did not mean to offend you. Again, i am sorry if i offended you.220.127.116.11 (talk) 06:36, January 30, 2013 (UTC) Yomiko-chan
Please stop interpreting every modification, reversion, or proposed deletion of your edits as other users' personal missions to get under your skin. This wiki has maybe 10 regular editors - yourself included - at any one time, so it is inevitable that you will have a "bad" experience with every other editor more than once.
If you feel that you are butting heads with someone else an inordinate number of times, consider the possibility that a) the two of you are the only editors active at the time(s) of day you tend to edit, or b) the other editor is not knowingly modifying, reverting, or proposing the deletion of one of your edits. Even if you do not believe that either option is the case, pretend that it is. In short, assume good faith.
If you do not feel it is possible to assume good faith with someone, please contact either myself or another sysop with your concerns. Taking it upon yourself and calling out others for every perceived attack makes the wiki a toxic editing environment for everyone. ~SnapperTo 21:58, January 30, 2013 (UTC)
- Again, this wiki does not have very many editors. It also does not, in a single day, have very many edits. This means that a person who peruses Special:RecentChanges once or twice a day is going to cross paths with most other people a half-a-dozen times per week. That Cerez, and Deva before him, tends to disagree with your edits is a matter of different opinions and not any kind of concerted effort to "stalk" you.
- Because I really don't see a sign that Cerez is going out of his way to undermine all of your contributions. First consider the frequency of both of your edits: Cerez has edited 500 times in the last two weeks; you have edited 500 times in the last three months. If we assume that his editing rate is consistent, he has made 3000 edits in the time that you have made those 500. That gives him a minimum of 2500 edits that had nothing to do with you.
- But maybe you're right and those remaining 500 edits were predominately focused on reverting you. If you have some diffs or links to where he is doing that, I'd like to see them, because in a cursory glance over your recent edits I'm not seeing any unusual presence of Cerez:
- There's this edit, where you reverted an edit he made two weeks before, which itself could be called a revert of an edit you made over a year ago. I sort of doubt he knew that was something you had added, given the time in between edits.
- There's this edit, where you accuse Cerez of rewriting your edit. But that doesn't seem to be what he did; yes, he did reword part of a section that you originally added, but most of the alterations to your original edit were made by an IP. In fact, the only things Cerez altered were what the IP added.
- There's this edit, where you reverted Cerez's removal of a section you added. While you were correct that Omnibender agreed with you on the talk page, Norleon, Elveonora, and possibly Aged Goblin agreed with Cerez at the time that he removed the section. So he had a simple majority in favor of his edit. Soon after he removed it additional evidence was provided and Cerez acknowledged his mistake, but at the time his actions do not appear to have been motivated by you.
- There's this edit, where you reverted Cerez's removal of an image you added. I don't see a reason for it, so maybe he did remove it just to get at you.
- To review, of your last 500 edits, I only see evidence that Cerez has gone out of his way to defy you 1 time. Put another way, he reverts 0.2% of your edits. If we pretend that the other three examples were also made because Cerez has personal issues with you, then that's still only 0.8% of your edits that he's reverting. That's not the kind of wantonness one would expect from a stalker.
- It's very possible that I've missed some examples since I was only looking for times you mentioned Cerez in your edit summary. Please provide me the links so that I can have a more informed opinion. ~SnapperTo 00:59, January 31, 2013 (UTC)
Bandai Facebook
Which page is it? I'm trying to find it but none of them have anything on those techniques you just created. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 21:47, February 4, 2013 (UTC)
Here's the link- https://www.facebook.com/BandaiCG/photos_stream. Supposedley they'e the Jinchūriki's ōji's in Storm 22.214.171.124.231 (talk) 21:51, February 4, 2013 (UTC) Yomiko-chan
Manga Chapters
Do not create manga chapter articles this early as the wiki doesn't recognise a new manga chapter release until Thursday/Friday. --Speysider Talk Page | My Image Uploads | Tabber Code | Channel 07:52, February 5, 2013 (UTC)
- The policy says that it doesn't recognize it until the spoiler is released in manga format. Its on MangaHere in manga format. He had every right to create the page. ~ Ten Tailed Fox 07:59, February 5, 2013 (UTC)
Re: Rotating Blades Japanese name
High quality screenshots, hell yeah! It says 翅旋 Hanetsumuji, which means Wing Rotation. Seelentau 愛議 20:24, February 14, 2013 (UTC)
Re: Spoilt brat...
- I never called you a spoiled brat, I called you a dimwit because you behave like one. You do the same thing with every regular content editor which is why I'm disappointed in myself for even answering you. Then you proceed to rant and rave that people are acting superior to you: understand when you are wrong or misguided. Don't you get tired of the same cycle with a different person all the time?
- As I said before argue your points on merit: give reasons why it should stay and or is needed. I was not the one to tag your article for deletion, but I do share their sentiments. Who knows, I may be wrong and the community may feel otherwise.
- I can't help it if you can't stand me OmegaRasengan, but that doesn't mean I'm going to ignore the things you do on the wikia that I don't agree with and I wouldn't expect you to do that either...--Cerez365™(talk) 07:38, February 19, 2013 (UTC)
I don't know what you mean by "that thing he does", so I'll pretend it's his habit of "Oh lordy lordy, I grew up w/ the internet and that is kewl
b(^-^)b HELLER!" And yes, that is kind of annoying. ~SnapperTo 08:23, February 19, 2013 (UTC)
- Um, he was talking about Cerez-shi's habit of "Heller! Lordy lordy! I grew up with the internet" thing.--Yomiko-chan (talk) 09:20, February 19, 2013 (UTC)
Video Game techniques
Where are you getting those names for the video game techniques you're creating? The only place I ever found names for techniques of UNSG was a walkthrough at gamefaqs. There's a forum topic I created here name video game jutsu overhaul or something like that, where I'm putting what I can translate from video game technique names I found through the internet. I'm also leaving there links to sources where you can see what each technique does, so there's a way to actually describe them. I'm just waiting until Seelentau goes through them. Currently, there's only Ultimate Ninja 1 there, but I already finished translating UN2, and I'll post that with UN3 when I'm finished with UN3. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 01:44, February 20, 2013 (UTC)
Re: Recent scan
I don't see any name given for that Jutsu. Seelentau 愛議 06:11, February 20, 2013 (UTC)
Storm 3 Playable Characters
- Just want to say great job putting all the information in Storm 3, you've been a good help. Another thing is I need an opinion from someone and since I don't think Omnibender wants to hear me right now, and since your the one putting in all the confirmed characters and info, do you think we should put in the PTS characters since other people disagree it was a fake or something.--Droidkaju (talk) 14:31, February 23, 2013 (UTC)
Madara's voice actor
Where did you get that Noya Uchida plays Madara's role? —Shakhmoot (Talk) 03:50, February 28, 2013 (UTC)
Youtube links
While I appreciate you leaving youtube links as sources for articles you make, in the case of today's tailed beast jutsu articles, the video is really long. I don't know if you're aware of it, but if you use youtube's share feature, you can create a link that'll take whoever clicks it directly to the specified time frame. If the video is long like that one you put, I think that would be useful. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 01:44, March 1, 2013 (UTC)


text:
Reflective material
this wiki
General informationThe most common reflective material used in homemade solar cookers is plain aluminum foil. This can be glued very well with white glue or wheat paste.
Cherly Kennedy, Senior Scientist, Concentrating Solar Power, Advanced Optical Materials Project Leader at the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory has provided the following detailed information on reflective materials used in solar thermal arrays:
"As part of our DOE task mission we work to develop advanced solar mirrors and absorber coatings and test the optical properties and durability of solar materials (i.e., mirrors, glazings, Fresnel lenses, and solar selective coatings) provided by industry as a service to the solar industry. In most cases, the number of samples is limited, we do not charge for these services, and neither party signs a Nondisclosure Agreement (NDA). Typically, the industry contact tells me what is considered proprietary and that information is just not disclosed. If the work becomes more extensive, than an NDA or one of the technical agreements described at http://www.nrel.gov/technologytransfer are more appropriate. The reflectors that are commercially available for solar applications are thick and thin glass mirrors, silvered polymer mirrors from ReflecTech and 3M, and an enhanced aluminized reflector from Alanod. All have their positive and negative points.
The SEGS trough plants and the new 64-MWe Nevada Solar One trough plant in Nevada use silvered low-iron thick (4-mm) slumped glass mirrors from Flabeg because of their historical durability. Hemispherical reflectance of 4-mm low-iron glass silvered mirrors is ~94.5%, the specular reflectance at 25-mradian full-cone angle (mrad) is ~94.5% and at 7-mrad is ~94.2%. The mirrors currently cost $43.2–$64.8/m2 ($4–$6/ft2) for large volume purchases. For trough applications, it is desirable for the mirror costs to be reduced to $21.6–$27/m2 ($2–$2.5/ft2). Recently, AFG [now owned by Asahi Glass Company (AGC)], Guardian Glass, PPG, Saint-Gobain, and Rio Glass companies have developed thick glass mirrors for CSP applications. Rio mirrors are tempered and Guardian are laminated (1-mm silvered glass laminated to 3-mm glass) glass mirrors for CSP parabolic troughs. Pilkington (now owned by Nippon Sheet Glass), Virginia, and Gardner mirror companies have expressed interest in providing thick glass mirrors for solar applications.
Several parabolic dish manufacturers use silvered thin (1-mm) flat glass mirrors from Naugatuck and Glaverbel (now AGC). Hemispherical reflectance of 1-mm low-iron glass mirrors is ~96.4%, the specular reflectance at 25-mrad is ~95.6% and at 7-mrad is ~94.6%; cost depends on purchase volume and ranges from ~$16.1/m2 to $43.0/m2 (~$1.5/ft2 to $4.0/ft2). The flat glass is applied to a substrate and during final assembly the entire stack is slightly curved. These segments are assembled to form a parabolic dish, for a CSP dish-Stirling or a Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) designs; but a similar architecture could be used in a trough, heliostat, or solar oven.
A silvered polymer mirror jointly developed by NREL and ReflecTech is available through Sky Fuels has been used in some trough and CPV designs. Hemispherical reflectance is ~94.%1, the specular reflectance at 25-mrad is ~93.7% and at 7-mrad is~ 72.1%. Cost depends on purchase volume and ranges from ~$14.0/m2 to $32.3/m2 (~$1.30-$3/ft2). The material is sold in rolls or applied to the substrate. It is recommended for 1-axis curvatures but could be used in dishes and heliostats if the material is cut in gores (i.e., clothing darts). ReflecTech will soon be available with an Abrasion Resistant Coating (ARC) to prevent scratching of the polymer surface with contact mechanical cleaning.
Recently, 3M decided to reintroduce a new Solar Material Film (SMF) 1100 which is an improved version of the ECP-305+ polymer solar reflector jointly developed by 3M and NREL. 3M took the ECP-305+ off the market more than 15 years ago because of a corporate restructuring and a delamination issue. The hemispherical reflectance of the ECP-305+ was ~95.4% and the specular reflectance was ~95.3% at 25-mrad and ~94.4% at 7-mrad, 3M said they could sell ECP-305+ for $2.25 back in 1992 ($1.35 when accounted for in, I think, the 1985 dollar). We have samples of ECP-305+ that have been in exposure testing for more than 14 years in CO, AZ, and FL that are still in test. The new SMF 1100 has adhesion layers to prevent delamination and will be available with an abrasion resistant, anti-soiling coating. I received the first versions for the new SMF 1100 in December 2010..
Alanod markets an enhanced aluminum mirror that is of interest to some CSP and CPV manufacturers. NREL and Alanod worked together to develop an enhanced (with ¼ λ's to boost reflectivity) anodized aluminum mirror with a polymer protective overcoat. A couple of years ago, NREL identified a problem with a loss of specularity after long-term outdoor exposure and at the same time Alanod was receiving word of delamination of the overcoat occurring in the field. Alanod stopped selling their Miro/4270kk for outdoor use because of this delamination problem and associated specularity decrease. The company worked hard to find a solution and to improve the abrasion resistance of the reflector. They reintroduced and began marketing an improved Miro-Sun aluminized reflector with a sol-gel nanocomposite protective overcoat. Hemispherical reflectance is ~91.6%, specular reflectance at 25-mrad is ~85.0% and at 7-mrad is ~77.3%. The cost is ~$21.5/m2 (~$2/ft2). Alanod began producing the nanocomposite sol-gel protective overcoat in-house on the Miro-Sun in November 2009 with a harder, smoother, and clearer top surface; resulting in improved specular reflectance and durability. They have developed versions where the reflectance is maximized for use with Si photovoltaic solar cells. Recently, Aluminum Coil Anodizing (ACA), Alucobond , Alcoa and Alcan have expressed interest in providing aluminum mirrors for solar applications.
There are no commercial solar front surface mirrors. The front surface mirror closest to commercial deployment was developed by NREL and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). It is a low-cost advanced solar reflective material (ASRM) combining the best of both thin-glass and silvered-polymer reflectors. The alumina (Al2O3) coating is deposited by ion-beam-assisted physical vapor deposition (IBAD). Hemispherical reflectance is ~96.7%, the specular reflectance at 25-mrad is ~96.1% and at 7-mrad is ~91.2%. Materials undergoing testing demonstrate excellent durability under accelerated and outdoor weathering. Samples have been outdoors in Arizona for more than 11 years without degrading. From an NREL cost analysis, a commercial roll-coating company can produce the ASRM, including purchasing the roll coater, for less than $10.76/m2 ($1/ft2) by limiting the alumina thickness to 1.4 mm with high-purity alumina, if purchased in bulk quantities, and by depositing the alumina at deposition rates higher than 50 nm/s with multiple zones on a wide PET web. The ASRM could also be deposited in a batch process. Further development of the ASRM has been transitioned to a commercial company, Abengoa Solar, below.
I am serving as NREL's technical advisor for the Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) projects selected by DOE for awards developing advanced solar mirrors to reduce the cost of solar power to less than $0.10/kWh by 2015. All of the contracts have successfully moved into Phase II and III of their proposals. Specifically:
3M (St. Paul, MN)
3M will develop abrasion-resistant, anti-soiling protective acrylic front surfaces on silvered polymeric mirrors (i.e., SMF 1100) as low-cost replacements for thick glass mirrors in parabolic trough CSP installations. The project objective aims to reduce the installed system cost and levelized cost of energy for CSP trough installations.
Alcoa (Alcoa Center, PA)
Alcoa will develop an aluminum intensive collector (supporting structure and [i.e., protected aluminum-based) reflector] to reduce the installed system cost and levelized cost of energy for CSP trough installations.
PPG Industries (Pittsburgh, PA)
PPG Industries will develop and commercialize large-area, low-cost, high performance (i.e., glass-based) mirrors, through alternate materials, structures, and fabrication processes for reflector components, to enable lower cost CSP parabolic trough technology.
Abengoa Solar (formerly Solucar) (Lakewood, CO)
Abengoa Solar was also selected to develop a low-cost, advanced polymeric reflector (i.e., the SAIC IBAD alumina front surface reflector) for CSP applications to lower the cost of CSP parabolic trough power plants.
We have also been working to develop new, more-efficient advanced solar selective coatings for receivers with high solar absorptance (a > 0.96), low thermal emittance (e < 0.07; >450ºC), thermally stable >550ºC, ideally in air, with improved durability and manufacturability and reduced cost and potentially can encourage development of US &/or 3rd receiver manufacturer.
Carl Bingham from NREL said he typically uses stainless or aluminum at the solar furnace, but is sure stainless is likely too expensive for this application and aluminum will not handle the temperature. The other materials he can think of are pretty exotic and likely expensive, but he is checking with Roland Pitts at NREL and someone at CRES more familiar with solar cookers. My substrate experience is from high-temperature (T>400°C) receiver tubes so likewise the materials are pretty expensive. Absorber coatings may be deposited on stainless steel grade 316, Ti (321), Nb (347), and alloys (Monel 400) for high-temperature molten salt applications. Absorber coatings may also be deposited on stainless steel (304), glass, copper, or aluminum tubular or flat substrates for mid-temperature (100ºC < T<400ºC) applications. Some formed black polymer materials are used for low-temperature (<100°C) hot water heaters. We do have a the Granta Design CES Selector 2009 Aero & Polymer Edition that can help select materials depending on a variety of material, thermal, and cost parameters and plot them in a succinct Ashby Diagram, that may be of assistance.
NREL tests the reflectivity and durability of solar mirrors, glazings, and absorber coating. Typically, we measure the hemispherical reflectance of the samples from 250 to 2500 nm using a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 9 and 900 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer with a 60-mm, integrating-sphere attachment relative to National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) traceable standards (the standard is chosen based on the reflective surface). The direct normal air-mass 1.5 (DIRNOR15) solar-weighted hemispherical reflectance is calculated from data collected in the 250-2500-nm range. The transmittance of the samples can be measured from 200 to 2600 nm using a sphere and from 190 to 3200 nm without the sphere. We have a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 1050 spectrophotometer with Universal Reflectance Attachment (URA) and 150-mm sphere. The URA allows us to make high-sensitivity, absolute reflectance measurements from 190 to 3300, and can automatically and reproducibly change the angle of the sample.
Developing spectrally selective or absorber materials also depends on reliable characterization of their composition, morphology, and physical and optical properties. The key for high-temperature usage is low ε. NREL has been developing the protocols and building the capability for accurate, precise measurements of the thermal/optic properties of the selective coating. We can measure the hemispherical reflectance of the samples from 250 to 2500 nm the PE λ-9 , 900, and 1050 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer with the integrating-sphere in the 250-2500-nm range or with the URA attachments. The reflectance of the samples from 2.5 to 50 μm can be measured using a PE IR 883 IR spectrophotometer with a reflectance attachment and NIST traceable gold reflectance standard. Recently, new National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable gold IR standards were purchased and instead of the V reflectance attachment previously used a 3X Beam Condenser Specular Reflectance accessory was purchased to more accurately measure the samples with the 883. We purchased a Surface Optics Corporation (SOC) 100 HDR Hemispherical Reflectometer (Nicolet FTIR) under the American and Recovery Act (ARRA) that can measure the IR reflectance of absorber coatings at the receivers operating temperatures (up to 650°C) that should be delivered in February or March.
The specular reflectance is measured at 7-, 15-, 25-, and 46-mrad cone angle with two Device and Services (D&S) Field Portable Specular Reflectometer at 660 nm. We also have a SOC 410-Vis Directional Hemispherical Reflectometer and ET100 Emissometer. The SOC instruments are handheld reflectometers that allow precise, reproducible measurements in the lab or in the field of specular reflectance in the visible spectral region and thermal emittance in the infrared spectral region. The SOC 410-VIS measures the specular reflectance in four bands between 400-540 nm, 590-720 nm, 480-600 nm, 900-1100 nm. The signal intensity is normalized against an internal standard. Total, diffuse, and specular reflectance is reported for the data at 20° incidence. The SOC ET100 measures directional thermal emittance at two incidence angles, 20° and 60° and predicts Hemispherical Total Emittance. Emittance measurements can be measured with a Gier-Dunkle DB 100 Infrared Reflectometer at room temperature. A filter is used to simulate a 100°C measurement, i.e., by weighting the measurement by a 100°C blackbody curve.
We perform outdoor exposure testing at Golden, Colorado; Miami, Fl, and Phoenix, AZ. NREL has the capability to perform accelerated aging of materials using natural sunlight. We purchased an Atlas EMMAQUA under the ARRA that can accelerate natural sunlight in Golden, CO, concentrated 7 to 8 times with a Fresnel reflector while samples are cooled with a fan to near-ambient conditions and sprayed with deionized water 8 min per natural sun hour that should be installed this spring. NREL has two Ultra-Accelerated Weathering Systems (UAWS). The original dish has been operating for 10 years at 100X < 500 nm and the new UV dish includes an environmental chamber; the same 100X < 500 nm, but 4 times the sample testing area. The UAWS is a recharge system so the cost of the testing would need to be covered by the company requesting testing or the appropriate DOE program.
Accelerated exposure testing is performed in Atlas Ci5000 Weather-Ometers (WOM). The WOM's use a xenon-arc light source with filters designed to closely match the terrestrial air-mass 1.5 solar spectrum and allow control of exposure temperature and ambient humidity. The WOMs operate continuously at 60°C and 60% relative humidity (RH). The Ci5000 uses light levels about twice outdoor exposure. A single day of testing (24 hours) is roughly equivalent to six times for the Ci5000 in terms of light intensity. We also have a Ci5000 with extended temperature capability for cyclic testing with light, a Ci 5000 that simulates a rain cycle, a Tenney cyclic tester (dark), and a humidity/salt spray tester. We also perform accelerated testing in a BlueM that operates continuously at 80°C and 80% RH, but the samples are not exposed to the light. The BlueM does not have the same acceleration factor as the WOM, but from other experiments we believe the acceleration factor is at least 25X the outdoor exposure at NREL for glass mirrors. We can use a Q-Panel QUV with 340A fluorescent bulbs that match the UVA solar spectrum from 290 to 340 nm. The QUV operates continuously in 4 hour cycles; 4 h of light exposure with 40ºC, followed by 4 h of 100% RH. A single day of testing is roughly equivalent to 1.5 times the outdoor exposure. We have a 1.4kW solar simulator (1.4kW-SS ) that uses a filtered xenon-arc light source and can achieve intensities of about five times the outdoor exposure in a wavelength band between 300 and 500 nm. The 1.4 kW-SS sample chamber is divided into four quadrants allowing samples to be exposed at two different RH and temperatures. The chamber allows four 25.4 mm x 25.4 mm or eight 12.7 mm x 25.4 mm samples to be exposed per quadrant. Within each quadrant, samples can be either exposed or shielded from the light (but exposed to temperature and humidity). We purchased two new solar simulators under the ARRA that should be delivered in March or April that will need to be installed.
We perform accelerated stability testing of absorber coatings in the BlueM damp heat oven and a Blue M Inert Gas Oven (IGS). The IGS can operate up to 600°C in an inert gas (i.e., air, N2). We purchased a High-Temperature (650°C) Vacuum Oven under the ARRA and a High Temperature (1500˚C) Box Furnace that should be delivered in February; both will need to be installed.
NREL's sample size is typically 1¾" x 2⅝" (45 mm x 65 mm), although we can measure larger or odd shaped samples or cut samples down to size. We typically like to measure triplicates of samples for each site and chamber (depending on chamber space availability). Samples are measured initially and after exposure testing at periodic intervals of approximately 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24. ...months except in Florida and Arizona where the samples are measured annually. We test samples until they drop 10% of their initial value or fail catastrophically.
We typically characterize >1000 samples/mo, Currently, we have roughly >10,000 advanced reflector, glazings, polymers, and solar selective samples under test for CSP (& CPV) industry. We have a database of solar materials that contains: >1500 experiments, >25,000 samples, >350,000 measurements, >23 yr. Over the last 18 months we have been restoring and upgrading our capabilities, which includes hiring new staff, installing new equipment, upgrading our database to be web accessible and secured (hopefully completed March-May), and developing the capability to measure 2-mrad specular reflectance. In addition, we can test the mechanical, thermal, permeation properties of most materials. In addition, NREL has the capabilities to test the surface analytical properties of materials which is described on http://www.nrel.gov/pv/measurements/. This testing is also a recharge center.
The steady-state off-sun thermal losses of receivers used in solar parabolic trough power plants can be analyzed in NREL's parabolic trough receiver test stand. Electric heaters and thermocouples are placed inside the receiver being tested and the heater power use is recorded at a desired absorber temperature. This routine is repeated for several different absorber temperatures, generating heat loss curves for a receiver. NREL can survey the receiver temperature by using a vehicle with an infrared (IR) camera and Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver that is driven down each solar field row while the solar plant operates normally. A data acquisition system uses the IR camera to photograph the receiver glass temperatures and processes them automatically. The glass temperature indicates how efficiently the receiver is working. The cooler the receiver glass temperature for a given air temperature, wind speed, and internal heat-transfer fluid (HTF) temperature, the less the heat lost to the environment — leaving more heat to increase the temperature of the heat transfer fluid. Receiver's that have lost their vacuum or have hydrogen in their annuli show significantly increased glass temperatures (~300°F) and heat losses relative to evacuated receiver's. The glass temperatures of about 6000 receiver's can be determined in one day.
NREL has the Optical Efficiency Test Loop (OETL) facility. The test loop supplies coolant to the receiver tubes of parabolic trough units. The coolant, a water-glycol solution, will be at near ambient conditions. The trough is put on sun and the heat input to the coolant is compared to the direct normal insolation, as measured at NREL's Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL). The ratio of the two will give the efficiency at the limit of no thermal losses, i.e., the optical efficiency. The system operates as a closed loop. The heat input to the coolant will be transferred to the environment by a 28 ton chiller system. Fine control of the coolant temperature will be maintained with the chiller and a 20 kW electric circulation heater. The tracker is two-axis and can accommodate troughs 20 m long by 5 m wide. Different manufacturers will supply prototype troughs for testing. Check the technology transfer page of the nrel.gov site."
End of information from Cheryl Kennedy, NREL.
Mylar is a brand name used by the DuPont corporation to identify thin polyester plastic films that it makes. Actually, DuPont and a Japanese company have created a joint company called DuPont Teijin Films to handle the polyester film business.It also appears that many large companies in different parts of the world produce similar products. It also appears that some companies may buy the polyester film from companies such as DuPont and then add the aluminum coating themselves, before distributing to consumers. In other words, there may be dozens, scores or hundreds of companies that sell polyester films with aluminum coating. This may make it very impractical to trace a supplier for you in Port Harcourt through the manufacturers, which is what I tried to do in my email to DuPont Teijin.
Solar cooker experimenters in Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Peru and Bolivia have all found that gift wrap can be found easily that can be used for making reflective surfaces for solar cookers. Glues made from flour and water or "wheat paste" work well enough to hold the gift wrap onto the CooKit. The gift wrap is like a mirror on one side (the aluminum) and a color on the other side. So, if I can't find better information through DuPont Teijin, you might find that just shopping for shiny gift wrap is the most practical solution.
From the information I currently have, it seems that these polyester products are not suitable for lining the inside of a solar box cooker, because of the danger that at the temperatures inside the box-type cooker, the polyester would melt or at least give off foul smelling foods. I am told that this problem does not necessarily show up the first time one uses a cooker made with these materials--that it may show up after five or ten or twenty uses.
Therefore, I would suggest that the polyester or gift wrap material only be used for CooKits or for the reflectors on box cookers that are outside the box.
Ravindra Pardeshi writes:
Also note that most metals cannot be polished enough to be reflective enough for solar cooking. One exception is anodized aluminum. Metallic paints usually do NOT reflect well enough. We polish the assembled cooker of sheets. We do the polishing in two ways:
- Professional buffing service
- On our own. This is very crude way but works. First we polish the surface with fine cloth and fine tooth powder and then with one localy found polishing liquid. Results are quite satisfying. For repolishing we use liquid polish only.
Reflective material possibilities
Here is a comprehensive list of various inexpensive reflective materials that are available for solar cooker construction. Table of Reflector Materials
Stephen and Sheila Harrigan of Solar Clutch, report from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where they promote solar cooking, that common solar panel cooker construction materials have always been difficult to obatin. The widely used CooKit has traditionally been made from cardboard, though recent versions are being made from fluteboard, such as the Poly Furnace CooKit variation. These updated cookers last far longer than the cardboard versions, which are considered to be successful if they last six months. For them however, the major problem with providing inexpensive yet durable cookers is the availability of construction materials. Cardboard is scarce, and when it is commercially available, the quality if often poor, or the product arrives torn. Tinfoil and glue can also be difficult to find. Stephen began looking more closely at what was available locally, and hit upon a product referred to as 'cool roofing'.
Cool roofing is a zinc galvanized metal material, which is fairly reflective. Besides shedding water, it is also intended to reflect the hot sun from the roofs of local homes. And because of its availability, the material cost for cookers is competitive with cardboard. A CooKit can be constructed for about $6USD worth of the metal roofing. It can be cut with tin snips, and bends are made by folding the metal around a straight board. The metal CooKit has performed well, if not quite as well as the mylar covered fluteboard version, and its weight would help in windy conditions. Because the material is easily available, and can be made with existing worker skills, local manufacturing of solar cookers offers the possibility for a community business enterprise. Disadvantages include the inability to fold the cooker for storage, and transporting completed cookers will take considerable space and will be relatively heavy. The cooker edges need to be dulled or protected, as the cut metal edge is quite sharp. As solar cookers are more widely promoted and accepted, the durability of inexpensive solar cookers becomes a significant issue to be addressed. The question raised will be, is it better to offer a cooker that can be made locally, or find a way to finance the availability of cookers that are made at a more sophisticated facility, losing the empowering aspect of neighborhood manufacturing?
Use the foil from cigarette packages
Most cigarette packages have a inner foil liner. Collect these and use them in a patchwork fashion to create a reflective surface.
Mirrors made from decal/stickers
Chrome mirror sign vinyl is excellent for most solar cooking applications where the material itself is not touch the hottest part. It is made to be used on business signs and is designed to stand up to many trips to the car wash. This material can turn nearly anything into a powerful mirror. You can find it on the internet. You must use phrases like "Chrome mirror sign vinyl", or, ""Mirror sign vinyl, or Gold sign vinyl. This material is available in a self-adhesive roll. You can find short rolls or long and wide rolls. The rolls start at inchers in width to feet in width. Apply it with soapy water in the same way as window tint. After some exposure to warmth, the soap vanishes and your mirrors will stick for years. Keep them shiny with wax, oil, Scott's liquid gold, experiment with it.
A flexible cutting board could make a good mirror. When finished cutting the underside of the cutting board may have a mirror on it to help cook the food you cut up.
Think of the many shapes we have availble. Now you can turn junk into ovens and dish cookers. Here are some things I know would make terrific ovens and parabolic, and parabolic hybrids. A thermal parabolic hybrid oven will acheive temperatures hotter than needed for normal cooking, when combine with thermal cookware it is nearly dangerous.
It is dangerous. Be careful. It will take some time to adapt to your new abilities. A thermal griddle may be a griddle with ceramic tile in a sandwich of steel or aluminum. ALUMINUM COOKWARE WARNING: See: Aluminum Oxide poisoning. Aluminum loses heat so quickly too. I want my food cooked with glass and ceramic and steel. Matt West
Rescue blankets (Mylar)
Rescue blankets (or space blankets) consist of a thin plastic foil (often polyethylene terephthalate, PET) and a thin layer of aluminium (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_blanket). The silver side is the aluminium side, while the gold color on the reverse side comes from a translucent yellow tint of the plastic in combination with the front aluminium layer.
Such material is similar in cost as aluminium foil or self-adhesive vinyl stickers, large formats are common (e.g. 160 by 210 cm), and the material is indended for outdoor use. Relflective accuracy is mirror-like, in contrast to aluminium foil which has fine directional grooves in the surface from production and thus reflection artefacts. Although as with self-adhesive mirror foil, the material should not be used for the hottest part of the oven, i.e. where in contact with pot or glazing. Melting point of PET is around 260°C (500°F).
Using the foil on the inside of Tetra Pak juice boxes
Solar Cookers International East Africa Office recycles waste from Tetra Pak materials. This is a packaging making industry and sometimes they have waste which they have already prepared, this then we use as our foil. When this is not available they buy from another packaging industry called Pressmasters Ltd.
Here are their coordinates:
Pressmasters Ltd.
P.O. Box 17560 - 00500
Fax: +254 20 823044
Tel: +254 20 820253,820254
Mobile +254 722514623 / 733743783
Solar Health and Education Project (SHEP) has developed a relationship with Tetra Pak International — manufacturer of aseptic drink containers — whereby SHEP uses Tetra Pak's excess foil-lined paper for solar cooker construction. (The foil-lined paper is printed in wide rolls, sometimes resulting in excess material begin generated.) According to SHEP, Tetra Pak is willing to accept proposals from other nongovernmental organizations that may want to use the reflective material as long as the material will be used for workshop participants to construct solar cookers.
Parabolic disk foiled with reflective tape
Lithograph printing plates
Looking for inexpensive, recycled reflective material for solar cookers? Here's a tip from the SunStove Organization of South Africa: "Lithograph printing plates are available in every country at the government printing office, the local printer or the local newspaper. Used printing plates are sold as scrap." This scrap may be sold for the equivalent of US $1.25 per kilogram. Before using the plates in solar cookers, clean with paint thinner and water.
- Build a Solar Cooker from old CDs - Tree Hugger
See also
- Investigation of Reflective Materials for the Solar Cooker - John Harrison
- Information on the STEVEN foundation's extra free Mylar
- SolaReflex foil
- Ripple mirror
- Diamond Grade Reflective Materials
- Solar Oven Reflectors
- Solar reflector design
Using a white color instead of reflective sheet
External links
- ReflecTech® Mirror Film - a company producing reflective film suitable for solar cookers.
- Lingding New Energy Co., Ltd sells a number of reflective films
- 3M Solar Mirror Film 1100 is designed specifically for outdoor CSP applications.


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May 6, 2016
Tallahassee, FL - The second Monday in December is called "Green Monday" because of all the money that changes hands.
Today is also the day that all the Cyber Monday purchases finally work their way through the shipping pipeline.
Now, those who didn't shop online are getting the jitters and sending out their holiday presents to make sure they arrive before Christmas.
Even though we are still 15 days away from Christmas, FedEx expects more than 19 million packages to move through its system today which is more than double the company's typical daily volume.
Green Monday is considered the second biggest virtual shopping day for online retailers. According to Comscore, shoppers in the US spent more than $1.1 billion dollars on Green Monday last year.
Due to the popularity of online shipping and all the shipping related promotions for the holidays, FedEx is expecting a record breaking holiday shipping season this year. They estimate that 280 million packages will move through the FedEx system between Thanksgiving and Christmas day, which is up 13 percent from a year ago.
Today is not the last day for free shipping, and it's not even the last day to get packages to their destinations before Christmas using standard shipping - that deadline tends to be December 17th.
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Kent 100% pure linen canvas is woven entirely of wetspun tow yarns to create a medium-weight, fine-weave canvas. Kent Single Primed is excellent for portrait and general work. Or choose Kent Double Primed — a favorite of portrait artists.
How the paint reacts to the canvas is what really matters — and 140 years of experience have given Fredrix the knowledge and the tools to create superior primed canvas of the highest archival quality.
All Fredrix canvas is primed in the USA, which allows for complete control over the priming process. Experience the Fredrix difference!
® Fredrix is a registered trademark.
Fredrix' ongoing concern for health and safety in the artist's studio, classroom, and the environment has driven the development of its new Titanium Alkyd Oil-Primed Canvas. This canvas replaces Fredrix' Lead White primed canvas.


text:
Conservationists claim victory on new farm bill
April 13, 2014 MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — Wildlife and environmental groups are claiming victory for conservation practices in the new farm bill, where two of their top priorities made it into law. more »»
Florida's orange production declining
April 13, 2014 ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. (AP) — This year's Florida orange crop is approaching the fruit's lowest harvest in decades, and experts say a deadly bacteria that's infecting the trees is to blame. The U.S. more »»
Robotic milking system ups profitability
April 13, 2014 MENDON, Ill. (AP) — The cows are lined up for milking at the Shupe Dairy Farm north of Mendon. Rod Shupe keeps watch as the cows move through one by one, but he's no longer doing the milking. more »»
Wheat on the rise
March 30, 2014 WICHITA, Kan. more »»
Illinois family makes maple syrup
March 30, 2014 ALTAMONT, Ill. (AP) — While the rapid rise and fall of temperatures throughout the area may be a problem for some, one family isn't complaining. more »»
Minnesota farm income drops sharply in 2013
March 30, 2014 MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — A new report says Minnesota farm income dropped dramatically in 2013 largely because of lower corn price. more »»
Cattle technology
March 23, 2014 POLO, Ill. (AP) — There's a silo on Brent and Bruce Scholl's farm that was built in 1919 by their grandfather. more »»
Arkansas man raises buffalo to train horses
March 23, 2014 MARMADUKE, Ark. more »»
In parts of Plains, drought fears nag in third year
May 5, 2013 FREDERICK, Okla. (AP) — When Kent Walker walked through his dusty fields one morning this spring, the ominous signs were right there at his feet. more »»
Agriculture Calendar
May 5, 2013 May 13 — Pesticide Introductory Basic Core Training, statewide via Internet videocast, 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. more »»
New Mexico grapples with water restrictions as drought persists
April 28, 2013 HATCH, N.M. (AP) — In southern New Mexico, the mighty Rio Grande has gone dry — reduced to a sandy wash winding from this chile farming community to the nation's leading pecan-producing county. more »»
Program offers advice for present and future farm planning
February 24, 2013 Modern farming is very much a business, and a program aimed at helping women in that business manage the farm now and in the future is coming to North Dakota for the first time. more »»
Soybeans used as food, fuel source
January 28, 2013 Corn-based ethanol might be getting most of the biofuel headlines these days, but another renewable fuel source is also gaining in popularity. more »»
Farm Rescue founder inducted into Hall of Fame
January 28, 2013 The president and founder of Farm Rescue, Bill Gross, will be inducted into the North Dakota Agriculture Hall of Fame. The induction ceremony will take place at 1:45 p.. more »»
Teacher trades textbooks for farm
January 13, 2013 WINCHESTER, Ky. (AP) — Will Meurer always wanted to teach and coach. He achieved both goals following graduation from Eastern Kentucky University. more »»
Training for precision ag
December 2, 2012 DEVILS LAKE — Two grants worth millions of dollars combined will allow a wide range of people to receive training in the quickly growing area of precision agriculture. more »»
Prepare that holiday turkey the right way
November 18, 2012 The most time-consuming duty for those who host a traditional Thanksgiving dinner is thawing a frozen turkey. more »»
Agriculture Calendar
November 13, 2011 Through Friday– Farmers and ranchers who suffered losses due to flooding in 2011 may file for federal cost share assistance through Nov. 18. more »»
Safety a bigger focus on modern farms
November 6, 2011 Many advancements have been made in farming over the years, safety being chief among them. more »»
Agriculture Calendar
November 6, 2011 Through Nov. 18 – Farmers and ranchers who suffered losses due to flooding in 2011 may file for federal cost share assistance through Nov. 18. more »»
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DENVER (AP) - Lawmakers on the House Education Committee will hear a bill Monday that would create new misdemeanor penalties for Colorado cyberbullies.
The bill would punish Coloradans who inflict serious emotional distress on a minor on social media platforms.
People can already face harassment charges for bullying someone with texts or online, but the sponsor of the legislation says having a specific cyberbullying charge will help law enforcement track the frequency of the crime.
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Being tiny doesn't mean you have no fashion sense. Dress your little girl in this Smurfette Infant Costume and she'll be the cutest little Smurf in the village! This officially licensed set includes a romper with attached dress and a hat. The soft and cozy romper is made out of blue velvet and completely covers your baby's arms and legs. Sewn into the body of the romper is the white felt tank dress, which has a pleated skirt decorated with three raindrop outlines. The attached booties have a plush platform to give your little girl her very own heels. Finishing the look is the white hat, which has the flipped tip found on any self-respecting Smurf's hat. Gargamel might have it out for Smurf village, but if he saw how cute your little one was in this costume, he might reconsider his plans! Put it on them for Halloween and let the trick-or-treating adventures begin.
Our Price: $2.97
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Managing the Data Explosion: The Reality Behind MDM Implementation
In this webcast, three utilities describe the drivers, implementation issues and lessons learned from their deployments, offering their peers a glimpse of common pitfalls and stimulating their thinking about how to finesse the challenges.
This event is underwritten by:
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Published By:Energy Central
Published:Mar 01, 2012


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You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
Congratulations on posting for 2800 consecutive
days, that's real commitment. May 2014 bring you and yours peace and joy. .YB.
Congrats on 2800 consecutive days! I hope you'll accept my buddy request. ~Jim
Congratulations on having the perseverance to post for 2,800 consecutive days. Have a Wonderful 2014! Warren :)
A BIG CONGRATS on reaching 2,800 consecutive days! Truly awesome! Wow, another milestone has arrived! : ) For most GBs (8M plus) they don't seem to have the dedication or the persistence it takes to come back and post gas prices each day for other GBs! Or they just run out of gas! :( Hang onto your speed lines, it only takes one day to lose them! I'm sure you know! But, even clicking on news article links, which are the easiest points here on GasBuddy, when you can't or didn't post gas prices before midnight will save your consecutive days! : ) WARNING! Every day GBs lose their consecutive days, many with big numbers, the #1 reason, "oops, I just forgot!" :( If you ever lose your consecutive days; that is NO FAULT of your own, please contact the mods! Smartphones and tablets really help GasBuddies to post everyday! Keep going like a PRO Birmingham GasBuddy! Have a nice week! Thanks buddy! YB Ron
A belated congratulations on the new racer and the retiring of the big rig!
Noticed your nice avatar on our mutual buddy Warrens profile. Congratulations on posting for 2700 days consecutively. Lets be buddies also. thanks. Shep
Congratulations on having the tenacity to hit 2,600 consecutive days! Warren {:-)
My thought for Today.......As if the American public doesn't have enough to deal with concerning the tyranny of the federal bureaucracy called the EPA, the IRS, and other alphabet soup agencies, now they are trying to insert themselves into how COLD my beer should be? Folks, this is a classic case of government overreach insinuating itself into every friggin' aspect of our lives. King Obama has only been emboldened by the foolish and ignorant American public's vote of confidence that allowed him to continue issuing edicts that affect our everyday lives. No wonder that confidence in the government is eroding. As the bumper sticker says, "If you're not outraged, you're not paying attention."
If agree Buddy me !!!
Congratulations on having the dedication to post for 2,500 consecutive days. Keep up the Great Work and Good Luck in the future! Your buddy, Warren :-)
Have a nice week and Merry Christmas, a Happy New Year, Happy Holidays, and a prosperous 2013 to you and your family! Thanks for a another great year! Ron