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B4Ctom1 can sit back and enjoy the warm adulation of the liberal blogosphere.
Take a damn good look at MortarBored's picture. What do you see? Yeah, that's what I thought.
Magic and mystery are part of wheezy360's work history.
NotJust4Breakfast may seem like a nice guy, but last month he personally dumped 20 barrels of crude oil into the ocean just for a laugh.
I don't know what to write in here because basically I am back from the dead like Laserious hooray here I am to talk about this stupid election.
This is your typical consumer model throne. If you just want a cheap prop, it's fine. If you want to actually sit like a king, pony up the cash and get yourself a prosumer model. This entry level stuff is more for a duke or baron at best.
Learn about the cool ass world of indie porn marketplaces in this week's NSFW Phriday!
Chess only has 64 places to stand. BDO has full 3D movement. There's no comparison!
goku hears a wolf howl and joins in for three straight episodes
Photoshop Phriday showcases the tremendous image manipulation talents of the Something Awful Forum Goons. Each week they tackle a new theme, parodying movies, video games, comics, history, and anything else you can think of. If you want in on the action, join us on the Something Awful Forums!
Copyright ©2016 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


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Lit Burlap Bat
No longer available
Our bat ensures a hair-raising welcome on a patio or entry.
34" long x 6" wide x 48" high
Pre-lit bat made of woven burlap and plastic.
Covered with 100 LED lights.
Hangs from a brown cord; prong-style plug in.
Battery pack requires three AA batteries (not included).
For both indoor or outdoor use; avoid contact with water.
Catalog / Internet only.

subset: commoncrawl


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Credit: © ©Michael Germana/starmaxinc.com
Charlize Theron (Mar 6th, 2008)
Charlize Theron's long bob has dreamy delicate curls and just the right amount of airy volume.
Styling Tip
Step 1: On damp hair, apply a dab of styling cream, then blow dry two-inch sections with a round brush applying upward tension at the root for lift.
Step 2: Spritz one-inch sections of dry hair with styling spray. Starting about three inches away from your scalp, twist each section around a medium curling iron. Hold in place for a few seconds to set the curl, then release. Repeat, alternating directions of the curl until all of your hair is done.
Step 3: Coat your fingers with a dab of pomade, then lightly rake through curls to break them up.


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Food & Cooking
Holidays & Celebrations
Need ideas for the Holidays? Or are you just interested in baking up a storm?
2012 Cookbook Awards
Come in and check out the 2012 cookbooks from the IACP and the James Beard Foundation.
Library Collection Help
How to find cookbooks in the library.
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Looking for appetizers or soups? Wine and Beer? Check here!
Food & Cooking Magazines
Come in and look through our cooking magazines or go to these online versions.
Food Research & Policy
Resources for food studies & history and food policy, including the Local and Slow food movements. Also food reference books.
In the Media
Read about a favorite chef or cookbook author, the latest food news and blogs and check out the cookbook awards.
Check here for resources on local food, farmers' markets, Pittsburgh specialties, and restaurants...
Quick and Easy Cooking
Fast food for week nights, for kids, teens, gourmets, or vegetarians.
Vegetarian Choices
As well as vegetarian and vegan collections, look here for recipes for fruits & vegetables, grains & nuts, dairy, and more...
World Cuisines
Want to celebrate Chinese New Year? Are you hungry for Latin American, Mexican, or Spanish food? Or do you want to explore your Italian and Eastern European roots?


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CRESTWOOD – Getting back to the basics on defense improved the Oldham County Lady Colonels' offense as they used a third quarter spurt to beat North Oldham 67-48 Wednesday in the opening round of the 29th District tourney.
The Lady Colonels, 16-10, used a 13-3 scoring run to open the second half to game control of the game. The run was sparked by a switch back to a basic man-to-man defense that was able to force turnovers that led to easy baskets.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the Oldham Era, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
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Made of high quality matboard with a permanent bright white bevel. Surface papers are fade and bleed resistant. The core, surface, and backing papers, which are buffered and pH neutral, offer superb protection for artwork.
16" × 20" Mat Size — The mat measures 2¾" on each side and 3¼" at the top and bottom.
® Blick and Blick Studio are registered trademarks.


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May 5, 2016
Leon County Sheriff's Office Release
Tallahassee, FL - On Wednesday October 31, 2012 at 7:29 pm, the Leon County Sheriff's Office responded to a single vehicle crash on North Meridian Road between Gardner Road and Summerbrooke Drive. Deputies and first responders from Leon County EMS and the Tallahassee Fire Department responded to the scene and attempted life saving measures; however 52 year old Everett Thompson Jr. died on the scene. LCSO's Traffic Homicide Unit responded to the scene and assumed this investigation.
The preliminary investigation indicated that Willie James Gardner, 61, was driving a 2002 Nissan Frontier southbound on North Meridian Road. Thompson Jr. was the passenger in the truck.
The vehicle left the roadway onto the west shoulder of North Meridian Road. The truck struck a tree on the west shoulder of North Meridian Road. Gardner was transported to Tallahassee Memorial Hospital for injuries he sustained in the crash. He later died as a result of those injuries. The circumstances surrounding this crash are still under investigation.
Tallahassee, FL - Leon County Sheriff's Office reports a double fatal accident occurred between Summerbrook Drive and Gardener Rd. at around 8pm, last night.
Only one car was involved in the accident. One person died on scene, another died at TMH, later.
Names of victims have not yet been released.
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Enfants classiques - Beethoven habite à l'étage
1 CD / Children's Group / 2008-12-31Works: Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony no 7 in A major, Op. 92; Symphony no 5 in C minor, Op. 67; Sonata for Piano no 27 in E minor, Op. 90; Serenade for Flute, Violin and Viola in D major, Op. 25; Romance f...
Performers: Armin, Adele; Bodle, Douglas; Braun, Russell; Childs, Mark; Schulmann, Suzanne
Conductors: Babiak, Walter
Ensemble: Studio Arts Orchestra
read more Login or Create an Account to write a review
The Classical Kids Collection Vol 1
4 CD / Children's Group / 1991-10-18Works: Antonio Vivaldi: Concerto for Violin in E major, Op. 8 no 1/RV 269 "Primavera"; Concerto for Piccolo in C major, RV 443; Concerto for Violin in F major, Op. 8 no 3/RV 293 "L'autunno"; Sonata for Reco...
Performers: Armin, Adele; Binsley, Richard; Bodle, Douglas; Braun, Adriana; Braun, Russell; Brown, Nils; Budd, Barbara; Childs, Mark; Cowell, John; Feore, Colm; Forster, Elizabeth; Granik, Jon; Hammond, Susan; L...
Conductors: Babiak, Walter
Ensemble: St. Simon's Chorus, Toronto; Studio Arts Orchestra; Toronto Boys' Choir
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May 6, 2016
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – Florida State's Justin Gonzalez will the miss the rest of the 2013 season as the senior shortstop underwent surgery on his right hip. A full recovery is expected following six to eight months of rehabilitation.
"To lose Justin Gonzalez, a three-year starter and our captain is obviously a difficult pill to swallow," said head coach Mike Martin. "But knowing that Justin will be there for his teammates is an inspiration and is gratifying to me as a coach.
"I am deeply saddened that he will not be on the field but I am very grateful to have him in our presence for the rest of the season."
Gonzalez made just five starts in 2013 before suffering the season ending injury. The Miami, Fla., native hit .278 with a triple and two home runs as he registered five runs and five RBI. Gonzalez was perfect from the field in 16 fielding chances at shortstop.
"Obviously, none of this was planned," said Gonzalez. "It breaks my heart that I had to go through with the surgery. After meeting with doctors out in Colorado, there was no other option than to have the surgery.
"As far as baseball is concerned, I had to look at the long-term rather than the short-term. I will still serve as captain this year but it will just be in a different role. I plan on being there to motivate and support my teammates throughout the season. There is one thing I know, I will be back; it will only be a matter of time."
Gonzalez entered the season as the Seminoles top returning hitter from last year's squad that advanced to the College World Series and finished fourth. Gonzalez hit .256 in 2012 with nine home runs, 11 doubles, 42 RBI, and 42 runs scored.
Florida State will seek a medical redshirt for Gonzalez and is expected to return for the 2014 season.
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Bedroom Window Treatments & Bedroom Blinds
- Privacy and light control are key
- Blackout shades offer complete darkness
- Top down/bottom up for flexible privacy
- Day/night shades offer flexible light control
- Quality and style for the room you inhabit often
Bedroom window treatments should balance the needs of privacy, light, and functionality, but should also be comfortable and inviting. The blackout feature available for nearly every type of shade and drape is intended to provide total light blockage for your bedroom window, allowing you to sleep comfortably. If you're not going for total darkness, top down/bottom up is another feature that lets in light from the top while maintaining privacy by keeping the bottom of the shade closed. For many of us, bedroom window treatments must simply provide privacy and basic light control, making style your main consideration. Fabric shades are available in many calming colors, patterns, and textures to help you relax and unwind.
Blindsgalore® Gallery Cellular Shades: Double Cell Light Filtering
retail $76.14 $51.00 + an extra 15% off
Certified Best for Kids
Products with this label meet or exceed safety recommendations approved by the Window Covering Manufactures Association (WCMA) and have undergone rigorous third-party testing.
Blindsgalore® Essential Cellular Shades: Light Filtering
retail $59.72 $40.00 + an extra 15% off
Blindsgalore® Gallery Cellular Shades: Single Cell Light Filtering
retail $71.66 $48.00 + an extra 15% off
Certified Best for Kids
Products with this label meet or exceed safety recommendations approved by the Window Covering Manufactures Association (WCMA) and have undergone rigorous third-party testing.
Solid Plain (1)
Coordinate your decor with classic solids in a wide range of colors and fabrics
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Multi-cell construction provides excellent insulation
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Provides great insulation in a wide variety of pleat sizes
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Unique three-cell design offers superior insulation
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- refine
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.5 inch (1/2 of an inch), are small-medium, and equivalent to 24 pleats per foot.
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.75 inch (3/4 of an inch), are the second largest available, and equivalent to 16 pleats per foot.
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Horizontal blinds and shades operate up and down instead of side to side. These types of blinds work well on nearly all windows except sliding doors.
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Offering a variety of natural textures, fabric is featured in a number of shades and vertical blinds.
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Take a look at all of our blinds and shades for hard-to-reach windows
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Blindsgalore offers a wide variety of window treatment options that improve child safety.
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customer reviews for bedroom
"Great buy"
By Kari from NJ
We purchased these blinds with the top down/bottom up option. These blinds look beautiful in any lighting. They have a high quality feel. They were very easy to install. I would recommend these to anyone.View this product
"Buying more"
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We are happy with our cellular shades purchase that we already ordered some solar screen shades. My husband said they were easy to install and fit just right. No problems when talking with a customer service rep.View this product


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LeisurePro.com offers many different types of watertight and waterproof cases to protect your valuable goods while you are on your scuba adventure. Our selection of waterproof cases come from high quality brands like Otter, Underwater Kinetics, Pelican cases and many others, with various sizes and special features. Buy your waterproof case from LeisurePro.com now!
Your Price: $13.95
In Stock + Wish list


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Thanks for downloading django-registration.
To install it, run the following command inside this directory:
python setup.py install
If you have the Python ``easy_install`` utility available, you can
also type the following to download and install in one step::
easy_install -Z django-registration
(the ``-Z`` flag is required to force ``easy_install`` to do a normal
source install rather than a zipped egg; django-registration cannot be
used from a zipped egg install)
Or if you're using ``pip``::
pip install django-registration
Or if you'd prefer you can simply place the included ``registration``
directory somewhere on your Python path, or symlink to it from
somewhere on your Python path; this is useful if you're working from a
Mercurial checkout.
Note that this application requires Python 2.3 or later, and a
functional installation of Django 1.` or newer. You can obtain Python
from http://www.python.org/ and Django from


text:
Scottish and Irish Genealogy Maps and Clan Crest Products
Our genealogy clan maps of Scotland and Ireland and Irish and Scottish clan crest merchandise will help you discover the lands of your ancestors and the origins of your clan or family name.
Superb Clan Maps
If you have a passion for your heritage we offer the highest quality Scottish and Irish clan crest products in the world. Our genealogy historical maps and clan crest products make great gifts for relatives with irish or scottish clan history or ancestry.
See our best selling genealogy maps of Scotland and Ireland.
Find Products for Your Family Name
Type your family name to search for maps, clothing and clan crest items bearing your family name.
Customer Favourites
Map of the Isle of Skye
Map of County Limerick
Border Reivers Map
Map of County Kerry
Map Of Scotland
Map Of Ireland


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Xplain was founded in 1984 originally to publish a technical magazine. Today, the company has grown to include three divisions: Publishing, Retail Sales, and Custom Services. The corporation is privately held and has its main office in Westlake Village, California ... near Los Angeles. With nearly 100 employees and contractors, Xplain has grown to become a leader in event services, custom publishing, and the Macintosh market.
Xplain's Custom Services division is here to provide a variety of services to other companies. This division performs two primary functions:
Take a moment to visit the description pages for each of the above. If you would like more information on Custom Services or have a project you would like to submit for a quote, contact us at email@example.com or call 805-494-9797 and ask for information our custom services..
MacTech Magazine®, the journal of Macintosh technology, has been the definitive technical resource for the Macintosh since 1984 in over 60 countries. In addition to web, networking and content coverage, MacTech brings you columns and articles on new Macintosh technology, programming tools and tricks, Macintosh hardware, and systems. Read detailed how to's, in depth reviews, conference reports, introductions to technologies, viewpoints on the platform, the software, and the technology that makes Macintosh something special.
InkViewer(tm) The InkViewer is an application written from the ground up to specifically give you the ability to create products that read, search, and reference extensive data sets and article archives. ĘIf your content can be represented in HTML (e.g., web pages), it can be used with the InkViewer technology. Developed by publisher for publishers, InkViewer technology gives publishers what they need to monetize the archives they have.
THINK Reference(tm) is an online reference technology. The THINK Reference Compiler compiles HTML and creates compact libraries for such things as CD publishing. One source set can be maintained for both the web and static databases. The THINK Reference Viewer is a high speed hypertext browser. This technology has been used for such things as Apple's Inside Macintosh¨, Symantec's documentation, and the entire archives of MacTech, develop and Frameworks magazines. The example today of THINK Reference's use is the MacTech CD which contains much of the above.
BetterRAM.com(tm), is the source for all types of memory products ... PC and Mac, Cameras, USB Keys, and more.
MacTech Domains is for those, both Mac and PC, interested in registering domain names at the lowest cost. Domain names, email hosting, web hosting, SSL Certificates and more.
Xplain Corporation
PO Box 5200
Westlake Village, CA 91359-5200
Voice: 805-494-9797
Fax: 805-494-9798


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Welcome to First Year Engineering!
I want to attend an information session!
|"The Work We Do Here Matters" (Full Show)
|"The Work We Do Here Matters" (1 Minute)
|Nationally Ranked, Globally Recognized
|Make a Difference
|Real World Application
|Job Placement
Take a look at our Seniors' Capstone Projects!
Engineering degrees available in Agricultural & Biological Engineering:
Plan a visit or request information. Dan Taylor is always happy to visit with you about our programs and provide a tour of our teaching and research facilities.
Why Purdue Agricultural & Biological Engineering? Want to make a difference in the world? ABE will provide you the tools you need to make the world a better place.
Career Options - Agricultural & Biological Engineering student placement is fantastic! We typically have the highest starting salary in the College of Agriculture, and we're typically in the top 3 in the College of Engineering.
Scholarships - Purdue ABE awards over $50,000 in scholarships annually.
Still have Questions?; If you don't find the answer you are looking for, you can always contact us: Dan Taylor: firstname.lastname@example.com or 765-494-1181.
Learn more from our National Association: http://www.asabe.org/news-public-affairs/education-and-outreach.aspx
Helpful Links for ABE Students!
Purdue Undergraduate Admissions
Purdue Financial Aid
Orientation and New Student Programs
Student Life at Purdue
Purdue Rankings
ABE Current Student Page
ABE Senior Design Projects & ASM Capstone Projects


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April 25, 2012
Danny West
Two of Arkansas' most wanted tailbacks for next year's class chimed in on Tuesday to give their thoughts on what has been a crazy last few weeks in Fayetteville (Ark.).Cordova (Tenn.) St. Benedict four-star Jordan Wilkins and Kaleb Blanchard of Denham Springs (La.) both received early offers from the Hogs... ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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This job posting is no longer available on Indeed.
Find similar jobs:Telecommunication Sales Representative jobs
- Pareto jobs
Direct Sales Force (a division of Pareto Corporation), a shopper marketing company is currently looking for strong Sales Representatives to Promote and sell Telecom services for a leader in telecommunications solutions. This is a face to face sales role in a retail environment.
We are looking for Retail Sales Representatives who:
Are passionate about selling and talking about technologyHave great communication skills and are described as 'friendly'Have the ability to interact with people and are a quick learnerAre looking for flexible hoursAre results orientedHave a desire to gain retail experience (or those who already have it!)
Your Responsibilities Will Include:
Demonstrate and sell technology products (mobile/wireless) to consumersInteract with additional store staff and build and maintain relationships with them (store manager, store sales associates)Becoming an well versed ambassador of the brand, its products & featuresResponsible to work in partnership with an on-site store employee to activate salesNotify your manager and the store personnel of your arrivalEffectively convey knowledge of products to the shoppers within the storeClose sales of products and services through your interaction with the shoppers
Shift Times : Wednesday - Sunday 11:00am - 7:00pmCompensation : $12 + CommissionPlease email with your resume if interested!


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CLEVELAND -- They've been in business for close to fifty years.
When it comes to advertising, they believe in doing it the old fashioned way -- by word of mouth.
In our What Works series, Photojournalist Randy White takes a look at "what works" for Carnegie Cabinetry.
Click on the video box to watch the story from Channel 3 News at 11.


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Live proformances are dangerous. There is always the risk of technical issues or maybe someone forgetting a
word. SO, some go the opposite route to try to eliminate some of these problems. This weeks X-Factor episode,
one of the contestants during a musical number with all the other contestants is seen not singing even though
the track is. HAHA, you can see the, "oh S***" look on his face". PRICELESS. The producers insist that all
singing competition shows like this pre-record the non-competitve parts so the contestant have more time to
work on their competitive pieces.
I can appreciate this, but now I'm going to be looking ever harder to catch moments like this:
video platformvideo managementvideo solutionsvideo player
I wonder if he watches this now and thinks, "I'm still better than Brittney Spears."
-Youso OUT
"Hustlers move aside, so I'm tiptoein, keep flowin'...I got it locked up like Lindsay Lohan."
"That song is just sweeping the world. It's touching every woman, that's what it was for, itwas like Tupac had 'Keep Ya Head Up' and it was a message to women and little girls across the world just to keep your head up even though things are hard. That's what my song was. A lot of women don't know how to love because there's deep reasons for them not knowing how to love."


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Zambezi River
Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. @ C.Michael Hogan
The Zambezi River, Africa's fourth largest after the Nile, Zaire and Niger rivers, exhibits a length of 2700 kilometers prior to discharge to the Indian Ocean in Mozambique.
Zambezi River with Zambia in foreground and Zimbabwe in background. @ C.Michael Hogan
Zambezi River at the junction of Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana. Source: Brian McMorrow
From headwaters in northwest Zambia, the river flows:
- southeast through a portion of eastern Angola;
- south through western Zambia;
- east along the Zambia-Namibia (Caprivi Strip) border to the junction of Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana;
- east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe over the dramatic Victoria Falls and on to Lake Kariba
- east into Mozambique and Lake Cahora Bassa
- south west through Mozambique (where it is joined by the Shire River which drains Lake Nyaka/Lake Malawi) and on to the Indian Ocean.
Climate in the Zambezi Basin is influenced by surface winds arriving both from the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, with each alternative direction bearing potential precipitation, although the Indian Ocean is responsible for most of the moisture, due to the warmer ocean temperatures.
Numerous fish species, as well as avafauna and mammals utilize waters of the Zambezi. Adverse impacts of enhanced erosion, sedimentation and enhanced flood events have resulted from poor agricultural land use practises throughout the basin, alternatively called the Zambeze Basin.
Southern Africa's longest trans-boundary river, the Zambezi, rises at 1,585 meters above sea level in north-western tip of Zambia. The River flows for some 2,700km through plains, gorges, rapids and cataracts before spreading out in deltoid form as it enters the Indian Ocean in the East Coast of Mozambique. The River carries more than 75% of the mean annual runoff of the region's interior, and drains more than 40% of the landmass. Demand for water is increasing with population and economic growth. Along its meandering journey to the Indian Ocean, nurturing life in its waters, along its banks and beyond, the Zambezi is not only a source of water but also of food, electricity, transport, communication and recreation for millions of people. (ZRA, 2008)
The Zambezi River Basin is the fourth largest river basin of Africa, after the Congo/Zaire, Nile and Niger basins. The Basin covers some 1.3 million square kilometres spread over eight countries, namely, Zambia (40.7%), Angola (18.2%), Zimbabwe (18%), Mozambique (11.4%), Malawi (7.7%), Botswana (2.8%), Tanzania (2%) and Namibia (1.2%). Almost 33% of the total population of the riparian countries live in the basin. (ZRA, 2008)
Source Zambezi River Authority
When the river discharges to the Indian Ocean it has an average discharge rate of approximately 7100 cubic meters per second. Poor conservation and land use practises in the basin have led to adverse flooding impacts, and also less stable in stream retention of flow, such that groundwater recharge has been hampered over the last half century. There are numerous dams on the Zambezi to provide for agriculture and other human use, especially to provide water in drought years. Along the Zimbabwe stretch alone there are more than 150 dams, including two massive man-made lakes, Kariba and Cahora Bassa, at over 5000 and 2000 square kilometers respectively.
Sandwiched between Botswana and Zambia, the narrow neck of land that is the Caprivi Strip gives Namibia access to the Zambezi River. Defined by the Zambezi and Chobe Rivers, the eastern tip of the Caprivi Strip is usually under water during the flood season in March and April, as shown in the top image. Water is black in the false-color image, which was made with both infrared and visible light measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite.
Interestingly, the flood confines itself to the gap between the two rivers, as if constrained by country borders. One might expect, in such a case, that water flowing from the Chobe River into the rain-swollen Zambezi is backing up onto the floodplain, but that is not the case. The land immediately behind the confluence is dry; the floodplain ends several kilometers west of the confluence. Why? The detailed view of the eastern edge of the flood plain (second image) provides some clues.
The Advanced Land Imager on NASA's Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite captured the lower image several minutes before Terra MODIS acquired the top image. The extent of the EO-1 ALI image is outlined in white on the top MODIS image. This highly detailed true-color image shows the stark eastern edge of the floodplain. To the left of the edge, water covers everything. Deep blue channels wind among green, shallowly flooded plains. To the right of the edge, the land is dry. The city of Kasane is perched confidently along the edge of the flood plain. What stops the water from flooding the city and everything else east of the line?
The eastern edge of the flood plain is defined by the Mambova Fault, which elevated the land on its eastern side. The Zambezi and Chobe Rivers cut channels across the fault, but the shallow flood plain has not surmounted the elevated ground. The triangle between the two rivers and the fault creates Impalila Island. A channel of water, called the Kasai, connects the two rivers in the flood plain.
Floods on the Zambezi occur when heavy rains fall on the wetlands in Angola and Zambia. The water flows downstream and gets backed up at the Mambova fault. The river expands over the flat floodplain behind the fault until the waters meet the channel cut by the Chobe River in the south. During the annual flood, the build up of water from the Zambezi River overcomes the Chobe, and water begins to flow south into Lake Liambezi. At the height of the flood, water occasionally flows directly into Lake Liambezi from the Zambezi River through the Bukalo Channel, as it did on May 8, 2010. (Source: NASA)
Victoria Falls
Water quality
Near the river mouth the mean concentrations of total dissolved solids is 113 milligrams per liter; the corresponding concentration of total suspended solids is 90 milligrams per liter. Thus the annual discharge of total solids to the Indian Ocean is 2.5x107 tons. The poor land management practises, chiefly of poor indigenous farmers of the basin, have contributed excessive sedimentation via extreme soil erosion throughout much of the Zambezi basin.
Nutrient levels in the Zambezi River are relatively low, especially in the upper Zambezi; in that reach, above Victoria Falls, most of the catchment drains Kalahari sands, whose nutrient levels are inherently low due to their aeolian formation; moreover, agricultural fertilizer addition throughout the Zambezi watershed is low, due to the shortage of capital available to farmers of this region. Nitrate levels (as nitrogen) in the upper Zambezi are typically in the range of .01 to .03 milligrams per liter. Correspondingly electrical conductivity of the upper Zambezi is on the order of 75 micro-S per centimeter, due to the paucity of ion content. From the Luangwa River downstream nitrate levels elevate to .10 to .18 milligrams per liter, and electrical conductivity rises to a range of two to four times the upper Zambezi levels.
Not surprisingly, pH, calcium ion concentration, bicarbonate and electrical conductivity are all higher in portions of the catchment where limestone soils predominate compared to granite.
Geologic history
Delta sediment core data show a decrease of lithogenic deposits to the delta shelf region after about 16,000 years before present, produced by a landward retreat of the Zambezi River delta system during the period of sea-level rise induced by glacial melt. At the same time interval, deposition of fluvial mud shifts northward associated with associated progressive flooding of the Zambezi shelf and inception of northward shelf currents. From that same late Pleistocene era, pollen records prove an increase of mangrove and coastal vegetation, implying an extension of coastal wetlands during flooding of the broad, low-gradient Zambezi inner shelf area.
Aquatic biota
Pristis microdon. Source: J.Patrick Fischer There are a total of 190 fish species present in the Zambezi River, including eel and shark taxa. The largest native demersal species present are the 117 centimeter (cm) long tiger fish (Hydrocynus vittatus), the 175 cm African mottled eel (Anguilla bengalensis labiata), the 120 cm Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor), the 200 cm Giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata), the 150 cm African longfin eel (Anguilla mossambica), the 183 cm Sampa (Heterobranchus longifilis), the 150 cm Cornish jack (Mormyrops anguilloides) and the 700 cm largetooth sawfish (Pristis microdon).
Hippopotamus exiting the Luangwa River, a tributary of the Zambezi. @ C.Michael Hogan The largest native benthopelagic fish in the Zambezi are the 170 cm North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), the 146 cm common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio), the 150 cm Indo-Pacific tarpon (Megalops cyprinoides) and the introduced 120 cm rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The native reef-associated taxa are the 400 cm bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), the 120 cm crocodile snake eel (Brachysomophis crocodilinus) and the 38 cm silver sillago (Sillago sihama).
There are two native pelago-neritic (coastal brackish water) species in the Zambezi: the 131 cm tenpounder (elops machnata) and the 20 cm orangemouth anchovy (Thryssa vitrirostris).
Certain mammalian species are found in the Zambezi River. Notably, the dugong (Dugong dugon) is found in the delta region, where discharge to the Indian Ocean takes place. Further upriver in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Botswana, hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius) are found wading in the shallower waters.
Terrestrial ecoregions
The upper Zambezi River drains the Central Zambezian miombo woodlands, an ecoregion of dense forest woodland that bisects Africa directly south of the Congo Basin and East African savannas. These woodlands are dominated by trees of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae, particularly species belonging to the genera Brachystegia, Julbernardia, and Isoberlinia, which seldom occur outside miombo. In this ecoregion, mature miombo woodland trees are usually 15 to 20 meters high, with a broadleaf shrub and grass understory. Although trees here are mostly deciduous, this locale exhibits a richer fraction of evergreen tree species than drier Zambezian miombo, about 24 percent compared to nine percent in the Zimbabwean woodlands. Diverse in species, this ecoregion, mapped as wetter Zambezian miombo woodland, includes virtually all miombo dominants, including Brachystegia floribunda, B. glaberrima, B. taxifolia, B. wangermeeana, Marquesia macroura, Julbernadia globiflora, J. paniculata, and Isoberlinia angolensis.
Zambezian and mopane woodlands (in yellow). Source: World Wildlife Fund The Zambezian and mopane woodlands occupy a considerable fraction of the lower Zambezi catchment. These mopane woodlands are dominant in the ecoregion. Mopane often forms pure stands to the exclusion of other species, but is generally associated with several other prominent trees and shrubs, such as Kirkia acuminata, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Adansonia digitata, Combretum apiculatum, C. imberbe, Acacia nigrescens, Cissus cornifolia, and Commiphora spp.
The ecoregion nearest the Zambezi River mouth is the Zambezian coastal flooded savanna. The plantlife of this wetland ecoregion contains both open grassland-dominated communities and mixed freshwater swamp forests. Dominant grass genera of seasonally flooded clayey depressions (tandos) include Hyparhenia, Ischaemum and Setaria, while species such as Panicum curatellifolia, Uapaca nitida and Syzigium guineense are common woody species of the ecoregion. The swamp forest component, including Barringtonia racemosa, Ficus verruculosa and Phoenix reclinata, generally borders rivers, lakes, and lagoons within this ecoregion. In more permanently waterlogged areas, reed swamps characterized by Phragmites australis and Typha capensis predominate, being replaced by mixed herbaceous and grass swamps under drier conditions. Associated vegetation types are numerous and include Borassus palm savanna, mangrove and dune forests as well as patches of mopane and miombo woodlands.
Stone age artifacts began to be recovered along the Zambezi, especially near Victoria Falls, since the 1930s. Along the Zambezi River in areas of present day Zimbabwe, conditions suitable to early sedentary agriculture were met by sufficient water availability and arable soils. Traces of such early sedentary farming lifestyles exist in the archaeological record dating to the first millennium AD, considered the Iron Age in this region, even though metal-working was a small part of the technology of these early cultures.. The majority of the land in this reach is mopane woodland underlain with the dominant grass Heteropogon contortus. Much of this area was considered only marginally suitable for agriculture in prehistorical times, due to the known high prevalence of tsetse fly populations, particularly unsuitable for livestock.
- Zambezi River Authority (ZRA), Transboundary Issues on Sustainable Hydropower Development in the Zambezi River Basin in the Eyes of the Zambezi River Authority (September 2008)
- B.Campbell, P.Frost and N.Byron. 1996. Miombo woodlands and their use: overview and key issues. pp. 1-10 in B. Campbell, editor. The Miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. CFIOR, Bogor.
- B.R.Davies. 1986. The Zambezi River system. in B.R.Davies & K.F.Walker (eds.) The Ecology of river systems. Dordrecht, Netherlands
- K.M.Dunham. 1994. The effect of drought on the large mammal populations of Zambezi riverine woodlands, Journal of Zoology, v. 234, pp. 489–526
- FishBase. 1999. Species in Zambezi
- Mamdouh Shahin. 2002. Hydrology and water resources of Africa: Volume 1. Springer Publishers. books.google.com 659 pages
- E.Marshall and M.Maes. 1994. Small water bodies and their fisheries in southern Africa. books.google.comB. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa. 68 pages
- G.Pwiti. 1996. Settlement and Subsistence of Prehistoric Farming Communities in the mid-Zambezi valley, northern Zimbabwe. South African Archaeological Bulletin. 51: 3-6
- Rik Tjallingii. 2012. Sedimentary evolution and climate history of Zambezi River sediments since 44 ky before present. Nederlands Aardwetenschappelijk Congres
- Bernard Wood. 2011. Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. 1264 pages - Google eBook
- World Wildlife Fund. 2002. Zambezian coastal flooded savanna; Central Zambezian miombo woodlands.


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Topic Contents
- General Information About Pancreatic Cancer
- Stages of Pancreatic Cancer
- Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer
- Treatment Option Overview
- Treatment Options by Stage
- Treatment Options for Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer
- To Learn More About Pancreatic Cancer
- Changes to This Summary (01 / 23 / 2013)
- Get More Information From NCI
- About PDQ
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
General Information About Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the pancreas.
The pancreas is a gland about 6 inches long that is shaped like a thin pear lying on its side. The wider end of the pancreas is called the head, the middle section is called the body, and the narrow end is called the tail. The pancreas lies behind the stomach and in front of the spine.
Anatomy of the pancreas. The pancreas has three areas: head, body, and tail. It is found in the abdomen near the stomach, intestines, and other organs.
The pancreas has two main jobs in the body:
- To produce juices that help digest (break down) food.
- To produce hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, that help control blood sugar levels. Both of these hormones help the body use and store the energy it gets from food.
The digestive juices are produced by exocrine pancreas cells and the hormones are produced by endocrine pancreas cells. About 95% of pancreatic cancers begin in exocrine cells.
This summary provides information on exocrine pancreatic cancer. See the PDQ summary on Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment for information on endocrine pancreatic cancer.
For information on pancreatic cancer in children, see the PDQ summary on Unusual Cancers of Childhood.
Smoking and health history can affect the risk of pancreatic cancer.
Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include the following:
- Smoking.
- Long-standing diabetes.
- Chronic pancreatitis.
- Certain hereditary conditions, such as hereditary pancreatitis, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC; Lynch syndrome), von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, and the familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM).
Possible signs of pancreatic cancer include jaundice, pain, and weight loss.
These and other symptoms may be caused by pancreatic cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following problems:
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes).
- Pain in the upper or middle abdomen and back.
- Weight loss for no known reason.
- Loss of appetite.
- Fatigue.
Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect (find) and diagnose early.
Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect and diagnose for the following reasons:
- There aren't any noticeable signs or symptoms in the early stages of pancreatic cancer.
- The signs of pancreatic cancer, when present, are like the signs of many other illnesses.
- The pancreas is hidden behind other organs such as the stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and bile ducts.
Tests that examine the pancreas are used to detect (find), diagnose, and stage pancreatic cancer.
Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed with tests and procedures that produce pictures of the pancreas and the area around it. The process used to find out if cancer cells have spread within and around the pancreas is called staging. Tests and procedures to detect, diagnose, and stage pancreatic cancer are usually done at the same time. In order to plan treatment, it is important to know the stage of the disease and whether or not the pancreatic cancer can be removed by surgery. The following tests and procedures may be used:
- Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
- Blood chemistry studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances, such as bilirubin, released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it.
- Tumor marker test: A procedure in which a sample of blood, urine, or tissue is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances, such as CA 19-9, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), made by organs, tissues, or tumor cells in the body. Certain substances are linked to specific types of cancer when found in increased levels in the body. These are called tumor markers.
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
- CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. A spiral or helical CT scan makes a series of very detailed pictures of areas inside the body using an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path.
- PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): A procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body. A small amount of radionuclide glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do. A PET scan and CT scan may be done at the same time. This is called a PET-CT.
- Abdominal ultrasound: An ultrasound exam used to make pictures of the inside of the abdomen. The ultrasound transducer is pressed against the skin of the abdomen and directs high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) into the abdomen. The sound waves bounce off the internal tissues and organs and make echoes. The transducer receives the echoes and sends them to a computer, which uses the echoes to make pictures called sonograms. The picture can be printed to be looked at later.
- Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): A procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the body, usually through the mouth or rectum. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. A probe at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. This procedure is also called endosonography.
- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A procedure used to x-ray the ducts (tubes) that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and from the gallbladder to the small intestine. Sometimes pancreatic cancer causes these ducts to narrow and block or slow the flow of bile, causing jaundice. An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is passed through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach into the first part of the small intestine. A catheter (a smaller tube) is then inserted through the endoscope into the pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected through the catheter into the ducts and an x-ray is taken. If the ducts are blocked by a tumor, a fine tube may be inserted into the duct to unblock it. This tube (or stent) may be left in place to keep the duct open. Tissue samples may also be taken.
- Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC): A procedure used to x-ray the liver and bile ducts. A thin needle is inserted through the skin below the ribs and into the liver. Dye is injected into the liver or bile ducts and an x-ray is taken. If a blockage is found, a thin, flexible tube called a stent is sometimes left in the liver to drain bile into the small intestine or a collection bag outside the body. This test is done only if ERCP cannot be done.
- Laparoscopy: A surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease. Small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. Other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to perform procedures such as removing organs or taking tissue samples for biopsy.
- Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. There are several ways to do a biopsy for pancreatic cancer. A fine needle or a core needle may be inserted into the pancreas during an x-ray or ultrasound to remove cells. Tissue may also be removed during a laparoscopy (a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen).
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
- Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery.
- The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread outside the pancreas to nearby tissues or lymph nodes or to other places in the body).
- The patient's general health.
- Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Pancreatic cancer can be controlled only if it is found before it has spread, when it can be removed by surgery. If the cancer has spread, palliative treatment can improve the patient's quality of life by controlling the symptoms and complications of this disease.
Stages of Pancreatic Cancer
Tests and procedures to stage pancreatic cancer are usually done at the same time as diagnosis.
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
The three ways that cancer spreads in the body are:
- Through tissue. Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissue.
- Through the lymph system. Cancer invades the lymph system and travels through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
- Through the blood. Cancer invades the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.
When cancer cells break away from the primary (original) tumor and travel through the lymph or blood to other places in the body, another (secondary) tumor may form. This process is called metastasis. The secondary (metastatic) tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.
The following stages are used for pancreatic cancer:
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
In stage 0, abnormal cells are found in the lining of the pancreas. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.
Pea, peanut, walnut, and lime show tumor sizes.
Stage I
Stage I pancreatic cancer. In stage IA, the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. In stage IB, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters.
In stage I, cancer has formed and is found in the pancreas only. Stage I is divided into stage IA and stage IB, based on the size of the tumor.
- Stage IA: The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller.
- Stage IB: The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters.
Stage II
In stage II, cancer may have spread to nearby tissue and organs, and may have spread to lymph nodes near the pancreas. Stage II is divided into stage IIA and stage IIB, based on where the cancer has spread.
- Stage IIA: Cancer has spread to nearby tissue and organs but has not spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Stage IIA pancreatic cancer. Cancer has spread to nearby tissue and organs but has not spread to nearby lymph nodes.
- Stage IIB: Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and may have spread to nearby tissue and organs.
Stage IIB pancreatic cancer. Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and may have spread to nearby tissue and organs.
Stage III
Stage III pancreatic cancer. Cancer has spread to the major blood vessels near the pancreas. These include the superior mesenteric artery, celiac axis, common hepatic artery, and portal vein. Cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.
In stage III, cancer has spread to the major blood vessels near the pancreas and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Stage IV
Stage IV pancreatic cancer. Cancer may be any size and has spread to distant organs, such as the lung, liver, and peritoneal cavity (the space in the abdomen that contains the intestines, stomach, and liver). Cancer may also have spread to tissue and organs near the pancreas or to lymph nodes.
In stage IV, cancer may be of any size and has spread to distant organs, such as the liver, lung, and peritoneal cavity. It may have also spread to organs and tissues near the pancreas or to lymph nodes.
Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer
Recurrent pancreatic cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the pancreas or in other parts of the body.
Treatment Option Overview
There are different types of treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer.
Different types of treatment are available for patients with pancreatic cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Five types of standard treatment are used:
One of the following types of surgery may be used to take out the tumor:
- Whipple procedure: A surgical procedure in which the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, and the bile duct are removed. Enough of the pancreas is left to produce digestive juices and insulin.
- Total pancreatectomy: This operation removes the whole pancreas, part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, the common bile duct, the gallbladder, the spleen, and nearby lymph nodes.
- Distal pancreatectomy: The body and the tail of the pancreas and usually the spleen are removed.
If the cancer has spread and cannot be removed, the following types of palliative surgery may be done to relieve symptoms:
- Surgical biliary bypass: If cancer is blocking the small intestine and bile is building up in the gallbladder, a biliary bypass may be done. During this operation, the doctor will cut the gallbladder or bile duct and sew it to the small intestine to create a new pathway around the blocked area.
- Endoscopic stent placement: If the tumor is blocking the bile duct, surgery may be done to put in a stent (a thin tube) to drain bile that has built up in the area. The doctor may place the stent through a catheter that drains to the outside of the body or the stent may go around the blocked area and drain the bile into the small intestine.
- Gastric bypass: If the tumor is blocking the flow of food from the stomach, the stomach may be sewn directly to the small intestine so the patient can continue to eat normally.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). Combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug. The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
See Drugs Approved for Pancreatic Cancer for more information.
Chemoradiation therapy
Chemoradiation therapy combines chemotherapy and radiation therapy to increase the effects of both.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are targeted therapy drugs that block signals needed for tumors to grow. Erlotinib is a type of TKI used to treat pancreatic cancer.
There are treatments for pain caused by pancreatic cancer.
Pain can occur when the tumor presses on nerves or other organs near the pancreas. When pain medicine is not enough, there are treatments that act on nerves in the abdomen to relieve the pain. The doctor may inject medicine into the area around affected nerves or may cut the nerves to block the feeling of pain. Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy can also help relieve pain by shrinking the tumor.
Patients with pancreatic cancer have special nutritional needs.
Surgery to remove the pancreas may interfere with the production of pancreatic enzymes that help to digest food. As a result, patients may have problems digesting food and absorbing nutrients into the body. To prevent malnutrition, the doctor may prescribe medicines that replace these enzymes.
New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
This summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials. It may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Biologic therapy
Biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient's immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.
Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.
Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from NCI's listing of clinical trials.
Follow-up tests may be needed
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests. This is sometimes called re-staging.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
Treatment Options by Stage
A link to a list of current clinical trials is included for each treatment section. For some types or stages of cancer, there may not be any trials listed. Check with your doctor for clinical trials that are not listed here but may be right for you.
Stages I and II Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment of stage I and stage II pancreatic cancer may include the following:
- Surgery with or without chemotherapy.
- Surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
- A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy.
- A clinical trial of chemotherapy and targeted therapy (erlotinib), with or without chemoradiation.
- A clinical trial of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy before surgery.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage I pancreatic cancer and stage II pancreatic cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Stage III Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment of stage III pancreatic cancer may include the following:
- Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
- Chemotherapy (gemcitabine) with or without targeted therapy (erlotinib).
- Combination chemotherapy.
- Chemoradiation followed by chemotherapy.
- Chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation, for cancer that has not spread to other parts of the body.
- A clinical trial of new anticancer therapies together with chemotherapy or chemoradiation.
- A clinical trial of radiation therapy given during surgery or internal radiation therapy.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage III pancreatic cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment of stage IV pancreatic cancer may include the following:
- Chemotherapy (gemcitabine) with or without targeted therapy (erlotinib).
- Combination chemotherapy.
- Palliative treatments for pain, such as nerve blocks, and other supportive care.
- Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
- Clinical trials of new anticancer agents with or without chemotherapy.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage IV pancreatic cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Treatment Options for Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment of recurrent pancreatic cancer may include the following:
- Chemotherapy.
- Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
- Palliative radiation therapy.
- Other palliative medical care to reduce symptoms, such as nerve blocks to relieve pain.
- Clinical trials of chemotherapy, new anticancer therapies, or biologic therapy.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
To Learn More About Pancreatic Cancer
For more information from the National Cancer Institute about pancreatic cancer, see the following:
- Pancreatic Cancer Home Page
- What You Need to Know About™ Cancer of the Pancreas
- Unusual Cancers of Childhood
- Drugs Approved for Pancreatic Cancer
- Understanding Cancer Series: Targeted Therapies (Advances in Targeted Therapies)
- Targeted Cancer Therapies
For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:
- What You Need to Know About™ Cancer
- Understanding Cancer Series: Cancer
- Cancer Staging
- Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
- Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
- Coping with Cancer: Supportive and Palliative Care
- Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Cancer
- Cancer Library
- Information For Survivors/Caregivers/Advocates
Changes to This Summary (01 / 23 / 2013)
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Images were added to this summary.
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UHC opens in new location: Student Success Center
Mon, 17 Mar 2014 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM
The University Health Center will move to the new Student Success Center Spring Break 2014 and opens its new and improved facility at 724 South Mason Street March 17, 2014.
Access to the UHC and the LGBT & Ally Education Program will only be through the walk-in clinic entrance (pictured →) at the corner of Mason Street and Martin Luther King Jr. Way, until the rest of the Student Success Center opens in the fall.
Everything inside the Student Success Center will be a primary destination for student learning and development, student health, and student services.
In addition to the UHC, departments moving (summer 2014) to the Student Success Center include:
- Centennial Scholars
- Center for Faculty Innovation
- Center for Instructional Technology
- Community Service-Learning
- Computing Support
- Counseling and Student Development
- Dining Services
- Disability Services
- Judicial Affairs
- Learning Centers
- Public Safety (substation)
- SafeRides
- Student Affairs Technology Services
- Card Services
- Career and Academic Planning
- Financial Aid and Scholarships
- Orientation
- Registration Services
- University Business Office


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The MP10 (reffered to as the SMG in game) is a weapon featured in Grand Theft Auto IV.
The MP10 can be purchased at the back-alley gun shops for $2500 and each additional magazine costs $150. It can be purchased from Little Jacob for $1750 and each additional magazine will cost $20. It is basically the most used weapon on multiplayer and a good weapon for single player also. It has about double the range of an Uzi and almost the range of an AK, but not as much range as an M4. This weapon is good for drive bys as it has a high rate of fire and a 30 round magazine, but the Uzi is more suited for that purpose and this gun is more suited for attacking on the ground.
- Schottler - Can be found on an air-conditioning ductwork in an alley between Boone St and Dillon St. This pickup isn't so tricky to get to: walk the alley opposite Jacob's home just to the dead end, jump to the left edge. you can't pull onto the roof near the roof windows so move along this edge left then pull up. It is where the mission Jamaican Heat takes place.
- Francis International Airport - Can be found on the top level of the parking garage to the southwest of the airport subway station.
- South Bohan/Chase Point - Can be found on the roof of the crack den the player enters during the mission Escuela of the Streets.
- East Holland - Can be found in an alley between Wardite St and Vauxite St.
- North Holland - Can be found on the roof of The Linen Lounge club on the intersection of Vauxite St. and Ivy Drive North.
- Alderney City - Can be found in the alley where you confront the Triads during the mission Truck Hustle.
- Alderney City - Can be found behind the building where you meet Phil Bell for the mission Catch the Wave.
- Normandy - Can be found atop a gantry crane in Port Tudor.
- Acter Industrial Park - Can be found on the seventh floor of an observation platform of a RON Oil refinery on the southern side of the island. This is a particularly long way to go to get this weapon, however, and is not recommended.
- On each side of the gun it says "MADE IN SCOTLAND" a reference to GTA IV's Scottish developers, Rockstar North.
- The reload animation is one second longer when the player is crouched. When the player is reloading in the position, he or she will pull a "lever" on top. This is innaccurate because nothing is pulled on top of the gun in real life, even this "lever" isn't visible. This is most likely a glitch.


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this wiki
A Zangoose is running past by the gang. May wonders which Pokémon it is. Another one arrives, speaking (human) language. The Zangoose turns to the gang - it is Nicholai, dressed as a Zangoose. He tells he challenged the Petalburg Gym leader - May and Max's father. He didn't win, but he is proud to challenge the Knickerbocker, though May and Max object to believe that their father would wear shorts.
Ash challenges Nicholai to another battle, to which Nicholai agrees. Nicholai puts the Marshtomp costume and sends his Marshtomp. Ash sends Treecko. Marshtomp begins by using Water Gun, but Treecko evades and uses Quick Attack, but Marshtomp does not stop using Water Gun. Marshtomp uses Mudshot, hitting Treecko. Marshtomp uses Iron Tail, but it is disrupted due to Treecko's Bullet Seed. Treecko attacks using Pound, defeating it.
Team Rocket watches the battle and sees Nicholai dressed in Marshtomp costume, identifying him. Still, they want to capture Pikachu, so Jessie sends Jessie's Seviper so that when Ash looks in other direction, Seviper will grab Pikachu. Nicholai changes into Zangoose costume and brings Zangoose. Nicholia orders Zangoose to attack, but Zangoose runs in other direction, feeling something. Zangoose goes in the bushes, so Team Rocket reveals themselves. Zangoose wants to fight Jessie's Seviper. Meowth orders Seviper to grab Pikachu, but stops when he is attacked by Seviper's tail, so Team Rocket roll to a river.
Seviper wraps Zangoose, but Zangoose bites it, so both fall into river. Even in river, Seviper uses Poison Tail, hitting it. Ash sends Corphish and uses Bubble Beam on Seviper. Seviper is hit and Corphish gets Zangoose on shore. Brock made a soup so Zangoose will feel better. Seviper comes to Team Rocket, so James scolds it, but apologises when he sees its mean look. Meowth hears that Seviper wants more battle from Zangoose. Jessie feels same way, she wants to defeat Cassidy once and for all.
Nicholai wants to practice with Zangoose before they battle Seviper. So, Nicholai and Ash dress as Zangoose and Seviper. Ash uses the costume's tail to attack Zangoose. Nicholai is knocked out, but stands up. Ash uses the tail once more, but Nicholai evades, but Ash bites Nicholai. Nicholai thinks there is no way to beat Seviper, but Ash wants him to think how to defeat it. May and Max are sceptical that it will do any good to Zangoose, but Brock says that it is the bond that makes Zangoose stronger.
Skitty goes out of the Poké Ball and plays with Ash. The rest try to catch her, but they hear Seviper coming. Zangoose stands up and goes after it. Jessie and Seviper try to get the Zangoose come to them. It finally arrives, so Seviper attacks Zangoose, but it dodges. The gang supports Nicholai, but an arm grabs Pikachu. The gang goes after James and Meowth, but they stop as Zangoose and Seviper have a battle. Pikachu uses Thunder, but the cage is electric proof. They wait for Jessie to go, but she is staying with Seviper until it is defeated.
They go, leaving Jessie behind, with the gang following them. James brings Cacnea and uses Pin Missile. Meowth and James chant (with Meowth replacing Jessie), but without the end. Ash goes after Pikachu, but is stopped from Cacnea's Sandstorm. However, Ash is throw on James and Meowth, so Pikachu goes off. Zangoose and Seviper fight intensively. Seviper uses Bite, but Zangoose dodges. Seviper uses Poison Tail, but it misses. Nicholai is happy that the training with Ash paid off, but Zangoose is tired.
Seviper is about to finish Zangoose, but Pikachu falls into the middle of the battlefield. The gang and Team Rocket come. They fall on ground, fighting to get Pikachu. When the battle finishes, Jessie's Wobbuffet gets the cage and goes away, so everyone goes after it. Nicholai sees them moving and compares it when Ash was chased by Skitty, so comes up with a plan. Jessie yells, calming everyone down, so Ash gets Pikachu from Wobbuffet's hands. Seviper attacks, so Zangoose retaliates. However, Seviper misses and goes after Zangoose.
Brock notices that Zangoose is doing Zigzag moves. Jessie orders Seviper to use Bite and Poison Tail, but Zangoose jumps. Zangoose uses Crush Claw, defeating Seviper. Jessie praises Seviper for the courage, but Meowth interrupts to get Pikachu. Cacnea is brought out and uses Pin Missile. Pikachu uses Thunder, blasting them off. Nicholai praises Zangoose and thanks Ash on the training. Later, Nicholai battles Ash, sending his Zigzagoon, so Ash sends Pikachu to battle. However, the end is not seen.
- Featured Pokémon: Ninjask, Nosepass, Torkoal, Dewgong
- This is the second time a Marshtomp has been scanned. Also, this is the second time Seviper has been scanned.


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25 U.S. Code § 68, 68a - Repealed.
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Section 68, R.S. § 2078, prohibited employees in Indian affairs from trading with Indians and made offenders liable to a penalty of $5,000 and removal from office.
Section 68a, act June 19, 1939, ch. 210, 53 Stat. 840, authorized Federal employees, including Indian Service employees, under rules and regulations of Secretary of the Interior to purchase from Indians and Indian organizations arts and crafts, or other products, services, or commodities, produced, rendered, owned, controlled, or furnished by Indians or Indian organizations, but prohibited employee purchases for purpose of engaging directly or indirectly in commercial selling, reselling, trading, or bartering of such purchases.
Effective Date of Repeal
Pub. L. 96–277, § 4,June 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 546, provided that: "The provisions of this Act [amending former section 437 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, repealing sections 68, 68a, 87a, and 441 of this title, and enacting provisions formerly set out as a note under section 437 of Title 18] shall take effect sixty days after the date of enactment of this Act [June 17, 1980]."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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A 14K yellow gold ring set with one faceted oval Peridot stone, 9x7mm. Additional ring sizes may be available at a higher price. Please contact Personal Shopper at 800-253-6016 for assistance.
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Da Vinci paints are exciting, intense, and rated among the best in the world for quality. The paints are permanent, with the highest tinting strength and pigment concentration available, and a creamy consistency for smooth, easy dispersion with water.
Color Swatch created using heavy application/diluted application and was applied on cold press watercolor paper (150 lb) material.
iron oxides
Fe2O2 or Fe2O3 • H2O
Mars Orange is a bright, extremely light red and appears almost pinkish when contrasted with darker colors. It has incredible tinting strength and opacity. The synthetic form of Mars Orange is made from iron oxides and is cleaner, brighter, and denser than its ochre-based counterparts.
Mars Orange has good permanence and lightfastness.
Mars Orange has no significant hazards.
The word Mars refers to the Roman god of iron and war. Mars Orange has been manufactured as a pigment since the 17th century.
Da Vinci is a trademark of the Da Vinci Paints Company.


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5.11 Tactical Shirts
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I really appreciate you helping me out. After i had spoken with you about the hold up suspenders order, you moved things forward immediately. What I forgot to talk about was the black suspenders from a much earlier order. My son has needed them and has been watching for days for them to arrive. He is a young plumber crawling around in tight dirty places, and with a belt, is having to ''pull up his britches all the time''. Plus, the belt is very uncomfortable. This is why i have been wearing suspenders for years. Your prompt attention to the last order you took care of, just arrived today. Thank you very very much. If ever you need a recommendation, I'll certainly give you a good one."
Dwight D. from Marlinton, West Virginia