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23 U.S. Code § 142 - Public transportation
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(1) To encourage the development, improvement, and use of public mass transportation systems operating buses on Federal-aid highways for the transportation of passengers, so as to increase the traffic capacity of the Federal-aid highways for the movement of persons, the Secretary may approve as a project on any Federal-aid highway the construction of exclusive or preferential high occupancy vehicle lanes, highway traffic control devices, bus passenger loading areas and facilities (including shelters), and fringe and transportation corridor parking facilities, which may include electric vehicle charging stations or natural gas vehicle refueling stations, to serve high occupancy vehicle and public mass transportation passengers, and sums apportioned under section 104 (b) of this title shall be available to finance the cost of projects under this paragraph. If fees are charged for the use of any parking facility constructed under this section, the rate thereof shall not be in excess of that required for maintenance and operation of the facility and the cost of providing shuttle service to and from the facility (including compensation to any person for operating the facility and for providing such shuttle service).
(2) In addition to the projects under paragraph (1), the Secretary may approve payment from sums apportioned under section 104 (b)(2) for carrying out any capital transit project eligible for assistance under chapter 53 of title 49, capital improvement to provide access and coordination between intercity and rural bus service, and construction of facilities to provide connections between highway transportation and other modes of transportation.
(b) Sums apportioned in accordance with section 104 (b)(1) shall be available to finance the Federal share of projects for exclusive or preferential high occupancy vehicle, truck, and emergency vehicle routes or lanes. Routes constructed under this subsection shall not be subject to the third sentence of section 109 (b) of this title.
(c) Accommodation of Other Modes of Transportation.— The Secretary may approve as a project on any Federal-aid highwayfor payment from sums apportioned under section 104 (b) modifications to existing highways eligible under the program that is the source of the funds on such highway necessary to accommodate other modes of transportation if such modifications will not adversely affect automotive safety.
(d) Metropolitan Planning.— Any project carried out under this section in an urbanized area shall be subject to the metropolitan planning requirements of section 134.
(1) For all purposes of this title, a project authorized by subsection (a)(1) of this section shall be deemed to be a highway project.
(2) Projects authorized by subsection (a)(2) shall be subject to, and governed in accordance with, all provisions of this title applicable to projects on the surface transportation program, except to the extent determined inconsistent by the Secretary.
(3) The Federal share payable on account of projects authorized by subsection (a) of this section shall be that provided in section 120 of this title.
(f) Availability of Rights-of-Way.— In any case where sufficient land or air space exists within the publicly acquired rights-of-way of any highway, constructed in whole or in part with Federal-aid highway funds, to accommodate needed passenger, commuter, or high speed rail, magnetic levitation systems, and highway and nonhighway public mass transit facilities, the Secretary shall authorize a State to make such lands, air space, and rights-of-way available with or without charge to a publicly or privately owned authority or company or any other person for such purposes if such accommodation will not adversely affect automotive safety.
(g) The provision of assistance under subsection (a)(2) shall not be construed as bringing within the application of chapter 15 of title 5, United States Code, any non-supervisory employee of an urban mass transportation system (or of any other agency or entity performing related functions) to whom such chapter is otherwise inapplicable.
(h) Funds available for expenditure to carry out the purposes of subsection (a)(2) of this section shall be supplementary to and not in substitution for funds authorized and available for obligation pursuant to chapter 53 of title 49.
(i) The provisions of section 5323 (a)(1)(D) [1] of title 49 shall apply in carrying out subsection (a)(2) of this section.
[1] See References in Text note below.
Source(Added Pub. L. 91–605, title I, § 111(a),Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1719; amended Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 121(a),Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 259; Pub. L. 94–280, title I, § 127,May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 440; Pub. L. 97–424, title I, § 120,Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2111; Pub. L. 102–240, title I, § 1027(a)–(e), title III, § 3003(b),Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1966, 2088; Pub. L. 103–272, § 5(f)(2),July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1374; Pub. L. 103–429, § 7(a)(4)(C),Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4389; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, § 1103(l)(3)(D), (4),June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 126; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §§ 1513(b), 1519(c)(9),July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 572, 576.)
References in Text
Section 5323 (a)(1)(D) of title 49, referred to in subsec. (i), was omitted in the general amendment of section 5323 (a)(1) of Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 109–59, Title III, § 3023(a)(1),Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1615.
2012—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §§ 1513(b), 1519(c)(9)(A)(i)(II)–(IV), struck out "(hereafter in this section referred to as 'buses')" after "transportation of passengers", substituted "of the Federal-aid highways" for "of the Federal-aid systems" and "Federal-aid highway" for "Federal-aid system", and inserted ", which may include electric vehicle charging stations or natural gas vehicle refueling stations," after "parking facilities".
Pub. L. 112–141, § 1519(c)(9)(A)(i)(I), which directed substitution of "buses" for "motor vehicles (other than rail)", was executed by making the substitution for "motor vehicles (other than on rail)", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1519(c)(9)(A)(ii), struck out "as a project on the the surface transportation program for" after "Secretary may approve" and substituted "section 104 (b)(2)" for "section 104 (b)(3)".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1519(c)(9)(B), substituted "104(b)(1)" for "104(b)(4)".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1519(c)(9)(C), substituted "highway" for "system" in two places and substituted "highways eligible under the program that is the source of the funds" for "highway facilities".
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1519(c)(9)(D), substituted "Projects authorized by subsection (a)(2)" for "Notwithstanding section 209(f)(1) of the Highway Revenue Act of 1956, the Highway Trust Fund shall be available for making expenditures to meet obligations resulting from projects authorized by subsection (a)(2) of this section and such projects".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1519(c)(9)(E), substituted "exists" for "exits".
1998—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1103(l)(4), substituted "section 104 (b)(4)" for "paragraph (5) of subsection (b) ofsection 104 of this title".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–178, § 1103(l)(3)(D), struck out "(other than section 104 (b)(5)(A))" after "section 104 (b)".
1994—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–272, § 5(f)(2)(A), substituted "chapter 53 of title 49" for "the Federal Transit Act".
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103–272, § 5(f)(2)(B), as amended by Pub. L. 103–429, § 7(a)(4)(C), substituted "chapter 53 of title 49" for "the Federal Transit Act, as amended".
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 103–272, § 5(f)(2)(C), as amended by Pub. L. 103–429, § 7(a)(4)(C), substituted "section 5323 (a)(1)(D) of title 49" for "section 3(e)(4) of the Federal Transit Act, as amended,".
1991—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(a), struck out ", beginning with the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975," after "the Secretary may", substituted "the surface transportation program" for "Federal-aid urban system," and substituted "104(b)(3) for carrying out any capital transit project eligible for assistance under the Federal Transit Act, capital improvement to provide access and coordination between intercity and rural bus service, and construction of facilities to provide connections between highway transportation and other modes of transportation." for "104(b)(6) of this title, the purchase of buses, and, beginning with the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976, approve as a project on the Federal-aid urban system, for payment from sums apportioned under section 104 (b)(6) of this title, the construction, reconstruction, and improvement of fixed rail facilities, including the purchase of rolling stock for fixed rail, except that not more than $200,000,000 of all sums apportioned for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, under section 104 (b)(6) shall be available for the payment of the Federal share of projects for the purchase of buses."
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(b), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: "Whenever responsible local officials of an urbanized area notify the State highway department that, in lieu of a highway project the Federal share of which is to be paid from funds apportioned under section 104 (b)(6) of this title for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1974, and June 30, 1975, their needs require a nonhighway public mass transit project involving the construction of fixed rail facilities, or the purchase of passenger equipment, including rolling stock for any mode of mass transit, or both, and the State highway department determines that such public mass transit project is in accordance with the planning process under section 134 of this title and is entitled to priority under such planning process, such public mass transit project shall be submitted for approval to the Secretary. Approval of the plans, specifications, and estimates for such project by the Secretary shall be deemed a contractual obligation of the United States for payment out of the general funds of its proportional share of the cost of such project in an amount equal to the Federal share which would have been paid if such project were a highway project under section 120 (a) of this title. Funds previously apportioned to such State under section 104 (b)(6) of this title shall be reduced by an amount equal to such Federal share."
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(c), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: "The establishment of routes and schedules of such public mass transportation systems in urbanized areas shall be based upon a continuing comprehensive transportation planning process carried on in accordance with section 134 of this title."
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(e)(1), substituted "surface transportation program" for "Federal-aid urban system".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(e)(2), (3), redesignatedsubsec. (g) as (f) and struck out former subsec. (f) which read as follows: "No project authorized by this section shall be approved unless the Secretary of Transportation has received assurances satisfactory to him from the State that high occupancy vehicles will fully utilize the proposed project."
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(e)(3), (4), redesignatedsubsec. (h) as (g) and struck out "or subsection (c) of this section" after "(a)(2)". Former subsec. (g) redesignated (f).
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(d), amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) read as follows: "In any case where sufficient land exists within the publicly acquired rights-of-way of any Federal-aid highway to accommodate needed rail or non-highway public mass transit facilities and where this can be accomplished without impairing automotive safety or future highway improvements, the Administrator may authorize a State to make such lands and rights-of-way available without charge to a publicly owned mass transit authority for such purposes wherever he may deem that the public interest will be served thereby."
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 102–240, § 3003(b), substituted "Federal Transit Act" for "Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964".
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(e)(3), (5), redesignatedsubsec. (i) as (h) and struck out "and subsection (c)" after "(a)(2)". Former subsec. (h) redesignated (g).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 102–240, § 3003(b), substituted "Federal Transit Act" for "Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964".
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(e)(3), (5), redesignatedsubsec. (j) as (i) and struck out "and subsection (c)" after "(a)(2)". Former subsec. (i) redesignated (h).
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(e)(3), redesignatedsubsec. (j) as (i).
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1027(e)(2), struck out subsec. (k) which read as follows: "The Secretary shall not approve any project under subsection (a)(2) of this section in any fiscal year when there has been enacted an Urban Transportation Trust Fund or similar assured funding for both highway and public transportation."
1983—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 97–424, § 120(a), inserted "and the cost of providing shuttle service to and from the facility" after "of the facility", and "and for providing such shuttle service" after "operating the facility".
Pub. L. 97–424, § 120(b)(1), substituted "high occupancy vehicle lanes" for "bus lanes" after "preferential", and "high occupancy vehicle and" for "bus and other" after "facilities to serve".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–424, § 120(b)(2), substituted "high occupancy vehicle" for "bus" after "preferential".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–424, § 120(b)(3), substituted "high occupancy vehicles" for "public mass transportation systems".
1976—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–280, § 127(a), inserted provision that if fees are charged for the use of any parking facility constructed under this section, the rate thereof shall not be in excess of that required for maintenance and operation of the facility (including compensation to any person for operating the facility).
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 94–280, § 127(b), substituted "section 120 of this title" for "section 120 of this section".
1973—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–87designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "operating motor vehicles (other than on rail) on Federal-aid highways" for "operating motor vehicles on highways, other than on rails", struck out "within urbanized areas" after " 'buses')", inserted "for the movement of persons" after "Federal-aid systems", and substituted provisions respecting availability of sums apportioned under section 104 (b) of this title for prior provisions for such sums apportioned in accordance with pars. (3), (5), and (6) of section 104 (b) of this title, and added par. (2).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–87added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (d).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–87added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) incorporated in subsec. (e)(1), (3) of this section.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 93–87redesignated former subsec. (b) as (d), inserted "in urbanized areas" after "transportation systems", and struck out former subsec. (d) provisions which prohibited any project authorized by this section, other than a project for fringe or transportation parking facilities, from being approved unless the project would avoid the construction of a highway project which increases automobile traffic capacity, would provide a capacity for the movement of persons at least equal to that which would be provided by the avoided highway project, and would not exceed in the amount of the Federal share, the Federal share of the cost of the avoided highway project; or no other feasible or prudent highway project could provide the additional capacity for the movement of persons by motor vehicles on highways (other than on rails) provided by this project.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 93–87incorporated provisions of former subsec. (c) in pars. (1) and (3) and added par. (2). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 93–87redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f) and substituted "will fully utilize" for "will have adequate capability to fully utilize".
Subsecs. (g) to (k). Pub. L. 93–87added subsecs. (g) to (k).
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) ofPub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Pub. L. 103–429, § 7(a),Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388, provided in part that the amendment made by section 7(a)(4)(C) is effective July 5, 1994.
Effective Date of 1991 Amendment
Amendment by section 1027 ofPub. L. 102–240effective Dec. 18, 1991, and applicable to funds authorized to be appropriated or made available after Sept. 30, 1991, and, with certain exceptions, not applicable to funds appropriated or made available on or before Sept. 30, 1991, see section 1100 ofPub. L. 102–240, set out as a note under section 104 of this title.
Rural Highway Transportation Demonstration Program; Appropriations Authorization; Public Notice and Hearing
Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 147,Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 274, as amended by Pub. L. 93–643, § 103,Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2282; Pub. L. 94–280, title I, § 129,May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 440; Pub. L. 95–599, title I, § 132,Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2708, provided for authorization of appropriations of $15,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, and $60,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976, to carry out demonstration projects for public mass transportation projects in rural and small urban areas, authorized availability of such sums for a period of two years after the close of the fiscal year for which authorized, and required public notice and hearing for such projects.
Transportation for Elderly and Handicapped Persons
Pub. L. 93–643, § 105(a),Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2282, provided that: "It is hereby declared to be the national policy that elderly and handicapped persons have the same right as other persons to utilize mass transportation facilities and services; that special efforts shall be made in the planning, design, construction, and operation of mass transportation facilities and services so that the availability to elderly and handicapped persons of mass transportation which they can effectively utilize will be assured; and that all Federal programs offering assistance for mass transportation (including the programs under title 23, United States Code, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973, and this Act [see Short Title of 1973 Amendment note under 101 of this title]) effectively implement this policy."
Bus and Other Project Standards
Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 165,Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 282, as amended by Pub. L. 93–643, § 105(b),Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2283, provided that:
"(a) The Secretary of Transportation shall require that buses acquired with Federal financial assistance under (1) subsection (a) or (c) ofsection 142 of title 23, United States Code, (2) paragraph (4) of [former] subsection (e) ofsection 103, title 23, United States Code, or (3) section 147 of the Federal-aid [Federal-Aid] Highway Act of 1973 [set out as a note above] meet the standards prescribed by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under section 202 of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7521], and under section 6 of the Noise Control Act of 1972 [42 U.S.C. 4905], and shall authorize the acquisition, wherever practicable, of buses which meet the special criteria for low-emission vehicles set forth in section 212 of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7546], and for low-noise-emission products set forth in section 15 of the Noise Control Act of 1972 [42 U.S.C. 4914].
"(b) The Secretary of Transportation shall require that projects receiving Federal financial assistance under (1) subsection (a) or (c) ofsection 142 of title 23, United States Code, (2) paragraph (4) of [former] subsection (e) ofsection 103, title 23, United States Code, or (3) section 147 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 shall be planned, designed, constructed, and operated to allow effective utilization by elderly or handicapped persons who, by reason of illness, injury, age, congenital malfunction, or other permanent or temporary incapacity or disability, including those who are nonambulatory wheelchair-bound and those with semiambulatory capabilities, are unable without special facilities or special planning or design to utilize such facilities and services effectively. The Secretary shall not approve any program or project to which this section applies which does not comply with the provisions of this subsection requiring access to public mass transportation facilities, equipment, and services for elderly or handicapped persons."
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Acid sulfate soils
Polders with acid sulfate soils in Guinea Bissau along a sea-arm amidst mangroves. Source: R.J.Oosterbaan
Main source: K.Ljung, F.Maley, A.Cook & P.Weinstein. Acid sulfate soils and human health. A Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Environment International 35 (8), 1234-1242.
Acid sulfate soil scald
Acid sulfate soils are formed when sulphide-bearing minerals come in contact with air and oxidise. This reaction produces sulfuric acid which can lower soil pH values below 4 as the soil's buffering capacity is exceeded. When the soil pH is lowered, metals previously bound to soil particles are mobilised and can be taken up by plants. They are also washed out of the soil profile, especially after heavy rains. Sulfuric acid and metals can thus be leached out of the soil profile into groundwater and nearby waterways. As most organisms do not cope well in acid environments, this can have devastating effects on aquatic organisms as well as on vegetation. Likewise, many of the heavy metals leached out through acidification are potentially toxic to both plants and animals, including humans. One example of the adverse effects of acid sulfate soils can be illustrated by an event in the Tweed River in Australia in 1987, when all gilled organisms were killed along a 23 kilometre section of the river after a heavy rain released toxic amounts of aluminium from an acid sulfate soil, leaving the affected section virtually sterile for 18 months.
Acid sulfate soils produce such vast quantities of acid, that any effort to neutralise the pH requires enormous amounts of lime. It has been calculated that in order to neutralise one hectare of soils in a fish farm in Nigeria, 4.1 tonnes of lime would be required. In economic terms, Australia provides an example of AUS $90,000 per hectare, not including labour costs. Scandinavian countries have successfully limed receiving stream water, but this effort requires liming at every leaching event and the heavy downpour common in tropical countries is rare in the Nordic countries.
Acid sulfate soils may not comprise a large part of the world's problem soils, but they are often present in coastal areas with high density populations, where their adverse effects on the environment can affect many people. Their concurrent location in well-populated areas is a result of ideal environmental conditions for acid sulfate soil formation that often coincide with ideal living conditions for humans; along coastlines in tropical or subtropical countries. As sulfide-bearing minerals and sediments are formed when the sulfate abundant in seawater reacts with organic material to form sulfide, mangroves for example, provide an excellent environment for pyrite formation, one of the main minerals associated with acid sulfate soil formation. As a result, acid sulfate soils as well as potential acid sulfate soils (those that have not yet reacted with oxygen and become acidified) are mainly found in coastal areas, but they are also found inland along former coastlines. Their oxidation and subsequent acidification can be due to natural causes exposing soil to air, such as the Scandinavian isostatic land rise or declining sea levels, as in Thailand. In most cases however, it is the human interference with these soils that cause their oxidation. Large areas of wetland have been and still are drained for agricultural, aquacultural or urban development. Similarly, excessive pumping of groundwater or dumping of mine waste on the surface result in oxygen coming in contact with previously anaerobic soils, initiating the process of acidification.
Human health impacts
A direct effect on human health and wellbeing from soil acidity is the pollution of drinking water sources with acid and potentially toxic elements, and to a lesser degree of edible plants. It should be noted that acid sulfate soils do not necessarily hold higher metal concentrations than other soils, but it is the increased mobility of metals from acidification that causes problems. For example, acidity has been highlighted as a risk factor for decreased drinking water quality with regard to fluoride, arsenic, selenium and manganese mobility from soil. In the Mekong delta, concentrations of arsenic and manganese were found to exceed World Health Organisation guidelines in drinking water wells as a result of acidification. The acidity may also mobilise metals found in plumbing systems, such as lead and copper, resulting in elevated concentrations in drinking water. In Finland, metal discharge from acid sulfate soils into waterways has resulted in increased concentrations of especially aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel and zinc, and has been estimated to exceed the total industrial discharge of these elements. Also in Finland, discharge of metals from acid sulfate soils have been found to result in elevated concentrations in oat grain and in milk from cows feeding on affected grass grown on acid sulfate soils. The effects of acid sulfate soil drainage can thus affect humans through elevated exposures to potentially toxic metals in both food and water.
Acid and toxic elements mobilised through acid sulphate soil processes cause adverse effects on organisms living in the receiving water bodies, both on an individual and communal level (see Simpson and Pedini, 1985 for a thorough review). Those organisms least mobile, such as oysters and many shellfish are often severely affected as they cannot escape the acid water. However, during heavy rains when large amounts of acid are released from the soil, fish are also affected. The acid in the water can damage the skin and triggers mucus production to protect the gills, which are also damaged by precipitated iron. As gill damage reduces the ability of fish to regulate oxygen and salt intake and skin damage increases susceptibility to fungal or bacterial infections, these reactions can cause fish disease and even death. Acidity together with increased aluminium concentrations in the water can disturb early life in fish as the hatching of eggs delayed and the survival of fish larvae reduced. Both severe acute effects on fish populations and species diversity have been observed following heavy rains, as described above, or as a result of large drainage projects in acid sulfate soil regions. Lower turtle fertility and higher dugong mortality have been reported as a result of toxic algal blooms, suggested to be triggered by acid sulphate soil drainage. Some species of mosquito larvae, however, have been found to thrive in acid-affected pools. Unfortunately, these mosquito species are responsible for carrying the Ross River virus, which causes arthritis-like symptoms and rash in humans, sometimes persisting for months. The virus is endemic to Australia and Papua New Guinea and it is unknown whether acid sulfate soils also affect breeding patterns of species responsible for other vector-borne diseases. Effects on the smaller aquatic organisms, such as bacteria, micro- and meiofauna may not be as obvious as fish kills but are nonetheless significant. Benthic algae are rendered inedible for meiofauna as they are encrusted by iron hydroxides. Shrimps, crustaceans and oysters suffer from soft shells as carbonate used for their exoskeleton is depleted in the acid buffering process. In addition, low levels of primary production as a result of increased acidity and toxicity in aquatic environments result in extreme water clarity, reducing shelter from predators.
Effects on aquatic organisms affect the livelihoods of those depending on fish and aquaculture for their income or food source. With the reduction of the world's fish stocks, aquaculture organisms represent a large and growing proportion of protein intake for many of the world's poor. According to FAO, fish provides at least half of the total animal protein intake in a number of countries where aquaculture is developed on acid sulfate soils. Unfortunately, aquaculture development on acid sulfate soils is seldom successful, and it requires careful preparation and good management, and of course an awareness of the presence of acid sulfate soils. In many cases, the failure of expected high yields has resulted not only in a loss of food source, but also in unemployment and failure to repay loans taken to finance the development.
Similar results as for aquaculture have been experienced where acid sulfate soils are drained for agricultural production, including rice which is a staple food in many poor countries. Low rice yields from acid sulfate soils have been reported in Indonesia, Thailand, Guinea-Bissau, Sri Lanka, Sierra Leone, Vietnam and Guyana. The drained wetlands often seem fertile and produce good yields in the first couple of years, but then quickly deteriorate as acidity increases. In Vietnam, acid sulfate soils in the Mekong delta which have been drained for agriculture since the 1970's, are now recognised as major impediments to crop production. Acid sulfate soils not only affect plant growth through its acidity. Although especially the root system is sensitive to low pH, poor plant growth is more often attributed to aluminum, iron and manganese toxicity. In addition, the microbial process which makes nitrogen available for plant uptake is adversely affected by soil acidity while some fungal diseases are known to develop only in acid soils. Soil acidity also inhibits plant growth as the availability of several essential micro- and macro nutrients decreases, including phosphorous, calcium, magnesium and potassium.
The processes transforming potential acid sulfate soils to actual acid sulfate soils deteriorate the soil's structure resulting in compaction, further limiting plant growth. Moreover, soil moisture escapes from the soil profile more easily as the mulching effect of vegetation is absent, which may cause salt crusts to form during dry periods. The adverse effects on vegetation from acid sulfate sol formation can sometimes inhibit plant growth to such a degree that vegetation is chronically excluded, and so called soil scalds are formed. In addition to the consequences of poor or absent plant growth in both environmental and economical terms, bare soil areas increase the risk for soil erosion which in turn affects water quality in nearby water bodies. In addition, areas available for grazing are diminished.
Livelihood and economy
Indirect effects of acid sulfate soils on human well-being are mainly economical, including affected income opportunities for farmers and fishermen. Estimates of the loss of production in New South Wales, Australia due to acid sulfate soils have been calculated at between AUS $2.2 and 23 million per year. Losses include not only fish, but also lobsters and oysters. In Queensland, losses to the sugarcane industry have been estimated at AUS $189 million for only a small part of the land area covered by acid sulfate soil. Queensland is also home to the Great Barrier Reef and concerns have been raised about adverse effects on reef life as a result of acid sulfate soil discharge, which in addition to the environmental damage may in turn affect livelihoods of those working in the tourism industry. In addition to effects on the natural environment, our built environment is affected by acid sulfate soils. The acid produced can corrode constructions made of concrete or steel, which includes pipes, bridges, house foundations, road pavements as well as railway and road tunnels. The decreased bearing capacity and instability of the soils as they undergo oxidation also affect our built environment. Significant costs related to these processes have been recognised in Australia and Canada, where premature replacement of pipes, pavements and bridges burdens the economy of local governments, and home-owners worry about falling house prices.
The greatest concern with regard to human health and well-being, however, is the effects it has on subsistence farming communities. As many acid sulfate soils are located in poor countries, the environmental damage often affects those who are least able to cope with reduced yields and do not have the opportunity to move to more fertile land/less acidic water or switch to more acid-tolerant crops. Although disturbance of acid sulfate soils is generally advised against, successful aquacultural and agricultural production is possible. However, it requires careful planning, monitoring and an understanding of the system, requirements that may not be met as the demand for more agricultural and aquacultural land rises. In addition, the presence of acid sulfate soil is sometimes not discovered until the processes already have been initiated.
References and further reading
- D.Dent. 1986. Acid Sulphate Soils: A baseline for research and development. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement. Wageningen, The Netherlands: ILRI Publications. 204 p.
- D.Dent and L.Pons. 1995. A world perspective on acid sulphate soils. Geoderma 67:263-276.
- K.Ljung, Maley, F., Cook, A. & Weinstein, P. Acid sulfate soils and human health - A Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Environment International 35 (8), 1234-1242
- M.Rosicky, Sullivan L, Slavich P, Hughes M. 2004a. Factors contributing to the acid sulfate soil scalding process in the coastal floodplains of New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Science 42:587-594.
- H.Simpson and M.Pedin. 1985. Brackishwater aquaculture in the tropics: the problem of acid sulfate soil environment. Applied Geochemistry 19:1837-1853.
- I.WhiteI, Heath L, Melville M. 1999. Ecological impacts of flood mitigation and drainage in coastal lowlands. Australian Journal of Emergency Management (Spring 1999):9-15.
- B.Wilson, White I, Melville M. 1999. Floodplain hydrology, acid discharge and change in water quality associated with a drained acid sulfate soil. Marine Freshwater Research 50:149-157.

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Digital Only
Although almost all Arhoolie releases are available as a digital download, this series of recordings is only available as a download. There are no CDs of these releases.
Since this is a series of complete recordings, some of these songs may appear on another Arhoolie CD. You can search for a song title in our search box above to see if it is available on CD (change the search criteria to "- All Catagories -"). If you want a link to download one of our regular released CDs, go to that CD page.
Eventually we will have 1000s of songs from the Ideal, Rio, Falcon and Arhoolie catalogs available as digital only releases. Keep checking back as we add more releases.


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Asheboro, NC-- He's baaack! One of the Triad's most popular bears has returned home after spending two years in Detroit.
We're talking about Aquila, a Polar Bear at the North Carolina Zoo. Aquila returned Wednesday night after a two-year stay at the Detroit Zoo. Aquila was shipped away while major renovations were made at the polar bear exhibit in Asheboro.
Aquila will have until May 15 to adjust to the new digs.
Zoo officials said the zoo's second polar bear, Wilhelm, remains at the Milwaukee County Zoo in Wisconsin.
The $8.5 million expansion of the NC Zoo's polar bear exhibit is scheduled to open to the public late 2014. A section will open May 15 of this year and will be home to Aquila.
"Polar bears, always one of the zoo's most popular animals, are iconic figures under severe threat from global climate change," said Ken Reininger, the zoo's general curator. "(We) hope the reopening of the polar bear exhibit will draw attention to this global issue and what each of us can do to help address it."
History on NC Zoo Polar Bears:
Aquila, a 20-year-old male was born at the Louisville Zoo in 1992 and has spent much of his life at the North Carolina Zoo.
Wilhelm, a 28-year-old male (better known as "Willie"), was born at the Copenhagen (Denmark) Zoo but came to the zoo when he and seven other polar bears were confiscated in November 2002 by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service from a circus performing group in Puerto Rico.
*Information provided by NC Zoo


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DAMASCUS, Md. (WUSA9) -- A man is dead after a serious crash in the Laytonsville area Wednesday morning.
Adam Joseph Gaudreau, 48, has been identified as the victim.
Montgomery County Fire and Rescue officials were on the scene of a serious crash that left the victim man trapped on Wednesday morning.
It happened at approximately 8:31 a.m. when a car went off the roadway in the area of Laytonsville Road near Hawkins Creamery Road, officials said.
The car hit a tree and rolled over before coming to rest alongside a fence. The victim was trapped when rescue arrived, officials said.
It took rescue crews 20 to 25 minutes to free the man, who was flown to a local trauma center where he succumbed to his injuries, officials said.


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The Power of Independent Thinking
The Supreme Court and the Battle for Second Amendment Rights
Recorded: Thursday, July 22, 2010
In June 2008 the U.S. Supreme Court handed down a landmark ruling on the Second Amendment individual right to keep and bear arms with its Heller v. District of Columbia decision. Two years later, in June 2010, a second historic decision squeezed through the highest court in the land.
Experts: Stephen P. Halbrook, Donald E. J. Kilmer Jr.Type: Independent Institute EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Culture/ Society, Gun Control, History (U.S), Law Enforcement, Litigation, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Race Issues
New Directions for Peace and Security
Recorded: Tuesday, November 6, 2007
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
For more than a century U.S. foreign policywhether conducted by Democrats or Republicanshas been based on the assumption that Americans interests are served best by intervening abroad to secure markets, fight potential enemies far from American shores, or engage in democratic nation building. But, what is the record of such policies, including now in Iraq?
Experts: Carl P. Close, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, James L. Payne, Edward P. StringhamType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy


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Reginald Barclay
this wiki
Lieutenant Reginald "Reg" Endicott Barclay III was a highly-talented Human Starfleet systems diagnostic engineer who lived in the 24th century. He frequently displayed nervous behavior, demonstrated a noticeable lack in confidence, stammered profusely, was extremely introverted, and occasionally bumbled. These traits engendered the derision of some of his shipmates on the USS Enterprise-D – with some even going as far as calling him "Broccoli" behind his back or, on unfortunate occasions, to his face.
Starfleet career
During Barclay's attendance at Starfleet Academy, his reclusive tendencies escaped the attentions of neither his classmates nor his service record. In spite of this, Barclay graduated and received a commendation by serving competently in Starfleet for many years. During his service aboard the USS Zhukov, he earned satisfactory ratings and – when he then transferred to the Enterprise-D – the Zhukov's commanding officer, Captain Gleason, spoke highly of Barclay to his new ship's crew. (TNG: "Hollow Pursuits")
The Enterprise-D
Upon Barclay's transfer to the Enterprise-D in 2366, he held the rank of lieutenant junior grade.
Due to his nervousness and lack of confidence, many members of the Enterprise crew initially referred to him as "Broccoli", a play on the name Barclay, coined by Wesley Crusher. He was initially disliked by members of the crew not only due to the fact he seemed constantly nervous and on edge but he was routinely late for duty and often wound up on report for seemingly not performing to the best of his ability. As a result, he was the first member of the Enterprise crew to be given an 'unsatisfactory' rating in his evaluation. Riker and La Forge attempted to get him transferred off the ship, not believing he was competent enough to serve on the Federation flagship (with Riker even suggesting that Captain Gleason had intentionally been high in his praise of Barclay in order to get rid of a troublesome officer). Captain Picard however refused to simply transfer him off the ship and it was because of him and Geordi La Forge's encouragement that Barclay's confidence began to increase. (TNG: "Hollow Pursuits")
During the first major Borg incursion of the Federation in late 2366, Barclay worked on repairs with Sherman after the Enterprise-D crew – in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Borg cube – emitted a burst of energy from their ship's deflector dish. (TNG: "The Best of Both Worlds, Part II")
Following an encounter with an alien probe in 2367, Barclay's IQ rose to somewhere between 1200 and 1450. During the time he possessed this enhanced intellect, Barclay was more confident, outgoing, and sure of himself – even correcting the math and physics theories of a holographic representation of Albert Einstein on the holodeck. Barclay was able to use the holodeck to integrate his mind into the ship's computer, effectively taking complete control. Unknown to Barclay, the Cytherians (the creators of the probe) set this in motion so that he would bring the Enterprise-D to them, as this was their species' preferred method of investigating new races. All attempts to disconnect or dissuade him were unsuccessful, and he created a subspace distortion that brought the Enterprise-D to Cytherian. After this encounter, Barclay was returned to his previous self, but he did retain a bit of the confidence and intelligence that the experience gave him. (TNG: "The Nth Degree")
In 2369, Barclay assisted Alexander Rozhenko with writing a holodeck program of Deadwood, South Dakota in the Ancient West. Barclay included a prostitute and brothel in the simulation (likely unthinkingly going a bit too far for historical accuracy in a child's program), which Lieutenant Worf did not appreciate for his son's sake. (TNG: "A Fistful of Datas")
Later that year, Barclay inadvertently released the holographic representation of Professor James Moriarty from his confines in the computer memory core of the Enterprise-D, while conducting a diagnostic into a failure of the holodeck matrix diodes, which turned out to have been caused by Moriarty himself. Upon activation, Moriarty briefly explained his history to Barclay and, realizing that over four years had passed, Moriarty deduced that Captain Picard had merely promised to research a way for him to live in the real world in order to get him to release a hostage he had taken at the time. Barclay defended Picard, saying the captain would never go back on his word and promised to report the incident to his superiors, which he did.
Barclay, Picard, and Data then reactivated the program to speak to Moriarty, who expressed his desire to leave the holodeck. Barclay then proposed an idea to use transporter pattern enhancers to beam Moriarty off the hologrid and thus into the "real world." This idea ultimately failed, since it was nothing more than a ruse to trick the three officers into giving him control of the ship by use of a holographic simulation of the Enterprise-D within the Sherlock Holmes program. However, the failure of the experiment led Data to discover the trickery and, on Captain Picard's suggestion, he and Barclay managed to create a separate simulation within both programs, thereby fooling Moriarty with his own plan. Thinking he was free, Moriarty relinquished control of the Enterprise, allowing Barclay to store his program in an enhancement module, where he could safely explore the galaxy without causing any further trouble.
Barclay, along with the senior staff, later convened in the observation lounge to discuss recent events, where Captain Picard instructed him to keep the module safe. Picard also jokingly wondered if their reality "might be nothing more than an elaborate simulation being run inside a little device... sitting on someone else's table," which prompted Barclay, after the meeting had concluded, to test the idea by ordering the computer to "end program." Satisfied his life wasn't a simulation when nothing happened, he picked up the module and left as well. (TNG: "Ship in a Bottle")
The following year, Barclay had the rather dubious honor of becoming the eponymous person for a newly-created illness, "Barclay's Protomorphosis Syndrome". He, in common with the rest of the crew, became affected when a treatment for the mild Urodelan flu – provided by Doctor Beverly Crusher – activated a recessive gene, causing him to mutate into a spider-like creature. It was only down to the efforts of Captain Picard and Lieutenant Commander Data that Barclay and the rest of the crew were saved; as they were off the ship when the incident occured, they were able to successfully develop a retrovirus and release it using the ventilation systems. As he was the first known patient of the disorder, Dr. Crusher decided to name the newly discovered illness in Barclay's honor. (TNG: "Genesis")
In 2375, Lieutenant Commander Worf and Chief O'Brien specifically mentioned that nobody could forget Barclay when remembering old friends on the Enterprise. O'Brien and Worf remembered him most for his extravagant "Three Musketeers" program that he often invited the crew to join him in. (DS9: "Image in the Sand")
Jupiter Station
At sometime prior to 2371, Barclay transferred to Jupiter Station and worked as part of the original holo-engineering team in Dr. Lewis Zimmerman's holographic laboratory, assigned to test the Emergency Medical Hologram's interpersonal skills. (VOY: "Projections")
Sometime between 2371 and 2376, Barclay was promoted to full lieutenant. (VOY: "Projections", "Pathfinder")
The Enterprise-E
Barclay was assigned to the new USS Enterprise-E before the Battle of Sector 001 in 2373. He traveled into the past with the rest of the ship's crew to the day before Earth's First Contact with the Vulcans, where he met the noted inventor Dr. Zefram Cochrane. As one of his fans, Barclay was thrilled at the opportunity to shake Cochrane's hand, so much so (in fact) that Lieutenant Commander Geordi La Forge found himself having to remind Barclay to calm down and continue his work, helping Cochrane repair the Phoenix. Barclay also obtained Geordi's approval and input on a makeshift component that Barclay and other engineers from the Enterprise-E intended to use to replace the Phoenix's warp plasma conduit. (Star Trek: First Contact)
The Pathfinder Project
In 2374, Barclay moved into an apartment in San Francisco. In 2376, Barclay transferred to the Pathfinder Project at Starfleet's Communications Research Center, endeavoring to return the starship USS Voyager to the Alpha Quadrant from the distant Delta Quadrant. To assist in this goal, Barclay created a holographic recreation of the vessel and its crew, a program that enabled him to experiment with different solutions.
Later that year, Barclay – with the assistance of the USS Voyager simulation – devised the idea of using the MIDAS array to direct a tachyon beam towards an approaching Class B itinerant pulsar, thus generating an artificial micro-wormhole. This wormhole could then be directed towards Voyager's likely locations and used to communicate with the ship. Unfortunately, Commander Peter Harkins turned down his idea as impractical.
However, Barclay was unable to contain his enthusiasm during an inspection of the research facility by Admiral Paris. This prompted Harkins to send Barclay home for the rest of the day. Barclay disobeyed, and instead returned to his simulation to refine his ideas. When Harkins later discovered Barclay in the simulation, he was suspended by Harkins, pending a psychological evaluation.
Barclay was unable to accept this and first appealed to Admiral Paris, then broke into the Communications Center. He attempted to go forward with his plan, but was discovered. To prevent himself from being interrupted, Barclay activated the holographic recreation of Voyager, using the holographic crew to protect and assist him. Just as Harkins used a simulated warp core breach to end the program, Captain Kathryn Janeway hailed the Communications Center from the Delta Quadrant, having received Barclay's message. With this (albeit brief) two-way communication with the ship, ship's logs, research data and a personal message for Tom Paris from his father was able to be transmitted, and Barclay's ideas were vindicated. The crew of Voyager later toasted their unmet hero who had established the link, christening Barclay as an honorary member of the crew. (VOY: "Pathfinder")
In 2377, Barclay returned to Jupiter Station with Voyager's EMH, who had been transmitted to the Alpha Quadrant using the MIDAS Array connection. Barclay had informed The Doctor that his creator, Doctor Zimmerman, had been diagnosed with acute sub-cellular degradation and was dying. Although Zimmerman initially refused The Doctor's assistance, Barclay – who had also enlisted the aid of Counselor Deanna Troi – helped The Doctor persuade Zimmerman to realize that The Doctor's assistance was the best course of action in order to save his life. (VOY: "Life Line")
Later that year, Barclay discovered that a romantic acquaintance of his, Leosa, had been using him to gain information on Voyager and the Pathfinder project. It turned out the information she had obtained was sold to a group of Ferengi who had used it to alter a holographic program Barclay sent to Voyager, with instructions to kill the crew and reprogram the shields to withstand a geodesic fold they had created between the Alpha and Delta Quadrants. Even though their plan was to steal the Borg technology in Seven of Nine's body (which was worth a fortune in latinum), Barclay – with the help of Counselor Troi – was able to fool the Ferengi into abandoning their own plan, thereby saving Voyager. (VOY: "Inside Man")
In 2378, Barclay informed Admiral Paris that a draft version of the holonovel Photons Be Free, written by The Doctor, had been released early, becoming popular in thousands of holosuites across the Federation. Barclay was present during a hearing to decide The Doctor's rights as the creator of the work. (VOY: "Author, Author")
Later that year, Barclay was on duty at the Communications Center when long-range sensors detected a Borg transwarp conduit opening just outside the Sol system. He quickly reported this information to several visiting Admirals. When a Borg sphere then emerged from the transwarp conduit and exploded to reveal Voyager, Barclay was one of the first to welcome the starship's crew home. (VOY: "Endgame")
Medical and psychological record
Barclay suffered from severe transporter phobia, although he later overcame this psychological barrier. (TNG: "Realm of Fear") He was additionally a hypochondriac and was prone to self-diagnosis; he once thought himself to have transporter psychosis and, on another occasion, he believed himself to have Terellian Death Syndrome.
Struggle with holo-addiction
The Enterprise-D
Sometime prior to 2366, Barclay began to suffer from holo-addiction, becoming addicted to the fantasy worlds and stories the holodeck could create. This addiction continued after he transferred to the Enterprise-D, aboard which he had a tendency to spend more time inside the holodeck – where he was more confident and comfortable – than in real social situations. Unlike in normal holoprograms, Barclay used the likenesses of the Enterprise's senior staff to create unusual scenarios wherein he was the hero.
One of his programs was an exact recreation of the Enterprise-D, in which he commonly argued and back-chatted senior officers without fear of any consequences. In one holodeck session, he propelled the holographic representation of Geordi La Forge across Ten Forward and threatened First Officer William Riker, in an attempt to impress the holographic Deanna Troi.
Another recreation of Barclay's was entitled "Barclay Program 15". In this scenario, he engaged in sword fights with "The Three Musketeers", holograms that resembled Jean-Luc Picard, Geordi La Forge and Data, romanced the "Goddess of Empathy", a representation of Deanna Troi, and relaxed with a hologram of Beverly Crusher. Barclay had also created an effigy of William Riker that was an extremely short, bumbling swordsman.
When Barclay's holo-addiction was discovered, Commander Riker was particularly annoyed with him and wanted to delete all programs in which he had used the crew's physical appearances. Counselor Troi objected – as it gave them valuable insight into what was troubling Barclay – but she soon became equally angry, upon seeing the "Goddess of Empathy" recreation of herself (to Riker's amusement, he in turn prevented her from deleting the Goddess for the same reason).
Barclay managed to overcome his addiction with the help of Geordi La Forge. When the Enterprise was in danger of flying herself apart, due to an invidium infection of the computer systems, La Forge encouraged Barclay's imagination and it was he who discovered the infection, which led to the situation being controlled. After a few words from La Forge, Barclay returned to the holodeck and deleted all of his holoprograms but one: Barclay Program 9. The crew soon came to realize he was as important as anyone else on the ship. (TNG: "Hollow Pursuits", "The Nth Degree")
In 2376, Barclay became obsessed with the attempts to return Voyager from the Delta Quadrant. It was due to this obsession that he expressed an interest in becoming involved in the Pathfinder Project. Barclay became dangerously close to suffering a re-lapse of his holo-addiction later that year, when he used the program that recreated the crew of Voyager. His condition returned following his creation of the program; even though it originally began as a tool to test different theories on how to contact the stranded ship, he quickly came to regard the program as another sanctuary, away from the real world.
The program was only semi-accurate; the duplicates of Voyager's crew all really liked and heavily relied upon him because of his programming. They responded to Barclay as though he was their best friend. He joked with Harry Kim, played poker with the senior staff, enjoyed hoverball with Tom Paris, and assisted B'Elanna Torres with warp core calibrations. He even got a massage from The Doctor, on one occasion. Barclay once told Deanna Troi that he slept better in his holographic quarters than he ever did in his apartment.
The fascination with Voyager that Barclay had developed, as well as his unauthorized interactions with the holographic crew, expedited his dismissal from the Pathfinder Project. However, once Barclay used the program to prove his theory correct, the time he spent in the Voyager simulation dwindled, along with his need for the holodeck. (VOY: "Pathfinder", "Life Line", "Inside Man", "Author, Author")
Personal relationships
Geordi La Forge
Geordi La Forge was intially Barclay's superior officer on the Enterprise-D. When he first came aboard, La Forge remarked that Barclay was "always late, never gives his best effort, just slides by", though after being instructed by Captain Picard to find a way to integrate him into the crew, La Forge began to encourage Barclay and praise him on his efforts.
On the subject of his holo-addiction, La Forge tried to make Barclay feel as though he could interact with the crew and didn't have to confine himself to the holodeck. Barclay once said that he thought La Forge was the most real to him of any of the crew.
Eventually, La Forge came to respect him for his technical knowledge and Barclay became a valued part of the Enterprise engineering crew. (TNG: "Hollow Pursuits")
This cooperation carried over to the Enterprise-E, where Barclay continued to serve under La Forge. When the ship traveled back in time to 2063, Barclay's meeting with Zefram Cochrane was supervised by La Forge. (Star Trek: First Contact)
In February 2377, Barclay attended La Forge's birthday party and showed him the specifications for a hologram he planned to send to the USS Voyager in the Delta Quadrant. La Forge told Barclay he was proud of him. (VOY: "Inside Man")
Lewis Zimmerman
Barclay first met Lewis Zimmerman while working on development of the EMH Mark I in 2371. The two of them later developed a mutual respect for one another, Barclay being instrumental in the forging of Zimmerman's friendship with The Doctor.
When Zimmerman believed he was reaching the end stage of his terminal illness, he included Barclay in his own last will and testament, giving him his collection of holographic art which included the "Woman in Four Dimensions" piece. In addition, Zimmerman requested that Starfleet allow Barclay to complete his Trojan Horse Project as he trusted Barclay to be the only engineer that would get it done. (VOY: "Projections", "Life Line")
Deanna Troi
Barclay met Counselor Troi during his time on the Enterprise-D and quickly developed an attraction to her, even going as far as to use her image in one of his holoprograms featuring her as his lover. (TNG: "Hollow Pursuits")
Barclay's feelings for her soon became merely professional respect, however, and she continued to provide support to him in the form of counseling and friendship. (ENT: "These Are the Voyages...")
In 2376, at Barclay's request, she visited him to discuss his feelings toward his new assignment at Starfleet's Communications Research Center. He opened up to her, noting that work at the CRC was nothing like on the Enterprise, where there was a feeling of family. (VOY: "Pathfinder")
As a favor for Barclay, she even asked Captain Jean-Luc Picard for leave from the Enterprise to convince Lewis Zimmerman to accept treatment from Voyager's EMH and assisted Barclay with a ruse to disrupt The Doctor's programming, saying, "Traditional therapy wasn't getting [them] anywhere." (VOY: "Life Line")
In 2377, she again helped Barclay by influencing him to realize that Leosa was using him to gain information on Voyager, encouraging him to report it to his superiors. Troi later invited him on a double date with her and Commander Riker, and a real teacher friend of his called Maril, as a way for him to get out and meet people. (VOY: "Inside Man")
The Doctor
During a severe malfunction, one of The Doctor's recurring delusions was Barclay who tried to convince him that he was in fact Lewis Zimmerman and that he was trapped in a holographic Voyager. In order to end the simulation, "Lewis" had to destroy the warp core. Fortunately, a delusion of Chakotay convinced him otherwise. The Chakotay hallucination claimed that Barclay was part of the team that created him. (VOY: "Projections")
Barclay first met the The Doctor when he took him to Jupiter Station to help Dr. Zimmerman, though the two had previously corresponded thanks to the communication system he developed using the MIDAS Array. It was Barclay who had informed The Doctor of Zimmerman's illness, and it was he who initially convinced him to stay and treat Zimmerman, even when he refused all help. (VOY: "Life Line")
When Voyager received the altered Barclay hologram, it was indeed The Doctor who first realized something was wrong with the program, stating the real Barclay never exhibited rude and careless traits as he had observed in the hologram. (VOY: "Inside Man")
During The Doctor's hearing to decide his rights as a hologram, Barclay defended him, recounting how he had "travelled half-way across the galaxy" to care for Dr. Zimmerman. He compared it to a son showing his "old man" what he had become so he could be proud of him. When it was ruled that The Doctor had the right to control his own work, Barclay congratulated him. (VOY: "Author, Author")
Peter Harkins
Commander Peter Harkins was Barclay's superior officer on the Pathfinder Project. He once invited Barclay to dinner with his wife, Angie, and her sister, with the aim of setting the two up on a date though Barclay refused, preferring to concentrate on his work.
Although he believed Barclay to be a competent engineer, he was skeptical of some of his theories, in part due to Barclay's history. When Barclay developed the idea to use the MIDAS Array to create an artificial singularity to Voyager, Harkins dismissed it as a "cock-eyed theory" that only existed in his head and ordered him to abandon the idea. However, determined to prove his theory right, Barclay bypassed Harkins, going straight to Admiral Paris. This caused whatever personal relationship they had to deteriorate.
Harkins was the one who later discovered Barclay had recreated the Voyager crew on the holodeck. He believed he had been a friend to Barclay by allowing him some leeway but, upon finding him there and realizing his past history with holo-addiction, he pulled him off the project and told him to get counseling.
Barclay initially followed Harkins' instructions and went home, where he talked about the situation with Deanna Troi. Later the same night, he decided to disobey Harkins' orders by breaking into the Pathfinder lab and accessing the MIDAS Array in an attempt to prove this theory correct. When Harkins discovered Barclay in the lab, he ordered security to apprehend him, but Barclay activated the Voyager scenario and locked out all holodeck controls. He continued with this plan to send a message to Voyager from within the simulation and used the holographic characters to stop the security officers. Harkins eventually managed to corner him by initiating a warp core breach in the simulation, forcing Barclay to close it down.
Harkins then arrested Barclay for breaking into the lab and using equipment without authorization. But before the security officers could take him away, a message came through from Voyager; Barclay's plan had worked. Harkins subsequently apologized for doubting him. (VOY: "Pathfinder")
After Barclay tried to send his hologram to Voyager, he became obsessed with finding the reason why it had failed to reach them, even blaming the Borg and the Romulans of intercepting the message. It was Harkins who ordered him to take a week's leave and to return when he was more focused and relaxed. Barclay initially objected to the idea but Harkins forced the issue, reminding him that he was his superior. He did, however, offer to ask his cousin to allow Barclay to stay in a Malaysian beach house she owned, though Barclay refused, preferring to seek out Deanna Troi's help instead. (VOY: "Inside Man")
Barclay had a deep affection for cats and, for some reason, the cats returned this affection. Spot, Data's pet cat, found only her owner and the lieutenant to be suitable for her mercurial tastes. (TNG: "Genesis")
Though Barclay had never physically met Neelix, he did name his cat for him, suggesting at least some level of respect or admiration. He even programmed his Voyager simulation to have the Talaxian purr. (VOY: "Pathfinder", "Life Line")
Barclay had a series of unsuccessful romantic affiliations, primarily due to his nervous nature – something which caused him to focus more on his work than anything else.
Despite this, Barclay did begin to pursue a relationship with Hope, the sister-in-law of his superior officer Peter Harkins, in mid-2376. Their romance did not last very long, however.
Barclay began to see Leosa by early 2377. When this relationship turned out to be a ruse, Barclay decided not to pursue another relationship. When he was then introduced to Maril, a teacher and friend of William Riker by Deanna Troi, in an attempt to help Barclay. (VOY: "Pathfinder", "Inside Man")
Alternate realities and timelines
In 2404 of an alternate timeline, Barclay managed to stop stuttering (although his stammering resurfaced when he was caught in a lie). He held the rank of commander and became a teacher at Starfleet Academy, teaching a class about the Borg. Barclay later helped Admiral Janeway in an attempt to travel back in time and return Voyager to Earth sooner than had been done by the vessel's crew. The Doctor learned the truth from him after the addled Tuvok managed to warn him that Janeway was leaving forever. (VOY: "Endgame")
Barclay has been holographically duplicated on at least two occasions:
- In 2371, the USS Voyager encountered a subspace anomaly which caused a feedback surge through The Doctor's holographic matrix, generating a holographic hallucination. Among the projections created was one of Lieutenant Barclay, who insisted the EMH was Doctor Lewis Zimmerman and that Voyager was merely a simulation he had been running at Jupiter Station. Eventually, the crew of Voyager successfully managed to extract The Doctor's program and deactivate the hallucination. (VOY: "Projections")
- Barclay created a holographic duplicate of himself designed to be transmitted to Voyager where it could aid them in their trip home to Earth. In its first transmission, it was intercepted and reprogrammed as part of a profit scheme devised by three Ferengi, but their plan was ultimately discovered by Barclay himself and the hologram was deactivated. (VOY: "Inside Man")
Memorable quotes
"You know, the people that I create in there are m... more real to me than anyone I meet out here. Except... maybe you, Commander."
"I need you out here, Reg – now more than ever."
- - Barclay and Geordi La Forge, on his addiction to the holodeck. (TNG: "Hollow Pursuits")
"Mr. Barclay! Everyone's still trying to figure out exactly how you did it."
"Well, it... it just occurred to me that I could set up a frequency harmonic between the deflector and the shield grid, using the warp field generator as a power flow anti-attenuator, and that, of course, naturally created an amplification of the inherent energy output. "
"Uh-huh, I see that...."
- - William Riker and Barclay, after the latter officer increased the Enterprise's shield strength to three hundred percent. (TNG: "The Nth Degree")
"I've lost myself, Deanna."
"Lost yourself?"
"In Voyager. I've become obsessed... with Voyager."
- - Barclay and Deanna Troi, on the Pathfinder project. (VOY: "Pathfinder")
"Dr. Cochrane, I know this sounds silly, but could I shake your hand? [Cochrane reluctantly shakes it] Oh! Thank you, Doctor! You have no idea what an honor it is to work with you on this project!"
"I never thought I would ever meet the man who invented warp drive! I..."
"Hmm...? Oh! Yes, of course. I'm sorry...."
- - Barclay and Geordi La Forge, after meeting Zefram Cochrane. (Star Trek: First Contact)
"He traveled half-way across the galaxy to care for Lewis Zimmerman, the man who created his program. It was like a son who wanted to show his father what he'd become, so the old man would be proud of him. And if you ask me, he was."
- - Barclay, defending The Doctor as a sentient being. (VOY: "Author, Author")
- "Hollow Pursuits" (Season 3)
- "The Nth Degree" (Season 4)
- "Realm of Fear" (Season 6)
- "Ship in a Bottle"
- "Genesis" (Season 7)
- Star Trek: First Contact
- "Projections" (As a Hologram) (Season 2)
- "Pathfinder" (Season 6)
- "Life Line"
- "Inside Man" (Season 7)
- "Author, Author"
- "Endgame"
Barclay is additionally referenced in the following episodes:
- TNG: "The Best of Both Worlds, Part II", "A Fistful of Datas"
- DS9: "Image in the Sand"
- ENT: "These Are the Voyages...".
Background information
- Barclay was played by actor Dwight Schultz. At the time of his casting, Schultz had been a Star Trek fan for a long time, and had asked Rick Berman to consider him if the right part came along. (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, p. 196)
- In an interview with Star Trek Monthly, Dwight Schultz said of the character, "Barclay had problems, he wasn't perfect; he was someone that the fans I think could identify with. He had a good heart, but he didn't quite fit in all of the time, and I think it brought a unique perspective for the show and for fans. It was a great idea. They finally put an ordinary person on the bridge, and it struck a chord. Barclay sees things that he is not a part of and desperately wants to be there, just as I did for so many years, wanting to be an actor! He desperately wants to be things that he's not, and will never be - he will probably always be a lieutenant, but he has a great heart. I think he recognises that it's very important to fulfill your place, more so than it is to move beyond it, and he was given this very, very sweet disposition by the writers; and I think that sums him up. A great heart, and recognises his place, but he's a Walter Mitty dreamer. It's one of those things that I have been thinking about for a long time. I think Barclay would desperately like to be promoted, yet he has good understanding as to why he would not be. He would be in electronic research of some kind. No question. The computer nerd of the future is what he would be, without doubt! He would be buried in quantum fields and the study of particle accelerators and attempting to divine super warp drives, that sort of thing. It lets you realize first of all, this is all fantasy anyway I that there is a place for everyone in the future, even this idealized future that Star Trek represents as opposed to the darker future that Babylon 5 presented. It's very good for the fans to have an ordinary person there, just a regular guy who sometimes is going to make mistakes." [1]
- According to an early script for "Hollow Pursuits," the character was originally named Endicott Reginald Barclay III, but the first and middle names were later switched. [2]
- At the age of 43, Dwight Schultz was one of the oldest actors to portray a junior officer, making his first appearance as Barclay holding the rank of lieutenant junior grade. In the actual US Navy, upon which Starfleet ranks are mostly based, lieutenants are normally in their early 20s, having obtained their ranks by virtue of a college degree. For the most part, only officers who entered as enlisted and worked their way up (or "mustang" officers) ever hold this rank beyond the age of 30.
- Playmates Toys have released two action figures based on Reginald Barclay: the first, in 1994, based on his appearances throughout Star Trek: The Next Generation and the second, in 1996, based on his appearance in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Projections".
- The makeup department was able to create the spiderlike creature seen in "Genesis" by using appliances and latex wrinkles applied to the top of Dwight Schultz's head and upper face, eye appliances, appliances that looked like spider's eyes, and a spider-leg device that protruded from the side of Barclay's head. (Star Trek: Aliens & Artifacts, p. 118)
- During early development of Star Trek: Voyager, it was proposed that the holographic main character who ultimately became The Doctor might have the likeness of Barclay and that an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation's seventh season could feature Barclay working on the hologram. A summary of ongoing development meetings for Voyager, which was written on 6 August 1993, posits, "Barclay would have been working on this program and finally takes a leave to put on the polishing touches (on a TNG episode). He creates the character in his own image." (A Vision of the Future - Star Trek: Voyager, pp. 182 & 183)
- Barclay appears as a selectable crew member in the non-canon video game Star Trek: Starship Creator, in which his personnel file states he was born in 2340 in Cleveland, Ohio and gained a Masters Degree in Computer Systems from the Daystrom Institute in 2362. It explains he did not attend Starfleet Academy and was instead offered a commission by Starfleet at the rank of Lieutenant Junior Grade, which he accepted. It further states that Barclay's interests are holoprogramming, theater, speculative fiction and self-help books, and that his father is Reginald Barclay II and his mother is Commander Alicia Barclay, both of whom reside in Swansea, Wales.
- In Peter David's novel Imzadi, Barclay is involuntarily cured of his holo-addiction in 2368, when an aged Admiral Riker, having used the Guardian of Forever to travel back in time and prevent the death of Counselor Troi, materializes in the past on the holodeck during one of Barclay's adventures. Disguising his presence by claiming to be an automatic system programmed to activate if Reg used his holoprograms again, Admiral Riker instructs Reg to shut the program down. Reg is so intimidated by the Admiral that he decides never to use the holodeck again. This is inconsistent, however, with the Voyager storyline.
- In Greg Cox's The Q Continuum trilogy, Barclay discovers that the bio-neural gel packs used in the Enterprise-E are capable of absorbing the psionic energy of the galactic barrier, prompting him to suggest that the crew channel the resulting energy into the Enterprise's shields so that they can increase the time that they can remain in the barrier during an attempt to hide from the Calamarain.
- In Diane Duane's novel Dark Mirror, Lieutenant Commander Barclay is Captain Picard's chief bodyguard in the mirror universe. While masquerading as his mirror universe counterpart, Picard notes that Barclay's "slightly crazed creativity" has been redirected, replacing his quirkiness with a more hard-edged sense of danger. Picard promises Mirror Barclay a promotion, but he is killed before this can happen. Upon returning to his own universe, Picard achieves a sort of symmetry by noting a special commendation on the "real" Barclay's record, as a reward for the extra work he has been putting in.
- In the Strange New Worlds short story The Naked Truth, which is set in 2370, Captain Picard orders Barclay to lead his first away mission, installing a new generator core in a space station in the Tarvo system. However, Barclay and his team soon end up fighting for their lives in a Vorel trap.
- Barclay also appears in the John Vornholt novels Gemworld, Book One and Gemworld, Book Two, as a crewmember on the Enterprise-E in 2375.
- In the video game Star Trek: Elite Force II, set in 2380, Barclay serves as temporary chief engineer on the Enterprise-E.
- In the Kirsten Beyer novel Full Circle, Barclay is assigned to the USS Galen, which has been fitted with a quantum slipstream drive and assigned to Project Full Circle, an expeditionary force sent to explore the Delta Quadrant. The novel takes place in the year 2381.
External links
- Reginald Barclay at StarTrek.com, the official Star Trek website
- Template:NCwiki
- Reginald Barclay at Wikipedia


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Dean's List at Vol State
Submitted on August 20, 2010 at 12:52 PM
Volunteer State Community College has released the names of students named to the Spring 2010 Dean's List. The Dean's List is composed of students who have completed a minimum of 12 semester hours in collegiate level courses in the current semester with a grade point average of at least 3.750. Students making the Dean's List are as follows:
In Tennessee
Christopher Park of Antioch; Nathan Jones of Ashland City; Whitney Carmack, Alex Hughes, Sandra Masters, Chelsea Rittenberry and Vanessa Robinson of Bethpage; Sean Anderson, Stacey Connor, Evelyn Kisakye, and Daniel Tidwell of Brentwood; Lairen Payne of Brush Creek; Jesse Davenport, Catherine Hume, Julie McGuire, Linda Roddy, Amanda Schneider and Sarah Coker of Castalian Springs; Carrie Cowan and Traci Grant of Cedar Hill; Amanda Keisling, Teia Trobaugh and James Watson of Celina; Cassandra Smith of Clarksville; Steven Carew, Janet Doxsee, Sally Draper, Chelsie Givens, Charity Hayes, Megan Malone, Chastity Perryman and Melanie Reynolds of Cookeville; Hannah Alber, Matthew Morris, Kenneth Pond, Justin Randolph, Amy Rogers, Jamie Thacker and Kevin Thomas of Cottontown; and Bailey Helton and Caleb Jernigan, Debra McGregor and Nathan Moss of Cross Plains; Josiah Bennett and Jessica Christian of Dickson; Gregory Hooker and Trisha Sextro of Franklin; Jennifer Guy of Gainesboro; Jessica Byrd, Shelton Campbell, Jodie Clapper, Carrington Cline, Carlton Dickens, Christine Eardley, Elizabeth Ehlert, Katy Gann, Kristen Hendrickson, Robert Huff, Rachel Jones, Dominic Kacar, Rochelle Kelley, Katie Kendall, Laura Mahaney, Kelly Maxey, Dawn McDaniel, David McKinney, Joshua Moore, Gary Parker, Candace Ramirez, Kaytlin Richardson, Allysa Roberson, Johnny Russell, Amanda Schuster, Nathalea Silva, Jennifer Thomas, Mike Varsakelis, Jesse Watts, Amy Webb, Molly Webb, Nicholas West, Candace Whiting, Stephanie Woodward and Jonathan Zwart of Gallatin; Erin Bay, Denise Costanza, Linda Evans, Dawn Harrington, John Henline, Casady Hoffman, Leigh King, Jillian Miller, Laura Myers, Benjamin Ray, Courtney Roland, Wade Sharpe, Michael Singer, Zachary Sullivan, Leah Vinson, Kathryn Wahl and Mark Williams of Goodlettsville; Joseph Adams and Tamara Kirby of Gordonsville; Destiny Riggins of Greenbrier; Linda Blair, Cathy Christensen, Chelsea Gregory, Victoria Rader, Amber Spears and Mark Templeton of Hartsville; Akhiyar Ahmed, Amanda Amos, Lisa Arnold, Brittany Bagwell, Dustin Barati, Elise Barreiro, Gabriel Belcher, Olivia Bobbitt, Michelle Boyte, Charles Brandt, Shonci Brooks, Sierra Bruner, Melissa Buckner, John Burke, Michelle Chowning, Richard Davis, Carlton Douglas, James Edwards, Kelly Estepp, Leah Frauendienst, Allison French, Ryan Gaumer, Daniel Hader, Hannah Holloway, Jayme Hubbell, Amber Jarles, Helen Jones, Misty Klahn, Jennifer Landis, Julie Leggett, Heather Lowhorn, Kerstyn Motter, Daniel Newton, Steven Prager, Mike Provencher, George Purvis, Carl Reed, Krystle Rhodes, Katelyn Rickards, Kenneth Romans, Julie Sauder, Teresa Saunders, Andrea Silvia, Edward Simpson, Amber Sprunger, Heather Sprunger, David Stephenson, Jason Stewart, Rachel Stoller, Abby Story, Cody Taylor, Lindsey Thibedeau, Matthew Whittle, Brittney Wilhite, Jenna Williams, Taylor Spears of Hendersonville; Cindy Bradshaw, Sindhu John, Johnathon Kornblee, Shannon Mang, Erikka McIntyre, Joseph Patterson, Travis Rush, Cynthia Sasser, Lauren Shaw, Meghan Zachocki of Hermitage; Misty Bickle of Hilham; Tayler Tomlin of Joelton; Jennifer Bandy, Holly Carver, Holly Doss, Kenneth Driver, Dustin Gonzales, Jennah Hann, Sarah Jenkins, Micah Kingery, Alice Livingston, Lora Pedigo, Hillary Sexton, Craig Swindle, Justin Underwood and Sondra Underwood of Lafayette; Angela Hetherington of Lawrenceburg; David Apple, Shauna Atwood, Tricia Averitt, Kendra Campbell, Kerry Dickerson, Amber Hall, Tiffany Hawkins, Richard Herron, Ashley Kennedy, Jenny Lebarron, Cody Morel, Galadriel Spanogians, Leora Stratton, Maytee Vinces, Meri White, Ashley Williams and William Wright of Lebanon; Brandi Keisling, James Key, Pamela Lisk, Kelli Matthews, Brittany McLearran, Rhonda Reagan and Brittany Ruble of Livingston; Hakeem Bakare, Thomas Crockett; Joseph Fardello, Richard Fortenbery and Danielle Stiscak of Madison; Daniel Edwards and Robert Hickerson of Manchester; 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Curtis Rich of Red Boiling Springs; Candace Copeland, Alison Loftis, Kasey Martin and Jade Peek of Rickman; Mark Hasty and Demetria Underwood of Shelbyville; Jordan Sloan of Sparta; Kayla Arnold, Rachel Campbell, Rebekah Harris, Rachel Kelly, Emily Maurer, Shivangi Soni, Felicia Vinson and Nadja Welch of Springfield; Meredith Peck of Wartrace; Donna Collins, Aaron Doyka, Jerry Henderson, Melisa Lee, Brittany May, Brittany Miller, Emily Oliver, Amber Thompson of Westmoreland; Sara Beery, Erica Carney, Sharon Coppock, Kristin Fowlkes, Julie Harrison, Shelby Hooper, Stacy Jones, Mary Laarz, Goran Larsson, Seth Long, Timothy Moran, Katelyn Moss, Dan Prince, Kayla Walker and Fang Wang of White House; and Baily Butler of Winchester.
In Kentucky
Craig Higginbotham of Bowling Green and Carl Cline, Glenda Murley, Mark Risinger and Lorinda Taylor of Scottsville.
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While moving into his new home, a Springs man made an unexpected discovery in his garage.
A bomb squad was sent to East Las Animas, near Fountain and Hancock, after the man found a homemade explosive device in his garage and called police.
Neighbors weren't evacuated, but were told to stay inside. One mother told 11 News the experience was frightening for her children.
"When I see the bomb truck pull up, I called my husband...I told him 'there's a bomb truck in front of the house.' They (the children) got scared and started crying. They were pretty scared and crying, so I tried to calm them down."
Bomb squad technicians detonated the explosive. They are now investigating who left it in the garage. The home is reportedly a rental home.
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