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Interview with Mr. Hans Wegner, Chief Sustainability Officer at the National Geographic Society
Carbonfund.org and National Geographic Society (NGS) have been partners in the fight against global climate change since 2009. Our relationship with NGS is managed by Mr. Hans Wegner, Chief Sustainability Officer at the Society whose leadership in the sustainability realm has been an inspiration to everyone at our Foundation.
In 2011, Han's leadership with the NGS "Green Team" led to his team receiving our For People and Planet award in the "Media" category for their efforts to reduce carbon dioxide (C02) emissions.
These efforts included reducing emissions from their operations by 80% with an additional goal of reducing emissions from their magazine paper and printing materials supply chain by 10% by 2015. The team has succeeded at numerous other efforts from obtaining Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) Gold Status for their headquarters building to compost and recycling programs in their cafeteria.
Since the origin of our relationship, with NGS, the Society has been a key supporter of several of our projects including the Purus REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) Project in Acre, Brazil, and the Native Species Reforestation Project in Panama to offset the Society's respective travel and office emissions.
We had the opportunity to speak with Hans on his impressive 41 years at the National Geographic Society and his broader work in the sustainability realm.
1. Please describe your current role as Chief Sustainability Officer at NGS and what lead you to that position?
I came to the Society in 1973, with a background in commercial printing. I came here to work in one of the photographic labs, compiling film for wall maps for 1.5 years and subsequently became responsible for the production and then the manufacturing of the Magazine. During that time I also handled all paper purchasing for the Society so I became very conversant with the issues related to paper manufacturing and the paper market. I took particular interest in learning all I could about the environmental impacts of all aspects of paper making; from seedling in the ground to recycling of old paper products. I took great pride in working with our paper suppliers to make sure they abide by or exceeded all applicable environmental regulations.
In 2006 I headed up a group of concerned NGS employees who felt we as an organization could do more to reduce the impact our operations had on climate change and to raise our collective awareness of our responsibility to conduct our business sustainably. Our groups focused on measuring the carbon emissions that we as a company were responsible for, including those emitted on our behalf by our suppliers. We knew we had to know our corporate carbon footprint, not only in the aggregate, but by product line or service sector so we could have a roadmap for the remedial actions we wanted to take. On the basis of this information, we made our buildings carbon neutral, achieved LEED-EB Gold status for our complex, and certified our campus as Energy Star rated and implemented many energy saving features.
On the basis of our success, I was designated Chief Sustainability Officer in 2009.
2. How did you get started in sustainability work? Who or what inspired you to go into a career in sustainability?
I have always had an inclination to try to be environmentally responsible and I like to think of myself as acting on what I know to be true. This is what led me to set environmental policy for our paper suppliers when I was handling paper purchasing for the Society, implementing a requirement to use best forest management practices, to exceed the guidelines of the Clean Air and Water Acts. In the mid 1990's I became increasingly convinced of not only the fact of climate change, but the reality that it was human activity that was causing this phenomenon. Additionally human activity was consuming finite natural resources at obviously unsustainable rates. I was of course aware that the Society was publishing or producing related stories in our Magazine and TV productions on these subjects so the problem was not a lack of public awareness of the issues but rather a problem of failing to act on what we know. I felt compelled to make a difference and to act, so I began talking to people and knew there was a critical mass of my colleagues who felt strongly, wanted to help, and were willing to volunteer their time to make a difference. That led to the formation of the GoGreen Committee (Now Green Team) which has been meeting monthly since late 2006 and is leading the sustainability initiative at the Society.
3. What personal accomplishments in the sustainability realm are you most proud of?
I would have to say being instrumental in starting the sustainability initiative at the Society and thereby creating an awareness that we as an organization and as individuals could and needed to do more than we were.
As to specifics: 1) Focusing our efforts on knowing our carbon footprint and focusing our efforts at reducing that that footprint by eliminating waste where we found it and thereby eliminating the cost of that waste. 2) Setting and then achieving the goal of becoming a carbon neutral facility and qualifying our Buildings for LEED-EB Gold certification. 3) Doing the most comprehensive Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) ever done on a Magazine in cooperation with our paper and printing suppliers. This was completed in 2009. 4) Convincing the Society to become a Triple Bottom Line (TBL) driven company in 2012. 5) Committing the Society to the idea of offsetting our scope III carbon (all indirect emissions except for purchased electricity, heat and steam). To date, we have reduced our scope III by over 20% since 2008.
4. What are you currently working on in the sustainability realm?
We are working with our suppliers of printing and digital media storage to document their emissions on our behalf and to look into renewable energy for those emissions. We are working to achieve carbon neutral status for everything we do, and to send zero waste to landfill. My goal is to have sustainability become part of the culture of the Society.
5. What is your personal biggest sustainability challenge?
Changing behavior at our company and getting more companies to start addressing climate change. Behavior changes are hard. Energy has always been cheap in the US, and the challenge is to change that perception and get people to change their behavior and use less. The other challenge is for all of us to personalize climate change and take responsibility for that change. At the end of the day each of us must make a commitment to change if we are to solve this problem. We all have the tendency to wait for someone else to start. Don't wait for someone else. You do it. Each of us can start today by: not leaving lights on, shortening the showers we take, using mass transit, recycling everything we can, etc.
6. What is going to be the biggest challenge for sustainability in the next 20 years?
Complacency on the part of most of us. Dependence on someone else to do the job for us. Ignoring the noise from the fossil fuel industry to say everything is OK when it is clearly not. A Congress that is divided to the point of dysfunction, so no federal leadership is possible. The naysayers that persist in trying to say that this is not a problem, and it is bad for the economy to address this issue. The fear mongers who wish to use this issue to divide us rather than to say here is a challenge we can unite on and fix.
7. For the next generation of environmental professionals, what advice would you give?
You do not have to be an expert. Read and act on what you know. Make the business case that waiting is paramount to throwing money away and that America cannot compete with clean economies around the world. Make the business case that inaction, or little action, is far, far more expensive and costly to jobs and prosperity than the most drastic actions we take today.
8. How did Carbonfund.org help you achieve your sustainability goals?
Carbonfund.org has been able to find projects for us to help us offset our use of natural gas to heat our buildings and use in our cafeteria. It has also helped us find projects that offset our business travel. My question to any offset provider has always been: Can you get me a two 'fer or three 'fer? By which I mean I am looking for projects that not only reduce carbon buildup in the atmosphere by adding sequestration capacity, but does doing so expand the habitat for an endangered species (either flora or fauna) in an area, thereby enhancing the possibility of that species' survival? So I am always interested in finding projects that have multiple benefits with the primary one being carbon emissions reductions. So far, Carbonfund.org has done a really good job finding such projects for us.
9. Why did you choose to work with Carbonfund.org?
In keeping with the idea of sourcing locally, I liked that Carbonfund.org is in fact local to Washington DC metro area. I also like the fact of Carbonfund.org being a not-for-profit, as I believe that addressing climate change should not be a profit driven undertaking. That is not to say that we should not do business with for profit entities, it is just that if not-for-profit is an option; that is my preference so we can put more dollars into emissions reductions.
Global Energy Focus on Renewables
Those of us living in the United States can easily get wrapped up in the domestic energy picture, but it is important to stop and take a look at how renewables are doing in other countries too.
If you peruse a list of countries by 2008 emissions, the top emitter of carbon dioxide is currently China, followed closely by the U.S. China accounts for 23.5% of world emissions, and the U.S. is responsible for 18.27%. However, the good news is that China's renewable-energy industry is currently on the upswing due to supportive government policies and generous subsidies; so much so that they've achieved the height of the world's wind and solar industries. We've all heard the phrase, "Everything is made in China." The U.S. does import many goods from China, but a report released this week titled, "Advantage America" analyzed trade between the two countries in solar, wind and smart-grid technology and services in 2011.
The analysis, by Bloomberg New Energy Finance and Pew Charitable Trusts, showed $6.5 billion in renewable energy technology and services traded between the U.S. and China. But the U.S. sold $1.63 billion more to China than it imported.
It's good to see both countries making such strides in renewable energy. Oftentimes, the countries are perceived as being in competition with one another, but a more accurate picture would be that they are interdependent. The bottom line is that both countries should be doing as much as possible to focus on renewables, especially considering they're the top two carbon dioxide emitters on the planet. And the global interest and investments in renewables doesn't stop there.
Saudi Arabia, a country with the world's second largest oil reserves, is beginning a green revolution. This week, Saudi King Abdullah revealed ambitious plans to develop renewable energy programs that will produce 54,000 megawatts of electricity by 2032 as part of a strategy to save 1.2 million barrels of their oil per day for export.
King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KA-Care) is a strategy paper set up by King Abdullah in 2010 to develop alternative energy sources so the country won't have to burn millions of barrels of oil a year on power generation. KA-Care outlines the preliminary phases of the kingdom's agenda for its energy future and focuses on thermal solar, photo-voltaic solar, wind, geothermal and waste-to-energy. Much of the desert landscape in the Persian Gulf is well suited to solar energy production; a fact that has not escaped the Saudi's neighbor, the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
The UAE, with 8% of the world's proven oil reserves, has also embarked on a major renewables program, which focuses on nuclear and solar energy production. By taking a look at the global energy picture, we see that even those countries with vast fossil fuel resources recognize the finite limitations of their reserves and the importance of investing in sustainable energy projects, which is great news in the fight against climate change. Every country on the planet contributes to global warming, and every country will have to do their part in order to pave the way to a sustainable energy future.
Rising Sea Levels and Sustainable Desalination
Depending on where in the world you live, it might be easy to forget that the environment is more than just the air we breathe or the land under our feet. It's important to keep in mind that the oceans also are being affected radically by climate change. The oceanic problems are too numerous to list. However, this week we are taking a closer look at one issue that people in different parts of the planet face, rising oceans as the polar ice caps melt and more saltwater.
Those of us that live in the United States might not be aware how rich we are in freshwater sources as say countries in the Middle East that are very arid environments. Obviously those countries have other resources that we lack, but water is essential to life. Our planet may be covered in a great deal of water, but much of it is unusable to humans in its natural state because of the high salt content.
Did you know that salt is expelled from seawater when it freezes? Although some brine is trapped, the overall salinity of sea ice is much lower than seawater. So the seas are rising as previously permanently frozen parts of the planet melt. This means that not only is there more water, but it's becoming salty as it melts.
Desalination is any of several processes that remove some amount of salt and other minerals from saline water. Unfortunately, it is quite an energy intensive process. Last week, a new renewable energy desalination project was announced in Masdar, Abu Dhabi, which is in the United Arab Emirates. The project seeks to transform seawater into useable, freshwater on land by building a commercially viable and renewable energy-powered desalination plant by 2020.
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region of the Middle East is comprised of the Arabian Peninsula countries of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and the Sultanate of Oman. The GCC formed in 1981 and uses about half the world's desalinated water.
Of course, accessing renewable energy is not the only impediment to sustainable desalination. Another effect of global warming is oceanic acidification that contributes to massive algae blooms. These algae blooms can shut down a desalination plant. There are other unwanted components that might be present in seawater such as radioactive material from warships and nuclear power plants which would need to be removed before the water could be used safely.
Despite other lingering issues, it is still worth asking the question, "Can these enormous desalination plants powered by renewable energy help mitigate some of the issues we face from rising sea levels?" The answer is, "Every bit helps." But don't start thinking it's a magic bullet since none exists. We still all need to do our parts in reducing our carbon emissions and footprints. However, it is good news that desalination can be a sustainable and environmentally responsible industrial solution and worth noting that low cost, low impact renewable energy technologies do exist.
The Greenfield Group Brings CarbonFree® Operations and Environmental Service to Hotel Key Cards
Frequent travelers know that metal hotel keys are almost a thing of the past, widely replaced by flexible plastic hotel key cards. In some instances, these key card systems add energy efficiency benefits by auto-controlling the electricity usage in the room, switching off lights or turning off the electricity to the room altogether when the guest leaves the room.
One of our CarbonFree® Business Partners, The Greenfield Group, has developed unique ways to stand out in the competitive hotel key card marketing business. As a business committed to maintaining carbon neutral operations by supporting our global reforestation projects, the Greenfield Group has become a CarbonFree® supplier to its hotel clients. In order to operate as sustainably as possible, the Greenfield Group partnered with Carbonfund.org to analyze the carbon emissions created by their annual business operations, travel, and product shipping, then implemented a carbon emissions mitigation program by investing in reforestation and avoided deforestation projects around the world.
The Greenfield Group provides complimentary custom-designed hotel key cards featuring local business advertisements, and they further augment their services by supporting various environmental causes as an integral part of their business model. In addition to being a carbon neutral business, The Greenfield Group helps provide a free community bike program in the Ocean Beach community of San Diego and participates in local tree planting campaigns and trash cleanup efforts, and they developed a clever and innovative way to recycle old hotel keycards into guitar picks for students, teachers, and guitar players of all ages.
"At The Greenfield Group, it is our priority to align our practices with what is best for the environment," says Rob Greenfield, founder of The Greenfield Group. "In most businesses, including ours, it is very difficult to not have some undesirable impacts on the earth. That is why we have partnered with Carbonfund.org to offset the negative aspects of our business that we can't control."
Currently, The Greenfield Group donates over 5% of its total revenue to environmental projects, and their goal is to reach 10% total revenues to the environment by the end of 2012. This type of market leadership and environmental commitment is prevalent among Carbonfund.org's business partners, and we are pleased to partner with The Greenfield Group to help them achieve sustainable business operations.


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Join a tribe this Halloween with just a couple of clicks. The Indian Huntress Women's Sexy Costume is a great way to make sure you don't have to hunt or gather like a traditional Indian. With this costume on you can guarantee a man will bring you everything you'll need. This outfit features a white sleeveless dress that has fringing on both the neckline and the hen. A skirt flap is included that ties around the waist and also has fringing on it as well. Though the headband is included, the pictured boots are not. You can purchase the boots and more related accessories, such as jewelry, from the accessories portion of our site. Bring a sexy look on the traditional Indian costume with this costume.
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APS Strategic Plan
Message from 2012 APS President Robert Byer
Over the past year the Executive Board, Operating Officers and APS staff have engaged in a strategic planning process aimed at setting forth goals and objectives for the Society during the 2013-2017 timeframe. Implementation of the plan, informed by member input and the work of a number of Task Forces, will take place over the next five years.
The APS Strategic Plan (2013-2017) can be viewed below. I encourage you to read it and leave comments. A summary of current programs and activities of APS can be found in the 2011 Annual Report.
APS Strategic Plan: 2013-2017
Leave a comment specifically focused on implementation ideas


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Difference between revisions of "Install/Partitioning"
(→Old-School (MBR) Method)
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Your new MBR partition table will now be written to your system disk.
Your new MBR partition table will now be written to your system disk.
==== Creating filesystems ====
==== Creating filesystems ====
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You can see the commands you will need to type below. Like the rest of this document, it assumes that you are using a GPT partitioning scheme. If you are using MBR, your root filesystem will likely be created on /dev/sda3 instead and you will need to adjust the target block devices. If you are following our recommendations, then simply do this:
You can see the commands you will need to type below. Like the rest of this document, it assumes that you are using a GPT partitioning scheme. If you are using MBR, your root filesystem will likely be created on /dev/sda3 instead and you will need to adjust the target block devices. If you are following our recommendations, then simply do this:
'''We generally recommend XFS
'''We generally recommend XFS root filesystems.''' This tutorial assumes the use of . If you want to use , then be sure that your /etc/fstab file reflects this.
Revision as of 23:10, November 18, 2014
This is a template that is used as part of the Installation instructions which covers: the process of partitioning and filesystem creation. Templates are being used to allow multiple variant install guides that use most of the same re-usable parts.
Prepare Hard Disk
In earlier times, there was only one way to boot a PC-compatible computer. All of our desktops and servers had a standard BIOS, all our hard drives used Master Boot Records, and were partitioned using the MBR partition scheme. And we liked it that way!
Then, along came EFI and UEFI, which are new-style firmware designed to boot systems, along with GPT partition tables to support disks larger than 2.2TB. All of the sudden, we had a variety of options to boot Linux systems, turning what once was a one-method-fits-all approach into something a lot more complex.
Let's take a moment to review the boot options available to you. This Install Guide uses, and recommends, the old-school method of BIOS booting and using an MBR. It works. There's nothing wrong with it. If your system disk is 2TB or smaller in size, it won't prevent you from using all of your disk's capacity, either.
But, there are some situations where the old-school method isn't optimal. If you have a system disk >2TB in size, then MBR partitions won't allow you to access all your storage. So that's one reason. Another reason is that there are some so-called "PC" systems out there that don't support BIOS booting anymore, and force you to use UEFI to boot.
Our recommendation is still to go old-school unless you have reason not to. We call this method the BIOS + GRUB (MBR) method. It's the traditional method of setting up a PC-compatible system to boot Linux.
If you need to use UEFI to boot, we recommend not using the MBR at all for booting, as some systems support this, but others don't. Instead, we recommend using UEFI to boot GRUB, which in turn will load Linux. We refer to this method as the UEFI + GRUB (GPT) method.
And yes, there are even more methods, some of which are documented on the Boot Methods page. We used to recommend a BIOS + GRUB (GPT) method but it is not consistently supported across a wide variety of hardware.
The big question is -- which boot method should you use? Here's how to tell.
- Principle 1 - Old School
- If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial light blue menu, you are booting the CD using the BIOS, and it's likely that you can thus boot Funtoo Linux using the BIOS. So, go old-school and use BIOS booting, unless you have some reason to use UEFI, such as having a >2.2TB system disk. In that case, see Principle 2, as your system may also support UEFI booting.
- Principle 2 - New School
- If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial black and white menu -- congratulations, your system is configured to support UEFI booting. This means that you are ready to install Funtoo Linux to boot via UEFI. Your system may still support BIOS booting, but just be trying UEFI first. You can poke around in your BIOS boot configuration and play with this.
- What's the Big Difference between Old School and New School?
- Here's the deal. If you go with old-school MBR partitions, your
/bootpartition will be an ext2 filesystem, and you'll use
fdiskto create your MBR partitions. If you go with new-school GPT partitions and UEFI booting, your
/bootpartition will be a vfat filesystem, because this is what UEFI is able to read, and you will use
gdiskto create your GPT partitions. And you'll install GRUB a bit differently. That's about all it comes down to, in case you were curious.
Old-School (MBR) Method
Use this method if you are booting using your BIOS, and if your System Rescue CD initial boot menu was light blue.
First, it's a good idea to make sure that you've found the correct hard disk to partition. Try this command and verify that
/dev/sda is the disk that you want to partition:
# fdisk -l /dev/sda
Disk /dev/sda: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes, 1250263728 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
# Start End Size Type Name
1 2048 1250263694 596.2G Linux filesyste Linux filesystem
Now, it's recommended that you erase any existing MBR or GPT partition tables on the disk, which could confuse the system's BIOS at boot time. We do this using
This will make any existing partitions inaccessible! You are strongly cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.
# sgdisk --zap-all /dev/sda
Creating new GPT entries.
GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or
other utilities.
This output is also nothing to worry about, as the command still succeded:
*************************************************************** Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format in memory. ***************************************************************
Now we will use
fdisk to create the MBR partition table and partitions:
# fdisk /dev/sda
fdisk, follow these steps:
Empty the partition table:
Command (m for help): o ↵
Create Partition 1 (boot):
Command (m for help): n ↵ Partition type (default p): ↵ Partition number (1-4, default 1): ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: +128M ↵
Create Partition 2 (swap):
Command (m for help): n ↵ Partition type (default p): ↵ Partition number (2-4, default 2): ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: +2G ↵ Command (m for help): t ↵ Partition number (1,2, default 2): ↵ Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 ↵
Create the root partition:
Command (m for help): n ↵ Partition type (default p): ↵ Partition number (3,4, default 3): ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: ↵
Verify the partition table:
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 298.1 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x82abc9a6
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 2048 264191 131072 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 264192 4458495 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3 4458496 625142447 310341976 83 Linux
Write the parition table to disk:
Command (m for help): w
Your new MBR partition table will now be written to your system disk.
Partitioning Using gdisk
Notes Before We Begin
These install instructions assume you are installing Funtoo Linux to an empty hard disk using GUID partition tables (GPT). If you are installing Funtoo Linux on a machine where another OS is installed, or there is an existing Linux distribution on your system that you want to keep, then you will need to adapt these instructions to suit your needs.
If you are going to create a legacy MBR partition table instead of GUID/GPT, you will use the fdisk command instead of gdisk, and you will not need to create the GRUB boot loader partition. See the table under Partitioning Recommendations, in particular the MBR Block Device (fdisk) and MBR Code columns. fdisk works just like gdisk, but creates legacy MBR partition tables instead of the newer GPT/GUID partition tables.
Advanced users may be interested in the following topics:
- GUID Booting Guide
- Rootfs over encrypted lvm
- Rootfs over encrypted lvm over raid-1 on GPT
- NEW! ZFS Install Guide (Also contains instructions for Rootfs over Encrypted ZFS!)
Using gdisk
The first step after booting SystemRescueCd is to use gdisk to create GPT (also known as GUID) partitions, specifying the disk you want to use, which is typically /dev/sda, the first disk in the system:
# gdisk /dev/sda
You should find gdisk very similar to fdisk. Here is the partition table we want to end up with:
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 234441648 sectors, 111.8 GiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): A4E5208A-CED3-4263-BB25-7147DC426931
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 234441614
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 2014 sectors (1007.0 KiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 206847 500.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 206848 272383 32.0 MiB EF02 BIOS boot partition
3 272384 8660991 4.0 GiB 8200 Linux swap
4 8660992 234441614 107.7 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help):
Above, you'll see that we have a 500 MiB boot partition, a 32 MiB "BIOS boot partition" (also known as the GRUB boot loader partition), 4 GiB of swap, and the remaining disk used by a 107.7 GiB root partition.
New-School (UEFI/GPT) Method
The gdisk commands to create a GPT partition table are as follows. Adapt sizes as necessary, although these defaults will work for most users. Start
# gdisk
Within gdisk, follow these steps:
Create a new empty partition table (This will erase all data on the disk when saved):
Command: o ↵ This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR. Proceed? (Y/N): y ↵
Create Partition 1 (boot):
Command: n ↵ Partition Number: 1 ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: +500M ↵ Hex Code: ↵
Create Partition 2 (swap):
Command: n ↵ Partition Number: 3 ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: +4G ↵ Hex Code: 8200 ↵
Create Partition 3 (root):
Command: n ↵ Partition Number: 4 ↵ First sector: ↵ Last sector: ↵ (for rest of disk) Hex Code: ↵
Along the way, you can type "p" and hit Enter to view your current partition table. If you make a mistake, you can type "d" to delete an existing partition that you created. When you are satisfied with your partition setup, type "w" to write your configuration to disk:
Write Partition Table To Disk:
Command: w ↵ Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y ↵
The partition table will now be written to disk and gdisk will close.
Now, your GPT/GUID partitions have been created, and will show up as the following block devices under Linux:
- /dev/sda1, which will be used to hold the /boot filesystem,
- /dev/sda2, which will be used for swap space, and
- /dev/sda3, which will hold your root filesystem.
Creating filesystems
Before your newly-created partitions can be used, the block devices need to be initialized with filesystem metadata. This process is known as creating a filesystem on the block devices. After filesystems are created on the block devices, they can be mounted and used to store files.
You will not create a filesystem on your swap partition, but will initialize it using the
mkswap command so that it can be used as disk-based virtual memory. Then we'll run the
swapon command to make your newly-initialized swap space active within the live CD environment, in case it is needed during the rest of the install process.
Note that we will not create a filesystem on the GRUB boot loader partition, as GRUB writes binary data directly to that partition when the boot loader is installed, which we'll do later.
You can see the commands you will need to type below. Like the rest of this document, it assumes that you are using a GPT partitioning scheme. If you are using MBR, your root filesystem will likely be created on
/dev/sda3 instead and you will need to adjust the target block devices. If you are following our recommendations, then simply do this:
We generally recommend ext4 or XFS root filesystems. This tutorial assumes the use of ext4. If you want to use XFS, then be sure that your
/etc/fstab file reflects this.
When deploying an OpenVZ host, please use ext4 exclusively. The Parallels development team tests extensively with ext4, and modern versions of
openvz-rhel6-stable are not compatible with XFS, and you may experience kernel bugs.
To use ext4 as your root filesystem:
# mke2fs -t ext2 /dev/sda1 # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3 # mkswap /dev/sda2 # swapon /dev/sda2
To use XFS as your root filesystem:
# mke2fs -t ext2 /dev/sda1 # mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3 # mkswap /dev/sda2 # swapon /dev/sda2
Mounting filesystems
Mount the newly-created filesystems as follows, creating
/mnt/funtoo as the installation mount point:
# mkdir /mnt/funtoo # mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/funtoo # mkdir /mnt/funtoo/boot # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/funtoo/boot
Optionally, if you have a separate filesystem for
/home or anything else:
# mkdir /mnt/funtoo/home # mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/funtoo/home
If you have
/tmp or
/var/tmp on a separate filesystem, be sure to change the permissions of the mount point to be globally-writeable after mounting, as follows:
# chmod 1777 /mnt/funtoo/tmp


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JeremyFollow Jeremy
30-year-old Male living in USA
I am an avid photographer and traveler and would be most content if I could spend my life doing that. Right now its more work my butt off to earn money to do that with hopes that maybe one day i'll get paid to do that. My goal is to see as many countries as possible, collect objects to sit out in my apartment, and have amazing memories with tons of new friends while documenting it all in pict... More I am an avid photographer and traveler and would be most content if I could spend my life doing that. Right now its more work my butt off to earn money to do that with hopes that maybe one day i'll get paid to do that. My goal is to see as many countries as possible, collect objects to sit out in my apartment, and have amazing memories with tons of new friends while documenting it all in pictures. I put a few of my better ones on here for people to see, with the full albums linked in my travel blog. I graduated with my bachelors degree in May 2008, and was afraid that I'd lose my chance to travel for a long period of time due to the crappy American work schedule so I took a month and traveled Europe. I had to be back for a wedding so I did the Euro Whirl to see as much as possible as quick as possible. I found I really liked the comfort of the tour since I am a fast paced person (engineering taught me that one) and got to see places I wouldn't have gone to myself. So far I've been to 16 countries including the US. In order they have been Canada, Bahamas, Mexico, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, England, Belgium (driving through), Netherlands, Germany, Czech Republic, Austria, Italy, Vatican City, Switzerland, and France. I am going to Egypt and Jordan in August 2009 on Gap's Egypt and Jordan Adventure, with a long layover in Greece, and will be backpacking (hopefully) around the world in late 2010 to year end 2011. So far my favorite country has been Switzerland and I would move to Lauterbrunnen in a heart beat if given the chance as I am frustrated with the state of the US as of late.
Jeremy hasn't gone Contiki yet.
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ArchiveArticles Visual Arts
171 Items
Art for Eat's Sake
Joseph Hart
Aug 2013
"Art farmers"—from Matthew Moore and Fritz Haeg to Futurefarmers—have been turning their focus to food, writes Joseph Hart. Offering critiques of industrialized food, they're also engaged in the search for solutions. Whether by demonstrating more holistic techniques and sources of food production or by exploring new forms of community interaction, they're helping to define a new day for agriculture.
Animating Space: Martin Friedman on the Sculpture Garden
Martin Friedman
Jul 2013
Martin Friedman recalls the snowy day in 1987 when Claes Oldenburg unveiled a "captivating object"—his concept for the focal point of the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden. "There it was—a spoon, whose bowl rested on a small island in the center of a free-form pond and contained a rubicund cherry." In his 1988 essay from Design Quarterly, Friedman discusses this and the other animating ideas behind the Garden.
Campsick: Julian Bleecker Reports from Alec Soth's Camp for Socially Awkward Storytellers
Julian Bleecker
Jul 2013
Julian Bleecker is campsick these days. "It's like homesick, but for camp," he explains. In mid-July, the photographer and futurist took part in the Camp for Socially Awkward Storytellers, hosted by Alec Soth and his team at Little Brown Mushroom. With 14 other artists, he traveled the Twin Cities in an RV—from Soth's St. Paul studio to a "contested forest" and beyond—in search of stories to share.
The Artist Constructs Himself
Jun 2013
"The artist builds himself and unmakes himself piece by piece; he self-constructs, as if he were a wall where cement is always wet and bricks can be shifted." Linking her studies with Abraham Cruzvillegas to her grandfather's unfinished house, left behind when the family fled Argentina's dictatorship, Verónica Gerber Bicecci muses on paradigms that allow us to "start anew, because nothing is finished."


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Garden artistry. To create the molds for these delicate Botanical Vases, Dana Brandwein of dbO Home pressed actual leaves, wildflowers and honeycomb into the clay. They bring an earthy aesthetic to mantels and tables, whether you fill them with flowers or not.
• Created in collaboration with dbO Home. Learn more.
• Ceramic earthenware with botanical reliefs.
• Various sizes.
• Wipe clean.
• Imported.


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Plastic and pearls
Posted 20 December 2011 - 07:38 PM
Who out there is already doing it? what details of the process haven't been documented yet? what are the benefits? what are the potential drawbacks? is this method sustainable long term? and if it is, what are the systems main and not so main requirements?
These are just a few questions to get the ball rolling of which I'm sure there are many more, a thread also needs pics as well as all the other various forms of documentation for instance I'd like to see some macro's of Jas and Linz's cryptic zone as well as any images relevant to the topic that anyone else might want to share.
One more thing, I'm considering a bare bottom with the pearls and plastic and would like to hear peoples ideas and views for and against before I make it a reality. Come on gents lets hear your insights.
Posted 20 December 2011 - 09:25 PM
IMO bare bottoms look pretty bad in a short period of time. I've always had a love affair with DSB's but I've fallen out of love with them as I cant ever get then to work properly. I'm now going with a shallow decorative layer of sand.
Posted 20 December 2011 - 11:02 PM
I found the nitrates & phosphates gradually rose probably due to the fact I've got quite a few large fish in the tank and feed quite heavily, I have quite a good growth of Cheato in the sump, so the rise could have been due to the fact I've removed a third of the live rock . I therefore invested in a gyractor running pearls putting in 500ml, which I set up in June.Since then the nitrates have come down to between 0 and 0.2ppm and phosphates were still rising so I set up a phosphate reactor running Biophos 80. The phosphates are now stable at 0.2ppm, I've been advised it takes a while to work will come down very gradually.
2 weeks ago I took out another third of rock and relaced it with another plastic tree structure. I have now got about 10-15kilos of live rock in the system orignially stocked with approx 45kilo's.
1. Better flow rate around the corals, no dead spots
2. no build up of detritus
3. In the long term you won't need renew the live rock when it begomes clogged up with coral growth and calcrous algae, when it will then create dead spots and become anaerobic.
1. With the bioload I have I don't think you could run this sort of system without pearls.
2. You may need to upgrade the skimmer, as IMO I could have run a skimmer designed for this size of the system, it probably wouldn't have coped, I'm probably over skimming but prefer to err on the side of caution.
I can't see how this can't be sustainable long term, but as I have only had it set up since April,so I haven't had enough time to say either way. It isn't to everyone's taste but I like the look of it, the fish have plenty swimming rooom, there's loads of room for coral growth.
I can see this as biodiversity, as I see it, rock doesn't grow but we need it to build our replica reefs.
Why do we need it?
Reefs are not all rock,!
What's the difference between plastic pipe and a metal shipwreck, corals grow on both.
Why deplete the natural reef (sorry if i'm treading on toes) by taking out live rock there is an alternative.
The only limit to this type of system is your imagination, the design is yours.
Trev has gone down the complete plastic route,( hopefully he will come back with his views,) whereas I have kept the centre of the tank as rock as I like the way the corals have grown out, if it all works out I may change to all plastic.
I could probably ramble on for ages but I'd just get carried away (or as Ang says I should be or put away) .
Posted 21 December 2011 - 08:14 AM
Posted 21 December 2011 - 07:09 PM
I had always suffered with a gradual build up of both Phosphate and Nitrate as my previous tanks matured at around 18 months.
I put this down to the rockwork!
As Andy said the rock will eventually become anaerobic and all that lovely nitrobacteria will die off as the rock become "clogged".
This then starts to create problems.
One way around this is to remove some of your rock and "flush" and re-seed it. Quite a few of our American brethren are doing this and over a year or so you should have "re-juvenated" all of your rock.
This has its drawbacks in that you need a frag tank to keep your precious corals in while you are "re-juvenating" your rock and you are continually moving and re-scaping the tank.
After some lengthly chats with Lindsay and Jason about how well their large SPS tank is doing after around 5-6 years, without the addition of any rock at all; I decided to try.......Plastic and Pearls!
Again as Andy has said the only limits to this are "your own imagination". You can make it as complicated or as simple as you like.
Any Plastic pipe will do, and you can mount the corals directly to it or peg them in as I have done.
My sump remains the same, except for the addition of the "Gyractor"
I have to say that my Phos and Nitrate readings are almost undetectable; in fact I have the luxury of being able to feed the tank quite heavily to even get the various algae to grow!
I feed 2-3 scoops of CV every day now and only back off when the algae starts to get annoying.
TANK 48 x 24 x 24
2 x Tunze Nano
48 x 18 x 17.5 SUMP
SCHURAN JETSTREAM 1 Ca REACTOR
"GYRACTOR" running "BIO PEARLS"
JASON's AQUATICS
Posted 21 December 2011 - 09:31 PM
The corals definately like growing on plastic.
It'll be good to see what itl looks like in the future.
Posted 21 December 2011 - 10:37 PM
The pipes, in my opinion, look ugly but I can truely see the potential and look forward to seeing these tanks growing out.
How do the pearls work out cost wise? Do you ssave on Carbon and phosphate remover?
As to J&L's system I guess it is a bit easier keeping the corals without a mass of fish to feed? Having said that I know they feed their corals a lot so maybe not a valid point? Do you run pearls on your system Linds?
Posted 22 December 2011 - 08:30 AM
#9 Guest_lindsay_*
Posted 23 December 2011 - 01:19 AM
The subject of bare bottom tanks crops up on many forums from time to time and opinions vary,for me i think it would be better to run a tank with a 2 to 3 inch coral sand bottom,not the very fine sand but a little more course.There are a few reasons for this,its somewhere for uneaten food to become food for macro life and i think that a tank with a sand bottom is a lot brighter than one that is bare bottom so its possible a percentage of reflected light is lost when a tank is bare bottom.It is also possible that the sand acting as a home for macro life maybe of more importance if the tank has no rock but uses plastic instead.
The benefits.
Freedom to create a reef limited only by your imagination,as said above.
Its easier to remove problem algae from plastic than it is from rock.
Better flow spread with bigger open areas,possibly the same for the amount of light that corals will see.
With more light,space and flow corals will get the chance to grow bigger,for some reason i have found that they love to grow on plastic.
The possibility of a cryptic zone in the plastic tubing,you will need to drill wholes for this to happen.
The idea that its you maintaining the water that the corals are living in without trying to rectify any problems the rock is trying to give you at the same time.
I will add this point and it is only what i think and possibly not what others will agree on,discuss lol,Pearls in balance will out perform rock when it comes to processing nutrients esp when over stocked as is often the case.
Getting the balance right when using Pearls etc.
The look of plastic until corals take over.
Like all filtration processes that have a high bacterial population care to make sure the supply pump is always on and performing well.
Any of the above is open for discussion,debate lol and i am sure there will be more to add later,great thread.
Posted 23 December 2011 - 09:47 AM
I chose to start the tank off with only small frags (more of a challenge) rather than larger colonies. My vision of how the tank will eventually look is much farther into the future than most peoples visions of their tanks when they first set up.
It would be all too easy to set the pipe work up then "hide" it with large corals.
I believe that this hobby should be challenging.
All too often I look at tanks that have been put together "quickly" giving a nice lovely display, but, hey you might as well put a picture on your wall, if all you want to look at every day is a tank full of corals.
Don't get me wrong, we all want a lovely looking tank, for me it's all about "how" I get there, not how "fast" I get there!
I do have a sandy bottom of around 1.5 inches in the display tank and a small DSB around 2 foot square and 2 inches deep in the sump. I am also running Chaeto but due to the efficiency of the pearls the Chaeto struggles. But I figure I may as well leave it there, it adds diversity to the overall filtration system. It is also "full" of pod life!
Cost wise the pearls are as cheap as good Phos media and carbon, but last a lot longer! I am running a shade under 500ml.
If you look at Jas & Linds SPS tank you will find a lot of fish!
And I believe they are very well fed. Along with the coral food additions I would say it is a "heavily fed" tank.
Dojo, I hope I've answered a few of your points above.
And I agree with you that the Pearls plus Gyractor for me work better.
I am not very good at updating threads and remembering to take pictures, but will try to do monthly updates as a "New Year Resolution",.....promise!
Lindsay..... It is all about "balance!"
As I said before to work out if the corals are getting enough food, I feed the tank until algae starts growing. This way I know that the corals will be getting enough food. I then back it off to control the algae.
Why wait until your corals start to "tell you" that they are struggling!
A wile back I had some die back on a purple monti which I initially put down to Nudis.
All down to lack of nutrients.
TANK 48 x 24 x 24
2 x Tunze Nano
48 x 18 x 17.5 SUMP
SCHURAN JETSTREAM 1 Ca REACTOR
"GYRACTOR" running "BIO PEARLS"
JASON's AQUATICS
Posted 27 December 2011 - 09:35 AM
Posted 27 December 2011 - 10:37 AM
Posted 27 December 2011 - 11:25 PM
When I made up the plastic fittings I put enough holes and slots in so that I shouldn't have an issue with it becoming anaerobic, the ends on some of the branches are left open so that some flow from the mp40s travel through it. Inside the pipe work is a cryptic zone which contains fan worms, sponges brislte worms etc. If the holes do block just scrape clear unlike rock were you would have to remove pressure wash and start again.
Posted 03 January 2012 - 05:24 PM
#15 Guest_lindsay_*
Posted 07 January 2012 - 12:48 AM
I know this has been covered in some of the above posts but i would like to think this thread will grow as your tanks progress so any info on your progress with the pearls is likely to help many who wish to use them.
Posted 08 January 2012 - 09:36 PM
On the plastic front I've played around with different ideas in terms of structures for supporting the coral and am still not totally happy, I'm working on something a little more arty and natural looking if thats at all possible PICS PICS PICS coming soon.
#17 Guest_lindsay_*
Posted 09 January 2012 - 12:13 AM
A bit like a phos reactor,too much media and you run into possible lack of phosphate problems,but in this case it could lead to a lack of nutrients within the tank.
Posted 09 January 2012 - 08:21 AM
With regards to the pearls its the media volume that i think is worth a mention,when you look at how exact a zeo reactor and media set up is put into use on a tank and how much to dose and so on it makes me think that pearls being as effective as they are could also do with peoples impressions on the media volume,ie too much media could mean feeding above whats needed to keep corals and the pearls happy.For me its finding the right balance with the right amount of media,perhaps once the right amount of media is worked out then it maybe a case of turning off the reactor and marking it so as to be able to maintain this amount of media with ease.
A bit like a phos reactor,too much media and you run into possible lack of phosphate problems,but in this case it could lead to a lack of nutrients within the tank.
Posted 09 January 2012 - 08:34 AM
#20 Guest_lindsay_*
Posted 09 January 2012 - 11:43 AM
Sounds good but i think this is where i would do things a little different,i would base the media volume on the nitrates and not the phosphates and once i got to a stage where the nitrates are sitting at about 2 to 5 and the phosphates at around 0.02 probably with the help of a little phosphate media in a reactor with normal fish and coral feeding i would call the system as a whole balanced.
Exactly what I've done Linz except I have marked the reactor in two places, with a MAX line and a MIN line. The minimum line is the point at which after numerous tests the PO4 started to climb again and the max line is the most pearls I can use without causing the nutrient levels to fall to low. It takes some time and quite a few tests to work this out but in the long run it gives you the peace of mind factor, saying that I still think that as the corals and fish in the aquarium continue to grow the nutrient levels will be susceptible to fluctuation.
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Para Publishing Home
Book Industry Statistics
For statistics on the Professional Speaking industry, see http://SpeakingStatistics.com
Here are some interesting facts and figures about the book industry.
Sources are noted when known. Many of the statistics reference web sites or email addresses. These are the people and organizations that originally published the information. The statistic is not necessarily on the referenced site. Contact the person or organization through the email address or web site for more information on the statistic. Figures are for the United States unless otherwise noted.
Updated: March 1, 2008. This is a growing document. Historic numbers are included for comparison. For newer figures, contact the sources cited.
You may repeat any of these numbers as long as you cite http://BookStatistics.com and the reference, if noted, as the sources. Remember, without this site, you would not have found the statistic.
Book Sales May be Much Greater than Previously Thought
In a report whose findings are sure to be questioned by many in the industry, the Book Industry Study Group has issued a report that says book sales have been seriously underreported. The study, "Under the Radar," says that approximately 63,000 publishers with annual sales of less than $50 million generate aggregate sales of $14.2 billion.
Jeff Abraham, executive director of BISG, says that while some of that revenue is represented in current industry sales estimates—which puts revenue at between $23.7 billion and $28.5 billion—a significant portion of the revenue is not. Abraham says the discrepancy between the findings of "Under the Radar" and historical industry measurements is that the study tracked sales from companies whose main business is outside of book publishing. The study also found that the majority of sales made by midsized and smaller publishers are made outside of traditional bookselling channels such as non-book wholesalers who serve outlets such as sporting goods stores.
Abraham says he plans to put together an industry task force that will work to find a process that can combine the findings of "Under the Radar" with traditional industry measurements.
-- By Jim Milliot, Publishers Weekly. http://www.PublishersWeekly.com
Book sales have always been underreported because smaller presses do not have to report sales.
Remember: Three out of four people make up 75% of the population.
Publishers, Number of
2004: There are 85,000 book publishers. 11,000 publishers purchased new ISBNs in 2004.
6 large publishers (in New York)
The six U.S. conglomerate publishers are
Publishers with 10 active ISBN identifiers: 73,000
Total: 86,641 ISBN blocks issued in the U.S.
There are more than 10,000 non-profit publishers.
--Jack McHugh, 15 July 98. email@example.com
8,000-11,000 new publishing companies are established each year.
2002: 10,000 new publishing companies were established. An increase of 15%.
2003: 10,877 new publishers registered for International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs) in 2003, an increase of 226 (2.1 percent) over 2002.
2006: The Top 12 Publishers by revenue were:
2006. Sales amounted to $24.2 Billion. See breakdown.
2006. Net revenues for 2006 were $35.69 billion, up from $34.63 billion in 2005.
Total Holtzbrinck revenue in 2005: € 2.08 billion ($2.70 billion USD).
Other countries
2008: The retail book business in Canada generates annual sales in excess of $1.5-billion, much of them through one company: 230-store Indigo Books and Music.
Canada: About 50,000 titles are published each year.
627+ Publishers *
(Amounts are in Canadian Dollars)
2007. 31% of adults did not read a single book for pleasure in 2007. (Compared to the U.S. at 27%.)
United Kingdom
2007. Last year Brits bought an estimated 338 million books, at a cost of £2,478m. This was 13% higher by both volume and value than five years ago, according to the Book Marketing Limited's latest Books and the Consumer survey.
A. From a survey and Special Report. Early 1988. ©1998 Brenner Information Group. http://www.BrennerBooks.com
1. 54% of small independent publishers are male, 42% are female (3% won't say).
2. California has 6X the number of small publishers than any other state. This finding is consistent with surveys of other creative professions, including desktop publishers, web publishers and multimedia designers.
3. The most popular business structure is the sole proprietorship—52% of male publishers and 56% of female publishers selected this legal formation.
4. Over 60% operate out of home offices (65% of males, 76% of females)
5. They've published an average of 7 titles each.
6. In 1997, they earned an average of $420,000.
7. Half of the high income small publishers earned over $1 million in 1997 working out of home offices.
8. The typical independent publisher (indie) works 50 hours a week. [Many work "half days": 8 am to 8 pm.?]
9. More than 68% do not provide paid vacations.
10. Of the 30% that provide paid holidays, most give six days a year holiday benefit.
11. Over 80% have no pension or retirement program.
12. They produce 4X as many nonfiction titles as fiction titles. Juvenile and poetry are the most popular fiction genres. Self-help, how-to and business lead in the nonfiction categories.
13. Over 60% use Microsoft Word—23% use Word Perfect.
14. Most (47%) use Adobe PageMaker—24% use QuarkXpress.
15. QuickBooks is their most popular accounting software program.
16. Their most popular publishing publications are the PMA Newsletter, Publishers Weekly and the SPAN newsletter.
17. They pay an average of $276.25 for illustration on each book.
18. On average, they pay $465.17 for a simple cover design to as much as $3,533.26 for a complex cover design. Typical cover costs range $450 to $3,000.
19. Book design costs between $10 and $150 an hour.
20. They pay between $5 and $18 per page for interior page layout.
21. The average revenue per employee is $97,713.
22. On average it takes 475 hours to write a fiction title and 725 hours to write a nonfiction title.
22. It takes an average of 531 hours to produce a book—422 hours for fiction, 550 hours for nonfiction.
24. An average of 10 to 15 hours are spent designing a book cover.
25. On average, 61 hours are spent in the editing process.
26. On average, 29 hours are spent producing a news release for a new book.
27. Self publishers spend 52.4% of their book development budget writing a book (23.3% for fiction, 55.5% for nonfiction).
28. Graphic design consumes 13.5% of the budget for fiction titles and 3.7% of the budget for nonfiction titles.
29. Other than writing costs, small publishers spend most of their fiction title development budget in graphic design and illustration (13.5% and 20% respectively).
30. Other than writing costs, small publishers spend most of their nonfiction title development budget on illustration and page layout (7.5% and 8% respectively).
31. Advertising consumes most of the small publisher's marketing costs (36.5% for fiction titles, 29.8% for nonfiction titles).
B. From a survey conducted by Tom Woll, Cross River Publishing
Consultants in the summer of 2003
Also see
Smaller publishers grossed $27 billion.
2004. 94% of the publishers in the US sell less than $1-million of books annually.
2005: 1,000+ publishers use Publishers Assistant bookkeeping software.
Quantity of Publishers by Year
1947: 357 publishers
California is home to 16,787 publishers, far more than any other state and more than double the 7,371 located in New York State.
Books in Print, number of
2006. U.S. title output in 2006 increased by more than 3% to 291,920 new titles and editions, up from the 282,500 published in 2005
2005. Using a new methodology, Bowker reported that there were 282500 books published in the US in 2005, compared to its original estimate of about 175000.
2005. "From 2003 to 2004, the number of books sold worldwide dropped by 44 million. True, there are still 2.3 billion books sold each year, but the bottom line is that people are flocking to the Web, TiVo, cell phone screens, PlayStation Portables and DVDs while buying fewer books." --Kevin Maney, USA Today, July 18, 2005
2004: 195,000 new titles were published in 2004, up 14% from the previous year. New titles released by the largest trade houses rose just 5.4%. Fiction grew 43%, to 25,184 new books. Non-fiction gains were seen in religion, travel and home-economics. Declines occurred in education, history, science and biographies.
2004: 2.8 million books in print.
2004: English-Speaking Countries Published 375,000 New Books Worldwide.
2003. 173,000 new titles and new editions were published.
2002: The five large New York publishers accounted for 45% of the market (made 45% of the sales-money.) They grossed $4.1 billion.
2004: There are 17 new books published each and every hour of each and every day, meaning that 148,920 books are published yearly in the U.S.
1.5+ million titles are in print (currently available in the U.S.
About 120,000 titles are published each year.
2002: The larger publishers released 5% fewer books, mostly in adult fiction and travel.
The larger publishers decreased output 5% but titles published rose 6% to
However, this number may include sheet music too.
2004: 1,879,000 books are in-print (currently available).
A new book is published every 30 seconds.
Who is publishing how many Books?
78% of the titles published come from the small/self-publishers.
2002: The five large New York publishers accounted for 45% of the market (made 45% of the sales.)
1999: the top 20 publishers accounted for 93% of sales.
2000: 80% of the book sales are controlled by five conglomerates: Bertelsmann (Random House), Rupert Murdoch's News Corp, Time Warner, Disney and Viacom/CBS.
2002: Five large New York publishers had US sales of $4.102 billion and worldwide sales of $5.68 billion.
Nielsen BookScan tracks about 70% of total book sales. See http://www.bookscan.com/
What genres/categories are people buying?
55% Popular fiction
2002: Genres, quantity published.
Christian Books
2005: Book of Mormon has sold 130 million copies. Joseph Smith was the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Smith's original church, founded in 1830, had just six members, mostly his family. Only 5,000 copies of the Book of Mormon, the church's core document, were initially published. Some 130 million copies of the Book of Mormon have since been circulated in 77 languages.
Mysteries, stats on
Graphic Novels/Comic Books including Manga
Humor books
Copies sold of Maher's biggest book, When You Ride Alone, You Ride with bin Laden:
125,000. See more at
Romance books
64.6 million Americans read at least one romance novel in the past year.
Book Printers
1638: the first printing press was brought to the Massachusetts
Bay Colony.
42 (ink) book printers in the U.S.Most are in Michigan.
12 (digital) book printers in the U.S.Most specialize in very short runs (100-1,000 books).
2003: Ingram's LightningSource digitally prints (POD) 70,000 individual books/week.
Also see
2006. The average print run per title at LightningSource is 1.8 books.
Some 30 percent of the 200,000 new titles printed last year were printed in quantities of less than 100 units.
Trafford Publishing in British Columbia, exclusively digital and a pioneer in digital book printing, has become the largest book publisher in Canada.
2007. Lightning Source grew from three employees in 1997 to more than 500 today; the company digitally scans about 2,000 books a week and prints 1.2 million books a month. "It took us seven years to print 10 million books," says Kirby Best as we stroll through the 159,000-sq.-ft. building. "This year we published 10 million books in the first 11 months."
Book Printing
Most initial print runs are 5,000 copies.
4,986 was the average first press run; second printings averaged 4,776. ---PMA survey of members, 1998. http://www.PMAonline.org
The first print run for a mid-list book by a larger publisher is 10-15,000 books.
A larger publisher must sell 10,000 books to break even.
Larger publishers have shifted their philosophy from a humongous first print run to a market reality run.
Also see
"And the book, apparently has real promise: the house has announced a first printing of 350,000, which means that if they're really printing even a third of that, they're pretty optimistic."
2005. Offshoring. China is the leading manufacturer of four-color books. See report.
POD Subsidy Publishers
(Xlibris, Author House, Trafford, iUniverse, et. al.)
For the number of titles published, see
2008: Total number of books sold. See
Xlibris has paid out $1 million in royalties to some 9,000 authors since the company was founded in 1997. (About $111. each.)
Xlibris sold 300,000 of the 9,000 titles published since 1997 (33 sales per title).
Xlibris published 10,269 titles through March 25, 2004. 352 or 3.4% had sold more than 500 copies.
Xlibris grossed $2.5-million in 2000 and should do $8-million in 2004.
iUniverse says their 10,000 titles have sold 750,000 copies (75 copies/title).
Of iUnivers's 17,000 titles, only 84 have sold more than 500 copies.
Only a half dozen of iUniverse's 17,000 titles made it to Barnes & Noble store shelves. This was mainly due to the unattractive discount structure.
More iUniverse figures
Authorhouse claims their 18,500 titles have sold 2 million books (108 books/title).
Book Sales in the U.S.
A successful fiction book sells 5,000 copies.
A successful nonfiction book sells 7,500 copies.
1996: 25.6 billion was spent on books.
2001: $25.4 billion. Trade books (those in bookstores): $6.4 billion, religious $1.3 billion, Professional $4.7 billion, Book Clubs $1.3 billion, and other categories.
2002: Books sales totaled roughly $26.9 billion.
2002: Books sales totaled roughly $26.9 billion.
Trade books up 8.8% to $6.93 billion
Net book sales rose nearly 5% to $23 billion. (??)
Sales of new books are decreasing while the sales of used books are increasing.
One-third of the books sold worldwide are sold in the US.
While the US Population is growing and education levels are rising, book sales are not—due to heavy media competition for leisure time.
A book must move in the stores in six weeks.
The top ten US cities by dollar volume of book sales and number of bookstores are Los Angeles-Long Beach; New York; Chicago; Boston; Washington, Philadelphia; San Francisco; Seattle-Bellevue-Everett;San Jose; San Diego.
In 2001, consumers purchased 1.6 billion books.
2004. Book sales totaled $22.8 billion
2005: Book sales totaled $34.6 billion.
2006. For January through November 2006, net book sales of $8.623 billion were exactly even with the first 11 months of 2005.
From 2003 to 2004, the number of books sold worldwide dropped by 44 million. True, there are still 2.3 billion books sold each year, but the bottom line is that people are flocking to the Web, TiVo, cell phone screens, PlayStation Portables and DVDs while buying fewer books.
2006. Net book sales last year dropped 0.3% to $24.2 billion from $24.26 billion in 2005.
2004. "Of the 950,000 titles out of the 1.2 million tracked by Nielsen Bookscan sold fewer than 99 copies. Another 200,000 sold fewer than 1,000 copies. Only 25,000 sold more than 5,000 copies. The average book in America sells about 500 copies."
1993-2005 category sales. see
2006: Number of books sold: 659.3 million.
2007: Number of books sold: 692.3 million. For breakdown and explanation, see
Used books
2004. Used book sales by category. Nonfiction outsells fiction.
2003: 15 percent of all books for adults and teenagers that were purchased from April to December 2003 were used - an increase of 5 percentage points from the same period in 2002.
Americans bought 150 million old books last year, reports Ipsos BookTrends. Online used-book sales could double and hit $2-billion by 2007 according to Forester Research.
2002: People spent $530 million on used books, 5% of the trade book market. The Internet makes hard-to-find titles easier to locate.
Used books were purchased by one out of ten book buyers in the previous nine months in 2002.
Used books account for $533 million in annual sales; 13% of the units sold and 5% of the total revenue.
2004. $589-million.
2007. Used book dealers. 79% of the used book sellers that sell online at AbeBooks.com are 45 or older and more than 50% have an advanced degree.
11% of used book sellers work more than 50 hours per week, including 9% more than 60 hours.
Book Exports from the US
Entertainment content is the largest U.S. export.
2005-2006. Books shipped to Canada, UK, Australia, Japan, Mexico, Singapore, Germany, in that order.
$837.5 million in 2001. To Canada, UK, Japan, Australia, Mexico, Singapore, Netherlands, Germany, South Korea and others, in that order.
2003 – 2004. Canada top list again. China's book manufacturing increases.
2002: $1.68 billion, down 1.8%
Conferences, Writer's
263 writers' conferences are listed at Shaw Guides.
eBook sales increased 1,442% in January 2003 over January 2002.
LightningSource fulfills nearly 1 million eBooks/day.
2004, first quarter. 421,955 eBooks were sold in the first quarter, up 46% over the same period the previous year. Revenue was $32.2 million, up 28%. .
2004, second quarter. eBook sales increased 5% to 390,000 units and revenues increased 23% to $3 million in sales in the second quarter of 2004 over the same period in 2003. Amazon did not report their sales and B&N stopped selling eBooks. 825 new titles were released.
2004, first nine months: Sales were 1.4 million, up 14%. Retailer revenue was $9.5 million, up 20%. The number of new eBooks fell 57% in the third quarter.
70% of book fair visitors are ready to buy electronic books if they can run them on any computer. 67% are ready to read the, 62% would borrow them from a library.
2004. EBOOK PUBLISHERS REPORTED INCREASES in revenue and unit sales over the same quarter the previous year (Q2 2004) with a 36% increase in eBook units sold and a 69% increase in eBook revenues.
2007. FRANKFURT BOOK FAIR SURVEY: Digitization Is a Challenge for the
Industry. See
2003: DVD revenue hit $17.5 billion: $12.1 billion in sales and $5.4 billion in rentals.
More than one-half of all U.S. homes have a DVD player.
2003: people spent 67 hours watching DVDs.
1996: Moviegoer spending: $5.4 billion
A TV movie will be seen by 3-million people and will sell more books than a screen film.
40% make impulse purchases.
2002: Of the $23.7 billion spent on books, only $10.7 billion is spent in bookstores. The non-traditional outlets sell more books.
Book Purchases by Store Type
2007. Chains, Internet dominate bookselling.
2005: 88% of respondents are satisfied with the service from independent stores. Independent stores ranked higher than chain or online stores.
2004: Independent stores increased market share by 2% over the previous year to 18% of the $11 billion U.S. adult fiction and nonfiction book sales.
24.6% Large chain stores
2002: $450 million was spent on general-interest books at big-box stores such as Wal-Mart. That figure is up 7.4% from 2000. Costco and other price clubs are taking market share from the bookstores.
Chain stores
2007. Total revenue from the nation's three major bookstore chains rose 5.6% in the third quarter ended October 31, reaching just under $2.1 billion.
2006. Hastings
153: Total number of Hastings sto stores
$118 million: Book sales in 2005
2006. Books-A-Million. The company operated 27 traditional stores last year, down from 32 in 2005; in 2002 BAM had 44 traditional stores.
2005. Waldenbooks has 678 stores and gross revenue of $744.8 million
2004. Total revenue at the nation's three largest bookstore chains rose 5.1% in 2004, to $8.81 billion.
Borders has 450 stores in the U.S.
Books-A-Million is the #3 chain with 200+ stores
2002: Borders opened 41 super stores for a total of 404.
2004. Borders revenue increased 19% for $3.89 billion in sales.
Barnes & Noble plans to open 30-35 new stores in 2004.
2003 gross sales
2002 gross sales:
2001 gross sales:
Borders held a Publisher Summit on Friday February 25, 2005. Mike Spinozzi, Exec VP & CMP of BGI, was the primary presenter, giving an overview of BGI's business for 2004 and initiatives for 2005. Here is a brief summary as reported by Sue Frank Ostfield, Director of National Accounts, Publishers Group West.
Online Bookstores/Amazon.com
Number of books sold online in 1999: 57 million.
In 2000, online sales were 5-10% of total book sales. 40% were fiction.
Amazon book sales by year
Making #2 at Amazon.
Thereafter, sales of only 100 a day or thereabouts were needed to maintain it there! I suspect this has to do with the algorithms Amazon uses to prevent wild fluctuations of the list.
Amazon.com is Bantam-Doubleday-Dell's third largest customer.
2001. Amazon.com sells 5% of all books for $3 billion. Amazon.com is ranked among the top 50 brands in the world.
2002: Online bookstores sold 10% of the books.
Amazon had 35.9 million visitors in May 2003.
BarnesAndNoble.com had 7.9 million
The Wall Street Journal, June 18, 2003
2002: Books were by far the best Internet seller. 43% of online shoppers purchased at least one book.
2005. Powell's has thus become the third largest online retailer of books in this country.
Men buy more books than women.
2007. Media sales, which include book sales, rose 29% last year in Amazon's North America media segment, hitting $4.63 billion.
Worldwide media sales rose 31% in the year, to $9.24 billion.
2008: MORE BOOKS SOLD ON THE INTERNET THAN ANY OTHER PRODUCT and the number is increasing. Polling company Nielsen Online surveyed 26,312 people in 48 countries. 41% of internet users had bought books online. 58% of those online in Korea had purchased books online. In the U.S., 57.5-million had purchased books online.
American Booksellers Association (The independent bookstore organization). The chain stores are replacing the independents.
2004: American Booksellers Association membership is down to 1,885 stores. It was 4,700 in 1993.
ABA membership was 5,132 in 1991. It fell to 4,047 in 1998.
Since 1993, ABA membership has dropped from 5,100 to 3,500 because the independent stores have been driven out of business.
ABA membership declined to 2,800 stores.
ABA membership
Only 100 stores joined the ABA in 2001 while 250-300 stores closed.
In April 2003, bookstore membership dropped 9% from a year earlier.
Covers, Book
Everyone judges a book by its cover.
On the average, a book store browser spends eight seconds looking at the front cover and 15 seconds looking at the back cover.
Sales Reps show covers or jackets and give a sales pitch that averages 14 seconds.
Types of Covers Preferred by Readers of romance novels:
2007. There are an estimated 117,467 libraries nationwide, representing public, private, academic and specialized libraries.
The library market was $3-billion in 1993.
90% of the 15,000 public libraries in the US order (some) of their books through Baker & Taylor and spend more than $444 million on books annually.
Libraries lose 20% of their books each year. Some books get past the security devices and others are just not returned.
There is no "standard" rate of book loss
2007. 13% of books missing at Library of Congress.
Also see
--Chicago Tribune Magazine, May 31, 1998.
Book Fairs
The first ABA convention was in 1901.
The first ABA book fair was in 1947. For many years it was in the basement of the Shoreham Hotel in Washington, DC.
ABA/BEA Book Fair attendance was:
In 2001, there were 2000 exhibitors
2003 BEA Survey
2005. BEA Book Fair
The Frankfurt Book fair has 9,000 exhibitors.
Larger publishers send 2-3 acquisition editors to attend book fairs and otherwise canvas the country for previously (self) published books.
75% of the floor space at the 1999 BEA book fair in Los Angeles was occupied by small presses and self-publishers.
Christian Booksellers Association Book Fair Attendance:
International attendance:
--Christian Booksellers Association reported in Publishers Weekly,
And see Writers and Authors http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/digest2001/tables/dt425.asp
2004. Frankfurt
Copyright Infringement
Global piracy losses to the U.S. book publishers estimated at $650.8 million in 2001.
Writers and Authors
Peachtree Publishers, one of the last publishers in the nation to accept unsolicited manuscripts from would-be authors, receives 20,000 to 25,000 manuscripts per year for review--of which they publish on average 20.
Santa Barbara has at least 384 published book authors. The population of the South Coast is about 175,000.
Subscribers to Writer's Digest magazine. Who are these 148,000 writers?
25% are working on fiction or poetry.
Each averages 12.6 hours/week writing.
The average (mean) Writer's Digest subscriber is:
Writer's Digest Book Club members
Retail Book Buyers/Readers
Women buy 68% of all books.
Men buy more books than women.
The median household income for book buyers is $41,600, compared to $35,300 for all adults.
Men are more likely to shop in chain stores than women. Women are more likely to shop in discount stores and supermarkets than men.
$1.7 billion is spent annually on textbooks. $78 billion is spent on alcohol, $37 billion on cigarettes and $6 billion on pet food.
In the U.S., 40-million people move their residence each year. This makes keeping up with address changes an expensive challenge.
How much do people like to pay?
Word of mouth top seller of books. According to The Independent, "Publishers can spend a fortune promoting their hottest literary discoveries. Bookshops can deploy all their marketing ingenuity to produce imaginative displays. But when the book-buying public comes to choose a new read, it is word of mouth that counts." Next comes author loyalty. See
2007. WOMEN AND THE BOOKS THEY BUY-2007. Find out what they are buying. See
Who is Reading Books (and who is not)
Be wary of statistics on reading. Numbers will vary depending on how the question is phrased. When asked if THEY read books, many people will inflate the figure to appear knowledgeable and scholarly.
"40% of people admit to lying about having read certain books, according to a study published last year by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council."
Most literate cities in the U.S.
This is the overall ranking for each city. A total score was tallied for each city across six different literacy categories: Booksellers; Educational attainment; Internet Resources; Library Resources; Newspaper Circulation; and Periodical publications. All categories were compared against the city's total population. See "Rank by Category" for more detailed results.
One person in three has purchased a book just to look intelligent.
2007. BOYS FALL BEHIND IN READING. The debate over whether boys are falling behind and in crisis has raged for years among academics, educators and writers. Reading remains one of their top concerns. See
Kids' reading drops at age 8.
2007. RECREATIONAL READING IS DOWN ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS. "We've got a public culture which is almost entirely commercial- and novelty-driven," says NEA chairman Dana Gioia.
1993-2003: The number of titles published increased 58% while fiction readers declines 14%,
2004. 56.6% of adult Americans said they read at least one book, fiction or non-fiction, between August 2001 and August 2002 compared to 60.9% ten years prior.
The number of adults engaged in reading literature--defined as novels, short stories, plays and poetry, and a focus of the study--was 46.7% in 2002, down from 54% in 1992 and 56.9% in 1982.
Since 1982 literary reading fell in virtually all groups and segments. By age, the rate of decline is steepest among young adults, with the percentage of 18 to 24 year olds that describe themselves as reading literature falling to 42.8% in 2002 from 59.8% in 1982. The percentage of 25 to 34 year olds fell from 62.1% in 1982 to 47.7% in 2002.
While women still read more literature than men, that percentage fell to 55.1% in 2002 from 63% in 1982. The study also found that only 37.6% of men read literature in 2002, down from 49.1% in 1982.
Although the percentage of Hispanics and African-Americans that read literature declined between 1982 and 2002, because of the increase in population the number of those readers actually rose. The gain is particularly striking among Hispanics, with the study finding that the number of Hispanic adult readers totaled 6 million in 2002, up from 3.4 million in 1982 and 5.2 million in 1992.
2002. 57% of the US population read a book. See report.
Most readers do not get past page 18 in a book they have purchased.
2001: People in the U.S.
read an average of more than 14 books each year.
63% of adults report purchasing at least one book during the previous three-month period. (Most were probably exaggerating).
53% read fiction, 43% nonfiction. The favorite fiction category is mystery & Suspense, 19%.
Of the top fifty books, fiction outsells nonfiction about 60% to 40%.
55% of fiction is bought by women; 45% by men.
70% of Americans haven't visited a bookstore in five (5) years.
Customers 55 and older account for more than one-third of all books bought.
People reduced their time reading between 1996 and 2001 to 2.1 hours/month.
Only 32% of the U.S. population has ever been in a bookstore.
The time Americans spend reading books.
Consumers spent $19.5 billion on books in 2003, up from $18.8 billion in 2002. It forecasts a 1.9% growth rate through 2008. It was 2.9% during the previous
five years.
2001: Households purchasing at least one book
1996 to 2001
The mean age of book buyers
1997: Age over 55: 33.7% of the books bought.
1992: 76.2 million adults I the U.S. did not read a book.
2002: 89.9 million adults I the U.S. did not read a book.
"Half of the American people have never read a newspaper. Half have never voted for President. One hopes it is the same half."
Internet users are more likely to cut back on reading books than to curtail their magazine consumption
Mass-Media Use by Consumers, 1996.
Hours spent per year:
Readers of In-Flight Magazines.
--Contact information for most of the 21 magazines has changed in the last year and a half.
Self-HeSelf-Help Books
1859: The first self-help book was published by John Murray Publishers. Written by Samuel Smiles, the title was Self-Help: with illustrations of character and conduct.
1,818 self-help titles were published in 1997, generating $538 million.
U.S. self-help books sell very well in Australia, moderately
well in Japan and poorly in Britain. The majority of self-help books are purchased by women.
5,000 novels, 200 first novels and 100 scripts are purchased each year.
Eighty percent of the books published by major houses come through agents.
Many advances are between $1,500 and $7,500.
A typical advance for a computer book is $10,000.
Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf received an advance of more than $5 million from Bertelsmann; Gen. Colin Powell got $6.5 million from Newhouse, Former O.J. pall Paula Barbieri got $3.5 million from Time Warner.
Large advances for books that flopped: Journey to Justice by Johnnie Cochran, Balentine paid a reported $3.5 million; Behind the Oval Office by Dick Morris, Random House paid an estimated $2.5 million; Leading with my Chin by Jay Leno, HarperCollins paid a reported $4 million.
The average royalty is 10.7% of net.
2007. Reviewers and reviewing ethics. See
LA Times receives 600 to 700 books for review each week.
1999-2000. Book review media statistics.
"We put up a dictionary in 1996, free for everyone and knowing that words people look up fascinate us. The web site has helped the company reinforce its brand with a 17% increase in sales.
Bestsellers accounted for 3% of the sales at Barnes & Noble in 1997.
64% of book buyers say a book's being on a bestseller list is not important.
Last spring (1999) an uneasy Authors Guild, which had spent more than a year looking into these trends, released its report on midlist publishing. It laboriously toted up the figures for the top fiction and nonfiction titles on the Publishers Weekly annual bestseller list, then showed how those 30 megabooks suck up a growing proportion of sales. In 1986, the bestsellers accounted for about 7 percent of all adult hardcover trade book sales; a decade later they accounted for 13 percent. In 1999, applying the same methodology, the proportion reached nearly 15 percent.
In 1975, the bestselling book was E.L. Doctorow's "Ragtime. It sold 232,000 books.
Nearly all bestsellers come from five publishing conglomerates.
2002 Bestsellers by Corporation
Soft cover
2005: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The book's record first printing is 10.8 million copies; the audio will have a record first printing of 635,000 copies. Two weeks prior to the release date of July 16, B&N.com had sold more than 750,000 copies; Amazon.com has sold more than 725,000 through yesterday
2003. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling.
2003. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling.
Harry Potter Bestsellers
Prices of Harry Potter books
2007. For more Harry Potter numbers, see
Lemony Snicket numbers.
Star Wars
For bestseller lists between 1900 and 1995, see
Also see
Some bestsellers do not make the lists.
2006. the blogosphere has doubled every six months for the last three years. That's 175,000 new blogs per day worldwide. Technorati added its 50 millionth blog on July 31, 2006.
HAVE BLOGS PEAKED AT 29-MILLION? See
2005. iTunes offers 15,000 podcasts and listeners have signed up for 7 million podcasts.
Books are displayed in bookstores for one selling season of four months. Those books that do not sell are returned for a refund. Yes, books may be "gone today, here tomorrow."
2003. 34% of adult hardcover books are returned to publishers.
Returns are 21-23% for larger publishers according to the AAP.
Barnes & Noble had a return rate of 28% for all categories of books in 1996 and 19% in 1997.
The 1997 return rate for new adult trade hardcover books was 36.7% according to the AAP.--PW Interactive. March 30, 1998.
A return rate of 15% is considered very good.
35% worth of the adult hardcovers shipped to retailers in 1996 were returned in 1996 according to the AAP. The rate was 32% in 1995.
Sell-Through. Independent stores sell over 80% of the books they order. Superstores sell 70% of the books they order.
The industry return rate is 36.3% for hardcover and 25% for soft. B&N returns 19%.
2002: 37% of the books sent to stores were returned.
Harper-Collins lost more than $250 million in a single year just on returns.
Up to 40% of all books manufactured never sell. Most publishers would rather suffer the costs of over-runs and returns than run short of a title.
"Top 10 Reasons To Love Small Business, " as proposed by our friends over at the Office of Advocacy of the SBA.
10. Small businesses make up more than 99.7% of all employers.
9. Small businesses create more than 50 percent of the nonfarm private gross domestic product (GDP).
8. Small patenting firms produce 13 to 14 times more patents per employee than large patenting firms.
7. The 22.9 million small businesses in the United States are located in virtually every neighborhood.
6. Small businesses employ about 50 percent of all private sector workers.
5. Home-based businesses account for 53 percent of all small businesses.
4. Small businesses make up 97 percent of exporters and produce 29 percent of all export value.
3. Small businesses with employees start-up at a rate of over 500,000 per year.
2. Four years after start-up, half of all small businesses with employees remain open.
1. The latest figures show that small businesses create 75 percent of the net new jobs in our economy.
It's true: Small business is the heart of the American economy. And it's why I really do love small business owners.
--Jim Blasingame, The Small Business Advocate,
Computer Operating Systems. Windows v Mac
Mac usage in book publishing is slightly higher due to the historically better handling of graphics.
2006. Windows has almost 97% of the desktop market.
Other Sources for Statistics
The American Booksellers Association (bookstores).
American Demographics
American Statistical Association
Association of American Publishers
Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL)
Association of Research Libraries
The Book Industry Study Group maintains a list of statistical research sources.
Bowker's Bookwire
Bowker's industry statistics
British Statistics. See
Brenner Books
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Bureau of Transportation statistics
Business Communications Company (BCC)
Business Trends Analysts.
Canadian book-industry figures
Cap Ventures
Choice magazine
CIA Fact book download
Cowles/SIMBA Information
Euromonitor International
Gallup Organization
IDEAlliance, Inc.
An independent, nonpartisan resource on trends in American public opinion.
Independent publishers. The Publishers Marketing Association.
Information Technology Industry Council
The International Publishers Association tries to collect figures but they are incomplete and not very accurate. See
Internet Statistics
Market Data Retrieval
National Archives and Records Administration
National Center for Education Statistics
National Center for Health Statistics
Outsell Inc.
Polling Report
State & County QuickFacts
Statistics on the Web
Subtext/open Book Publishing
Transaction Publishers
UK Statistics
United Nations Statistics
United States Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau.
US Census Bureau
Veronis, Suhler & Associates
World Wide Web Virtual Library: Statistics
World statistics—updated in real time. Watch the numbers grow.
Questions about the book publishing industry?
© Dan Poynter, 2008


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